CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND GIVEN IN 1 89 1 BY HENRY WILLIAMS SAGE Cornell University Library F 587G5 H67 + Histoiy of Grant County. Wisconsin / (by 3 1924 028 871 494 olln Overs ^jji.teiP"'"'^' fntWlJ&i rv toaft llllclllUli Loan iiy @ 23 233 Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924028871494 IX.l^l]^OJt» HI ST O ET OF GRANT COUNTY WISCONSIN, CONTAINING AN ACCOUNT OF ITS SETTLEMENT, GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND RESOURCES; AN EXTENSIVE AND MINUTE SKETCH OF ITS CITIES, TOWNS AND VILLAGES— THEIR IMPROVEMENTS, INDUSTRIES, MANUFACTORIES, CHURCHES, SCHOOLS AND SOCIETIES; ITS WAR RECORD, BIOGRAPH- ICAL SKETCHES, PORTRAITS OF PROMINENT MEN AND EARLY SETTLERS; THE WHOLE PRECEDED BY A HISTORY OF WISCONSIN, STATISTICS OF THE STATE, AND AN ABSTRACT OF ITS LAWS AND CON- STITUTION AND OF THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. lXjXjXrSTE..A.T:E JD. CHICAGO : WESTERN HISTORICAL COMPANY. MDCOOLXXXI. ^ PREFACE. XN THE preparation of this work, the object sought after was to place upon permanent record the events which have given life and character to Grant County. The territory known as Wisconsin and the more circumscribed locality cq,lled the Lead Region have each been treated herein, briefly, but to a degree necessary in the complete development of the plan. The more local history is given ample space, and includes a biographical representation which will be rec- ognized as one of the most valuable portions of the book. The glorious war history of Grant County is elaborately preserved. The reminiscences of early settlers and the characteristic deeds of prominent men find place in the volume, forming interesting and instructive pages. Patient labor has been devoted to the compilation and arrangement of historic facts. Herein is furnished a reflex of the by-gone days. The publisher has endeavored to do all in his power to secure accuracy — that prime essential to value in a work of this nature. In the consciousness of honest intentions and unsparing eflfort, he presents the history with confidence. Thanks are hereby expressed to the scores of pioneers, to the county officials, to the clergy and to the press, for the uniform courtesy extended the compilers. THE PUBLISHER. JllT.Y, 1881. CONTENTS. Page. Antiquities 19 Indian Tribes 21 Pre-Territorial Annals 29 Wisconsin Territory 41 Wisconsin HsaState 52 First AdmiDistration 52 Second Administration 57 Third Administration 59 Fourth Administration 62 Fifth Administration 64 Sixth Administration 66 Seventh Administration 67 War of Secession Commenced 69 Eighth Administration 76 Ninth Administration 85 Statistics of Volunteers 90 Tenth Administration 92 Eleventh Administration 93 Twelfth Administration 94 Thirteenth Administration 97 Fourteenth Administration 99 Fifteenth Administration 104 Sixteenth Administration 109 'pography and Geology 110 The Archtean Age 112 Paleozoic Time — Silux'ian Age 115 Devonian Age 119 Glacial Period 120 Climatology 121 Trees, Shrubs and Vines 128 Fauna 134 Fiah and Fish Culture 134 Large Animals — Time of their Disap- pearance 138 Peculiarities of the Bird Fauna 139 Educational 140 Original School Code 140 Agitation for Free Schools 141 School System under State Govern- ment 141 School Fund Income 142 State University , 143 Agricultural College 144 Normal Schools 144 Teachers' Institutes 146 Graded Schools '..146 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. Page. Educational : Township System 146 Free High Schools 147 School Offices 147 State Teachera' Certificates 147 Teachers' Associations 148 Libraries 148 State Superintendents 148 College Sketches 149 Female Colleges 150 Academies and Seminaries 151 Commercial Schools 151 Agriculture. 151 Mineral Resources 162 Lead and Zinc 162 Iron «. 165 Copper 168 Gfjld and Silver 168 Brick Clays 168 Cement Rock 170 Limestone— Glass Sand 171 Peat— Building Stones 172 Railroads 173 Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul 173 Chicago & Northwestern 176 Wisconsin Central 178 Westeru Union 179 West Wisconsin 180 Milwaukee, Lake Shore & Western 180 Green Bay & Minnesota 181 Wisconsin Valley 181 | Sheboygan & Fond du Lac 181 I Mineral Point 183 i Madison & Portage 182 j North Wisconsin 183 i Prairie du Chien & McGregor 183 I Chippewa Falls & Western 183 j Narrow Gauge 183 Conclusion 184 Lumber 185 Banking 191 Commerce and Manufactures 198 Furs 199 Lead and Zinc — Iron 200 Lumber 201 Grain 202 Page. Commerce and Manufactures : Dairy Products 203 Pork and Beef. 203 Hops 204 Tobacco — Cranberries 205 , Liquors 205 Miscellaneous 206 Water Powers 200 Manufactures ...208 Conclusion 208 The Public Domain 210 Health 230 Geographical Position 230 Physical Features 230 Geology 231 Drainage 232 Climatology 232 Rain Character 233 Isotherms 234 Barometrical 234 Winds 235 Climatological Changes from Settling in the State 235 Influeuce of Nationalities 237 Occupations — Food — Education, etc 238 History of Disease 238 Ratio of Sickness, Ft. Howard and Win- nebago 239 Education of the Blind 241 Institute of Deaf and Dumb 241 Industrial School for Boys 242 State Prison 242 State Hospital for the Insane 242 Northern Hospital for the Insane 243 City of Milwaukee 243 Health Resorts 244 Change of Diseases 246 Pulmonary Diseases 248 Statistics ,...249 Population, 1875, of Townships, Alpha- betically Arranged by Counties 249 Population by Counties..... '258 Nativity by Counties .259 Valuation of Property ...200 Acreage of Principal Crops 261, 202 HISTORY OF THK I^EAD RFOIOIV. Page. Among the Rocks 309 The Mineral District in Detail 331 Death of Moaes Strong 831 The Driftl ess Area 336 Topography and Surface Geology 340 The Lead Region Described 347 Mineralogy 348 History and Character of the Mines 352 Beetown District 352 Potosi District 354 Fairplay District 357 Hazel Green District 359 Plattsville District 364 Buncombe Diggings 364 New Diggings District 366 Diggings on the Leakley Estate 368 Shu llsburg District 369 Benton District 373 Mifflin District 374 Page. Centerville District 376 Highland District 375 Linden District 378 Dodgeville District 383 Van Mater's Survey 384 Mineral Point District 385 Calamine District 391 Wiota District 391 Copper 392 Settlement 392 The First Explorer 392 The Missouri Diggings 392 TheMargry Letters 393 Dubuque Settlement 394 A Missing Island 394 Dubuque's Operations on the East Side 395 Early Navigation and Commerce 396 Davenport at Fever River 396 The Buck Lead 399 Page. Jesse Shull's Tradership 399 Dr. Samuel C. Muir 399 A. P. Van Matre 400 The First White Woman 501 The First American History 4iil The change in Management 402 Moses Meeker's Colony 404 The First Marriage 405 The First Death 405 The First Births 4a5 Social Development 405 The First Post Office 40(1 Government Control of the Mines 408 Charles Bracken's Sketch 420 Names of those wlio Mined prior to 1830.. 423 Political History 423 R H. Magoon's Memoirs 427 Stillman's Defeat, KingatouV-i Narrativ*-,.,, iAlJ VI CONTENTS. PAGI!. OHAPTER I. Location and Boundaries * 437 The Natural Drainage 437 Topographical Features 441 The Mound Builders 442 CHAPTER II. Indian Occupancy 450 First White Man in Grant County 453 Other Early Visitors 455 Waterways 456 The Winnebago War 457 The Black Hawk War 461 Heights in Grant County 472 Weather Beport 473 OHAPTER III, The First Occupant 474 The Second Trader 476 Shaw's Trip to the Mines 476 Indian Mininir 477 The Advance of White Men „ 478 The First White Woman 479 Early Mining Experiences 479 First Mills 483 Graham's Wolf Fight 484 Primitive Agriculture 486 The First Threshing Machine 489 The California Gold Fever 489 Mining Troubles.. 491 First Things 494 OHAPTER IV. Early Government 495 Grant County Formed 496 The County Seat 497 Attempts to Divide the County 498 County Officers 498 Territorial and State Representation.... 503 Territorial Legislature 503 State Organization 504 Bepreaeutatives in Constitutional Con- ventions 507 Town Organization 507 Legal Jurisdiction 510 County Buildings 515 Early Justice 517 Capital Crimes 519 Jim Crow Murder 520 EuBsell Murder 522 Latimer Murder 522 De Lasseaux Murder 526 Jordan Murder 526 Hamey Murder 527 Haggerty Murder 528 Killing of Milaa K. Young 530 CHAPTBB V. United States Land Districta 532 Early Highways and Ferries 532 Bailroads in Grant County 537 Telegraph Line 540 Census of Grant County 546 Agricultural Association 549 OHAPTER VI. Pbesonal Ebminiscencks 550 By James Grushong 550 By Col. Joseph Dickson, in 1855 563 By Orris McCartney 554 By W. Davidson 564 By Samuel Druen 656 By Hawkins Taylor 657 By Mrs. R. Chambers 568 By Ira W. Brunson 562 ByT. M. Fullerton 564 By J. W. Seaton 666 By Daniel E. Burt 673 Some of Grant County's Illustrious Dead 576 James Gates Percival 676 Maj. JohnR. Coons 681 M. dc Tantabaratz 684 AsaEdgerton Hough 688 Jehiel H. Hyde, M.D 689 Thomas Pendleton Burnett 690 HISTORY «F «KA1«T <:0«INTy. Page. CHAPTER VII. Grant County War History 593 Saying tho Colors .'. 698 Company C, Second Wis. Vols 599 The Draft 604 Sketchesof the Regiments 605 Roster of Volunteers 624 Soldiers' Monument 633 OHAPTEE VIII.— Lancaster. Geographical 639 First Settlers 639 The County Seat 640 Early Buildings 641 First Court 641 The First Postmaster 642 The Village Grows 643 First Fire 644 The War Period 663 Town and Village Government 653 OfBcial Roster 654 Village OfflceiB 656 City Officers 666 Lancaster Press 666 Schools 662 Eeligious 664 Cemetery 671 Masonic Orders 671 1. 0. 0. F 672 Fire Company 673 Business Interests 673 Storms •. 674 CHAPTEB IX.— Platteville. Location 676 Early Settlement 676 First Marriase 677 First Election 677 FilBt Post Office 678 Indian Troubles 678 Fil^t Church and Schoolhouse 679 An Early Tragedy 680 Patriotism in 1836 680 Hard Times 680 The California Fever 682 Town Officers 683 City of Platteville 687 Making the Village 687 First Brick Building 691 Small Pox Epidemic 691 The Bevans Lead 692 Platteville in 1860 694 During War Times 694 The Present Condition 695 Official Boster 696 The Firn Department 697 Educational 698 ThePostOffice 706 ThePreas 706 Banks 709 Secret Societies 710 Other Societies 712 Manufactories 713 Elevators 726 Eeligious 726 CHAPTER X.— Hazel Green. Location 734 Settlement 734 Hard Scrabble 734 First White Woman 735 TheFii-st Log House 735 First Agriculturists 735 Establishment of the Village 736 Eaily Events 736 The Village in 1860 738 Dr. Jamea G. Percival 741 An Bra of Prosperity 742 Village Roster 743 The Stcrm-Cloud Buroclydon 743 The Schools 760 The Post Office 751 Churches 761 Hazel Green Cemetery 763 Secret Societies 764 The Hazel Green Band 764 Lightcap'8 Mill 765 PAfiK. CHAPTBB XI.— POTOSI. Location 756 Origin of the Village 756 Settlement or the Village 769 Willis St. John 760 The Postmiuter. 761 First Birth 761 Early Life in the Mines 761 Murders 762 Potosi Beceives its Name 762 A Duel 763 Incorporation of the Village 764 The Early Mining Interests 764 The Schools 765 The Press 767 The Village Post Office 767 Beligions 767 Business Enterprises 768 Societies 769 Cemeteries 770 Adjoining Settlements 770 Dutch BoUow 770 British Hollow 771 Bockville 771 CHAPTEB XII.— BoscoBEL. Early Settlement 773 The First Fire 777 The War 777 Municipal Matters 778 Town Officers 779 Village Officers 779 City Officers 780 Fire Department 780 Wisconsin Biver Bridge 782 Artesian Well 784 Schools i 784 Post Office 785 Boscobel Press 786 Churches 780 Hotels 789 Masonic Orders 790 LO. 0. P 791 A. 0. U. W 792 Temperance Organizitions 792 Cemetery 795 Boscobel Agricultural and Driving As- sociation 796 Light Guard Band 790 Manufactories 796 Brick Yards 797 Elevators 798 Trout Pond 798 CHAPTEB XIII.— MtJSCOnA. Early Settlement 799 Town Organization 802 Muscoda Bridge 803 Post Office 804 Schools 804 Churches 805 Societies 806 The Press 807 Elevators 807 Hotels 807 CHAPTEB XIV.— Town of Bloominbton. Early Settlement 809 Town Officers 814 Village Officers 816 Schools and Churches 815 The Press 818 Bloomington Bank 819 I. 0. 0. F 819 I.O. G. T 819 Blake's Prairie Agricultural Society 820 OHAPTEE XV.— Towns and Villaoes. Village of Jamestown 821 Village of Georgetown 824 Village of Big Patch 827 Elmo Station 832 St. Bose Station 832 Cuba City 8.33 Village of Fair Play 834 ' CaasviUe 838 ('OXTENTS. Vll Page, CUAI'TBR XVI.— Towns and Villaoks— (concluded). Beetown 848 Mount Hope 851 Patch Grove 854 Foniiimore 860 Tillage of Montfort 860 L. G. Armstrong, M. D 811 J. Alien Harber (deceased) 343 C. H. Baxter 541 Klijali Bayley (deceaaod) 379 Luther Brown 415 A. R. Bushnell ; 52:3 D.W. Carley, M.D 757 John G.Clark 649 B, M,. Coates (deceased) 433 J, C. Cover (deceased) 361 Pagk, Wyalnsing 865 Glen Haven 866 Town af Millville 868 Woodman , 871 Blue Biver Station 874 PORTRAITS. Page. Joseph Cover, Jr 631 Edward Cronin, M. D 703 C. K. Dean 775 George W. Eastman 505 H. D. Farquhareon 613 George R, Frank 577 Hon. George C. Hazelton 397 J. H. Hyde (deceased) 325 S. C. McDonald 469 P. B. Mclntyre 559 Pa gk. CHAPTER XVII.— Distinguished Dead. Hon. J.Allen Barber 875 Joseph C. Cover 876 Hon. Charles Dunn 878 Jared Warner 880 Joseph C. Orr 881 Hon. Ben C.Eastman 8S'z Page. J. B. Moore 793 D, T. Parker (deceased) 451 John J.Poatel 739 M. P. Rindlaub 721 Charles G. Rodolf. 487 John H. Ron o tree •■*^7 George W. Byland 667 H. H. Virgin 595 N. H. Virgin 085 Page. Beetown 1018 Bloomington 946 Boscobel 927 Cassville 979 CaatleBock 1044 <'liftun 1001 yilenboro 1012 Kennimore 983 Glen Haven 1023 Harrison 1038 Hazel Green 1007 BIOORAPMICAI. SKETCHES. Page. Hickory Grove 1043 Jamestown 1032 Lancaster 883 Liberty 1029 Lima 954 Little Grant 1026 Marion 936 Millville 11145 Mount Hope 1042 Mount Ida 1039 Mnscoda 962 Page. Paris 1034 Patch Grove 972 Platteville 899 Potosi 938 Smelser 1015 Waterloo 1036 Waterstown 977 Wingville 991 Woodman 1046 Wyalusing 1041 ABSTRACT OF \l'IS€OniSI?K vSTATK T. — eight Frenchmen, traders with the Indians, whom the missionary found there upon his arrival, taking part in the devotions. His first Christian work with the Menomonees was performed in May of the next year. AUouez found this tribe a feeble one, almost exterminated by war. He spent but little time with them, embarking, on the twentieth of that month, after a visit to some Pottawattamies and Winnebagoes, " with a Frenchman and a savage to go to Sainte Mary of the Sault." His place was filled by Father Louis Andrd, who, not long after, erected a cabin upoa the Menomonee river, which, with one at a village where his predecessor had already raised the standard of the cross, was soon burned by the savages; but the missionary, living almost con- stantly in his canoe, continued for some time to labor with the Menomonees and surrounding, tribes. The efforts of Andr6 were rewarded with some conversions among the former ; for Mar- quette, who visited them in 1673, found many good Christians among them. The record of ninety years of French domination in Wisconsin — beginning in June, 167 1,, and ending in October, 1761 — brings to light but little of interest so far as the Menomonees are- concerned. Gradually they extended their intercourse with the white fur traders. Gradually and with few interruptions (one in 1728, and one in 1.747 of a serious character) they were drawn under the banner of France, joining with that government in its wars with the Iroquois ; in its contests, in 1712, 1729, 1730, and 1751, wit^i the Foxes; and, subsequently, in its conflicts, with the English. The French post, at what is now Green Bay, Brown county, Wisconsin, was, along with the residue of the western forts, surrendered to the British in 1760, although actual possession of the former was not taken until the Fall of the next year. The land on which the fort stood was claimed by the Menomonees. Here, at that date, was their upper and principal village, the lower one being at the mouth of the Menomonee river. These Indians soon became reconciled to the English occupation of their territory, notwithstanding the machinations of French traders who endeavored to prejudice them against the new comers. The Menomonees, at this time, were very much reduced, having, but a short time previous, lost three hundred of their warriors, THE INDIAN TRIBES OF WISCONSIN. 23 "by the small pox, and most of their chiefs in the late war in which they had been engaged by the then French commander there, against the English. They were glad to substitute English for French traders ; as they could purchase supplies of them at one half the price they had previously ipaid. It was not long before the sincerity of the Menomonees was put to the test. Pontiac's War of 1763 broke out, and the post of Mackinaw was captured. The garrison, however, at Green 'bay was not only not attacked by the savages, but, escorted by the Menomonees and other tribes, -crossed Lake Michigan in safety to the village of L'Arbre Croche ; thence making their way to Montreal. The Menomonees continued their friendship to the English, joining with them against the Colonies during the Revolution, and fighting on the same side during the war of 1812-15. When, in July, 1816, an American force arrived at Green bay to take possession of the •country, the Menomonees were found in their village near by, very peaceably inclined. The •commander of the troops asked permission of their chief to build a fort. " My Brother!" was the response, " how can we oppose your locating a council-fire among us ? You are too strong for us. Even if we wanted to oppose you we have scarcely got powder and ball to make the ■attempt. One favor we ask is, that our French brothers shall not be disturbed. You can choose •any place you please for your fort, and we shall not object." No trouble had been anticipated i"rom the Menomonees, and the expectations of the government of the United States in that 'regard were fully realized. What added much to the friendship now springing up between the Menomonees and the Americans was the fact that the next year — 181 7 — the annual contribution, -which for many years had been made by the British, consisting of a shirt, leggins, breech-clout, ■and blanket for each member or the tribe, and for each family a copper kettle, knives, axes, guns ■and ammunition, was withheld by them. It was found by the Americans, upon their occupation of the Menomonee territory, that «ome of the women of that tribe were married to traders and boatmen who had settled at t.'ie head of the bay, there being no white women in that region. Many of these were Canadians of French extraction ; hence the anxiety that they should be well treated, which was expressed by the Menomonees upon the arrival of the American force. At this period there was a consider- able trade carried on with these Indians at Prairie du Chien, as many of them frequently win- tered on the Mississippi. The first regular treaty with this tribe was " made and concluded" on the thirtieth day of March, 1817, "by and between William Clark, Ninian Edwards, and Auguste Chouteau, commissioners on the part and behalf of the United States of America of the one part," and the chiefs and warriors, deputed by the Menomonees, of the other part. By the terms of this compact all injuries were to be forgiven and forgotten ; perpetual peace established- ■lands, heretofore ceded to other governments, confirmed to the United States ; all prisoners to be delivered up ; aqd the tribe placed under the protection of the United States, " and of no other nation, power, or sovereign, whatsoever." The Menomonees were now fully and fairly, and for the first time, entitled to be known as " American Indians," in contradistinction to the term ■which had been so long used as descriptive of their former allegiance — " British Indians." The territory. of the Menomonees, when the tribe was taken fully under the winjj of the Gen- -eral Government, had become greatly extended. It was bounded on the north by the dividing J-idge between the waters flowing into Lake Superior and those flowing south into Green bay and the Mississippi ; on the east, by Lake Michigan ; on the south, by the Milwaukee river, and on the west by the Mississippi and Black rivers. This was their territory ; though they were prac- tically restricted to the occupation of the western shore of Lake Michigan, lying between the mouth of Green bay on the north and the Milwaukee river on the south, and to a somewhat indefinite area west. Their general claim as late as 1825, was north to the Chippewa country: 2* HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. east to Green bay and Lake Michigan ; south to the Milwaukee river, and west to Black river. And what is most surprising is that the feeble tribe of 1761 had now, in less than three quarters of a century, become a powerful nation, numbering between three and four thousand. The Menomonee territory, as late as 1831, still preserved its large proportions. Its eastern division was bounded by the Milwaukee river, the shore of Lake Michigan, Green bay. Fox river, and Winnebago lake ; its western division, by the Wisconsin and Chippewa rivers on the west ; Fox river on the south ; Green bay on the east, and the high lands whence flow the streams into Lake Superior, on the north. This year, however, it was shorn of a valuable and large part by the tribe ceding to the United States all the eastern division, estimated at two and one half million acres. The following year, the Menomonees aided the General Government in the Black Hawk war. That the Menomonees might, as much as possible, be weaned from their wandering habits, their permanent home was designated to be a large tract lying north of Fox river and east of Wolf river. Their territory farther west, was reserved for their hunting grounds until such time ais the General Government should desire to purchase it. In 1836, another portion, amounting to four million acres, lying between Green bay on the east and Wolf river on the west, was dis- jiosed of to the United States, besides a strip three miles in width from near the portage north,, on each side of the Wisconsin river and forty-eight miles long — still leaving them in peace- 0;ble possession of a country about one hundred and twenty miles long, and about eighty broad. Finally, in 1848, the Menomonees sold all their lands in Wisconsin to the General Govern- ment, preparatory to their movement to a reservation beyond the Mississippi cf six hundred, thousand acres ; but the latter tract was afterward re-ceded to the United States ; for, notwith- standing there were treaty stipulations for the removal of the tribe to that tract, there were obstacles in the way of their speedy migration, resulting, finally, in their being permitted to remain, in Wisconsin. Lands, to the amount of twelve townships, were granted them for their permanent, homes, on the upper Wolf river, in what is now Shawano and Oconto counties — a portion, but a very small one, of what was once their extensive possessions. To this reservation they removed in October, 1852. Thus are the Menomonees, the only one of the original tribes of Wisconsin who, as a whole, have a local habitation within its limits. This tribe refused to join the Sioux in their outbreak in 1861, and several of their warriors served as volunteers in the United States army during the late civil war. It is now over two centuries since the civilized world began to gain knowledge of the exist- ence, in the far West, of a tribe of Indians known as the Winnebagoes — that is, men of the sea;- pointing, possibly, to their early migration from the shores of the Mexican gulf, or the Pacific. The territory now included within the limits of Wisconsin, and so much of the State of Michigan as lies north of Green bay, Lake Michigan, the Straits of Mackinaw and Lake Huron were, in early times, inhabited by several tribes of the Algonquin race, forming a barrier to the Dakotas, or Sioux, who had advanced eastward to the Mississippi. But the Winnebagoes, although one of the tribes belonging to the family of the latter, had passed the great river, at some unknown period, and settled upon the head waters of Green bay. Here, this " sea-tribe," as early, it is believed, as 1634, was visited by an agent of France and a treaty concluded with them. The tribe afterward called themselves Hochungara, or Ochunkoraw, but were styled by the Sioux, Hotanke, or Sturgeon. Nothing more is heard of the Ouenibigoutz, or Winnebegouk (as the Winnebagoes- were early called by the Jesuit missionaries, and the Algonquin tribes, meaning men from tlie fetid or salt water, translated by the French, Puants) for the next thirty-five years, although there is no doubt that the tribe had been visited meanwhile by adventurous Frenchmen, when on the second of December, 1669, some of that nation were noted at a Sac (Sauk or Saukis) village -on Green bay, by Father AUouez. THE INDIAN TRIBES OE WISCONSIN. 25 As early at least as 1670, the French were actively engaged among the Winnebagoes trading. " We found affairs," says one of the Jesuit missionaries, who arrived among them in September of that year, " we found affairs there in a pretty bad posture, and the minds of the savages much soured against the French, who were there trading ; ill-treating them in deeds and words, pillag- ing and carrying away their merchandise in spite of them, and conducting themselves toward them with insupportable insolences and indignities. The cause of this disorder," adds the mis- sionary, " is that they had received some bad treatment from the French, to whom they had this year come to trade, and particularly from the soldiers, from whom they pretended to have received many wrongs and injuries." It is thus made certain that the arms of France were carried into the territory of the Winnebagoes over two hundred years ago. The Fox river of Green bay was found at that date a difficult stream to navigate. Two Jesuits who ascended the river in 1670, had "three or four leagues of rapids to contend with," when they had advanced " one day's journey " from the head of the bay, '' more difficult than those which are common in other rivers, in this, that the flints, over which" they had to walk with naked feet to drag their canoes, were so " sharp and so cutting, that one has all the trouble in the world to hold one's self steady against the great rushing of the waters." At the falls they found an idol that the savages honored ; " never failing, in passing, to make him some sacrifice of tobacco, or arrows, or paintings, or other things, to thank him that, by his assistance, they had, in ascending, avoided the dangers of the waterfalls which are in this stream ; or else, if they had to ascend, to pray him to aid them in this perilous navigation." The devout missionaries caused the idol " to be lifted up by the strength of arm, and cast into the depths of the river, to appear no more " to the idolatrous savages. The mission of St. Francis Xavier, founded in December, 1669, by Allouez, was a roving one among the tribes inhabiting the shores of Green bay and the interior country watered by the Fox river and its tributaries, for about two years, when its first mission-house was erected at what is now Depere, Brown county. This chapel was soon after destroyed by fire, but was rebuilt in 1676. The Winnebagoes, by this time, had not only received considerable spiritual instruction from the Jesuit fathers, but had obtained quite an insight into the mysteries of trading and trafficking with white men; for, following the footsteps of the missionaries, and sometimes preceding them, were the ubiquitous French fur traders. It is impossible to determine precisely what territory was occupied by the Winnebagoes at this early date, farther than that they lived near the head of Green bay. A direct trade with the French upon the St. Lawrence was not carried on by the Winne- bagoes to any great extent until the beginning of the eighteenth century. As early as 1679, an advance party of La Salle had collected a large store of furs at the mouth of Green bay, doubtless in a traffic with this tribe and others contiguous to them; generally, however, the surrounding nations sold their peltries to the Ottawas, who disposed of them, in turn, to the French. The commencement of the eighteenth century found the Winnebagoes firmly in alliance with France, and in peace with the dreaded Iroquios. In 17 18, the nation numbered six hundred. They were afterward found to have moved up Fox river, locating upon Winne- bago lake, which stream and lake were their ancient seat, and from which they had been driven either by fear or the prowess of more powerful tribes of the West or Southwest. Their inter- course with the French was gradually extended and generally peaceful, though not always so, joining with them, as did the Menomonees, in their wars with the Iroquois, and subsequently in their conflicts with the English, which finally ended in 1760. When the British, in October, 1761, took possession of the French post, at the head of 2^ HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. Green bay, the Winnebagoes were found to number one hundred and fifty warriors only ; their nearest village being at the lower end of Winnebago lake. They had in all not less than three towns. Their country, at this period, included not only that lake, but all the streams flowing into it, especially Fox river; afterward extended to the Wisconsin and Rock rivers. They readily changed their course of trade — asking now of the commandant at the fort for English traders to be sent among them. In the Indian outbreak under Pontiac in 1763, they joined with the Menomonees and other tribes to befriend the British garrison at the head of the bay, assisting in conducting them to a place of safety. They continued their friendship to the English during the Revolution, by joining with them against the colonies, and were active in the Indian war of 1790-4, taking part in the attack on Fort Recovery, upon the Maumee, in the present State of Ohio, in 1793. They fought also on the side of the British in the war of 1812-15, aiding, in 1814, to reduce Prairie du Chien. They were then estimated at 4,500. When, in 1816, the government of the United States sent troops to take possession of the Green bay country, by establishing a garrison there, some trouble was anticipated from these Indians, who, at that date, had the reputation of being a bold and warlike tribe. A deputation from the nation came down Fox river and remonstrated with the American commandant at what was thought to be an intrusion. They were desirous of knowing why a fort was to be established so near them. The reply was that, although the troops were armed for war if necessary, their purpose was peace. Their response was an old one : " If your object is peace, you have too many men ; if war, you have too few." However, the display of a number of cannon which had not yet been mounted, satisfied the Winnebagoes that the Americans were masters of the'situation, and the deputation gave the garrison no farther trouble. On the 3d of June, 1816, at St. Louis, the tribe made a treaty of peace and friendship with the General Government; but they continued to levy tribute on all white people who passed up Fox river. English annuities also kept up a bad feeling. At this time, a portion of the tribe was living upon the Wisconsin river, away from the rest of the nation, which was still seated upon the waters flowing into Green bay. In 1820 they had five villages on Winnebago lake and fourteen on Rock river. In 1825, the claim of the Winnebagoes was an extensive one, so far as territory was concerned. Its southeast boundary stretched away from the source of Rock river to within forty miles of its mouth, in Illinois, where they had a village. On the west it extended to the heads of the small streams flowing into the Mississippi. To the northward, it reached Black river and the upper Wis- consin, in other words, to the Chippewa territory, but did not extend across Fox river, although they contended for the whole of Winnebago lake. In 1829, a large part of their territory in southwest Wisconsin, lying between Sugar river and the Mississippi, and extending to the Wis- consin river, was sold to the General Government ; and, three years later all the residue lying south and east of the Wisconsin and the Fox river of Green bay ; the Winnebago prophet having before that date supported the Sacs in their hostility. Finally, in the brief language Of the treaty between this tribe (which had become unsettled and wasteful) and the United States, of the first of November, 1837, " The Winnebago Nation of Indians " ceded to the General Government " all their lands east of the Mississippi." Not an acre was reserved. And the Indians agreed that, within eight months from that date, they would move west of " the great river." This arrangement, however, was not carried out fully. In 1842, there were only 756 at Turkey river, Iowa, their. new home, with as many in Wisconsin, and smaller bands e'-.ewhere. All had become lawless, and roving. Some removed in 1848; while a party to the number of over eight hun- dred left the State as late as 1873. The present home of the tribe is in Nebraska, where they have a reservation north of and adjacent to the Omahas, containing over one hundred thousand acres. However, since their first removal beyond the Mississippi, they have several times THE INDIAN TRIBES OF WISCONSIN. 27 <;hanged their place of abode. Their number, all told, is less than twenty-five hundred. When the territory, now constituting the northern portion of Wisconsin, became very generally known to the civilized inhabitants of the eastern part of the United States, it was found to be occupied by Indians called the Chippewas. Their hunting-grounds extended south from Lake Superior to the heads of the Menomonee, the Wisconsin and Chippewa rivers ; also farther eastward and westward. At an early day they were engaged in a war with the Sioux a war indeed, which was long continued. The Chippewas, however, persistently maintained their position — still occupying the same region when the General Government extended its -jurisdiction over the whole country south of the Great Lakes and west to the Mississippi. By treaties with the Chippewas at different periods, down to the year 1827, the General Gov- ernment had recognized them as the owners of about one quarter of what is now the entire State. The same policy was pursued toward this tribe as with neighboring ones, in the purchase of their lands by the United States. Gradually they parted with their extensive possessions, until, in 1842, the last acre within what is now Wisconsin was disposed of. It was the intention of the General Government to remove the several bands of the Chippewas who had thus ceded their lands to a tract reserved for them beyond" the Mississippi ; but this determination was afterward changed so as to allow them to remain upon certain reservations within the limits of their old- time hunting grounds. ' These reservations they continue to occupy. They are located in Bay- field, Ashland, Chippewa and Lincoln counties. The clans are known, respectively, as the Red •Cliff band, the Bad River band, the Lac Courte Oreille band, and the Lac de Flambeau band. Of all the tribes inhabiting what is now Wisconsin when its territory was first visited by white men, the Sacs (Sauks or Saukies) and Foxes (Outagamies) are, in history, the most noted. They are of the Algonquin family, and are first mentioned in 1665, by Father Allouez, but as •separate tribes. Afterward, however, because of the identity of their language, and their asso- •ciations, they were and still are considered as one nation. In December, 1669, Allouez found upon the shores of Green bay a village of Sacs, occupied also by members of other tribes ; and ■early in 1670 he visited a village of the same Indians located upon the Fox river of Green bay, at a distance of four leagues from its mouth. Here a device of these Indians for catching fish arrested the attention of the missionary. " From one side of the river to the other," he writes, "they made a barricade, planting great stakes, two fathoms from the water, in such a manner that there is, as it were, a bridge above for the fishes, who by the aid of a little bow-net, easily take sturgeons and all other kinds of fish which this pier stops, although the water does not ■cease to flow between the stakes." When the Jesuit father first obtained, five years previous, a knowledge of this tribe, they were represented as savage above all others, great in numbers, and without any permanent dwelling place. The Foxes were of two stocks : one calling themselves Outagamies or Foxes, whence our English name ; the other, Muscpiakink, or men of red clay, the name now used by the tribe. They lived in early times with their kindred the Sacs east of Detroit, and as some say near the St. Lawrence. They were driven west, and settled at Saginaw, a name derived from the Sacs. Thence they were forced by the Iroquois to Green bay ; but were compelled to leave that place and settle on Fox river. Allouez, on the twenty-fourth of April, 1670, arrived at a village of the Foxes, situated on Wolf river, a northern tributary of the Fox. "The nation," he declares, "is renowned for being numerous ; they have more than four hundred men bearing arms ; the number of women and children is greater, on account of polygamy which exists among them — each man having commonly four wives, some of them six, and others as high as ten." The missionary found that the Foxes had retreated to those parts to escape the persecutions of the Iroquois. Allouez •established among these Indians his mission of St. Mark, rejoicing in the fact that in less than 28 HISTOEY OF WISCONSIN. two years he had baptized "'sixty children and some adults." The Foxes, at the summons of De la Barre, in 1684, sent warriors against the Five Nations. They also took part in Denonville's more serious campaign ; but soon after became hostile to the French. As early as 169.3, they had plundered several on their way to trade with the Sioux, alleging that they were carrying arms and ammunition to their ancient enemies — frequently causing them to make portages to the southward in crossing from Lake Michigan to the Mississippi. Afterward they became recon- ciled to the French; but the reconciliation was of short duration. In 1712, Fort Detroit, then defended by only a handful of men, was attacked by them in conjunction with the Mascou- tens and Kickapoos. However, in the end, by calling in friendly Indians, the garrison not only protected themselves but were enabled to act on the offensive, destroying the greater part of the besieging force. The nation continued their ill will to the French. The consequence was that their territory in 1 7 16 had been invaded and they were reduced to sue for peace. But their friendship was not of long continuance. In 17 18, the Foxes numbered five hundred men and "abounded in women and children." They are spoken of at that date as being very industrious, raising large quantities of Indian corn. In 1728, another expedition was sent against them by the French. Meanwhile the Menomonees had also become hostile; so, too, the Sacs, who were now the allies of the Foxes. The result of the enterprise was, an attack upon and the defeat of a number of Menomonees ; the burning of the wigwams of the Winnebagos (after passing the deserted village of the Sacs upon the Fox river), that tribe, also, at this date being hostile ; and the destruction of the "fields of the Foxes. They were again attacked in their own country by the French, in 1730, and defeated. In 1734, both the Sacs and Foxes came in conflict with the same foe; but this time the French were not as successful as on previous expeditioris. In 1736, the Sacs and Foxes were " connected with the government of Cankda ; " but it is certain they were far from being friendly to the French. The conflict between France and Great Britain commencing in 1754, found the Sacs and Foxes allied with the former power, against the English, although not long previous to this time they were the bitter enemies of the French. At the close of that contest so disastrous to the interests of France in North America, these tribes readily gave in their adhesion to the con- querors, asking that English traders might be sent them. The two nations, then about equally divided, numbered, in 1761, about seven hundred warriors. Neither of the tribes took part in Pontiac's war, but they befriended the English. The Sacs had migrated farther to the west- ward ; but the Foxes — at least a portion of them — still remained upon the waters of the river of Green bay, which perpetuates their name. A few years later, however, and the former were occupants of the upper Wisconsin ; also, to a considerable distance below the portage, where their chief town was located. Further down the same stream was the upper village of the Foxes, while their lower one was situated near its mouth at the site of the present city of Prairie du Chien. At this date, 1766, the northern portion of what is now Wisconsin, including all that part watered by the streams flowing north into Lake Superior, was the home of the Chippewas. The country around nearly the whole of Green bay was the hunting ground of the Menomonees. The territory of Winnebago lake and Fox river was the seat of the Winnebagoes. The region of the Wisconsin river was the dwelling place of the Sacs and Foxes. During the war of the Revolution, the Sacs and Foxes continued the firm friends of the English. At the commencement of the nineteenth century, only a small part of their territory was included in what is now Wisconsin, and that was in the extreme southwest. In 1804, they ceded this to the United States ; so that they no longer were owners of any lands within this State. From that date, therefore, these allied tribes can not be considered as belonging to the PRE-TEEEITOEIAL ANNALS OF WISCONSIN. 2& Indian nations of Wisconsin. A striking episode in their subsequent history — the Black Hawk War — comes in, notwithstanding, as a part, incidentally, of the annals of the State. Deserving a place in a notice of the Indian tribes of Wisconsin is the nation known as the PoTTAWATTAMiEs. As early as 1639, they were the neighbors of the Winnebagoes upon Green bay. They were still upon its southern shore, in two villages, in 1670 ; and ten years subsequent to that date they occupied, at least in one village the same region. At the expiration of the first quarter of the eighteenth century, a part only of the nation were in that vicinity — upon the islands at the mouth of the bay. These islands were then known as the Pottawattamie islands,, and considered as the ancient abode of these Indians. Already had a large portion of this tribe emigrated southward, one band resting on the St. Joseph of Lake Michigan, the other near Detroit. One peculiarity of this tribe — at least of such as resided in what is now Wisconsin — was their intimate association with neighboring bands. When, in 1669, a village of the Pottawattamies,, located upon the southeast shore of Green bay, was visited by Allouez, he found with them Sacs and Foxes and Winnebagoes. So, also, when, many years subsequent to that date, a band of these Indians were located at Milwaukee, with them were Ottawas and Chippewas. These " united tribes " claimed all the lands of their respective tribes and of other nations, giving the United States, when possession was taken of the western country by the General Government, no little trouble. Finally, by a treaty, held at Chicago in 1833, their claims, such as they were, to lands along the western shore of Lake Michigan, within the present State of Wisconsin, extending westward to Rock river, were purchased by the United States, with permission to retain possession three years longer of their ceded lands, after which time this '' united nation of Chippewas, Ottawas and Pottawattamies " began to disappear, and soon were no longer seen in southeastern Wisconsin or in other portions of the State. Besides the five tribes — Menomonees, Winnebagoes, Chippewas, Sacs and Foxes, and Pottawattamies — many others, whole or in part, have, since the territory now constituting the State was first visited by white men, been occupants of its territory. Of these, some are only known as having once lived in what is now Wisconsin; others — such as the Hurons, Illinois^ Kickapoos, Mascoutens, Miamis, Noquets, Ottawas and Sioux, are recognized as Indians once dwelling in this region ; yet so transitory has been their occupation, or so little is known of their history, that they scarcely can be claimed as belonging to the State. Commencing in 1822, and continuing at intervals through some of the following years, was. the migration to Wisconsin from the State of New York of the remains or portions of four tribes : the Oneidas, Stockbridges, Munsees and Brothertowns. The Oneidas finally located west of Green Bay, where they still reside. Their reservation contains over 60,000 acres, and lies wholly within the present counties of Brown and Outagamie. The Stockbridges and Munsees, who first located above Green Bay, on the east side of Fox river, afterward moved to the east side of Winnebago lake. They now occupy a reservation joining the southwest township of the Menomenee reservation, in Shawano county, and are fast becoming citizens. The Brothertowns first located on the east side of Fox river, but subsequently moved to the east side of Winnebago lake, where, in 1839, they broke up their tribal relations and became citizens of Wisconsin territory. III.— PRE-TERRITORIAL ANNALS OF WISCONSIN. When, in 1634, the first white man set foot upon any portion of the territory now consti- tuting the State of Wisconsin, the whole country was, of course, a wildcness. Its inhabitants, the aboriginal Red men, were thinly but widely scattered over all the country. John Nicolet, a Frenchman, who had been in Canada since 161 8, and had spent several years among the 30 HISTORr OF WISCONSIN. Indians, was the first of civilized men to unlock the mystery of its situation and people. French authorities upon the St. Lawrence sent him as an ambassador to the Winnebagoes, of whom he had heard strange stories. On his outward voyage he visited the Hurons — allies of the French — a tribe seated upon the eastern side of the lake which bears their name, and Nicolet was ■empowered to negotiate a peace with them. " When he approached the Winnebago town, he sent some of his Indian attendants to announce his coming, put on a robe of damask, and advanced to meet the expectant crowd with a pistol in each hand. The squaws and children fled, scream- ing that it was a manito, or spirit, armed with thunder and lightning ; but the chiefs and warriors Tegaled him with so bountiful a hospitality, that a hundred and twenty beavers were devoured at a single feast." Such was the advent of the daring Frenchman into what is now the State of Wisconsin. " Upon the borders of Green bay," wrote the Jesuit, Paul le Jeune,in 1640, " are the Meno- monees; still farther on, the Winnebagoes, a sedentary people, and very numerous. Some Trenchmen," he continues, " call them the ' Nation of the Stinkards,' because the Algonquin •word Winipeg signifies ' stinking water.' Now they thus call the water of the sea ; therefore, these people call themselves ' Winnebagoes,' because they came from the shores of a sea of which we have no knowledge ; consequently we must not call them the ' Nation of Stinkards,' but the ' Nation of the Sea.' " From these Men of the Sea, Nicolet passed westward, ascended Fox river of Green Bay, until nigh the portage to the Wisconsin, down which stream he could have floated easily to the Mississippi, the "great water" of his guides, which he mistook for the sea. This adventurous Frenchman, when so near re-discovering the river which has given immortality to De Soto, turned his face to the eastward ; retraced his steps to Green bay, and finally returned in safety to Quebec. This was the first exploration of what is now Wisconsin — ■only fourteen years after the landing of the Pilgrims upon the wild shores of New England. Wisconsin, for twenty-four years after its discovery, was left to its savage inhabitants. At length, in 1658, two daring fur traders penetrated to Lake Superior, and wintered there. They probably set foot upon what is now Wisconsin soil, as they made several trips among the sur- Tounding tribes. They saw, among other things, at six days' journey beyond the lake, toward the southwest, Indians that the Iroquois had driven from their homes upon the eastern shores of Lake Huron. These Frenchmen heard of the ferocious Sioux, and of a great river — not the sea, as Nicolet had supposed — on which they dwelt. This was the Mississippi ; and to these traders is the world indebted for a knowledge of its existence; as De Soto's discovery was never used, and soon became well-nigh, if not entirely, forgotten. From these upper countries, in the Sum- mer of 1660, the two returned to Quebec, with three hundred Indians in sixty canoes, laden with peltry. This was, indeed, the dawn — though exceedingly faint — of what is now the commerce of the great Northwest. Nineteen years after flashed a more brilliant light; for, in 1679, the '" Griffin " laden with furs, left one of the islands at the mouth of Green bay, on its return — spreading her sails for Niagara, but liever more to be heard of. Following in the footsteps of the fur traders came the Jesuit missionaries to Lake Superior ; one of them. Father Menard, as early as 1660, reaching its southern shore as far to the westward, probably, as Kewenaw, in the present State of Michigan. There is no positive evidence, however, that he or his French companions, visited any portion of what is now Wisconsin ; although the next year 1661, some of his associates probably passed down the Menomonee river to Green bay. Following Menard came Father Claude Allouez, arriving on the first day of October, 1665, at " Chagowamigong," or " Chegoimegon," now Chequamegon, or Ashland Bay, " at the bottom of ■which," wrote the missionary, " is situated the great villages of the savages, who there plant their fields of Indian corn, and lead a stationary life." Near by he erected a small chapel of bark — the PRE-TEERITOKIAL ANNALS OF WISCONSIN. 31 first structure erected by civilized man in Wisconsin. At La Pointe, in the present Ashland, county, he established the mission of the Holy Ghost. The next Catholic mission in what is now Wisconsin was that of St. Francis Xavier, founded also by Allouez. Upon the second of December, 1669, he first attended to his priestly devotions upon the waters of Green bay. This mission, for the first two years of its existence, was a migratory one. The surrounding tribes were all visited, including the Pottawattamies, Menom- onees, Winnebagoes, and Sacs and Foxes. However, in 167 1, one hundred and five years before- the Declaration of Independence, there was erected, at what is now Depere, Brown county, a. chapel for the mission of St. Francis Xavier. Thus early did the Jesuit Fathers, in their plain garbs and unarmed, carry the cross to many of the benighted heathen occupying the country- circumscribed by Lakes Michigan, Huron and Superior, and the " great river " — the Mississippi. French domination in Wisconsin dates from the year 167 1, the very year in which it seems the indomitable LaSalle, upon his first expedition, passed the mouth of Green bay, but did not enter it. France then took formal possession of the whole of the country of the upper lakes. By this time, the commerce with the western tribes had so attached them to her interests that she determined to extend her power to the utmost limits — vague and indeterminate as they were — of Canada. An agent — Daumont de St. Lusson — was dispatched to the distant tribes, proposing a congress of Indian nations at the Falls of Ste. Mary, between Lake Huron and Lake Superior. The invitation was extended far and near. The principal chiefs of Wisconsin tribes, gathered by Nicolas Perrot in Green bay, were present at the meeting. Then and there, with due ceremony, it was announced that the great Northwest was placed under the protection or the French government. And why not .' She had discovered it — had to a certain extent explored it — had to a limited extent established commerce with it — and her missionaries had. proclaimed the faith to the wondering savages. But none of her agents — none of the fur- traders — none of the missionaries — had yet reached the Mississippi, the " great river,'' concerning, which so many marvels had been heard, although it is claimed that, in 1669, it had been seen by the intrepid La Salle. But the time for its discovery, or properly re-discovery, was at hand, if,, indeed, it can be called, with propriety, a re-discovery, since its existence to the westward was, already known to every white man particularly interested in matters appertaining to the North- west. Now, however, for the first time, its upper half was to be, to a certain extent, explored. For the first time, a white man was to behold its vast tribute, above the Illinois river, rolling onward toward the Mexican gulf. Who was that man ? His name was Louis Joliet ; with him. was Father James Marquette. Born at Quebec, in 1645, educated by the Jesuits, and first resolving to be a priest, then turning fur-trader, Joliet had, finally, been sent with an associate to explore the copper mines of Lake Superior. He was a man of close and intelligent observation, and possessed considerable mathematical acquirements. At this time, 1673, he was a merchant, courageous, hardy, enter- . prising. He was appointed by French authorities at Quebec to " discover " the Mississippi. He passed up the lakes to Mackinaw, and found at Point St. Ignace, on the north side of the strait, Father James Marquette, who readily agreed to accompany him. Their outfit was very simple : two birch-bark canoes and a supply of smoked meat and Indian corn. They had a company of five men with them, beginning their voyage on the seventeenth of May, 1673. Passing the straits,, they coasted the northern shores of Lake Michigan, moved up Green bay and Fox river to the portage. They crossed to the Wisconsin, down which they paddled their frail canoes, until, on the seventeenth of June, they entered — " discovered " — the Mississippi. So the northern, the eastern and the western boundary of what is now Wisconsin had been reached at this date ; therefore, it maybe said that its territory had been explors.d sufficiently for the forming of a. ^2 ■ HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. pretty correct idea of its general features as well as of its savage inhabitants. After dropping down the Mississippi many miles, Joliet and Marquette returned to Green bay, where the latter remained to recruit his exhausted strength, while Joliet descended to Quebec, to report his "discoveries" to his superiors. Then followed the expedition of LaSalle to the west, from the St. Lawrence, when, in 1679, lie and Father Louis Hennepin coasted along the western shore of Lake Michigan, frequently landing ; then, the return of Henri de Tonty, one of LaSalle's party down the same coast to Green bay, in 1680, from the Illinois; the return, also, the same year, of Hennepin, from up the Mis- sissippi, whither he had made his way from the Illinois, across what is now Wisconsin, by the Wisconsin and Fox rivers to Green bay, in company with DuLhut, or DuLuth, who, on his way down the " great river " from Lake Superior, had met the friar ; and then, the voyage, in 1683, from Lake Michigan to the Mississippi river, by the same route, of LeSueur, and his subsequent establishment at La Pointe, in what is now Ashland county, Wisconsin, followed several years after by a trip up the Mississippi. The act of Daumont de St. Lusson, at the Sault Sainte Mary, in 167 1, in taking possession of the country beyond Lake Michigan, not being regarded as suiB- ciently definite, Nicolas Perrot, in 1689, at Green bay, again took possession of that territory, as well as of the valleys of the Fox and Wisconsin rivers, and extending the dominion of New France over the country on the Upper Mississippi, and "to other places more remote." The voyage of St. Cosme, in 1699, when he and his companions frequently landed on the west coast of Lake Michigan, upon what is now territory of Wisconsin, completed the explorations in the west for the seventeenth century. Following in the footsteps of early explorations, of self sacrificing attempts of the Jesuits to carry the cross to the wild tribes of the West, of the first visits of the lawless coureurs de bois, was the military occupation — if such it can be called — of what is now Wisconsin by the French. The ninety years of domination by France in this region were years of only nominal possession. The record of this occupation is made up of facts concerning the Indian policy of the French rulers; their contests with the Sacs and Foxes; their treaties, at various times, with different tribes; their interest in, and protection of, the fur trade, and kindred subjects. The Indian tribes were, at most, only the allies of France. Posts — mere stockades without cannon, more for protection to fur-traders than for any other purpose — were erected upon the Mississippi at two points at least, upon what is now territory of Wisconsin. On the west side of Fox river of Green bay, "half a league from its mouth," was a French post, as early as 1721, where resided, besides the commandant and an uncouth squad of soldiers, a Jesuit missionary ; and near by were collected Indians of different tribes. Of course, the omnipresent fur-trader helped to augment the sum-total of its occupants. This post was, not long after, destroyed, but another was established there. When, however, France yielded her inchoate rights in the West to Great Britain — when, in 1761, the latter took possession of the country — there was not a French post within what is now Wisconsin. The " fort " near the head of Green bay, had been vacated for some years; it was found "rotten, the stockade ready to fall, and the houses without cover;" emblematic of the decay — the fast-crumbling and perishing state — of French supremacy, at that date, in America. Wisconsin, when England's control began, was little better than a howling wilderness. There was not within the broad limits of what is now the State, a single bona fide settler, at the time the French Government yielded up its possession to the English ; that is to say, there were none according to the present acceptation of the term "settler." ' The military occupation of Wisconsin by the British, after the Seven Years' War, was a brief one. La Bay — as the post at what is now the city of Fort Howard, Brown county, was called — was, on the twelfth of October, 1761, taken possession of by English troops, under Captain Belfour, of the Eightieth regiment. Two days after, that officer departed, leaving Lieutenant PEE-TERRITOEIAL AKNALS OP WISCO?fSI>i. 33 James Gorrell, in command, with one sergeant, one corporal and fifteen privates. There also remained at the post a French interpreter and two English traders. The name of the fortifica- tion was changed to Fort Edward Augustus. This post was abandoned by the commandant on the twenty-first of June, 1763, on account of the breaking out of Pontiac's War and the capture of the fort at Mackinaw by the savages. The cause of this war was this : The Indian tribes saw the danger which the downfall of the French interests in Canada was sure to bring to them. They banded together under Pontiac to avert their ruin. The struggle was short but fierce — full of " scenes of tragic interest, with marvels of suffering and vicissitude, of heroism and endur- ance;" but the white man conquered. The, moving incidents in this bloody drama were enacted to the eastward of what is now Wisconsin, coming no nearer than Mackinaw, which, as just mentioned, the savages captured; but it resulted in the evacuation of its territory by British troops, who never after took possession of it, though they continued until 1796 a nominal military rule over it, after Mackinaw was again occupied by them. An early French Canadian trading station at the head of Green bay assumed finally the ' form of a permanent settlement — the first one in Wisconsin. To claim, however that any French Canadian is entitled to the honor of being the first permanent white settler is assuming for him more than the facts seem to warrant. The title of " The Father and Founder of Wis- consin " belongs to no man. After Pontiac's War, one of the noted events in this region was the journey of Jonathan Carver, who, in 1766, passed up Fox river to the portage, and descended the Wisconsin to the Mississippi. He noticed the tumbling-down post at what is now Green Bay, Brown county. He saw a few families living in the fort, and some French settlers, who cultivated the land opposite, and appeared to live very comfortably. That was the whole extent of improvements in what is now Wisconsin. The organization of the Northwest Fur Company ; the passage of an act by the British Parliament by which the whole Northwest was included in the Province of Quebec ; the joining of the Indians in this region with the British, against the Americans, in the War of the Revolution; the exploration of the lead region of the Upper Mississippi by Julian Dubuque; the passage of the ordinance of 1787 ; the first settlement of the territory northwest of the River Ohio ; and the Indian war which followed, are all incidents, during British occu- pation, of more or less interest for the student of Wisconsin history. He will find that, by the treaty of 1783 and of 1795, with Great Britain, all the inhabitants residing in this region were to be protected by the United States in the full and peaceable possession of their property, with the right to remain in, or to withdraw from it, with their effects, within one year. All who did not leave were to be deemed American citizens, allowed to enjoy all the privileges of citizenship, and to be under the protection of the General Government. He will also find that less than two years was the whole time of actual military occupation of what is now Wisconsin by British soldiers, and that English domination, which should have ended at the close of the Revolu- tion, was arbitrarily continued until the Summer of 1796, when the western posts, none of which were upon territory circumscribed by Lakes Michigan and Superior and the Mississippi river, were delivered into the keeping of the United States. Thus the supremacy of Great Britain over the Northwest was, after an actual continuance of thirty-five years, at an end. Although the General Government did not get possession of the region northwest of the Ohio, throughout its full extent, for thirteen years subsequent to its acquirement by the treaty of peace of 1783 with Great Britain, nevertheless, steps were taken, very soon, to obtain concessions from such of the colonies as had declared an ownership in any portion of it. None of the claimants, seemingly, had better rights than Virginia, who, by virtue of conquests, largely her own, of the Illinois settlements and posts, extended her jurisdiction over that country, erecting into a county 34 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. so much of the region northwest of the Ohio, as had been settled hy Virginians or might after- ward be settled by them. But as, previous to her yielding all rights to territory beyond that river, she had not carried her arms into the region north of the Illinois or made settlements upon what is now the soil of Wisconsin, nor included any portion of it within the bounds of an organ- ized county, it follows that her dominion was not actually extended over any part of the area. included within the present boundaries of this State ; nor did she then claim jurisdiction north of the Illinois river, but on the other hand expressly disclaimed it. Virginia and all the other claimants finally ceded to the United States their rights, such as they were, beyorid the Ohio, except two reservations of limited extent ; and the General Govern- ment became the undisputed owner of the "Great West," without any internal claims to posses- sion save those of the Indians. Meanwhile, the United States took measures to extend its juris- diction over the whole country by the passage of the famous ordinance of 1787, which established a government over "the territory of the United States, northwest of the River Ohio." But this organic law was, of course, nugatory over that portion of the region occupied by the British,, until their yielding possession in 1796, when, for the first time, Anglo-American rule commencedj. though nominally, in what is now Wisconsin. By the ordinance just mentioned, "the United States, in congress assembled," declared that the territory northwest of the Ohio should, for the purposes of temporary government, be one district , subject, however, to be divided into districts,, as future circumstances might, in the opinion of Congress, make it expedient. It was ordained that a governor, secretary and three judges should be appointed for the Territory; a general assembly was also provided for; and it was declared that religion, morality, and knowledge, being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education should forever be encouraged. It was also ordained that there should be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in the said Territory, "otherwise than in the punishment of crimes whereof the party shall have been duly convicted." Thus was established the first Magna Charta for the five great States since that time formed out of " the territory northwest of the River Ohio," and the first rules and regulations for their government. Under this act of Congress, Arthur St. Clair was appointed governor of the Northwestern. Territory, as it was called, and Samuel H. Parsons, James M. Varnum, and John Armstrong,, judges, — the latter not accepting the office, John Cleves Symmes was appointed in his place. Winthrop Sargeant was appointed secretary. At different periods, counties were erected to include various portions of the Territory. By the governor's proclamation of the isth of August, 1796, one was formed to include the whole of the present area of Northern Ohio, west of Cleveland ; also, all of what is now the State of Indiana, north of a line drawn from Fort Wayne " west-northerly to the southern part of Lake Michigan ; " the whole of the present State of Michigan, except its extreme northwest corner on Lake Superior ; a small corner in the north- east, part of what is now Illinois, including Chicago ; and so much of the present State of Wis- consin as is watered by the streams flowing into Lake Michigan, which of course included an^ extensive portion, taking in many of its eastern and interior counties as now constituted. This- vast county was named Wayne. So the few settlers then at the head of Green bay had their local habitations, constructively at least, in " Wayne county. Northwestern Territory." It was. just at that date that Great Britain vacated the western posts, and the United States took quiet possession of them. But the western portion of what is now Wisconsin, including all its territory watered by streams flowing northward into Lake Superior, and westward and southwestward into the Mississippi, was as yet without any county organization ; as the county of St. Clair, including, the Illinois country to the southward, reached no farther north than the mouth of Little Macki- naw creek, where it empties into the Kiver Illinois, in what is now the State of Illinois. The PRE-TEEEITOKIAL ANNALS OF AVISCONSIN. 36 ■"law of Paris," which was in force under French domination in Canada, and which by the British Parliament in 1774, had been continued in force under English supremacy, was still " the law of the land " west of Lake Michigan, practically at least. From and after the fourth day of July, 1800, all that part of the territory of the United States northwest of the Ohio river, which lay to the westward of a line beginning upon that stream opposite to the mouth of Kentucky river and running thence to what is now Fort Recovery in Mercer county, Ohio ; thence north until it intersected the territorial line between the United States and Canada, was, for the purposes of temporary government, constituted ai separate territory called Indiana. It included not only the whole of the present State of Illinois and nearly all of what is now Indiana, but more than half of the State of Michigan as now defined, also a considerable part of the present Minnesota, and the whole of what is now Wis- consin. The seat of government was established at "Saint Vincennes on the Wabash,'' now the city of Vincennes, Indiana. To this extensive area was added " from and after " the admission of Ohio into the Union, all the territory west of that State, and east of the eastern boundary line of the Territory of Indiana as originally established ; so that now all " the territory of the United States, northwest of the River Ohio," was, excepting the State of Ohio, included in Indiana Ter- ritory. On the thirtieth day of June, 1805, so much of Indiana Territory as lay to the north of a liua drawn east from the southerly bend or extreme of Lake Michigan to Lake Erie, and east of a line drawn from the same bend through the middle of the first mentioned lake to its north- ern extremity, and thence due north to the northern boundary of the United States, was, for the purpose of temporary government, constituted a separate Territory called Michigan. Of course no part of the present State of Wisconsin was included therein ; but the whole remained in the Territory of Indiana until the second day of March, 1809, when all that part of the last men- tioned Territory which lay west of the Wabash river, and a direct line drawn from that stream and " Post Vincennes," due north to the territorial line between the United States and Canada, was, by an act approved on the third of February previous, constituted a separate Territory, called Illinois. Meanwhile jurisdiction had been extended by the authorities of Indiana Territory ' over the country lying west of Lake Michigan, to the extent, at least, of appointing a justice of the peace for each of the settlements of Green Bay and Prairie du Chien. All of what is now Wisconsin was transferred to the Territory of Illinois, upon the organization of the latter, except a small portion lying east of the meridian line drawn through Vincennes, which remained a part of Indiana Territory. This fraction included nearly the whole area between Green bay and Lake Michigan. When, in 1816, Indiana became a State, "the territory of the United States northwest of the River Ohio," contained, besides Ohio and Indiana, the Territories of Illinois and Michigan, only ; so the narrow strip, formerly a part of Indiana Territory, lying east of a line drawn due north from Vincennes, and west of the western boundary line of Michigan Territory, belonged to nei- ther, and was left without any organization. However, upon the admission of Illinois into the Union, in 1818, all "the territory of the United States, northwest of the River Ohio," lying west of Michigan Territory and north of the States of Indiana and Illinois, was attached to and made a part of Michigan Territory ; by which act the whole of the present State of Wisconsin came under the jurisdiction of the latter. During the existence of the Territory of Illinois, a kind of jurisdiction was had over the two settlements in what is now Wisconsin — rather more ideal than real, however. In 1834, Congress greatly increased the limits of the Territory of Michigan, by adding to it, for judicial purposes, a large extent of country west of the Mississippi — reaching south as far as 36 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. the present boundary line between the present States of Iowa and Missouri ; north, to the terri- torial line between the United States and Canada; and west, to the Missouri and White Earth rivers. It so continued down to the fourth of July, 1836. A retrospective glance at the history of this region for forty years previous to the last men- tioned year, including the time which elapsed after the surrender of the western posts, in 1796. by the British, discloses many facts of interest and importance. The Anglo-Americans, not long after the region of country west of Lake Michigan became a part of Indiana Territory, began now and then to cast an eye, either through the opening of the Great Lakes or the Mississippi, upon its rolling rivers, its outspread prairies, and its dense forests, and to covet the goodly land ; but the settlers at Green Bay and Prairie du Chien were mostly French Canadians at this date, although a few were Americans. The General Govern- ment, however, began to take measures preparatory to its occupation, by purchasing, in 1804, a tract in what is now the southwest portion of the State, of the Indians, and by holding the various tribes to a strict account for any murders committed by them on American citizens passing through their territories or trading with them. Comparative peace reigned in the incipient settle- ments at the head of Green bay and at the mouth of the Wisconsin, which was changed by the breaking out of the war of 181 2, with Great Britain. The English early succeeded in securing the Wisconsin Indian tribes as their allies in this war ; and the taking of Mackinaw by the British in July, 1812, virtually put the latter in posses- sion of what is now the eastern portion of the State. Early in 1814, the government authorities of the United States caused to be fitted out at St. Louis a large boat, having on board all the men that could be mustered and spared from the lower country, and sent up the Mississippi to protect the upper region and the few settlers therein. The troops landed at Prairie du Chien, and immediately proceeded to fortify. Not long after, Colonel McKay, of the British army, crossing the country by course of the Fox and Wisconsin rivers, with over five hundred British and Indians, received the surrender of the whole force. The officers and men were paroled and sent down the river. This was the only battle fought upon Wisconsin soil during the last war with England. The post at Prairie du Chien was left in command of a captain with two compa- nies from Mackinaw. He remained there until after the peace. of 1815, when the place was evacuated by the British. , When it became generally known to the Indian tribes in what is now Wisconsin, that the contest between the United States and Great Britain was at an end, they generally expressed themselves as ready and willing to make treaties with the General Government — eager, in fact, to establish friendly relations with the power they had so recently been hostile to. This was, therefore, a favorable moment for taking actual possession of the country between the Missis- sippi and Lake Michigan ; and United States troops were soon ordered to occupy the two prom- inent points between Green Bay and Prairie du Chien. At the former place was erected Fort Howard ; at the latter Fort Crawford. At Green Bay, half a hundred (or less) French Cana- dians cultivated the soil; at Prairie du Chien, there were not more than thirty houses, mostly occupied by traders, while on the prairie outside the village, a number of farms were cultivated. Such was Wisconsin when, at the close of the last war with Great Britain, it began in earnest to be occupied by Americans. The latter were few in number, but in 1818, they began to feel, now that the country was attached to Michigan Territory and the laws of the United States were extended over them, that they were not altogether beyond the protection of a government of their own, notwithstanding they were surrounded by savage tribes. Their happiness was increased upon the erection, by proclamation of Lewis Cass, governor of the Territory of Michigan, of three Territorial counties : Michilimackinac, Brown and Crawford. Their establishment dates PEE-TEEBITOEIAL ANNALS OF WISCONSIN. 37 the twenty-sixth of October, 1818. The county of Michilimackinac not only included all of the present State of Wisconsin lying north of a line drawn due west from near the head of the Little Noquet bay, but territory east and west of it, so as to reach from Lake Huron to the Missis- sippi river. Its county seat was established " at the Borough of Michilimackinac." The whole area in Michigan Territory south of the county of Michilimackinac and west of Lake Michigan formed the two counties of Brown and Crawford : the former to include the area east of a line drawn due north and south through the middle of the portage between the Fox river of Green bay and the Wisconsin ; the latter to include the whole region west of that line. Prairie du Chien was designated as the county seat of Crawford; Green Bay, of Brown county. On the 22d of December, 1826, a county named Chippewa was formed from the northern portions of Michilimackinac, including the southern shores of Lake Superior throughout its entire length, and extending from the straits leading from that lake into Lake Huron, west to the western boundary line of Michigan Territory, with the county seat " at such point in the vicinity of the Sault de Ste. Marie, as a majority of the county commissioners to be appointed shall designate." Embraced within this county, — its southern boundary being the parallel 46° 31' north latitude, — was all the territory of the present State of Wisconsin now bordering on Lake Superior. Immediately upon the erection of Brown and Crawford counties, they were organized, and their offices filled by appointment of the governor. County courts were established, consisting of one chief and two associate justices, either of whom formed a quorum. They were required to hold one term of court annually in their respective counties. These county courts had origi- nal and exclusive jurisdiction in all civil cases, both in law and equity, where the matter in dis- pute exceeded the jurisdiction of a justice of the peace, and did not exceed the value of one thousand dollars. They had, however, no jurisdiction in ejectment. They had exclusive cog- nizance of all offenses the punishment whereof was not capital, and the same power to issue remedial and other process, writs of error and mandamus excepted, that the supreme court had at Detroit. Appeals from justices of the peace were made to the county courts. The establishing of Indian. agencies by the General Government; the holding of treaties with some of the Indian tribes ; the adjustment of land claims at Green Bay and Prairie du Chien ; the appointment of postmasters at these two points, were all indications of a proper interest being taken by the United States in the affairs of the country. But a drawback to this region, was the fact that, in all civil cases of over a thousand dollars, and in criminal cases that were capital, as well as in actions of ejectment, and in the allowance of writs of error, and man- damus, recourse must be had to the supreme court at Detroit ; the latter place being the seat of government of Michigan Territory. However, in January, 1823, an act of congress provided for a district court, and for the appointment of a judge, for the counties of Brown, Crawford and Michilimackinac. This court had concurrent jurisdiction, civil and criminal, with the supreme court of the Territory, in most cases, subject, however, to have its decisions taken to the latter tribunal by a writ of error. The law provided for holding one term of court in each year, in each of the counties named in the act ; so, at last, there was to be an administration of justice at home, and the people were to be relieved from all military arbitrations, which frequently had been imposed upon them. James Duane Doty was appointed judge of this court at its organiza- tion. A May term of the court was held_ in Prairie du Chien ; a June term in Green Bay ; a July term in " the Borough of Michilimackinac," in each year. In 1824, Henry S. Baird.'of Brown county, was appointed district attorney. Doty held the office of judge until May, 1832, when he was succeeded by David Irvin. This court continued until 1836, when it was abrogated by the organization of the Territory of Wisconsin. For a long time it had been known that there were lead mines in what is now the south- ^^ HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. western portion of the State; but it was not until the year 1825, and the two following years, that very general attention was attracted to them, which eventuated in the settlement of different places in that region, by Americans, who came to dig for lead ore. This rapid increase of settlers awakened the jealousy of the Winnebago Indians, at what they deemed an unauthorized intrusion upon their lands, which, with ether causes operating unfavorably upon their minds,, aroused them in June, 1827, to open acts of hostility. Murders became frequent. Finally, the militia of Prairie du Chien were called out. On the twenty-ninth of August, Brigadier-General Henry Atkinson, of the United States army, with a strong force of regulars, ascended the Wis- consin river to put an end to any further spread of Winnebago disturbances. He was joined on the first of September, by one hundred and thirty Galena volunteers, mounted, and under com- mand of General Henry Dodge. The Winnebagoes were awed into submission. Thus ended the "Winnebago War." It was followed by the erection at the portage of Fort Winnebago, by the United States. After the restoration of tranquillity, the United States proceeded by treaty with the Indians,, to secure the right to occupy the lead regions. This was in 1828. The next year, the General Government purchased of the Winnebagoes, Southwestern Wisconsin, which put an end to all trouble on account of mining operations. On the ninth of October, 1829, a county was formed,, by the legislative council of the Territory of Michigan, comprising all that part of Crawford county lying south of the Wisconsin river. This new county was called Iowa. The county seat was temporarily established at Mineral Point. Following this was a treaty in 1831, with the Menomonees, for all their lands east of Green bay, Winnebago lake, and the Fox and Milwaukee rivers. There was now a crisis at hand. The most prominent event to be recorded in the pre-Ter- ritorial annals of Wisconsin is known as the Black Hawk War. This conflict of arms betweeni the Sacs and Foxes and the United States arose from a controversy in regard to lands. By ai treaty made at Fort Harmar, just across the River Muskingum from Marietta, Ohio, in January,, 1789, the Pottawattamie and Sac tribes of Indians, among others, were received into the friend- ship of the General Government, and a league of peace and unity established between the con- tracting parties On the third of November, 1804, a treaty at St. Louis stipulated that the united Sac and Fox tribes should be received into the friendship of the United States,, and alsa be placed under their protection. These tribes also agreed to consider themselves under the pro- tection of the General Government and of no other power whatsoever. At this treaty lands were ceded which were circumscribed by a boundary beginning at a point on the Missouri river opposite the mouth of the Gasconade, and running thence in a direct course so as to strike the River Jefferson at the distance of thirty miles from its mouth, and down that stream to the Missis- sippi. It then ran up the latter river to the mouth of the Wisconsin, and up that stream to a point thirty- six miles in a direct line from its mouth; thence by a straight course to a point where the Fox river of the Illinois leaves the small lake then called Sakaegan, and from that point down the Fox to the Illinois, and down the latter to the Mississippi. The consideration for this cession was the payment of goods to the value of two thousand two hundred and thirty-four dollars and fifty cents, and a yearly annuity of one thousand dollars — six hundred to be paid to the Sacs and four hundred to the Foxes — to be liquidated in goods valued at first cost. After- ward, Fort Madison was erected just above the Des Moines rapids in the Mississippi, on the ter- ritory eeded at the last mentioned treaty. Then followed the war with Great Britain, and the Sacs and Foxes agreed to take no part therein. However, a portion afterward joined the English against the Americans along with other Western tribes. At the restoration, of peace the Sacs and Foxes held treaties with the United States. There was a renewal of the treaty of 1804, PEE-TERRITOEIAL ANU'ALS OF WISCONSLN". 39 Such in brief is a general outline of affairs, so far as those two tribes were concerned, down to the close of the last war with England. From this time, to the year 1830, several additional treaties were made with the Sacs and Foxes by the General Government : one in 1822, by which they relin- quished their right to have the United States establish a trading house or factory at a convenient point at which the Indians could trade and save themselves from the imposition of traders, for ■which they were paid the sum of one thousand dollars in merchandise. Again, in 1824, they •sold to the General Government all their lands in Missouri, north of Missouri river, for which they received one thousand dollars the same year, and an annuity of one thousand dollars for ten years. In 1830, they ceded to the United States a strip of land twenty miles wide from the Mis- sissippi to the Des Moines, on the north side of their territory. The time had now come for the two tribes to leave the eastern shore of the Mississippi and retire across the " great water." Keokuk, the Watchful Fox, erected his wigwam on the west side of the river, and was followed by a large part of the two tribes. But a band headed by Ma-ka-tai-me-she-kia-kiah, or the Black Sparrow Hawk, commonly called Black Hawk, refused to leave their village near Rock Island. They contended that they had not sold their town to the United States ; and, upon their return early in 1831, from a hunt across the Mississippi, finding their village and fields in possession of the whites, they determined to repossess their homes at all hazards. This was looked upon, or called, an encroachment by the settlers ; so the governor of Illinois took the responsibility of declaring the State invaded, and asked the United States to drive the refractory Indians beyond the Mississippi. The result was, the Indian village was destroyed by Illinois Tolunteers. This and the threatened advance across the river by the United States commander, brought Black Hawk and his followers to terms. They sued for peace — agreeing to remain forever on the west side of the Mississippi. But this truce was of short duration. Early in the Spring of 1832, Black Hawk having assembled his forces on the Mississippi, in the vicinity of the locality where Fort Madison had stood, crossed that stream and ascended Rock river. This was the signal for war. The governor of Illinois made a call for volunteers ; and, in a brief space of time, eighteen hundred had assembled at Beardstown, Cass county. They marched for the mouth of Rock river, where a council of war was held by their officers and Brigadier-General Henry Atkinson, of the regular forces. The Indians were sent word by ■General Atkinson that they must return and recross the Mississippi, or they would be driven back by force. " If you wish to fight us, come on," was the laconic but defiant reply of the Sac chief. When the attempt was made to compel these Indians to go back across the " great river," a collision occurred between the Illinois militia and Black Hawk's braves, resulting in the dis- comfiture of the former with the loss of eleven men. Soon afterward the volunteers were dis- cliarged, and the first campaign of Black Hawk's War was at an end. This was in May, 1832. In June following, a new force had been raised and put under the command of General Atkinson, who commenced his march up Rock river. Before this, there had been a general ■" forting " in the lead region, including the whole country in Southwest Wisconsin, notwithstand- ing which, a number of settlers had been killed by the savages, mostly in Illinois. Squads of volunteers, in two or three instances, had encountered the Indians ; and in one with entire suc- cess — upon the Pecatonica, in what is now Lafayette county, Wisconsin — every savage (and there were seventeen of them) being killed. The loss of the volunteers was three killed and wounded. Atkinson's march up Rock river was attended with some skirmishing ; when, being informed that Black Hawk and his force were at Lake Koshkonong, in the southwest corner of what is now Jefferson county, Wisconsin, he immediately moved thither with a portion of his army, where the whole force was ordered to concentrate. But the Sac chief with his people had flown. Colonels Henry Dodge and James D. Henry, with the forces under them, discoyered the 40 HISTOEY OF WISCONSIN. trail of the savages, leading in the direction of the Wisconsin river. It was evident that the retreating force was large, and that it had but recently passed. The pursuing troops hastened their march. On the twenty-first of July, 1832, they arrived at the hills which skirt the left bank of that stream, in what is now Roxbury town (township), Dane county. Here was Black Hawk's whole force, including women and children, the aged and infirm, hastening by every effort to escape across the river. But that this might now be effected, it became necessary for that chief to make a firm stand, to cover the retreat. The Indians were in the bottom lands, when the pursuing whites made their appearance upon the heights in their rear. Colonel Dodge occupied the front and sustained the first attack of the Indians. He was soon joined by Henry with his force, when they obtained a complete victory. The action commenced about five o'clock in the afternoon and ended at sunset. The enemy, numbering not less than five hundred,, sustained a loss of about sixty killed and a large number wounded. The loss of the Americans was one killed and eight wounded. This conflict has since been known as the battle of Wis- consin Heights. During the night folfowing the battle. Black Hawk made his escape with his remaining force and people down the Wisconsin river. The women and children made their way down stream in canoes, while the warriors marched on foot along the shore. The Indians were pursued in their flight, and were fiinally brought to a stand on the Mississippi river, near the mouth of the Bad Axe, on the west boundary of what is now Vernon county, Wisconsin. About two o'clock on the morning of the second of August, the line of march began to the scene of the last con- flict in the Black Hawk War. Dodge's command formed the advance, supported by regular troops, under Colonel Zachary Taylor, afterward president of the United States. Meanwhile an armed steamboat had moved up the Mississippi and lay in front of the savages ; so they were attacked on all sides by the exasperated Americans. The battle lasted about two hours, and was a complete victory for the whites. Black Hawk fled, but was soon after captured. This, ended the war. The survey of public lands by the General Government ; the locating and opening of land offices at Mineral Point and Green Bay; the erection of Milwaukee county from a part of Brown, to include all the territory bounded on the east and south by the east and south lines of the present State, on the north by what is now the north boundary of Washington and Ozaukee counties and farther westward on the north line of township numbered twelve, and on the west, by the dividing line between ranges eight and nine ; and the changing of the eastern boundary of Iowa county to correspond with the western one of Milwaukee county ; — are some of the important events following the close of the Black Hawk war. There was an immediate and rapid increase of immigration, not only in the mining region but in various other parts of what is now Wisconsin, more especially in that portion bordering on Lake Michigan. The interior was yet sparsely settled. By the act of June 28, 1834, congress having attached to the Territory of Michigan, for judicial purposes, all the country "west of the Mississippi river, and north of the State of Missouri," comprising the whole of what is now the State of Iowa, all of the present State of Minnesota west of the Mississippi river, and more than half of what is now the Terri- tory of Dakota, the legislative council of Michigan Territory extended her laws over the whole area, dividing it on the 6th of September, 1834, by a Hne drawn due west from the lower end of Rock island to the Missouri river into two counties : the country south of that line constituting the county of Des Moines; north of the line, to be known as the county of Dubuque. This whole region west of the Mississippi was known as the Iowa district. Immediately after the treaty of 1832 with the Sacs and Foxes, the United States having come into ownership of a large tract in this district, several families crossed the Mississippi, and settled on the purchase, but as. WISCONSIN TERRITORY. 41 the time provided for the Indians to give possession was the first of June, 1833, these settlers were dispossessed by order of the General Government. So soon, however, as the Indians yielded possession, settlements began, but, from the date just mentioned until September, 1834, after the district was attached, for judicial purposes, to Michigan Territory, it was without any municipal law whatever. The organization of the counties of Dubuque and Des Moines on the sixth of that month, secured, of course a regular administration of justice. Before this time to facili- tate intercourse between the two remote military posts of Fort Howard at Green Bay, and Fort Crawford at Prairie du Chien, a military road was commenced to connect the two points ; so, one improvement followed another. On the ist of January, 1836, a session (the first one) of the seventh legislative council of Michigan Territory — that is, of so much of it as lay to the westward of Lake Michigan — was held at Green Bay, and a memorial adopted, asking Congress for the formation of a new Territory west of that lake ; to include all of Michigan Territory not embraced in the proposed State of Michigan. Congress, as will now be shown, very soon com- plied with the request of the memorialists. IV.— WISCONSIN TERRITORY. The establishing of a separate and distinct Territory west of Lake Michigan, was the result of the prospective admission of Michigan into the Union (an event which took place not until the twenty-sixth of January, 1837), as the population, in all the region outside of the boundaries determined upon by the people for that State, would otherwise be left without a government, or, at least, it would be necessary to change the capjtal of the old Michigan Territory farther to the westward ; so it was thought best to erect a new territory, to be called Wisconsin (an Indian word signifying wild rushing water, or channel, so called from the principal eastern tributary of the Mississippi within its borders), which was done by an act of congress, approved April 20, 1836, to take effect from and after the third day of July following. The Territory was made to include all that is now embraced within the States of Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota, and a part of the Territory of Dakota, more particularly described within boundaries commencing at the north- east corner of the State of Illinois, running thence through the middle of Lake Michigan to a point opposite the main channel of Green bay ; thence through that channel and the bay to the mouth of the Menomonee river ; thence up' that stream to its head, which is nearest the lake of the Desert ; thence to the middle of that lake ; thence down the Montreal river to its mouth ; thence with a direct line across Lake Superior to where the territorial line of the United States last touches the lake northwest ; thence on the north, with the territorial line, to the White Earth river ; on the west by a line drawn down the middle of the main channel of that stream to the Missouri river, and down the middle of the main channel of the last mentioned stream to the northwest corner of the State of Missouri ; and thence with the boundaries of the States of Missouri and Illinois, as already fixed by act of congress, to the place or point of beginning. Its counties were Brown, Milwaukee, Iowa, Crawford, Dubuque, and Des Moines, with a portion of Chippewa and Michili- mackinac left unorganized. Although, at this time, the State of Michigan was only engaged, so to speak, to the Union, to include the two peninsulas (many of its citizens preferring in lieu thereof the lower one only, with a small slice off the northern boundary of the State of Ohio as now constituted), yet the marriage ceremony was performed, as has been stated, a few months afterward. The act of congress establishing the Territorial government of Wisconsin was very full and complete. It first determined its boundaries ; then it declared that all authority of the govern- ment of Michigan over the new Territory should cease on the fourth day of July, 1836, with a 42 HISTOKT OF WISCONSIN. proper reservation of rights in favor of the Indians. It provided for subsequently dividing tne Territory into one or more, should congress deem it wise so to do. It also declared that the executive power and authority in and over the Territory should be vested in a governor, at the same time defining his powers. It provided for the appointment of a secretary, stating what his duties should be. The legislative power was vested in the governor and legislative assembly, the latter to consist of a council and house of representatives, answering respectively to the senate and assembly, as states are usually organized. There was a provision for taking the census of the several counties, and one giving the governor power to name the time, place, and manner of holding the first election, and to declare the number of members of the council and house of representatives to which each county should be entitled. He was also to determine where the first legislative assembly should meet, and a wise provision was that the latter should not be in session in any one year more than seventy-five days. One section of the act declared who should be entitled to vote and hold office ; another defined the extent of the powers of the legislature, and a third provided that all laws should be submitted to congress for their approval or rejection. There was a section designating what offices should be elective and what ones should be filled by the governor. There were others regulating the judiciary for the Territory and declaring what offices should be appointed by the United States, providing for their taking the proper oaths of office and regulating their salaries. One, perhaps the most important of all, declared, that the Territory should be entitled to and enjoy all the rights, privileges, and advantages granted by the celebrated ordinance of 1787. There was also a provision for the election of a delegate to the house of representatives of the United States ; and a declaration that all suits and indi<;tments pending- in the old courts should be con- tinued in the new ones. Five thousand dollars were appropriated for a library for the accommo- dation of the legislative assembly of the Territory and of its supreme court. For the new Territory, Henry Dodge was, on the 30th of April, 1836, by Andrew Jackson, then President of the United States, commissioned governor. John S. Horner was commissioned secretary ; Charles Dunn, chief justice ; David Irvin and William C. Frazer, associate judges ; W. W. Chapman, attorney, and Francis Gehon, marshal. The machinery of a territorial gov- ernment was thus formed, which was set in motion by these officers taking the prescribed oath of office. The next important step to be taken was to organize the Territorial .legislature. The provisions of the organic act relative to the enumeration of the population of the Territory were that previously to the first election, the governor should cause the census of the inhabitants of the several counties to be taken by the several sheriffs, and that the latter should make returns of the same to the Executive. These figures gave to Des Moines county, 6,257 I Iowa county, 5,234; Dubuque county, 4,274; Milwaukee county, 2,893; Brown county, 2,706; Crawford county, 850. The entire population, therefore, of Wisconsin Territory in the summer of 1836, as given by the first census was, in precise numbers, twenty-two thousand two hundred and four- teen, of which the two counties west of the Mississippi furnished nearly one half. The apportion- ment, after the census had been taken, made by the governor, gave to the different counties thir- teen councilmen and twenty-six representatives. Brown county got two councilmen and three representatives ; Crawford, two representatives, but no councilmen ; Milwaukee, two councilmen and three representatives ; Iowa, Dubuque and Des Moines, each three councilmen ; but of repre- sentatives, Iowa got six ; Dubuque, five, and Des Moines, seven. The election was held on the tenth of October, 1836, exciting considerable interest, growing out, chiefly, of local considera- tions. The permanent location of the capital, the division of counties, and the location of county seats were the principal questions influencing the voters. There were elected from the county of Brown, Henry S. Baird and John P. Arndt, members of the council; Ebenezer Childs, Albert WISCONSIN TERRITORY. 43 -G. Ellis and Alexander J. Irwin, members of the house of representatives ; from Milwaukee, the councilmen were Gilbert Knapp and Alanson Sweet ; representatives, William B. Sheldon, Madison W. Cornwall and Charles Durkee : from Iowa, councilmen, EbenezerBrigham, JohnB. Terry and James R. Vineyard ; representatives, William Boyles, G. F. Smith, D. M. Parkinson, Thomas McKnight, T. Shanley and J. P. Cox : from Dubuque, councilmen, John Foley, Thomas McCraney and Thomas McKnight ; representatives, Loring Wheeler, Hardin Nowlin, Hosea T. Camp, P. H. Engle and Patrick Quigley : from Des Moines, councilmen, Jeremiah Smith, Jr., Joseph B. Teas and Arthur B. Inghram ; representatives, Isaac Leffler, Thomas Blair, Warren L. Jenkins, John Box, George W. Teas, Eli Reynolds and David R. Chance : from Crawford, repre- ■sentatives, James H. Lockwood and James B. Dallam. Belmont, in the present county of LaFayette, then in Iowa county, was, by the governor, appointed the place for the meeting of the legislature ; he also fixed the time — the twenty-fifth ■of October. A quorum was in attendance in both branches at the time decided upon for their assembling, and the two houses were speedily organized by the election of Peter Hill Fngle, of Dubuque, speaker of the house, and Henry S. Baird, of Brown, president of the council. Each of the separate divisions of the government — the executive, the judicial, and the legislative — was now in working order, except that it remained for the legislature to divide the Territory into ■judicial districts, and make an assignment of the judges ; and for the governor to appoint a Ter- ritorial treasurer, auditor and attorney general. The act of congress establishing the Terri- tory required that it should be divided into three judicial districts. The counties of Crawford and Iowa were constitued by the legislature the first district, to which was assigned Chief Justice Dunn. The second district was composed of the counties of Des Moines and Dubuque ; to it ■was assigned Associate Judge Irvin. The third district was formed of the counties of Brown .and Milwaukee, to which was assigned Associate Judge Frazer. Governor Dodge, in his first message to the Territorial legislature, directed attention to the necessity for defining the jurisdiction and powers of the several courts, and recommended that congress should be memorialized to extend the right of pre-emption to actual settlers upon the public lands and to miners on mineral lands; also, to remove the obstructions in the rapids of the Upper Mississippi, to construct harbors and light-houses on Lake Michigan, to improve the navigation of Fox river and to survey the same from its mouth to Fort Winnebago, to increase the amount of lands granted to the Territory for school purposes, and to organize and arm the militia for the protection of the frontier settlements. The first act passed by the legis- lature was one privileging members from arrest in certain cases and conferring on themselves power to punish parties for contempt. The second one established the three judicial districts and assigned the judges thereto. One was passed to borrow money to defray the expenses ■of the session ; others protecting all lands donated to the Territory by the United States in aid ■of schools, and creating a common school fund. A memorial to congress was adopted request- "ing authorization to sell the school-section in each township, and appropriate the money arising therefrom for increasing the fund for schools. During this session, five counties were " set off" west of the Mississippi river : Lee, Van Buren, Henry, Louisa, Muscatine, and Cook ; and fifteen east of that stream : Walworth, Racine, Jefferson, Dane, Portage, Dodge, Washington, Sheboygan, Fond du Lac, Calumet, Manitowoc, Marquette, Rock, Grant and Green. The principal question agitating the legislature at its first session was the location of the capital. Already the people west of the Mississippi were speculating upon the establishment of a Territory on that side the river, prospects for which would be enhanced evidently, by placing the seat of government somewhat in a central position east ■ of that stream, for Wisconsin 44 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. Territory. Now, as Madison was a point answering such requirements she triumphed over all competitors ; and the latter numbered a dozen or more — including, among others, Fond du Lac, Milwaukee, Racine, Belmont, Mineral Point, Green Bay, and Cassville. The struggle over this question was one of the most exciting ever witnessed in the Territorial legislature. Madison was fixed upon as the seat of government, but it was provided that sessions of the legislature should be held at Burlington, in Des Moines county, until the fourth of March, 1839, unless the public buildings in the new capital should be sooner completed. After an enactment that the legislature should thereafter meet on the first Monday of November of each year, both houseSj on the ninth day of December, 1836, adjourned sine die. In the act of congress establishing the Territory of Wisconsin it was provided that a delegate to the house of representatives of the United States, to serve for the term of two years, should be elected by the voters qualified to elect members of the legislative assembly-, and that the first election should be held at such time and place or places, and be conducted in such manner as the governor of the Territory should appoint and direct. In pursuance of this enactment^ Governor Dodge directed that the election for delegate should be at the time and places appointed for the election of members of the legislative assembly — the loth of October, 1836. The successful candidate for that office was George W. Jones, of Sinsinawa Mound, Iowa county — in that portion which was afterward "set off" as Grant county. Jones, under the act of 1819, had been elected a delegate for Michigan Territory, in October, 1835, and took his. seat at the ensuing session, in December of that year. By the act of June 15, 1836, the consti- tution and State government which the people of Michigan had formed for themselves was accepted, ratified and confirmed, and she was declared to be one of the United States of America, so that the term of two years for which Jones had been elected was cut short, as, in the nature of the case, his term could not survive the existence of the Territory he represented. But, as he was a candidate for election to represent the new Territory of Wisconsin in congress as a delegate, and was successful, he took his seat at the commencement of the second session of the twenty-fourth congress — December 12, 1836, notwithstanding he had been elected only a little over two months. The first term of the supreme court of the Territory was held at Belmont on the 8th day of December. There were present, Charles Dunn, chief justice, and David Irvin, associate judge. John Catlin was appointed clerk, and Henry S. Baird having previously been commissioned attorney general for the Territory by Governor Dodge, appeared before the court and took the oath of office. Causes in which the United States was party or interested were looked after by the United States attorney, who received his appointment from the president ; while all cases- in which the Territory was interested was attended to by the attorney general, whose commission was signed by the governor. The appointing of a crier and reporter and the admission of several attorneys to practice, completed the business for the term. The annual term appointed for the third Monday of July of the following year, at Madison, was not held ; as no business for the action of the court had matured. At the time of the complete organization of the Territory of Wisconsin, when the whole machinery had been put fairly in motion ; when its first legislature at its first session had, after passing forty-two laws and three joint resolutions, in forty-six days, adjourned; — at this time,, the entire portion west of the Mississippi had, in round numbers, a population of only eleven thousand ; while the sparsely settled mineral region, the military establishments — Fort Craw- ford, Fort Winnebago, and Fort Howard — and the settlements at or near them, with the village of Milwaukee, constituted about all there was of the Territory east of that river, aggregating, about twelve thousand inhabitants. There was no land in market, except a narrow strip along •WISCONSIlir TEKEITOEY. 46 the shore of Lake Michigan, and in the vicinity of Green bay. The residue of the country south and east of the Wisconsin and Fox rivers was open only to preemption by actual settlers. The Indian tribes still claimed a large portion of the lands. On the north and as far west as the Red river of the north were located the Chippewas. The southern limits of their posses- sions were defined by a line drawn from a point on that stream in about latitude 46° 30 in a southeasterly direction to the head of Lake St. Croix; thence in the same general direction to what is now Stevens Point, in the present Portage county, Wisconsin ; thence nearly east to Wolf river; and thence in a direction nearly northeast to the Menomonee river. The whole country bounded by the Red river and Mississippi on the east ; the parallel of about 43° of latitude on the south; the Missouri and White Earth river on the west; and the Territorial line on the north, was occupied by the Sioux. In the southwest part of the Territory, lying mostly south of latitude 43^ — in the country reaching to the Missouri State boundary line south, and to the Missouri river west — were the homes of the Pottawattamies, the lowas, and the Sacs and Foxes. Between the Wisconsin river and the Mississippi, and extending north to the south line of the Chippewas was the territory of the Winnebagoes. East of the Winnebagoes in the country north of the Fox river of Green bay were located the Menomonees, their lands extending to Wolf river. Such was the general outline of Indian occupancy in Wisconsin Territory at its organization. A portion of the country east of Wolf river and north of Green bay and the Fox river; the whole of the area lying south of Green bay. Fox river and the Wisconsin ; and a strip of territory immediately west of the Mississippi, about fifty miles in width, and extending from the Missouri State line as far north as the northern boundary of the present State of Iowa, constituted the whole extent of country over which the Indians had no claim. The second session of the first legislative assembly of the Territory began at Burlington, now the county seat of Des Moines county, Iowa, on the 6th of November, 1837. The governor,, in his message, recommended a codification of the laws, the organization of the militia, and other measures of interest to the people. An act was passed providing for taking another census, and one abolishing imprisonment for debt. By a joint resolution, congress was urged to make an appropriation of twenty thousand dollars in money, and two townships of land for a " University of the Territory of Wisconsin." The money was not appropriated, but the land was granted — forty-six thousand and eighty acres. This was the fundamental endowment of the present State university, at Madison. A bill was also passed to regulate the sale of school lands, and to prepare for organizing, regulating and perfecting schools. Another act, which passed the legislature at this session, proved an apple of discord to the people of the Territory. The measure was intended to provide ways and means whereby to connect, by canals and slack- water, the waters of Lake Michigan with those of the Mississippi, by way of Rock river, the Catfish, the four lakes and the Wisconsin, by the incorporation of the Milwaukee and Rock river canal company. This company was given authority to apply to congress for an appro- priation in money or lands to aid in the construction of the work, which was to have its eastern outlet in the Milwaukee river, and to unite at its western terminus with Rock river, near the present village of Jefferson, in Jefferson county. The result was that a grant of land of odd- numbered sections in a strip of territory five miles on each side of the line of the proposed canal was secured, and in July, 1839, over forty thousand acres were sold at the minimum price of two dollars and fifty cents per acre. However, owing mainly to the fact that purchasers were compelled to pay double the government price for their lands — owing also to the circumstance of an antagonism growing up between the officers of the canal company and the Territorial officers intrusted with the disposition of the lands, and to conflicts between'the beneficiaries of -46 HISTORY OP WISCONSIN. the grant and some of the leading politicians of the time — the whole scheme proved a curse and a blight rather than a blessing, and eventuating, of course, in the total failure of the project. There had been much Territorial and State legislation concerning the matter ; but very little work, meanwhile, was done on the canal. It is only within the year 1875 that an apparent •quietus has been given to the subject, and legislative enactments forever put at rest. Fourteen counties were set off during this session of the legislature at Burlington — all west of the Mississippi. They were Benton, Buchanan, Cedar, Clinton, Delaware, Fayette, Jackson, Johnson, Jones, Keokuk, Linn, Slaughter, Scott and Clayton. One hundred and five acts and twenty joint resolutions were passed. On the 20th of January, 1838, both houses adjourned until the second Monday of June following. The census of the Territory having been taken in May, the special session of the first legis- lature commenced on the eleventh of June, 1838, at Burlington, pursuant to adjournment, mainly "for the purpose of making a new apportionment of members of the house. This was effected by -giving twelve members to the counties east of the Mississippi, and fourteen to those west of that -stream, to be contingent, however, upon the division of the Territory, which measure was not •only then before congress, but had been actually passed by that body, though unknown to the Territorial legislature. The law made it incumbent on the governor, in the event of the Terri- tory being divided before the next general election, to make an apportionment for the part remaining, — enacting that the one made by the act of the legislature should, in that case, have no effect. Having provided that the next session should be held at Madison, the legislative body -adjourned sine die on the twenty-fifth of June, 1838, the public buildings at the new capital having been put under contract in April, previous. Up to this time, the officers of the Territory at large, appointed by the president of the United States at its organization, had remained -unchanged, except that the secretary, John S. Horner, had been removed and his place given to William B. Slaughter, by appointment, dated February 16, 1837. Now there were two other -changes made. On the nineteenth of June, Edward James was commissioned marshal, and on the fifth of July, Moses M. Strong was commissioned attorney of the United States for the Ter- Titory. By an act of congress, approved June 12, 1838, to divide the Territory of Wisconsin, and to establish a Territorial government west of the Mississippi, it was provided that from and after the third day of July following, all that part of Wisconsin Territory lying west of that river -and west of a line drawn due north from its headwaters or sources to the Territorial line, for the purposes of a Territorial government should be set apart and known by the name of Iowa. It was further enacted that the Territory of Wisconsin should thereafter extend westward only to the Mississippi. It will be seen therefore that all that portion of the present State of Minnesota, "extending eastward from the Mississippi to the St. Croix and northward to the United States boundary line, was then a part of Wisconsin Territory, even after the organization of the Terri- tory of Iowa. The census taken in May, just previous to the passage of this act, gave a total population to the several counties of the Territory, east of the Mississippi, of 18,149. On the third Monday of July, 1838, the annual terms of the supreme court — the first one -after the re-organization of the Territory of Wisconsin — was held at Madison. There were present Chief Justice Dunn and Associate Judge Frazer. After admitting five attorneys to ■practice, hearing several motions, and granting several rules, the court adjourned. All the terms of the Supreme Court thereafter were held at Madison. At an election held in the Territory on the tenth day of September, 1838, James Duane Doty received the highest number of votes for the office of delegate to congress, and was declared by Governor Dodge duly elected, by a certificate of election, issued on the twenty-seventh day of ■October following. Upon the commencement of the third session of the twenty-fifth congress WISCONSIN TERRITORY. 47' on Monday, December lo, 1838, Isaac E. Crary, member from Michigan, announced to the chair of the house of representatives that Doty was in attendance as delegate from Wisconsin Terri- tory, and moved that he be qualified. Jones, the former delegate, then rose and protested against Doty's right to the seat, claiming that his (Jones') term had not expired. The basis for his claim was that under the act of 1817, a delegate must be elected only for one congress, and not for parts of two congressional terms; that his term as a delegate from Wisconsin did not commence until the fourth of March, 1837, and consequently would not expire until the fourth, of March, 1839. The subject was finally referred to the committee of elections. This com- mittee, on the fourteenth of January, 1839, reported in favor of Doty's right to his seat as dele- gate, submitting a resolution to that effect which passed the house by a vote of one hundred and sixty-five to twenty-five. Whereupon Doty was qualified as delegate from Wisconsin Territory,, and took his seat at the date last mentioned. On the 8th of November, Andrew G. Miller was appointed by Martin Van Buren, thea president of the United States, associate judge of the supreme court, to succeed Judge Frazer, who died at Milwaukee, on the i8th of October. During this year, Moses M. Strong succeeded W. W. Chapman as United States attorney for the Territory. On the 26th day of November, 1838, the legislature of the re-organized Territory of Wis- consin — being the first session of the second legislative assembly — met at Madison. Governor Dodge, in his message, recommended an investigation of the banks then in operation, memorial- izing congress for a grant of lands for the improvement of the Fox river of Green bay and the- Wisconsin; the revision of the laws; the division of the Territory into judicial districts; the justice of granting to all miners who have obtained the ownership of mineral grounds under the: regulations of the superintendent of the United States lead mines, either by discovery or pur- chase, the right of pre-emption ; and the improvement of the harbors on Lake Michigan. The attention of this Legislature was directed to the mode in which the commissioners of public buildings had discharged their duties There was an investigation of the three banks- then in operation in the Territory — one at Green Bay, one at Mineral Point, and the other at Milwaukee. A plan, also, for the revision of the laws of the Territory was considered. A new assignment was made for the holding of district courts. . Chief Justice Dunn was assigned to the first district, composed of the counties of Iowa, Grant and Crawford ; Judge Irvin to the second,, composed of the counties of Dane, Jefferson, Rock, Walworth and Green; while Judge Miller was assigned to the third district, composed of Milwaukee, Brown and Racine counties — includ- ing therein the unorganized counties of Washington and Dodge, which, for judicial purposes,, were, when constituted by name and boundary, attached to Milwaukee county, and had so remained since that date. The legislature adjourned on the 2zd of December, to meet again on. the 2istof the following month. "Although,'' said the president of the council, upon the occasion of the adjournment, "but few acts of a general character have been passed, as the discussions and- action of this body have been chiefly confined to bills of a local nature, and to the passage oU memorials to the parent government in behalf of the great interests of the Territory; yet it is believed that the concurrent resolutions of the two houses authorizing a revision of the laws, is a, measure of infinite importance to the true interests of the people, and to the credit and charac- ter of the Territory." Tbe census of the Territory having been taken during the year 1838, showed a population, of 18,130, an increase in two years of 6,447. The second session of the second legislative assembly commenced on the twenty-first day of January, 1839, agreeable to adjournment. The most important work was the revision of the laws which had been perfected during the recess, by the committee to whom the work was intrusted,. 48 mSTOEY OF "WISCONSEN". consisting of three members from each house : from the council, M. L. Martin, Marshall M. Strong, and James Collins ; from the house of representatives, Edward V. Whiten, Augustus Story, and Barlow Shackleford. The act legalizing the revision, took effect on the fourth day of July following. The laws as revised, composed the principal part of those forming the Revised Statutes of 1839, a valuable volume for all classes in the territory — and especially so for the courts and lawyers — during the next ten years. The sine die adjournment of this legislature took place on the nth of March, 1839. On the 8th of March of this year, Henry Dodge, whose term for three years as governor was about to expire, was again commissioned by the president of the United States, as governor of the Territory of Wisconsin. At the July term of the supreme court, all the judges were pre- sent, and several cases were heard and decided. A seal for the court was also adopted. The attorney general of the Territory at this time was H. N. Wells, who had been commissioned by Governor Dodge, on the 30th of March previous, in place of H. S. Baird, resigned. Wells not being in attendance at this term of the court, Franklin J. Munger was appointed by the judge attorney general for that session. The clerk, John Catlin having resigned,_Simeon Mills was selected by the court to fill his place. From this time, the supreme court met annually, as pro- vided by law, until Wisconsin became a State. The next legislature assembled at Madison, on the second of December, 1839. This was the third session of the second legislative assembly of the Territory. • The term for which mem- bers of the house were elected, would soon expire ; it was therefore desirable that a new appor- tionment should be made. As the census would be taken the ensuing June, by the United States, it would be unnecessary for the Territory to make an additional enumera-tion. A short session was resolved upon, and then an adjournment until after the completion of the census. One of the subjects occupying largely the attention of the members, was the condition of the capitol, and the conduct of the commissioners intrusted with the money appropriated by congress to defray the cost of its construction. The legislature adjourned on the thirteenth of January, 1840, to meet again on the third of the ensuing August. The completion of the census showed a population for the Territory of thirty thousand seven hundred and forty-four, against eighteen thousand one hundred and thirty, two years previous. Upon the re-assembling of the legisla- ture — which is known as the extra session of the second legi"lative assembly — at the time agreed upon, some changes were made in the apportionment of members to the house of representa- tives ; the session lasted but a few days, a final adjournment taking place on the fourteenth of August, 1840. At the July term of the supreme court, Simeon Mills resigned the office of clerk, and La Fayette Kellogg was appointed in his place. Kellogg continued to hold the posi- tion until the state judiciary was organized. At the ensuing election, James Duane Doty was re-elected Territorial delegate, taking his seat for the first time under his second term, on the eighth day of December, 1840, at the commencement of the second session of the twenty-sixth congress. The first session of the third legislative assembly commence^, on the seventh of December, 1840, with all new members in the house except three. All had recently been elected under the new apportionment. Most of the session was devoted to the ordinary routine of legislation. There was, however, a departure, in the passage of two acts granting divorces, from the usual current of legislative proceedings in the Territory. There was, also, a very interesting contested election ease between two members from Brown county. Such was the backwardness in regard to the building of the capitol, at this date, that a large majority of the members stood ready to remove the seat of government to some other place. However, as no particular point could be agreed upon, it remained at Madison. The legislature adjourned on the nineteenth of February, WISCONSIN TERRITORY. 49 1841, having continued a term of seventy-five days, the maximum time limited by the organic act. Francis J. Dunn, appointed by Martin Van Buren, was commissioned in place of William B. Slaughter, as secretary of the Territory, on the 25th of January, 1841, but was himself super- ceded by the appointment of A. P. Field, on the 23d day of April following. On the 15th of March, Daniel Hugunin was commissioned as marshal in place of Edward James, and on the 27th of April, Thomas W. Sutherland succeeded Moses M. Strong as United States attorney for the Territory. On the 26th of June, Governor Dodge commissioned as attorney general of the Territory, M. M. Jackson. On the 13th of September following. Dodge was removed from office by John Tyler, then president of the United States, and James Duane Doty appointed in his place. The appointment of Doty, then the delegate of the Territory in congress, by the president of the United States as governor, and the consequent resignation of the latter of his seat in the house of representatives, caused a vacancy which was filled by the election of Henry Dodge to that office, on the 27th of September, 1841 ; so that Doty and Dodge changed places. Dodge took his seat for the first time, at the commencement of the second session of the twenty- fifth congress — Monday, December 7, 1841. About this time, the Milwaukee and Rock river canal imbroglio broke out afresh. The loan agent appointed by the governor to negotiate a loan of one hundred thousand dollars for the work, reported that he had negotiated fifty-six thousand dollars oi bonds, which had been issued ; but he did not report what kind of money was to be received for them. Now, the canal commissioners claimed that it was their right and duty not to recognize any loan which was to be paid in such currency as they disapproved of. This dispute defeated the loan, and stopped all work on the canal-. During the year 1841, Thomas W. Sutherland succeeded Moses M. Strong as United States attorney. The second session of the third legislative assembly began at Madison, on the sixth of December, 1841. Governor Doty, in his message to that body, boldly avowed the doctrine that no law of the Territory was effective, until expressly approved by congress. "The act," said he, "establishing the government of Wisconsin, in the third sec- tion, requires the secretary of the Territory to transmit annually, on or before the first Monday in December, ' two copies of the laws to the speaker of the house o& representatives, for the use of congress.' The sixth section provides that 'all laws of ^the governor and legislative assembly shall be submitted to, and, if disapproved by the congress of the United States, the same shall be null and of no effect.' " "These provisions," he added, "it seems to me, require the laws to be actually submitted to congress before they take effect. They change the law by which this country was governed while it was a part of Michigan. That law provided that the laws should be reported to congress, and that they should ' be in force in the [district until the organization of the general assembly therein, unless disapproved of by congress.' " The governor concluded in these words : " The opinion of my predecessor, which was expressed to the first legislature assembled after the organization of this governm.ent, in his message delivered at Belmont on the twenty-sixth day of October, 1836, fully sustains this view of the subject which I have presented. He said : ' We have convened under an act of congress of the United States establishing the Territorial government of Wisconsin, for the purpose of enacting such laws as may be required for the government of the people of this Territory, after their approval by con- gress.'" This construction of the organic act resulted in a lengthy warfare between the gov- ernor and the legislative assembly. At this session, the Milwaukee and Rock river canal again raised a tumult. " Congress had made a valuable grant of land to the Territory in trust. The Territory was the trustee ; the canal company the cesiui que trust. The trust had been accepted, and a large portion of the lands had been sold, one tenth of the purchase money received, and ample securities held ^^ HISTORY OP WISCONSIN. for the balance." The Territory now, by its legislature, repealed all the laws authorizing a loan, and all which contemplated the expenditure of any money on its part in constructing the canal. The legislature resolved that all connection ought to be dissolved, and the work on the canal by the Territory abandoned, and that the latter ought not further to execute the trust. They resolved also that the congress be requested to divert the grant to such other internal improvements as should be designated by the Territory, subject to the approval of congress ; and that, if the latter should decline to make this diversion, it was requested to take back the grant, and dispose of the unsold lands. On the eleventh of February, 1842, a tragedy was enacted in the legislative council, causing great excitement over the whole Territory. On that day, Charles C. P. Arndt, a member from Brown county, was, while that body was in session, shot dead by James R. Vineyard, a member from Grant county. The difficulty grew out of a debate on motion to lay on the table the nomination of Enos S. Baker to the office of sheriff of Grant county. Immediately before adjournment of the council, the parties who had come together, after loud and angry words had been spoken, were separated by the by-standers. When an adjournment had been announced, they met again ; whereupon Arndt struck at Vine- yard. The latter then drew a pistol and shot Arndt. He died in a few moments. Vineyard immediately surrendered himself to the sheriff of the county, waived an examination, and was committed to jail. After- a short confinement, he was brought before the chief justice of the Territory, on a writ of habeas corpus, and admitted to bail. He was afterward indicted for man- slaughter, was tried and acquitted. Three days after shooting Arndt, Vineyard sent in his resignation as member of the council. That body refused to receive it, or to have it read even ; but at once- expelled him. The second and last session of the third legislative assembly came to a close on the eighteenth of February, 1842. The first session of the fourth legislative assembly commenced on the fifth day of Decem- ber, 1842. The members had been elected under a new apportionment based upon a census taken in the previous June, which showed a total population for the Territory of forty-six thou- sand six hundred and seventy-eight — an increase of nearly ten thousand in two years. A politi- cal count showed a decided democratic majority in each house. Governor Doty's political proclivities were with the whig party. The contest between him and the legislature now assumed a serious character. He refused to "hold converse " with it, for the reason that, in his opinion, no appropriation had been made by congress to defray the expenses of the session, and,, as a consequence, none could be held. The legislature made a representation to congress, then in session, of the objections of the governor, and adjourned on the tenth of December, to meet again on the thirteenth of January, 1843. It was not until the fourth of February following that a quorum in both houses had assembled, when the legislature, through a joint committee, waited on the governor, and informed him that they had again met according to adjournment, and were then ready to proceed to business. Previous to this time, congress had made an appropriation to cover the expenses of the legislature now in session, which it was supposed would remove all conflict about its legality. But the governor had, on the thirtieth day of January previous, issued a proclamation, convening a special session of the legislature on the sixth of March, and still refused to recognize the present one as legal. Both houses then adjourned to the day fixed by the executive. A final adjournment took place on the seventeenth of April following. The term of two years for which Henry Dodge was elected as delegate, having expired at the close of the third session of the'twenty-seventh congress, he was, on the twenty-fifth of Sep- tember, 1843, re-elected, taking his seat for the first time on his second term at the commence- ment of the first session of the twenty-eighth congress, Monday, December 4, 1843. On the thirtieth of October of this year, George Floyd was commissioned by President Tyler as. WISCONSIN TERBITOKY. PI secretary of the Territory, in place of A. P. Field. The second session of the fourth legislative assembly of the Territory, commencing on the fourth of December, 1843, and terminating on the thirty-first of January, 1844 — a period of fifty-" nine days — accomplished but little worthy of especial mention, except the submission of the question of the formation of a State government to a vote of the people, to be taken at the gene- ral election to be held in September following. The proposition did not succeed at the ballot- box. The third session of the fourth legislative assembly did not commence until the sixth of January, 1845, as the time had been changed to the first Monday in that month for annual meet- ings. Governor Doty having persisted in spelling Wisconsin with a "k" and an "a" — Wis- konsan — and some of the people having adopted his method, it was thought by this legislature a matter of sufficient importance to be checked. So, by a joint resolution, the orthography — Wisconsin — employed in the organic act, was adopted as the true one for the Territory, and has. ever since been used. Before the commencement of this session Doty's term of office hadl expired. He was superseded as governor of the Territory by N. P. Tallmadge, the latter having been appointed on the twenty-first of June, 1844. On the thirly-first of August, Charles M.. Prevost was appointed marshal of the Territory, in place of Daniel Hugunin. There was the utmost harmony between Governor Tallmadge and the legislature of the Territory at its session in 1845. His message, which was delivered to the two houses in person, on the seventeenth of January, was well received. Among other items of interest to which he called the attention of the legis- lative assembly, was one concerning the construction of a railroad to connect Lake Michigan with the Mississippi. "The interests of the Territory," said he, " seem inperiously to demand the con- struction of a railroad, or other communication, from some suitable point on Lake Michigan to the Mississippi river. Much difference of opinion seems to exist as to what it shall be, and how it is to be accomplished. There is a general impression," continued the governor, "that the con- struction of the Milwaukee and Rock river canal, which was intended to connect those waters, is abandoned. It remains to be seen what shall be substituted for it." The session terminated on the twenty-fourth of February, 1S45. James K. Polk having been inaugurated president of the United States on the fourth of March, 1845, Henry Dodge was again put into the gubernatorial chair of the Territory, receiving his appointment on the eighth of April, 1845. Other changes were made by the president during the same year, John B. Rockwell being, on the fourteenth of March, appointed marshal, and W. P. Lynde, on the fourteenth of July, United States attorney for the Territory, Governor Tall- madge, on the twenty-second of January of this year, having commissioned the latter also as attorney general. On the twenty-second of September, Morgan L. Martin was elected delegate to the twenty-ninth congress, as the successor of Henry Dodge. The fourth and last session- of the fourth legislative assembly was organized on the fifth of January, 1846. This session, although a short one, proved very important. Preliminary step* were taken for the formation of a State government. The first Tuesday in April next succeeding was the day fixed upon for the people to vote for or against the proposition. When taken it resulted in a large majority voting in favor of the measure. An act was passed providing for taking the census of the Territory, and for the apportionment by the governor of delegates to form a State constitution, based upon the new enumeration. The delegates were to be elected on the first Monday in September, and the convention was to assemble on the first Monday in October, 1846. The constitution when formed was to be submitted to the vote of the people for adoption or rejection, as, at the close of the session, the terms of members of the council who had been elected for four years, and of the house, who had been elected for two years, all ended. The legislature 62 HISTOEY OF WISCONSIN. re-organized the election districts, and conferred on the governor the power and duty of making an apportionment, based on the census to be taken, for the next legislative assembly, when, on the third of February, 1846, both houses adjourned sme die. On the twenty-second of January, Governor Dodge appointed A. Hyatt Smith attorney general of the Territory. On the twenty- fourth of February, John Catlin was appointed Territorial secretary by the president. The census taken in the following June showed a population for the Territory of one hun- dred and fifty-five thousand two hundred and seventy-seven. Delegates having been elected to form a constitution for the proposed new State, met at Madison on the fifth day of October. After completing their labors, they adjourned. This event took place on the sixteenth of December, 1846. The constitution thus formed was submitted to a popular vote on the first Tuesday of April, 1847, and rejected. The first session of the fifth legislative assembly com- menced on the fourth of January of that year. But little was done. Both houses finally adjourned on the eleventh of February, 1847. John H. Tweedy was elected as the successor of Morgan L. Martin, delegate to the thirtieth congress, on the sixth of September following. On the twenty- seventh of that month. Governor Dodge issued a proclamation for a special session of the legislature, to commence on the eighteenth of the ensuing month, to take action concern- ing the admission of Wisconsin into the Union. The two houses assembled on the day named in the proclamation, and a law was passed for the holding of another convention to frame a constitution ; when, after nine days' labor, they adjourned. Delegates to the new convention were elected on the last Monday of November, and that body met at Madison on the fifteenth of December, 1847. A census of the Territory was taken this year, which showed a population of two hundred and ten thousand five hundred and forty-six. The result of the labors of the second constitutional convention was the formation of a constitution, which, being submitted to the people on the second Monday of March, 1848, was duly ratified. The second and last session of the fifth legislative assembly — the last legislative assembly of Wisconsin Territory — commenced on the seventh of February, 1848, and adjourned sine die on the thirteenth of March following. On the twentieth of the same month, J. H. Tweedy, delegate from Wisconsin, introduced a bill in congress for its admission into the Union. The bill was finally passed; and on the twenty-ninth of May, 1848, Wisconsin became a State. There had been seventeen sessions of the legislative assembly of the Territory, of an average duration of forty days each : the longest one lasted seventy-six days ; the shortest, ten days. So long as the Territory had an existence, the apportionment of thirteen members for the council, and twenty-six for the house of representatives, was continued, as provided in the organic act. There had been, besides those previously mentioned, nine additional counties " set off " by the legislative assembly of the Territory, so that they now numbered in all twenty-eight : Milwaukee, Waukesha, Jefferson, Racine, Walwort^i, Rock, Green, Washington, Sheboygan, Manitowoc, Calu- met, Brown, Winnebago, Fond du Lac, Marquette, Sauk, Portage, Columbia, Dodge, Dane, Iowa, La Fayette, Grant, Richland, Crawford, Chippewa, St. Croix, and La Pointe. v.— WISCONSIN AS A STATE. First Administration. — Nelson Dewey, Governor — 1848, 1849. The boundaries prescribed in the act of congress, entitled " An Act to enable the people of Wisconsin Territory to form a Constitution and State Government, and for the admission of such State into the Union," approved August 6, 1846, were accepted by the convention which formed the constitution of Wisconsin, and are described in that instrument as " beginning at the north- east corner of the State of Illinois — that is to say, at a point in the center of Lake Michigan WISCONSIN AS A STATE. 53 where the line of forty-two degrees and thirty minutes of north latitude crosses the same ; thence running with the boundary line of the State of Michigan, through Lake Michigan [and] Green "bay to the mouth of the Menomonee river ; thence up the channel of the said river to the Brule river ; thence up said last mentioned river to Lake Brule ; thence afong the southern shore of Lake Brule, in a direct line to the center of the channel between Middle and South islands, in ' the Lake of the Desert ; thence in a direct line to the head waters of the Montreal river, as marked upon the survey made by Captain Cram ; thence down the main channel of the Mon- treal river to the middle of Lake Superior ', thence through the center of Lake Superior to the mouth of the St. Louis river ; thence up the main channel of said river to the first rapids in the same, above the Lidian village, according to Nicollett's map ; thence due south to the main branch of the River St. Croix ; thence down the main channel of said river to the Mississippi ; thence down the center of the main channel of that river to the northwest corner of the State of Illinois ; thence due east with the northern boundary of the State of Illinois to the place of beginning." The territory included within these lines constitutes the State of Wisconsin, familiarly known as the "Badger State." All that portion of Wisconsin Territory, as formerly constituted, lying west of so much of the above mentioned boundary as extends from the middle of Lake Superior to the mouth of the St. Croix river, not being included in Wisconsin, the limits of the State are, of course, not identical with those of the Territory as they previously existed. The State of Wisconsin, thus bounded, is situated between the parallel of forty-two degrees thirty minutes and that of forty-seven degrees, north latitude, and between the eighty-seventh and ninety-third degrees west longitude, nearly. For a portion of its northern border it has Lake Superior, the largest body of fresh water in the world ; for a part of its eastern boundary it has Lake Michigan, almost equal in size to Lake Superior ; while the Mississippi, the largest river in the world but one, forms a large portion of its western boundary. The State of Michi- gan lies on the east ; Illinois on the south ; Iowa and Minnesota on the west. Wisconsin has an average length of about two hundred and sixty miles ; an average breadth of two hundred and fifteen miles. The constitution of Wisconsin, adopted by the people on the second Monday of March, 1848, provided for the election of a governor, lieutenant governor, secretary of state, treasurer, attorney general, members of the State legislature, and members of congress, on the second Monday of the ensuing May. On that day — the 8th of the month — the election was held, which resulted in the choice of Nelson Dewey, for governor ; John E. Holmes, for lieutenant governor ; Thomas McHugh, for secretary of state ; Jairus C. Fairchild, for state treasurer ; and James S. Brown, for attorney general. The State was divided into nineteen senatorial, and sixty-six assembly districts, in each of which one member was elected ; it was also divided into two congressional districts, in each of which one member of congress was elected — William Pitt Lynde in the first district, composed of the counties of Milwaukee, Waukesha, Jefferson, Racine, Walworth, Rock, and Green ; Mason C. Darling, in the second district, composed of the ■counties of Washington, Sheboygan, Manitowoc, Calumet, Brown, Winnebago, Fond du Lac, Marquette, Sauk, Portage, Columbia, Dodge, Dane, Iowa, La Fayette, Grant, Richland, Craw- ford, Chippewa, St. Croix, and La Pointe — the counties of Richland, Chippewa and La Pointe being unorganized. The first session of the legislature of Wisconsin commenced at Madison, the seat of govern- ment for the State, on Monday, the sth day of June, 1848. Ninean E. Whiteside was elected speaker of the assembly, and Henry Billings president of the senate, J>ro tempore. The democrats were largely in the majority in both houses. The legislature, in joint convention, on the 7th of June, canvassed, in accordance with the provisions of the constitution, the votes given on the Sth of JVIay previous, fur the State officers and the two representatives in congress. On the same ^^ HISTOEY OF WISCONSIN. day, the governor, lieutenant governor, secretary ol state, treasurer, and attorney general, were sworn into office in presence of both houses. All these officers, as well as the representatives in congress, were democrats. Dewey's majority over John H. Tweedy, whig, was five thousand and eighty-nine. William P. 'Lynde's majority in the first district, for congress, over Edward V. Whiton, whig, was two thousand four hundred and forty-seven. Mason C. Darling's majority in the second district, over Alexander L. Collins, whig, was two thousand eight hundfed and forty- six. As the thirtieth congress, to which Lynde and Darling were elected would expire on the 4th of March, 1849, their terms of office would, of course, end on that day. The former took his. . seat on the 5 th of June, the latter on the 9th of June, 1848. The constitution vested the judicial power of the State in a supreme court, circuit courts,, courts of probate, and in justices of the peace, giving the legislature power to vest such juris- diction as should be deemed necessary in municipal courts ; also, conferring upon it the power to establish inferior courts in the several counties, with limited civil and criminal jurisdiction. The State was divided into five judicial circuits; and judges were to be elected at a time to be provided for by the legislature at its first session. It was provided that there should be no election for a judge or judges, at any general election for State or county officers, nor within thirty days either before or after such election. On the 8th of June, 1848, Governor Dewey delivered his first message to a joint convention of the two houses. It was clear, concise, and definite upon such subjects as, in his opinion demanded immediate attention. His views were generally regarded as sound and statesmanlike by the people of the State. " You have convened,." said he, " under the provisions of the con- stitution of the State of Wisconsin, to perform as representatives of the people, the important duties contemplated by that instrument." " The first session of the legislature of a free people,"' continued the governor, " after assuming the political identity of a sovereign State, is an event of no ordinary character in its history, and will be fraught with consequences of the highest importance to its future welfare and prosperity. Wisconsin possesses the natural elements^ fostered by the judicious system of legislation," the governor added, " to become one of the most populous and prosperous States of the American Union. With a soil unequaled in fertility, and productive of all the necessary comforts of life, rich in mineral wealth, with commercial advantages unsurpassed by any inland State, possessing extensive manufacturing facilities, with a salubrious climate, and peopled with a population enterprising, industrious, and intelligent, the course of the State of Wisconsin must be onward, until she ranks among the first of the States, of the Great West. It is," concluded the speaker, "under the most favorable auspices that the State of Wisconsin has taken her position among the families of States. With a population numbering nearly one quarter of a million, and rapidly increasing, free from the incubus of a. State debt, and rich in the return yielded as the reward of labor in all the branches of industrial pursuits, our State occupies an enviable position abroad, that is highly gratifying to the pride of our people." Governor Dewey then recommended a number of measures necessary, in his judgment, to be made upon changing from a Territorial to a State government. The first important business of the legislature, was the election of two United States, senators. The successful candidates were Henry Dodge and Isaac P. Walker, both democrats. Their election took place on the 8th of June, 1848, Dodge taking his seat in the senate on the 23d of June, and Walker on the 26th of June, 1848. The latter drew the short term ; so that, his office would expire on the 4th day of March, 1849, at the end of the thirtieth congress : Dodge drew the long term, his office to expire on the 4th day of March, 1851, at the end of the thirty-first congress. The residue of the session was taken up in passing such acts as were deemed necessary to put the machinery of the new State government, in all its branches, in fair wiscojsrsiisr as a state. 55 running order. One was passed providing for the annual meeting of the legislature, on the second Wednesday of January of each year ; another prescribing the duties of State officers ; one dividing the State into three congressional districts. The first district was composed of the counties of Milwaukee, Waukesha, Walworth, and Racine ; the second, of the counties of Rock, Green, La Fayette, Grant, Dane, Iowa, Sauk, Richland, Crawford, Adams, Portage, Chippewa, La Pointe, and St. Croix ; the third, of the counties of Washington, Sheboygan, Manitowoc, Brown, Winnebago, Calumet, Fond du Lac, Marquette, Dodge, Jefferson, and Columbia. Another act provided for the election of judges of the circuit courts, on the first Monday of August, 1848. By the same act, it was provided that the first term of the supreme court should be^held in Madison on the second Monday of January, 1849, and thereafter at the same place on the same day, yearly ; afterward changed so as to hold a January and June term in each year. An act was also passed providing for the election, and defining the duties of State superintendent of public instruction. That officer was to be elected at the general election to be holden in each year, his term of office to commence on the first Monday of January succeeding his election. Another act established a State university ; another exempted' a homestead from a forced sale ; another provided for a revision of the statutes. The legislature, after a session of eighty-five days, adjourned sine die on the twenty-first of August, 1848. The State, as previously stated, was divided into five judicial circuits : Edward V. Whiton being chosen judge at the election on the first Monday in August, 1848, of the first circuit, com- posed of the counties of Racine, Walworth, Rock, and Green, as then constituted ; Levi Hubbell of the second, composed of Milwaukee, Waukesha, Jefferson, and Dane ; Charles H. Larrabee, of the third, composed of Washington, Dodge, Columbia, Marquette, Sauk, and Portage, as then formed; Alexander W. Stow, of the fourth, composed of Brown, Manitowoc, Sheboygan, Fond du Lac, Winnebago, and Calumet ; and Mortimer M. Jackson, of the fifth circuit, composed of the counties of Iowa, LaFayette, Grant, Crawford and St. Croix, as then organized; the county of Richland being attached to Iowa county ; the county of Chippewa to the county of Craw- ford ; and the county of LaPointe to the county of St. Croix, for judicial purposes. In the ensuing Fall there was a presidential election. There were then three organized political parties in the State : whig, democratic, and free-soil — each of which had a ticket in the field. The democrats were in the majority, and their four electors cast their votes for Lewis Cass and William O. Butler. At this election, Eleazer Root was the successful candidate for State superintendent of public instruction. In his election party politics were not considered. There were also three members for the thirty-first co'ngress chosen : Charles Durkee, to represent the first district; Orsamus Cole, the second; and James D. Dotv, the third district. Durkee was a free-soiler ; Cole, a whig ; Doty, a democrat — with somewhat decided Doty proclivities. The act of the legislature, exempting a homestead from forced sale of any debt or liability contracted after January i, 1849, approved the twenty-ninth of July previous, and another act for a like exemption of certain personal property, approved August 10, 1848, were laws the most liberal in their nature passed by any State of the Union previous to those dates. It was prophe- sied that they would work wonderful changes in the business transactions of the new State — for the worse ; but time passed, and their utility were soon evident : it was soon very generally acknowledged that proper exemption laws were highly beneficial — a real "good to the greatest number of the citizens of a State. So much of Wisconsin Territory as lay west of the St. Croix and the State boundary north of it, was, upon the admission of Wisconsin into the Union, left, for the time being, without a government — unless it was still "Wisconsin Territory." Henry Dodge, upon being elected to the United States senate from Wisconsin, vacated, of course, the office of governor of this fraction. John H, Tweedy, delegate in congress at the time Wisconsin became a State, made a formal 56 HISTOKY OF WISCONSIN. resignation of his office, thus leaving, the fractional Territory unrepresented. Thereupon John Catlin, secretary of the Territory of Wisconsin as a whole, and now claiming, by virtue of that office, to be acting governor of the fractional part, issued a proclamation as such officer for an election on the thirtieth of October, 1848, of a delegate in congress. Nearly four hundred votes were polled in the district, showing "Wisconsin Territory" still to have a population of not less than two thousand. H. H. Sibley was elected to that office. On the fifteenth of January, 1849, he was admitted to a 'seat as "delegate from Wisconsin Territory." This hastened the formation of the Territory of Minnesota — a bill for that purpose having become a law on the third of March, when " Wisconsin Territory" ceased finally to exist, being included in the new Territory. The year 1848 — the first year of the existence of Wisconsin as a State — was one of general prosperity to its rapidly increasing population. The National Government effected a treaty with the Menomoneee Indians, by which their title was extinguished to the country north of the Fox river of Green bay, embracing all their lands in the State. This was an important acquisition, as it opened a large tract of country to civilization and settlement, which had been for a consid- erable time greatly desired by the people. The State government at the close of the year hac been in existence long enough to demonstrate its successful operation. The electric telegraph had already reached the capital ; and Wisconsin entered its second year upon a flood tide of prosperity. Under the constitution, the circuit judges were also judges of the supreme court. An act of the legislature, approved June 29, 1848, providing for the election of judges, and for the classification and organization of the judiciary of the State, authorized the election, by the judges, of one of their number as chief justice. Judge Alexander W. Stow was chosen to that office, and, as chief justice, held, in conjunction with Associate Judges Whiton, Jackson, Larrabee, and Hubbell, the first session of the supreme court at Madison, commencing on the eighth day of January, 1849. The second session of the State legislature commenced, according to law, on the tenth of January, 1849, Harrison C. Hobart being elected speal^er of the assembly. Governor Dewey, in his message, sent to both houses on the nth, referred to the rapidly increasing population of the State, and the indomitable energy displayed in the development of its productive capacity. He recommended the sale of the university lands on a Tong credit, the erection of a State prison, and the modification of certain laws. On the seventeenth of January, the two houses met in joint convention to elect an United States senator in place of Isaac P Walker, who had drawn the short term. The democrats had a small majority on joint ballot. Walker was re-elected; this time, for a full term of six years, from the 4th of March, 1849. The legislature at this session passed many acts of public utility; some relating to the boundaries of counties; others, to the laying out of roads ; eighteen, to the organization of towns. The courts were cared for ; school districts were Organized ; special taxc". were authorized , and an act passed relative to the sale and superintendence of the school and university lands, prescribing the powers and duties of the commissioners who were to have charge of the same. These commissioners, consisting of the secretary of state, treasurer of state, and attorney general, were not only put in charge of the school and university lands held by the State, but also of funds arising from the sale of them. This law has been many times amended and portions of it repealed. The lands at present subject to sale are classified as school lands, university lands, agricultural college lands, Marathon county lands, normal school lands, and drainage lands, and are subject to sale at private entry on terms fixed by law. Regulations concerning the apportionment and investment of trust funds are made by the commissioners in pursuance of law. All lands now the property of the State subject to sale, or that have been State lands and sold, were derived from the Gen- WISCONSIN AS A STATE. 57 eral Government. Lands-owned by the State amount, at the present time, to about one and one half million acres. A joint resolution passed the legislature on the 31st of March, 1849, instructing Isaac P. Walker to resign his seat as United States senator, for " presenting and voting for an amend- ment to the general appropriation bill, providing for a government in California and New Mexico, west of the Rio Grande, which did not contain a provision forever prohibiting the introduction of slavery or involuntary servitude " in ' those Territories. The senator refused to regard these instructions. The legislature adjourned on the second of April, 1849, after a session of eighty- three days. In July, 1848, the legislature of Wisconsin elected M. Frank, Charles C. Jordan, and A. W. Randall, commissioners to collate and revise all the public acts of the State, of a general and permanent nature in force at the close of the session. Randall declining to act, Charles M. Baker was appointed by the governor in his place. The commissioners commenced their labors in August, 1848, and were engaged in the revision the greater part of the time until the close of the session of the legislature of 1849. It was found impossible for the revisers to conclude their labors within the time contemplated by the act authorizing their appointment; so a joint select committee of the two houses at their second session was appointed to assist in the work. The laws revised by this committee and by the commissioners, were submitted to, and approved by, the legislature. These laws, with a few passed by that body, which were introduced by individual members, formed the Revised Statutes of Wisconsin of 1849 — a volume of over nine hundred, pages. At the general election held in November of this year, Dewey was re-elected governor. S. W. Beall was elected lieutenant governor ; William A. Barstow, secretary of state ; Jairus C. Fairchild was re-elected treasurer ; S. Park Coon was elected attorney general ; and Eleazer Root, re-elected superintendent of public instruction. All these officers were chosen as dem- ocrats, except Robt, who ran as an independent candidate, the term of his office having been changed so as to continue two years from the first day of January next succeeding his election. By the revised statutes of 1849, all State officers elected for a full term went into office on the first of January next succeeding their election. The year 1849 developed in an increased ratio the productive capacity of the State in every department of labor. The agriculturist, the artisan, the miner, reaped the well-earned reward of his honest labor. The commercial and manufacturing interests were extended in a manner highly creditable to the enterprise of the people. • The educational interest of the State began to assume a more systematic organization. The tide of immigration suffered no decrease during the year. Within the limits of Wisconsin, the oppressed of other climes continued to find welcome and happy homes. Second Administration. — Nelson Dewey, Governor (Second Term) — 1850, 1851. On the first day of January, 1850, Nelson Dewey took the oath of office, and quietly entered upon his duties as governor, for the second term. The third legislature convened on the ninth. Moses M. Strong was elected speaker of the assembly. Both houses had democratic majorities. Most of the business transacted was of a local character. By an act approved the fifth of Feb- ruary, the " January term " of the supreme court was changed to December. The legislature adjourned after a session of only thirty-four days. An act was passed organizing a sixth judicial circuit, from and after the first Monday in July, 1850, consisting of the counties of Crawford, Chippewa, Bad Axe, St. Croix and La Pointe, an election for judge to be holden on the same day. Wiram Knowlton was elected judge of that circuit. ^^ HISTORY or WISCONSIN. The first charitable institution in Wisconsin, incorporated by the State, was the " Wisconsin Institute for the Education of the Blind." A school for that unfortunate class had been opened in Janesville, in the latter part of 1859, receiving its support from the citizens of that place and . vicinity. By an act of the legislature, approved February 9, 1850, this school was taken under the care of the Institute, to continue and maintain it, at Janesville, and to qualify, as far as might be, the blind of the State for the enjoyment of the blessings of a free government ; for obtaining the means of subsistence ; and for the discharge of those duties, social and political, devolving upon American citizens. It has since been supported from the treasury of the State. On the seventh of October, 1850, it was opened for the reception of pupils, under the direction of a board of trustees, appointed by the governor. The Institute, at the present time, has three departments : in one is given instruction such as is usually taught in common schools ; in another, musical training is imparted ; in a third, broom-making is taught to the boys, — sewing, knitting and various kinds of fancy work to the girls, and seating cane-bottomed chairs to both boys and girls. On the thirteenth of April, 1874, the building of the Institute was'destroyed by fire. A new building has since been erected. The taking of the census by the United States, this year, showed a population for Wisconsin of over three hundred and five thousand — the astonishing increase in two years of nearly ninety- five thousand! In 1840, the population of Wisconsin Territory was only thirty thousand. This addition, in ten years, of two hundred and seventy-five thousand transcended all previous experience in the settlement of any portion of the New World, of the same extent of territory. It was the result of a steady and persistent flow of men and their families, seeking permanent homes in the young and rising State. Many were German, Scandinavian and Irish; but the larger proportion were, of course, from the Eastern and Middle States of the Union. The principal attractions of Wisconsin were the excellency and cheapness of its lands, its valuable mines of lead, its extensive forests of pine, and the unlimited water-power of its numerous streams. By the Revised Statutes of 1849, Wisconsin was divided into three congressional districts — the second cohgressional apportionment — each of which was entitled to elect one representative in the congress of the United States. The counties of Milwaukee, Waukesha, Walworth and Racine constituted the first district; the counties of Rock, Green, La Fayette, Grant, Iowa, Dane, Sauk, Adams, Portage, Richland, Crawford, Chippewa, St. Croix and La Pointe, the second district; the counties of Washington, Sheboygan, Manitowoc, Brown, Winnebago, Calumet, Fond du Lac, Marquette, Columbia, Dodge and Jefferson, the third district. At the general election in the Autumn of this year, Charles Durkee, of the first district ; Benjamin C. Eastman, of the second ; and John B. Macy, of the third district, were elected to represent the State in the thirty-second congress of the United States. Durkee, it will be remembered, represented the same district in the previous congress : he ran the second time as an independent candidate. Eastman and Ma.cy were elected upon democratic tickets. The General Government this year donated to the State all the swamp and overflowed lands within its boundaries. The year 1850 to the agriculturist of Wisconsin was not one of unbounded prosperity, owing to the partial failure of the wheat crop. In the other branches of agriculture there were fair returns. The State was visited during the year by cholera ; not, however, to a very alarming extent. The fourth session of the legislature of the State commenced on the 8th of January, 1851. Frederick W. Horn was elected speaker of the assembly. The majority in the legisla- ture was democratic. Governor Dewey, in his message, referred to the death of the president of the United States, Zachaf y Taylor ; said that the treasury and finances of the State were in a WISCONSIN AS A STATE. 59 ■sound condition ; and then adverted to many topics of interest and importance to the people of Wisconsin. It was an able document. One of the important measures of the session was the ■election of an United States senator, in the place of Henry Dodge, whose term of office would ■expire on the 4th of March, next ensuing. In joint convention of the legislature held on the -20th of January, Dodge was re-elected for a full term of six years. On the 2 2d, the governor approved a joint resolution of the legislature, rescinding not only so much of the joint resolu- tion of the legislative assembly of Wisconsin, passed March 31, 1849, as censured Isaac J. Walker, but also the instructions in those resolutions relative to his resigning his seat in the .senate of the United States. Among the important bills passed at this session of the legislature was one providing for the location and erection of a State prison. Another one — the apportionment bill — was vetoed !by the governor, and having been passed on the last day of the session, failed to become a law. The legislature adjourned on the eighteenth of March, 185 1, after a session of seventy days. On the ist day of January, 1851, Timothy O. Howe took his seat as one of the associate ■judges of the supreme court, he having been elected judge of the fourth circuit in place of Alex- ander W. Stow. The office of chief justice of the supreme court, which had been filled by Judge .'Stow, therefore became vacant, and so remained until the commencement of the next term — June '1 8, 1 85 1 — when Levi Hubbell, judge of the second circuit, was, by the judges present, pursuant ■to the statute, elected to that office. By an act of the legislature approved March 14, 1851, the location and erection of a State prison for Wisconsin was provided .for — the point afterward determined upon as a suitable place for its establishment being Waupun, Dodge county. By a subsequent act, the prison was declared to be the general penitentiary and prison of the State for the reformation as well as for the punishment of offenders, in which were to be confined, employed at hard labor, and governed as provided for by the legislature, all offenders who might be committed and sentenced accord- ing to law, to the punishment of solitary imprisonment, or imprisonment therein at hard labor. The organization and management of this the first reformatory and penal' State institution in Wisconsin, commenced and has been continued in accordance with the demands of an advanced civilization and an enlightened humanity. On the 29th of September, 185 1, Judge Hubbell was re-elected for the full term of six years as judge of the second judicial circuit, to commence January i, 1852. At the general election in November, 1851, Leonard J. Farwell was chosen governor; Timothy Burns, lieutenant governor; Charles D. Robinson, secretary of State ; E. H. Janssen, State treasurer ; E. Estabrook, attorney general ; and Azel P. Ladd, superintendent of public instruction. All these officers were elected as democrats except Farwell, who ran as a whig ; ihis majority over D. A. J. Upham, democrat, was a little rising of five hundred. Third Administration. — L. J. Farwell, Governor — 1852-1853. Governor Farwell's administration commenced on the fifth day of January, 1852. Previous •to this — on the third day of the month — Edward V. Whiton was chosen by the judges of the ■supreme court, chief justice, to succeed Judge Hubbell. On the fourteenth of that month, the legislature assembled at Madison. This was the beginning of the fifth annual session. James McM. Shafter was elected speaker of the assembly. In the senate, the democrats had a majority ; in the assembly, the whigs. The governor, in his message, recommended the memorial- ■izing of congress to cause the agricultural lands within the State to be surveyed and brought into market; to cause, also, the mineral lands to be surveyed and geologically examined, and ■offered for sale ; and to make liberal appropriations for the improvement of rivers and harbors. The question of "bank or no bank " having been submitted to the people in November previous. 60 I-IISTOEY OF WISCONSIN. and decided in favor of banks, under the constitution, the power was thereby given to the legis- lature then in session to grant bank charters, or to pass a general banking law. Farwell recom- mended that necessary measures be taken to carry into effect this constitutional provision. A larger number of laws was passed at this session than at any previous one. By a provision of the constitution, the legislature was given power to provide by law, if they should think it expe- dient and necessary, for the organization of a separate supreme court, to consist of one chief justice and two associate justices, to be elected by the qualified electors of the State, at such time and in such manner as the legislature might provide. Under this authority, an act was- passed at this session providing for the election of a chief justice and two associates, on the last Monday of the September following, to form a supreme court of the State, to supplant the old one, provision for the change being inserted in the constitution. There was also an act passed, to apportion and district anew the members of the senate and assembly, by which the number was increased from eighty-five to one hundred and seven : twenty-five for the senate ; eighty- two for the assembly. An act authorizing the business of banking passed the legislature and was approved by the governor, on the 19th of April. By this law, the office of bank-comptroller was created — the officer to be first appointed by the governor, and to hold his office until the first Monday in January, 1854. At the general election in the Fall of 1853, and every two years thereafter, the office was to be filled by vote of the people. Governor Farwell afterward, on the 20th of November, appointed James S. Baker to that office. The legislature adjourned on the nineteenth of April, 1852. The second charitable institution incorporated by the State was the " Wisconsin Institute for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb." It was originally a private school for deaf mutes,, near, and subsequently in, the village of Delavan, Walworth county. By an act of the legislature approved April 19, 1852, it was made the object and duty of the corporation to establish, con- tinue and maintain this school for the education of the deaf and dumb, " at or near the village of Delavan, to qualify, as near as might be, that unfortunate class of persons for the enjoyment, of the blessings of a free government, obtaining the means of subsistence, and the discharge of those duties, social and political, devolving upon American citizens." It has since been sup- ported by annual appropriations made by the legislature. A complete organization of the school was effected in June, 1852, under the direction of a board of trustees appointed by the governor of the State. The institute has for its design the education of such children of the State as, on account of deafness, can not be instructed in common schools. Instruction is given by signs, by the manual alphabet, by written language, and to one class by articulation. Two- trades are taught: cabinet-making and shoe-making. During this year, considerable interest was manifested in the projecting of railroads. At the September election, E. V. Whiton was elected chief justice of the new supreme court and Samud Crawford and Abram D. Smith associate justices. Under the law, the chief justice was. to serve a term of four years from the first day of June next ensuing ; while the two associates were to cast lots — one to serve for six years, the other for two years, from June i, 1853. Craw- ford drew the> short term — Smith the long term. At the subsequent general election for mem- bers to the thirty-third congress, Daniel Wells, Jr., was chosen from the first district , B. C. Eastman from the second; and J. B. Macy from the third district. All were democrats. A democratic electoral ticket was chosen at the same time. The electors cast their votes for Pierce and Butler. During 1852, the citizens of Wisconsin enjoyed unusual prosperity in the ample products and remuneration of their industry and enterprise. Abundant harvests and high markets ; at increase in moneyed circulation, and the downward tendency of the rates of interest; a prevail- ing confidence among business men and in business enterprises; a continual accession to the WtSCONSI^f AS A STATE. 61 population of the State by immigration; the energetic prosecution of internal improvements under the skillful management of companies ; the extension of permanent agricultural improve- ments ; and the rapid growth of the various cities and villages ; were among the encouraging prospects of the year. The sixth session of the Wisconsin legislature commenced on the twelfth of January, 1853. On the twenty-sixth of the same month, William K. Wilson, of Milwaukee, preferred charges in the assembly against Levi Hubbell, judge of the second judicial circuit of the State, of divers acts of corruption and malfeasance in the discharge of the duties of his office. A resolu- tion followed appointing a committee to report articles of impeachment, directing the members thereof to go to the senate and impeach Hubbell. Upon the trial of the judge before the senate, he was acquitted. An act was passed to provide for the election of a State prison commis- sioner 'by the legislature at that session — to hold his office until the first day of the ensuing January. The office was then to be filled by popular vote at the general election in November, 1853 — and afterwards biennially — the term of office to be two years from the first day of Jan- uary next succeeding the election by the people. On the 28th of March, the legislature, in joint convention, elected John Taylor to that office. The legislature adjourned on the fourth day of April until the sixth of the following June, when it again met, and adjourned sine die on the thirteenth of July, both sessions aggregating one hundred and thirty-one days. By an act of the legislature approved February 9, 1853, the "Wisconsin State Agricultural Society," which had been organized in March, 1851, was incorporated, its object being to promote and improve the condition of agriculture, horticulture, and the mechanical, manufacturing and household arts. It was soon after taken under the fostering care of the State by an appropria- tion made by the legislature, to be expended by the society in such manner as it might deem best calculated to promote the objects of its incorporation; State aid was continued down to the commencement of the rebellion. No help was extended during the war nor until 1873 ; since which time there has been realized annually from the State a sum commensijrate with its most pressing needs. The society has printed seventeen volumes of transactions and has held annually a State fair, except during the civil war. Besides these fairs, its most important work is the holding annually, at the capital of the State, a convention for the promotion of agriculture gen- erally. The meetings are largely participated in by men representing the educational and industrial interests of Wisconsin. By an act of the legislature approved March 4, 1853, the "State Historical Society of Wisconsin " was incorporated — having been previously organized — the object being to collect, embody, arrange and preserve in authentic form, a library of books, pamphlets, maps, charts, manuscripts, papers, paintings, statuary and other materials illustrative of the history of the State; to rescue from oblivion the memory of its early pioneers,- and to obtain and preserve narratives of their exploits, perils, and hardy adventures ; to exhibit faithfully the antiquities, and the past and present condition, and resources of Wisconsin. The society was also author- ized to take proper steps to promote the study of history by lectures, and to diffuse and publish information relating to the description and history of the State. The legislature soon after took the society under its fostering care by voting a respectable sum for its benefit. Liberal State aid has been continued to the present time. The society, besides collecting a library of historical books and pamphlets the largest in the West, has published eight volumes of collections and a catalogue of four volumes. Its rooms are in the capitol at Madison, and none of its property can be alienated without the consent of the State. It has a valuable collection of painted por- traits and bound newspaper files; and in its cabinet are to be found many prehistoric relics. On the first day of June, 1853, the justices of the new supreme court went into office: Associate 62 HISTOEY or 'WISCONSIN. Justice Crawford, for two years; Chief Justice Whiton, for four years, Associate Justice Smith for six years as previously mentioned. The first (June) term was held at Madison. La Fayette Kellogg was appointed and qualified as clerk. On the 21st of -September, Timothy Burns, lieu- tenant governor of Wisconsin, died at La Crosse. As a testimonial of respect for the deceased the several State departments, in accordance with a proclamation of the governor, were closed for one day — October 3, 1853. In the Fall of this year, democrats, whigs and free-soilers, each called a convention to nominate candidates for the various State offices to be supported by them at the ensuing election in November. The successful ticket was, for governor, William A. Bars- tow ; for lieutenant governor, James T. Lewis , for secretary of State, Alexander T. Gray, for State treasurer, Edward H. Janssen ; for attorney general, George B. Smith ; for superintendent of public instruction, Hiram A. Wright; for State prison commissioner, A. W. Starks; and for bank comptroller, William M. Dennis. They were all democrats. The year 1853 was, to the agriculturists of the State, one of prosperity. Every branch of industry prospered. The increase of commerce and manufactures more than realized the expec- tations of the most sanguine. Fourth Administration. — William A. Barstow, Governor — 1854-1855. On Monday, the second of January, 1854, William A. Barstow took the oath of office as governor of Wisconsin. The legislature commenced its seventh regular session on the eleventh of January. Fred- «rick W. Horn was elected speaker of the assembly. Both houses were democratic. The legislature adjourned on the 3d of April following, after a session of eighty-three days. In the early part of March, a fugitive slave case greatly excited the people of Wisconsin. A slave named Joshua Glover, belonging to B. S. Garland of Missouri, had escaped from his master and made his way to the vicinity of Racine. Garland, learning the whereabouts of his personal chattel, came to the State, obtained, on the 9th of March, 1854, from the judges of the district court of the United States for the district of Wisconsin, a warrant for the apprehension ■of Glover, which was put into the hands of the deputy marshal of the United States. Glover was secured and lodged in jail in Milwaukee. A number of persons afterward assembled and rescued the fugitive. Among those who took an active part in this proceeding was Sherman M. Booth, who was arrested therefor and committed by a United States commissioner, but was released from custody by Abram D. Smith, one of the associate justices of the supreme court of Wisconsin, upon a writ of habeas corpus. The record of the proceedings was thereupon taken to that court in full bench by a writ of certiorari to correct any error that might have been committed before the associate justice. At the June term, 1854, the justices held that Booth was entitled to be discharged, because the commitment set forth no cause for detention. Booth was afterward indicted in the United States district court and a warrant issued for his arrest. He was again imprisoned; and again he applied to the supreme court — then, in term time — for a writ of habeas corpus. This was in July, 1854. In his petition to the supreme court, Booth set forth that he was in confinement upon a warrant issued by the district court of the United States and that the object of the imprisonment was to compel him to answer an indictment then pending against him therein. The supreme court of the State held that these facts showed that the district court of the United Sta'tes had obtained jurisdiction of the case and that it was apparent that the indictment was for an offense of which the federal courts had •exclusive jurisdiction. They could not therefore interfere ; and his application for a discharge -was denied. Upon the indictment, Booth was tried and convicted, fined and imprisoned, for a violation of th- fugitive slave law. Again the prisoner applied to the supreme court of Wisconsin, — his WISCONSIN AS A STATE. 63. last application bearing date January 26, 1855. He claimed discharge on the ground of the unconstitutionality of the law under which he had been indicted. The supreme court held that the indictment upon which he had been tried and convicted contained three counts, the first of which was to be considered as properly charging an offense within the act of congress of Septem- ber 18, 1850, known as the " fugitive .slave law," while the second and third counts did not set forth or charge an offense punishable by any statute of the United States ; and as, upon these last- mentioned counts he was found guilty and not upon the first, he must be discharged. The action of the supreme court of Wisconsin in a second time discharging Booth, was- afterward reversed by the supreme court of the United States ; and, its decision being respected by the State court, Booth was re-arrested in i860, and the sentence of the district court of the United States executed in part upon him, when he was pardoned by the president. By an act of the legislature, approved March 30, 1854, a " State Lunatic Asylum " was directed to be built at or in the vicinity of Madison, the capital of the State, upon land to be donated or purchased for that purpose. By a subsequent act, the name of the asylum was changed to the " Wisconsin State Hospital for the Insane." This was the third charitable institution established by the State. The hospital was opened for patients in July, i860, under the direction of a board of trustees appointed by the governor. All insane persons, residents of Wisconsin, who^ under the law providing for admission of patients into the hospital for treatment, become resi- dents therein, are maintained at the expense of the State, provided the county in which such, patient resided before being brought to the hospital pays the sum of one dollar and fifty cents a week for his or her support. Any patient can be supported by relatives, friends or guardians, if the latter desire to relieve the county and State from the burden, and can have special care and be provided with a special attendant, if the expense of the same be borne by parties interested.. The hospital is beautifully located on the north shore of Lake Mendota, in Dane county, about four miles from Madison. At the general election in the Fall of 1854, for members from Wisconsin to the thirty-fourthi congress, Daniel Wells, Jr. was chosen from the first district ; C. C. Washburn, from the second,, and Charles Billinghurst from the third district. Billinghurst and Washburn were elected as. republicans — that party having been organized in the Summer previous. Wells was a democrat. The year 1854 was one of prosperity forjWisconsin, to all its industrial occupations. Abund- ant crops and increased prices were generally realized by the agriculturist. It was a year also of general health. It was ascertained that the amount of exports during the year> including lumber and mineral, exceeded thirteen millions of dollars. The eighth regular session of the State legislature commenced on the loth of January,. 1855. C. C. Sholes was elected speaker of the assembly. The senate was democratic ; the assembly, republican. On joint ballot, the republicans had but one majority. On the istof February, Charles Durkee, a republican, was elected United States senator for a full term of six. years from the 4th of March next ensuing, to fill the place of Isaac P. Walker whose term would expire on that day. Among the bills passed of a general nature, was one relative to the rights of married women, providing that any married woman, whose husband, either from drunkenness or profligacy, should neglect or refuse to provide for her support, should have the right, in her own name, to transact business, receive and collect her own earnings, and apply the same for her own support, and education of her children, free from the control and interference of her husband. The legislature adjourned sine die on the second of April, after a session of eighty-three days, Orsamus Cole having been elected in this month an associate justice of the supreme court in. place of Judge Samuel Crawford, whose term of office would expire on the thirty-first of May of that year, went into office on the first day of June following, for a term of six yeajs. His office would therefbre end on the thirty-first of May, 1861. €4 HISTORY OF "WISCONSIN. On the 27th of May, 1855, Hiram A. Wright, superintendent of public instruction, died at Prairie du Chien. On the i8th of June following, the governor appointed A. Constantine Barry to fill his placfe. On the 5 th of July, Garland, the owner of the rescued fugitive slave Glover, having brought suit in the United States district court for the loss of his slave, against Booth, the trial came on at Madison, resulting in the jury bringing in a verdict under instructions from the judge, of one thousand dollars, the value of a negro slave as fixed by act of congress of 1850. The constitution of the State requiring the legislature to provide by law for an enumeration of the inhabitants in the year 1855, an act was passed by that body, approved March 31, of this year, for that purpose. The result showed a population for Wisconsin of over five hundred and fifty-two thousand. In November, at the general election, the democratic ticket for State offi- cers was declared elected: William A. Barstow, for governor; Arthur Mc Arthur, for lieutenant governor ; David W. Jones, for secretary of State ; Charles Kuehn, for State treasurer ; Wil- liam R. Smith, for attorney general; A. C. Barry, for superintendent of public instruction; William M. Dennis, for bank comptroller; and Edward McGarry for State prison commissioner. The vote for governor was very close ; but the State canvassers declared Barstow elected by a small majority. The opposing candidate for that office was Coles Bashford, who ran as a republican The year 1855 was a prosperous one to the farmers of Wisconsin as well as to all industrial occupations. There were abundant crops and unexampled prices were realized. Fifth Administration. — Coles Bashford, Governor — 1856-1857. On the seventh day of January, 1856, William A. Barstow took and subscribed an oath of office as governor of Wisconsin, while Coles Bashford, who had determined to contest the right of Barstow to the governorship, went, on the same day, to the supreme court room, in Madison, and had the oath of office administered to him by Chief Justice Whiton. Bashford afterward called at the executive office and made a formal demand of Barstow that he should vacate the gubernatorial chair ; but the latter respectfully declined the invitation. These were the initiatory steps of " Bashford vs. Barstow," for the office of governor of Wisconsin. The fight now commenced in earnest. On the eleventh, the counsel for Bashford called upon the attorney general and requested him to file an information in the nature of a quo warrantaa.ga.m.st'&axstow. On the fifteenth that officer complied with the request. Thereupon a summons was issued to Barstow to appear and answer. On the twenty-second, Bashford, by his attorney, asked the court that the information filed by the attorney general be discontinued and that he be allowed to file one, which request was denied by the court. While the motion was being argued, Barstow, by his attorneys, entered his appearance in the case. On the second of February, Barstow moved to quash all proceedings for the reason that the court had no jurisdiction in the matter. This motion was denied by the court ; that tribunal at the same time deciding that the filing of the motion was an admission by Barstow that the alle- gations contained in the information filed by the attorney general were true. On the twenty-first of February, the time appointed for pleading to the information, Bar- stow, by his attorneys, presented to the court a stipulation signed by all the parties in the case, to the effect that the board of canvassers had determined Barstow elected governor ; that the secre- tary of State had certified to his election ; and that he had taken the oath of office. They submit- ted to the court whether it had jurisdiction, beyond the certificates, of those facts and the canvass so made to inquire as to the number of votes actually given for Barstow, — Bashford offering to prove that the certificates were made and issued through mistake and fraud, and that he, instead of Barstow, received the greatest number of votes. This stipulation the court declined to enter- tain or to pass upon the questions suggested ; as they were not presented in legal form. Barstow WISCONSIN" AS A STATE. 65 ■was thereupon given until the twenty-fifth of February to answer the information that had been filed against him by the attorney general. On the day appointed, Barstow filed his plea to the effect that, by the laws of Wisconsin regulating the conducting of general election for State officers, it was the duty of the board of canvassers to determine who was elected to the office of governor ; and that the board had found that he was duly elected to that office. It was a plea to the jurisdiction of the court. A demurrer was interposed to this plea, setting forth that the matters therein contained were not sufficient in law to take the case out of court; asking, also, for a judgment against Barstow, or that he answer further the information filed against him. The demurrer was sustained ; and Barstow was required to answer over within four days ; at the expiration of which time the counsel for Barstow withdrew from the case, on the ground, as they alleged, that they had appeared at the bar of the court to object to the jurisdiction of that tribunal in the matter, and the court had determined to proceed with the case, holding and exercising full and final jurisdiction over it; and that thej could take no further steps without conceding the right of that tribunal so to hold. Thereupon, on the eighth of March, Barstow entered a protest, by a communication to the supreme court, against any further interference with the department under his charge by that tribunal, " either hy attempting to transfer its powers to another or direct the course of executive action." The counsel for Bashford then moved for judgment upon the default of Barstow. A further hearing of the case was postponed until March i8, when the attorney general filed a motion to dismiss the proceedings ; against which Bashford, by his counsel, protested as being prejudicial to his rights. It was the opinion of the court that the attorney general could not dismiss the case, that every thing which was well pleaded for Bashford in his information was confessed by the default of Barstow. By strict usage, a final judgment ought then to have fol- lowed ; but the court came to the conclusion to call upon Bashford to bring forward proof, showing his right to the office. Testimony was then adduced at length, touching the character of the returns made to the State canvassers ; after hearing of which it was the opinion of the court that Bashford had received a plurality of votes for governor and that there must be a judgment in his favor and one of ouster against Barstow ; which were rendered accordingly. The ninth regular session of the legislature of Wisconsin commenced on the ninth of January, 1856. William Hull was elected speaker of the assembly. The senate had a repub- lican majority, but the assembly was democratic. On the eleventh Barstow sent in a message to a joint convention of the two houses. Oh the twenty-first of March he tendered to the legisla- ture his resignation as governor, giving for reasons the action of the supreme court in " Bashford vs. Barstow," which tribunal was then hearing testimony m the case. On the same day Arthur McArthur, lieutenant governor, took and subscribed an oath of office as governor of the State, afterwards sending a message to the legislature, announcing that the resignation of Barstow made it his duty to take the reins of government. On the twenty-fifth, Bashford called on McArthur, then occupying the executive office, and demanded possession — at the same time intimating that he preferred peaceable measures to force, but that the latter would be employed if necessary. The lieutenant governor thereupon vacated the chair, when the former took the gubernatorial seat, exercising thereafter the functions of the office until his successor was elected and qualified. His right to the seat was recognized by the senate on the twenty-fifth, and by the assembly on the twenty-seventh of March, 1856. This ended the famous case of " Bashford vs.- Barstow," the first and only " war of succession " ever indulged in by Wisconsin. The legislature, on the thirty-first of March, adjourned over to the third of September, to dispose of a congressional land grant to the State. Upon re-assembling, an important measure was taken up — that of a new apportionment for the legislature. It was determined to increase the "50 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. number of members from one hundred and seven to one hundred and twenty-seven. The sessiora closed on the thirteenth of October. The general election for members to the thirty-fifth congresSj. held in November, resulted in the choice of JohYi H. Potter, from the first district ; C. C. Washburn, from the second ; and Charles Billinghurst, from the third district. They were all elected na- republicans. The presidential canvass of this year was an exciting one in the State. The republicans were successful. Electors of that party cast their five votes for Fremont and Dayton. The year 1856 was not an unprosperous one, agriculturally speaking, although in some respects decidedly unfavorable. In many districts the earlier part of the season was exceedingly dry, which materially diminished the wheat crop. Other industrial interests were every where- in a flourishing condition. The legislature commenced its tenth regular session at Madison, on the fourteenth day of January, 1857, with a republican majority in both houses. Wyman Spooner was elected speaker of the assembly. For the first time since the admission of the State into the Union, a majority of the members of both houses, together with the governor, were opposed to the democratic party. On the twenty-third the senate and assembly met in joint convention, for the purpose of electing a United States senator in place of Henry Dodge, whose term of office would expire on the: fourth of March next ensuing. James R. Doolittle, republican, was the successful candidate for that office, for a full term of six years, from the fourth of March, 1857. The legislature- adjourned on the ninth of March, 1857. At the Spring election, Judge Whiton was re-elected, chief justice of the supreme court for a term of six years. ■ The second reformatory State institution established in Wisconsin, was, by an act of the legislature, approved March 7, 1857, denominated a House of Refuge for Juvenile Delinquents,, afterward called the State Reform School, now known as the Wisconsin Industrial School for Boys, and is located at Waukesha, the county seat of Waukesha county. The courts and several magistrates in any county in Wisconsin may, in their discretion, sentence to this school, any male child between the ages of ten and sixteen years, convicted of vagrancy, petit larceny,, or any misdemeanor ; also of any offense which would otherwise be punishable by imprisonment in the State prison ; or, of incorrigible or vicious conduct in certain cases. The term of commitr ment must be to the age of twenty-one years. At the State election held in November of this year, the republicans elected A. W. Randall governor ; S. D. Hastings, State treasurer, and Edward M. McGraw, State prison commis- sioner. The, democrats elected E. D. Campbell, lieutenant governor; D. W. Jones, secretary of State ; Gabriel Bouck, attorney general ; L. C. Draper, superintendent of public instruc- tion, and J. C. Squires, bank comptroller. The year 1857 was a disastrous one to Wisconsin, as well as to the whole country, in a finan- cial point of view. Early in the Fall a monetary panic swept over the land. A number of prominent operators in the leading industrial pursuits were obliged to succumb. Agriculturally the year was a fair one for the State. Sixth Administration. — Alexander W. Randall, Governor — 1858-1859. Randall's administration began on the fourth day of January, 1858, when for the first time he was inaugurated governor of the State. On the eleventh of January the legislature commenced its eleventh regular session, with a republican majority in both houses. Frederick S. Lovell was elected speaker of the assembly. The legislature adjourned sine die on th& seventeenth of March, after an unusually long session of one hundred and twenty-five days. " That, a large majority of the members were men of integrity, and disposed for the public weal, can not WISCONSIN AS A STATE. 67 be doubted ; but they were nearly all new members, and without former legislative experience. They set out to accomplish a great good, by holding up to public scorn and execration the whole- sale briberies and iniquities of the immediate past ; but they lacked concentration of effort, and. for want of union and'preconcerted action, they failed to achieve the great triumph they sought, by providing a 'sovereign remedy ' for the evils they exposed." At the regular session of the legislature of 1856, an act was passed for a general revisi-n of the laws of the State-. Under this, and a subsequent act of the adjourned session of that year, three commissioners — David Taylor, Samuel J. Todd, and F. S. Lovell — were appointed "to collect, compile and digest the general laws " of Wisconsin. Their report wa% submitted to the legislature of 1858, and acted upon at a late day of the session. The laws revised, which received the sanction of the legislature, were published in one volume, and constitute what is know as the Revised Statutes of 1858. At the Fall election, John F. Potter from the first district, and C. C. Washburn from the second district, both republicans, were elected to the thirty-sixth congress ; while C. H. Larrabee, democrat, was elected to represent the third district. The twelfth regular session of the Wisconsin legislature commenced on the twelfth of January, 1859, with a republican majority in both houses. William P. Lyon was elected speaker of the assembly. The legislature adjourned sine die on the twenty-first of March, 1859, after ai session of sixty-nine days. At the regular spring election, Byron Paine was chosen associate justice of the supreme court, for a full term of six years, as the successor of Associate Justice Smith. As it was a question when the term of the latter ended — whether on the 31st day of May, 1859, or on the first Monday in January, i860 — he went through with the formality of resigning his office, and the governor of appointing Paine as his successor, on the 20th of June, 1859. On t|ie twelfth of April, 1859, Edward V. Whiton, chief justice of the supreme court, died at his residence in Janesville. The office was filled by executive appointment on the igth of the same month — the successor of Judge Whiton being Luther S. Dixon. Late in the Sum- mer both political parties put into the field a full state ticket. The republicans were successful — electing for governor, Alexander W. Randall ; for lieutenant governor, B. G. Noble ; for secretary of state, L. P. Harvey; for state treasurer, S. D. Hastings, for attorney general, James H. Howe ; for bank comptroller, G. Van Steenwyck ; for superintendent of public instruction, J. L. Pickard ; for state prison commissioner, H. C. Heg. Seventh Administration.— Alexander W. Randall, Governor (second term), 1860-1861. Alexander W. Randall was inaugurated the second time as governor of Wisconsin on Monday, January 2, i860. One week subsequent, the thirteenth regular session of the legis- lature commenced at Madison. For the first time the republicans had control, not only of all the State offices, but also of both branches of the legislature. William P. Lyon was elected speaker of the assembly. A new assessment law vas among the most important of the acts passed at this session. The legislature adjourned on the second of April. At the spring elec- tion, Luther S. Dixon, as an independent candidate, was elected chief justice of th^ supreme court for the unexpired term of the late Chief Justice Whiton. In the presidential election which followed, republican electors were chosen — casting their five votes, in the electoral college, for Lincoln and Hamlin. At the same election, John F. Potter, from the first district ; Luther Hanchett, from the second, and A. Scott Sloan, from the third district, wer^ elected members of the thirty-seventh congress. Hanchett died on the twenty-fourth of November, 1862 when on the twentieth of December folfowing, W. D. Mclndoe was elected to fill the vacancy All these congressional representatives were republicans. Wisconsin, in i860, was a strong repub- 0» HISTOEY or WISCONSIN. lican State. According to the census of this year, it had a population of over seven hundred and seventy-seven thousand. On the ninth of January, 1861, the fourteenth regular session of the State legislature com- menced at Madison. Both branches were republican. Amasa Cobb was elected speaker of the assembly. On the tenth, both houses met in joint convention to hear the governor read his anaual message. It was a remarkable document. Besides giving an excellent synopsis of the operations of the State government for i860, the governor entered largely into a discussion of the question of secession and disunion, as then proposed by some of the southern states of the Union. These are^his closing words : " The right of a State to secede from the Union can never be admitted. The National Government can not treat with a State while it is in the Union, and particularly while it stands in an attitude hostile to the Union. So long as any State assumes a position foreign, inde- pendent and hostile to the government, there can be no reconciliation. The government of the United States can not treat with one of its own States as a foreign power. The constitutional laws extend over every Stat^ alike. They are to be enforced in every State alike. A State can not come into the Union as it pleases, and go out when it pleases. Once in, it must stay until the Union is destroyed. There is no coercion of a State. But where a faction of a people arrays itself, not against one act, but against all laws, and against all government, there is but one answer to be made : ' The Government must be sustained; the laws shall be enforced! ' " On the twenty-third of January the legislature met in joint convention to elect a United States senator to fill the place of Charles Durkee, whose term of ofiSce would expire on the fourth of March next ensuing. The successful candidate was Timothy O. Howe, republican, who was elected for a full term of six years from the 4th of March, 1861. One of the important acts passed at this session of the legislature apportioned the State into senate and assembly districts, by which the whole number of members in both houses was increased from one hun- dred and twenty-seven to one hundred and thirty-three. Another act apportioned the State into six congressional districts instead of three. By this — the third congressional apportionment — each district was to elect one representative. The first district was composed of the counties of Milwaukee, Waukesha, Walworth, Racine, and Kenosha ; the second, of the counties of Rock, Jefferson, Dane, and Columbia; the third, of Green, La Fayette, Iowa, Grant, Crawford, Rich- land, and Sauk; the fourth, of Ozaukee, Washington, Dodge, Fond du Lac, and Sheboygan; the fifth, Manitowoc, Calumet, Winnebago, Green Lake, Marquette, Waushara, Waupaca, Outa- gamie, Brown, Kewaunee, Door, Oconto, and Shawano; and the sixth, of the counties of Bad Axe, La Crosse, Monroe, Juneau, Adams, Portage, Wood, Jackson, Trempealeau, Buffalo, Pepin, Pierce, St. Croix, Dunn, Eau Claire, Clark, Marathon, Chippewa, Dallas, Polk, Burnett, Douglas, La Pointe, and Ashland. The legislature adjourned on the seventeenth of April, 1861. At the spring elections of this year, Orsamus Cole was re-elected as associate justice of the supreme court. On the ninth of May following. Governor Randall issued a proclamation convening the legislature in extra session on the fifteenth of the same month. " The extraordinary condition of the country," said he, " growing out of the rebellion against the government of the United States, makes it necessary that the legislature of this State be convened in special session, to provide more completely for making the power of the State useful to the government and to other loyal States." The fifteenth or extra session began on the fifteenth of May, as designated in the governor's proclamation. The message of the governor was devoted entirely to the war. " At the close of the last annual session of the legislature," said he, " to meet a sudden Emer- gency, an act was passed authorizing me to respond to the call of the president of the United States, ' for aid in maintaining the Union and the supremacy of the laws, or to suppress rebellion WISCONSIN AS A STATE. 69 or insurrection, or to repel invasion withiri the United States,' and I was authorized, and it was made my duty, to take such measures as, in my judgment, should provide in the speediest and most efficient manner for responding to such call : and to this end I was authorized to accept the services of volunteers for active service, to be enrolled in companies of not less than seventy-five men each, rank and file, and in regiments of ten companies each. I was also authorized to provide for uniforming and equipping such companies as were not provided with uniforms and equipments." " The first call of the president for immediate active service," con- tinued the governor, " was for one regiment of men. My proclamation, issued immediately after the passage of the act of the legislature, was answered within less than ten days, by companies enough, €ach containing the requisite number of men, to make up at least five regiments instead of one. I then issued another proclamation, announcing the offers that had been made, and advising that thereafter companies might be enrolled to stand as minute men, ready to answer further calls, as they might be made, but without expense to the State, except as they were mustered into service. In less than one month from the date of my first proclamation, at least five thou- sand men, either as individuals or enrolled companies, have offered their services for the war, and all appear anxious for active service in the field." " The time for deliberation," concludes the governor, " must give way to the time for action. The constitution of the United States must be sustained in all its first intent and wholeness. The "right of the people of every State to go into every other State and engage in any lawful pursuit, without unlawful interference or molestation; the freedom of speech and of the press; the right of trial by jury; security from unjustifiable seizure of persons or papers, and all constitutional privileges and immunities, must receive new guarantees of safety." The extra session of the legislature passed, wtih a single exception, no acts except such as appertained to the military exigencies of the times. Both houses adjourned sine die on the twenty-seventh of May, 1861. As the administration of Governor Randall would close with the year, and as he was not a candidate for re-election, there was much interest felt throughout the State as to who his successor should be. Three State tickets were put in nomination : union, republican, and democratic. The republican ticket was successful, electing Louis P. Harvey, governor; Edward Salomon, lieutenant' governor ; James T. Lewis, secretary of state ; S. D. Hastings, state treasurer; James H. Howe, attorney general; W. H. Ramsey, bank comp- troller; J. L. Pickard, superintendent of public instruction; and A. P. Hodges, state prison commissioner. The War of Secession — Last Year of Randall's Administrati ON. When Wisconsin was first called upon to aid the General Government in its efforts to sustain itself against the designs of the secession conspirators, the commercial affairs of the State were embarrassed to a considerable degree by the depreciation of the currency. The designs of the secessionists were so far developed at the ending of the year i860 as to show that resistance to the national authority had been fully determined on. It is not a matter of wonder, then, that Governor Randall in his message to the legislature, early in January, 1861, should have set forth the dangers which threatened the Union, or should have denied the right of a State to secede from it. "Secession," said he, "is revolution; revolution is war; war against the government of the United States is treason." " It is time," he continued, "now, to know whether we have any government, and if so, whether it has any strength. Is our written constitution more than a sheet of parchment } The nation must be lost or preserved by its own strength. Its strength is in the patriotism of the people. It is'time now that politicians became patriots ; that men show their love of country by every sacrifice, but that of principle, and by 70 HISTOEY or WISCONSIN. unwavering devotion to its interests and integrity." "The hopes," added the governor, most eloquently, " of civilization and Christianity are suspended now upon the answer to this question of dissolution. The capacity fo^■, as well as the right of, self-government is to pass its ordeal^ and speculation to become certainty. Other systems have been tried, and have failed ; and all along, the skeletons of nations have been strewn, as warnings and land-marks, upon the great highway of historic overnment. Wisconsin is true, and her people steadfast. She will not destroy the Union, ^or consent that it shall be done. Devised by great,- and wise, and good men, in days of sore trial, it must stand. Like some bold mountain, at whose base the great seas, break their angry floods, and around whose summit the thunders of a thousand hurricanes have rattled — strong, unmoved, immovable — so may our Union be, while treason surges at its base,, and passions rage around it, unmoved, immovable — here let it stand forever." These are the words of an exalted and genuine patriotism. But the governor did not content himself with, eloquence alone. He came down to matters of business as well. He urged the necessity of legislation that would give more efficient organization to the militia of the State. He warned the legislators to make preparations also for the coming time that should try the souls of men. "The signs of the times," said he, " indicate that there may arise a contingency in the condition of the government, when it will become necessary to respond to a call of the National Government for men and means to maintain the integrity of the Union, and to thwart the designs of men engaged in organized treason. While no unnecessary expense should be incurred, yet it is the part of wisdom, both for individuals and States, in revolutionary times, to be prepared to defend our institutions to the last extremity." It was thus the patriotic governor gave evidence to the members of both houses that he " scented the battle afar off." On the i6th of January, a joint resolution of the legislature was passed, declaring that the people of Wisconsin are ready to co-operate with the friends of the Union every where for its preservation, to yield a cheerful obedience to its requirements, and to demand a like obedience from all others ; that the legislature of Wisconsin, profoundly impressed with the value of the Union, and determined to preserve it unimpaired, hail with joy the recent firm, dignified and ' patriotic special message of the president of the United States ; that they tender to him, through the chief magistrate of their own State, whatever aid, in men and money, may be required to- enable him to enforce the laws and uphold the authority of the Federal Government, and in defense of the more perfect Union, which has conferred prosperity and happiness on the American people. " Renewing," said they, " the pledge given and redeemed by our fathers, we are ready to devote our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honors in upholding the Union and the constitution." The legislature, in order to put the State upon a kind of " war footing," passed an act for its defense, and to aid in enforcing the laws and maintaining the authority of the General Government. It was under this act that Governor Randall was enabled to organize the earlier regiments of Wisconsin. By it, in case of a call from the president of the United States to aid in maintaining the Union and the supremacy of the laws to suppress rebellion or insurrection, or to repel invasion within the United States, the governor was authorized to provide, in the most efficient manner, for responding to such call — to accept the services of volunteers for service,, in companies of seventy-five men each, rank and file, and in regiments of ten companies each, and to commission officers for them. ■ The governor was also authorized to contract for uniforms and equipments necessary for putting such companies into active service. One- hundred thousand dollars were appropriated for war purposes ; and bonds were authorizfed to be issued for that amount, to be negotiated by the governor, for raising funds. It will be seen,, therefore, that the exigencies of the times — for Fort Sumter had not yet been surrendered — WISCONSIN AS A STATE. 71 were fully met by the people's representatives, they doing their whole duty, as they then under- stood it, in aid of the perpetuity of the Union. Having defended Fort Sumter for thirty-four hours, until the quarters were entirely burned, the main gates destroyed, the gorge-wall seriously injured, the magazine surrounded by flames, and its door closed from the effects of the heat, four barrels and three cartridges of powder only being available, and no provisions but pork remaining, Robert Anderson, major of the first artillery, United States army, accepted terms of evacuation offered by General Beauregard, marched out of the fort on Sunday afternoon, the fourteenth of April, 1861, with colors flying' and drums beating, bringing away company and private property, and saluting his flag with fifty guns. This, in brief, is the story of the fall of Sumter and the opening act of the War of the Rebellion. " Whereas," said Abraham Lincoln, president, in his proclamation of the next day, " the laws of the United States have been for some time past, and now are, opposed, and the execution thereof obstructed, in the States of South Carolma, Georgia, Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas, by combinations too powerful to be suppressed by the ordinary course of judicial proceedings, or by the powers vested in the marshals by law." Now, in view of that fact, he called forth the militia of the several States of the Union, to the aggregate number of seventy-five thousand, in order to suppress those combinations, and to cause the laws to be duly executed. " A call is made on you by to-night's mail for one regiment of militia for immediate service," telegraphed the secretary of war to Randall, on the same day. In Wisconsin, as elsewhere, the public pulse quickened under the excitement of the fall of Sumter. " The dangers which surrounded the nation awakened the liveliest sentiments of patriotism and devotion. For the time, party fealty was forgotten in the general desire to save the nation. The minds of the people soon settled into the conviction that a bloody war was at hand, and that the glorious fabric of our National Government, and the principles upon which it is founded, were in jeopardy, and with a determination unparalleled in the history of any country, they rushed to its defense. On every hand the National flag could be seen displayed, and the puolic enthusiasm knew no bounds ; in city, town, and hamlet, the burden on every tongue was war." "We have never been accustomed," said Governor Randall, " to consider the military arm as essential to the maintenance of our government, but an exigency has arisen that demands its employment." "The time has come," he continued, " when parties and plat- forms must be forgotten, and all good citizens and patriots unite together in putting down rebels and traitors." "What is money," he asked, "what is life, in the presence of such a crisis ? " Such utterances and such enthusiasm could but have their effect upon the legislature, which, it will be remembered, was still in session ; so, although that body had already voted to adjourn, sine die, on the fifteenth of April, yet, when the moment arrived, and a message from the governor was received, announcing that, owing to the extraordinary exigencies which had arisen, an amend- ment of the law of the thirteenth instant was necessary, the resolution to adjourn was at once rescinded. The two houses thereupon not only increased the amount of bonds to be issued to two hundred thousand dollars, but they also passed a law exempting from civil process, during the time of service, all persons enlisting and mustering into the United States army from Wis- consin. When, on the seventeenth, the legislature did adjourn, the scene was a remarkable one. Nine cheers were given for the star spangled banner and three for the Governor's Guard, who had just then tendered their services — the first in the State — under the call for a regiment of metf for three months' duty. " For the first time in the history of this federal government," are the words of the gover- nor, in a proclamation issued on the sixteenth of April, "* organized treason has manifested itself within several States of the Union, and armed rebels are making war against it." "The treasuries of the country," said he, " must no longer be plundered ; the public property must be 72 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. protected from aggressive violence ; that already seized must be retaken, and the laws must be executed in every State of the Union alike." "A demand," he added, " made upon Wiscon- sin by the president of the United States, for aid to sustain the federal arm, must meet with a prompt response." The patriotism of the State was abundantly exhibited in their filling up a regiment before some of the remote settlements had any knowledge of the call. On the twenty- second, Governor Randall reported to the secretary of war that the First regiment was ready to go into rendezvous. The place designated was " Camp Scott," at Milwaukee ; the day, the twenty-seventh of April. Then and there the several companies assembled — the regiment after- ward completing its organization. With a wise foresight. Governor Randall ordered, as a reserve force and in advance of another call for troops by the president, the formation of two more regiments — the Second and Third, and, eventually, the Fourth. Camps at Madison, Fond du Lac, and Racine, were formed for their reception, where suitable buildings were erected for their accommodation. Companies assigned to the Second regiment were ordered to commence moving into "Camp Randall," at Madison, on the first day of May. On the seventh, the secretary of war, under call of the presi- dent of the United States for forty-two thousand additional volunteers — this time for three years, or during the war — telegraphed Governor Randall that no more three months' volunteers were wanted; that such companies as were recruited must re-enlist for the new term or be disbanded. At the extra session of the legislature. of Wisconsin, which, as already mentioned, com- menced on the fifteenth of May, called by Governor Randall immediately upon his being notified of the second call of the president for troops, on the third of May, the law hurriedly passed at the close of the regular session, and under which the governor had organized the First regi- ment, was found inadequate to meet the second call for troops. " A bill was introduced, and became a law, authorizing the governor to raise six regiments of infantry, inclusive of those he had organ- ized or placed at quarters. When the six regiments were mustered into the United States service, he was authorized to raise two additional regiments, and thus to keep two regiments continually in reserve to meet any future call of the General Government. He was authorized to quarter and subsist volunteers at rendezvous— to transport, clothe, subsist and quarter them in camp at the expense of the State. Arms and munitions were to be furnished by the United States. Recruits were to be mustered into State service, and into United States service, for three years. Two assistant surgeons to each regiment were to be appointed, and paid by the State. The regi- ments, as they came into camp, were to be instructed in drill and various camp duties, to secure efficiency in the field. The troops, so called in, were to be paid monthly by the State, the same pay and emoluments as the soldiers in the United States army, from the date of enlistment. The paymaster general was authorized to draw funds from the State treasury for the payment of the State troops, and the expense incurred in subsisting, transporting and clothing them. The governor was authorized to purchase military stores, subsistence, clothing, medicine, field and camp equipage, and the sum of one million dollars was appropriated to enable the governor to carry out the law. " Other laws were passed relating to military matters. One authorized the governor to pur- chase two thousand stand of arms; and fifty thousand dollars were appropriated to pay tor the same. Another authorized counties, towns, cities and incorporated villages to levy taxes for the purpose of providing for the support of families of volunteers residing in their respective limits. The one passed at the previous session, exempting volunteers from civil process vhile in the service, was amended so as to include all who might thereafter enlist. *One granted five dollars per month as extra pay to enlisted volunteers having families dependent upon them for support, payable to their families. Another authorized the governor to employ such aids, clerks ^d WISCONSIN AS A STATE. > 73 messengers, as he deemed necessary for the public interests. Still another authorized the pay- ment of those who had enlisted for three months, but had declined to go in for three years. The expenses of the extra session were ordered to be paid out of the " war fund." One million dollars in bonds were authorized to be issued for war purposes to form that fund. The governor, secretary of state and state treasurer were empowered to negotiate them. By a joint resolu- tion approved the twenty-first of May, the consent of the legislature was given to the governor to be absent from the State during the war, for as long a time as in his discretion he might think proper or advisable, in connection with the military forces of the State. For liberality, zeal and genuine patriotism, the members of the Wisconsin legislature, for the year 1861, deserve a high commendation. All that was necessary upon their final adjournment at the close of the extra session to place the State upon a " war footing," was the organization by the governor of the various military departments. These he effected by appointing Brigadier General William L. Utley, adjutant general ; Brigadier General W. W. Tredway, quartermaster general ; Colonel Edwin R. Wadsworth, commissary general ; Brigadier General Simeon Mills, paymaster gen- eral; Brigadier General E. B. Wolcott, surgeon general; Major E. L. Buttrick, judge advocate; and Colonel William H. Watson, military secretary. On the seventeenth of May, the First regiment, at "Camp Scott," was mustered into the United States service, and the war department informed that it awaited marching orders. The regimental officers were not all in accordance with the law and mode adopted afterwards. On the seventh of the month Governor Randall had appointed Rufus King a brigadier general, and assigned the First, Second, Third and Fourth regiments to his command as the Wisconsin brigade ; although at that date only the First and Second had been called into camp. This brigade organization was not recognized by the General Government. The secretary of war telegraphed^the governor of Wisconsin that the quota of the State, under the second call of the president, was two regiments — so that the whole number under both calls was only three — one (the First) for three months, two (the Second and Third) for three years. Notwithstanding this, Governor Randall proceeded to organize the Fourth. As a number of the companies ordered into " Camp Randall " on the first day of May to form the Second regiment had only enlisted for three months, the order of the secretary of war of the seventh of that month making it imperative that all such companies must re-enlist for three years or during the war, or be disbanded, the question of extending their term of enlist- ment was submitted to the companies of the regiment, when about five hundred consented to the change. The quota of the regiment was afterward mado up, and the whole mustered into the service of the United States for three years or during the war, under the president's second call for troops. This was on the eleventh of June, 1861. The Third regiment having had its companies assigned early in May, they were ordered in June into "Camp Hamilton" at Fond du Lac, where the regiment was organized, and, on the twenty-ninth of June, mustered into the United States' service as a three years regiment. This filled Wisconsin's quota under the second call of President Lincoln. By this time war matters in the State began to assume a systematic course of procedure — thanks to the patriotism of the people, the wisdom of the legislature, and the untiring energy and exertions of the governor and his subordinates. The determination of the secretary of war to accept from Wisconsin only two three-years regiments under the second call for troops was soon changed, and three more were authorized, making it necessary to organize the Fourth, Fifth and Sixth. The Fourth was called into " Camp Uiey " at Racine on \he sixth of June, and was mustered into the service of the United States on the ninth of the following month. By the twenty-eighth of June, all the companies of the Fjifth had assembled at " Camp Randall," and on the thirteenth of July were mustered in as 74- HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. United States troops. By the first of July, at the same place, the complement for the Sixth regiment had been made up, and the companies were mustered for three years into the service of the General Government, on the sixteenth of the same month. Gove.rnor Randall did not stop the good work when six regiments had been accepted, but assigned the necessary companies to form two more regiments — the Seventh and Eighth ; however, he wisely concluded not to call them into camp until after harvest, unless specially required to do so. " If they are needed sooner," said the governor, in a letter to the president on the first of July, "\ call will be imme- diately responded to, and we shall have their uniforms and equipments ready for them." "By the authority of our legislature," added' the writer, ' I shall, after the middle of August, keep two regiments equipped and in camp ready for a ca^l to service, and will have them ready at an earlier day if needed." About the latter part of June, W. P. Alexander, of Beloit, a good marksman, was commis- sioned captain to raise a company of sharpshooters for Berdan's regiment. He at once engaged in the work. The company was filled to one hundred and three privates and, three officers. It left the State about the middle of September under Captain Alexander, and was mustered into the service at Wehawken on the twenty-third day of that month, as Company "G " of Berdan's regiment of sharpshooters. On the twenty-sixth of July, a commission was issued to G. Van Deutsch, of Milwaukee, to raise a company of cavalry. He succeeded in filling his company to eighty-four men. He left the State in September, joining Fremont. The company was after- ward attached to the fifth cavalry regiment of Missouri. About the 20th of August, Governor Randall was authorized to organize and equip as rapidly as possible five regiments of infantry and five batteries of artillery, and procure for them necessary clothing and equipments according to United States regulations and prices, subjecttothe inspec- tion of oificers of the General Government. The five regiments were to be additional to the eight already raised. One regiment was to be German. During the last week of August the companies of the Seventh regiment were ordered into "Camp Randall," at Madison. They were mustered into. the service soon after arrival. On the 28th of August orders were isfued fpr the reorganization of the First regiment for three years, its term of three months having expired. The secretary of war having signified his acceptance of the regiment for the new term, its mus- tering into the service was completed on the nineteenth of October. This made six infantry regi- ments in addition to the eight already accepted, or fourteen in all. On the same day orders were issued assigning companies to the Eighth regiment, — the whole moving to " Camp Randall," at Madison, the first week in September, where their mustering in was finished on the thirteenth. The Ninth, a German reginent, was recruited in squads, and sent into camp, where they were formed into companies, and the whole mustered in on the 26th of October, 1861, at " Camp Sigel," Milwaukee. Companies were assigned the Tenth regiment on the i8th of September, and ordered into camp at Milwaukee, where it was fully organized about the first of October, being mustered into the service on the fourteenth of that month. The Tenth infantry was enlisted in September, 1861, and mustered in on the fourteenth of October, 186 1, at "Camp Holton," Mil- waukee. The Eleventh regiment was called by companies into " Camp Randall " the latter part of September and first of October, 1861, and mustered in on the eighteenth. The Twelfth was called in to the same camp and mustered in by companies between the twenty-eighth' of October and the fifth of November, 1861. The Thirteenth rendezvoused at "Camp Treadway," Janes- ville, being mustered into the United States service on the seventeenth of October, 1861. Tlfese thirteen regiments were all that had been accepted and mustered into the United States seri^oe while Randall was governor. From the commencement of the rebellion a great desire had been manifested for the orpatfi- WISCONSIN AS A STATE. ' 75 ization of artillery companies in Wisconsin, and this desire was finally gratified. Each battery was to number one hundred and fifty men, and, as has been shown, five had been authorized by the General Government to be raised in Wisconsin. The First battery was recruited at La Crosse, under the superintendence of Captain Jacob T. Foster, and was known as the " La Crosse Artillery." It rendezvoused at Racine^early in October, 1861, where on the tenth of that month, it was mustered into the United States service. The Second battery. Captain Ernest Herzberg, assembled at " Camp Utley," Racine, and was mustered in with the First battery on the tenth. The Third, known as the " Badger Battery," was organized by Captain L. H. Drury, at Madison and Berlin, and was mustered into the service on the same day and at the same place as the First and Second. The Fourth battery, recruited and organized at Beloit, under the supervision of Captain John F. Vallee, was mustered in on the first of October, 1861, at Racine. The Fifth battery was recruited at Monroe, Green county, under the superintendence of Captain Oscar F- Pinney, moving afterward to " Camp Utley," Racine, where, on the first of October, it was mus- tered in, along with the Fourth. So brisk had been the recruiting, it was ascertained by the governor that seven companies had been raised instead of five, when the secretary of war was telegraphed to, and the extra companies — the Sixth and Seventh accepted ; the Sixth, known as the " Buena Vista Artillery," being recruited at Lone Rock, Richland county, in September, Captain Henry Dillon, and mustered in on the second of October, 186 1, at Racine; the Seventh, known as the " Badger State Flying Artillery," having organized at Milwaukee, Captain Richard R. Griffiths, and mustered in on the fourth of the same month, going into camp at Racine on the eighth. This completed the mustering in of the first seven batteries, during Governor Randall's administration ; the whole mustered force being thirteen regiments of infantry ; one company of ■cavalry ; one of sharpshooters ; and these seven artillery companies. " Wisconsin,'' said the gov- ernor, in response to a request as to the number of regiments organized, " sent one regiment for three months, — officers and men eight hundred and ten. The other regiments ' )r the war up to the Thirteenth (including the First, re-organized), will average one thousand men each ; one •company of sharpshooters for Berdan's regiment, one hundred and three men ; and seven ■companies of light artillery." Of cavalry from Wisconsin, only Deutsch's company had been mustered into the United States, although three regiments had been authorized by the General Government before the close of Randall's administration. The governor, before the expiration ■of his office, was empowered to organize more artillery companies — ten in all ; and five additional regiments of infantry — making the whole number eighteen. On the tenth of December, he wrote : " Our Fourteenth infantry is full and in camp. * * * Fifteenth has five companies in camp, and filling up. Sixteenth has eight companies in camp, and will be full by the 25th of December. Seventeenth has some four hundred men enlisted. Eighteenth will be in camp, full, ■by January i. Seven maximum companies of artillery in camp. 1 ■* * * Three regiments of ■cavalry — two full above the maximum; the third, about eight hundred men in camp." It will be seen, therefore, that a considerable number of men in the three branches of the service was then in camp that had not been mustered into the service ; and this number was considerably increased by the 6th of January, 1862, the day that Randall's official term expired ; but no more men were mustered in, until his successor came into office, than those previously mentioned. The First regiment — three months' — left " Camp Scott," Milwaukee, on the ninth of June, 1861, for Harrisburg, Pennsylvania — eight hundred and ten in number; John C. Starkweather, colonel. The regiment returned to Milwaukee on the seventeenth of August, 1861, and was mustered out on the twenty-second. The First regiment re-organized at "Camp Scott,'' Milwaukee. Its mustering into the •service, as previously mentioned, was completed on the nineteenth of October. On the twenty- "^6 HISTOET OP WISCONSIN. eighth, it started for Louisville, Kentucky — nine hundred and forty-iive strong — under command of its former colonel, John C. Starkweather. The Second regiment, with S. Park Coon as colonel, left " Camp Randall, Madison, for Washington city, on the eleventh of June, 1861 — numbering, in all, one thousand and fifty-one. The Third regiment started from " Camp- Hamilton," Fond du Lac, for Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, under command of Charles S. Hamilton,. as colonel, on the twelfth of July, 1861, with a numerical strength of nine hundred and seventy- nine. The Fourth regiment — Colonel Halbert E. Payne — with a numerical strength of one- thousand and fifty-three, departed on the fifteenth of July, i86i, from "Camp Utley," Racine,, for Baltimore, Maryland. The Fifth regiment left " Camp Randall," Madison, one thousand and fifty-eight strong, commanded by Colonel Amasa Cobb, on the twenty-fourth of July, i86ij for Washington city. On the twenty-eighth of July, 1861, the Sixth regiment, numbering one thousand and eighty-four, moved from Madison, having been (Ordered to Washington city. It was cominanded by Colonel Lysander Cutter. The Seventh regiment — Joseph Van Dor, Colonel — ^with a numerical strength of one thousand and sixteen men — officers and privates, received orders, as did the Fifth and Sixth, to move forward to Washington. They started from Madison on the morning of the twenty-first of September, 1861, for active service. The Eighth infantry,^ nine hundred and seventy-three strong, commanded by Colonel Robert C. Murphy, left Madison,, en route for St. Louis, Missouri, on the morning of the twelfth of October, 1861. The Ninth, or German regiment, with Frederick Salomon in command as colonel, did not leave "Camp Sigel," for active service, while Randall was governor. The Tenth infantry moved from " Camp Holton," Milwaukee, commanded by Colonel Alfred R. Chapin, on the ninth of November, 1861, destined for Louisville, Kentucky, with a total number of nine hundred and sixteen officers and privates. On the twentieth of November, 1861, the Eleventh regiment "broke camp" at Madison, starting for St. Louis, under command of Charles L. Harris, as colonel. Its whole number of men was nine hundred and sixteen. The Twelfth regiment, at " Camp Randall,'" Madison — Colonel George E. Bryant, and the Thirteenth, at " Camp Tredway," Janesville — Colonel Maurice Maloney — were still in camp at the expiration of the administration of Governor Randall : these, with the Ninth, were all that had not moved out of the State for active service,, of those mustered in previous to January 6, 1861,— making a grand total of infantry sent from Wisconsin, up to that date, by the governor, to answer calls of the General Government, for three years' service or during the war, of nine thousand nine hundred and ninety-one men, in ten regiments, averaging very nearly one thousand to each regiment. Besides these ten regiments- of infantry for three years' service, Wisconsin had also sent into the field the First regiment, for three months' service, numbering eight hundred and ten men ; Alexander's company of sharp- shooters, one hundred and six; and Deutsch's company of cavalry, eighty-four: in all, one- thousand. Adding these to the three years' regiments, and the whole force, in round numbers,, was eleven thousand men, furnished by the State in 1861. Eighth Administration. — Louis P. Harvey and Edward Salomon, Governors — 1862-1863. Louis P. Harvey was inaugurated governor of Wisconsin on the sixth of January, 1862. The, fifteenth regular session of the legislature of the State began on the eighth of the same month. In the senate, the republicans were in the majority ; but in the assembly they had only a plurality of members, there being a number of " Union" men in that branch — enough, indeed, to elect, by outside aid, J. W. Beardsley, who ran for the assembly, upon the " Union " ticket, as speaker. Governor Harvey, on the tenth, read his message to the legislature in joint convention. " No previous legislature," are his opening words, " has convened under equal incentives to a disinterested zeal in the public service The occasion," he adds, " pleads WISCONSIN" As A STATE. 7T with you in rebuke of all the meaner passions, admonishing to the exercise of a conscientious patriotism, becoming the representatives of a Christian people, called in God's providence to pass through the furnace of a great trial, of their virtue, and of the strength of the Government." On the seventh of April following, the legislature adjourned until the third of June next ensuing. Before it again assembled, an event occurred, casting a gloom over the whole State. The occasion was the accidental drowning of Governor Harvey. Soon after the battle of Pittsburgh Landing, on the seventh of April, 1862, the certainty that some of the Wisconsin regiments had suffered severely, induced the governor to organize a relisf party, to aid the wounded and suffering soldiers from the State. On the tenth, Harvey and others started on their tour of benevolence. Arriving at Chicago, they found a large num- ber. of boxes had been forwarded there from different points in the State, containing supplies of various kinds. At Mound City, Paducah, and Savannah, the governor and his party adminis- tered to the wants of the sick and wounded Wisconsin soldiers. Having completed their mission of mercy, they repaired to a boat in the harbor of Savannah, to await the arrival of the Minne- haha, which was to convey them to Cairo, on their homeward trip. It was late in the evening of the nineteenth of April, 1862, and very dark when the boat arrived which was to take the governor and his friends on board ; and as she rounded to, the bow touching the Dunleith, on which was congregated the party ready to depart, Governor Harvey, by a misstep, f*ll overboard between the'two boats, into the Tennessee river. The current was strong, and the water more than thirty feet deep. Every thing was done that could be, to save his life, but all, to no purpose. His body was subsequently found and brought to Madison for interment. Edward Salomon, lieutenant governor, by virtue of a provision of the constitution of the State, upon the death of Harvey, succeeded to the office of governor of Wisconsin. On the third day of June, the legislature re-assembled in accordance with adjournment on the seventh of April previous. Governor Salomon, in his message of that day, to the senate and assembly, after announcing the sad event of the death of the late governor, said : " The last among the governors elected by the people of this State, he is the first who has been removed by death from our midst. The circumstances leading to and surrounding the tragic ;.nd melancholy end of the honored and lamented deceased, are well known to the people, and are, with his memory, treasured up in their hearts." He died," added Salomon, " while in the exercise of the highest duties of philan- thropy and humanity, that a noble impulse had imposed upon him." The .legislature, on the thirteenth of June, by a joint resolution, declared that in the death of Governor Harvey, the State had " lost an honest, faithful, and efficient public officer, a high-toned gentleman, a warm- hearted philanthropist, and a sincere friend." Both houses adjourned sine die, on the seventeuth of June, 1862. Business of great public importance, in the judgment of the governor, rendering a special session of the legislature necessary, he issued, on the twenty-ninth of August, 1862, his proc- lamation to that effect, convening both houses on the tenth of September following. On that day he sent in his message, relating wholly to war matters. He referred to the fact that since the adjournment of the previous session, six hundred thousand more men had been called for by the president of the United States, to suppress the rebellion. " It is evident," said he, " that to meet further calls, it is necessary to rely upon a system of drafting or conscription, in Wisconsin." The governor then proceeded to recommend such measures as he deemed necessary to meet the exigencies of the times. The legislature levied a tax to aid volunteering, and passed a law giving the right of suffrage to soldiers in the military service. They also authorized the raising of money for payment of bounties to volunteers. The legislature adjourned on the twenty- sixth of September, 1862, after a session of sixteen days, and the enacting of seventeen laws. T8 HisTOET or "WISCOlirSIN. On the 7th of October, James H. Howe, attorney general, resigned his office to enter the army. On the 14th of that month, Winfield Smith was appointed by the governor to fill the vacancy. At the general election in the Fall of this year, six congressmen were elected to the thirty- eighth congress: James S. Brown from the first district; I. C. Sloan, from the second; Amasa Cobb, from the third ; Charles A. Eldredge, from the fourth ; Ezra Wheeler, from the fifth ; and W. D. Mclndoe, from the sixth district. Sloan, Cobb, and Mclndoe, were elected as republi- cans ; Brown, Eldridge, and Wheeler, as democrats. The sixteenth regular session of the Wisconsin legislature, commenced on the fourteenth of January, 1863. J. Allen Barber was elected speaker of the assembly. The majority in both houses was republican. Governor Salomon read his message on the fifteenth, to the joint ■convention, referring, at length, to matters connected with the war of the rebellion. A large number of bills were passed by the legislature for the benefit of soldiers and their families. On the twenty-second, the legislature re-elected James R. Doolittle, to the United States senate for six years, from the fourth of March next ensuing. The legislature adjourned sine die on the second of April following. In the Spring of this year, Luther S. Dixon was re-elected chief justice of the supreme court, running as an independent candidate. By a provision of the Revised Statutes of 1858, as amended by an act passed in 1862, and interpreted by another act passed in 1875, the terms of the justices of the supreme court, elected for a full term, commence on the first Monday in January next succeeding their election. At the Fall election there were two tickets in the field : democratic and union republican. The latter was successful, electing James T. Lewis, governor; Wyman Spooner, lieutenant governor; Lucius Fairchild, secretary of state; S. D. Hastings, state treasurer; Winfield Smith, attorney general ; J. L. Pickard, state superintendent ; W. H. Ramsay, bank comp- troller ; and Henry Cordier, state prison commissioner. War of Secession — Harvey and Salomon's Administration. When Governor Randall turned over to his successor in the gubernatorial chair, the military matters of Wisconsin, he had remaining in the State, either already organized or in process of formation, the Ninth infantry, also the Twelfth up to the Nineteenth inclusive; three regiments of cavalry ; and ten batteries — First to Tenth inclusive. Colpnel Edward Daniels, in the Summer of 1861, was authorized by the war department to recruit and organize one battalion of cavalry in Wisconsin. He was subsequently authorized to raise two more companies. Governor Ran- dall, in October, was authorized to complete the regiment — the First cavalry — by the organiza- tion of six additional companies. The organization of the Second cavalry regiment was author- ized in the Fall of 1861, as an "independent acceptance," but wae finally turned over to the State authorities. Early in November, 1861, the war department issued an order discontinuing enlistments for the cavalry service, and circulars were sent to the different State executives to consolidate all incomplete regiments. Ex-Governor Barstow, by authority of General Fremont, which authority was confirmed by the General Government, had commenced the organization of a cavalry regiment — the Third Wisconsin — when Governor Randall received information that the authority of Barstow had been revoked. The latter, however, soon had his authority restored. In October, Governor Randall was authorized by the war department to raise three additional companies of artillery — ' Eighth to Tenth inclusive. These three batteries were all filled and went into camp by the close of 1861. Governor Randall, therefore, besides sending out of the State eleven thousand men, had in process of formation, or fully organized, nine regiments of infantry, three regiments of cavalry, and ten companies of artillery, left behind in WISCONSIN AS A STATE. TS" various camps in the State, to be turned over to Bis successor. The military officers of Wisconsin were the governor, Louis P. Harvey, commander-in- chief; Brigadier General Augustus Gaylord, adjutant general ; Brigadier General W. W. Tred- way, quartermaster general ; Colonel Edwin R. Wadsworth, commissary general ; Brigadier Gen- eral Simeon Mills, paymaster general ; Brigadier General E. B. Wolcott, surgeon general ; Major M. H. Carpenter, judge advocate ; and Colonel William H. Watson, military secretary. As the General Government had taken the recruiting service out of the hands of the executives of the States, and appointed superintendents in their place, the offices of commissary general and paymaster general were no longer necessary; and their time, after the commencement of the administration in Wisconsin of 1862, was employed, so long as they continued their respective offices, in settling up the business of each. The office of commissary general was closed about the first of June, 1862 ; that of paymaster general on the tenth of July following. On the last of August, 1862, Brigadier General Tredway resigned the position of quartermaster general, and Nathaniel F. Lund was appointed to fill his place. Upon the convening of the legislature of the State in its regular January session of this year — 1862, Governor Harvey gave, in his messagfrto that body, a full statement of what had been done by Wisconsin in matters appertaining to the war, under the administration of his> predecessor. He stated that the State furnished to the service of the General Government under the call for volunteers for three months, one regiment — First Wisconsin ; under the call for volunteers for three years, or the war, ten regiments, numbering from the First re-organized to the Eleventh, excluding the Ninth or German regiment. He gave as the whole number of officers, musicians and privates, in these ten three-year regiments, ten thousand one hundred and seventeen. He further stated that there were then organized and awaiting orders, the Ninth, in " Camp Sigel," Milwaukee, numbering nine hundred and forty men, under Colonel Frederick Salomon ; the Twelfth, in " Camp Randall," one thousand and thirty-nine men, under Colonel George E. Bryant ; the Thirteenth, in " Camp Tredway," Janesville, having nine hundred and nineteen men, commanded by Colonel M. Maloney ; and the Fourteenth, at " Camp Wood," Fond du Lac, eight hundred and fifty men, under Colonel D. E. Wood. The Fifteenth or Scandinavian regiment. Colonel H. C. Heg, seven hundred men, and the Sixteenth, Colonel Benjamin Allen, nine hundred men, were at that time at "Camp Randall," in near readiness for marching orders. The Seventeenth (Irish) regiment. Colonel J. L. Doran, and the Eighteenth, Colonel James S. Alban, had their full number of companies in readiness, lacking, one, and had been notified to go into camp — the former at Madison, the latter at Milwaukee. Seven companies of artillery, numbering together one thousand and fifty men, had remained for a considerable time in " Camp Utley," Racine, impatient of the delays of the General Govern- ment in calling them to move forward. Three additional companies of artillery were about going into camp, numbering three hundred and thirty-four men. Besides these, the State had furnished, as already mentioned, an independent company of cavalry, then in Missouri, raised by Captain Von Deutsch, of eighty-one men ; a company of one hundred and four men for Ber- dan's sharpshooters; and an additional company for the Second regiment, of about eighty men. Three regiments of cavalry — the First, Colonel E. Daniels ; the Second, Colonel C. C. Washburn ; and the Third, Colonel W. A. Barstow ; were being organized. They numbered together, two thou- sand four hundred and fifty men. The Nineteenth (independent) regiment was rapidly organ- izing under the direction of the General Government, by Colonel H. T. Sanders, Racine. Not bringing this last regiment into view, the State had, at the commencement of Governor Harvey's administration, including the First, three-months' regiment, either in the service of the United States or organizing for it, a total of twenty-one thousand seven hundred and eighty-three men- so HISTORY or WISCONSIN. The legislature at its regular session of 1862, passed a law making it necessary to present all claims which were made payable out of the war fund, within twelve months from the time they accrued ; a law was also passed authorizing the investment of the principal of the school fund in the bonds of the state issued for war purposes ; another, amendatory of the act of the extra session of 1861, granting exemption to persons enrolled in the military service, so as to except persons acting as fiduciary agents, either as executors or administrators, or guardians or trustees, or persons defrauding the State, or any school district of moneys belonging to the same ; also author- izing a stay of proceedings in foreclosures of mortgages, by advertisements. " The State Aid Law" was amended so as to apply to all regiments of infantry, cavalry, artillery and sharpshooters, defining the rights of families, fixing penalties for the issue of false papers, and imposing duties on military officers in the field to make certain reports. These amendments only included regi- ments and companies organized up to and including the Twentieth, which was in process of organization before the close of the session. A law was also passed suspending the sale of lands mortgaged to the State, or held by volunteers ; another defining the duties of the allotment com- missioners appointed by the president of the United States, and fixing their compensation. One authorized the issuing of bonds for two hundred thousand dollars for war purposes ; one author- ized a temporary loan from the general fund to pay State aid to volunteers ; and on^, the appoint- ment of a joint committee to investigate the sale of war bonds ; while another authorised the governor to appoint surgeons to batteries, and assistant surgeons to cavalry regiments. The legislature, it will be remembered, took a recess from the seventh of April to the third of June, 1862. Upon its re-assembling, "... act was passed providing lor the discontinuance of the active services of the paymaster general, quartermaster general and commissary general. Another act appropriated twenty thousand dollars to enable the governor to care for the sick and wounded soldiers of the State. There was also another act passed authorizing the auditing, by the quartermaster general, of bills for subsistence and transportation of the Wisconsin cavalry regiments. At the extra session called by Governor Salomon, for the tenth of September, 1862, an amendment was made to the law granting aid to families of volunteers, by including all regi- ments of cavalry, infantry, or batteries of artillery before that time raised in the State, or that might afterward be raised and mustered into the United States service. It also authorized the levying of a State tax of two hundred and seventy-five thousand dollars to be placed to the credit of the war fund and used in the payment of warrants for " State Aid" to families of volunteers. Another law authorized commissioned officers out of the State to administer oaths and take acknowledgments of deeds and other papers. One act authorized soldiers in the field, although out pf the State, to exercise the right of suffrage ; and another gave towns, cities, incorporated villages and counties the authority to raise inoney to pay bounties to volunteers. On the fifth of August, 1862, Governor Salomon received from the war department a dispatch stating that orders had been issued for a draft of three hundred thousand men to be immediately called into the service of the United States, to serve for nine months unless sooner discharged ; that if the State quota under a call made July 2, of that year, for three hundred thousand vol- unteers, was not filled by the fifteenth of August, the deficiency would be made up by draft ; and that the secretary of war would assign the quotas to the States and establish regulations for the draft. On the eighth of that month, the governor of the State was ordered to immediately cause an enrollment of all able-bodied citizens between eighteen and forty-five years of age, by counties. Governor Salomon was authorized to appoint proper officers, and the United States promised to pay all reasonable expenses. The quota for Wisconsin, under- the call for nine months' men, was eleven thousand nine hundred and four. The draft was made by the governor in obedience to the order he had received from Washington ; but such had been the volunteering under the stim- WISCONSIN AS A STATE. 81 ulus caused by a fear of it, that only four thousand five hundred and thirty-seven men were drafted. This was the first and only draft made in Wisconsin by the State authorities. Subsequent ones were made under the direction of the provost marshal general at Wash- ington. The enlisting, organization and mustering into the United States service during Randall's administration of thirteen regiments of infantry — the First to the Thirteenth inclusive, and the marching of ten of them out of the State before the close of 1861, also, of one company of cavalry under Captain Von Deutsch and one company of sharpshooters under Captain Alexander, con- stituted the effective aid abroad of Wisconsin during that year to suppress the rebellion. But for the year 1862, this aid, as to number of organizations, was more than doubled, as will now be «hown. The Ninth regiment left " Camp Sigel," Milwaukee, under command of Colonel Frederick Salomon, on the twenty-second of January, 1862, numbering thirty-nine officers and eight hun dred and eighty-four men, to report at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. The Twelfth infantry left Wisconsin under command of Colonel George E. Bryant, ten liundred and forty-five strong, the eleventh of January, 1862, with orders to report at Weston, Missouri. The Thirteenth regiment — Colonel Maurice Maloney — left " Camp Tredway," Janesville, on the eighteenth of January, 1862, nine hundred and seventy strong, under orders to report at Leavenworth, Kansas, where it arrived on the twenty-third. The Fourteenth regiment of infantry departed from " Camp Wood," Fond du Lac, under command of Colonel David E. Wood, for St. Louis, Missouri, on the eighth of March, 1862, it having been mustered into the United States service on the thirtieth of January previous. Its total strength was nine hundred and seventy officers and men. It arrived at its destination on the tenth of March, and went into quarters at " Benton Barracks." The Fifteenth regiment, mostly recruited from the Scandinavian population of Wisconsin, was organized at " Camp Randall," Madison — Hans C. Heg as colonel. Its muster into the United States service was completed on the fourteenth of February, 1862, it leaving the State for St. Louis, Missouri, on the second of March following, with a total strength of eight hundred and one officers and men. The Sixteenth regiment was organized at "Camp Randall," and was mustered into the service on the last day of January, 1862, leaving the State, with Benjamin Allen as colonel, for St. Louis on the thirteenth of March ensuing, having a total strength of one thousand and sixty-six. The regimental organization of the Seventeenth infantry (Irish), Colonel John L. Doran was effected at " Camp Randall," and the mustering in of the men completed on the fifteenth of March, 1862, the regiment leaving the State on the twenty-third for St. Louis- The Eighteenth regiment organized at " Camp Trowbridge," Milwaukee — James S. Alban, colonel — completed its muster into the United States service on the fifteenth of March, 1862, and left the State for St. Louis on the thirtieth, reaching their point of destination on the thirty- first. The Nineteenth infantry rendezvoused at Racine as an independent regiment, its colonel, Horace T. Sanders, being commissioned by the war department. The men were mustered into the service as fast as they were enlisted. Independent organizations being abolished, by an order from Washington, the Nineteenth was placed on the same footing as other regiments in the State. On the twentieth of April, 1862, the regiment was ordered to " Camp Randall " to guard rebel prisoners. Here the mustering in was completed, numbering in all nine hundred and seventy-three. They left the State for Washington on the second of June. 82 HISTOBY OF WISCONSIN. The muster mto the United States service of the Twentieth regiment — Bertine Pinckney,. colonel — was completed on the twenty-third of August, 1862, at "Camp Randall," the original strength being nine hundred and ninety. On t*he thirtieth of August the regiment left the State for St. Louis. The Twenty-first infantry was organized at Oshkosh, being mustered in on the fifth of Sep- tember, 1862, with a force of one thousand and two, all told — Benjamin J. Sweet, colonel — leaving the State for Cincinnati on the eleventh. The Twentyrsecond regiment — Colonel William L. Utiey — was organized at " Camp Utley," Racine, and mustered in on the second of September, 1862. Its original strength was one thou- sand and nine. It left the State for Cincinnati on the sixteenth. On the thirtieth of August, 1862, the Twenty-third regiment — Colonel Joshua J. Guppey — was mustered in at "Camp Randall," leaving Madison for Cincinnati on the fifteenth. The Twenty -fourth infantry rendezvoused at " Camp Sigel," Milwaukee. Its muster in was completed on the twenty-first of August, 1862, the regiment leaving the State under Colonel Charles H. Larrabee, for Kentucky, on the fifth of September, one thousand strong. On the fourteenth of September, 1862, at "Camp Salomon," LaCrosse, the Twenty-fifth regiment was mustered into the service — ^Milton Montgomery, colonel. They left the State on the nineteenth with orders to report to General Pope, at St. Paul, Minnesota, to aid in suppress- ing the Indian difficulties in that State. Their entire strength was one thousand and eighteen.. The regiment, after contributing to the preservation of tranquillity among the settlers, and deterring the Indians from hostilities, returned to Wisconsin, arriving at " Camp Randall " on the eighteenth of December, 1862. • The Twenty-sixth — almost wholly a German regiment — was mustered into the service at "Camp Sigel," Milwaukee, on the seventeenth of September, 1862. The regiment, under com- mand of Colonel William H. Jacobs, left the State for Washington city on the sixth of October,, one thousand strong. The Twenty-seventh infantry was ordered to rendezvous at "Camp Sigel," Milwaukee, on the seventeenth of September, 1862 ; but the discontinuance of recruiting for new regiments in August left the Twenty-seventh with only seven companies full. An order authorizing the- recruiting of three more companies was received, and under the supervision of Colonel Conrad Krez the organization was completed, but the regiment at the close of the year had not been mustered into the service. On the twenty-fourth of October, 1862, the Twenty-eighth regiment — James M. Lewis, of Oconomowoc, colonel — was mustered into the United States service at " Camp Washburn," Mil- waukee. Its strength was nine hundreci and sixty-one. In November, the regiment was employed in arresting and guarding the draft rioters in Ozaukee county. It left the State for Columbus, Kentucky, on the twentieth of December, where they arrived on the twenty-second; remaining there until the fifth of January, 1863. The Twenty-ninth infantry — Colonel Charles R. Gill — was organized at " Camp Randall," where its muster into .ioO■■^l-H(^^TJ^.-^cDco^oCO!D(N ■■^-t*C0 c^ CDQ0ri0»OC0C0O»--fCD0SCDi--It--TpC0C0i0O(>Ji-HC0i-l01i0C^C0i-HrtC0-^Oi-it-(M0iT-#C0r-eOOS'^COC0t-00(NCOC3t^I>-CCt-HOCDr-C0:D0iC0CN'^CDi-fCD0i'^iOCDOC0<:Di-HQ0 COCOTjICDO'^^-Tt10Si-Hint-I>-"^0SC0t*0S0SQ0'^C0i--(00Tf<'^CqOcD0000C0-^T-l I-HOcoOu^'^t^co■TJ^c<^cocDcococooocococo^^^t:-OI-^c^•^cx)Oicooo^--lt-l:^cDOcOrH■TJ1(^^co^-•^-Ol-Hl-^o Q0OtNi-H(M.-H0SCCi'^OCi--0iT--t0>(M0iC0rhi-Ht-HOrHO'^Oi-ii-(O(NO'^O0iOO»-'Ot-t--i0OCS-HO rHi-t(M(MCMi-'^OiOlO(MiOCO»-(t-OOOOCO(MT-H5^COt-CO CqcOrHCOCNi-t (NCO(M"^ lOlNi-Hi-Hi-li-lrHi-H CN IMi-HT-HCNr-ICOrH ; Tfi (M jq CT> 00 CD OOi-H0i00000iC0OOCraiOOOi-HCDi-HC^D3OCq0i'^c000#CDU5 ^i-lTH'^COC^COt*i-iCOI>'lr-eot-T-tC^CO*iO(N(M00cOi— i05'OCMOCOiOCOCOCOO'^tHcOtPC5C003'*CN QOO— 'U3>— iOCOCOCD-rPCOD-»OTtl'^»OCO'*TjirMQO «^coo30io-^rHQO<— iO»— iCMOOsO-^t--a50i:^-<*itNcn>i^coTticoc^cDcot^co»oicuOuocoiovou:)OSi— (co'^'-Hu:>cD •OlOSQOOOSQOuOCOlMCDvraocO COCM(MCSCOCMCOCO(N-OOi'^OOCOCOC2'^'McOOOi— lOii— I COQOiOCO CO'»*C0Tt11>'C0O5COJr^i— ICOCO CO CO Oi-(»ocooc<)"^a;i— icD OS CO (M CO rH CO i-( Tfl 00 00 CM r-l CO : *coocoO'-ii^i>'00«— iior^r-oscD (M(M00-*00i0Ot-i0»OvOiOCDii3rtlC00SO 1— ll— «i— lO i-Hi-HtHf— li— (I— (i— (I— (I-H 1—1 f— 1 T-l 1— ( f-H 0S05C0C0i-li-iC^i-iOC0«C 1866. The legislature, in its nineteenth regular session, convened on the tenth. H. D. Barron was elected speaker of the assembly. The " Union " and " Republican " members were in a majority in both branches of the legislature. " Our first duty," said Governor Fairchild in his. 'message, "is to give thanks to Almighty God for all His mercies during the year that is past." " The people of no nation on earth," he continued, " have greater cause to be thankful than have our people. The enemies of the country have been overthrown in battle. The war has settled finally great questions at issue between ourselves." Among the joint resolutions passed at this session was one submitting the question of a constitutional convention to frame a new constitution for the State, to the people. The legislature adjourned on the twelfth of April,, having been in session ninety-three days. At the general election in November of this year^ there were elected to the Fortieth congress : H. E. Paine, from the first district ; B. F. Hopkins,, from the second ; Amasa Cobb, from the third ; C. A. Eldredge, from the fourth ; Philetus Sawyer, from the fifth, and C. C. Washburn, from the sixth district. All were republicans except Eldredge, who was elected as a democrat. The proposition for a constitutional conven- tion was voted upon by the people at this election, but was defeated. The twentieth session of the legislature commenced on the ninth of January, 1867. Angus Cameron was elected speaker of the assembly. The legislature was strongly " Repub- lican-Union." The message of Governor Fairchild was read by him in person, on the tenth. On the twenty-third, the two houses, in joint convention, elected Timothy O. Howe United States senator for the term of six years, commencing on the fourth of March next ensuing. This legislature passed an act submitting to the people at the next Fall election an amendment to section twenty-one of article four of the constitution of the State, providing for paying a. salary of three hundred and fifty dollars to each member of the legislature, instead of a per diem allowance, as previously given. A sine die adjournment took place on the eleventh of April,, after a service of ninety-three days. To provide for the more efficient collection of license fees due the State, an act, approved on the day of adjournment, authorized the governor to appoint an agent of the treasury, to superintend and enforce the collection of fees due for licenses fixed by law. This law is still in force, the agent holding his office at the pleasure of the executive of the State. On the 27th of March, Chief Justice Dixon resigned his office, but was immediately appointed by the governor to the same position. At the election in April following, associate Justice Cole was re-elected, without opposition, for six years from the first Monday in January following. On the i6th of August, Associate Justice Downer having resigned, Byron Paine was appointed by the governor in his place. The republican State ticket, in the Fall, was elected over the democratic — resulting in the choice of Lucius Fairchild for governor ; Wyman Spooner, for lieutenant governor ; Thomas S. Allen, Jr., secretary of state; William E. Smith, for state treasurer; Charles R. Gill, for attorney general ; A. J. Craig, for superintendent of public instruction ; Jeremiah M. Rusk,, for bank comptroller, and Henry Cordier, for state prison commissioner. Except Craig, all these officers were the former incumbents. The amendment to section 2 1 of article 4 of the constitution of the State, giving the members a salary instead of a per diem allowance, was adopted at this election. As it now stands, each member of the legislature receives, for his services, three hundred and fifty dollars per annum, and ten cents for every mile he travels in going to and returning from the place of the meetings of the legislature, on the most WISCONSIN AS A STATE. 93 usual route. In case of any extra session of the legislature, no additional compensation shall be allowed to any member thereof, either directly or indirectly. Eleventh Administration. — Lucius Fairchild, Governor (second term) — 1868-1869. The Eleventh Administration in Wisconsin commenced at noon on the 6th day of January, 1868. This was the commencement of Governor Fairchild's second term. On the eighth of January, 1868, began the twenty-first regular session of the legislature of Wisconsin. A. M. Thomson was elected speaker of the assembly. Of the laws of a general nature passed by this legislature, was one abolishing the office of bank comptroller, transferring his duties to the state treasurer, aud another providing for the establishing of libraries in the various townships, of the State. A visible effect was produced by the constitutional amendment allowing members a salary, in abreviating this session, though not materially diminishing the amount of business transacted. A sine die adjournment took place on the sixth of March. At the election in April, 1868, Chief Justice Dixon was chosen for the unexpired balance of his own term, ending on the first Monday of January, 1870. At the same election, Byron Paine was chosen associate justice for the unexpired balance of Associate Justice Downer's term, ending the ist day of January, 1872. At the Fall election in this year, republican electors were chosen over those upon the democratic ticket, for president and vice president ; and, as a consequence. Grant and Colfax received the vote of Wisconsin. Of the members elected at the same time, to the forty-first congress, all but one were republicans — Eldredge being a democrat. The successful ticket was : H. E. Paine, from the first district ; B. F. Hopkins, from the second ; Amasa Cobb, from the third ; C. A. Eldredge, from the fourth ; Philetus Sawyer, from the fifth, and C. C. Washburn, from the sixth district. These were all members, form their respective districts, in the previous congress — the only instance since Wisconsin became a State of a re-election of all the incum- bents. On the thirteenth of January, 1869, began the twenty-second regular session of the State legislature. A. M. Thomson was elected speaker of the assembly. A very important duty imposed upon both houses was the election of a United States senator in the place of James R. Doolittle. The republicans having a majority in the legislature on joint ballot, the excitement among the members belonging to that party rose to a high pitch. The candidates for nomina- tion were Matthew H. Carpenter and C. C. Washburn. The contest was, up to that time, unparalleled in Wisconsin for the amount of personal interest manifested. Both gentlemen had a large lobby influence assembled at Madison. Carpenter was successful before the republican nominating convention, on the sixth ballot. On the twenty-seventh of January, the two houses proceeded to ratify the nomination by electing him United States senator for six years, from the fourth of March following. One of the most important transactions entered into by the legis- lature of 1869 was the ratification of the suffrage amendment to the constitution of the United States. Both houses adjourned sine die on the eleventh of March — a very short session. At the spring election, on the 6th of April, Luther S. Dixon was re-elected without opposition, chief justice of the supreme court, for a term of six years, from the first Monday in January next ensuing. In the Fall, both democrats and republicans put a State ticket in the field for the ensuing election : the republicans were successful, electing Lucius Fairchild, governor ; Thad- deus C. Pound, lieutenant governor; Llywelyn Breese, secretary of state ; Henry Baetz, state treasurer ; S. S. Barlow, attorney general ; george F. Wheeler, state prison commissioner \ and A. L. Craig, superintendent of pubHc instruction. The office of bank comptroller expired on the 31st day of December, 1869, the duties of the office being transferred to the state treasurer. '94' HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. At this election, an amendment to sections 5 and 9 of article five of the constitution of the State was ratified and adopted by the people. Under this amendment, the governor receives, during his continuance in office, an annual compensation of five thousand dollars, which is in full for all traveling or other expenses incident to his duties. The lieutenant governor receives, during his continuance in office, an annual compensation of one thousand dollars. Twelfth Administration. — Lucius Fairchild, Governor (third term) — 1870-187 1. On the third of January, 1870, commenced the twelfth administration in Wisconsin, Gov- ernor Fairchild thus entering upon his third term as chief executive of the State ; the only instance since the admission of Wisconsin into the Union, of the same person being twice re-elected to that office. It was an emphatic recognition of the value of his services in the gubernatorial chair. On the twelfth of January, the twenty-third regular session of the legis- lature of the State commenced at Madison. James M. Bingham was elected speaker of the a,ssembly. Before the expiration of the month. Governor Fairchild received official information that over two hundred thousand dollars of the war claim of Wisconsin upon the General Govern- ment had been audited, considerable more than one hundred thousand having the previous year been allowed. In the month of March, an energetic effort was made in the legislature, by members from Milwaukee, to remove the seat of government from Madison to their city ; but the project was defeated by a considerable majority in the assembly voting to postpone the -matter indefinitely. According to section eight of article one of the constitution, as originally adopted, no person could be held to answer for a criminal offense unless on the presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in, certain cases therein specified. The legislature of 1869 proposed an amendment against the " grand jury system " of the constitution, and referred it to the legislature of 1870 for their approval or rejection. The latter took up the proposition and agreed to it by the proper majority, and submitted it to the people at the next election for their ratification. The sine die adjournment of both houses took place on the seventeenth of March, 1870. On the first day of January, previous, the member of congress from the second district of the State, B. F. Hopkins, died, and David Atwood, republican, was elected to fill the vacancy on the fifteenth of February following. Early in 1870, was organized the " Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters." By an act of the legislature approved March 16, of that year, it was incorporated, having among its specific objects, researches and investigations in the various departments of the material, meta- physical, ethical, ethnological and social sciences ; a progressive and thorough scientific survey >of the State, with a view of determining its mineral, agricultural and other resources; the advancement of the useful arts, through the application of science, and by the encouragement -of original invention; the encouragement of the fine arts, by means of honors and prizes awarded to artists for original works of superior merit; the formation of scientific, economical -and art museums ; the encouragement of philological and historical research ; the collection and preservation of historic records, and the formation of a general library; and the diffusion of knowledge by the publication of original contributions to science, literature and the arts. The -academy has already published four volumes of transactions, under authority of the State. The fourth charitable institution established by Wisconsin was the " Northern Hospital for the Insane," located at Oshkosh, Winnebago county. It was authorized by an act of the legis- lature approved March 10, 1870. The law governing the admission of patients to this hospital as the same as to the Wisconsin State Hospital. WISCONSIN AS A STATE. 95 On the third day of July, 1870, A. J. Craig, superintendent of public instruction, died of consumption, and Samuel Fallows was, on the 6th of that mo.ith, appointed by the governor to fill the place made vacant by his death. The census taken this year by the General Govern- ment, showed the population of Wisconsin to be over one million sixty-four thousand. At the- Fall election for members to the forty-second congress, Alexander Mitchell was chosen to represent the first district; G. W. Hazelton, the second; J. A. Barber, the third; C. A. Eldredge, the fourth; Philetus Sawyer, the fifth; and J. M. Rusk, the sixth district. Mitchell _ and Eldredge were democrats; the residue were republicans. The amendment to section 8, of article 7 of the constitution of the State, abolishing the grand jury system was ratified by a. large majority. Under it, no person shall be held to answer for a criminal offense without due process of law, and no person, for the same offense, shall be put twice in jeopardy of punishment, nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself All persons shall,, before conviction, be bailable by sufficient sureties, except for capital offenses when the proof is- evident and the presumption great; and the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended unless, when in cases of rebellion or invasion, the pub'iic safety may require it. Governor Fairchild, in his last annual message to the legislature, delivered to that body at its twenty-fourth regular session beginning on the eleventh of January, 187 1, said that Wisconsin State polity was so wisely adapted to the needs of the people, and so favorable to the growth, and prosperity of the commonwealth, as to require but few changes at the hands of the legisla- ture, and those rather of detail than of system. At the commencement of this session, William E. Smith was elected speaker of the assembly. A very carefully-perfected measure of this, legislature was one providing for the trial of criminal offenses on information, without the inter- vention of a Grand Jury. A state commissioner of immigration, to be elected by the people, was. provided for. Both bodies adjourned sine die on the twenty-fifth of March. On the thirteenth of January preceding. Associate Justice Byron Paine, of the supreme court, died ; whereupon the governor, on the 20th of the same month, appointed in his place, until the Spring election, should be held, William Penn Lyon. The latter, at the election in April, was chosen by the. people to serve the unexpired time of Associate Justice Paine, ending the first Monday of Jan- uary, 1872, and for a full term of six years from the same date. On the 3d of April, Ole C. Johnson was appointed by the governor state commissioner of immigration, to serve until his successor at the next general election could be chosen by the people. To the end that the administration of public charity and correction should thereafter be conducted upon sound, principles of ecopomy, justice and humanity, and that the relations existing between the State and its dependent and criminal classes might be better understood, there was, by an act of the- legislature, approved March 23, 1871, a "state board of charities and reform" created — to- consist of five members to be appointed by the governor of the State, the duties of the members being to investigate and supervise the whole system of charitable and correctional institutions supported by the State or recei\ing aid from the State treasury, and on or before the first day of December in each year to report their proceedings to the executive of the State. This board was thereafter duly organized and its members have since reported annually to the governor their proceedings and the amount of their expenses, as required by law. The "Wisconsin State Horticultural Sociciy," although previously organized, first under the name of the " Wisconsin Fruit Growers' Association," was not incorporated until the 24th oF March, 1871 — the object of the society being to improve the condition of horticulture, rural adornment and landscape gardening. By a law of i863, provision was made for the publication of the society's transactions in conneciion' with the State agricultural society ; but by the act. 96 HISTOEY OF WISCONSIN. of 1 87 1, this law was repealed and an appropriation made for their yearly publication in separate form;, resulting in the issuing, up to the present time, of nine volumes. The society holds annual meetings at Madison. At the November election both republicans and democrats had a full ticket for the suffrages of the people. The republicans were successful, electing for governor, C. C. Washburn; M. H. Pettitt, for lieutenant governor ; Llywelyn Breese, for secretary of state ; Henry Baetz, for state treasurer; Samuel Fallows, for superintendent of public instruction ; S. S. Barlow, for attorney general ; G. F. Wheeler, for state prison commissioner ; and O. C. Johnson, for state commis- sioner of immigration. At this election an amendment to article four of the constitution of the State was ratified and adopted by the people. As it now stands, the legislature is prohibited from enacting any special or private laws in the following cases : 1st. For changing the names of persons or constituting one person the heir-at-law of another. 2d. For laying out, opening, or altering highways, except in cases of State roads extending into more than one county, and mili- tary roads to aid in the construction of which lands may be granted by congress. 3d. For authorizing persons to keep ferries across streams, at points wholly within this State. 4th. For authorizing the sale or mortgage of real or personal property of minors or others under disability. 5th. For locating or changing any county seat. 6th. For assessment or collection of taxes or for extending the time for the collection thereof 7th. For granting corporate powers or privileges, except to cities. 8th. For authorizing the apportionment of any part of the school fund. 9th. For incorporating any town or village, or to amend the charter thereof. The legislature shall provide general laws for the transaction of any business that may be prohibited in the foregoing cases, and all such laws shall be uniform in their operation throughout the State. Industrially considered, the year 187 1 had but little to- distinguish it from the average of previous years in the State, except that the late frosts of Spring and the drouth of Summer dimin- ished somewhat the yield of certain crops. With the exception of slight showers of only an hour or two's duration, in the month of September, no rain fell in Wisconsin from the eighth of July to the ninth of October — a period of three months. The consequence was a most calamitous event which will render the year 1871 memorable in the history of the State. The great drouth of the Summer and Fall dried up the streams and swamps in Northern Wisconsin. In the forests, the fallen leaves and underbrush which covered the ground became very ignitable. The ground itself, especially in cases of alluvial or bottom lands, was so dry and parched as to burn readily to 'the depth of a foot or more. For many days preceding the com- mencement of the second week in October fires swept through the timbered country, and in some instances over prairies and " openings." Farmers, saw-mill owners, railroad men and all others interested in exposed property, labored day and night in contending against the advance of devouring fires, which were destroying, notwithstanding the ceaseless energies of the people, an occasional mill or house and sweeping off, here and there, fences, haystacks and barns. Over the counties lying upon Green bay and a portion of those contiguous thereto on the south, southwest and west, hung a general gloom. No rain came. All energies were exhausted from " fighting fire." The atmosphere was every where permeated with smoke. The waters of the bay and even Lake Michigan, in places, were so enveloped as to render navigation difficult and in some instances dangerous. It finally became very dififrcult to travel upon highways and on railroads. Time drew on — but there came no rain. The ground in very many places was burned over. Persons sought refuge — some in excavations in the earth, others in wells. The counties of Oconto, Brown, Kewaunee, Door, Manitowoc, Outagamie and Shawano ■were all more or less swept by this besom of destruction ; but in Oconto county, and for some distance into Menomonee county, Michigan, across the Menomonee river, on the west shore of WISCONSIN AS A STATE. 97 the bay and throughout the whole length and breadth of the peninsula, — that is, the territory lying between the bay and Lake Michigan, — the fires were the most devastating. The first week in October passed ; then came an actual whirlwind of fire — ten or more miles in width and of indefinite length. The manner of its progress was extraordinarj. It destroyed a vast amount of property and many lives. It has been described as a tempestuous sea of flame, accompanied by a most violent hurricane, which multiplied the force of the destructive element. Forests, farm improvements and entire villages were consumed. Men, women and children perished — awfully perished. Even those who fled and sought refuge from the fire in cleared fields, in swamps, lakes and rivers, found, many of them, no safety there, but were burned to death or died of suf- focation. This dreadful and consuming fire was heralded by a sound likened to that of a railroad train — to the roar of a waterfall — to the noise of a battle at a distance. Not human beings only, but horses, oxen, cows, dogs, swine — every thing that had life — ran to escape the impend- ing destruction. The smoke was suffocating and blinding ; the roar of the tempest deafening ; the atmosphere scorching. Children were separated from their parents, and trampled upon by crazed beasts. Husbands and wives rushed in wild dismay, they knew not where. Death rode triumphantly upon that devastating, fiery flood. More than one thousand men, women and children perished. More than three thousand were rendered destitute — utterly beggared. Mothers were left with fatherless children ; fathers with motherless children. Every where were homeless orphans. All around lay suffering, helpless humanity, burned and maimed. Such was the sickening spectacle after the impetuous and irresistible wave of fire swept over that portion of the State. This appalling calamity happened on the 8th and 9th of October. The loss of property has been estimated at four million dollars. At the tidings of this fearful visitation. Governor Fairchild hastened to the burnt district, to assist, as much as was in his power, the distressed sufferers. He issued, on the 13th of the month, a stirring appeal to the citizens of Wisconsin, for aid. It was promptly responded to from all portions of the State outside the devastated region. Liberal contributions in money, clothing and provisions were sent — some from other States, and even from foreign countries. Northwestern Wisconsin also suffered severely, during these months of drouth, from large fires. A compilation of the public statutes Of Wisconsin was prepared during the year 1871, by David Taylor, and published in two volumes, generally known as the Revised Statutes of 1871. It was wholly a private undertaking; but the, legislature authorized the secretary of state to purchase five hundred copies for the use of the State, at its regular session in 1872. Thirteenth Administration. — C. C. Washburn, Governor — 1872-1873. The thirteenth gubernatorial administration in Wisconsin commenced on Monday, January I, 1872. The only changes made, in the present administration from ^^the previous one, were in the ofiices of governor and lieutenant governor. The twenty-fifth regular session of the legislature began on the loth of January, with a republican majority in both houses. Daniel Hall was elected speaker of the assembly. The next day the governor delivered to a joint convention of the legislature his first annual message — a lengthy document, setting forth in detail the general condition of State affairs. The recent great conflagrations were referred to, and relief suggested. The work of this session of the Leg- islature was peculiarly difficult, owing to the many general laws which the last constitutional amendment made necessary. The apportionment of the State into new congressional districts was another perplexing and onerous task. Eight districts were formed instead of six, as at the commencement of the last decade. By this, the fourth congressional apportionment, each district 98 HISTOEY OF WISCONSIN. elects one member. The first district consists of the counties of Rock, Racine, Kenosha, Wal- worth, and Waukesha; the second, of Jefferson, Dane, Sauk, and Columbia; the third* of Grant, Iowa, LaFayette, Green, Richland, and Crawford ; the fourth, of Milwaukee, Ozaukee, and Wash- ington ; the fifth, of Dodge, Fond du Lac, Sheboygan and Manitowoc ; the sixth, of Green Lake,. Waushara, Waupaca, Outagamie, Winnebago, Calumet, Brown, Kewaunee and Door ; the sev- enth, of Vernon, La Crosse, Monroe, Jackson, Trempealeau, Buffalo, Pepin, Pierce, St. Croix, Eau Claire, and Clark ; the eighth, of Oconto, Shawano, Portage, Wood, Juneau, Adams, Marquette,, Marathon, Dunn, Chippewa, Barron, Polk, Burnett, Bayfield, Douglas, and Ashland. To this, district have since been added the new counties of Lincoln, Taylor, Price, Marinette and New. After a session of seventy-seven days, the legislature finished its work, adjourning on the twenty-seventh of March. At the ensuing November election, the republican ticket for presi- dent and vice president of the United States was successful. The ten electors chosen cast their votes in the electoral college for Grant and Wilson. In the eight congressional districts, six republicans and two democrats were elected to the forty-third congress ; the last mentioned from the fourth and fifth districts. C. G. Williams represented the first district ; G. W. Hazel- ton the second; J. Allen Barber the third ; Alexander Mitchell the fourth ; C. A. Eldredge the fifth ; Philetus Sawyer the sixth ; J. M. Rusk the seventh ; and A. G. McDill the eighth district. Throughout Wisconsin, as in all portions of the Union outside the State, a singular pesti- lence prevailed among horses in the months of November and December, 1872, very few escap- ing. Horses kept in warm, well ventilated stables, avoiding currents of air, with little or nO' medicine, and fed upon nutritious and laxative food, soon recovered. Although but few died, yet the loss to the State was considerable, especially in villages and cities, resulting from the diffi- culty to substitute other animals in the place of the horse daring the continuance of the disease. The twenty-sixth regular session of the State legislature commenced on the eighth day of January, 1873, with a republican majority in both houses. Henry D. Barron was elected speaker of the assembly. On the ninth. Governor Washburn's message — his second annual one — was delivered to the two houses. It opened with a brief reference to the abundant returns- from agricultural pursuits, to the developments of the industries of the state, to the advance in manufacturing, to the rapid extension in railways, and to the general and satisfactory progress in education, throughout Wisconsin. He followed with several recommendations — claiming that "many vast and overshadowing corporations in the United States are justly a source of alarm," and that " the legislature can not scan too closely every measure that should come before it which proposed to give additional rights and privileges to the railways of the state." He also- recommended that the " granting of passes to the class of state officials who, through their public office, have power to confer or withhold benefits to a railroad company, be prohibited." The message was favorably commented upon by the press of the state, of all parties. " If Governor Washburn," says one of the opposition papers of his administration, " is not a great statesman,, he is certainly not a small politician." One of the first measures of this legislature was the elec- tion of United States senator, to fill the place of Timothy O. Howe, whose term of office would expire on the fourth of March next ensuing On the twenty-second of January the two houses, met in joint convention, when it was announced that by the previous action of the senate and assembly, Timothy O. Howe was again elected to that office for the term of six years. Oh the twentieth of March, the legislature adjourned sine die, after a session of seventy-two days. Milton H. Pettitt, the lieutenant governor, died on the 23d day of March following the adjournment. By this sudden and unexpected death, the State lost an upright and conscientious- public officer. WISCONSIN AS A STATE. 99 Among the important acts passed by this legislature was one providing for a geological svir- vey of the State, to be begun in Ashland and Douglas counties, and completed within four years, by a chief geologist and four assistants, to be appointed by the governor, appropriating for the work an annual payment of thirteen thousand dollars. An act providing for a geological survey, of the State, passed by the legislature, and approved March 25, 1853, authorized the governor to appoint a state geologist, who was to select a suitable person as assistant geologist. Their duties were to make a geological and mineralogical survey of the State. Under this law Edward Daniels, on the first day of April, 1853, was appointed state geologist, superseded on the 12th day of August, 1854, by James G. Percival, who died in office on the 2d of May, 1856, at Hazel' Green. By an act approved March 3, 1S57, James Hall, Ezra Carr and Edward Daniels were appointed by tjie legislature geological commissioners. By an act approved April 2, r86o, Hall was made principal of the commission. The survey was interrupted bya repeal, March 21, 1862,. of previous laws promoting it. However, to complete the survey, the matter was reinstated by the act of this legislature, approved March 29, the governor, under that act, appointing as chief geologist Increase A. Lapham, April 10, 1873. Another act changed the management of the state prison — providing for the appointment by the governor of three directors; one for two years, one for four years, and one for .six years^ in place of a state prison commissioner, who had been elected by the people every two yearsj, along with other officers of the State. At the Spring election, Orsamus Cole, who had been eighteen years upon the bench, was re-elected, without opposition, an associate justice of the supreme court, for a term of six years, from the first Monday in January following. The two tickets in the field at the Fall election were the republican and the people's reform. The latter was successful ; the political scepter passing out of the hands of the republicans, after a supremacy in the State continuing unbroken; since the beginning of the seventh administration, when A. W. Randall (governor for a second term) and the residue of the State officers were elected — all republicans. The general success among the cultivators of the soil throughout the state during the year,, notwithstanding "the crisis," was marked and satisfactory ; but the financial disturbances during the latter part of the Fall and the first part of the Winter, resulted in a general depreciation of prices. Fourteenth Administration. — William R. Taylor, Governor — 1874-75. The fourteenth administration of Wisconsin commenced at noon on Monday, the fifth day of January, 1874, by the inauguration of William R. Taylor as governor; Charles D. Parker,, lieutenant governor; Peter Doyle, secretary of state; Ferdinand Kuehn, state treasurer; A. Scott Sloan, attorney general; Edward Searing, superintendent of public instruction; and Martin J. Argard, state commissioner of immigration. These officers were not elected by any distinctive political party as such, but as the representatives of a new political organization, including " all Democrats, Liberal Republicans, and other electors of Wisconsin, friendly to genuine reform through equal and impartial legislation, honesty in office, and rigid economy in the administration of affairs." Among the marked characteristics of the platform agreed upon by the convention nominating the above-mentioned ticket was a declaration by the members that they would " vote for no candidate for office whose nomination is the fruit of his own importunity, or of a corrupt combination among partisan leaders ;" another, " that the sovereignty of the State over corporations of its own creation shall be sacredly respected, to the full extent of protecting the people against every form of monopoly or extor- tion," not denying, however, an encouragement to wholesome enterprise on the part of aggre- 100 HISTORY or WISCONSIN. gated capital — this "plank" having special reference to a long series of alleged grievances assumed to have been endured by the people on account of discriminations in railroad charges and a consequent burdensome taxation upon labor — especially upon the agricultural industry of the State. The twenty-seventh regular session of the Wisconsin legislature commenced at Madison on the fourteenth of January. The two houses were politically antagonistic in their majorities ; the senate was republican, while the assembly had a " reform " majority. In the latter branch, Gabriel Bouck was elected speaker. Governor Taylor, on the fifteenth, met the legislature in joint convention and delivered his message. " An era," said he, "of apparent prosperity without parallel in the previous history of the nation, has been succeeded by financial reverses affecting all classes of industry, and largely modifying the standard of values." "Accompanying these financial disturbances," added the governor, " has come an imperative demand from the people for a purer political morality, a more equitable apportionment of the burdens and blessings of government, and a more rigid economy in the administration of public affairs." Among the important acts passed by this legislature was one generally known as the " Potter Law," from the circumstance of the bill being introduced by Robert L. D. Potter, sen- ator, representing the twenty-fifth senatorial district of the state. The railroad companies for a number of years had, as before intimated, been complained of by the people, who charged them with unjust discriminations and exorbitantly high rates for the transportation of passengers and merchandize. All the railroad charters were granted by acts at different times of the State leg- islature, under the constitution which declares that " corporations may be formed under general laws, but shall not be created by a spec'ial act, except for municipal purposes and in cases where, in the judgment of the legislature, the objects of the corporations can not be attained under general laws. All general laws, or special acts, enacted under the provisions of this section, may be altered or repealed by the legislature at any time after their passage." The complaints of the people seem to have renlained unheeded, resulting in the passage of the " Potter Law." This law limited the compensation for the transportation of passengers, classi- fied freight, and regulated prices for its transportation within the State. It also required the governor on or before the first of May, 1874, by and with the consent of the senate, to appoint three railroad commissioners ; one for one year, one for two years, and one for three years, whose terms of office should commence on the fourteenth day of May, and that the governor, thereafter, on the first day of May, of each year, should appoint one commissioner for three years. Under this law, the governor appointed J. H. Osborn, for three years ; George H. Paul, for two years ; and J. W. Hoyt, for one year. Under executive direction, this commission inau- gurated its labors by compiling, classifying, and putting into convenient form for public use for the first time, all the railroad legislation of the State. At the outset the two chief railroad corporations of the State-r-the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul, and the Chicago and Northwestern — served formal notice upon the governor of Wis- consin that they would not respect the provisions of the new railroad law. Under his oath of office, to support the constitution of the State, it was the duty of Governor Taylor to expedite all such measures as should be resolved upon by the legislature, and to take care that the laws be faithfully executed. No alternative, therefore, was le^t the chief executive but to enforce the law. by all the means placed in his hands for that purpose. He promptly responded to the noti- fication of the railroad companies by a proclamation, dated May i, 1874, in which he enjoined compliance with the statute, declaring that all the functions of his office would be exercised in fai&fuUy executing the laws, and invoking the aid of all good citizens thereto. " The law of the land," said Governor Taylor, "must be respected and obeyed." "While none," continued he, WISCONSIN AS A STATE. 101 ■" are so weak as to be without its protection, none are so strong as to be above its restraints. If provisions of the law be deemed oppressive, resistance to its mandates will not abate, but rather multiply the anticipated evils." ''It is the right," he added, '"of all to test its validity through the constituted channels, but with that right is coupled the duty of yielding a general obedience to its requirements until it has been pronounced invalid by competent authority." The railroad companies claimed not merely the unconstitutionality of the law, but that its enforcement would bankrupt the companies, and suspend the operation of their lines. The governor, in reply, pleaded the inviolability of his oath of office and his pledged faith to the people. The result was an appeal to the courts, in which the State, under the direction of its governor, was compelled to confront an array of the most formidable legal talent of the country. Upon the result in Wisconsin depended the vitality of much similar legislation in neighboring States, and Governor Taylor and his associate representatives of State authority were thus compelled to bear the brunt of a controversy of national extent and consequence. The contention extended both to State and United States courts, the main question involved being the constitutional power of the State over corporations of its own creation. In all respects, the State was fully sustained in its position, and, ultimately, judgments were rendered against the corporations in all the State and federal courts, including the supreme court of the United States, and estab- lishing finally the complete and absolute power of the people, through the legislature, to modify ■or altogether repeal the charters of corporations. Another act of the session of 1874 abolished the office of State commissioner of immigra- tion, "on and after " the first Monday of January, 1876. The legislature adjourned on the twelfth of March, 1874, after a. session of fifty-eight days. The office of state prison commissioner having, by operation of law, become vacant on the fifth day of January, 1874, the governor, on the twenty-third of that month, appointed for State prison directors, Joel Rich, for two years ; William E. Smith, for four years ; and Nelson Dewey, for six years : these to take the place of that officer. On the sixteenth of June, Chief Justice Dixon, whose term of office would have expired on the first Monday in January, 1876, resigned his seat upon the bench of the supreme court, Governor Taylor appointing Edward G. Ryan in his place until his successor should be elected and qualified. At the November election of this year, the members chosen to the forty-fourth congress were — Charles G. Williams, from the first district; Lucian B. Caswell, from the second ; Henry S. Magoon, from the third ; William Pitt Lynde, from the fourth ; Samuel D. Burchard, from the fifth; A. M. Kimball, from the sixth; Jeremiah M. Rusk, from the seventh, and George W. Gate, from the eighth district. Lynde, Burchard and Gate were " reform ; " the residue were republitan. At the same election, an amendment to section 3 of article 11 of the constitution of the State was duly ratified and adopted by the people. Under this section, as it now stands, it is the duty of the legislature, and they are by it empowered, to provide for the organization of cities and incorporated villages, and to restrict their power of taxation, assessment, borrowing money, contracting debts, and loaning their credit, so as to prevent abuses in assessments and taxation, and in contracting debts, by such municipal corporations. No county, city, town, village, school district, or other municipa. corporation, shall be allowed to become indebted in any manner, or for any purpose, to a-"/ ..ount, including existing indebtedness in the aggregate, exceeding five per centum on the vaiuC of the taxable property therein, to be ascertained by the last assessment for State and county taxes previous to the incurring of such indebtedness. Any county, city, town, village, "school district, or other municipal corporation, incurring any indebt- edness as aforesaid, shall, before, or at the time of doing so, provide for the collection of a direct i02 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. annual tax sufficient to pay the interest on such debt as it falls due, and also to pay and discharge: the principal thereof within twenty years from the time of contracting the same. In 1872, the first appropriation for fish culture in Wisconsin was made by the legislature,,, subject to the direction of the United States commissioner of fisheries. In 1874, a further sum was appropriated, and the governor of the State authorized to appoint three commissioners,, whose duties were, upon receiving any spawn or fish, by or through the United States commis- sioner of fish and fisheries, to immediately place such spawn in the care of responsible pisci- culturists of the State, to be hatched and distributed in the different waters in and surrounding; Wisconsin. Two more members have since been added by law to the commission ; their labors have been much extended, and liberal appropriations made to further the object they have in view — with flattering prospects of their finally being able to stock the streams and lakes of the State with the best varieties of food fish. The year 1874, in Wisconsin, was characterized as one of general prosperity among farmers^ excepting the growers of wheat. The crop of that cereal was light, and, in places, entirely- destroyed by the chinch-bug. As a consequence, considerable depression existed in business in. the wheat-growing districts. Trade and commerce continued throughout the year at a low ebb, the direct result of the monetary crisis of 1873. The legislature commenced its twenty-eighth regular session on the thirteenth of January,, 1875, with a republican majority in both houses. F. W. Horn was elected speaker of the- assembly. The governor delivered his message in person, on the fourteenth, to' the two houses. " Thanking God for all His mercies," are his opening words, " I congratulate you that order and. ' peace reign throughout the length and breadth of our State. Our material prosperity has not. fulfilled our anticipations. But let us remember that we bear no burden of financial depression not common to all the States, and that the penalties of folly are the foundation of wisdom." la regard to the " Potter Law," the governor said, " It is not my opinion that this law expressed the- best judgment of the legislature which enacted it. While the general principles upon which it is founded command our unqualified approbation, and can never be surrendered, it must be- conceded that the law is defective in some of its details. . . . The great object sought to be accomplished by our people," continued the speaker, "is not the management of railroad property by themselves, but to prevent its mismanagement by others." Concerning the charge that Wisconsin was -warring upon railways within her limits, the governor added, " She has never proposed such a war. She proposes none now. She asks only honesty, justice and the peace of mutual good will. To all men concerned, her people say in sincerity and in truth that every dollar invested in our State shall be lawfully entitled to its just protection, whencesoever the danger comes. In demanding justice for all, the State will deny justice to aone. In forbidding: mismanagement, the State will impose no restraints upon any management that is hsnest and just. In this, the moral and hereditary instincts of our people furnish a stronger bond of good- faith than the judgments of courts or the obligations of paper constitutions. Honest capital, may be timid and easily frightened; yet it is more certain to seek investment among a people whose laws are at all times a shield for the weak and a reliance for the strong — where the- wholesome restraints of judicious legislation are felt alike by the exalted and the humble, the- rich and the poor." The first important business to be transacted by this legislature was the election of a United States senator, as the term for which M. H. Carpenter had been elected would expire on the- fourth of March ensuing. Much interest was manifested in the matter, not only in the two* houses, but throughout the State. There was an especial reason for this ; for, although the thea. WISCONSIN AS A STATE. 103 incumbent was a candidate for re-election, with a republican majority in the legislature, yet it Tvas well- known that enough members of that party were pledged, before the commencement of the session, to vote against him, to secure his defeat, should they stand firm to their pledges. The republicans met in caucus and nominated Carpenter for re-election; but the recalcitrant members held themselves aloof. Now, according to usual precedents, a nomination by the domi- nant party was equivalent to an election ; not so, however, in this case, notwithstanding the friends of the nominee felt sanguine of his election in the end. The result of the first ballot, on the twenty-sixth of January, was, in the senate, thirteen for the republican candidate ; in the assembly, forty-six votes, an aggregate of only fifty-nine. He lacked four votes in the assembly and an equal number in the senate, of having a majority i.i each house. On the twenty-seventh, the two houses, in joint convention, h.iving met to compare the record of the voting the day previous, and it appearing that no one person had received a majority of the votes in each house for United States senator, they proceeded to their first joint ballot. The result was, no election. The balloting was continued each day, until the third of February, when, on the eleventh joint trial, Angus Cameron, of LaCrosse, having received sitxty-eight votes, to Carpenter's fifty-nine, with five scattering, was declared elected. As in the previous session so in this, — one of the most absorbing subjects before the legisla- ture was that of railroads; the " Potter Law" receiving a due share of attention in both houses. The result was an amendment in some important particulars without changing the right of State control : rates were modified. The law as amended was more favorable to the railroad compa- nies and was regarded as a compromise. The legislature adjourned sine die on the 6th of March. This was the shortest session ever held in the State except one of twenty-five years previous. On the i6th of February, O. W. Wight was appointed by the governor chief geologist of Wisconsin, in place of I. A. Lapham, whose appointment had not been acted upon by the Senate. On the 24th of the same month, J. W. Hoyt was appointed railroad commissioner for three years from the first day of May following, on which day his one-year term in the same office would expire. At the regular Spring election on the 6th of April following, Edward G. Ryan was ■elected, without opposition, chief justice of the supreme court for the unexpired term of Chief Justice Dixon, ending the first Monday in January, 1876, and for a full term of six years from the last mentioned date; so that his present term of ofiice will expire on the ist Monday in Jan- uary, 1882. An act providing for taking the census of Wisconsin on or before the ist of July, 1875, was passed by the legislature and approved the 4th of March pievious. It required an enumeration of all the inhabitants of the State except Indians, who were not entitled to the right of suffrage. The result of this enumeration gave a total population to Wisconsin of one million two hundred and thirty-six thousand seven hundred and twenty-nine. At the November election, republican and " reform " tickets were in the field for State officers, resulting in the success of the latter, except as to governor. For this office Harrison Ludington was chosen by a majority, according to the State board of canvassers, over William R. Taylor, of eight hundred and forty-one. The rest of the candidates elected were : Charles D. Parker, lieutenant governor ; Petei Doyle, secretary of state; Ferdinand Kuehn, treasurer of state, A. Scott Sloan, attorney general; and Edward Searing, superintendent of public instruction. The act abolishing the office of state commissionei of immigration was to take effect " on and after '' the close of this administration ; so, 01 course, no person was voted for to fill that position at the Fall election of 1875. During this administration the principle involved in a long-pending controversy between the State and Minnesota relating to valuable harbor privileges at the head of Lake Superior, was suc- cessfully and finally settled in favor of Wisconsin. The influence of the executive was largely 104 HISTOEY OF WISCOlSrSIN. instrumental in initiating a movement which resulted in securing congressional appropriations amounting to f 800,000 to the Fox and Wisconsin river improvement. A change was inaugu- rated in the whole system of timber agencies over State and railroad lands, by which the duties of agents were localized, and efficiency was so well established that many important trespasses were brought to light from which over $60,000 in penalties was collected and paid into the Treasury, while as much more was subsequently realized from settlements agreed upon and proceedings instituted. By decisive action on the part of the governor an unsettled printing claim of nearly a hundred thousand dollars was met and defeated in the courts.. During this period also appro- priations were cut down, and the rate of taxation diminished. Governor Taylor bestowed unre- mitting personal attention to details of business with a view of promoting the public interests with strict economy, while his countenance and support was extended to all legitimate enter- prises. He required the Wisconsin Central railroad company to give substantial assurance that it would construct a branch line from Stevens Point to Portage City as contemplated by congress^ before issuing certificates for its land grants. The closing year of the century of our national existence — 1875, was one somewhat discour- aging to certain branches of the agricultural interests of Wisconsin. The previous Winter had been an unusually severe one. A greater breadth of corn was planted than in any previous year in the State, but the unusually late season, followed by frosts in August and September, entirely ruined thousands of acres of that staple. Fifteenth Administration. — Harrison Ludington, Governor — 1876-1877. The fifteenth administration of Wisconsin commenced at noon on Monday, January 3, 1876, by the inauguration of State officers — Harrison Ludington, as previously stated, having been elected upon the republican ticket, to fill the chief executive office of the State ; the others, to the residue of the offices, upon the democratic reform ticket : the governor, like three of his predecessors — Farwell, Bashford, and Randall (first term) — having been chosen by a majority less than one thousand ; and, like two of his predecessors — Farwell and Bashford — when all the other State officers differed with him in politics. The twenty-ninth regular session of the legislature of Wisconsin began on the 12th of Janu- ary, 1876, at Madison. The republicans were in the majority in both houses. Samuel S. Fifield was elected speaker of the assembly. On the 13th, Governor Ludington delivered in person, to a joint convention of that body, his message, communicating the condition of affairs of the State, and recommending such matters for the consideration of the legislators as were thought expedient : it was brief; its style condensed ; its striking peculiarity, a manly frankness. " It is not the part of wisdom," said he, in his concluding remarks, "to disguise the fact that the people of this State, in common with those of all sections of the Union, have suffered some abatement of the prosperity that they have enjoyed in the past." "We have entered," he continued, "upon the centennial of our existence as an independent nation. It is fit that we should renew the spirit in which the Republic had its birth, and our determination that it shall endure to fulfill the great purposes of its existence, and to justify the noble sacrifices of its founders." The legislature adjourned sine die on the 14th of March, 1876, after a session of sixty-three days. The chief measures of the session were : The amendment of the railroad laws, maintaining salutary restric- tions while modifying those features which were crippling and crushing an important interest of the State ; and the apportionment of the State into senate and assembly districts. It is a pro- vision of the constitution of the State that the number of the members of the assembly shall never be less than fifty-four, nor more than one hundred ; and that the senate shall consist of a number not more than one-third nor less than one-fourth of the number of the members of the "W/SCONSIN AS A STATE. 105 assembly. Since the year 1862, the aggregate allotted to both houses had been one hundred and thirty-three, the maximum allowed by the constitution ; one hundred in the assembly and thirty- three in the senate. The number of this representation was not diminished by the apportion- ment of 1876. One of the railroad laws abolished the board of railroad commissioners, confer- ring its duties upon a railroad commissioner to be appointed by the governor every two years. Under this law. DanaC. J^amb was appointed to that office, on the loth of March, 1876. On the 2d day of February, previous, George W. Burchard was by the governor appointed state prison director for six years, in place of Joel Rich, whose term of office had expired. On the same day T. C. Charaberlin was appointed chief geologist of Wisconsin in place of O. W. Wight. The application of Miss Lavinia Goodell, for admission to the bar of Wisconsin, was rejected by the supreme court of the State, at its January term, 1876. "We can not but think," iaid Chief Justice Ryan, in the decree of refusal, " we can not but think the common law wise in excluding women from the profession of the law." " The profession," he added, " enters largely into the well-being of society, and, to be honorably filled,, and safely to society, exacts the devotion of life. The law of nature destines and qualifies the female sex for the bearing and nurture of the children of our race, and for the custody of the homes of the world, and their maintenance in love and honor. And all life-long callings of women inconsistent with these radical and social duties of their sex, as is the profession of the law, are departures from the order of Nature, and, when voluntary, are treason against it." By a law since passed, no person can be denied admission to any court in the State on account of sex ; and Miss Goodell has been admitted to practice in the Supreme Court. By an act of the legislature, approved March r3, 1876, a State board of health was estab- lished, the appointment of a superintendent of vital statistics, was provided for, and certain duties were assigned to local boards of health. The State board was organized soon after; the governor having previously appointed seven persons as its members. The object of the organization, which is supported by the State, is, to educate the people of Wisconsin into a better knowledge of the nature and causes of disease, and a better knowledge and observance of hygienic laws. By a law passed in 1868, as amended in 1870 and 1873, the secretary of state, state treasurer, and attorney general, were constituted a State board of assessment, to meet in the city of Madison, on the third Wednesday m May, 1874, and biennally thereafter, to make an equalized valuation of the property in the State, as a guide to assessment for taxation. In the tables of equalized valuations compiled by this board in 1876, the whole amount of taxable property in Wisconsin, is set down at $423,596,290 ; of which sum $337,073,148, represents real estate and $86,523,142 personal property. This being the year for the election of president and vice president of the United States, the two political parties in Wisconsin — republican and democratic — had tickets in the field. At the election on Tuesday, November 7, the republican presidential electors received a majority of the votei cast in the State, securing Wisconsin for Hayes and Wheeler. The eight congressional districts elected the same day their members to the forty-fifth congress, whose terms of office would expire on the 4th of March, 1879. Charles G. Williams was elected in the first district; Lucien B. Caswell, in the second; George C. Hazelton, in the third; William P. Lynde, in the fourth; Edward S. Bragg, in the fifth; Gabriel Bouck, in the sixth; H. L. Humphrey, in the seventh; and Thad. C. Pound, in the eighth district. A majority of the delegation was republican, the representatives from the fourth, fifth and sixth districts only, being democrats. 106 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. There was a general and spontaneous exhibition of patriotic impulses throughout the length and breadth of Wisconsin, on the part of both native and foreign-born citizens, at the com- mencement of the centennial year, and upon the fourth of July. The interest of the people of the State generally, in the Exposition at Philadelphia, was manifested in a somewhat remarkable manner from its inception to its close. By an act of congress, approved March 3, 187 1, pro- vision was made for celebrating the one hundredth anniversary of American Independence, by holding in that city, in 1876, an exhibition of arts, manufactures, and the products of the soil and mines of the country. A centennial commission, consisting of one commissioner and one alternate commissioner, from each State and Territory, was authorized to be appointed, to carry out the provisions of the act. David Atwood, as commissioner, and E. D. Holton, as alternate, were commissioned by" the president of the United States, from Wisconsin. This commission gradually made progress in preparing for an international fexposition. " The commission has been organized," said Governor Washburn, in his message to the legislature in January, 1873, *' and has made considerable progress in its work. The occasion will be one to which iTie American people can not fail to respond in the most enthusiastic manner." The president of the United States, by proclamation, in July, 1873, announced the exhibition and national celebra- tion, and commended them to the people of the Union, and of all nations. " It seems fitting," Said Governor Taylor, in his message to the Wisconsin legislature in 1874, " that such a cele- bration of this important event, should be held, and it is hoped it will be carried out in a manner worthy of a great and enlightened nation." By the close of 1874, a large number of foreign governments had signified their intention to participate in the exhibition. The legislature of Wisconsin, at its session in 1875, deeming it essential that the State, with its vast resources in agricultural, mineral, lumbering, manufacturing, and other products and industries, should be fully represented at Philadelphia, passed an act which was approved March 3, 1875, to provide for a "Board of State Centennial Managers." Two thousand dollars were appropriated to pay its necessary expenses. The board was to consist of five members to be appointed by the governor; and there were added thereto, as ex-officio members, the United States centennial commissioner and his alternate. The duties of the members were to dis- seminate information regarding the Exhibition ; to secure the co-operation of industrial, scien- tific, agricultural, and other associations in the State ; to appoint co-operative local committees, representing the different industries of the State ; to stimulate local action on all measures intended to render the exhibition successful, and a worthy representation of the industries of the country ; to encourage the production of articles suitable for the Exhibition ; to distribute documents issued by the centennial commission among m.9,nufactureis and others in the State; to render assistance in furthering the financial and other interests of the exhibition ; to furnish information to the commission on subjects that might be referred to the board ; to care for the interests of the State and of its citizens in matters relating to the exhibition ; to receive and pronounce upon applications for space ; to apportion the space placed at its disposal among the exhibitors from the State ; and to supervise such other details relating to the representation of citizens of Wisconsin in the Exhibition, as might from time to time be delegated by the United States centennial commission. The board was required to meet on the first Wednesday of April, 1875, at the capitol, in Madison, to organize and adopt such by-laws and regulations as might be deemed necessary for the successful prosecution of the work committed to their charge Governor Taylor appointed Eli Stilson, J. I. Case, J. B. Parkinson, T. C. Pound, and E. A. Calkins, members of the board. Its organization was perfected, at the appointed time, by the election of J. B. Parkinson as pre- sident, and W. W. Field, secretary. The ex-officio members of the board, were David Atwood, WISCONSIX AS A STATE. 107 XTnited States commissioner, and E. D. Helton, alternate From this time forward, the board -was untiring in its efforts to secure a fall and proper representation of the varied interests of Wisconsin in the centennial exhibition of 1876. E. A. Calkins having resigned his position as -member of the board, Adolph Meinecke took his place by appointment of the governor July 24, 1875. Governor Ludington, in his message to the legislature in January, 1876, spoke in ■commendation of the coming exhibition. "The occasion," said he, "will afford an excellent opportunity to display the resources and products of the State, and to attract hither capital and immigration." Soon after the organization of the United States centennial commission, a national organ- ization of the women of the country was perfected. A lady of Philadelphia was placed at its head; and a presiding officer from each State was appointed. Mrs. A. C. Thorp assumed the •duties of chairman for Wisconsin, in March, 1875, appointing assistants in various parts of the State, when active work was commenced. This organization was efficient in Wisconsin in arousing an interest in the general purposes and objects of the exhibition. By an act of the legislature, approved March 3, 1876, the sum of twenty thousand dollars was appropriated to the use of the board of centennial managers, for the purpose of arranging for, and making a proper exhibition of, the products, resources, and advantages of the State at the exposition. The treasurer of Wisconsin was, by this act, made an ex-officio member of the board. By this and previous action of the legislature — by efforts put forth by the board of managers — by individual enterprise — by the untiring labors of the "Women's Centennial Execu- tive Committee," to whom, by an act of the legislature, approved the 4th of March, 1875, one thousand dollars were appropriated — Wisconsin was enabled to take a proud and honorable position in the Centennial Exposition — a gratification not only to the thousands of her citizens "who visited Philadelphia during its continuance, but to the people generally, throughout the State. In Wisconsin, throughout the centennial year, those engaged in the various branches of agriculture and other useful avocations, were reasonably prosperous. The crop of wheat and oats was a light yield, and of poor quality ; but the corn crop was the largest ever before raised in the State, and of superior quality. The dairy and hog product was large, and commanded remunerative prices. Fruits were unusually plenty. Trade and business enterprises, however, generally remained depressed. By section five of article seven of the constitution of Wisconsin, the counties of the State were apportioned into five judicial circuits : the county of Richland being attached to Iowa, Chippewa to Crawford, and La Pointe to St. Croix. In 1850, the fifth circuit was divided, and a sixth circuit formed. In 1864, Crawford and Richland were made part of the fifth circuit. By an act which took effect in 1854, a seventh circuit was formed. On the first day of January, 1855, the sixth circuit was divided, and an eighth and ninth circuit formed, the county of Columbia being made a part of the last mentioned one. In the same year was also formed a tenth circuit; and, in 1858, Winnebago county was attached to it; but, in 1870, that county was attached to the third circuit. In 1858, Kewaunee county was attached to the fourth circuit. An eleventh circuit was formed in 1864, from which, in 1865, Dallas county was detached, and made part of the eighth. By an act which took effect on the first day of January, 1871, the twelfth circuit was formed. In 1876, a thirteenth circuit was " constituted and re-organized." At that time, the whole sixty counties of the State stood apportioned in the thirteen judicial circuits as follows : First circuit, Walworth, Racine, and Kenosha ; second circuit, Milwaukee, and Waukesha, third circuit. Green Lake, Dodge, Washington, Ozaukee, and Winnebago; fourth circuit, Sheboygan, Calumet, Kewaunee, Fond du Lac, and Manitowoc ; fifth circuit, lOy HISTORY or WISCONSIN. Grant, Iowa, La Fayette, Richland, and Crawford; sixth circuit, Clark, Jackson, Monroe, La Crosse, and Vernon; seventh circuit, Portage, Marathon, Waupaca, Wood, Waushara, Lincoln, and Taylor; eighth circuit, Dunn, Pepin, Pierce, and St. Croix; ninth circuit, Adams, Columbia, Dane, Juneau, Sauk and Marquette ; tenth circuit, Outagamie, Oconto, Shawano, Door, and Brown '. eleventh circuit, Ashland, Barron, Bayfield, Burnett, Chippewa, Douglas, and Polk ; twelfth circuit, Rock, Green, and Jefferson ; and the thirteenth circuit, Buffalo, Eau Claire, and Trempeleau, Marinette and New are now in the tenth ; Price is in the seventh circuit. The thirtieth regular session of the legislature of Wisconsin commenced, pursuant to law, on the loth of January, 1877. The republicans had working majorities in both houses. J. B. Cassoday was elected Speaker of the Assembly. Governor Ludington delivered his message to the joint convention of the legislature the following day. " We should not seek," said he, in his concluding remarks, " to conceal from ourselves the fact that the prosperity which our people have enjoyed for a number of years past, has suffered some interruption. Agriculture has ren- dered less return; labor in all departments has been less productive, and trade has conseit[uently been less active, and has realized a reduced- percentage of profit." " These adverse circum- stances," continued the governor, " will not be wholly a misfortune if we heed the lesson that they convey. This lesson is the necessity of strict economy in public and private affairs. We have been living upon a false basis ; and the time has now come when we must return to a solid foundation." The legislature adjourned sine die on the 8th of March, after a session of fifty- eight days, passing three hundred and one acts — one hundred and thirteen less than at the session of 1876. The most important of these, as claimed by the dominant party which passed it, is one for the maintenance of the purity of the ballot box, known as the '' Registry Law." On the 3d day of April, at the regular Spring election, William P. Lyon was re-elected, without opposition, an associate justice of the supreme court for six years from the first Monday in January, 1878, his term of office expiring on the first Monday of January, 1884. Under a law of 1876, to provide for the revision of the statutes of the State, the justices of the supreme court were authorized to appoint three revisors. The persons receiving the appoint- ment were David Taylor, William F. Vilas and J. P. C. Cottrill. By an amendatory law of 1877, for the purpose of having the revision completed for the session of 1878, the justices of the supreme court were authorized to appoint two additional revisors, and assign them special duties on the commission. H. S. Orton was appointed to revise the criminal law and proceedings, and J. H. Carpenter to revise the probate laws. Governor Ludington declined being a candidate for renomination. His administration was characterized as one of practical efficiency. As the chief executive officer of Wisconsin, he kept in view the best interests of the State. In matters coming under his control, a rigid system of economy prevailed. There were three tickets in the field presented to the electors of Wisconsin for their suffrages at the general election 1 eld on the sixth of November, 1877 : republican, democratic, and the "greenback" ticket. The republicans were successful, electing William E. Smith, governor; James M. Bingham, lieutenant governor; Hans B. Warner, secretary of state; Richard Guenther, treasurer; Alexander Wilson, attorney general ; and William C. Whitford, state superintendent of public instruction. At the same election two amendments to the constitution of the State were voted upon and both adopted. The first one amends section four of article seven ; so that, hereafter, " the supreme court shall consist of one chief justice and four associate justices, to be elected by the qualified electors of the State. The legislature shall, at its first session after the adoption of this amendment, provide by law for the election of two associate justices of said court, to hold their offices respectively for terms ending two and four years, respectively after the WISCONSIN AS A STATE. ^^^ end of the term of the justice of the said court then last to expire. And thereafter the chief justices and associate justices of said court shall be elected and hold their offices respectively for the term of ten years." The second one amends section two of article eight ; so that, here- after, "no money shall be paid out' of the treasury except in pursuance of an appropriation by law. No appropriation shall be made for the payment of any claim against the State, except claims of the United States, and judgments, unless filed within six years after the claim accrued." The year 1877, in Wisconsin, was notable for excellent crops. A depression in monetary matters continued, it is true, but not without a reasonable prospect of a change for the better within the near future. Sixteenth Administration. — William E. Smith, Governor — 1878 — 1879. At noon, on Monday, January 7, 1878, began the sixteenth administration of Wisconsin, by the inauguration of the State officers elect. On the 9th of the same month, commenced the thirty-first regular session of the Legislature. A. R. Barrows was elected Speaker of the Assembly. On the day following. Governor Smith delivered his message — a calm, business-like document — to the Legislature. Both Houses adjourned sine die on the 21st of March following. On the ist day of April, Harlow S. Orton and David Taylor were elected Associate Justices of the Supreme Court; the term of the first named to expire on the first Monday of January, 1888 ; that of the last men- tioned, on the first Monday of January, 1886. In obedience to a proclamation of the Governor,, the Legislature convened on the 4th day of June, A. D. 1878, in extra session, to revise the statutes, A. R. Barrows was elected Speaker of the Assembly. The Legislature adjourned sine die on the 7th of the same month. In November following, the members chosen to the Forty-sixth Congress were C. G. Williams, in the First District ; L. B. Caswell, in the Second ; George C. Hazelton, in the Third ; P. V. Deuster, in the Fourth ; E. S. Bragg, in the Fifth ; Gabriel Bouck, in the Sixth ; H. L. Humphrey, in the Seventh; and T. C. Pound, in the Eighth. The thirty-second regular session of the Legislature commenced on the 8th day of January, 1879. D. M. Kelly was elected Speaker of the Assembly ; the next day, the message of the Governor — a brief, but able State paper — was delivered to both Houses. On the 21st, Matthew H. Carpenter was elected United States Senator for six years, from the 4th of March thereafter, in place of Timothy O. Howe. The Legislature adjourned sine die on the 5th of March, 1879. O"^ ^'^ ^st day of April following, Orsamus Cole was elected Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, for a term of ten years. Wisconsin has many attractive features. It is a healthy, fertile, well-watered and well-wooded State. Every where within its borders the lights of each citizen are held sacred. Intelligence and education are prominent characteristics of its people. All the necessaries and many of the comforts and luxuries of life are easily to be obtained. Agriculture, the chief source of wealth to so many nations, is here conducted with profit and success. Generally speaking, the farmer owns the land he cultivates. Here, the laboring man, if honest and industrious, is most certain to secure a competence for himself and family. Few States have made more ample provisions for the unfortunate — the deaf and dumb, the blind, and the insane — than has Wisconsin. Nor has she been less interested in her reformatory and penal institutions. In her educational facilities, she already rivals the most advanced of her sister States. Her markets are easily reached by rail- ways and water-navigation, so that the products of the country find ready sale. Her commerce is extensive ; her manufactures remunerative ; her natural resources great and manifold. In morality and religion, her standard is high. Her laws are lenient, but not lax, securing the greatest good to those who are disposed to live up to their requirements. Wisconsin has, in fact, all the essential elements of prosperity and good government. Exalted and noble, tliere- fore, must be her future career. TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY. By T. C. CHAMBERLIN, A. M., State Geologist. The surface features of Wisconsin are simple and symmetrical in character, and present a con- ■figuration intermediate between the mountainous, on the one hand, and a monotonous level, on the other. The highest summits within the state rise a little more than 1,200 feet above its lowest sur- faces. A few exceptional peaks rise trom 400 to 600 feet above their bases, but abrupt elevations of more than 200 or 300 feet are riot common. Viewed as a whole, the state may be regarded as oc- cupying a swell of land lying between three notable depressions ; Lake Michigan on the east, about 578 feet above the mean tide of the ocean, Lake Superior on the north, about 600 feet above the sea, and the valley of the Mississippi river, whose elevation at the Illinois state line is slightly below that of Lake Michigan. From these depressions the surface slopes upward to the summit altitudes of the state. But the rate of ascent is unequal. From Lake Michigan the surface rises by a long, gentle acclivity westward and northward. A similar slope ascends from the Mississippi valley to meet this, and their junction forms a north and south arch extending nearly the entire length of tb° state. From Lake Superior the surface ascends rapidly to the watershed, which it reaches within about thirty miles of the lake. If we include the contiguous portion of the upper peninsula of Michigan, the whole elevation maybe looked upon as a very low, rude, three-sided pyramid, with rounded angles. The apex is near the Michigan line, between the headwaters of the Montreal and Brule rivers. The northern side is short and abrupt. The southeastward and southwestward sides are long, and ■decline gently. The base of this pyramid may be considered as, in round numbers, 600 feet above the sea, and its extreme apex 1,800 feet. Under the waters of Lake Michigan the surface of the land passes below the sea level before the limits of the state are reached. Under Lake Superior the land-surface descends to even greater depths, but probably not within the boundaries of the state. The regularity of the ■southward slopes is interrupted in a very interesting way by a remarkable diagonal valley occupied by Green bay and the Fox and Wisconsin rivers. This is a great groove, traversing the state obliquely, and cutting down the central elevation half its height. A line passing across the surface, from Lake Michigan to the Mississippi, at any other point, would arch upward from about 400 to 1,000 feet, according to the location, while along the trough of this valley it would reach an elevation barely exceeding 200 feet. On the northwest side of this trough, in general, the surface rises somewhat gradually, giving at most points much amplitude to the valley, but on the opposite side, the slope ascends rapidly to a well marked watershed that stretches across the state parallel to the valley. At Lake Winnebago, this diagonal valley is connected with a scarcely less notable oue, occupied by the Rock river. Geologically, this Green-bay-Rock- TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY. HI- river valley is even more noticeable, since it lies along the trend of the underlying strata, and' was in large measure plowed out of a soft stratum by glacial action. Where it crosses the water- shed, near Horicon marsh, it presents the same general features that are seen at other points,, and in an almost equally conspicuous degree. Except in the southern part of the state, this valley is confined on. the east by an abrupt ascent, and, at many points, by a precipitous, rocky acclivity, known as " The Ledge " — which is the projecting edge of the strata of the Niagara limestone. On the watershed referred to — between the St. Lawrence and Mississippi basins — this ledge is as conspicuous and continuous as at other points, so that we have here again the phenomenon of a valley formed 'by excavation, running up over an elevation of 300 feet, and connecting two great systems of drainage. On the east side of this valley, as already indicated, there is a sharp ascent of 200 feet, on an average, from the crest of which the surface slopes gently down to Lake Michigan. The uniformity of this slope is broken by an extended line of drift hills, lying obliquely along it and extending from, Kewaunee county southward to the Illinois line and known as the Kettle range. A less conspicuous range of similar character branches off from this in the northwest corner of Walworth county and passes across the Rock river valley, where it curves northward, passing west of Madison, crossing the great bend in the Wisconsin river, and bearing northeastward into Oconto county, where it swings round to the westward and crosses the northern part of the state. As a general topographical feature it is not conspicuous and is rather to be conceived as a peculiar chain of drift hills winding over the surface of the state, merely interrupting in some- degree the regularity of its slopes There will be occasion to return to this feature in our discussion of the drift. It will be observed that the southeastward slope is interrupted by valleys running across it, rudely parallel to Lake Michigan, and directing its drainage northward and southward, instead of directing it down the slope into the lake. The Mississippi slope presents several conspicuous ridges and valleys, but their trend is- toward the great river, and they are all due, essentially, to the erosion of the streams that channel the slope. One of these ridges constitutes the divide south of the Wisconsin river, already referred to. Another of these, conspicuous by reason of its narrowness and sharpness, lies between the Kickapoo and the Mississippi, and extends through Crawford, Vernon and Monroe counties. Still another is formed by the quartzite ranges of Sauk county and others of less prominence give a highly diversified chaiacter to the slope. Scattered over the surface of the state are prominent hills, some swelling upward into rounded domes, some rising symmetrically into conical peaks, some ascending precipitously into castel- lated towers, and some reaching prominence without regard to beauty of form or convenience of description. A part of these hills were formed by the removal by erosion of the surrounding strata, and a part by the heaping up of drift material by the glacial forces. In the former case, they are composed of rock; in the latter, of clay, sand, gravel and bowlders. The two forms are often combined. The highest peak in the southwestern part of the state is the West Blue mound, which is 1,151 feet above Lake Michigan; in the eastern part, Lapham's peak, 824 feet, and in the central part, Rib hill, 1263 feet. The crest of Penokee range in the northern part of the state rises 1,000 feet, and upwards, above Lake Michigan. The drainage systems correspond in general to these topograpical features, though several minor eccentricities are to be observed. The streams of the Lake Superior system plunge rapidly down their steep slopes, forming numerous falls, some of them possessing great beauty, prominent among which are those of the Montreal river. On the southern slope, the rivers, in the- upper portion of their courses, likewise descend rapidly, though less so, producing a succession of rapids and cascades, and an occasional cataract. In the lower part of their courses, the. T^12 HISTORY or WISCONSIN". •descent becomes much more gentle and many of them are navigable to a greater or less extent. The rivers west of the Wisconsin pursue an essentially direct course to the Mississippi, attended of course with minor flexures. The Wisconsin river lies, for the greater part of its course, upon the north and south arch of the state, but on encountering the diagonal valley above mentioned it turns southwestward to the "Father of Waters," The streams east of the Wisconsin flow southerly and southeasterly until they likewise encounter this valley when they turn in the opposite direction and discharge northeasterly into Lake Michigan, through Green bay. Between the Green-bay-Rock-river valley and Lake Michigan, the drainage is again in the normal southeasterly direction. In the southern part of the state, the rivers flow in a gen- eral southerly direction, but, beyond the state, turn westward toward the Mississippi. If the courses of the streams be studied in detail, many exceedingly interesting and instruc- tive features will be observed, due chiefly to peculiarities of geological structure, some of which will be apparent by inspecting the accompanying geological map. Our space, however, forbids our entering upon the subject here. ' The position of the watershed between the great basins of the Mississippi and the St. Law- rence is somewhat peculiar. On the Illinois line, it lies only three and one half miles from Lake Michigan and about i6o feet above its surface. As traced northward from this point, it retires from the lake and ascends in elevation till it approaches the vicinity of Lake Winnebago, when it recurves upon itself and descends to the portage between the Fox and the Wisconsin rivers, whence it pursues a northerly course to the heights of Michigan, when it turns westward and passes in an undulating course across the northern part of the state. It will be observed that much the greater area of the state is drained by the Mississippi system. The relationship which the drainage channels have been observed to sustain to the topo- graphical features is partly that of cause and partly that of effect. The general arching of the surface, giving rise to the main slopes, is due to deep-seated geological causes that produce an upward swelling of the center of the state. This determined the general drainage systems. On the other hand, the streams, acting upon strata of varying hardness, and presenting different atti- tudes, wore away the surface unequally and cut for themselves anomalous channels, leaving corresponding divides between, which gave origin to the minor irregularities that diversify the surface. In addition to this, the glacier — that great ice stream, the father of the drift — planed and plowed the surface and heaped up its debris upon it, modifying both the surface and drainage features Looked at from a causal standpoint, we see the results of internal forces elev.^ting, and external ag;encies cutting down, or, in a word, the face of the state is the growth of geologic ages furrowed by the teardrops of the skies. GEOLOGICAL HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. In harmony with the historical character of this atlas, it may be most acceptable to weave our brief sketch of the geological structure of the state into the form of a narrative of its growth. THE ARCH^AN AGE. LAURKNTIAN PERIOD. The physical history of Wisconsin can be traced back with certainty to a state of complete submergence beneath the waters of the ancient ocean, by which the material of our oldest and deepest strata were deposited. Let an extensive but shallow sea, covering the whole of the present territory of the state, be pictured to the mind, and let it be imagined to be depositing TOPOGKVPHY AND GEOLOGY 113 mud and sand, as at the present day. and we have before us the first authentic stage of the history under consideration. Back of that, the history is lost in the mists of geologic antiquity. The thickness of the sediments that accumulated in that early period was immense, being measured by thousands of feet. These sediments occupied of course an essentially horizontal position, and were, doubtless, in a large degree hardened into beds of impure sandstone, shale, and ofther sedi- mentary rock. But in the progress of time an enormous pressure, attended by heat, was brought to bear upon them laterally, or edgewise, by which they were folded and crumpled, and forced up out of the water, giving rise to an island, the nucleus of Wisconsin. The force which pro- duced this upheaval is believed to have arisen from the cooling and consequent contraction of the globe. The foldings may be imaged as the wrinkles of a shrinking earth. But the contor- tion -of the beds was a scarcely more wonderful result than the change in the character of the rock which seems to have taken place simultaneously with the folding, indeed, as the result of the heat and pressure attending it. The sediments, that seem to have previously taken the form of impure sandstone and shale for the most part, underwent a change, in which re-arrangement and crystalization of the ingredients played a conspicuous part. By this metamorphism, granite, gneiss, mica schist, syenite, hornblende rocks, chloritic schists and other crystalline rocks were formed. These constitute the Laurentian formation and belong to the most ancient period yet distinctly recognized in geology, although there were undoubtedly more ancient rocks. They are therefore very fittingly termed Archiean — ancient — rocks (formerly Azoic.) No remains of life have been found in this formation in Wisconsin, but from the nature of rocks elsewhere, believed to be of the same age, it is probable that the lowest forms of life existed at this time. It is not strange that the great changes through which the rocks have passed should have so nearly obliterated all traces of them. The original extent of this Laurentian island can not now be accurately ascer- tained, but it will be sufficiently near the truth for our present purposes to consider the formation as it is now exposed, and as it is represented on the maps of the geological survey, as showing approximately the original extent. This will make it include a large area in the north-central portion of the state and a portion of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. All the rest of the state was beneath the ocean, and the same may be said of the greater portion of the United States The height of this island was doubtless considerable, as it has since been very much cut down by denuding agencies. The strata, as now exposed, mostly stand in highly inclined attitudes and present their worn edges to view. The tops of the folds, of which they are the remnants, seem to have been cut away, and we have the nearly vertical sides remaining. HURONIAN PERIOD. As soon as the Laurentian island had been elevated, the waves of the almost shoreless ocean began to beat against it, the elements to disintegrate it, and the rains of the then tropical climate to wash it; and the sand, clay and other debris, thus formed, were deposited beneath the waters around its base, giving rise to a new sedimentary formation. There is no evidence that there was any vegetation on the island : the air and water were, doubtless, heavily charged with carbonic acid, an efficient agent of disintegration: the climate was warm and doubtless very raoist — circumstances which combined to hasten the erosion of the island and increase the deposition in the surrounding sea. In addition to these agencies, we judge from the large amount of carbonaceous matter contained in some of the beds, that there must have been an abundance of marine vegetation, and, from the limestone beds that accumulated, it is probable that there was marine animal life also, since in later ages that was the chief source of limestone strata. The joint accumulations from these several sources gave rise to a series of shales, sandstones and limestones, whose combined thickness was several thousand feet. 114 HISTORY OF wiscojsrsiiir. At length the process of upheaval and metamorphism that closed the Laurentian period was repeated, and these sandstones became quartzites; the limestones were crystalized, the shales were changed to slates or schists, and intermediate grades of sediments became diorites, quartz- porphyries and other forms of crystalline rocks. The carbonaceous matter was changed in part to graphite. There were also associated with these deposits extensive beds of iron ore^ which we now find chiefly in the form of magnetite, hematite and specular ore. These constitute the Huronian rocks. From the amount of iron ore they contain, they are also fittingly termed the iron-bearing series. As in the preceding case, the strata were contorted, flexed and folded,, and the whole island was further elevated, carrying with it these circumjacent strata, by which its extent was much enlarged. The area of the island after receiving this increment was con- siderably greater than the surface represented as Laurentian and Huronian on the accompanying, map, since it was subsequently covered to a considerable extent by later formations. Penokee range, in Ashland county, is the most conspicuous development of the Huronian rocks in the state. The upturned edge of the formation forms a bold rampart, extending across the country for sixty miles, making the nearest approach to a mountain range to be found within the state. A belt of magnetic schist may be traced nearly its entire length. In the northern part of Oconto county , there is also an important development of this formation, being an extension of the Menomonee iron-bearing series. A third area is found in Barron county, which includes deposits of pipestone. In the south central part of the stale there are a considerable number of small areas and isolated outliers of quartzite and quartz-porphyry, that, without much doubt,, belong to this series. The most conspicuous of these are the Baraboo quartzite ranges, in Sauk and Columbia counties, and from thence a chain of detached outliers extends northeasterly through several counties. The most southerly exposure of the formation is near Lake Mills, in Jefferson county. THE COPPER-BEARING SERIES. Previous to the upheaval of the Huronian strata, there occurred in the Lake Superior region events of peculiar and striking interest. If we may not speak with absolute assurance, we may at least say with reasonable probability, that the crust of the earth was fissured in that region,, and that there issued from beneath an immense mass of molten rock, that spread itself over an area of more than three hundred miles in length and one hundred miles in width. The action was not confined to a single overflow, but eruption followed eruption, sometimes apparently in quick succession, sometimes evidently at long intervals. Each outpouring, when solidified,, formed a stratum of trap rock, and where these followed each other without any intervening deposit, a series of trappean beds were formed. In some cases, however, an interval occurred, during which the waves, acting upon the rock previously formed, produced a bed of sand, gravel and clay, which afterward solidified into sandstone, conglomerate and shale. The history of these beds is lithographed on their surface in beautiful ripple-marks and other evidences of wave- action. After the cessation of the igneous eruptions, there accumulated a vast thickness of sandstone, shale and conglomerate, so that the whole series is literally miles in thickness. The eruptive portions have been spoken of as traps, for convenience; but they do not now possess the usual characteristics of igneous rocks, and appear to have undergone a chemical metamorphism by which the mineral ingredients have been changed, the leading ones now being an iron chlorite and a feldspar, with which are associated, as accessory minerals, quartz, epidote, prenite, calcite, laumontite, analcite, datolite, magnetite, native copper and silver, and, more rarely, other minerals. The rock, as a whole, is now known as a melaphyr. The upper portion of each bed is usually characterized by almond-sized cells filled with the minerals above men- tioned, giving to the rock an amygdaloidal nature. The native copper was not injected in a. TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY. 115 molten state, as has very generally been supposed, but was deposited by chemical means aftei the beds were formed and after a portion of the chemical change of the minerals above mentioned had been accomplished. The same is true of the silver. The copper occurs in all the different forms of rock — the melaphyrs, amygdaloids, sandstones, shales and conglomerates, but most abundantly in the amygdaloids and certain conglomerates. This series extends across the northern portion of the state, occupying portions of Ashland, Bayfield, Douglas, Burnett and Polk counties. When the Huronian rocks were elevated, they carried these up with them, and they partook of the folding in some measure. The copper- bearing range of Keweenaw Point, Michigan, extends southwestward through Ashland, Burnett and Polk counties, and throughout this whole extent the beds dip north-northwesterly toward Lake Superior, at a high angle; but in Douglas and Bayfield counties there is a parallel range in which the beds incline in the opposite direction, and undoubtedly form the opposite side of a trough formed by a downward flexure of the strata. PALEOZOIC TIME — SILURIAN AGE. Potsdam Sandstone. After the great Archaean upheaval, there followed a long period, concerning wnich very little ij known — a " lost interval" in geological history. It is only certain that immense erosion of the Archaean strata took place, and that in time the sea advanced upon the island, eroding its strata and redepositing the wash and wear beneath its surface. The more resisting beds with- stood this advance, and formed reefs and rocky islands off the ancient shore, about whose bases the sands and sediments accumulated, as they did over the bottom of the surrounding ocean. The breakers, dashing against the rocky cliffs, threw down masses of rock, which imbedded them- selves in the sands, or were rolled and rounded on the beach, and at length were buried, in either case, to tell their own history, when they should be again disclosed by the ceaseless gnaw- ings of the very elements that had buried them. In addition to the accumulations of wash and wear that have previously been the main agents of rock-formations, abundant life now swarms in the ocean, and the sands become the great cemetery of its dead. Though the contribution of each little being was small, the myriad millions that the waters brought forth, yielded by their remains, a large contribution to the accumulating sediments. Among plants, there were sea-weeds, and among animals, protozoans, radiates, mollusks and articulates, all the sub-kingdoms except the vertebrates. Among these, the most remarkable, both in nature and number, were the trilobites, who have left their casts in countless multitudes in certain localities. The result of the action of these several agencies was the formation of extensive beds of sandstone, with interstratified layers of limestone and shale. These surrounded the Archaean nucleus on all sides, and reposed on its flanks. On the Lake Superior margin, the sea acted mainly upon the copper and iron- bearing series, which are highly ferruginous, and the result wa , the red Lake Superior sandstone. On the opposite side of the island, the wave-action was mainly upon quartzites, porphyries and gianites, and resulted in light-colored sandstones. The former is confined to the immediate vicinity of Lake Superior; the latter occupies a broad, irregular belt bordering the Archaean area on the south, and, being widest in the central part of the state, is often likened to a rude crescent. The form and position of the area will be best apprehended by referring to- the accompanying map. It will be understood from the foregoing description, that the strata of this formation lie in a nearly horizontal position, and repose unconformably upon the worn surface of the crystalline rocks. The close of this period was not marked by any great upheaval; there 116 HISTORY or wiscoisrsiN". was no crumpling or metamorphism of the strata, and they have remained to the present day very much as they were originally deposited, save a slight arching upward in the central portion of the state. The beds have been somewhat compacted by the pressure of superin- cumbent strata and solidified by the cementing action of calcareous and ferruginous waters, and by their own coherence, but the original character of the formation, as a great sand-bed, has not been obliterated. It still bears the ripple-marks, cross-lamination, worm-burrows, and similar markings that characterize a sandy beach. Its thickness is very irregular, owing to the uneven- ness of its Archaean bottom, and may be said to range from i,ooo feet downward. The strata slope gently away from the Archaean core of the state and underlie all the later formations, and may be reached at any point in southern Wisconsin by penetrating to a sufficient depth, which can be calculated with an approximate correctness. As it is a water-bearing formation, and the source of fine Artesian wells, this is a fact of much importance. The interbedded layers of lime- stone and shale, by supplying impervious strata, very much enhance its value as a source of fountains. Lower Magnesian Limestone. During the previous period, the accumulation of sandstone gave place for a time to the formation of limestone, and afterward the deposit of sandstone was resumed. At its close, with- out any very marked disturbance of existing conditions, the formation of limestone was resumed, and progressed with little interruption till a thickness ranging from 50 to 250 feet was attained. This variation is due mainly to irregularities of the upper surface of the formation, which is undulating, and in some localities, may appropriately be termed billowy, the surface rising and falling 100 feet, in some cases, within a short distance. This, and the preceding similar deposit, have been spoken of as limestones simply, but they are really dolomites, or magnesian limestones, since they contain a large proportion of carbonate of magnesia. This rock also contains a notable quantity of silica, which occurs disseminated through the mass of the rock; or, variously, as nodules or masses of chert ; as crystals of quartz, filling or lining drusy cavities, forming beautiful miniature grottos ; as the nucleus of oolitic concretions, or as sand. Some argillaceous matter also enters into its composition, and small quantities of the ores of iron, lead and copper, are sometimes found, but they give little promise of value. The evidences of life are very scanty. Some sea-weeds, a few mollusks, and an occasional indication of other forms of life embrace the known list, except at a few favored localities where a somewhat ampler fauna is found. But it is not, therefore, safe to assume the absence of life in the depositing seas, for it is certain that most limestone has orignated from the remains of animals and plants that secrete calcareous material, and it is most consistent to believe that such was the case in the present instance, and that the distinct traces of life were mostly obliterated. This formation occupies an irregular belt skirting the Potsdam area. It was, doubtless, originally a somewhat uniform band swinging around the nucleus of the state already formed, but it has since been eroded by streams to its present jagged outline. St. Peter's Sandstone. At the close of this limestone-making period, there appears to have been an interval of which we have no record, and tjie next chapter of the history introduces us to another era of sand accumulation. The work began by the leveling up of the inequalities of the surface of the Lower Magnesian limestone, and it ceased before that was entirely accomplished in all parts of the State, for a few prominences were left projecting through the sand deposits. The material laid down consis'ted of a silicious sand, of uniform, well-rounded — doubtless well-rolled — grains. This was evidently deposited horizontally upon the uneven limestone surface, and so rests in a sense TOPOGEAPHY AKD GEOLOGY. 117 unconformably upon it. Where the sandstone abuts against the sides of the limestone promi- nences, it is mingled with material derived by wave action from them, which tells the story of its formation. But aside from these and other exceptional impurities, the formation is a very pure sandstone, and is used for glass manufacture. At most points, the sandstone has never become firmly cemented and readily crumbles, so that it is used for mortar, the simple handling with pick and shovel being sufficient to reduce it to a sand. Owing to the unevenness of its bottom, it varies greatly in thickness, the greatest yet observed being 212 feet, but the average is less than 100 feet. Until recently, no organic remains had ever been found in it, and the traces now col- lected are very meager indeed, but they are sufficient to show the existence of marine life, and demonstrate that it is an oceanic deposit. The rarity of fossils is to be attributed to the porous nature of the rock, which is unfavorable to their preservation. This porosity, however, subserves a very useful purpose, as it renders this pre-eminently a water-bearing horizon, and supplies some ■of the finest Artesian fountains in the state, and is competent to furnish many more. It occupies but a narrow area at the surface, fringing that of the Lower Magnesian limestone on the south. Trenton Limestone. A slight change in the oceanic conditions caused a return to limestone formation, accompa- nied with the deposit of considerable clayey material, which formed shale. The origin of the limestone is made evident by a close examination of it, which shows it to be full of fragments of shells, corals, and other organic remains, or the impressions they have left. Countless numbers of the lower forms of life flourished in the seas, and left their remains to be comminuted and consolidated into limestone. Apart of the time, the accumulation of clayey matter predominated, and so layers of shale alternate with the limestone beds, and shaly leaves and partings occur in the limestone layers. Unlike the calcareous strata above and below, a portion of these are true limestone, containing but a very small proportion of magnesia. A sufficient amount of carbon- aceous matter is present in some layers to cause them to burn readily. This formation is quite highly metalliferous in certain portions of the lead region, containing zinc especially, and con- siderable lead, with less quantities of other metals. The formation abounds in fossils, many of them well preserved, and, from their great antiquity, they possess uncommon interest. All. the animal sub-kingdoms, except vertebrates, are represented. The surface area of this rock borders the St. Peter's sandstone, but, to avoid too great complexity on the map, it is not distinguished from the next formation to which it is closely allied. Its thickness reaches 120 feet. The Galena Limestone. With scarcely a change of oceanic conditions, limestone deposit continued, so that we find reposing upon the surface of the Trenton limestone, 250 feet, or less, of a light gray or buff colored highly magnesian limestone, occurring in heavy beds, and having a sub-crystalline struc- ture. In the southern portion of the state, it contains but little shaly matter, but in the north- eastern part, it is modified by the addition of argillaceous layers and leaves, and presents a bluish or greenish-gray aspect. It receives its name from the sulphide of lead, — galena, of which it contains large quantities, in the southwestern part of the state. Zinc ore is also abundant, and these minerals give to this and the underlying formation great importance in that region. Else- where, although these ores are present in small quantities, they have not developed economic importance. This limestone, though changing its nature, as above stated, occupies a large area in the southwestern part of the state, and a broad north and south belt in east-central Wisconsin. It will be seen that our island is growing apace by concentric additions, and that, as the several formations sweep around the central nucleus of Archaean rocks, they swing off into adjoining states, whose formation was somewhat more tardv than that of Wisconsin 118 HISTORY OF "VriSCOXSIN. Cincinnati Shales. A change ensued upon the formation of the Galena limestone, by virtue of which there fol- lowed the deposition of large quantities of clay, accompanied by some calcareous material, the- whole reaching at some points a thickness of more than 200 feet. The sediment has never become more than partially indurated, and a portion of it is now only a bed of compact clay. Other portions hardened to shale or limestone according to the material. The shales are of various gray, green, blue, purple and other hues, so that where vertical cliffs are exposed, as along; Green bay, a beautiful appearance is presented. As a whole, this is a very soft formation, and hence easily eroded. Owing to this fact, along the east side of the Green-bay-Rock-river val- ley, it has been extensively carried away, leaving the hard overlying Niagara limestone projecting, in the bold cliffs known as " The Ledge." The prominence of the mounds in the southwestern part of the state are due to a like cause. Certain portions of this formation abound in astonish- ing numbers of well preserved fossils, among which corals, bryozoans, and brachiopods, pre- dominate, the first named being especially abundant. A little intelligent attention to these might have saved a considerable waste of time and means in an idle search for coal, to which a slight resemblance to some of the shales of the coal measures has led. This formation underlies the- mounds of the lead region, and forms a narrow belt on the eastern margin of the Green-bay-Rock- river valley. This was the closing period of the Lower Silurian Age. Clinton Iron Ore. On the surface of the shales j ust described, there were accumulated, here and there, beds of pecu- liar lenticular iron ore. It is probable that it was deposited in detached basins, but the evidence of this is not conclusive. In our own state, this is chiefly known as Iron Ridge ore, from the- remarkable development it attains at that point. It is made up of little concretions, which from, their size and co'or are fancied to resemble flax seed, and hence the name " seed ore," or the roe of fish, and hence oolitic ore. " Shot ore" is also a common term. This is a soft ore occur- ring in regular horizontal beds which are quarried with more ease than ordinary limestone. This deposit attains, at Iron Ridge, the unusual thickness of twenty-five feet, and affords a readily accessible supply of ore, adequate to all demands for a long time to come. Similar, but much less extensive beds, occur at Hartford, and near Depere, besides some feeble deposits elsewhere- Large quantities of ore from Iron Ridge have been shipped to various points in this and neigh- boring States for reduction, in addition to that sme ted in the vicinity of the mines. Niagara Limestone. Following the period of iron deposit, there ensued the greatest limestone-forming era in the: history of Wisconsin. During its progress a series of beds, summing up, at their points of great- est thickness, scarcely less than eight hundred feet, were laid down. The process of formation, was essentially that already described, the accumulation of the calcareous secretions of marine- life. Toward the close of the period, reefs appeared, that closely resemble the coral reefs of the- present seas, and doubtless have a similar history. Corals form a very prominent element in the life of this period, and with them were associated great numbers of moUusks, one of which. {Pentamerus oblongus) sometimes occurs in beds not unlike certain bivalves, of to-day, and may be said to have been the oyster of the Silurian seas. At certain points, those wonderful animals,, the stone lilies {Crinoids), grew in remarkable abundance, mounted on stems like a plant, yet true animals. Those unique crustaceans, the trilobites, were conspicuous in numbers and variety,, while the gigantic cephalopods held sway over the life of the seas. L^ the vicinity of thj reefs',. TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY. 119 there seem to have been extensive calcareous sand flats and areas over which fine calcareous mud •setted, the former resulting in a pure granular dolomite, the latter in a compact close-textured :stone. The rock of the reefs is of very irregular structure. Of other portions of the formation, ^ome are coarse heavy beds, some fine, even-bedded, close-grained layers, and some, again, irregu- lar, impure and cherty. All are highly magnesian, and some are among the purest dolomites -known. The Niagara limestone occupies a broad belt lying adjacent to Lake Michigan. Lower Helderberg Limestone. On Mud creek, near Milwaukee, there is found a thin-bedded slaty limestone, that is believed to represent this period. It has neglected, however, to leave us an unequivocal record ■of its history, as fossils are extremely rare, and its stratigraphical relations and lithographical •character are capable of more than one interpretation. Near the village of Waubeka in Ozaukee county, there is a similar formation, somewhat more fossiliferous, that seems to repre- sent the same period. The area which these occupy is very small and they play a most insignifi- cant part in the geology of the state. They close the record of the Silurian age in Wisconsin. During its progress the land had been gradually emerging from the ocean and increasing its amplitude by concentric belts of limestone, sandstone and shale. There had been no general •disturbance, only those slight oscillations which changed the nature of the forming rock and facilitated deposition. At its close the waters retired from the borders of the state, and an interval supervened, during which no additions are known to have been made to its substructure. DEVONIAN AGK. Hamilton Cement Rock. After a lapse of time, during which the uppermost Silurian and the lowest Devonian strata, as found elsewhere, were formed, the waters again advanced slightly upon the eastern margin of the state and deposited a magnesian limestone mingled with silicious and almuninous material, forming a combination of which a portion has recently been shown to possess hydraulic properties of a high degree of excellence. With this deposition there dawned a new era in the life-history of Wisconsin. While multitudes of protozoans, radiates, moUusks and articulates swarmed in the previous seas, no trace of a vertebrate has been found. The Hamilton period witnessed the introduction of the highest type of the animal kingdom into the Wisconsin series. "But even then only the lowest class was represented — the fishes. The lower orders of life, as before, were present, but the species were of the less ancient Devonian type. Precisely how far "the deposit originally extended is not now known, as it has undoubtedly been much reduced by the eroding agencies that have acted upon it. That portion which remains, occupies a limited area on the lake shore immediately north of Milwaukee, extending inland half a dozen miles. The cement rock proper is found on the Milwaukee river just above the city. At the close of the Hamilton period the oceanic waters retired, and, if they ever subsequently encroached upon ■our territory, they have left us no permanent record of their intrusion. The history of the formation of the substructure of the state was, it will be observed, in an unusual degree, simple and progressive. Starting with a firm core of most ancient crystalline Tocks, leaf upon leaf of stony strata were piled around it, adding belt after belt to the margin of ^he growing island until it extended itself far beyond the limits of our state, and coalesced with the forming continent. An ideal map of the state would show the Archsean nucleus surrounded by concentric bands of the later formations in the order of their deposition. But during all the 120 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. t vast lapse of time consumed in their growth, the elements were gnawing, carving and channeling the surface, and the outcropping edges of the formations were becoming more and more jagged, and now, after the last stratum had been added, and the whole had been lifted from the waters that gave it birth, there ensued perhaps a still vaster era, during which the history was simply that of surface erosion. The face of the state became creased with the wrinkles of age. The edges of her rocky wrappings became ragged with the wear of time. The remaining Devonian periods, the great Carboniferous age, the Mesozoic era, and the earlier Tertiary periods passed^ leaving no other record than that of denudation. THE GLACIAL PERIOD. With the approach of the great Ice Age, a new chapter was opened. An immense sheet of ice moved slowly, but irresistibly, down from the north, planing down the prominences, filling up' the valleys, polishing and grooving the strata, and heaping up its rubbish of sand, gravel, clay and bowlders over the face of the country. It engraved the lines of its progress on the rocks, and, by reading these, we learn that one prodigious tongue of ice plowed along the bed of Lake Michi- gan, and a smaller one pushed through the valley of Green bay and Rock river, while another immense ice-stream flowed southwestward through the trough of Lake Superior and onward into Minnesota. The diversion of the glacier through these .great channels seems to have left the southwestern portion of the state intact, and over it we find no drift accumulations. With, the approach of a warmer climate, the ice-streams were melted backward, leaving their debris heaped promiscuously over the surface, giving it a new configuration. In the midst of this- retreat, a series of halts and advances seem to have taken place in close succession, by which the- drift was pushed up into ridges and hills along the foot of the ice, after which a more rapid, retreat ensued. The effect of this action was to produce that remarkable chain of drift hills and ridges, known as the Kettle range, which we have already described as winding over the , surface of the state in a very peculiar manner. It is a great historic rampart, recording the- position of the edge of the glacier at a certain stage of its retreat, and doubtless at the same time noting a great climatic or dynamic change. The melting of the glacier gave rise to large quantities of water, and hence to numerous, torrents, as well as lakes. There occurred about this time a depression of the land to the north- ward, which was perhaps the cause, in part or in whole, of the retreat of the ice. This gave- origin to the great lakes. The waters advanced somewhat upon the land and deposited the red clay that borders Lakes Michigan and Superior and occupies the Green bay valley as far up as. the vicinity of Fond du Lac. After several oscillations, the lakes settled down into their present positions. Wherever the glacier plowed over the land, it left an irregular sheet of commingled; clay, sand, gravel and bowlders spread unevenly over the surface. The depressions formed by its irregularities soon filled with water and gave origin to numerous lakelets. Probably not one of the thousands of Wisconsin lakes had an existence before the glacial period. Wherever the great lakes advanced upon the land, they leveled its surface and left their record in lacustine clays and sandy beach lines. With the retreat of the glacier, vegetation covered the surface, and by its aid and the action, of the elements our fertile drift soils, among the last and best of Wisconsin's formations, were- produced. And the work still goes on-, CLIMATOLOGY OF WISCONSIN. By Prof. H. H. OLDENHAGE. The climate of a country, or that peculiar state of the atmosphere in regard to heat and moisture which prevails in any given place, and which directly affects the growth of plants and animals, is determined by the following causes : ist. Distance from the equator. 2d. Distance from the sea. 3d. Height above the sea. 4th. Prevailing winds; and sth. Local influences, such as soil, vegetation, and proximity to lakes and mountains. Of these causes, the first; distance from the equator, is by far the most important. The warmest climates are necessarily those of tropical regions where the sun's rays are vertical. But in proceeding from the equator toward the poles, less and less heat continues to be received by the same extent of surface, because the rays fall more and more obliquely, and the same amount of heat-rays therefore spread over an increasing breadth of surface ; while, however, with the increase of obliquity, more and more heat is absorbed by the atmosphere, as the amount of air to be penetrated is greater. If the earth's surface were either wholly land or water, and its atmosphere motionless, the gradations of climate would run parallel with the latitudes from the equator to the poles. But owing to the irregular distribution of land and water and the prevail- ing winds, such an arrangement is impossible, and the determination of the real climate of a given region, and its causes, is one of the most difficult problems of science. On the second of these causes, distance from the sea, depends the difference between oce- anic and continental climates. Water is more slowly heated and cooled than land ; the climates of the sea and the adjacent land are therefore much more equable and moist than those of the interior. A decrease of temperature is noticeable in ascending high mountains. The rate at which the temperature falls with the height above the sea is a very variable quantity, and is influenced by a variety of causes, such as latitude, situation, moisture, or dryness, hour of the day and season of the year. As a rough approximation, however, the fall of 1° of the thermometer for every 300 feet is usually adopted. Air in contact with any part of the earth's surface, tends to acquire the temperature of that surface. Hence, winds from the north are cold ; those from the south are warm. Winds from the sea are moist, and winds from the land are usually dry. Prevailing winds are the result of the relative distribution of atmospheric pressure blowing from places where the pressure is high- est, toward places where it is lowest. As climate practically depends on the temperature and moisture of the air, and as these again depend on the prevailing winds which come charged with the temperature and moisture of the regions they have traversed, it is evident that charts show- ing the mean pressure of the atmosphere give us the key to the climates of the different regions of the world. The effect of prevailing winds is seen in the moist and equable climate of West- ern Europe, especially Great Britain, owing to the warm and moist southwest winds ; and in the extremes of the eastern part of North America, due to the warm and moist winds prevailing in summer and the Arctic blasts of winter. 122 HISTORY OF WISCONSTK. Among local influences which modify climate, the nature of the soil is one of the most important. As water absorbs much heat, wet, marshy ground usually lowers the mean tempera- ture. A sandy waste presents the greatest extremes. The extremes of temperature are also modi- fied by extensive forests, which prevent the soil from being as much warmed and cooled as it would be if bare. Evaporation goes on more slowly under the trees, since the soil is screened from the sun. And as the air among the trees is little agitated by the wind, the vapor is left to accumulate, and hence the humidity of the air is increased. Climate is modified in a similar man- ner by lakes and other large surfaces of water. During summer the water cools the air and reduces the temperature of the locality. In winter, on the other hand, the opposite effect is pro- duced. The surface water which is cooled sinks to lower levels; the warmer water rising to the surface, radiates heat into the air and thus raises the temperature of ihc neighboring region. This influence is well illustrated, on a great scale, in our own state by Lake Michigan. It is, lastly, of importance whether a given tract of country is diversified by hills, valleys and mountains. Winds with their warm vapor strike the sides of mountains and are forced up into higher levels of the atmosphere, where the vapor is condensed into clouds. Air coming in con- tact, during the night or in winter, with the cooled declivities of hills and rising grounds becomes cooled and consequently denser and sinks to the low-lying grounds, displacing the warmer and lighter air. Hence, frosts often occur at these places, when no trace of them can be found at higher levels. For the same reason the cold of winter is generally more intense in ravines and valleys than on hill tops and high grounds, the valleys being a receptacle for the cold-air currents which descend from all sides. These currents give rise to gusts and blasts of cold wind, which are simply the out-rush of cold air from such basins. This is a subject of great practical impor- tance to fruit-growers. In order to understand the principal features of the climate of Wisconsin, and the conditions on which these depend, it is necessary to consider the general climatology of the eastern United States. The chief characteristic of this area as a whole is, that 't is subject to great extremes — to all those variations of temperature which prevail from the tropical to the Arctic regions. This is principally due to the topographical conditions of our continent. The f.ocky mountains con- densing the moisture of the warm winds from the Pacific and preventing them from reaching far inland, separate the climate of the Mississippi valley widely from that of the Pacific slope. Between the Gulf of Mexico and the Arctic sea there is no elevation to exceed 2,000 feet to arrest the flow of the hot southerly winds of summer, or the cold northerly winds of winter. From this results a variation of temperature hardly equaled in any part of the world. In determining the climates of the United States, western Europe is usually taken as the basis of comparison. The contrast between these regions is indeed very great. New York is in the same latitude with Madrid, Naples and Constantinople. Quebec is not so far north as Paris. London and Labrador are equi-distant from the equator ; but while England, with her mild, moist climate, produces an abundance of vegetation, in Labrador all cultivation ceases. In the latitude of Stockholm and St. Petersburg, at the 60th parallel, we find in eastern North America vast ice- fields which seldom melt. The moist and equable climate of western Europe in high latitudes is due to the Gulf Stream and the southwest winds of the Atlantic, which spread their warmth and moisture over the western coast. Comparison, however, shows that the climate of the Pacific coast of North America is quite as mild as that of western Europe ; and this is due to the same kind of influences, namely, to the warm, moist winds and the currents of the Pacific. And to con- tinue the comparisoh still further, in proceeding on both continents from west to east, or from ocean into the interior, we find a general resemblance of climatic conditions, modified greatly, it is true, by local influences. CLIMATOLOGY OF WISCONSIN. 123 The extreme summer climate of the eastern United States is owing to the southerly and ■southwesterly winds, which blow with great regularity during this season, and, after traversing great areas of tropical seas, bear the warmth and moisture of these seas far inland, and give this region the peculiar semi-tropical character of its summers. The average temperature of summer varies between 80° for the Gulf states, and 60" for the extreme north. While in the Gulf states the thermometer often rises to 100°, in the latitude of Wisconsin this occurs very seldom. During winter the prevailing winds are from the northwest. These cold blasts from the Arctic sea are •deflected by the Rocky mountains, sweep down unopposed into lower latitudes, and produce all the rigors of an arctic winter. The mean temperature for this season varies between 60° for the •Gulf coast and 15° for the extreme northern part of Wisconsin. In the northern part of the valley the cold is sometimes so intense that the thermometer sinks to the freezing point of mercury. The extreme of heat and cold would give a continental climate if this extreme were not accom- panied by a profusion of rain. The southerly winds, laden with moisture, distribute this moist- ure with great regularity over the valley. The amount of rainfall, greater in summer than in winter, varies, from the Gulf of Mexico to Wisconsin, from 63 inches to 30 inches. On the At- lantic coast, where the distribution is more equal throughout the year on account of its proximity to the ocean, the amount varies, from Florida to Maine, from 63 to 40 inches. The atmospheric movements on which, to a great extent, the climatic conditions of the eastern United States depend, may be summed up as follows : " I. That the northeast trades, deflected in their course to south and southeast winds in their passage through the Carribean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico, are the warm and moist winds which communicate to the Mississippi valley and the Atlantic slope their fertility. "2. That the prevalence of these winds from May to October communicates to this region a sub-tropical climate. " 3. That in the region bordering on the Gulf of Mexico, the atmospheric disturbances are propagated from south to north ; but in the northern and middle states, owing to 9, prevailing ■upper current, from west to east. " 4. That while this upper current is cool and dry, and we have the apparent anomaly of rain storms traveling from west to east, at the same time the moisture supplying them comes from the south. "5. That, in the winter, the south and southeast winds rise into the upper current, while the west and northwest winds descend and blow as surface winds, accompanied by an extraor- dinary depression of temperature, creating, as it were, an almost arctic climate. " 6. That the propagation of the cold winds from west to east is due to the existence of a warmer and lighter air to the eastward. "7. That in summer the westerly currents seldom blow with violence, because, in passing •over the heated plains, they acquire nearly the same temperature as the southerly currents, but in winter the conditions are reversed." The line of conflict of these aerial currents, produced by unequal atmospheric pressure, shift so rapidly that the greatest changes of temperature, moisture, and wind, are experienced within a few hours, these changes usually affecting areas of great extent. In the old world, on the other hand, the mountain systems, generally running from east to west, offer an impediment, ■especially to the polar currents, and the weather is therefore not so changeable. Wisconsin, situated in the upper and central part of the Mississippi valley, is subject to the same general climatic conditions which give this whole area its peculiar climate. The highest mean summer temperature is 72" Fahrenheit in the southwestern part of the 12i HISTOEY or WISCONSIN. state, and the lowest 64° at Bayfield, Lake Superior. During the months of June, July and August, the thermometer often rises as higli as 90°, seldom to 100°. In 1874 the mercury reached this high point twice at LaCrosse, and three times at Dubuque, Iowa. There are usually two or three of these " heated terms " during the summer, terminated by abrupt changes of temperature. The isotherm of 70" (an isotherm being a line connecting places having the same mean tem- perature) enters this state from the west, in the northern part of Grant county, touches Madison, takes a southerly direction through Walworth county, passes through southern Michigan, Cleveland, and Pittsburg, reaching the Atlantic ocean a little north of New York city. From this it is seen that southern Wisconsin, southern and central Michigan, northern Ohio, central Pennsylvania, and southern New York have nearly the same summer temperature. Northwestward this line runs through southern Minnesota and along the Missouri to the foot of the mountains. Eastern Ore- gon, at 47" 30' north latitude, has the same average summer temperature ; the line then returns and touches the Pacific coast at San Diego. The remarkable manner in which so large a body of water as Lake Michigan modifies the temperature has been carefully determined, so far as it relates to Wisconsin, by the late Dr. Lap- ham, of Milwaukee. It is seen by the map that the average summer temperature of Racine is the same as that of St. Paul. The weather map for July, 1875, in the signal service report for 1876, shows that the mean temperature for July was the same in Rock county, in the southern part of the state, as that of Breckenridge, Minn., north of St. Paul. The moderating effect of the lake during hot weather is felt in the adjacent region during both day and night. Countries in the higher latitudes having an extreme summer temperature are usually charac- terized by a small amount of rain-fall. The Mississippi valley, however, is directly exposed in spring and summer to the warm and moist winds from the south, and as these winds condense their moisture by coming in contact with colder upper currents from the north and west, it has a profusion of rain which deprives the climate largely of its continental features. As already stated, the average amount of rain-fall in Wisconsin is about 30 inches annually. Of this amount about one-eighth is precipitated in winter, three-eighths in summer, and the rest is equally dis- tributed between spring and autumn — in other words, rain is abundant at the time of the year when it is most needed. In Wisconsin the rainfall is greatest in the southwestern part of the state; the least on and along the shore of Lake Michigan. This shows that the humidity of the air of a given area can be greater, and the rainfall less, than that of some other. In comparison with western Europe, even where the mean temperature is higher than in the Mississippi valley, the most striking fact in the climatic conditions of the United States is the great range of plants of tropical or sub-tropical origin, such as Indian corn, tobacco, etc. The conditions on which the character of the vegetation depends are temperature and moisture, and. the mechanical and chemical composition of the soil. " The basis of this great capacity (the great range of plants) is the high curve of heat and moisture for the summer, and the fact that the measure of heat and of rain are almost or quite- tropical for a period in duration from one to five months, in the range from Quebec to the coast of the Gulf." Indian corn attains its full perfection between the summer isotherms 72" and 77", in Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, and Kansas ; but it may be grown up to the line of 65°, which includes the whole of Wisconsin. The successful cultivation of this important staple is due to the intense heat of summer and a virgin soil rich in nitrogen. While Milwaukee and central Wisconsin have a mean annual temperature of 45°, that of southern Ireland and central England is 50° ; the line of 72^, the average temperature for July, runs from Walworth county to St. Paul, while during the same month Ireland and England have a mean temperature of only 60". In Wisconsin the thermometer rises as high as 90'' and above,. CLIMATOLOGY OF WISCONSIN. 125 while the range above the mean in England is very small. It is the tropical element of our sum- mers, then, that causes the grape, the corn, etc., to ripen, while England, with a higher mean temperature, is unable to mature them successfully. Ireland, where southern plants may remain out-doors, unfrosted, the whole winter, can not mature those fruits and grasses which ripen in Wisconsin. In England a depression of 2" below the mean of 60° will greatly reduce the quan- tity, or prevent the ripening of wheat altogether, 60" being essential to a good crop. Wheat, re- quiring a lower temperature than corn, is better adapted to the climate of Wisconsin. This grain may be grown as far north as Hudson bay. Autumn, including September, October and November, is of short duration in Wisconsin. North of the 42d parallel, or the southern boundary line of the state, November belongs properly to the winter months, its mean temperature being about 32°. The decrease of heat from August to September is generally from 8° to 9°; 11° from September to October, and 14° from October to November. The average temperature for these three months is about 45". A beautiful season,, commonly known as Indian summer, frequently occurs in the latter part of October and in No- vember. This period is characterized by a mild temperature and a hazy, calm atmosphere. According to Loomis, this appears to be due to "an uncommonly tranquil condition of the atmos- phere, during which the air becomes filled with dust and smoke arising from numerous fires, by which its transparency is greatly impaired." This phenomenon extends as far north as Lake Superior, but it is more conspicuous and protracted in Kansas and Missouri, and is not observed in the southern states. Destructive frosts generally occur in September, and sometimes in August. " A. temperature of 36° to 40° at sunrise is usually attended with frosts destructive to vegetation, the position of the thermometer being usually such as to represent less than the actual refrigeration at the open surface." In 1875, during October, at Milwaukee, the mercury fell seven times below the freez- ing point, and twice below zero in November, the lowest being 14°. The winters are generally long and severe, but occasionally mild and almost without snow.. The mean winter temperature varies between 23^ in the southeastern part of the state, and 16° at Ashland, m the northern. For this season the extremes are great. The line of 20° is of im- portance, as it marks the average temperature which is fatal to the growth of all the tender trees, such as the pear and the peach. In the winter of 1875 and 1876, the mean temperature for De- cember, January and February, in the upper lake region, was about 4°- above the average mean, for many years, while during the previous winter the average temperature for January, and Feb- ruary was about 12° below the mean for many years, showing a great difference between cold and mild winters. In the same winter, i875-'76, at Milwaukee, the thermometer fell only six times below zero, the lowest being 12", while during the preceding winter the mercury sank thirty-six times below zero, the lowest being 23". In the northern and northwestern part of the state the temperature sometimes falls to the freezing point of mercury. During the exceptionally cold Winter of 1872-3, at La Crosse, the thermometer sank nearly fifty times below zero; on Decem- ber 24, it indicated 37° below, and on January 18, 43" below zero, averaging about 12" below the usual mean for those months. The moderating effect of Lake Michigan can be seen by observing how the lines indicating the mean winter temperature curve northward as they approach the lake. Milwaukee, Sheboygan, Manitowoc, Two Rivers, and the Grand Traverse region of Michigan, have the same average wintei temperature. The same is true regarding. Galena, 111., Beloit, and Kewaunee. A similar influence is noticed in all parts of the state. Dr. Lapham concludes that this is not wholly due to the presence of Lake Michigan, but that the mountain range which extends from a little west of Lake Superior to the coast of Labrador (from 1,100 to 2,240 feet high) protects the lake region in no inconsiderable degree from the excessive cold of winter. 126 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. According to the same authority, the time at which the Milwaukee river was closed wi h ice, ■for a period of nine years, varied between November 15 and December i ; the time at which it became free from ice, between March 3 and April 13. In the lake district, snow and rain are 'interspersed through all the winter months, rain being sometimes as profuse as at any other sea- son. In the northwestern part the winter is more rigid and dry. Northern New York and the New England states usually have snow lying on the ground the whole winter, but in the southern ilake district it rarely remains so long. In i842-'43, however, sleighing commenced about the middle of November, and lasted till about the same time in April — five months. The average temperature for the three months of spring, March, April and May, from Wal- worth county to St. Paul, is about 45°. In central Wisconsin the mean for March is about 27°, which is an increase of nearly 7° from February. The lowest temperature of this month in 1876 was 40° above zero. April shows an average increase of about 9" over March. In 1876 the line of 45" for this month passed from LaCrosse to Evanston, 111., touching Lake Erie at Toledo, showing that the interior wtst of Lake Michigan is warmer than the lake region. The change from winter to spring is more sudden, in the interior than in the vicinity of the lakes. " In the town of Lisbon, fifteen miles from Lake Michigan," says Dr. Lapham, " early spring •flowers show themselves about ten days earlier than on the lake. In spring vegetation, in places remote from the lakes, shoots up in a very short time, and flowers show their petals, while on the lake shore the cool air retards them and brings them more gradually into existence." The in- crease from April to May is about 15°. In May, 1876, Pembina and Milwaukee had nearly the ■same mean temperature, about 55". The extremes of our climate and the sudden changes of temperature no doubt have a marked influence, both physically and mentally, on the American people. And though a more ■equable climate may be more conducive to perfect health, the great range of our climate from arctic to tropical, and the consequent variety and abundance of vegetable products, combine to make the Mississippi valley perhaps one of the most favorable areas in the world for the develop- -nent of a strong and wealthy nation. , During the months of summer, in the interior of the eastern United States, at least three- fourths of the rain-fall is in showers usually accompanied by electrical discharges and limited to ■small areas. But in autumn, winter, and spring nearly the whole precipitation takes place in •general storms extending over areas of 300, 500 and sometimes over 1,000 miles in diameter, and generally lasting two or three days. An area of low atmospheric pressure causes the wind to blow toward that area from all sides, and when the depression is sudden and great, it is accompanied by much rain or snow. On account of the earth's rotation, the wind blowing toward this region of low pressure is deflected to the right, causing the air to circulate around the center with a motion spirally inward. In our latitude the storm commences with east winds. When the storm center, or area of lowest barometer, is to the south of us, the wind gradually veers, as the storm passes from west to east with the upper current, round to the northwest by the north point. On the south side of the storm center, the wind veers from southeast to southwest, by the south -point. The phenomena attending such a storm when we are in or near the part of its center are usually as follows : After the sky has become overcast with clouds, the wind from the northeast •generally begins to rise and blows in the opposing direction to the march of the storm. The ■clouds which are now moving over us, discharge rain or snow according to circumstances. The barometer continues to fall, and the rain or snow is brought obliquely down from the northern •quarter by the prevailing wind. After a while the wind changes slightly in direction and then ■ceases. The thermometer rises and the barometer has reached its lowest point. This is the center of the storm. After the calm the wind has changed its direction to northwest or west. The CLIMATOLOGY OF WISCONSIN. 127' wind blows again, usually more violently than before, accompanied by rain or snow, which is now generally of short duration. The sky clears, and the storm is suddenly succeeded by a tempera- ture lo or 20 degrees below the mean. Most of the rain and snow falls with the east winds, or before the center passes a given point. The path of these storms is from west to east, or nearly so, and only seldom in other directions. These autumn, winter, and spring rains are generally first noticed on the western plains, but may originate at any point along their path, and move eastward with an average velocity of about 20 miles an hour in summer and 30 miles in winter, but sometimes attaining a velocity of over 50 miles, doing great damage on the lakes. In pre- dicting these storms, the signal service of the army is of incalculable practical benefit, as well as in collecting data for scientific conclusions. A subject of the greatest importance to every inhabitant of Wisconsin is the influence of forests on climate and the effects of disrobing a county of its trees. The general influence of forests in modifying the extremes of temperature, retarding evaporation and the increased humidity of the air, has already been mentioned. That clearing the land of trees increases the temperature of the ground in summer, is so readily noticed that it is scarcely necessary to men- tion it ; while in winter the sensible cold is never so extreme in woods as on an open surface exposed to the full force of the winds. " The lumbermen in Canada and the northern United States labor in the woods without inconvenience: when the mercury stands many degrees below zero, while in the open grounds, with only a moderate breeze, the same temperature is almost, insupportable." " In the state of Michigan it has been found that the winters have greatly increased in severity within the last forty years, and that this increased severity seems to move along even-paced with the destruction of the forests. Thirty years ago the peach was one of the most abundant fruits of that State; at that time frost, injurious to corn at any time from May tO' October, was a thing unknown. Now the peach is an uncertain crop, and frost often injures the- corn.'' The precise influence of forests on temperature may not at present admit of definite solu- tion, yet the mechanical screen which they furnish to the soil often far to the leeward of them, is sufficiently established, and this alone is enough to encourage extensive planting wherever this protection is wanting. With regard to the quantity of rain-fall, " we can not positively affirm that the total annual quantity of rain is even locally diminished or increased by the destruction of the woods, though both theoretical considerations and the balance of testimony strongly favor the opinion that more rain falls in wooded than in open countries. One important conclusion, at least, upon the meteorological influence of forests is certain and undisputed : the proposition, namely, that, within their own limits, and near their own borders, they maintain a more uniform degree of humidity in the atmosphere than is observed in cleared grounds. Scarcely less can it be questioned that they tend to promote the frequency of showers, and, if they do not augment the amount of precipitation, they probably equalize its distribution through the different seasons." There is abundant and undoubted evidence that the amount of water existing on the surface in lakes and rivers, in many parts of the world, is constantly diminishing. In Germany, observa- tions of the Rhine, Oder, Danube, and the Elbe, in the latter case going back for a period of 142 years, demonstrate beyond doubt, that each of these rivers has much decreased in volume, and there is reason to fear that they will eventually disappear from the list of navigable rivers. " The ' Blue-Grass ' region of Kentucky, once the pride of the West, has now districts , of such barren and arid nature that their stock farmers are moving toward the Cumberland mount- ains, because the creeks and old springs dried up, and their wells became too low to furnish water for their cattle." In our own state " such has been the change in the flow of the Milwau- 128 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. kee river, even while the area from which it receives its supply is but partially cleared, that the proprietor? of most of the mills and factories have found it necessary to resort to the use of steam, at a largely increased yearly cost, to supply the deficiency of water-power in dry seasons of the year." " What has happened to the Milwaukee river, has happened to all the other water courses in the state froni whose banks the forest has been removed ; and many farmers who selected land uqon which there was a living brook of clear, pure water, now find these brooks dried up during a considerable portion of the year.'' Districts stripped of their forest are said to be more exposed than before to loss of harvests, to droughts and frost. " Hurricanes, before unknown, sweep unopposed over the regions chus denuded, carrying terror and devastation in their track." Earts of Asia Minor, North ^Africa, and other countries bordering on the Mediterranean, now almost deserts, were once densely populated and the granaries of the world. And there is good reason to believe " that it is the destruction of the forests which has produced this devastation." From such facts Wisconsin, already largely robbed of its forests, should take warning before it is too late. TREES, SHRUBS AND VINES. By p. R. hoy, M.D. It is not the purpose of this article to give a botanical description, but merely brief notes on the economical value of the woods, and the fitness of the various indigenous trees, shrubs and vines for the purpose of ornaihent, to be found in Wisconsin. White Oak — Quercus Alba. — This noble tree is the largest and most important of the American oaks. The excellent properties of the wood render it eminently valuable for a great variety of uses. Wherever strength and durability are required, the white oak stands in the first rank. It is employed in making wagons, coaches and sleds ; staves and hoops of the best quality for barrels and casks are obtained from this tree ; it is extensively used in architecture, ship- building, etc.; vast quantities are used for fencmg ; the bark is employed in tanning. The domes- tic consumption of this tree is so great that it is of the first importance to preserve the young trees wherever it is practicable, and to make young plantations where the tree is not found. The white oak is a graceful, ornamental tree, and worthy of particular attention as such ; found abun- dantly in most of the timbered districts. Burr Oak — Q. Macrocarpa. — This is perhaps the most ornamental of our oaks. Nothing can exceed the graceful beauty of these trees, when not crowded or cramped in their growth, but left free to follow the laws of their development. Who has not admired these trees in our exten- sive burr oak openings ? The large leaves' are a dark green above and a bright silvery white beneath, which gives the tree a singularly fine appearance when agitated by the wind. The wood is tough, close-grained, and more durable than the white oak, especially when exposed to frequent changes of moisture and drying; did the tree grow to the same size, it would be preferred for most uses. Abundant, and richly worthy of cultivation, both for utility and ornament. Swamp White Oak — Q. Bicolor. — Is a valuable and ornamental tree, not quite so large or as common as the burr oak. The wood is close-grained, durable, splits freely, and is well worthy of cultivation in wet, swampy grounds, where it will thrive. Post Oak — Q. Obtusiloba. — Is a scraggy, small tree, found sparingly in this state. The tim- ber is durable, and makes good fuel. Not worthy of cultivation. TREES, SHRUBS AND VINES. 129 Swamp Chestnut Oak — Q. Prinus. — This species of chestnut oak is a large, graceful tree, wood rather open-grained, yet valuable for most purposes to which the oaks are applied ; makes the best fuel of any of this family. A rare tree, found at Janesville and Brown's lake, near Bur- lington. Worthy of cultivation. Red Oak — Q. Rubra. — The red oak is a well-known, common, large tree. The wood is coarse-grained, and the least durable of the oaks, nearly worthless for fuel, and scarcely worthy of cultivation, even for ornament. Pin Oak — Q. Palustris. — This is one of the most common trees in many sections of the state. The wood is of little value except for fuel. The tree is quite ornamental, and should be sparingly cultivated for this purpose. Shingle Oak — Q. Imbricaria. — Is a tree of medium size, found sparingly as far north as Wisconsin. It is ornamental, and the wood is used for shingles and staves. Scarlet Oak — Q. Coccinea. — This is an ornamental tree, especially in autumn, when its leaves turn scarlet, hence the name. Wood of little value ; common. Sugar Maple — Acer Saccharium. — This well-known and noble tree is found growing abun- dantly in many sections of the state. The wood is close-grained and susceptible of a beautiful polish, which renders it valuable for many kinds of furniture, more especially the varieties known as bird's-eye and curled maples. The wood lacks the durability of the oak ; consequently is not valuable for purposes where it will be exposed to the weather. For fuel it ranks next to hickory. The sugar manufactured from this tree affords no inconsiderable resource for the comfort and even wealth of many sections of the northern states, especially those newly settled, where it would be difficult and expensive to procure their supply from a distance. As an ornamental tree it stands almost at the head of the catalogue. The foliage is beautiful, compact, and free from the attacks of insects. It puts forth its yellow blossoms early, and in the autumn the leaves change in color and show the most beautiful tints of red and yellow long before they fall. Worthy of especial attention for fuel and ornament, and well adapted to street-planting. Red Maple — A. Rubrum. — Is another fine maple of more rapid growth than the foregoing species. With wood rather lighter, but quite as valuable for cabinet-work — for fuel not quite so good. The young trees bear transplanting even better than other maples. Though highly orna- mental, this tree hardly equals the first-named species. It puts forth, in early spring, its scarlet blossoms before a leaf has yet appeared. Well adapted to street-planting. Mountain Maple — A. Spicatum. — Is a small branching tree, or rather shrub, found grow- ing in clumps. Not worthy of much attention. Silver Maple — A. Dasycarpum. — This is a common tree growing on the banks of streams, especially in the western part of the state, grown largely for ornament, yet for the purpose it is the least valuable of the maples. The branches are long and straggling, and so brittle that they are liable to be injured by winds. Box Maple — Negundo Aceroides. — This tree is frequently called box elder. It is of a rapid growth and quite ornamental. The wood is not much used in the arts, but is good fuel. Should be cultivated. It grows on Sugar and Rock rivers. White Elm — Ulmus Americana. — This large and graceful tree stands confessedly at the head of the list of ornamental deciduous trees. Its wide-spreading branches and long, pendu- lous branchlets form a beautiful and conspicuous head. It grows rapidly, is free from disease and the destructive attacks of insects, will thrive on most soils, and for planting along streets, in public grounds or lawns, is unsurpassed by any American tree. The wood is but little used in the arts ; makes good firewood ; should be planted along all the roads and streets, near every dwelling;, and on all public grounds. 1 Sifl " HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. Slippery Elm — V. Fulva. — This smaller and less ornamental species is also common. The wood, however, is much more valuable than the white elm, being durable and splitting readily.. It makes excellent rails, and is much used for the framework of buildings; valuable for fuel; should be cultivated. Wild Black Cherry — Cerasus Serotina. — This large and beautiful species of cherry is one of the most valuable of American trees. The wood is compact, fine-grained, and of a brilliant reddish color, not liable to warp, or shrink and swell with atmospheric changes ; extensively em- ployed by cabinet-makers for every species of furnishing. It is exceedingly durable, hence is. valuable for fencing, building, etc. Richly deserves a place in the lawn or timber plantation. Bird Cherry — C. Pennsylvanica. — Is a small northern species, common in the state and worthy of cultivation for ornament. Choke Cherry — C. Virginiana. — This diminutive tree is of little value, not worth the trouble of cultivation. Wild Plum — Prunus Americana. — The common wild plum when in full bloom is one of the most ornamental of small flowering trees, and as such should not be neglected. The fruit is- rather agreeable, but not to be compared to fine cultivated varieties, which may be engrafted on the wild stock to the very best advantage. It is best to select small trees, and work them on the roots. The grafts should be inserted about the middle of April. Hackberry — Celtis Occidentalis. — This is an ornamental tree of medium size ; wood hard,, close-grained and elastic ; makes the best of hoops, whip-stalks, and thills for carriages. The Indians formerly made great use of the hackbeiry wood for their bows. A tree worthy bl a lim- ited share of attention. American Linden or Basswood — -Tiiia Americana. — Is one of the finest ornamental trees for public grounds, parks, etc., but will not thrive where the roots are exposed to bruises ; for this, reason it is not adapted to planting along the streets of populous towns. The wood is light and tough, susceptible of being bent to almost any curve ; durable if kept from the weather ; takes paint well, and is considerably used in the arts; for fuel it is of little value. This tree will flourish in almost any moderately rich, damp soil; bears transplanting well; can be propagated readily from layers. White Thorn — Crataegus Coccinea, and Dotted Thorn — C. Punctata. — These two species of thorn are found everywhere on the rich bottom lands. When in bloom they are beautiful, and should be cultivated for ornament. The wood is remarkably compact and hard, and were it not for the small size of the tree, would be valuable. Crab Apple — Pyrus Coronaria. — This common small tree is attractive when covered with its highly fragrant rose-colored blossoms. Wood I'-f', fine, compact grain, but the tree is too- small for the wood to be of much practical value. Well worthy of a place in extensive grounds. Mountain Ash- — P- Americana. — This popular ornament to our yards is found growing in the northern part of the state and as far south as 43". The wood is useless. White Ash — Fraxinus Acuminata. — Is a large, interesting tree, which combines utility with beauty in an eminent degree. The wood possesses strength, suppleness and elasticity, which renders it valuable for a great variety of uses. It is extensively employed in carriage manufact- uring; for various agricultural implements ; is esteemed superior to any other wood for oars; excellent for fuel. The white ash grows rapidly, and in open ground forms one of the most lovely trees that is to be found. The foliage is clean and handsome, and in autumn turns from its bright green to a violet purple hue, which adds materially to the beauty of our autumnal syl- van scenery. It is richly deserving our especial care and protection, and wiU amply repay all labor and expense bestowed on its cultivation. TREES, SHRUBS AND VINES. 131 Black Asfe — F SamhucifoUa. — This is another tall, graceful and well-known species of ash. The wood is used for making baskets, hoops, etc. ; when thoroughly dry, affords a good article of fuel. Deserves to be cultivated in low, rich, swampy situations, where more useful trees will not thrive. Black Walnut — Juglans Nigra. — ^This giant of the rich alluvial bottom lands claims special attention for its valuable timber. It is among the most durable' and beautiful of Ameri- can woods ; susceptible of a fine polish ; not liable to shrink and swell by heat and moisture. It is extensively employed by the cabinet-makers for every variety of furniture. Walnut forks, are frequently found which rival in richness and beauty the far-famed mahogany. This tree, in favorable situations, grows rapidly ; is highly ornamental, and produces annually an abundant crop of nuts. BtJTTERNUT — J. Cinerea. — This species of walnut is not as valuable as the above, yet for its beauty, and the durability of its wood, it should claim a small portion of attention. The wood is rather soft for most purposes to which it otherwise might be applied. When grown near streams, or on moist side-hills, it produces regularly an ample crop of excellent nuts. It grows rapidly. Shell-Bark Hickory — Carya Alba. — This, the largest and finest of American hickories, grows abundantly throughout the state. Hickory wood possesses probably the greatest strength and tenacity of any of our indigenous trees, and is used for a variety of purposes , but,, unfortunately, it is liable to be eaten by worms, and lacks durability. For fuel, the shell-bark hickory stands unrivaled. The tree is ornamental and produces every alternate year an ample crop of the best of nuts. Shag-Bark Hickory — C. Jnclata. — Is a magnificent tree, the wood of which is nearly as valuable as the above. The nuts are large, thick-shelled and coarse, not to be compared to the C. alba. A rare tree in Wisconsin ; abundant further south. Pignut Hickory — C. Glabra. — This species possesses all the bad and but few of the good qualities of the shell-bark. The nuts are smaller and not so good. The tree should be pre- served and cultivated in common with the shell-bark. Not abundant. BiTTERNUT — C. Amara. — Is an abundant tree, valuable for fuel, but lacking the strength and elasticity of the preceding species. It is, however, quite as ornamental as any of the hickories. Red Beech — Fagus Ferruginea. — This is a common tree, with brilliant, shining light-green leaves, and long, flexible branches. It is highly ornamental, and should be cultivated for this purpose, as well as for its useful wood, which is tough, close-grained and compact. It is much used for plane-stocks, tool handles, etc., and as an article of fuel is nearly equal to maple. Water Beech — Carpinus Americana. — Is a small tree, called hornbeam by many. The wood is exceedingly hard and compact, but the small size of the tree renders it almost useless. Iron Wood — Ostrya Virginica. — This small tree is found disseminated throughout most of our woodlands. It is, to a considerable degree, ornamental, but of remarkably slow groi^h. The wood possesses valuable properties, being heavy and strong, as the name would indicate ; yet, from its small size, it is of but little use. Balsam Poplar — Populus Candicans. — This tree is of medium size, and is known by sev- eral names : Wild balm of Gilead, cottonwood, etc. It grows in moist, sandy soil, on river bot- toms. It has broad, heart-shaped leaves, which turn a fine yellow after the autumn frosts. It grows more rapidly than any other of our trees ; can be transplanted with entire success when eight or nine inches in diameter, and makes a beatiful shade tree — the most ornamental of pop- lars. The wood is soft, ^pongy^ and nearly useless. 132 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. Quaking Aspen — /". Tremuloides. — Is a well-known, small tree. It is rather ornamental, but scarcely vyorth cultivating. Large Aspen — P. Grandidentata. — Is the largest of our poplars. It frequently grows to the height of sixty or seventy feet, with a diameter of two and one-half feet. The wood is soft, easily split, and used for frame buildings. It is the most durable of our poplars. Cotton Wood — P Monolifera. — This is the largest of all the poplars ; abundant on the Mississippi river. Used largely for fuel on the steamboats. The timber is of but little use in the arts. Sycamore or Buttonwood — Platanus Occidentalis. — This, the largest and most majestic of our trees, is found growing only on the rich alluvial river bottoms. The tree is readily known, even at a considerable distance, by its whitish smooth branches. The foliage is large and beautiful, and the tree one of the most ornamental known. The wood speedily decays, and when sawed into lumber warps badly ; on these accounts it is but little used, although susceptible of a fine finish. As an article of fuel it is of inferior merit. Canoe Birch — Betula Papyracea. — Is a rather elegant and interesting tree. It grows abund- antly in nearly every part of the state. The wood is of a fine glossy grain, susceptible of a good finish, but lacks durability and strength, and, therefore, is but little used in the mechanical arts. For fuel it is justly prized. It bears transplanting without difificulty. The Indians manufacture their celebrated bark canoes from the bark of this tree. Cherry Birch — B. Lenta. — This is a rather large, handsome tree, growing along streams. Leaves and bark fragrant. Wood, fine-grained, rose-colored ; used largely by the cabinet- makers. Yellow Birch — B. Lutea. — This beautiful tree occasionally attains a large size. It is highly ornamental, and is of value for fuel ; but is less prized than the preceding species for cab- inet work. Kentucky Coffee Tree — Gymnocladus Canadensis. — This singularly beautiful tree is only found sparingly, and on rich alluvial lands. I met with it growing near the Peccatonica, in Green county. The wood is fine-grained, and of a rosy hue ; is exceedingly durable, and well worth cultivating. June Berry — Amelanchier Canadensis. — Is a small tree which adds materially to the beauty of our woods in early spring, at which time it is in full bloom. The wood is of no particular value, and the tree interesting only when covered with its white blossoms. White Pine — Pinus Strol-us. — This is the largest and most valuable of our indigenous pines'. The wood is soft, free from resin, and works easily. It is extensively employed in the mechan- ical arts. It is found in great profusion in the northern parts of the state. This species is readily known by the leaves being in fives. It is highly ornamental, but in common with all pines, will hardly bear transplanting. Only small plants should be moved. Norway or Red Pine — P. Resinosa, and Yellow Pine — P. Mitis. — These are two large trees, but little inferior in size to the white pine. , The wood contains more resin, and is conse- quently more durable. The leaves of both these species are in twos. Vast quantities of lumber are yearly manufactured from these two varieties and the white pine. The extensive pineries of the state are rapidly diminishing. Shrub Pine — P. Banksiana. — Is a small, low tree ; only worthy of notice here for the orna- mental shade it produces. It is found in the northern sections of the state. Balsam Fir — Abies Balsamea. — This beautiful evergreen is multiplied to a great extent on the shores of Lake Superior, where it grows forty or fifty feet in height. The wood is of' but TEEES, SHRUBS AND VINES. 133 little value The balsam of fir, or Canadian balsam, is obtained from this tree. Double Spruce — A. Nigra. — This grows in the same localities with the balsam fir, and assumes the same pyramidal form, but is considerably larger. The wood is light and possesses considerable strength and elasticity, which renders it one of the best materials for yards and top- masts for shippmg. It is extensively cultivated for ornament. Hemlock — A. Ca?Mdensis. — The hemlock is the largest of the genus. It is gracefully orna- mental, but the wood is of little value. The baik is extensively erriployed in tanning. Tamarack — Larix Americana. — This beautiful tree grows abundantly in swampy situations throughout the state. It is not quite an evergreen It drops its leaves in winter, but quickly recovers them in early spring. The wood is remarkably durable and valuable for a variety of uses. The tree grows rapidly, and can be successfully cultivated in peaty situations, where other trees would not thrive. Arbor VitjE — Thuja Occidentalis. — This tree is called the white or flat cedar. It grows abundantly in many parts of the state. The wood is durable, furnishing better fence posts than any other tree, excepting the red cedar. Shingles and staves of a superior quality are obtained from these trees. A beautiful evergreen hedge is made from the young plants, which bear trans- planting better than most evergreens. It will grow on most soils if sufficiently damp. Red C'E.TtAK—Juniperus Virginiana. — Is a w^ell known tree that furnishes those celebrated fence posts that " last forever." The wood is highly fragrant, of a rich red color, and fine grained ; hence it is valuable for a variety of uses. It should be extensively cultivated. Dwarf Juniper — _/. Sabina. — This is a low trailing shrub. Is considcably prized for •ornament. Especially worthy of cultivation in large grounds. Sassafras — Sassafras officinale. — Is a small tree of fine appearance, with fragrant leaves bark. Grows in Kenosha county. Should be cultivated. Willows. — There are many species of willows growing in every part of the state, several of which are worthy of cultivation near streams and ponds. White Willow — Salix alba. — Is a fine tree, often reaching sixty feet in height. The wood is soft, and makes the best charcoal for the manufacture of gun-powder. Grows rapidly. Black Willow — S. Nigra. — • This is also a fine tree, but not quite so large as the foregoing. It is used for similar purposes. There are many shrubs and vines indigenous to the state worthy of note. I shall, however, call attention to only a few of the best. Dogwoods. — There are several species found in our forests and thickets. All are ornamen- tal when covered with a profusion of white blossoms. I would especially recommend : corus sericea, C. stolonifera, C. paniculata, and C. alternifolia. All these will repay the labor of trans- planting to ornamental grounds. Viburnums. — These are very beautiful. "W^\\a.ve viburnum lentago, V. pruni/olium, V. nudum, V. deniaticm, V. pubescens, V. acerifolium, V. pauciflorum, and V. opulus. The last is known as the cranberry tree, and is a most beautiful shrub when in bloom, and also when covered with its red, acid fruit. The common snow-ball tree is a cultivated variety of the V. opulus. Witch Hazel — Hamamelis Virginica. — Is an interesting, tall shrub that flowers late in autumn, when the leaves are fa;lling, and matures the fruit the next summer. It deserves more attention than it receives. Burning Bush — Euonymus atropurpureus. — This fine shrub is called the American straw- berry, and is exceedingly beautiful when covered with its load of crimson fruit, which remains •during winter. 134 HISTORY OV WISCOJiTSIN. Sumach — Mus typhina. — Is a tall shrub, 11 known, but seldom cultivated. When well grown it is ornamental and well adapted for planting in clumps. Hop Tree — Ptdea trifoliata. — This is a showy shrub with shining leaves, which should be cultivated. Common in rich, alluvial ground. Bladder Nut — Staphylea trifolia. — Is a fine, upright, showy shrub, found sparingly all over the state. Is ornamental, with greenish striped branches and showy leaves. Vines. Virginia Creeper — Ampelopsis quinquefolia. — This is a noble vine, climbing extensively by disc-bearing tendrils, so well known as to require no eulogy. Especially beautiful in its fall colors. ' Bitter Sweet — Celastrus scandens. — Is a stout twining vine, which would be an ornament to any grounds. In the fall and early winter it is noticeable for its bright fruit. Common. Yellow Honeysuckle — Lonicera flava. — Is a fine native vine, which is found climbing over tall shrubs and trees. Ornamental. There are several other species of honeysuckle ; none, how- ever, worthy of special mention. Frost Grape — Vitce cordifolia. — This tall-growing vine has deliciously sweet blossoms, which perfume the air for a great distance around. For use as a screen, this hardy species will be found highly satisfactory. FAUNA OF WISCONSIN. By p. R. hoy, M.D. FISH AND FISH CULTURE. Fish are cold blooded aquatic vertebrates, having fins as organs of progression. They have- a two-chambered heart ; their bodies are mostly covered with scales, yet a few are entirely naked, like catfish and eels ; others again are covered with curious plates, such as the sturgeon. Fish inhabit both salt and fresh water. It is admitted by all authority that fresh-water fish are more universally edible than those inhabiting the ocean. Marine fish are said to be. more highly flavored than those inhabiting fresh waters ; an assertion I am by no means prepared to admit. As a rule, fish are better the colder and purer the water in which they are found, and where can you find those conditions more favorable than in the cold depths of our great lakes ? We have tasted, under the most favorable conditions, about every one of the celebrated salt-water fish, and. can say that whoever eats a whitefish just taken from the pure, cold water of Lake Michigan will have no reason to be envious of the dwellers by the sea. Fish are inconceivably prolific; a single female deposits at one spawn from one thousand to one million eggs, varying according to species. Fish afford a valuable article of food for man, being highly nutritious and easy of digestion ; they abound in phosphates, hence are valuable as affording nutrition to the osseous and nervous sys- tem, hence they have been termed, not inappropriately, brain food — certainly a very desirable article- of diet for some people. They are more savory, nutritious and easy of digestion when just taken from the water ; in fact, the sooner they are cooked after being caught the better. No fish should be more than a few hours from its watery element before being placed upon the table. For con- venience, I will group ouir fish into families as a basis for what I shall offer. Our bony fish^ FAUNA OF WISCONSIN. 136 having spine rays and covered with comb-like scales, belong to the perch family — a valuable family ; all take the hook, are gamey, and spawn in the summer. The yellow perch and at least four species of black or striped bass have a wide range, being found in all the rivers and lakes in the state. There is a large species of fish known as Wall- eyed pike {Leucoperca americand) belonging to this family, which is found sparingly in most of our rivers and lakes. The pike is an active and most rapacious animal, devouring fish of consider- able size. The flesh is firm and of good flavor. It would probably be economical to propagate it to a moderate extent. The six-spined bass (Pomoxys hexacanthus, Agas.) is one of the most desirable of the spine- layed fish found in the State. The flesh is fine flavored, and as the fish is hardy and takes the hook with avidity, it should be protected during the spawning season and artificially propagated. I have examined the stomachs of a large number of these fish and in every instance found small crawfish, furnishing an additional evidence in its favor. Prof. J. P. Kirtland, the veteran ichthy- ologist 6f Ohio, says that this so-callea " grass bass" is the fish for the million. The white bass {Roccus chrysops) is a species rather rare even in the larger bodies of water, but ought to be introduced into every small lake in the State, where I am certain they would flourish. It is an excellent fish, possessing many of the good qualities and as few of the bad as any that belong to the family. There is another branch of this family, the sunfish, Fomotis, which numbers at least six species found in Wisconsin. They are beautiful fish, and afibrd abundant sport for the boys ; none of them, however, are worth domesticating (unless it be in the aquarium) as there are so many better. The carp family (Cyprinidce) are soft finned fish without maxillary teeth. They include by far the greater number of fresh-water fish. Some specimens are not more than one inch, while others are nearly two feet in length. Our chubs, silversides and suckers are the principal mem- bers of this family. Dace are good pan-fish, yet their small size is objectionable ; they are the children's game fish. The Cyprinidce all spawn in the spring, and might be profitably propa- ' gated as food for the larger and more valuable fish. There are six or seven species of suckers found in our lakes and rivers. The red horse, found every where, and at least one species of the buffalo, inhabiting the Mississippi and its trib- utaries, are the best of the genus Catastomus. Suckers are bony, and apt to taste suspiciously of mud ; they are only to be tolerated in the absence of better. The carp (Cyprenius carpo) has been successfully introduced into the Hudsonriver. The trout family {^Salmonida) are soft-finned fish with an extra dorsal adipose fin without rays. They inhabit northern cguntries, spawning in the latter part of fall and winter. Their flesh is universally esteemed. The trout family embrace by far the most valuable of our fish, including, as it does, trout and whitefish. The famous speckled trout {Salmo foniinalis) is a small and beautiful species which is found in nearly every stream in the northern half of the State. Wherever there is a spring run or lake, the temperature of which does not rise higher than sixty-five or seventy in the summer, there trout can be propagated in abundance. The great salmon trout (^Sal. amethystus) of the great lakes is a magnificent fish weighing from ten to sixty pounds. The Siscowit salmo siscowit of Lake Superior is about the same size, but not quite so good a fish, being too fat and oily. They will, no doubt, flourish in the larger of the inland lakes. The genus Coregonus includes the true whitefish, or lake shad. In this genus, as now restricted, the nose is square and the under jaw short, and when first caught they have the fragrance of fresh cucumbers. There are at least three species found in Lake Michigan. In my 136 HISTORY or WISCONSIN. opinion these fish are more delicately flavored than the celebrated Potomac shad ; but I doubt whether they will thrive in the small lakes, owing to the absence of the small Crustacea on which they subsist. The closely allied genus Argyrosomus includes seven known species inhabiting the larger lakes, and one, the Argyrosomus sisco, which is found in several of the lesser lakes. The larger species are but little inferior to the true whitefish, with which they are commonly confounded. The nose is pointed, the under jaw long, and they take the hook at certain seasojas with activity. They eat small fish as well as insects and crustaceans. Of the pickerel family, we have three or four closely allied species of the genus Esox, armed with prodigious jaws filled with cruel teeth. They lie motionles eady to dart, swift as an arrow, upon their prey. They are the sharks of the fresh water. The pickerel are so rapacious that they spare not their own species. Sometimes they attempt to swallow a fish nearly as large as themselves, and perish in consequence. Their flesh is moderately good, and as they are game to the backbone, it might be desirable to propagate them to a moderate extent under peculiar circumstances. The catfish {SiluridcB) have soft fins, protected by sharp spines, and curious fleshy barbels floating from their lips, without scales, covered only with a slimy coat of mucus. The genus Pimlodus are scavengers among fish, as vultures among birds. They are filthy in habit and food. There is one interesting trait of the catfish — the vigilant and watchful motherly care of the young by the male. He defends them with great spirit, and herds them together when they straggle. Even the mother is driven far off; for he knows full well that she would not scruple to make a full meal off" her little black tadpole-like progeny. There are four species known to inhabit this State — one peculiar to the great lakes, and two found in the numerous affluents of the Mississippi. One of these, the great yellow catfish, sometimes weighs over one hundred pounds. When in good condition, stuffed and well baked, they are a fair table fish.- The small bull-head is universally distributed. The sturgeons are large sluggish fish, covered with plates instead of scales. There are at least three species of the genus Acipenser found in the waters of Wisconsin. Being so large and without bones, they afford a sufficiently cheap article of food ; unfortunately, however, the quality is decidedly bad. Sturgeons deposit an enormous quantity of eggs ; the roe not unfrequently weighs one fourth as much as the entire body, and numbers, it is said, many millions. The principal commercial value of sturgeons is found in the roe and swimming bladder. The much prized caviare is manufactured from the former, and from the latter the best of isinglass is obtained. The gar-pikes {Lepidosteus) are represented by at least three species of this singular fish. They have long serpentine bodies, with jaws prolonged into a regular bill, which is well provided with teeth. The scales are composed of bone covered on the outside with enamel, like teeth. The alligator gar, confined to the depths of the Mississippi, is a large fish, and the more common species, Lepidosteus bison, attains to a considerable size. The Lepidosteous, now only found in North America, once had representatives all over the globe. Fossils of the same family of which the gar-pike is the type, have been found all over Europe, in the oldest fossiliferous beds, in the strata of the age of coal, in the new red sandstone, in oolitic deposits, and in the chalk and tertiary formations — being one of the many living evidences that North America was the first country above the water. For all practical purposes, we should not regret to have the gar-pikes follow in the footsteps of their aged and illustrious predecessors. They could well be spared. There is a fish i^Lota maculose) which belongs to the cod-fish family, called by the fishermen the "lawyers," for what reason I am not able to say — at any rate, the fish is worthless. There are a great number of small fish, interesting only to the naturalist, which I shall omit to men- tion here. FAUNA or WISCONSIN. 137 Fish of the northern countries are the most valuable, for the reason that the water is colder and purer. Wisconsin, situated between forty-two thirty, and forty-seven degrees of latitude, bounded on the east and north by the largest lakes in the world, on the west by the " Great river," traversed by numerous fine and rapid streams, and sprinkled all over with beautiful and pictu- resque lakes, has physical conditions certainly the most favorable, perhaps of any State, for an abundant and never-failing supply of the best fish. Few persons have any idea of the importance of the fisheries of Lake Michigan. It is difficult to collect adequate data to form a correct knowledge of the capital invested and the amount of fish taken ; enough, however, has been ascertained to enable me to state that at Milwaukee alone $100,000 are invested, and not less than two hundred and eighty tons of dressed fish taken annually. At Racine, during the entire season of nine months, there are, on an average, one thousand pounds of whitefish and trout, each, caught and sold daily, amounting to not less than $16,000. It is well known that, since the adoption of the gill-net system, the fishermen are enabled to pursue their calling ten months of the year. When the fish retire to the deep water, they are followed with miles of nets, and the poor fish are entangled on every side. There is a marked falling off in the number and size of white- fish and trout taken, when compared with early years. When fish were only captured with seines, they had abundant chance to escape and multiply so as to keep an even balance in number. Only by artificial propagation and well enforced laws protecting them during the spawning season, can we hope now to restore the balance. In order to give some idea of the valuable labors of the state fish commissioners, I will state briefly that they have purchased for the state a piece of property, situated three miles from Madison, known as the Nine Springs, including 'forty acres of land, on which they have erected a dwelling-house, barn and hatchery, 'also constructed several ponds, in which can be seen many valuable fish in the enjoyment of perfect health and vigor. As equipped, it is, undoubtedly, one of the best, if not the best, hatchery in the states. In this permanent establishment the commission design to hatch and distribute to the small lakes and rivers of the interior the most valuable of our indigenous fish, such as bass, pike, trout, etc., etc., as well as many valuable foreign varieties. During the past season, many fish have been distributed from this state hatchery. At the Milwaukee Water Works, the commission have equipped a hatchery on a large scale, using the water as pumped directly from the lake. During the past season there was a prodigious multitude of young trout and whitefish distributed from this point. The success of Superintendent Welcher in hatching whitefish at Milwaukee has been the best yet gained, nearly ninety per cent, of the eggs "laid down" being hatched. Pisciculturists will appreciate this wonderful success, as they well know how difficult it is to manage the spawn of the whitefish. I append the following statistics of the number of fish hatched and distributed from the Milwaukee hatchery previous to 1878 : Total number of fish hatched, 8,000,000 — whitefish, 6,300,000; salmon trout, 1,700,000. They were distributed as follows, in the month of May, 1877 : Whitefish planted in Lake Michigan, at Racine, 1,000,000; at Milwaukee, 3,260,000; between Manitowoc and Two Rivers 1,000,000; in Green bay, 1,000,000; in Elkhart lake, 40,000. Salmon trout were turned out as follows : Lake Michigan, near Milwaukee, 600,000 ; Brown's lake, Racine county, 40,000 ; Delavan lake, Walworth county, 40,000 ; Troy lake, Wal- worth county, 40,000 ; Pleasant lake, Walworth county, 40,000 ; Lansdale lake, Walworth county, 40,000; Ella lake, Mil\vaukee county, 16,000; Cedar lake, Washington county, 40,000; Elkhart lake, Sheboygan county, 40,000 ; Clear lake. Rock county, 40,000 ; Ripley lake, 138 HISTORY or WISCONSIN. Jefferson county, 40,000; Mendota lake, Dane county, 100,000; Fox lake, Dodge county, 40,000 ; Swan and Silver lakes, Columbia county, 40,000 ; Little Green lake, Green Lake county, 40,000 ; Big Green lake. Green Lake county, 100,000 ; Bass lake, St. Croix county, 40,000 ; Twin lakes, St. Croix county, 40,000 ; Long lake, Chippewa county, 40,000 ; Oconomo- woc lake, Waukesha county, 100,000; Pine lake, Waukesha county, 40,000; Pewaukee lake, Waukesha county, 100,000; North lake, Waukesha county, 40,000 ; Nagawicka lake, Waukesha county, 40,000 ; Okanche lake, Waukesha county, 40,000. LARGE ANIMALS.— TIME OF THEIR DISAPPEARANCE. Fifty years ago, the territory now included in the state of Wisconsin, was nearly in a state of nature, all the large wild animals were then abundant. Now, all has changed. The ax and plow, gun and dog, railway and telegraph, have metamorphosed the face of nature. Most of the large quadrupeds have been either exterminated, or have hid themselves away in the wilder- ness. In a short time, all of these will have disappeared from the state. The date and order in which animals become" extinct within the boundaries of the state, is a subject of great interest. There was a time when the antelope, the woodland caribou, the buffalo, and the wild turkey, were abundant, but are now no longer to be found. The Antelope, Antilocarpa Americana, now confined to the Western plains, did, two hun- dred years ago, inhabit Wisconsin as far east as Michigan. In October, 1679, Father Hennepin, with La Salle and party, in four canoes, coasted along the Western shore of Lake Michigan. In Hennepin's narrative, he says; " The oldest of them" (the Indians) " came to us the next morn- ing with their calumet of peace, and brought some wild goats." This was somewhere north of Milwaukee. " Being in sore distress, we saw upon the coast a great many ravens and eagles " (turkey vultures), " from whence we conjectured there was some prey, and having landed upon that place, we found above the half of a fat wild goat, which the wolves had strangled. This provision was very acceptable to us, and the rudest of our men could not but praise the Divine Providence which took so particular care of us." This must have been somewhere near Racine. "On the i6th" (October, 1679), " we met with abundance of game. A savage we had with us, killed several stags (deer) and wild goats, and our men a great many turkeys, very fat and big." This must have been south of Racine. These goats were undoubtedly antelopes. Schoolcraft mentions antelopes as occupying the Northwest territory. When the last buffalo crossed the Mississippi is not precisely known. It is certain they lingered in Wisconsin in 1825. It is said there was a buffalo shot on the St, Croix river as late as 1832, so Wisconsin claims the last buffalo. The woodland caribou — Rangifer caribou — were never numerous within the limits of the state. A few were seen not far from La Pointe in C045. The last wild turkey in the eastern portion of the state, was in 1846. On the Mississippi, one was killed in 1856. I am told by Dr. Walcott, that turkeys were abundant in Wisconsin previous to the hard winter of 1842-3, when snow was yet two feet deep in March, with a stout crust, so that the turkeys could not get to the ground. They became so poor and weak, that they could not fly, and thus became an easy prey to the wolves, foxes, wild cats, minks, etc., which exter- minated almost the entire race. The Doctor says he saw but one single individual the next winter. Elk were on Hay river in 1863, and I have little doubt a few yet remain. Moose are not numerous, a few yet remain in the northwestern part of the state. I saw moose tracks on the Montreal river, near Lake Superior, in the summer of 1845. A few panthers may still inhabit the wilderness of Wisconsin. Benjamin Bones, of Racine, shot one on the headwaters of FAUNA OF WISCONSIN. 139 Black river, December, 1863. Badgers are now nearly gone, and in a few years more, the only badgers found within the state, will be two legged ones. Beavers are yet numerous in the small lakes in the northern regions. Wolverines are occasionally met with in the northern forests. Bears, wolves, and deer, will continue to flourish in the northern and central counties, ■where underbrush, timber, and small lakes abound. All large animals will soon be driven by civilization out of Wisconsin. The railroad and improved firearms will do the work, and thus we lose the primitive denizens of the forest and prairies. PECULIARITIES OF THE BIRD FAUNA. The facts recorded in this paper, were obtained by personal observations within fifteen miles of Racine, Wisconsin, latitude 42° 46' north, longitude 87° 48' west. This city is situated on the western shore of Lake Michigan, at the extreme southern point of the heavy lumbered ■district, the base of which rests on Lake Superior. Racine extends six miles further into the lake than Milwaukee, and two miles further than Kenosha. At this point the great prairie approaches near the lake from the west. The extreme rise of the mercury in summer, is from 90" to 100^ Fahrenheit. The isothermal line comes further north in summer, and retires further south in winter than it does east of the great lakes, which physical condition will sufficiently •explain the remarkable peculiarities of its animal life, the overlapping, as it were, of two distinct faunas. More especially is this true of birds, that are enabled to change their locality with the greatest facility. Within the past thirty years, I have collected and observed over three hundred ■species of birds, nearly half of all birds found in North America. Many species, considered rare in other sections, are found here in the greatest abundance. A striking peculiarity of the ■ornithological fauna of this section, is that southern birds go farther north in summer, while northern species go farther south in winter than they do east of the lakes. Of summer birds that visit us, I will ennumerate a few of the many that belong to a more southern latitude in the Atlantic States. Nearly all nest with us,' or, at least, did some years ago. Yellow-breasted chat, Icteria virdis ; mocking bird, Mimus pollyglottus ; great Carolina wren, Thriothorus ludovicianus ; prothonotary warbler, Protonoiaria citreaj summer red bird, Pyrangia ,ces>iiva; wood ibis, Tantalus loeulator. Among Arctic birds that visit us in winter are : Snowy owl, Nyctea nivea; great gray owl, Syrnium cinerus; hawk owl, Surnia ulula; Arctic three-toed woodpecker, Picoides arciicus; banded three-toed woodpecker, Picoides hirsutus; mag- pie. Pica hudsonicaj Canada jay, Perisorius canadensis; evening grosbeak, Hesperiphona vesper- tina; Hudson titmouse, Parus hudsonicusj king eder, Somaieria speciabilisj black-throated diver, Colymhus arciicus j glaucus gull, Laurus glaucus. These examples are sufficient to indicate the rich avi fauna of Wisconsin. It is doubtful if there is another locality where the Canada jay and its associates visit in winter where the mock- ing bird nests in summer, or where the hawk owl flies silently over the spot occupied during the warmer days by the summer red bird and the yellow-breasted chat. But the ax has already leveled much of the great woods, so that there is now a great falling off in numbers of our old familiar feathered friends. It is now extremely doubtful if such a collection can ever again be madf within the boundaries of this state, or indeed, of any other. EDUCATIONAL HISTORY. By Prof. EDWARD SEARING, State Superintendent of Public Instruction. From the time of the earliest advent of the families of French traders into the region now known as Wisconsin, to the year 1818, when that region became part of Michigan territory^ education was mostly confined to private instruction, or was sought by the children of the wealthier in the distant cities of Quebec, Montreal, and Detroit. The early Jesuit missionaries, and — subsequently to 1816, when it came under the military control of the United States — representatives of various other religious denominations, sought to teach the Indian tribes of this section. In 1823, Rev. Eleazar Williams, well known for his subsequent claim to be the Dauphin of France, and who was in the employ of the Episcopal Missionary Society, started a school of white and half-breed children on the west side of Fox river, opposite " Shanty-Town." A Catholic mission school for Indians was organized by an Italian priest near Green Bay, in 1830. A clause of the treaty with the Winnebago Indians, in 1832, bound the United States ta maintain a school for their children near Prairie du Chien for a period of twenty-seven years. The Original School Code. From 1818 to 1836, Wisconsin formed part of Michigan territory. In the year 1837, Michi- gan was admitted into the Union as a state, and Wisconsin, embracing what is now Minnesota,. Iowa, and a considerable region still further westward, was, by act of congress approved April 20th of the year previous, established as a separate territory. The act provided that the existing laws of the territory of Michigan should be extended over the new territory so far as compatible with the provisions of the act, subject to alteration or repeal by the new government created. Thus with the other statutes, the school code of Michigan became the originalcode of Wiscon- sin, and it was soon formally adopted, with almost no change, by the first territorial legislature^ which met at Belmont. Although modified in some of its provisions almost every year, this imperfect code continued in force until the adoption of the state constitution in 1848. The first material changes in the code were made by the territorial legislature at its second session, in 1837, by the passage of a bill " to regulate the sale of school lands, and to provide for organ- izing, regulating, and perfecting common schools." It was provided in this act that as soon as twenty electors should reside in a surveyed township, they should elect a board of three com- missioners, holding office three years, to lay off districts, to apply the proceeds of the leases of school lands to the payment of teachers' wages, and to call school meetings. It was also pro- vided that each district should elect a board of three directors, holding office one year, to locate school-houses, hire teachers for at least three months in the year, and levy taxes for the. support of schools. It was further provided that a third board of five inspectors should be elected annually in each town to examine and license teachers and inspect the schools. Two years, subsequently (1839) the law was revised and the family, instead of the electors, was made the basis of the town organization. Every town with not less than ten families was made a school district and required to provide a competent teacher. More populous towns were divided into, two or more districts. The office of town commissioner was abolished, its duties with certain others being transferred to the inspectors. The rate-bill system of taxation, previously in existence, was repealed, and a tax on the whole county for building school-houses and support- EDUCATIONAL HISTORY. 141 ing schools was provided for. One or two years later the office of town commissioners was restored, and the duties of the inspectors were assigned to the same. Other some\\(hat important amendments were made at the same time. In 1840, a memorial to congress from the legislature represented that the people were anxious to establish a common-school system, with suitable resources for its support. From lack of sufficient funds many of the schools were poorly organized. The rate-bill tax or private subscription was often necessary to supplement the scanty results of county taxation. Until a state government should be organized, the fund accruing from the sale of school lands could not be available. Congress had made to Wisconsin, as to other new states, for educational purposes, a donation of lands. These lands embraced the sixteenth section in every township in the state, the 500,000 acres to which the state was entitled by the provisions of an act of congress passed in 1 841, and any grant of lands from the United States, the purposes of which were not speci- fied. To obtain the benefits of this large fund was a leading object in forming the state con- stitution. Agitation for Free Schools. Shortly before the admission of the state the subject of free schools began to be quite widely discussed. In February, 1845, Col. M. Frank, of Kenosha, a member of the territorial legislature, introduced a bill, which became a law, authorizing the legal voters of his own town to vote taxes on all the assessed property tor the full support of its schools. A provision of the act required its submission to the people of the town before it could take effect. It met with strenuous opposition, but after many public meetings and lectures held in the interests of public enlightenment, the act was ratified by a small majority in the fall of 1 845, and thus the first free school in the state was legally organized. Subsequently, in the legislature, in the two constitutional con- ventions, and in educational assemblies, the question of a free-school system for the new state soon to be organized provoked much interest and discussion. In the constitution framed by the convention of 1846, was provided the basis of a free-school system similar to that in our present constitution. The question of establishing the office of state superintendent, more than any other feature of the proposed school system, elicited discussion in that body. The necessity of this office, and the advantages of. free schools supported by taxation, were ably presented to the convention by Hon. Henry Barnard, of Connecticut, in an evening address. He afterward pre- pared, by request, a draft of a free-school system, with a state superintendent at its head, which was accepted and subsequently embodied in the constitution and the school law. In the second constitutional convention, in 1848, the same questions again received careful attention, and the article on education previously prepared, was, after a few changes, brought into the shape in which we now find it. Immediately after the ratification by the people, of the constitution pre- pared by the second convention, three commissioners were appointed to revise the statutes. To one of these, Col. Frank, the needed revision of the school laws was assigned. The work was acceptably performed, and the new school code of 1849, largely the same as the present one, went into operation May first of that year. The School System under the State Government. In the state constitution was laid the broad foundation of our present school system. The four corner stones were: (i) The guaranteed freedom of the schools; (2) the school fund created; (3) the system of supervision; (4) a state university for higher instruction. The school fund has five distinct sources for its creation indicated in the constitution: (i) Proceeds from the sale of lands granted to the state by the United States for educational purposes ; (2) 142 HISTORY OF WISCONSIlsr. all moneys accruing from forfeiture or escheat ; (3) all fines collected in the several counties for breach of the penal laws ; (4) all moneys paid for exemption from military duty ; (5) five per cent, 'of the sale of government lands within the state. In addition to these constitutional sources of the school fund, another and sixth source was open from 1856 to 1870. By an act of the state legislature in the former year, three-fourths of the net proceeds of the sales of the swamp and overflowed lands, granted to the state by congress, Sept. 28, 1850, were added to the common- school fund, the other fourth going into a fund for drainage, under certain circumstances ; but if not paid over to any town for that purpose within two years, to become a part of the school fund. The following year one of these fourths was converted into the normal-school fund, leaving one- half for the common-school fund. In 1858, another fourth was given to the drainage fund, thus providing for the latter one-half the income from the sales, and leaving for the school fund, until the year 1865, only the remaining one-fourth. In the latter year this was transferred to the normal-school fund, with the provision, however, that one-fourth of the income of this fund should be transferred to the common-school fund until the annual income of the latter fund should reach $200,000. In 1870 this provision was repealed, and the whole income of the normal fund left applicable to the support of normal schools and teachers' institutes. At the first session of the state legislature in 1848, several acts were passed which carried ■out in some degree the educational provisions of the constitution. A law was enacted to pro- vide for the election, and to define the duties, of a state superintendent of public instruction. A district board was created, consisting of a moderator, director, and treasurer; the office of town superintendent was established, and provision was made for the creation of town libraries, and for the distribution of the school fund. The present school code of Wisconsin is substantially that passed by the legislature of 1848, and which went into operation May i, 1849. The most important change since made was the abolition of the office of town superintendent, and the substitution therefor of the county superintendency. This change took effect January i, 1862. The School-Fund Income. The first annual report of the state superintendent, for the year 1849, gives the income of the school fund for that year as $588, or eight and three-tenth mills per chilci. Milwaukee county received the largest amount, $69.63, and St. Croix county the smallest, twenty-foar cents. The average in the state was forty-seven cents per district. The following table will show at a glance the quinquennial increase in the income of the fund, the corresponding increase in the number of school children, and the apportionment per child, from 1849 to 1875, inclusive; also, the last published apportionment, that for 1878. It will be seen that since 1855 the increase of the fund has not kept pace with the increase of school population : Year. NO. CHILDREN OF SCHOOL-AGE. INCOME OF SCHOOL FUND RATE PER CHILD. Year. NO. CHILDREN OF SCHOOL-AGE. INCOME OF SCHOOL FUND RATE PER CHILD. 1849- - 1850.. 1855-- 1860.. 70,457 92,105 186,085 288,984 $588 00 47,716 00 125,906 02 184,949 76 $0.0083 .518 .67 .64 1865.. 1870.. 1875-- 1878.. 335.582 412,481 450,304 478,692 151,816 34 159.271 38 184,624 64 185,546 01 .46 .40 •41 •39 The amount of productive school fund reported September 30, 1878, was ^2,680,703.27. The portion of the fund not invested at that date, was $58,823.70. EDUCATIONAL HISTORY. 14a The State University. In his message to the first territorial legislature, in 1836, Governor Dodge recommended^ asking from congress aid for the establishment of a state educational institution, to be governed by the legislature. This was the first official action looking to the establishment of a state university. The same legislature passed an act to establish and locate the Wisconsin univer- sity at Belmont, in the county of Iowa. At its second session, the following year, the legislature- passed an act, which was approved January 19, 1838, establishing "at or near Madison, the seat- of government, a university for the purpose of educating youth, the name whereof shall be ' The University of the Territory of Wisconsin. " A resolution was passed at the same session, direct- ing the territorial delegate in congress to ask of that body an appropriation of $20,000 for the erection of the buildings ot said university, and also to appropriate two townships of vacant land for its endowment. Congress accordingly appropriated, in 1838, seventy-two sections, or two townships, for the support of a " seminary of learning in the territory of Wisconsin," and this- was afterward confirmed to the state for the use of the university. No effectual provision, how- ever, was made for the establishment of the university until ten years later, when the state was. organized. Congress, as has been said, had made a donation of lands to the territory for the support of such an institution, but these lands could not be made available for that purpose until the territory should become a state. The state constitution, adopted in 1848, declared that pro- vision should be made for the establishment of a state university, and that the proceeds of all. lands donated by the United States to the state for the support of a university should remain a perpetual fund, the interest of which should be appropriated to its support The state legislature, at its first session, passed an act, approved July 26, 1848, establishing, the University of Wisconsin, defining its location, its government, and its various departments,, and authorizing the regents to purchase a suitable site for the buildings, and to proceed to the erection of the same, after having obtained from the legislature the approval of plans. This act repealed the previous act of 1838. The regents were soon after appointed, and theirfirst annual; report was presented to the legislature, January 30, 1849. This report announced the selection of a site, subject to the approval of the legislature, announced the organization of a preparatory department, and the election of a chancellor or president. The university was 'thus organized,, with John H. Lathrop, president of the University of Missouri, as its first chancellor, and John W. Sterling as principal of the preparatory department, which was opened February 5, 1849.. Chancellor Lathrop was not formally inaugurated until January 16, 1850. Owing to the short-sighted policy of the state in locating without due care, and in apprais- ing and selling so low the lands of the original grant, the fund produced was entirely inadequate- to the support of the institution. Congress, therefore, made, in 1854, an additional grant of seventy-two sections of land for its use. These, however, were located and sold in the same inconsiderate and unfortunate manner, for so low a price as to be a means of inducing immigra- tion, indeed, but not of producing a fund adequate for the support of a successful state univer- sity. Of the 92,160 acres comprised in the two grants, there had been sold prior to September 30, 1866, 74,178 acres for the sum of $264,570.13, or at an average price of but little more than ^3-5° per acre.* Besides this, the state had allowed the university to anticipate its income to the extent of over $100,000 for the erection of buildings. By a law of 1862 the sum of $104,339.43 was taken from its fund (already too small) to pay for these buildings. The resulting embar- rassment made necessary the re-organization of 1866, which added to the slender resources of the institution the agricultural college fund, arising from the sale of lands donated to the state by the congressional act of 1862. •Compare the price obtained for the lands of the University of Michigan. The first sale of those lands averaged $22.85 per acre, and brought in a single year (1837) $150,447.90. Sales were made in succeeding years at $15, $iy, and $ig per acre. 144 HISTORY OF WISCONSESr. The first university building erected was the north dormitory, which was completed in 1851. This is no feet in length by 40 in breadth, and four stories in height. The south dormitory, of the same size, was completed in 1855. The main central edifice, known as University Hall, was finished in 1859. The Ladies' College was completed in 1872. This latter was built with an appropriation of $50,000, made by the legislature in 1870 — the first actual donation the univer. sity had ever received from the state. The legislature of 1875 appropriated $80,000 for the erection of Science Hall, a building to be devoted to instruction in the physical sciences. This was completed and ready for occupancy at the opening of the fall term of 1877. The growth of this institution during the past fourteen years, and especially since its re- organization in 1866, has been rapid and substantial. Its productive fund on the 30th day of September, 1877, aside from the agricultural college fund, was $223,240 32. The combined uni- ▼ersity and agricultural funds amounted, at the same date, to $464,032 22. An act of the legis- lature in 1867 appropriated to the university income for that year, and annually for the next ten years, the sum of $7,303.76, being the interest upon the sum taken from the universfty fund by the law of 1862 for the erection of buildings, as before mentioned. Chapter 100 of the general laws of 1872 also provided for an annual state tax of $10,000 to increase the income of the uni^ versity. Chapter 119 of the laws of 1876 provides for an annual state tax of one-tenth of one mill on the taxable property of the state for the increase of the university fund income, this tax to be "in lieu of all other appropriations before provided for the benefit of said fund income," and to be " deemed a full compensation for all deficiencies in said income arising from the dis- position of the lands donated to the state by congress, in trust, for the benefit of said income." The entire income of the university from all sources, including this tax (which was $42,359.62), was, for the year ending September 30, 1878, $81,442.63. The university has a faculty of over thirty professors and instructors, and during the past year — 1877-8 — it had in its various depart- ments 388 students. The law department, organized in 1868, has since been in successful opera- ation. Ladies are admitted into all the departments and classes of the university. Agricultural College. The agricultural college fund, granted to the state by the congressional act of 1862, was by a subsequent legislative enactment (1866) applied to the support, not of a separate agricultural college, but of a department of agriculture in the existing university, thus rendering it unneces- sary for the state to erect separate buildings elsewhere. Under the provisions of chapter 114,, laws of 1866, the county of Dane issued to the state, for the purpose of purchasing an experi- mental farm, bonds to the amount of $40,000. A farm of about 200 acres, adjoining the univerv sity grounds, was purchased, and a four years' course of study provided, designed to be thorough and extensive in the branches that relate to agriculture, in connection with its practical application upon the experimental farm. The productive agricultural college fund has increased from |8,o6i.8l5, in 1866, to ;g244,263,i8, in 1878. Normal Schools. The propriety of making some special provision for the instruction of teachers was acknowledged in the very organization of the state, a provision for normal schools having been embodied in the constitution itself, which ordains that after the support and maintenance of the EDUCATIOlSrAL HISTORY. 145 common schools is insured, the residue of the school fund shall be appropriated to academies and normal schools. The state legislature, in its first session in 1848, in the act establishing the Uni- versity of Wisconsin, declared that one of the four departments thereof should be a department of the theory and, practice of elementary instruction. The first institution ever chartered in the state as a normal school was incorporated by the legislature at its second session — 1849 — under the title of the " Jefferson County Normal School." This, however, was never organized. The regents, when organizing the university, at their meeting in 1849, ordained the estab- lishment of a normal professorship, and declared that in organizing the normal department it was their fixed intention " to make the University of Wisconsin subsidiary to the great cause of popular education, by making it, through its normal department, the nursery of the educators of the popular mind, and the central point of union and harmony to the educational interests of the commonwealth." They declared that instruction in the normal department should be free to all suitable candidates. Little was accomplished, however, in this direction during the next ten years. In I'S^'j an act was passed by the legislature appropriating twenty-five per cent, of the income of the swamp-land fund " to normal institutes and academies under the supervision and direction of a board of regents of normal schools," who were to be appointed in accordance with the provisions of the act. Distribution of this income was made to such colleges, acade- mies, and high schools as maintained a normal class, in proportion to the number of pupils pass- ing a successful examination conducted by an agent of the board. In 1859, Dr. Henry Barnard,' who had become chancellor of the university, was made agent of the normal regents. He inaugurated a system of teachers' institutes, and gave fresh vigor to the normal work throughout the state. Resigning, however, on account of ill-health, within two years. Professor Chas. H. Allen, who had been conducting institutes under his direction, succeeded him as agent of the normal regents, and was elected principal of the normal department of the university, entering upon Jiis work as the latter in March, 1864. He managed the department with signal ability and success, but at the end of one or two years resigned. Meantime the educational sentiment of the state had manifested itself for the establishment of separate normal schools.. In 1865, the legislature passed an act repealing that of two years before, and providing instead that one-half of the swamp-land fund should be set apart as a normal-school fund, the income of which should be applied to establishing and supporting normal schools under the direction and management of the board of normal regents, with a proviso, however, that one- fourth of such income should be annually transferred to the common-school fund income, until the latter should amount annually to $200,000. This proviso was repealed by the legislature of 1870, and the entire income of one-half the swamp-land fund has since been devoted to normal- school purposes. During the same year proposals were invited for aid in the establishment of a normal school, in money, land, or buildings, and propositions from various places were received and considered. In i366, the board of regents was incorporated by the legislature. In the same year Platteville was conditionally selected as the site of a school, and as there was already a productive fund of about f 600,000, with an income of over $30,000, and a prospect of a steady increase as the lands were sold, the board decided upon the policy of establishing several schools, located in different parts of the state. In pursuance of this policy, there have already been completed, and are now in very successful operation, the Platteville Normal School, opened October 9, 1866; the Whitewater Normal School, opened April 21, 1868; the Oshkosh Normal School, opened September 19, 187 1, and the River Falls Normal School, opened September 2, 1875. Each assembly district in the state is entitled to eight representatives in the normal schools. These are nominated by county and city superintendents. Tuition is free to all normal students. There are in the normal schools two courses of study — an 146 HISTORY OF AVISCONSIF. elementary course oi twp years, and an advanced course oi four years. The student completing the former, receives a certificatej the one completing the latter, a diploma. The certificate, when, the holder has successfully taught one year after graduation, may be countersigned by the sup. erintendent of public instruction, when it becomes equivalent to a five-years' state certificate.. The diploma, when thus countersigned, after a like interval, is equivalent to a permanent state certificate. It is believed that the normal-school system of Wisconsin rests upon a broader and more secure basis than the corresponding system of any other state. That basis is an independent, and permanent fund, which has already reached a million dollars. The precise amount of this, securely invested and productive fund, September 30, 1878, was ^1,004,907.67, and the sum of ^33,290.88 remained uninvested. Teachers' Institutes. In addition to the work of the normal schools, the board of regents is authorized to expend ' $S,ooo annually to defray the expenses of teachers' institutes. A law of 1871, amended in 1876,. provides for normal institutes, which shall be held for not less than two consecutive weeks, and appropriates from the state treasury a sum not exceeding $2,000 per annum for their support.. There were held in the State, in 1878, sixty-six institutes, varying in length from one to two. weeks. The total number of persons enrolled as attendants was 4,944 Graded Schools. Including those in the cities, the graded schools of the State number about four hundred.. The annual report of the State superintendent for 1878 gives the number with two departments; as 207, and the number with three or more as 225. A law of March, 1872, provided that "all graduates of any graded school of the state," who shall have passed an examination at such graded school satisfactory to the faculty of the univer- sity for admission into the sub-freshman class and college classes of the university, shall be at once and at all times entitled to free tuition in all the colleges of the university." A consider-, able number of graduates of graded schools entered the university under this law during the next four years, but it being deemed an unwise discrimination in favor of this class of students,, in 1876, in the same act which provided for the tax of one tenth of one mill, the legislature pro- vided that from and after the 4th of July of that year no student, except students in law and those taking extra studies, should be required to pay any fees for tuition. Few graded schools of the state are able as yet to fully prepare students for entrance into the regular classes of the classical department of the university. The larger number prepared by them still enter the s^entific department or the sub-freshman class. The Township System. In 1869 the legislature passed a law authorizing towns to adopt by vote the " township sys- tem of school government." Under this system each' town becomes one school district, and the several school districts already existing become sub-districts. Each sub-district elects a clerk, and these clerks constitute a body corporate under the name of the " board of school directors," and are invested with the title and custody of. all school houses, school-house sites, and other prop- erty belonging to the sub-districts, with power to control them for the best interests of the schools of the town. The law provides for an executive committee to execute the orders of the EDUCATIOITAL HISTOBT. HI board, employ teachers, etc., and for a secretary to record proceedings of the board, have imme- diate charge and supervision of the schools, and perform other specified duties. But few towns ha\e as yet made trial of this system, although it is in successful operation in Pensylvania, Mas- sachusetts, and some other states, and where fully and fairly tried in our own, has proved entirely satisfactory. It is the general belief of our enlightened educational men that the plan has such merits as ought to secure its voluntary adoption by the people of the state. Free High Schools. In 1875 the legislature enacted that any town, incorporated village, or city, may establish and maintain not more than two free high schools, and provided for an annual appropriation of not to exceed $25,000, to refund one-half of the actual cost of instruction in such schools, but no school to draw in any one year more than $500. At the session of 1877 the benefits of the act were extended to such high schools already established as shall show by a proper report that they have conformed to the requirements of the law. If towns decline to establish such a school, one or more adjoining districts in the same have the privilege of doing so. The law has met with much favor. For the school year ending August 31, 1876 (the first year in which it was in operation), twenty such schools reported, and to these the sum of $7,466.50 was paid, being an average of ^373. 32 per school. For the year ending August 31, 1878, eighty-five schools reported and received a pro rata division of the maximum appropriation. The high school law was primarily designed to bring to rural neighborhoods the twofold advantages of (i) a higjier instruction than the common district schools afford, and (2) a better class of teachers for these schools. It was anticipated, however, from the first that the immediate results of the law would be chiefly the improvement of existing graded schools in the larger villages and in cities. School Officers. The school officers of Wisconsin are, a state superintendent of public instruction, sixty-four county superintendents, twenty-eight city superintendents, and a school board in each district, consisting of a director, treasurer, and clerk. The state and county superintendents hold office two years, the district officers three years. In each independent city there is a board of educa- tion, and the larger cities have each a city superintendent, who in some cases is also principal of the high school. He is appointed for one year. The county board of supervisors determine, within certain limits, the amount of money to be raised annually in each town and ward of their county for school purposes, levy an additional amount for the salary of the county superintend- ents, may authorize a special school tax, and may under certain circumstances determine that there shall be two superintendents for their county. The town board of supervisors have authority to form and alter school districts, to issue notice for first meeting, to form union districts for high school purposes, and appoint first boards for the same, to locate and establish school-house sites under certain circumstances, to extinguish districts that have neglected to maintain school for two years, and to dispose of the property of the same. The district clerks report annually to the town clerks, the town clerks to the county superintendents, and the county and city superintend- ents to the state superintendent, who in turn makes an annual report to the governor. State Teachers' Certificates. The state superintendent is authorized by law " to issue state certificates of high grade to teachers of eminent qualifications." Two grades of these are given, one unlimited, and the other good for five years. The examination is conducted by a board of three examiners, appointed annually by the state superintendent, and acting under rules and regulations prescribed by him. 148 HISTORY or WISCONSIN. Teachers' Associations. Besides the Wisconsin State Teachers' Association, holding its annual session in the summer and a semi-annual or " executive " session in the winter, there are, in several parts of the state, county or district associations, holding stated meetings. The number of such associations is annually increasing. Libraries. The utility of public libraries as a part of the means of popular enlightenment, was early, recognized in this state. The constitution, as set forth in 1848, required that a portion of the income of the school fund should be applied to the " purchase of suitable libraries and appa- ratus" for the common schools. The same year the legislature of the state, at its first session, enacted that as soon as this income should amount to $60,000 a year (afterwards changed to $30,000), each town superintendent might devote one tenth of the portion of this income received by his town annually, to town library purposes, the libraries thus formed to be distributed among the districts, in sections, and in rotation, once in three months. Districts were also empowered to raise money for library books. The operation of this discretionary and voluntary system was not successful. In ten years (1858) only about one third of the districts (1,121) had libraries, embracing in all but 38,755 volumes, and the state superintendent, Hon. Lyman C. Draper, urged upon the legislature a better system, of " town libraries," and a state tax for their creation and maintenance. In 1857, the legislature enacted that ten per cent, of the yearly income of the school fund should be applied to the purchase of town school libraries, and that an annual tax of one tenth of one mill should be levied for the same purpose. The law was left incomplete, how- ever, and in 1862, before the system had been perfected, the exigencies of the civil war led to the repeal of the law, and the library fund which had accumulated from the ten per cent, of the , school fund income, and from the library tax, amounting in all to $88,784.78, was transferred to the general fund. This may be considered a debt to the educational interests of the state that should be repaid. Meanwhile the single district library system languishes and yearly grows weaker. The re-enacting of a town library system, in which local effort and expenditure shall be stimulated and supplemented by State aid, has been recommended by the State Teachers' Association, and will, it is hoped, be secured, at no distant day, as a part of a complete town system of schools and of public education. List of State Superintendents. The act creating the ofificfe was passed at the first session of the state legislature, in 1848. The incumbents up to the present time have been as follows : NAME OF INCUMBENT. DURATION OF INCUMBENCY. Hon. E. Root .Three years— 1849-50-51. Hon. A. P. Ladd Two years— 1852-53. Hon. H. A. Wright* ..One year and five months — 1854-55. Hon. A. C. Barry Two years and seven months — 1855-56-57. Hon. L. C. Draper - Two years— 1858-59. Hon. J. L. Pickardf ...Three years and nine months — 1860-61-62-63. Hon. J. G. McMynn Four years and three months — 1863-64-65-66-67. Hon. A. J. CraigJ - Two years and six months — 1868-69-70. Hon. Samuel Fallows Three years and six months — 1870-71-72-73. Hon. Edward Searing Four years— 1874-75-76-77. Hon. W. C. Whitford Two years— 1878-79. * Died, May 29, 1845. + Resigned, October l, 1863. :t^ Died, July 3, 1870. EDUCATIONAL HISTOEY. 149 Sketches of Colleges in Wisconsin.* Beloit College was founded in 1847, at Belolt, under the auspices of the Congregational and Presbyterian churches of Wisconsin and northern Illinois. In 1848, Rev. Joseph Emerson and Rev. J. J. Bushnell were appointed professors, and in 1849, I^sv. A. L. Chapin was appointed president, and has continued such until the present time. The institution has had a steady growth, has maintained a high standard of scholarship and done excellent work, both in its pre- paratory and college departments. Two hundred and thirty-six young men have graduated. Its lands and buildings are valued at $78,000, and its endowments and funds amount to about $122,000. Lawrence University, at Appleton, under the patronage of the Methodist church, was organized as a college in 1850, having been an " institute " or academy for three years previous, under the Rev. W. H. Sampson. The first president was Rev. Edward Cook ; the second, R. Z. Mason ; the present one is the Rev. George M. Steele, D. D. It is open to both sexes, and has graduated 130 young men, and 68 young women. It still maintains a preparatory depart- ment. It has been an institution of great benefit in a new region of country, in the northeastern part of the state. Receiving a liberal donation at the outset from the Hon. Amos A. Lawrence, of Boston, it has land and buildings valued at $47,000, at Appleton, and funds and endowments amounting to $60,000. Milton College, an institution under the care of the Seventh Day Baptists, was opened as a college in 1867, having been conducted as an academy since 1844. Rev. W. C. Whitford, the president, was for many years the principal of the academy The institution has done much valuable work, particularly in preparing teachers for our public schools. The college has gradu- ated 38 young men and women, having previously graduated 93 academic students. It has lands, buildings and endowments to the amount of about $50,000. Ripon College, which was known till 1864 as Brockway College, was organized in 1853, at Ripon, and is supported by the Congregational church. Since its re-organization, in 1863, it has graduated 77 students (of both sexes) in the college courses, and has always maintained a large and flourishing preparatory department. Under its present efficient head, the Rev. E. H. IMer- rell, A. M., it is meeting with continued success. Its property amounts to about $125,000. Racine College was founded by the Episcopal Church, at Racine, in 1852, under the Rev. Roswell Park, D. D., as its first President. It was for a long time under the efficient administra- tion of Rev. James De Koven, D. D., now deceased, who was succeeded by Rev. D. Stevens Parker. It maintains a large boys' school also, and a preparatory department. It was designed, in part, to train young men for the Nashotah Theological Seminary. It has property, including five buildings, to the amount of about ^180,000, and has graduated ninety-nine young men. Its principal work, in which it has had great success, is that of a boys' school, modeled somewhat after the English schools. The Seminary of St. Francis of Sales, an ecclesiastical school, was established at St. Fran- cis Station, near Milwaukee, chiefly by the combined eff"orts of two learned and zealous priests, the Rev. Michael Heiss, now bishop of La Crosse, and the Rev. Joseph Salzraann. It was opened in January, 1856, with Rev. M. Heiss as rector, and with 25 students. Rev. Joseph Salzmann was rector from September, 1868, to the time of his death, January 17, 1874, since which time Rev. C. Wapelhorst has held the rectorship. The latter is now assisted by twelve professors, and the students number 267, of whom 105 are theologians, 31 students of philosophy, and the rest classical students. Pio Nono College is a Roman Catholic institution, at St. Francis Station, in the immediate neighborhood of the Seminary of St. Francis. It was founded in 1871, by Rev. Joseph Salzmann, * The statistics in this division were obtained in 1877, ^^^ ^re for the previous year. 150 HISTORY or WISCONSIN. who was the first rector. He was succeeded in 1874 by the present rector, Rev. Thomas Brue- ner, who is assisted by a corps of seven professors. Besides the college proper, there is a nor- mal department, in which, in addition to the education that qualifies for teaching in common and higher schools, particular attention is given to church music. There is also, under the same management, but in an adjoining building, an institution for the instruction of the deaf and dumb. The pupils in the latter, both boys and girls, numbering about 30, are taught to speak by sounds, and it is said with the best success. An institution was organized in 1865, at Prairie du Chien,. under the name of Prairie du Chien College, and under the care of J. T. Lovewell, as principal. In the course of two or three ■years it passed into the hands of the Roman Catholic church, and is now known as St. John's College. It has so far performed principally preparatory work. Sinsinawa Mound College, a Roman Catholic institution, was founded in 1848, through the labors of Father Mazzuchelli, but after doing a successful work, was closed in 1863, and in 1867 the St. Clara academy was opened in the same buildings. The Northwestern University, which is under the Lutheran church, was organized in 1865, at Watertown, under Rev. August F. Ernst, as president. It has graduated 21 young men, and has a preparatory department. Its property is valued at $50,000. Galesville University was organized in 1859, under the patronage of the Methodist church at Galesville, in the northwest part of the state. The first president was the Rev. Samuel Fal- lows, since state superintendent. It has graduated ten young men and eight young women, its work hitherto having been mostly preparatory. It is now under the patronage of the Presby- terian denomination, with J. W. McLaury, A. M., as president. It has property valued at $30,000, and an endowment of about $50,000. Carroll College was established at Waukesha, by the Presbyterian church, in 1846. Prof. J. W. Sterling, now of the state university, taught its primary classes that year. Under President John A. Savage, D.D., with an able corps of professors, it took a high rank and graduated classes ; but for several years past it has confined its work principally to academic studies. Under W. L. Rankin, A. M.,the present principal, the school is doing good service. Wayland University was established as a college, by the Baptists, at Beaver Dam, in 1854, but never performed much college work. For three years past, it has been working under a new charter as an academy and preparatory school, and is now known as Wayland Institute. In 1841, the Protestant Episcopal church established a mission in the wilds of Waukesha county, and, at an early day, steps were taken to estabHsh in connection therewith an institution of learning: This was incorporated in 1847, by the name of Nashotah House., In 1852 the classical school was' located at Racine, and Nashotah House became distinctively a theological seminary. It has an endowment of one professorship, the faculty and students being otherwise sustained by voluntary contributions. It has a faculty of five professors, with Rev. A. D. Cole, D.D., as president, buildings pleasantly situated, and has graduated 185 theological students. • Female Colleges. Two institutions have been known under this designation. The Milwaukee Female College was founded in 1852, and ably conducted for several years, under the principalship of Miss Mary Mortimer, now deceased. It furnished an advanced grade of secondary instruction. The Wis- consin Female College, located at Fox Lake, was first incorporated in 1855, and re-organized in 1863. It has never reached a collegiate course, is now known as Fox Lake Seminary, and admits both sexes. Rev. A, 0. Wright, A. M., is the present principal. AGEICtfLTTJRE. Academies and Seminaries. 151 The following institutions of academic grade, are now in operation : Albion Academy ; Benton Academy; Big Foot Academy; Elroy Seminary; Fox Lake Seminary; two German and English academies in Milwaukee ; Janesville Academy ; Kemper Hall, Kenosha ; Lake Geneva Seminary, Geneva; Lakeside Seminary, Oconomowoc; Marshall Academy, Marshall; Merrill Institute, Fond du Lac ; Milwaukee Academy ; Racine Academy ; River Falls Institute ; Rochester Seminary ; St. Catherine's Academy, Racine ; St. Clara Academy ; Sinsinawa Mound; St. Mary's Institute, Milwaukee; Sharon Academy; and Wayland Institute, Beaver Dam. Similar institutions formerly in operation but suspended or merged in other institu- tions, were : Allen's Grove Academy ; Appleton Collegiate Institute ; Baraboo Collegiate Insti- tute; Beloit Female Seminary; Beloit Seminary; Brunson Institute, Mount Hope; Evansville Sem- inary ; Janesville Academy (merged in the high school) ; Kilbourn Institute ; Lancaster Institute; Milton Academy ; Platteville Academy ; Southport Academy (Kenosha) ; Waterloo Academy ; Waukesha Seminary; Wesleyan Seminary, Eau Claire; and Patch Grove Academy. The most important of these were the Milton and Platteville Academies, the former merged in Mil- ton College, the latter in the Platteville Normal School. Of the others, several were superseded by the establishment of public high schools in the same localities. Commercial Schools. Schools of this character, aiming to furnish what is called a business education, exist in Mil- waukee, Janesville, Madison, LaCrosse, Green Bay, Oshkosh and Fond du Lac. The oldest and largest is in Milwaukee, under the care of Prof R. C. Spencer, and enrolls from two to three hundred students annually. AGRICULTURE. By W. W. DANIELLS, M.S., Prof, of Chemistry and Agriculture at the University OF Wisconsin. The trend of the earliest industries of a country, is the result of the circumstances under which those industries are developed. The attention of pioneers is confined to supplying the immediate wants of food, shelter, and clothing. Hence, the firs tsettlers of a country are farm- ers, miners, trappers, or fishermen, according as they can most readily secure the means of pres- ent sustenance for themselves and their families. In the early history of Wisconsin this law is well exemplified. The southern part of the state, consisting of alternations of prairie and tim- ber, was first settled by farmers. As the country has developed, wealth accumulated, and means of transportation have been furnished, farming has ceased to be the sole interest. Manufactories have been built along the rivers, and the mining industry of the southwestern part of the state has grown to one of considerable importance. The shore of Lake Michigan was first mainly settled tied by fishermen, but the later growth of agriculture and manufactures has nearly overshadowed the fishing interest ; as has the production of lumber, in the north half of the state, eclipsed the trapping and fur interests of the first settlers. That the most important industry of Wisconsin is farming, may be seen from the following statistics of the occupation of the people as given by the United States census. Out of each one hundred inhabitants, of all occupations, 68 were 152 HISTOEY or WISCONSIN. fanners, in 1840; 152 in 1850; 54 in i860; 55 in 1870. The rapid growth of the agriculture of the state is illustrated by the increase in the number of acres of improved land in farms, and in the value of farms and of farm implements and machinery, as shown by the following table, com- piled from the United States census : ACRES IMPROVED LAND IN FARMS. VALUE OF FARMS, INCLUDING IMPROV- ED AND UNIMPROV- ED LANDS. VALUE OF FARM IMPLEMENTS TOTAL. TO EACH INHAB. AND MACHINERY. 1850 i860 1870 1,045,499 3,746,167 5,899,343 3-4 4.8 5.6 $ 28,528,563 131,117,164 300,414,064 $ 1,641,568 5.758,847 14,239,364 Farming, at the present time, is almost entirely confined to the south half of the state, the northern half being still largely covered by forests. A notable exception to this statement is found in the counties on the western border, which are well settled by farmers much farther north. The surface of the agricultural portion of the state is for the most part gently undulating, afford- ing ready drainage, without being so abruptly broken as to render cultivation difficult. The soil is varied in character, and mostly very fertile. The southern portion of the state consists of undulating prairies of variable size — the largest being Rock prairie — alternating with oak openings. The prairies have the rich alluvial soil so characteristic of the western prairies, and are easily worked. The soil of the "openings " land is usually a sandy loam, readily tilled, fertile, but not as " strong " as soils having more clay. The proportion of timber to prairie increases passing north from the southern boundary of the state, and forests of maple, basswood and elm, replace, to some extent, the oak lands. In these localities, the soil is more clayey, is strong and fertile, not as easily tilled, and not as quickly exhausted as are the more sandy soils of the oak lands. In that portion of the state known geologically as the " driftless " region, the soil is invariably good where the surface rock is limestone. In some of the valleys, however, where the lime-rock has been removed by erosion, leaving the underlying sandstone as the surface rock, the soil is sandy and unproductive, except in those localities where a large amount of alluvial matter has been deposited by the streams. The soils of the pine lands of the north of the state, are generally sandy and but slightly fertile. However, where pine is replaced by maple, oak, birch, elm and basswood, the soil is "heavier " and very fertile, even to the shores of Lake Superior. The same natural conditions that make Wisconsin an agricultural state, determined that during its earlier years the main interest should be grain-growing. The fertile prairies covering large portions of the southern part of the state had but to be plowed and sowed with grain to produce an abundant yield. From the raising of cereals the pioneer farmer could get the quickest returns for his labor. Hence in 1850, two years after its admission to the Union, Wis- consin was the ninth, state in order in the production of wheat, while in i860 this rank was raised to third, Illinois and Indiana only raising more. The true rank of the state is not shown by these figures. Were the number of inhabitants and the number of acres of land in actual culti- vation taken into account in the comparison, the state would stand still higher in rank than is here indicated. There is the same struggle for existence, and the same desire for gain the world over, and hence the various phases of development of the same industry in different civilized countries is mainly the result of the widely varying economical conditions imposed upon that industry. Land is thoroughly cultivated in Europe, not because the Europeans have any inherent love for good cultivation, but because there land is scarce and costly, while labor is superabundant and cheap. In America, on the other hand, and especially in the newer states, AGEICULTITRE. 158 land is abundant and cheap, while labor is scarce and costly. In its productive industries each country is alike economical in the use of the costly element in production, and more lavish in the use of that which is cheaper. Each is alike economically wise in following such a course when it is not carried to too great extremes. With each the end sought is the greatest return for the expenditure of a given amount of capital. In accordance with this law of economy, the early agriculture of Wisconsin was mere land-skimming. Good cultivation of the soil was never thought of The same land was planted successively to one crop, as long as it yielded enough to pay for cultivation. The economical principle above stated was carried to an extreme. Farm- ing as then practiced was a quick method of land exhaustion. It was always taking out of the purse, and never putting in. No attention was paid to sustaining the soil's fertility. The only aim was to secure the largest crop for the smallest outlay of capital, without regard to the future. Manures were never used, and such as unavoidably accumulated was regarded as a great nuis- ance, often rendering necessary the removal of stables and outbuildings. Straw-stacks were invariably burned as the most convenient means of disposing of them. Wheat, the principal product, brought a low price, often not more than fifty cents a bushel, and had to be marketed by teams at some point from which it could be carried by water, as this was, at an early day, the only means of transportation. On account of the sparse settlement of the country, roads were poor, and the farmer, after raising and threshing his wheat, had to spend, with a team, from two to five days, marketing the few bushels that a team could draw. So that the farmer had every obstacle to contend with except cheap and very fertile land, that with the poorest of cultivation gave a comparatively abundant yield of grain. Better tillage, accompanied with the use of manures and other fertilizers, would not, upon the virgin soils, have added sufficiently to the yield to pay the cost of applying them. Hence, to the first farmers of the state, poor farming was the only profitable farming, and consequently the only gooti farming, an agriculturo-economical paradox from which there was no escape. Notwithstanding the fact that farmers could economi- cally follow no other system than that of land-exhaustion, as described, such a course was none the less injurious to the state, as it was undermining its foundation of future wealth, by destroy- ing the fertility of the soil, that upon which the permanent wealth and prosperity of every agri- cultural community is first dependent. Besides this evil, and together with it, came the habit of loose and slovenly farming acquired by pioneers, which continued after the conditions making that method a necessity had passed away. With the rapid growth of the northwest came better home markets and increased facilities for transportation to foreign markets, bringing with them higher prices for all products of the farm. As a consequence of these better conditions, land in farms in the state increased rapidly in value, from $9.58 per acre in 1850, to $16.61 in i860, an increase of 62 per cent., while the total number of acres in farms increased during the same time from 2,976,658 acres to 7,893,587 acres, or 265 per cent. With this increase in the value of land, and the higher prices paid for grain, should have come an improved system of hus- bandry which would prevent the soil from deteriorating in fertility. This could have been accomplished either by returning to the soil, in manures and fertilizers, those ingredients of which it was being rapidly drained by continued grain-growing, or by the adoption of a system of mixed husbandry, which should include the raising of stock and a judicious rotation of crops. Such a system is sure to come. Indeed, it is now slowly coming. Great progress upon the earlier methods of farming have already been made. But so radical and thorough a change in the habits of any class of people as that from the farming of pioneers to a rational method that will preserve the soil's fertility and pay for the labor it demands, requires many years for its full accomplishment. It will not even keep pace with changes in those economical conditions which 154 BtlSTOEY OP wiscoiirsiN. favor it. In the rapid settlement of the northwestern states this change has come most rapidly with the replacement of the pioneer farmers by immigrants accustomed to better methods of culture. In such cases the pioneers usually " go west '' again, to begin anew their frontier farming upon virgin soil, as their peculiar method of cultivation fails to give them a livelihood. In Wis- consin as rapid progress is being made in the system of agriculture as, all things considered, could reasonably be expected. This change for the better has been quite rapid for the past ten years, and is gaining in velocity and momentum each year. It is partly the result of increased intelligence relating to farming, and partly the result of necessity caused by the unprofitableness of the old method. The estimated value of all agricultural products of the state, including that of orchards, market gardens, and betterments, was, in 1870, as given in the census of that year, $79,072,967, which places Wisconsin twelfth in rank among the agricultural states of the Union. In 1875, according to the " Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture," the value of the principal farm crops in this state was $58,957,050. According to this estimation the state ranks ninth in lagri- cultui-al importance. As has been before stated, Wisconsin is essentially a grain-growing state. This interest has been the principal one, not because the soil is better adapted to grain-growing than to general, stock, or dairy farming, but rather because this course, which was at an early day most immediately profitable, has been since persistently followed from force of habit, even after it had failed to be remunerative. Che following table shows the bushels of the different grains raised in the state for the years indicated : Year. WHEAT. RYE. CORN. OATS. BARLEY. BUCK- WHEAT. 1850 i860 1870 1875*-- 4,286,131 15.657.458 25,606,344 25,200,000 81,253 888,544 1,325.294 1,340,000 1,988,979 7,517,300 15.033,988 15,200,000 3.414,672 11,059,260 20,180,016 26,600,000 209,672 707,307 1,645,019 2,200,000 79,878 38,987 408,897 275,000 From these statistics it will be seen that the increase in the production of grain was very rapid up to 1870, while since that time it has been very slight. This rapid increase in grain raising is first attributable to the ease with which this branch of farming was carried on upon the new and very rich soils of the state, while in the older states this branch of husbandry has been growing more difficult and expensive, and also to the fact that the war in our own country so increased the demand for grain from 1861 to 1866 as to make this course the most immediately profitable. But with the close of the war came a diminished demand. Farmers were slow to recognize this fact, and change the character of their productions to accord with the wants of the market, but rather continued to produce the cereals in excess of the demand. The chinch bug and an occasional poor season seriously injured the crops, leaving those who relied princi- pally upon the production of grain little or nothing for their support. Hard times resulted from these poor crops. More wheat and corn was the farmer's usual remedy for hard times. So that more wheat and corn were planted. More crop failures with low prices brought harder times, until gradually the farmers of the state have opened their eyes to the truth that they can succeed in other branches of agriculture than grain growing, and to the necessity of catering to the ♦Estimated in report of commissioner of agriculture. AGRlCTJLTimE. 155 demands of the market. The value in 1869 of all farm products and betterments of the state was $79,072,967. There were raised of wheat the same year 25,606,344 bushels, which at $1.03 per bushel, the mean price reported by the Milwaukee board of trade, for No. 2 wheat (the lead- ing grade), for the year ending July 31, 1870, amounts to $26,374,524, or one third the value of all agricultural products and betterments. The average production per acre, as estimated by the commissioner of agriculture, was 14 bushels. Hence there were 1,829,024 acres of land devoted to this one crop, nearly one third of all the improved land in the state. Of the wheat crop of 1869 24,375,435 bushels were spring wheat, and 1,230,909 bushels were winter wheat, which is 19.8 bushels of spring to i bushel of winter wheat. The latter is scarcely sown at all on the prairies, or upon light opening soils. In some of the timbered regions hardy varieties do well, but it is not a certain crop, as it is not able to withstand the winters, unless covered by snow or litter. It is not injured as seriously by the hard freezing, as by the alternate freezing and thawing of Feb- ruary and March. The continued cropping of land with grain is a certain means of exhausting the soil of the phosphates, and of those nitrogenous compounds that are essential to the production of grain, and yet are present even in the most fertile soils in but small quantities. To the diminished yield, partly attributable to the overcropping of the land, and partially to poor seasons and chinch bugs, and to the decline in prices soon after the war, owing to an over production of wheat, may largely be attributed the hard times experienced by the grain growing farmers of Wisconsin from 1872 to 1877. The continued raising of wheat upon the same land, alternated, if any alternation occurred, with barley, oats, or corn, has produced its sure results. The lesson has cost the farmers of the state dearly, but it has not been altogether lost. A better condition of affairs has already begun. Wheat is gradually losing its prestige as the farmers' sole dependence, while stock, dairy, and mixed farming are rapidly increasing. The number of bushels of wheat raised to each inhabitant in the state was in 1850 fourteen, in i860 twenty -three and eight tenths, in 1870 twenty-four, and in 1875 twenty and four tenths. These figures do not indicate a dimin- ished productiveness of the state, but show, with the greatly increased production in other branches of husbandry, that farmers are changing their system to one more diversified and rational. Straw stacks are no longer burned, and manure heaps are not looked upon as altogether useless. Much more attention is now paid to the use of fertilizers. Clover with plaster is looked upon with constantly increasing favor, and there is a greater seeking for light upon the more difficult problems of a profitable agriculture Corn is raised to a large extent, although Wisconsin has never ranked as high in corn, as in wheat growing. Sixteen states raised more corn in 1870 than this state, and in 1875, seventeen states raised more. Corn requires a rich, moist soil, with a long extended season of warm sun- shine. While this crop can be raised with great ease in the larger portion of the state, it will always succeed better farther south, both on account of the longer summers and the greater amount of rainfall. According to the statistics of the commissioner of agriculture, the average yield per acre for a period of ten years, is about 30 bushels. Corn is an important crop in the economy of the farmer, as from it he obtains much food for his stock, and it Is his principal dependence for fattening pork. On these accounts it will, without doubt, retain its place in the husbandry of the state, even when stock and dairy farming are followed to a much greater extent than at present. Barley is cultivated largely throughout the state, but five states produced more in 1870, than Wisconsin. The great quantity of beer brewe;d here, furnishes a good home market for this grain. Barley succeeds best in a rather moist climate, having a long growing season. The dry, short summers of Wisconsin, are not well adapted to its growth. Hence the average 156 HISTORY or WISCONSIN. yield is but a medium one, and the quality of the grain is only fair. According to the returns furnished the commissioner of agriculture, the average yield for a period of ten years, is 22 bushels per acre. Next to wheat, more bushels of oats are raised than of any other grain. Wisconsin was, in i860, fifth in rank among the oat-growing states ; in 1870, sixth. The rich soils of the state raise an abundant crop of oats with but little labor, and hence their growth in large quantities is not^ecessarily an indication of good husbandry. They will bear poor cultivation better than corn, and are frequently grown upon land too weedy to produce that grain. It is a favorite grain for feeding, especially to horses. With the best farmers, oats are looked upon with less favor than corn, because it is apt to leave land well seeded with weeds which are difficult to exterminate. In the production of rye, Wisconsin ranked seventh in i860, and fourth in 1870. It is a much surer crop in this state than winter wheat, as it is less easily winter- killed when not protected by snow, than is that grain. Besides, it ripens so early as not to be seriously injured by drouth in summer, and succeeds well even upon the poorer soils. The average yield per acre is ab6ut 16 bushels. But few hops were grown in Wisconsin, up to i860, when owing to an increased demand by the breweries cf the state, there was a gradual but healthful increase in hop culture. A few years later the advent of the hop louse, and other causes of failure at the east, so raised the price of hops as to make them a very profitable crop to grow. Many acres were planted in this state from 1863 to 1865, when the total product was valued at nearly $350,000. The success of those engaged in this new branch of farming, encouraged others to adopt it. The profits were large. Wheat growing had not for several years been remunerative, and in 1867 and 1868, the " hop fever " became an epidemic, almost a plague. The crop of Sauk county alone was estimated at over 4,000,000 pounds, worth over $2,000,000. The quality of the crop was excellent, the yield large, and the price unusually high. The secretary of the State Agricultural society says, in his report for that year, " Cases are numerous in which the first crop has paid for the land and all the improvements." To many farmers hop raising appeared to offer a sure and speedy course to wealth. But a change came quickly. The hop louse ruined the crop, and low prices caused by over production, aided in bringing ruin to many farmers. In 1867, the price of hops was from 40 to 55 cents per pound, while in 1869 it was from 10 to 15 cents, some of poor quality selling as low as 3 cents. Many hop yards were plowed up during 1869 and 1870. The area under cultivation to this crop in 1875, was, according to the " Report of the Secretary of State," 10,932 acres. The production of tobacco has greatly irjcreased since i860, when there were raised in the state 87,340 pounds. In 1870, the product was 960,813 pounds. As is well known, the quality of tobacco grown in the northern states is greatly inferior for chewing and smoking, to that grown in the south, although varieties having a large, tough leaf, suitable for cigar wrappers, do well here. The variety principally grown is the Connecticut seed leaf. Tobacco can only be grown successfully on rich, fertile soils, and it is very exhausting to the land. Of the amount produced in 1870, there were raised in Rock county 645,408 pounds, and in Dane county, 229,568 pounds; the entire remaining portion of the state raised but 85,737 pounds. According to the report of the secretary of state, the whole number of acres planted to tobacco in 1875, was 3,296. Of this amount Rock county planted 1,676 acres, and Dane county, 1,454 acres, leaving for the remain- der of the state but 166 acres. While the crop has been fairly productive and profitable, these statistics show that up to the present time tobacco-raising has been a merely local interest. The production of flax is another merely local industry, it being confined principally to the AGEICULTUEE. 15T counties of Kenosha, Grant, Iowa and LaFayette. Of flax fibre, Kenosha county raised in 1869, nearly four fifths of the entire amount grown in the state, the total being 497,398 pounds. With the high price of labor and the low price of cotton now ruling, it is scarcely possible to make the raising of flax fibre profitable. Flax seed is raised to_ a small extent in the other counties men- tioned. The present price of oil makes this a fairly profitable crop. If farmers fully appreciated that in addition to the oil, the oil cake is of great value as a food for cattle and sheep, and also that the manure made by the animals eatijig it, is of three times the value of that made by ani- mals fed upon corn, doubtless much more flax seed would be raised than is at present. Ameri- can oil-cake finds a ready market in England, at prices which pay well for its exportation. If English farmers can aff"ord to carry food for their stock so far, American farmers may well strive to ascertain if they can afford to allow the exportation of so valuable food. When greater atten- tion is paid in our own country to the quality of the manure made by our stock, more oil-cake will be fed at home, and a much smaller proportion of that made here will be exported. The amount of maple sugar produced diminishes as the settlement of the state increases, and is now scarcely sufficient in amount to be an item in the state's productions. The increase in the price of sugar from 1861 to 1868 caused many farmers to try sorghum raising. But the present low prices of this staple has caused an abandonment of the enterprise. Two attempts have been made in Wisconsin to manufacture beet-root sugar, the first at Fond du Lac in 1867 the second at Black Hawk, Sauk county, in 1870. The Fond du Lac company removed their works to California in 1869, not having been successful in their efforts. The Black Hawk com- pany made, in r87i, more than 134,000 pounds of sugar, but have since abandoned the business. Both these failures may be attributed to several causes, first of which was the want of sufficient capital tp build and carry on a factory sufficiently large to enable the work to be done economi- cally ; secondly, the difficulty of sufficiently interesting farmers in the business to induce them to raise beets on so large a scale as to warrant the building of such a factory; and, thirdly, the high price of labor and the low price of sugar. The quality of beets raised was good, the polarization test showing in many instances as high as sixteen per cent, of sugar. The larger proportion of hay made in the state is from the natural meadows, the low lands or marshes, where wild grasses grow in abundance, and hay only costs the cutting and curing. Cultivated grasses do well throughout the state, and " tame hay " can be made as easily here as elsewhere. The limestone soils, where timber originally grew, are of the uplands, most natural to grass, and, consequently, furnish the richest meadows, and yield the best pasturage. Ye e only soils where grasses do not readily grow, are those which are so sandy and dry as to be nearly barrens. Clover grows throughout the state in the greatest luxuriance. There is occasionally a season so dry as to make " seeding down " a failure, and upon light soils clover, when not covered with snow, is apt to win- ter-kill. Yet it is gaining in favor with farmers, both on account of the valuable pasturage and hay it affords, and on account of its value as a soil renovator. In wheat-growing regions, clover is now recognized to be of the greatest value in a " rotation,'' on account of its ameliorating influence upon the soil. Throughout the stock and dairy regions, clover is depended upon to a large extent for pasturage, and to a less extent for hay. There has been a growing interest in stock raising for the past ten years, although the increase has not been a rapid one. Many of the herds of pure-blood cattle in the state rank high for their great excellence. The improvement of horses has been less rapid than that of cattle, sheep, and swine ; yet this important branch of stock farming is improving each year. The most attention is given to the improvement of draught and farm horses, while roadsters and fast horses are not altogether neglected. There are now owned in the state a large number of horses of the heavier English and French breeds, which are imparting to their progeny their own characteristics 158 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. of excellence, the effects of which are already visible in many of the older regions of the state. Of the different breeds of cattle, the Short-horns, the Ayrshires, the Devons, and the Jerseys are well represented. The Short-horns have met with most favor with the general farmer, the grades of this breed being large, and possessing in a high degree the quiet habits and readiness to fat- ten, so characteristic of the full-bloods. Without doubt, the grade Short-horns will continue in the high favor in which they are now held, as stock-raising becomes a more important branch of the husbandry of the state. Of pure blood Short-horns there are many herds, some of which are of the very highest excellence. At the public sales of herds from this state, the prices have ranked high universally, and in a few cases have reached the highest of " fancy " prices, showing the estimate placed by professional breeders upon the herds of Wisconsin. The Ayr- shires are increasing in numbers, and are held in high esteem by many dairymen. They are not yet, however, as generally disseminated over the state, as their great merit as a milking breed would warrant. The rapid growth of the dairy interest will doubtless increase their numbers greatly, at least as grades, in the dairying region. Of pure bred Devons and Jerseys, there are fewer than of the former breeds. The latter are principally kept in towns and cities to furnish milk for a single family. The following table shows the relative importance of stock raising in the state for the years mentioned. The figures are an additional proof to those already given, that the grain industry has held sway in Wisconsin to the detriment of other branches of farming, as well as to the state's greatest increase in wealth. YEAR. WHOLE NUM- BER OF NEAT CATTLE. NO. TO EACH TOO ACRES OF IMPROVED LAND. WHOLE NUM- BER OF SHEEP. NUMBER TO EACH 100 ACRES OF IMPROVED LAND. POUNDS OF WOOL PRO- DUCED. POUNDS OF WOOL PER HEAD. 1850 i860 _. 1870 1875* 183,433 521,860 693,294 922,900 17 14 12 II 124,896 332,954 1,069,282 1,162,800 12 9 18 14 253,963 1,011,933 4,090,670 (?) 2.03 3-04 3.82 (?) * Kstimated in report of commissioner of agriculture. The growth and present condition of sheep husbandry, compare much more favorably with the general development of the state than does that of cattle raising. In a large degree this may be accounted for by the impetus given to wool raising during our civil war by the scarcity of cotton, and the necessary substitution to a great extent, of woolen for cotton goods. This great demand for wool for manufacturing purposes produced a rapid rise in the price of this staple, making its production a very profitable branch of farming. With the close of the war came a lessened demand, and consequently lower prices. Yet at no time has the price of wool fallen below that at which it could be profitably produced. This is the more notably true when the value of sheep in keeping up the fertility and productiveness of land, is taken into account. The foregoing table shows the improvement in this branch of husbandry since 1850 Although many more sheep might profitably be kept in the state, the above figures show that the wool interest is fairly developed, and the average weight of fleece is an assurance of more than ordinarily good stock. The fine-wooled sheep and their grades predominate, although there are in the state some excellent stock of long-wools — mostly Cotswold — and of South- downs. Of all the agricultural interests of the state, no other has made as rapid growth during the last ten years, as has that of dairying. With the failure of hop-growing, began the growth c' the factory system of butter and cheese making, and the downfall of the one was scarcely more rapid than has been the upbuilding of the other. The following statistics of the production of butter and.^heese illustrate this rapid progress. It will be remembered that for the years 1850, AGBICULTUEE. 159 i860, and 1870 the statistics are from the U. S. census, and hence include all the butter and cheese made in the state, while for the remaining yeairs, only that made by factories and pro- fessional dairymen as reported to the secretary of the State Dairymen's Association, is included It has been found impossible to obtain the statistics of butter, except for the census years. YEAR. BUTTER. CHEESE. 1850 lbs. 3,633.750 13,611,328 22,473.036 lbs. 400,283 1,104,300 1,591,798 13,000 000 i860 1870 1874 1871; 15,000,000 1876 -. 17,000,000 The quality of Wisconsin dairy products is excellent, as may be judged by the fact that, at the Centennial Exhibition, Wisconsin cheese received twenty awards, a larger number than was given to any other state except New York, and for butter Wisconsin received five awards. No state received more, and only New York and Illinois received as many. Wisconsin received one award for each fourteen cheeses on exhibition. No other state received so large a proportion. New York received the largest number of awards, viz., twenty-one, but only secured one award for each thirty cheeses on exhibition. The number of cheese and butter factories is increasing each year, and there is being made in the better grazing regions of the state, as rapid a transition from grain to dairy-farming as is consistent with a healthful growth. This interest, which is now an important one in the state's industrial economy, has before it a promising future, both in its own development, and in its indirect influence upon the improvement of the agriculture of the state. The history of the earlier attempts in fruit raising in Wisconsin would be little more than a record of failures. The pioneers planted apple, peach, plum, and cherry trees, but they gathered little or no fruit. As was natural, they planted those varieties that were known to do well in the older states of the same latitude. Little was known of the climate, and there was no apparent reason why those varieties should not do well here. The first orchards died. The same varie- ties were replanted, and again the orchards died. Gradually, through the costly school of experience, it was learned that the climate was different from that of the eastern states, and that to succeed here varieties of fruit must be such as were adapted to the peculiar climate of this state. These peculiarities are hot, and for the most part, dry summers, cold and dry winters. The dryness of the climate has been the greatest obstacle to success, as this is indirectly the cause of the great extremes of temperature experienced here. The summers are often so dry that the growth of the trees is not completed, and the wood sufficiently well ripened to enable it to with- stand the rigors of winter. And the clear, dry atmosphere of winter allows the sun's rays to pass through it so unobstructedly as to warm the body of the tree upon the sunny side, above the freezing point, even though the temperature of the air is much lower. The alternate thawing and freezing ruptures the tender cells connecting the bark and wood, producing a complete sepa- ration of these parts, and often besides bursts the bark. The separation of bark and wood destroys the circulation of the sap upon that side of the tree, thus enfeebling the entire plant. The tree is not able to form new bark over the ruptured part, and a diseased spot results. Such a plant makes but a feeble growth of poorly ripened wood, and soon dies 160 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. altogether. Besides the above cause, the extreme cold weather occasionally experienced will kill healthy trees of all varieties not extremely hardy. Notwithstanding these natural obstacles, a good degree of success has been attained in the raising of apples and grapes. This success has been the result of persevering effort upon the part of the horticulturists of the state, who have sought the causes of failure in order that they might be removed or avoided. It is thus by intel- ligent observation that the fruit growers have gained the experience which brings with it a creditable success. The first re'quisite to success is the planting of varieties sufficiently hardy to withstand our severe winters. This has been accomplished by selecting the hardiest of the old varieties, and by raising seedlings, having besides hardiness, qualities sufficiently valuable to make them wprthy of cultivation. The second requisite to success is in the selection of a situa- tion having suitable soil and exposure, and thirdly, proper care after planting. Among the hardy varieties of apples regarded with greatest favor are Tetofski, Red Astrachan, and Duchess of Oldenberg, all Russian varieties, and Fameuse from Canada. Besides these there are a few American varieties so hardy as to prove reliable in the south half of the state. Among these are a few seedlings that have originated in Wisconsin. Apple trees are less apt to be injured by the winter upon a site sloping to the northeast or north, where they are less directly exposed to the rays of the winter's sun. High ground is much better than low, and a good, strong, not too rich soil is best. Apples do better upon soils where timber originally 'grew than on the prairies, and they are grown more easily along the border of Lake Michigan than in the interior of the state. Pears are raised to but a slight extent, as only a few of the hardiest varieties will succeed at all, and these only in favorable situations. Grapes are grown in great abundance, and in great perfection, although not of the more tender varieties. The Concord, on account of its hardiness and excellent bearing qualities, is cultivated most generally. Next to this comes the Delaware, while many other varieties, both excellent and prolific, are raised with great ease. The season is seldom too short to ripen the fruit well, and the only precaution necessary to protect the vines during the winter is a covering of earth or litter. Cranberries grow spontaneously upon many marshes in the interior of the state. Within a few years considerable attention has been given to improving these marshes, and to the cultivation of this most excellent fruit. Doubtless within a few years the cranberry crop will be an important one among the fruit pro- ductions of the state. All of the small fruits adapted to this latitude are cultivated in abundance, and very successfully, the yield being often times exceedingly large. Altogether, the horticul- tural interests of the state are improving, and there is a bright prospect that in the near future fruit growing will not be looked upon with the disfavor with which it has been regarded here- tofore. Of the associations for advancing the agricultural interests of the state, the first organized was the " State Agricultural Society." The earliest efforts to establish such an organization were made at Madison in December, 1846, during the session of the first constitutional convention of the territory. A constitution was adopted, but nothing further was done. In February, 1849, another meeting was held in Madison, at which it was " Resolved, That in view of the great importance of agriculture in the west, it is expedient to form a state agricultural society in Wisconsin." Another constitution was adopted, and officers were elected, but no effectual organization resulted from this second attempt. The " Wisconsin State Agricultural Society''— the present organization — had its inception in a meeting held at Madison, March 8, 185 1, at which a committee was appointed to report a constitution and by-laws, and to nominate persons to fill the various offices of said society. At its organization, the society was composed of annual members, who paid one dollar dues each year, and of life members, who, upon the payment of ten dollars, were exempt from the annual contribution. The annual membership was afterward AGRICULTUEE. 161 abolished, and in 1869 the fee constituting one a life member was raised to twenty dollars. The first annual fair of the society was held in Janesville, in October, 1851 Fairs have been held annually since, *xcept during the years 1861, 1862 and 1863. In 185 1 premiums were paid to the amount of only $140, while at the present time they amount to nearly $10,000. In 1851 there were five life members. At the present time there are over seven hundred, representing all the various industries of the state. The fairs held under the auspices of this society have been of excellent character, and have been fruitful of good to all the industries of the state, but more especially to the farmers. The state has been generous m aid of this society, having furnished commodious rooms for its use in the capitol building, prmted the annual report of the secretary, a volume of about 500 pages, and donated annually, for many years, $2,000 toward its support. Besides its annual fairs, for the past five years there has been held an annual convention, under the auspices of this society, for the reading and discussing of papers upon topics of interest to farmers, and for a general interchange of ideas relating to farming. These conventions are held in high esteem by the better class of farmers, and have added greatly to the usefulness of the society. The " Wisconsin State Horticultural Society" was originally the "Wisconsin State Fruit Growers' Association," which was organized in December, 1853, at Whitewater. Its avowed object was "the collecting, arranging, and disseminating facts interesting to those engaged in the culture of fruits, and to embody for their use the results of the practice and experiments of fruit growers in all parts of the state." Exhibitions and conventions of the association were held annually up to i860, after which the society was disorganized, owing to the breaking out of the war of the rebellion A volume of " Transactions " was published by the association in 1855. In 1859 its transactions were published with those of the state agricultural society. From i860 to 1865 no state horticultural association was in existence. In September of the latter year the " Wisconsin Fruit Growers' Association " was reorganized as the " Wisconsin State Hor- ticultural Society." The legislature had previously provided for the publication of the proceedings of such a society, in connection with those of the State Agricultural Society. The new society has held annual exhibitions, usually in connection with those of the State Agricultural Society, and annual conventions for the reading of papers upon, and the discussion of, horticultural subjects. In 187 1 an act was passed by the legislature incorporating the society, and providing for the separate printing of 2,000 copies annually of its transactions, of which there are now seven volumes. The most active, intelligent, and persevering of the horticulturists of the state are members of this association, and to their careful observation, to their enthusiasm and determined persistence in seeking means to overcome great natural difficulties, the state is largely indebted for the success already attained in horticulture. Besides these state associations, there are many local agricul- tural and horticultural societies, all of which have been useful in aiding the cause for which they were organized. Farmers' clubs and granges of the "Patrons of Husbandry" have also done much, both directly and indirectly, to promote the industrial interests of the state. By theis- frequent meetings, at which discussions are held, views compared, and experiences related, much valuable intelligence is gained, thought is stimulated, and the profession of farming advanced. As agriculture, like all kindred professions, depends upon intelligence to direct its advancement, all means intended to stimulate thought among farmers will, if wisely directed, aid in advancing this most complex of all industries. To those above named, and to other like associations, is in a large degree to be attributed the present favorable condition of th« agriculture of the state. Wisconsin is yet, comparatively, a new State. It was mainly settled by men who had little moneyed capital. Markets were distant, and means of transportation poor. The early settlers had consequently to struggle for a livelihood in the face of the greatest difficulties. When these opposing 162 HISTORY or WISCONSIN. circumstances are taken into account, and the improvement in methods 'of culture, and changes from grain to stock and dairy-farming that are now being made, are given their due weight, it must be acknowledged that the present condition of the agriculture of the state is excelleni:, and that the future of this most important industry is rich in promise of a steady, healthful growth, toward a completer development of all the agricultural resources of the state. MINERAL RESOURCES. By ROLAND D. IRVING, Professor of Geology, etc., at the University of Wisconsin. The useful mineral materials that occur within the limits of the state of Wisconsin, come under both of the two grand classes of such substances : the metallic ores, from which the metals ordinarily used in the arts are extracted ; and the non-metallic substances, which are used in the arts for the most part without any preliminary treatment, or at least undergo only a very partial alteration before being utilized. Of the first class are found in Wisconsin the ores of lead, zinc, iron and copper, besides minute traces of the precious metals ; of the second class, the principal substances found axe brick-clay, kaolin, cement-rock, limestone for burning into quick-lime, limestone for flux, glass sand, peat and building stone. LEAD AND ZINC. These metals are considered together because they are found occurring together in the same region and under exactly the same circumstances, being even obtained from the same openings. Lead has for many years been the most important metallic production of Wisconsin, and, together with zinc, whose ores have been utili LUMBER MANUFACTUEE. ' v 189 and, in the disastrous torrent that was created, piers, booms, or " pockets " for holding logs at the mills, together with a fine new mill, were swept away, and the country below where Eau Claire now stands was covered with drift-wood, saw-logs, and other debris. Such occurrences led to the invention of the since famous sheer boom, which is a device placed in the river opposite the mill boom into which it is desired to turn the logs. The sheer boom is thrown diagonally across the river, automatically, the action of the current upon a number of ingeniously arranged "fins "holding it in position. By this means the logs are sheered into the receptacle until it is filled, when the sheer boom, by closing up the "fins" with a windlass, falls back and allows the logs to go on for the next mill to stop and capture its pocket full in like manner. By this method each mill could obtain a stock, but a great difficulty was experienced from the fact that the supply was composed of logs cut and owned by everybody operating on the river, and the process of balancing accounts according to the " marks," at the close of the season, has been one proHfic of trouble and legal entanglements. The building of improvements at Eagle Rapids by the company above mentioned remedied the difficulty to some extent, but the process of logging will always be a difficult and hazardous enterprise until adequate means for holding and assorting the entire log product are provided. Upon the Yellow and Eau Claire rivers, two important branches of the Chippewa, such difficulties are avoided by suitable improvements. The entire lumber product of the Chippewa, with the exception of that consumed locally, is floated in rafts to markets upon the Mississippi, between its mouth and St. Louis. The quality of the timber is good, and commands the best market price in the sections where it seeks market. West of the Chippewa district the streams and timber are tributary to the St. Croix, and in all statistical calculations the entire product of that river is credited to Minnesota, the same as that of the Menomonee is given to Michigan, when in fact about one half of each belongs to Wisconsin. The important branches of the St. Croix belonging in this state are the Apple Clam, Yellow, Namekogan, Totagatic and Eau Claire. The sections of country through which they flow contain large bodies of very fine pine timber. The St. Croix has long been noted for the excellence of its dimension timber. Of this stock a portion is cut into lumber at Stillwater, and marketed by rail, and the balance is sold-in the log to mills on the Mississippi. Such is a brief and somewhat crude description of the main lumbering districts of the state. Aside from these, quite extensive operations are conducted upon various railway lines which penetrate the forests which are remote from log-running streams. In almost every county in the state, mills of greater or less capacity may be found cutting up pine or hard-woods into lumber, shingles, or cooperage stock. Most important, in a lumbering point of view, of all the railroads, is the Wisconsin Central. It extends from Milwaukee to Ashland, on Lake Superior, a distance of 351 miles, with a line to Green Bay, 113 miles, and one from Stevens Point to Portage, 71 miles, making a total length of road, of 449 miles. It has only been completed to Ashland within the last two years. From Milwaukee to Stevens Point it passes around to the east and north of Lake Winnebago, through an excellent hard-wood section. There are many stave mills in operation upon and tributary to its line, together with wooden-ware establishments and various manufactories requiring either hard or soft timber as raw material. From Stevens' Point northward, this road passes through and has tributary to it one of the finest bodies of tim- ber in the state. It crosses the upper waters of Black river and the Flambeau, one of the main tributaries of the Chippewa. From 30,000,000 to 50,000,000 feet of lumber is annually manu- factured on its line, above Stevens Point. The Wisconsin Valley railroad extends from Tomah to Wausau, and was built to afford an outlet, by rail, for the lumber produced at the latter point. The extent of the timber supply in this state has been a matter of much speculation, and. ifetea^'ii- 190 HISTOKY OF WISCONSIN. is a subject upon which but little can be definitely said. Pine trees can not be, counted or measured until reduced to saw-logs or lumber. It is certain that for twenty years the forests of Wisconsin have yielded large amounts of valuable timber, and no fears are entertained by holders of pine lands that the present generation of owners will witness an exhaustion of their supply. In some sections it is estimated that the destruction to the standing timber by fires, which periodically sweep over large sections, is greater than by the axes of the loggers. The necessity for a state system of forestry, for the protection of the forests from fires, has been urged by many, and with excellent reason ; for no natural resource ■of the state is of more value and iniportance than its wealth of timber. According to an esti- mate recently made by a good authority, and which received the sanction of many interested parties, there was standing in the state in 1876, an amount of pine timber appfbximating 35,000,000,000 feet. The annual production of lumber in the districts herein described, and from logs floated out of the state to mills on the Mississippi, is about 1,200,000,000 feet. The following table gives the, mill capacity per season, and the lumber and shingles manufactured in 1876 : Green Bay Shore Wolf River Wisconsin Central Railroad Green Bay & Minnesota Railroad Wisconsin River Black River_. __ Chippewa River Mississippi River — using Wisconsin logs Total - SEASON CAPACITY. 206,000,000 258,500,000 72,500,000 34,500,000 222,000,000 101,000,000 311,000,000 509,000,000 1,714,500,000 LUMBER MANUFACTURED IN 1876. 138,250,000 138,645,077 31,530,000 17,700,000 139,700,000 70.852,747 255,866,999 380,067,000 1,172,611,823 SHINGLES MANUFACTURED IN 1876. 85,400,000 123,192,000 132,700,000 10,700,000 106,250,000 37,675,000 79,250,000 206,977,000 782,144,000 If to the above is added the production of mills outside of the main districts and lines of rail- way herein described, the amount of pine lumber annually produced from Wisconsin forests would reach 1,500,000,000 feet. Of the hard-wood production no authentic information is obtainable To cut the logs and place them upon the banks of the streams, ready for floating to the mills, requires the labor of about 18,000 men. Allowing that, upon an average, each man has a family ■of two persons besides himself, dependent upon his labor for support, it would be apparent that the first step in the work of manufacturing .lumber gives employment and support to 54,000 persons. To convert 1,000,000 feet of logs into lumber, requires the consumption of 1,200 bushels of oats, 9 barrels of pork and beef, 10 tons of hay, 40 barrels of flour, and the use of 2 pairs of horses. Thus the fitting out of the logging companies each fall makes a market for 1,800,000 bushels of oats, 13,500 barrels of pork and beef, 15,000 tons of hay, and 60,000 barrels •of flour. Before the lumber is sent to market, fully $6,000,000 is expended for the labor ■employed in producing it. This industry, aside from furnishing the farmer of the west with the cheapest and best of materials for constructing his buildings, also furnishes a very'important market for the products of his farm. The question of the exhaustion of the pine timber supply has met with much discussion during the past few years, and, so far as the forests of Wisconsin are concerned, deserves a brief notice. The great source of supply of white pine timber in the country is that portion of the northwest between the shores of Lake Huron and the banks of the Mississippi, comprising the LUMBER MANUFACTUEE. 191 northern portions of the states of Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota. For a quarter of a^ century these fields have been worked by lumbermen, the amount of the yearly production having increased annually until it reached the enormous figure of 4,000,000,000' feet. With all of this tremendous drain upon the forests, there can be pointed out but one or two sections that are actually exhausted. There are, however, two or three where the end can be seen and the date almost foretold. The pineries of Wisconsin have been drawn upon for a less period and less amount than those of Michigan, and, it is generally conceded, will outlast them at the present proportionate rate of cutting. There are many owners of pine timber lands who laugh at the prospect of exhausting their timber, within their lifetime. As time brings them nearer to the end, the labor pf procuring the logs, by reason of the distance of the timber from the water-courses, will increase, and the work will progress more slowly. In the future of this industry there is much promise. Wisconsin is the natural source of supply for a very large territory. The populous prairies of Illinois and Iowa are near-by and. unfailingmarkets. The broad plains of Kansas and the rich valleys of Nebraska, which are still in the cradle of development, will make great drafts upon her forests for the material to construct cities in which the first comer-stone is yet unlaid. Minnesota, notwithstanding the fact that large forests exist within her own confines, is even now no mean customer for Wisconsin lumber, and the ambitious territory of Dakota will soon clamor for material to build up a great and wealthy state. In the inevitable progress of development and growth which must characterize the great west, the demand for pine lumber for building material will be a prominent feature. With the growth of time, changes will occur in the methods of reducing the forests. With the increasing, demand and enhancing values will come improvements in manipulating the raw material, and a stricter economy will be preserved in the handling of a commodity which the passage of time only makes more valuable. Wisconsin will become the home of manufactories, which will convert her trees into finished articles of daily consumption, giving employment to thousands of artisans where it now requires hundreds, and bringing back millions of revenue where is now realized thousands. Like all other commodities, lumber becomes more valuable as skilled labor is employed in its manipulation, and the greater the extent to which this is carried, the greater is- the growth in prosperity, of the state and its people. BANKING IN WISCONSIN. By JOHN P. McGregor. Wisconsin was organized as a territory in 1836, and the same year several acts were passed: by the territorial legislature, incorporating banks of issue. Of these, one at Green Bay and another at Mineral Point went into operation just in time to play their part in the great panic of 1837. The bank at Green Bay soon failed and left its bills unredeemed. The bank at Mineral Point is said to have struggled a little longer, but both these concerns were short lived, and their issues were but a drop in the great flood of worthless wild-cat bank notes that spread over the whole western country in that disastrous time. The sufferings of the people of Wis- consin, from this cause, left a vivid impression on their minds, which manifested its results in the legislation of the territory and in the constitution of the state adopted in 1848. So jealous were the legislatures of the territory, of banks and all their works, that, in every act of incorporation for any purpose, a clause was inserted to the eff'ecl: that nothing in the act contained should be 192 HISTOEY or WISCONSIN. taken to authorize the corporation to assume or exercise any banking powers ; and this proviso was even added to acts incorporating church societies. For some years there can hardly be said to have been any banking business done in the territory ; merchants and business men were left to their own devices to make their exchanges, and every man was his own banker. In the year 1839 an act was passed incorporating the " Wisconsin Marine and Fire Insurance Company," of Milwaukee. This charter conferred on the corporation, in addition to the usual powers of a fire and marine insurance company, the privilege of receiving deposits, issuing certifi- cates of deposit and lending money, — and wound up with the usual prohibition from doing a banking business. This company commenced business at once under the management of George Smith as president and Alexander Mitchell as secretary. The receiving deposits, issuing certifi- cates of deposit and lending money, soon outgrew and overshadowed the insurance branch of the institution, which accordingly gradually dried up. In fact, the certificates of deposit had all the appearance of ordinary bank notes, and served the purposes of an excellent currency, being always promptly redeemed in coin on demand. Gradually' these issues attained a great circulation all through the west, as the people gained more and more confidence in the honesty and ability of the managers ; and though " runs " were several times made, yet being successfully ' met, the public finally settled down into the belief that these bills were good beyond question, so that the amount in circulation at one time, is said, on good authority, to have been over $2,000,000. As the general government required specie to be paid for all lands bought of it, the Wis- consin Marine and Fire Insurance company, by redemption of its " certificates of deposit," furnished a large part of the coin needed for use at the Milwaukee land office, and more or less for purchases at land offices in other parts of the state, and its issues were of course much in request for this purpose. For many years this institution furnished the main banking facilities for the business men of the territory and young state, in the way of discounts and exchanges. Its right to carry on the operations it was engaged in, under its somewhat dubious and incon- sistent charter, was oft^n questioned, and, in 1852, under the administration of Governor Farwell, some steps were taken to test the matter ; but as the general banking law had then been passed by the legislature, and was about to be submitted to the people, and as it was understood that the company «oald organize as a bank under the law, if approved, the legal proceedings were not pressed. While this corporation played so important a part in the financial history and commer- cial development of Wisconsin, the writer is not aware of any available statistics as to the amount of business transacted by it before it became merged, in the " Wisconsin Marine and Fire Insurance Company's Bank." In 1847, the foundation of the present well-known firm of Marshall & Ilsley was laid by Samuel Marshall, who, in that year, opened a private banking office in Milwaukee, and was joined in 1849 by Charles F. Ilsley. This concern has always held a prominent position among the banking institutions of our state. About this time, at Mineral Point, Washburn & Woodman (C. C. Washburn and Cyrus Woodman) engaged in private banking, as a part of their business. After some years they were succeeded by Wm. T. Henry, who still continues the banking office. Among the early private bankers of the state were Mr. Kellogg, of Oshkosh ; Ulmann and Bell, of Racine ; and T. C. Shove, of Manitowoc. The latter still continues his business, while that of the other firms has been wound up or merged in organized banks. In 1848, Wisconsin adopted a state constitution. This constitution prohibited the legislature from incorporating banks and from conferring banking powers on any corporation ; but provided the question of " banks or no banks " might be submitted to a vote of the electors, and, if the decision should be in favor of banks, then the legislature might charter banks or might enact a BANKING IK WISCONSIN". 193 general banking law, but no such special charter or general banking law should have any force until submitted to the electors at a general election, and approved by a majority of votes cast on that subject. In 185 1, the legislature submitted this question to the people, and a majority of the votes were cast in favor of " banks." Accordingly the legislature, in 1852, made a general banking law, which was submitted to the electors in November of that year, and was approved by them. This law was very similar to the free banking law of the state of New York, which had then been in force about fifteen years, and was generally approved in that state. Our law authorized any number of individuals to form a corporate association for banking purposes, and its main provisions were intended to provide security for the circulating notes, by deposit of state and United States stocks or bonds with the state treasurer, so that the bill holders should sustain no loss in case of the failure of the banks. Provision was made for a bank comptroller, whose main duty it was to see that countersigned circulating notes were issued to banks only in proper amounts for the securities deposited, and upon compliance with the law, and that the banks kept these securities good. The first bank comptroller was James S. Baker, who was appointed by Governor Farwell. The first banks organized under the new law were the " State Bank," established at Madi- son by Marshall & Ilsley, and the "Wisconsin Marine and Fire Insurance Company's Bank," established at Milwaukee under the old management of that company. These banks both went into operation early in January, 1853, and, later in that year, the " State Bank of Wisconsin " (now Milwaukee National Bank of Wisconsin), and the " Farmers' and Millers' Bank " (now First National Bank of Milwaukee), were established, followed in January, 1854, by the " Bank of Mil- waukee " (now National Exchange Bank of Milwaukee). From this time forward banks were rapidly established at different points through the state, until in July, 1857, they numbered sixty — with aggregate capital, $4,205,000; deposits, $3,920,238; and circulation, $2,231,829. In October, the great revulsion and panic of 1857 came on, and in its course and effects tried pretty severely the new banks in Wisconsin. Some of them succumbed to the pressure, but most of them stood the trial well. The great source of loss and weakness at that time was found in the rapid decline of the market value of the securities deposited to protect circulation, which were mostly state bonds, and largely those of the southern states ; so that this security, when it came to be tried-, did not prove entirely sufficient. Another fault of the system, or of the practice under it, was developed at this time. It was found that many of the banks had been set up without actual working capi- tal, merely for the purpose of issuing circulating notes, and were located at distant and inaccessible points in what was then the great northern wilderness of the state ; so that it was expensive and in fact impracticable to present their issues for redemption. While these evils and their rem- edies were a good deal discussed among bankers, the losses and inconveniences to the people were not yet great enough to lead to the adoption of thorough and complete measures of reform. The effect of these difficulties, however, was to bring the bankers of the state into the habit of consulting and acting together in cases of emergency, the first bankers' convention having been held in 1857. 'This was followed by others from time to time, and it would be difficult to over- value the great good that has resulted, at several important crises from the harmonious and con- servative action of the bankers of our state. Partly, at least, upon their recommendations the legislature, iii 1858, adopted amendments to the banking law, providing that no bank should be located in-a township containing less than two hundred inhabitants ; and that the comptroller should not issue circulating notes, except to banks doing a regular discount deposit and exchange business in some inhabited town, village, city, or where the ordinary business of inhabited towns, villages and cities was carried on. These amendments were approved by the people at the fall 194 HISTOEY OF WISCONSIN. election of that year. Banking matters now ran along pretty smoothly until the election in i860, of the republican- presidential ticket, and the consequent agitation in the southern states threatening civil war, the- effects of which were speedily felt; iirst, in the grea!t depreciation of the bonds of the southern states, and then in a less decline in those of the northern states. At this time (taking the state- ment of July, -1860,) the number of banks was 104, with aggregate capital, $6,547,000; circula- tion, $4,075,918; deposits, $3,230,252. During the winter following, there was a great deal of uneasiness in regard to our state cur- rency, and continuous demand upon our banks for the redemption of their circulating notes in coin. Many banks of the wild-cat sort failed to redeem their notes, which became depreciated and uncurrent; and, when the rebellion came to a head by the firing on Fort Sumter, thebanking interests of the state were threatened with destruction by compulsory winding up and enforced sale at the panic prices then prevailing, of the securities deposited to secure circulation. Under these circumstances, on the 17th of April, 1861, the legislature passed "an act to protect the holders of the circulating notes of the authorized banks of the state of Wisconsin." As the banking law could not be amended except by approval of the electors, by vote at a general election, a practical suspension of specie payment had to be effected by indirect methods. Se- this act first directed the bank comptroller to suspend all action toward banks for failing to- redeem their circulation. Secondly, it prohibited notaries public from protesting bills of banks, until Dec i, 1861. Thirdly, it gave banks until that date to answer complaints in any proceed- ing to compel specie payment of circulating notes. This same legislature also amended the banking law, to cure defects that had been developed in it. These amendments were intended to facilitate the presentation and protest of circulating notes, and the winding up of banks failing to redeem them, and provided that the bank comptroller should not issue circulating notes except to banks having actual cash capital; on which point he was to take evidence in all cases; that after Dec. i, 1861, all banks of the state should redeem their issues either at Madison or Milwaukee, and no bonds or stocks should be received as security for circulation except those of the United States and of the state of Wisconsin. Specie payment of bank bills was then practically suspended, in our state, from April 17 to Dec'emb^ i, 1861, and there was no longer any plain practical test for determining which were good, and which not. In this condition of things, bankers met in convention, and, after discus- sion and inquiry as to the condition and resources of the different banks, put forth a list of those whose issues were to be considered current and bankable. But things grew worse, and it was evident that the list contained banks that would never be able to redeem their circulation, and the issues of such were from time to time thrown out and discredited without any concert of action, so that the uneasiness of people in regard to the financial situation was greatly increased. The bankers finally met, gave the banks another sifting, and put forth a list of seventy banks, whose circulating notes they pledged themselves to receive, and pay out as current, until Decem- ber I. There had been so many changes that this pledge was thought necessary to allay the apprehensions of the public. But matters still grew worse instead of better. Some of the banks in the " current " list closed their doors to their depositors, and others were evidently unsound, and their circulation so insufficiently secured as to make it certain that it would never be redeemed. There was more, or less sorting of the currency, both by banks and business men, all over the state, in the endeavor to keep the best and pay out the poorest. In this state of things, some of the Milwaukee banks, without concert of action, and acting under the apprehen- sion of being loaded up with the very worst of the currency, which, it was feared, the country banks and merchants were sorting out and sending to Milwaukee, revised the list again, and BANKING IK WISCONSIN. 195 threw out ten of the seventy banks whose issues it had been agreed should be received as current. Other banks and bankers were compelled to take the same course to protect them- selves. The consequence was a great disturbance of the public mind, and violent charges of bad faith on the part of the banks, which culminated in the bank riots of June 24, 1861. On that day, a crowd of several hundred disorderly people, starting out most probably bnly with the idea of making some sort of demonstration of their dissatisfaction with the action of the banks and bankers and with the failure to keep faith with the public, marched through the streets with a band of music, and brought up at the corner of Michigan and East Water streets. The banks had just sufficient notice of these proceedings to enable them to lock up their money and valuables in their vaults, before the storm broke upon them. The mob halted at the place above mentioned, and for a time contented themselves with hooting, and showed no dispo- sition to proceed to violence; but, after a little while, a stone was thrown through the windows of the Wisconsin Marine and Fire Insurance Company's Bank, situated at one corner of the above streets, and volleys of stones soon followed, not only against that bank, but also against the State Bank of Wisconsin, situated on the opposite corner. The windows of both these institutions and of the offices in the basements under them were effectually demolished. The mob then made a rush into these banks and offices, and completely gutteJ them, offering more or less violence to the inmates, though no person was seriously hurt. The broken furni- ture of the offices under the State Bank of Wisconsin was piled up, and the torch was applied by some of the rioters, while others were busy in endeavoring to break into the safes of the offices and the vaults of the banks. The debris of the furniture in the office of the Wisconsin Marine and Fire Insurance (Company's Bank, was also set on fire, and it was plain that if the mob was not immediately checked, the city would be given up to conflagration and pillage — the worst elements, as is always the case with mobs, having assumed the leadership. Just at that juncture, the Milwaukee zouaves, a small military company, appeared on the scene, and with the help of the firemen who had been called out, the mob was put to flight, and the incipient fire was extin- guished. The damage so far done was not great in amount, and the danger for the moment was over; but the situation was still grave, as the city was full of threats, disturbance and apprehension. By the prompt action of the authorities, a number of companies of volunteers were brought from different places in the state, order was preserved, and, after muttering for three or four days, the storm died away. The effect of that disturbance and alarm was, however, to bring home to the bankers and business men the conviction that effectual measures must be taken tp settle our state currency matters on a sound and permanent basis, and that the issues of all banks that could not be put in shape to meet specie payment in December, must be retired from circulation and be got out of the way. A meeting of the bankers was held ; also of the merchants' association of Milwaukee, and arrangements were made to raise $100,000, by these two bodies, to be used in assisting weak and crippled banks in securing or retiring their circulation. The bankers appointed a committee to take the matter in charge. It happened that just at this time Governor Randall and State Treasurer Hastings returned from New York City, where they had been making unsuccessful efforts to dispose of $800,000 of Wisconsin war bonds, which had been issued to raise funds to fit out Wisconsin volunteers. Our state had never had any bonds on the eastern market. For other reasons, our credit was not high in New York, and it had been found impossible to dispose of these bonds for over sixty cents on the dollar. The state officers conferred with the bankers to see what could be done at home ; and it was finally arranged that the bankers' committee should undertake to get the state banks to dispose of their southern and other depreciated state bonds on deposit to 196 HISTOBY OF WISCONSIN. secure circulation, for what they would bring in coin, in New York, and replace these bonds with those of our own state,.which were to be taken by our banks nominally at par — seventy per cent, being paid in cash, and the different banks purchasing bonds, giving their individual obligation for the thirty per cent, balance, to be paid in semi-annual installments, with an agreement that the state should deduct these installments from the interest so long as these bonds should remain on deposit with the state. By the terms of the law, sixty per cent, of the proceeds of the bonds had to be paid in coin. The bankers' committee went to work, and with some labor and difficulty induced most of the banks to sell their southern securities at the existing low prices in New York, and thus produce the coin required to pay for our state bonds. From the funds provided by the merchants and bankers, they assisted many of the weaker banks to make good their securities with the banking department of the state. By the 19th of July, six of the ten rejected banks that had been the occasion of the riot, were made good, and restored to the list. The other four were wound up, and their issues redeemed at par, and, before the last of August, the value of the securities of all the banks on the current list were brought up to their circulation, as shown by the comptroller's report. Wisconsin currency at the time of the bank riot was at a discount of about 15 per cent., as compared with gold or New York exchange. At the middle of July the discount was 10 to 12 per cent., and early in August it fell to 5 per cent. The bankers' committee continued their work in preparation for the resumption of specie payment on December i. While the securities for the bank circulation had been made good, it was, nevertheless, evident that many of the banks on the current list would not be equal to the continued redemption of their bills in specie, and that they would have to be wound up and got out of the way in season. Authority was got from such institutions, as fast as possible, for the bankers' committee to retire their circulation and sell their securities. The, Milwaukee banks and bankers took upon themselves the great burden of this business, having arranged among themselves to sort out and withhold from cir- culation the bills of these banks, — distributing the load among themselves in certain defined proportions. Instead of paying out these doubted bills, the different banks brought to the bank- ers' committee such amounts as they accumulated from time to time, and received from the committee certificates of deposit bearing seven per cent, interest, and these bills were locked up by the committee until the securities for these notes could be sold and the proceeds realized. Over $400,000 of this sort of paper was locked up by the committee at one time ; but^ it was all converted into cash, and, when the first of December came, the remaining banks of this state were ready to redeem their issues in gold or its equivalent, and so continued to redeem until the issue of the legal-tender notes and the general suspension of specie payment in the United States. In July, 1861, the number of our banks was 107, with capital, $4,607,000; circulation, $2>3i7,9°7 ; deposits, $3,265,069. By the contraction incident to the preparations for redem-ption in specie, the amount of cur- rent Wisconsin bank notes outstanding December i, 1861, was reduced to about $1,500,000. When that day came, there was quite a disposition manifested to convert Wisconsin currency into coin, and a sharp financial pinch was' felt for a few days ; but as the public became satisfied that the banks were prepared to meet the demand, the call for redemption rapidly fell off, and the banks soon began to expand their circulation, which was now current and in good demand all through the northwestern states. The amount saved to all the interests of our state, by this successful effort to save our banking system from destruction, is beyond computation. From this time our banks ran along quietly until prohibitory taxation by act of congress drove the bills of state banks out of circulation. BANKmG IN WItsCONSIN. 197 The national banking law was passed in 1863, and a few banks were soon organized under it in different parts'of the country. The first in Wisconsin was formed by the re-organization of the Farmers' and Millers' Bank, in August, 1863, as the First National Bank of Milwaukee, with Edward D. Holton as president, and H. H. Camp, cashier. The growth of the new system, however, was not very rapid ; the state banks were slow to avail themselves of the privileges of the national banking act, and the central authorities concluded to compel them to come in ; so facilities were offered for their re-organization as national banks, and then a tax of ten per cent, was laid upon the issues of the state banks. This tax was imposed by act of March, 1865, and at once caused a commotion in our state. In July, 1864, the number of Wisconsin state banks was sixty-six, with capital $3,147,000, circulation $2,461,728, deposits $5,483,205, and these figures were probably not very different in the spring of 1865. The securities for the circulating notes were in great part the bonds of our own state, which, while known by our own people to be good beyond question, had never been on the general markets of the country so as to be cur- rently known there ; and it was feared that in the hurried retirement of our circulation these bonds would be sacrificed, the currency depreciated, and great loss brought upon our banks and people. There was some excitement, and a general call for the redemption of our state circula- tion, but the banks mostly met the run well, and our people were disposed to stand by our own state bonds. In April, i86i, the legislature passed laws, calling in the mortgage loans of the school fund, and directing its investment in these securities. The state treasurer was required to receive Wisconsin bank notes, not only for taxes and debts due the state, but also on deposit, and to issue certificates for such deposits bearing seven per cent, interest. By these and like means the threatened panic was stopped ; and in the course of a few months Wisconsin state currency was nearly all withdrawn from circulation. In July, 1865, the number of state banks was twenty-six, with capital $1,087,000, circulation $192,323, deposits $2,284,210. Under the pressure put on by congress, the organization of national banks, and especially the re-organiza- tion of state banks, under the national system, was proceeding rapidly, and in a short time nearly every town in our own state of much size or importance was provided with one or more of these institutions. In the great panic of 1873, all the Wisconsin banks, both state and national (in common with those of the whole country), were severely tried ; but the failures were few and unimpot- tant ; and Wisconsin went through that ordeal with less loss and disturbance than almost any other state. We have seen that the history of banking in Wisconsin covers a stormy period, in which great disturbances and panics have occurred at intervals of a few years. It is to be hoped that a more peaceful epoch will succeed, but permanent quiet and prosperity can not rationally be expected in the present unsettled condition of our currency, nor until we have gone through the temporary stringency incidental to the resumption of specie payment. According to the last report of the comptroller of the currency, the number of national banks in Wisconsin in November, 1876, was forty, with capital $3,400,000, deposits $7,145,360, circulation $2,072,869. At this time (July, 1877) the number of state banks is twenty-six, with capital $1,288,231, deposits $6,662,973. Their circulation is, of course, merely nominal, though there is no legal obstacle to their issuing circulating notes, except the tax imposed by congress. COMMERCE AND MANUFACTURES. By Hon. H. H. GILES. The material philosophy of a people has to do with the practical and useful. It sees in iron, coal, cotton, wool, grain and the trees of the forest, the elements of personal comfort and sources of material greatness, and is applied to their development, production and fabrication for purposes of exchange, interchange and sale. The early immigrants to Wisconsin territory found a land teeming with unsurpassed natural advantages ; prairies, timber, water and minerals, invit- ing the farmer, miner and lumberman, to come and build houses, furnaces, mills and factories. The first settlers were a food-producing people. The prairies and openings were ready for the plow. The ease with which farms were brought under cultivation, readily enabled the pioneer to supply the food necessary for himself and family, while a surplus was often produced in a few- months. The hardships so often encountered in the settlement of a new country, where forests must be felled and stumps removed to prepare the soil for tillage, were scarcely known, or greatly mitigated. During the decade from 1835 to 1845, so great were the demands for the products of the soil, created by the tide of emigration, that the settlers found a fiome market for all their surplus products, and so easily were crops grown that, within a very brief time after the first emigration, but little was required from abroad. The commerce of the country was carried on by the exchange of products. The settlers (they could scarcely be called farmers) would exchange their wheat, corn, oats and pork for the goods, wares and fabrics of the village merchant. It was an age of barter ; but they looked at the capabilities of the land they had come to possess, and, with firm faith, saw bright promises of better days in the building up of a great state. It is not designed to trace with minuteness the history of Wisconsin through the growth of its commercial and manufacturing interests. To do it justice would require a volume. The aim of this article will be to present a concise view of its present status. Allusion will only be incidentally made to stages of growth and progress by which it has been reached. Few states in the Union possess within their borders so many, and in such abundance, elements that contribute to the material prosperity of a people. Its soil of unsurpassed fertility ; its inexhaustible mines of lead, copper, zinc and iron ; its almost boundless forests ; its water-powers, sufficient to drive the machinery of the world ; its long lines of lake shore on two sides, and the " Father of waters " on another, — need biit enterprise, energy.and capital to utilize them in building an empire of wealth, where the hum of variedjndustries shall be heard in the music of the sickle, the loom and the anvil. The growth of manufacturing industries was slow during the first twenty-five years of our history. The early settlers were poor. Frequently the land they tilled was pledged to obtain means to pay for it. Capitalists obtained from twenty to thirty per cent, per annum for the use of their money. Indeed, it was the rule, under the free-trade ideas of the money-lenders for them to play the Shy lock. While investments in bonds and mortgages were so profitable, few were ready to improve the natural advantages the country presented for building factories and work- shops. COMMERCE AND MANrEAGTURES. ld(^ For many years, quite all the implements used in farming were brought from outside the state. While this is the case at present to some extent with the more cumbersome farm machinery, quite a proportion of that and most of the simpler and lighter implements are made at home, while much farm machinery is now manufactured for export to other states. Furs. The northwest was visited and explored by French voyageurs and missionaries from Canada at an early day. The object of the former was trading and gain. The Jesuits, ever zealous in the propagation of their religion, went forth into the unknown wilderness to convert the natives to their faith. As early as 1 624, they were operating about Lake Huron and Mackinaw. Father Menard, it is related, was with the Indians on Lake Superior as early as 1661. The early explorers were of two classes, and were stimulated by two widely different motives — the voyag- eurs, by the love of gain, and the missionaries, by their zeal in the propagation of their faith. Previous to 1679, a considerable trade in furs had sprung up with Indian tribes in the vicinity of Mackinaw and the northern part of " Ouisconsin." In that year more than two hundred canoes, laden with furs, passed Mackinaw, bound for Montreal. The whole commerce of this vast region then traversed, was carried on with birch-bark canoes. The French used them in traversing wilds — otherwise inaccessible by reason of floods of water at one season, and ice and snow at another — also lakes and morasses which interrupted land journeys, and rapids and cataracts that cut off communication by water. This little vessel enabled them to overcome all difficulties. Being buoyant, it rode the waves, although heavily freighted, and, of light draft, it permitted the traversing of small streams. Its weight was so light that it could be easily carried from one stream to another, and around rapids and other obstructions. With this little vessel, the fur trade of the northwest was carried on, as well as the interior of a vast continent explored. Under the stimulus of commercial enterprise, the French traders penetrated the recesses oi the immense forests whose streams were the home of the beaver, the otter and the mink, and in whose depths were found the martin, sable, ermine, and other fur-bearing animals. A vast trade in furs sprung up, and was carried on by different agents, under authority of the French government. When the military possession of the northwestern domain passed from the government of France to that of Great Britain in 1760, the relationship of the fur trade to the government changed. The government of France had controlled the traffic, and made it a means of strength- ening its hold upon the country it possessed. The policy of Great Britain was, to charter companies, and grant them exclusive privileges. The Hudson bay company had grown rich and powerful between 1670 and 1760. Its success had excited the cupidity of capitalists, and rival organizations were formed. The business of the company had been done at their trading-stations — the natives bringing in their furs for exchange and barter. Other companies sent their voyageurs into every nook and comer to traffic with the trappers, and even to catch the fur-bear- ing animals themselves. In the progress of time, private parties engaged in trapping and dealing in furs, and, under the competition created, the business became less profitable. In 1815, congress passed an act prohibiting foreigners from dealing in furs in the United States, or any of its territories. This action was obtained through the influence of John Jacob Astor. Mr. Astor organized the American fur company in 1809, and afterward, in connection with the North- west company, bought out the Mackinaw company, and the two were merged in the Southwest company. The association was suspended by the war of 1812. The American re-entered the field in 1816. The fur trade is still an important branch of traffic in the northern part of the state, and, during eight months of the year, employs a large number of men. 200 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. Lead and Zinc. In 1824, the lead ore in the southwestern part of Wisconsin began to attract attention. From 1826 to 1830, there was a great rush of miners to this region, somewhat like the Pike's Peak excitement at a later date. The lead-producing region of Wisconsin covers an area of about 2,200 square miles, and embraces parts of Grant, Iowa and La Fayette counties. Between 1829 and 1839, the production of lead increased from 5,000 to 10,000 tons. After the latter year it rose rapidly, and attained its maximum in 1845, when it reached nearly 25,000 tons. Since that time the production has decreased, although still carried on to a considerable extent. The sulphate and carbonate of zinc abound in great quantities with the lead of southwest Wisconsin. Owing to the difficulty of working this class of ores, it was formerly allowed to accumulate about the mouths of the mines. Within a few years past, metallurgic processes have been so greatly improved, that the zinc ores have been largely utilized. At La Salle, in the state of Illinois, there are three establishments for smelting zinc ores. There is also one at Peru, 111. To smelt zinc ores economically, they are taken where cheap fuel is available. Hence, the location of these works in the vicinity of coal mines. The works mentioned made in 1875, from ores mostly taken from Wisconsin, 7,510 tons of zinc. These metals are, therefore, impor- tant elements in the commerce of Wisconsin. Iron. The iron ores of Wisconsin occur in immense beds in several localities, and are destined to prove of great value. From their'product in 1863, there were 3,735 tons of pig iron received at Milwaukee; in 1865, 4,785 tons; in 1868, 10,890 tons. Of the latter amount, 4,648 tons were from the iron mines at Mayville. There were shipped from Milwaukee, in 1868, 6,361 tons of pig iron. There were also received 2,500 tons of ore from the Dodge county ore beds. During 186^, the ore beds at Iron Ridge were developed to a considerable extent, and two large blast furnaces constructed in Milwaukee, at which place there were 4,695 tons of ore received, and 2,059 tons were shipped to Chicago and Wyandotte. In 1870, 112,060 tons of iron ore were received at Milwaukee, 95,000 tons of which were from Iron Ridge, and 17,060 tons from Esca- •naba and Marquette, in Michigan. The total product of the mines at Iron Ridge in 1871 was 82,284 tons. The Milwaukee iron company received by lake, in the same year, 28,094 tons of Marquette iron ore to mix with the former in making railroad iron. In 1872, there were receivea from Iron Ridge 85,245 tons of ore, and 5,620 tons of pig iron. Much of the metal made by the Wisconsin iron company in 1872 was shipped to St. Louis, to mix with the iron made from Missouri ore. The following table shows the production of pig iron in Wisconsin, for 1872, 1873 and 1874, in tons : Furnaces. 1872. 1873. 1874. 21,818 3,350 5,033 4,888 6,910 3,420 5,600 1,780 29,326 5,822 4,155 4.137 8,044 6,141 7,999 6,832 1,528 33,000 Minerva Furnace Company, Milwaukee Wisconsin Iron Company, Iron Ridge _. 3.306 3.000 6,500 6,000 Northwestern Iron Company, Mayville Appleton Iron Company, Applet on ,._ Green Bay Iron Company, Green Bay National Iron Company, Depere _ _. 6,500 7,000 Fox River Iron Company, W. Depere 3,300 52,797 73.980 66,600 COMMERCE AND MAITUPACTURES. 201 The Milwaukee iron company, during the year 1872, entered into the manufacture of mer- chant iron — it having been demonstrated that the raw material could be reduced there cheaper than elsewhere. The Minerva furnace company built also during the same year one of the most compact and complete iron furnaces to be found any where in the country. During the year 1873, the iron, with most other material interests, became seriously prostrated, so that the total receipts of ore in Milwaukee in 1874 amounted to only 31,993 tons, against 69,418 in 1873, and 85,245 tons in 1872. There were made in Milwaukee in 1874, 29,680 tons of railroad iron. In 1875, 58,868 tons of ore were received at Milwaukee, showing a revival of the trade in an increase of 19,786 tons over the previous year. The operation of the works at Bay View having suspended, the receipts of ore in 1876, at Milwaukee, were less than during any year since 1869, being only 31,119 tons, of which amount only 5,488 tons were from Iron Ridge, and the total shipments were only 498 tons. Lumber. The business of lumbering holds an important rank in the commerce of the state. For many years the ceaseless hum of the saw and the stroke of the ax have been heard in all our great forests. The northern portion of the state is characterized by evergreen trees, principally pine ; the southern, by hard-woods. There are exceptional localities, but this is a correct state- ment of the general distribution. I think that, geologically speaking, the evergreens belong to the primitive and sandstone regions, and the hard wood to the limestone and clay formations. Northern Wisconsin, so called, embraces that portion of the state north of forty-five degrees, and possesses nearly all the valuable pine forests. The most thoroughly developed portion of this region is that lying along the streams entering into Green bay arid Lake Michigan, and border- ing on the Wisconsin river and other streams entering into the Mississippi. Most of the pine in the immediate vicinity of these streams has been cut off well toward their sources ; still, there are vast tracts covered with dense forests, not accessible from streams suitable for log-driving purposes. The building of railroads into these forests will alone give a market value to a large portion of the pine timber there growing. It is well, perhaps, that this is so, for at the present rate of consumption, but a few years will elapse before these noble forests will be totally destroyed. Most of the lumber manufactured on the rivers was formerly taken to a market by being floated down the streams in rafts. Now, the railroads are transporting large quantities, taking it^directly from the mills and unloading it at interior points in Iowa, Illinois and Wisconsin, and some of it in eastern cities. From five to eight thousand men are employed in the pineries in felling the trees, sawing them into logs of suitable length, and hauling them to the mills and streams during every winter in times of fair prices and favorable seasons. The amount of lumber sawed in . i860, as carefully estimated, was 355,055,155 feet. The amount of shingles made was 2,272,061, and no account was made of the immense number of logs floated out of the state, for manufac- ture into lumber elsewhere. The amount of logs cut in the winter of 1873 and 1874 was 987,000,000 feet. In 1876 and 1877 the Black river furnished 188,344,464 feet. The Chippewa, 90,000,000; the Red Cedar, 57,000,000. There passed through Beef Slough 129,384,000 feet of logs. Hon. A. H. Eaton, for fourteen years receiver of the United States land office at Stevens Point, estimated the acreage of pine lands in his district at 2,000,000, and, taking his own district as the basis, he estimated the whole state at 8,000,000 acres. Reckoning this at 5,000 feet to the acre, the aggregate pine timber of the state would be 40,000,000,000 feet. The log product annually amounts to an immense sum. In 1876,' 1,172,611,823 feet were cut. This is about the average annual draft that is made on the pine lands. There seems to be no remedy for the 202 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. wholesale destruction of our pine forests, except the one alluded to, the difficulty of transporta- tion, and this will probably save a portion of them for a long time in the future. At the rate of consumption for twenty years past, we can estimate that fifty years would see northern Wiscon- sin denuded of its pine forests; but our lumber product has reached its maximum, and will probably decrease in the coming years as the distance to be hauled to navigable streams increases. In the mean time lumber, shingles and lath will form an important factor in our commerce, both state and inter-state, and will contribute millions to the wealth of our citizens. Grain. Up to 1841, no grain was exported from Wisconsin to be used as food; but, from the time . of its first settlement in 1836 to 1840, the supply of bread stuffs from abroad, upon which the people depended, was gradually diminished by the substitution of home products. In the winter of 1840 and 1841, E. D. Holton, of Milwaukee, purchased a small cargo of wheat (about 4,000 bushels), and in the spring of 1841, shipped it to Buffalo. This was the beginning of a traffic that has grown to immense proportions, and, since that time, wheat has formed the basis of the commerce and prosperity of the state, until the city of Milwaukee has become the greatest primary wheat mart of the world. The following table gives the exports of flour and grain from Milwaukee for thirty-two years, commencing in 1845 : 184s 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852, 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 185Q i860 1861 i86z 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 FLOUR, bbls. 7,550 15.756 34.840 92,732 136.657 100,017 51,889 92,995 104,055 145,032 181,568 188,455 228.442 298,668 282,956 457,343 674.474 711.405 603,525 414.833 567.576 720,365 921,663 1,017,598 1,220,058 1,225,941 i,2ir,427 1,232,036 1,805,200 2.217,579 2,163,346 2,654,028 WHEAT, bus. 95,510 213,448 598,411 602,474 1,136,023 297,570 317,285 564,404 956,703 1,809,452 2,641,746 2,761,976 2,581,311 3,994,213 4.732,957 7,568,608 i3,-300,495 14,915,680 12,837,620 8.992,479 10,479.777 11.634.749 9,598,452 9,867,029 14,272,799 16,127,838 13,409,467 11,570,565 24,994,266 22,255,380 22,681,020 16,804,394 CORN, bus. 2,500 5,000 13,828 2,220 270 164,908 112,132 2X8 472 43,958 41.364 37.204 1,485 9,489 88,989 140,786 71,203 480,408 266,249 342.717 93,806 103,173 419.133 1,557.953 197,920 556,563 226,895 96,908 OATS, bus. 4,000 2,100 7,892 363,841 131,716 404,999 13,833 5,433 2,775 562,067 299,002 64,682 1,200 79,094 831,600 811,634 326,472 1,636, 595 622,469 536.539 351.768 210,187 772,929 1,323,234 990,525 726,035 1,160,450 1,377,560 BARLEY, bus. 15,000 15.270 103,840 322,261 291,890 339.338 63,379 10,398 800 63.178 53,216 28,056 5,220 44,800 133,449 23.479 29,597 18,988 30,822 95,036 120,662 469,325 576,453 931.725 688.455 464,837 867,970 1,235.481 RYE, bus. 54,692 80,365 113,443 20,030 5,378 11,577 9,735 29,810 126,301 84,047 18,210 51,444 255,329 106,795 91,443 78,035 62,494 208,896 209,751 255,928 79,879 98,923 220,964 COMMERCE AND MANUEACTUBES. 208 Up to 1856, the shipments were almost wholly of Wisconsin products ; but with the comple- tion of lines of railroad from Milwaukee to the Mississippi river, the commerce of Wisconsin became so interwoven with that of Iowa and Minnesota, that the data furnished by the transpor- tation companies, give us no definite figures relating to the products of our own state. Dairy Products. Wisconsin is becoming largely interested in the dairy business. Its numerous springs, streams, and natural adaptability to grass, make it a fine grazing country, and stock thrives remarkably well. Within a few years, cheese-factories have become numerous, and their owners are meeting with excellent success. Wisconsin cheese is bringing the highest price in the markets, and much of it is shipped to England. Butter is also made of a superior quality, and is exten- sively exported. At the rate of progress made during the last few years, Wisconsin will soon take rank with the leading cheese and butter producing states. The counties most largely inter- ested in dairying, are Kenosha, Walworth, Racine, Rock, Green, Waukesha, Winnebago, Sheboy- gan, Jefferson and Dodge. According to estimates by experienced dairymen, the manufacture of butter was 22,473,000 pounds in 1870; 50,130,000 in 1876 ; of cheese, 1,591,000 pounds in 1870, as against 17,000,000 in 1876, which will convey a fair idea of the increase of dairy produc- tion. The receipts of cheese in Chicago during 1876, were 23,780,000 pounds, against 12,000,000 in 1875 ; and the receipts of butter were 35,384,184, against 30,248,247 pounds in 1875. It is esti- mated that fully one-half of these receipts were from Wisconsin. The receipts of butter in Milwaukee were, in 1870, 3,779,114 pounds; in 1875, 6,625,863; in 1876, 8,938,137 pounds; ot cheese, 5,721,279 pounds in 1875, and 7,055,573 in 1876. Cheese is not mentioned in the trade and commerce reports of Milwaukee until 1873, when it is spoken of as a new and rapidly increasing commodity in the productions of the state. Pork and Beef. Improved breeds, both of swine and cattle, have been introduced into the state during a few years past. The grade of stock has been rapidly bettered, and stock raisers generally are striving with commendable zeal to rival each other in raising the finest of animals for use and the market. The following table shows the receipts of live hogs and beef cattle at Milwaukee for thir- teen years : YEARS. LIVE HOGS. BEEF CATTLE. YEARS. LIVE HOGS. BEEF CATTLE. 1876 I875-- 1874 1873 1872 187I 1870 254.317 144.961 242,326 241,099 138,106 126,164 66,138 36,802 46,717 22,748 17,262 14,172 9,220 12,972 1869 1868 1867 - 1866. _ 1865 1864 1863 52,296 48,717 76,758 31,881 7.546 42,250 56,826 12.521 13,200 15.527 12,955 14,230 18,345 14.655 204 HISTORY OP WISCONSIN. The following table shows the movement of hog products and beef from Milwaukee since 1862- Shipments by Rail PORK, HAMS, MIDDLES AND SHOULDERS. LARD. BEEP. and Lake. Barrels. Tierces. Boxes. Bulk, lbs. Barrels. Tierces. Barrels. Tierces. Totals 1876 . . 62,461 56,778 53,702 ■80,010 90,038 88,940 77,655 69,805 73,526 88,888 74,726 34,013 67,933 90,387 56,432 15,439 15,292 17,124 24,954 20,115 20,192 15,819 9,546 13,146 11,614 7,805 2,713 5.927 15,811 12,685 42,678 28,374 39,572 62,211 39,209 14,938 5,875 5,298 3,239 4,522 34,164 5,000 11,634 5,123,818 2,736,778 1,494,112 1,915,610 4,557,950 5,161,941 4,717,630 2,325,150 1,768,190 454,786 863,746 3,301 601 9,110 4,065 6,276 3,932 2,535 1,180 3,637 2,523 3,287 1,929 5,677 10,987 13,538 21,356 18,950 18,509 24,399 27,765 19,746 10,950 8,568 5,055 8,820 6,292 2,487 7,207 10,546 6,761 7,333 4,734 5,015 5,365 4,757 3,892 4,427 7,538 10,150 18,984 11,852 10,427 36866 42,987 33,174 3-439 421 707 462 1,500 " 1875 " 1874 . . " i87q " 1872 " I87I i,6o6 '* 1870 925 2,185 " i86g " 1868 2,221 " 1867 6,804 " i866 4.584 " 1865 5,528 1864.. 5,871 " 1863 6,377 " 1862- 3,217 Hops. The culture of hops, as an article af commerce, received but little attention prior to i860. In 1865, 2,864 bales only were shipped from Milwaukee. In addition, a large amount was used by the brewers throughout the state. In 1866, the amount exported was increased, and 5,774 bales were shipped to eastern markets. The price, from forty-five to fifty-five cents per pound, stimulated production, and the article became one of the staple products of the counties of Sauk, Columbia, Adams and Juneau, besides being largely cultivated in parts of some other counties. In 1867, 26,562 bales were 'received at Milwaukee, and the prices ranged from fifty to seventy cents per pound. The estimated crop of the state for 1867 was 35,000 bales, and brought over $4,200,000. In 1868, not less than 60,000 bales were grown in the state. The crop everywhere was a large one, and in Wisconsin so very large that an over-supply was anticipated. But few, however, were prepared for the decline in prices, that far exceeded the worst apprehensions of those interested. The first sales were made at twenty-five to thirty-five cents per pound, and the prices were reluctantly accepted by the growers. The price continued to decline until the article was unsalable and unavailable in the market. Probably the average price did not exceed ten cents per pound. Notwithstanding the severe check which hop-growing received in 1868, by the unprofitable result, growers were not discouraged, and the crop of i86g was a large one. So much of the crop of 1868 remained in the hands of the growers, that it is impossible to estimate that of 1869. The new crop sold for from ten to fifteen cents, and the old for from three to five cents per pound. Hop-cultivation received a check from over-production in 1868, from which it did not soon recover. A large proportion of the yards were plowed under in 1870. The crop of 1869 was much of it marketed during 1870, at a price of about two and one-half to three and one- half cents per pound, while that of 1870 brought ten to twelve and a half cents. During •\ the year 187 1, a great advance in the price, caused by the partial failure of the crop^ in some of the eastern states, and the decrease in price causing a decrease in production,|^^ what was left over of the crop of 1870 more than doubled^in value- before the new reached the market. The latter opened at thirty cents, and steadily rose to fifty and fifty-five for prime COMMERCE AND MANUFACTURES. 205 qualities. The crop of 1872 was of good quality, and the market opened at forty to fifty-five cents as the selling price, and fell fifteen to twenty cents before the close of the year. A much larger 'quantity wa's raised than the year previous. In 1873 and 1874, the crop was fair and prices ruled from thirty-three to forty-five cents, with increased production. About r8,ooo bales were reported as being shipped from the different railway stations of the state. Prices were extremely irregular during 187s, and, after the new crop reached market, fell to a point that would not pay the cfost of production. In 1876, prices ruled low at the opening of the year, and advanced from five to ten cents in January to twenty-eight to thirty in November. Over 17,000 bales were received at Milwaukee, over 10,000 bales being of the crop of the previous year. Over 13,000 bales were shipped out of the state. Tobacco. Tobacco raising is comparatively a new industry in Wisconsin, but is rapidly growing in importance and magnitude. - It sells readily for from four to ten. cents per pound, and the plant is easily raised. It is not regarded as of superior quality. It first appears as a commodity of transportation in the railway reports for the year 187 1, when the Prairie du Chien division of the St. Paul road moved eastward 1,373,650 pounds. During the four years ending with 1876, there were shipped from Milwaukee an average of 5,118,530 pounds annually, the ir.axi- mum being in 1874, 6,982,175 pounds; the minimum in 1875, 2,743,854 [pounds. The crop of 1876 escaped the early frosts, and netted the producer from five to seven cents per pound. The greater part of it was shipped to Baltimore and Philadelphia. Comparatively little of the leaf raised in the state is used here or by western manufacturers. The crop of the present year, 1877, is a large one, and has been secured in good order. Itis being contracted for at from four to six cents per pound. ■ Cranberries. The cranberry trade is yet in its infancy. But little, comparatively, has been done in devel- oping the capabilities of the extensive bodies of marsh and swamp lands interspersed throughout the northern part of the state. Increased attention is being paid to the culture of the fruit ; yet, the demand will probably keep ahead of the supply for many years to come. In 185 1, less than 1,500 barrels were sent out of the state. In 1872, the year of greatest production, over 37,000 barrels were exported, and, in 1876, about 17,000 barrels. The price has varied in different years, and taken a range from eight to fifteen dollars a barrel. Spirituous and Malt Liquors. The production of liquors, both spirituous and malt, has kept pace with the growth of population and with the other industries of the state. There were in Wisconsin, in 1872, two hundred and ninety-two breweries and ten distilleries. In 1876, there were two hundred and ninety-three of the former and ten of the latter, and most of them were kept running to thei r full capacity. Milwaukee alone produced, in 1876, 321,611 barrels of lager beer and 43,175 barrels of high wines. In 1865, it furnished 65,666 barrels of beer, and in 1870, 108,845 barrels. In 1865, it furnished 3,046 barrels of high wines; in 1870, 22,867 barrels; and in 1875, 39,005. A large quantity of the beer made was shipped to eastern and southern cities. The beer made m 1876 sold at the rate of ten dollars per barrel, the wholesale price of the brewers bringing the sum of $3,216,110. The fame of Milwaukee lager beer is widely extended. This city has furnished since 1870, 1,520,308 barrels which, at the wholesale price, brought $15,203,170. The total production of beer by all the two hundred and ninety- three breweries of the state for 1876, was 450,508 barrels. 206 HISTORY OP WISCONSIN. In 1876, Milwaukee produced 43,175 barrels of high wines, or distilled spirits, and the state of Wisconsin 51,959 barrels. In 1870, the former produced 108,845 barrels of beer and 22,867 barrels of distilled spirits, and in the same year the state of Wisconsin produced 189,664 barrels of beer and 36,145 barrels of distilled spirits. Miscellaneous. Porcelain clay, or kaolin, is found in numerous places in Wood and Marathon counties. The mineral is found in but few places in the United States in quantities sufficient to justify the investment of capital necessary to manufacture it. In the counties mentioned, the deposits are found in extensive beds, and only capital and enterprise are needed to make their development profitable. Clay of superior quality for making brick and of fair quality for pottery, is found in numerous localities; The famous " Milwaukee brick," remarkable for their beautiful cream color, is made from a fine clay which is abundant near Milwaukee, and is found in exten- sive beds at Watertown, Whitewater, Edgerton, Stoughton, and several places on the lake shore north of Milwaukee. At Whitewater and some other places the clay is used with success for the making of pottery ware. Water-lime, or hydraulic cement, occurs in numerous places throughout the state. An extensive bed covering between one and two hundred acres, and of an indefinite depth, exists on the banks of the Milwaukee river, and not over one and a half miles from the city limits of Milwaukee. The cement made from the rock of this deposit is first-class in quality, and between twenty and thirty thousand barrels were made and sold last year. The capacity of the works for reducing the rock to cement has been increased to 500 barrels per day. Stones suita- ble for building purposes are widely distributed throughout the state, and nearly every town has its available quarry. Many of these quarries furnish stone of fine quality for substantial and permanent edifices. The quarry at Prairie du Chien furnished the stone for the capital building at Madison, which equals in beauty that of any state in the Union. At Milwaukee, Waukesha, Madison, La Crosse, and many other places .are found quarries of superior building stone. Granite is found in extensive beds in Marathon and Wood counties, and dressed specimens exhibited at the " Centennial " last year, attracted attention for their fine polish. Marbles of various kinds are likewise found in the state. Some of them are beginning to attract attention and are likely to prove valuable. The report of Messrs. Foster & Whitney, United States geol- ogists, speaks of quarries on the Menomonee and Michigamig rivers as affording beautiful varie- ties and susceptible of a high polish. Richland county contains marble, but its quality is gen- erally considered inferior. Water Powers. Wisconsin is fast becoming a manufacturing state. Its forests of pine, oak, walnut, maple, ash, and other valuable woods used for lumber, are well-nigh inexhaustible. Its water-power for driving the wheels of machinery is not equaled by that of any state in the northwest. The Lower Fox river between Lake Winnebago and Green Bay, a distance of thirty-five miles, furnishes some of the best facilities for manufacturing enterprise in the whole country. Lake Winnebago as a reservoir gives it a great and special advantage; in freedom from liability to freshets and droughts. The stream never varies but a few feet from its highest to its lowest stage, yet gives a steady flow. The Green Bay and Mississippi canal company has, during the last twenty-five years, constructed numerous dams, catials and locks, constituting very valuable improvements. All the property of that company has been transferred to the United States government, which has entered upon a system to render the Fox and Wisconsin rivers navigable to the Mississippi. The fall between the lake and Depere is one hundred and fifty feet, and the water can be utilized COMMERCE AKD MANUFACTITEES. 207 in propelling machinery at Neenah, Menasha, Appleton, Cedar, Little Chute, Kaukauna, Rapid Croche, Little Kaukauna and Depere. The water-power at Appleton in its natural advantages is pronounced by Hon. Hiram Barney, of New York, superior to those at Lowell, Paterson and Rochester, combined. The water-power of the Fox has been improved to a considerable extent, but its full capacity has hardly been touched. Attention has been drawn to it, how- ever, and no doubt is entertained that in a few years the hum of machinery to be propelled by it, will be heard the entire length of the thirty-five miles. The facilities presented by its nearness to timber,.iron, and a rich and productive agricultural region, give it an advantage over any of the eastern manufacturing points. The Wisconsin river rises in the extreme northern part of the state, and has its source in a great number of small lakes. The upper portion abounds in valuable water privileges, only a few of which are improved. There are a large number of saw-mills running upon the power of this river. Other machinery, to a limited extent, is in operation. The " Big Bull " falls, at Wausau, are improved, and a power of twenty-two feet fall is obtained. At Little Bull falls, below Wausau, there is a fall of eighteen feet, partially improved. There are many other water-powers in Marathon county, some of which are used in propelling flouring- mills and saw-mills. At Grand Rapids, there is a descent of thirty feet to the mile, and the water can be used many times. Each time, 5,000 horse-power is obtained. At Kilbourn City ■ large amount of power can be obtained for manufacturing purposes. Chippewa river has its origin in small streams in the north part of the state. Explorers tell us that there are a large number of water powers on all the upper branches, but as the country is yet unsettled, none of them have been improved, and very few even located on our maps. Brunette falls and Ameger falls, above Chippewa Falls city, must furnish considerable water- power, but Its extent is not known. At Chippewa Falls is an excellent water-power, only partially improved. The river descends twenty-six feet in three-fourths of a mile. At Duncan creek at the same place, there is a good fall, improved to run a large flouring mill. At Eagle Rapids, five miles above Chippewa Falls, $120,000 has been expended in improving the fall of the Chippewa liver. The city of Eau Claire is situated at the confluence of the Chippewa and Eau Claire rivers, and possesses in its immediate vicinity water-powers almost unrivaled. Some of them are improved. The citizens of Eau Claire have, for several years, striven to obtain legislative authority to dam the Chippewa river, so as to improve the water-power of the Dells, and a lively contest, known as the " Dells fight," has been carried on with the capitalists along the river above that town. There are immense water-powers in Dunn county, on the Red Cedar, Chippewa r.nd Eau Galle rivers, on which there are many lumbering establishments. In Pepin county also there are good powers. The Black river and its branches, the La Crosse, Bufi'alo, Trempealeau, Beaver, and Tamaso, furnish many valuable powers. The St. Croix river is not excelled in the value of its water privileges by any stream in the state, except the Lower Fox river. At St. Croix Falls, the water of the river makes a descent of eighty-five feet in a distance of five miles, and the vol- ume of water is sufficient to move the machinery for an immense manufacturing business, and the banks present good facilities for building dams, and the river is not subject to freshets. The Kinnekinnick has a large number of falls, some of them partially improved. Within twenty-five miles of its entrance into Lake St. Croix, it has a fall of two hundred feet, and the volume of water averages about three thousand cubic feet per minute. Rock river affords valuable water- privileges at Watertown (with twenty-four feet fall), and largely improved ; at Jefferson, Indian Ford and Janesville, all of which are improved. Beloit also has an excellent water-power, and It is largely improved. Scattered throughout the state are many other water- powers, not alluded 208 , HISTORY OF "WISCONSIN. to in the foregoing. There are several in Manitowoc county ; in Marquette county,, also. In Washington county, at West Bend, Berlin, and Cedar Creek, there are good water-powers, partly utilized. At Whitewater, in Walworth county, is a good power. In Dane county, there is a water-power at Madison, at the outlet of Lake Mendota ; also, a good one at Stoughton, below the first, or Lake Kegonsa ; also at Paoli, Bellville, Albany and Brodhead, on the Sugar river. In Grant county there are not less than twenty good powers, most of them well-developed. In Racine county, three powers of fine capacity at Waterford, Rochester and Burlington, all of which ^re improved. The Oconto, Peshtigo and Menomonee rivers furnish a large number of splendid water- powers of large capacity. The Upper Wolf river has scores of water-powers on its main stream and numerous branches ; but most of the country is still a wilderness, though containing resources which, when developed, will make it rich and prosperous. There are numerous other streams of less consequence than those named, but of great importance to the localities they severally drain, that have had their powers improved, and their waterfalls are singing the songs.of commerce. On the rivers emptying into Lake Superior, there are numerous and valuable water-powers. The Montreal river falls one thousand feet in a. distance of thirty miles. Manufactures. The mechanical and manufacturing industries of Wisconsin demonstrate that the people do not rely wholly upon agricultural pursuits, or lumbering, for subsistence, but aim to diversify ' their labors as much as possible, and to give encouragement to the skill and ingenuity of their mechanics and artisans. All our cities, and most of our villages, support establishments that furnish wares and implements in common use among the people. We gather from the census report for 1870 a few facts that will give us an adequate idea of what was done in a single year, remembering that the data furnished is six years old, and that great advancement has been made since the statistics were gathered. In 1870, there were eighty-two establishments engaged in making agricultural implements, employing 1,387 hands, and turning out products valued at $2,393,400. There were one hundred and eighty-eight furniture establishments, employing 1,844 men, and making $1,542,300 worth of goods. For making carriages and wagons there were four hundred and eighty-five establishments, employing 2,184 men, and their product was valued at $2,596,534; for clothing, two hundred and sixty-three establishments, and value of product $2,340,400; sash, doors and blinds, eighty-one shops, and value of product $1,852,370; leather, eighty-five tanneries, employing 577 men, and value of products $2,013,000 ; malt liquors, one hundred and seventy-six breweries, 835 men, and their products valued at $1,790,273. At many points the business of manufacturing is carried on more or les's extensively; indeed, there is hardly a village in the state where capital is not invested in some kind of mechanical industry or manufacturing enterprise, and making satisfactory returns ; but for details in this respect, the reader is referred to the department of local history. The principal commodities only, which Wisconsin contributes to trade and commerce, have been considered. There remains quite a number of minor articles from which the citizens of the state derive some revenue, such as flax and maple sugar, which can not be separately considered in this paper. Concluding Remarks. Statistics are usually dry reading, but, to one desiring to change his location and seeking information regarding a new country and its capabilities, they become intensely interesting and of great value. The farmer wishes to know about the lands, their value and the productiveness of the soil ; the mechanic about the workshops, the price of labor, and the demand for such wares COMJIEECE AND MANUFACTUEBS. 209 as he is accustomed to make ; the capitalist, concerning all matters that pertain to resources, advantages, and the opportunities for investing his money. Our own people want all the infor- mation that can be gained by the collection of all obtainable facts. The sources of such infor- mation are now various, and the knowledge they impart fragmentary in its character. Provision should be made by law, for the collection and publication of reliable statistics relating to our farming, manufacturing, mining, lumbering, commercial and educational interests. Severalof the states of the Union have established a "Bureau of Statistics," and no more valua- ble reports emanate from any of their state departments than those that exhibit a condensed view of the material results accomplished each year. Most of the European states foster these agencies with as much solicitude as any department of their government. Indeed, they have become a social as well as a material necessity, for social science extends its inquiries to the physical laws of man as a social being ; to the resources of the country ; its productions ; the growth of society, and to all those facts or conditions which may increase or diminish the strength, growth or happiness of a people. Statistics are the foundation and corner-stone of social science, which is the highest and noblest of all the sciences. A writer has said that, " If God had designed Wisconsin to be chiefly a manufacturing state, instead of agricultural, which she claims to be, and is, it is difficult to see more than one partic- ular in which He could have endowed her more richly for that purpose." She has all the mate- rial for the construction of articles of use and luxury, the means of motive power to propel the machinery, to turn and fashion, weave, forge, and grind the natural elements that abound in such rich profusion. She has also the men whose enterprise and skill have accomplished most sur- prising results, in not only building up a name for themselves, but in placing the state in a proud position of independence. It is impossible to predict what will be the future growth and development of Wisconsin. From its commercial and manufacturing advantages, we may reasonably anticipate that she will in a few years lead in the front rank of the states of the Union in all that constitutes real great- ness. Her educational system is one of the best. With her richly endowed State University, her colleges and high schools, and the people's colleges, the common schools, she has laid a broad and deep foundation for a great and noble commonwealth. It was early seen what were the capabilities of this their newly explored domain. The northwestern explorer, Jonathan Carver, in 1766, one hundred and thirteen years ago, after traversing Wisconsin and viewing its lakes of crystal purity, its rivers of matchless utility, its forests of exhaustless wealth, its prairies of won-' derful fertility, its mines of buried treasure, recorded this remarkable prediction of which we see the fulfillment: "To what power or authority this new world will become dependent after it has arisen from its present uncultivated state, time alone can discover. But as the seat of empire from time immemorial has been gradually progressive toward the west, there is no doubt but that at some future period mighty kingdoms will emerge from these wildernesses, and stately palaces and solemn temples with gilded spires reaching to the skies supplant the Indian huts, whose only decorations are the barbarous trophies of 'their vanquished enemies." " Westward the course of empire takes its way ; The four first acts already passed, A fifth shall close the drama with the day ; Time's noblest offspring is the last." THE PUBLIC DOMAIN. By D. S. DURRIE. In the early part of the seventeenth century, all the territory north of the Ohio river including the present state of Wisconsin, was an undiscovered region. As far as now known, it was never visited by white men until the year 1634, when Jean Nicolet came to the Green bay country as an ambassador from the French to the Winnebagoes. The Jesuit fathers in i66o visited the south shore of Lake Superior ; and, soon after, missions were established at various points in the northwest. The French government appreciating the importance of possessing dominion over this sec- tion, M. Talon, intendant of Canada, took steps to carry out this purpose, and availed himself of the good feelings entertained toward the French by a number of the Indian tribes, to establish the authority of the French crown over this remote quarter. A small party of men led by Daumont de St. Lusson, with Nicolas Perrot as interpreter, set out from Quebec on this mission, in 1670, and St. Lusson sent to the tribes occupying a circuit of a hundred leagues, inviting the nations, among them the Wisconsin tribes inhabiting the Green bay country, by their chiefs and ambassadors, to meet him at the Sault Sainte Marie the following spring. In the month of May, 167 1, fourteen tribes, by their representatives, including the Miamis, Sacs, Winnebagoes, Menomonees, and Pottawattamies, arrived at the place designated. On the morning of the fourteenth of June, " St. Lusson led his followers to the top of the hill,' all fully equipped and under arms. Here, too, in the vestments, of their priestly office were four Jesuits: Claude Dablon, superior of the mission on the lakes, Gabriel Druillettes, Claude Allouez, and Andre. All around, the great throng of Indians stood, or crouched, or reclined at length with eyes and ears intent. A large cross of wood had been made ready. Dablon, in solemn form, pronounced his blessing on it ; and then it was reared and planted in the ground, while the Frenchmen, uncovered, sang the Vexilla Regis. Then a post of cedar was planted beside it, with a metal plate attached, engraven with the royal arms ; while St. Lusson's followers sang the exaudiai, and one of the priests uttered a prayer for the king. St. Lusson now advanced, and, holding his sword in one hand, and raising with the other a sod of earth, proclaimed in aloud' 'voice " that he took possession of all the country occupied by the tribes, and placed them under the king's protection. This act, however, was not regarded as sufficiently definite, and on the eighth of May, 16,89, Perrot, who was then commanding for the king at the post of Nadouesioux, near Lake Pepin on the west side of the Mississippi, commissioned by the Marquis de Denonville to manage the interests of commerce west of Green bay took possession, in the name of the king, with appropriate ceremonies, of the countries west of Lake Michigan as far as the river St. Peter. The papers were signed by Perrot and others. By these solemn acts, the present limits of Wisconsin with much contiguous territory, came under the dominion of the French government, the possession of which continued until October, i76r —a period of ninety years from the gathering of the chiefs at the Sault Ste. Marie in 1671. From the commencement of French occupancy up to the time when the British took posses- sion, the district of country embraced within the present limits of this state had but few white inhabitants besides the roaming Indian traders ; and of these few, the locations were separated by a distance of more than two hundred miles in a direct line, and nearly double that distance by THE PUBLIC DOMAIN. 211 the usual water courses. There was no settlement of agriculturists; there were no missionary establishments ; no fortified posts at other points, except at Depere and Green bay on Fox -iver, and perhaps at Prairie du Chien, near the junction of Jhe Wisconsin and the Mississippi. The French government made no grant of , lands; gave no attention to settlers or agricu.- turists, and the occupation of the country was strictly military. There were, indeed, a few grants of lands made by the French governors and commanders, previous to 1750, to favored indi- viduals, six of which were afterward confirmed by the king of France. There were also others which did not require confirmation, being made by Cardillac, commanding at Detroit, under special authority of the king; of this latter kind, one for a small piece of thirty acres bears with it, says a writer, " so many conditions, reservations, prohibitions of sale, and a whole cavalcade of feudal duties to be performed by the grantee, that in itself, it would be a host in opposition to the agricultural settlement of any country.'' The grants just referred to, relate to that part of the French possessions outside the limits of the present state of Wisconsin. Within its limits there was a grant of an extensive territory including the fort at the head of Green bay, with the exclusive right to trade, and other valuable privileges, from the Marquis de Vaudreuil, in October, 1759, to M. Rigaud. It was sold by the latter to William Gould and Madame Vaudreuil, to whom it was confirmed by the king of France in January, 1760, at a very critical period, when Quebec had been taken by the British^ and Montreal was only wanting to complete the conquest of Canada. This grant was evidently intended as a perquisite to entrap some unwary persons to give a valuable consideration for it,, as it would be highly impolitic for the government to make such a grant, if they continued mas- ters of the country, since it would surely alienate the affections of the Indians. The whole country had already been virtually conquered by Great Britain, and the grant of course was not confirmed by the English government. Of the war between the French and English governments in America, known as the French and Indian war, it is not necessary to speak, except in general terms. The English made a. determined effort to obtain the possessions claimed by the French. The capture of Quebec in 1759, and the subsequent capitulation of Montreal in 1760, extinguished the domination of France in the basin of the St. Lawrence ; and by the terms of the treaty of Paris, concluded February 10, 1763, all the possessions in, and all the claims of the French nation to, the vast country watered by the Ohio and the Mississippi were ceded to Great Britain. Among the first acts of the new masters of the country was the protection of the eminent domain of the government, and the restriction of all attempts on the part of individuals to acquire Indian titles to lands. By the King of England's proclamation of 1763, no more grants of land within certain prescribed limits could be issued, and all private persons were interdicted the liberty of purchasing lands from the Indians, or of making settlements within those prescribed limits. The indulgence of such a privilege as that of making private purchases of the natives, conduced to the most serious difficulties, and made way for the practice of the most reprehensible frauds. The policy pursued by the English government has been adopted and acted upon by the government of the United States in the extinguishment of the Indian title to lands in every part of the country. In face of the proclamation of 1763, and within three years after its promulgation, under a pretended purchase from, or voluntary grant of the natives, a tract of country nearly one hundred miles square, including large portions of what is now northern Wisconsin and Minnesota, was claimed by Jonathan Carver, and a ratification of his title solicited from the king and council. This was not conceded ; and the representatives of Carver, after the change of government had 212 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN". brought the lands under the jurisdiction of the United States, for a series of years presented the same claims before congress, and askpd for their confirmation. Such a demand under all the circumstances, could not justify an expectation of success; and, of course, has often been refused. But notwithstanding the abundant means which the public have had of informing themselves of the true nature and condition of Carver's claim, bargains and sales of portions of this tract have been made among visionary speculators for more than half a century past. It is now only a short period since the maps of the United States ceased to be defaced by a delineation of Ae " Carver Grant." The mere transfer of the dominion over the country from the French to the English govern, ment, and the consequent occupation of the English posts by the new masters, did not in any great degree affect the social condition of the inhabitants. By the terms of capitulation, the French subjects were permitted to remain in the country, in the full enjoyment of their civil and religious privileges. The English, however, did not hold peaceable possession of the territory acquired. The war inaugurated by Pontiac and his Indian allies on the military posts occupied by the English soon followed, and in the month of May, 1763, nine posts were captured with much loss of life. In the spring of 1764, twenty-two tribes who were more or less identiiied in the outbreak, concluded a treaty of peace with General Eradstreet at Niagara. The expedition of Colonel George Rogers Clark to the Illinois country, and the conquest , of the British posts in 1778 and 1779, had the effect to open the way for the emigration of the Anglo-American population to the Mississippi valley; and at the close of the revolutionary war, Great Britain renounced all claim to the whole territory lying east of the Mississippi river. The dominion of the English in the Illinois and Wabash countries, ceased with the loss of the military posts which commanded the Northwestern territory of the United States. As a result of the enterprise and success of Clark, Virginia obtained possession of the Illinois country ; his expedition having been undertaken and carried forward under the auspices of that state. Several of the eastern states under their colonial charters, laid claim to portions of the land comprised in the territory northwest of the Ohio river. The claim of Massachusetts was derived from a grant from King James of November 3, 1620 ; and included from lat. 42° 2' to about lat. 45°, extending to the south sea; Connecticut claimed from lat. 41 Q north to 42 o 2'. The claims of Virginia were from grants from King James, bearing date, respectively, April 10, 1606, May 23, 1609, and March 12, 1611, and an additional claim for the territory conquered by Clark in the Illinois country ; but they extended no farther north than the southern end of Lake Michigan. It is a popular impression that the territory of the present state of Wisconsin was compre- hended in the lands northwest of the river Ohio, over which Virginia exercised jurisdiction, and, consequently, was included in her deed of cession of lands to the United States. This opinion so generally entertained by writers on American history, is a statement which does not appear to have any solid foundation in fact. Virginia never made any conquests or settlements in Wiscon- sin, and at no time prior to the proffer of her claims to the general government had she evSr exercised jurisdiction over it. In fact, there were no settlements in Wisconsin except at Green Bay and Prairie du Chien before that time, and these were made by French settlers who were in no wise interfered with while the revolution continued. In Illinois it was otherwise; and the possession of its territory by Virginia was an undisputed fact. During the revolution the title of the sovereignty in Wisconsin was actually in Great Britain, and so remained until the definite treaty of peace in 1783; at which date England yielding her right constructively to the United States, retaining possession, however, until 1796; at which time the western posts were transferred to the United States. • , « THE PITBLI€ DOMAIN". 213 All the claiming states filially ceded their • interests to the general government, giving the latter a perfect title, subject only to the rights of the Indians. The deed of cession from Virginia was dated March i, 1784. The other states ceded their claims, some before this date, others subsequent thereto. Virginia made a number of stipulations in her deed of cession; among others, that the French and Canadian inhabitants and the neighboring villages who had professed themselves citizens of Virginia, should have their possessions and title confirmed to them, and be protected in the enjoyment of their rights and liberties; thr.t 150,000 acres of land near the rapids of the Ohio, should be reserved for that portion of her state troops which had reduced the country; and about 3,500,000 acres between the rivers Scioto and Little Miami be reserved for bounties to her troops on the continental establishment. In consequence of certain objectionable stipulations made by Virginia as to the division of the territory into states, the deed of cession was referred back to that state with a recommenda- tion from congress that these stipulations should be altered. On the 36th of December, 1788, Virginia assented to the wish of congress, and formally ratified and confirmed the fifth article of compact which related to that subject, and tacitly gave her consent to the whole ordinance of 1787. The provisions of this ordinance have since been applied to all the territories of the United States lying north of the 36 16. 25. A treaty was made with the Chippewas of Lake Superior, at La Pointe, on the 30th of September, 1854. That nation ceded to the United States all lands before owned by them in common with the Chippewas of the Mississippi — lying in the vicinity of Lake Superior in Wis- '218 HISTORY OF WISC02SrSlN. consin and Minnesota. 26. On the sth of February, 1856, a treaty was held with the Stockbridge and Munsee tribes, at Stockbridge. All the remaining right and title to lands in the town of Stockbridge, possessed by them, was ceded to the United States ; and the said tribes were to receive in exchange a tract of land near the southern boundary of the Menomonee reservation, and by treaty made at Keshena, February 11, 1856, the Menomonees ceded two townships to locate the said tribes. With this last treaty, the Indian title to all the lands of the present state of Wisconsin was ceded to the United States government, except a few small reservations to certain tribes, and a perfect, indefeasible title obtained to all the territory within its borders. In the region of country which is now the state of Wisconsin, the settlements in early times were, as before stated, near Green Bay and at Prairie du Chien. Soon after the organization of the Northwest territory, the subject of claims to private property therein received much attention. By an act of congress approved March 3, 1805, lands lying in the districts of Vincennes, Kas- kaskia and Detroit, which were claimed by virtue of French or British grants, legally and fully executed, or by virtue of grants issued under the authority of any former act of congress by either of the governors of the Northwest or Indiana territory, which had already been surveyed, were, if necessary, to be re-surveyed ; and persons claiming lands under these grants were to have until November i, 1805, to give notice of the same. Commissioners were to be appointed to examine, and report at the next session of congress. An act was also passed, approved April 25, 1806, to authorize the granting of patents for lands, according to government surveys that had been made, and to grant donation rights to certain claimants of land in the district of Detroit, and for other purposes Another act was approved May 11, 1820, reviving the powers of the commissioners for ascertaining and deciding on claims in the district of Detroit, and for settling the claims to land at Green Bay and Prairie du Chien, in the territory of Michigan ; the commis- sioners to have power to examine and decide on claims filed with the register of the land office, and not before acted on, in accordance with the laws respecting the same. The commissioners discharged the duties imposed on them, and in their report to congress in reference to the claims at Green Bay, they said that the antiquity of this settlement being, in their view, sufficiently established, and that they, being also satisfied that the Indian title must be considered to have been extinguished, decide favorably on the claims presented. About seventy -five titles were con- firmed, and patents for the same were sent to the proper parties by the government. In relation to the Prairie du Chien titles, they reported " that they had met few difficulties in their investi- gations ; that, notwithstanding the high antiquity which may be claimed for the settlement of that place, no one perfect title founded on French or British grant, legally authenticated, had been successfully made out; and that but few deeds of any sort have been exhibited.'' This they attribute to the carelessness of the Canadians in respect to whatever concerned their land titles, and accords with whatever is known in this regard, of the French population throughout the country. They therefore came to the conclusion that whatever claim the people of the place possessed, and might have for a confirmation of their land titles, they must be founded upon proof of con tinned possession since the year 1796 The commissioners further say, that " since the ancestors of these settlers were cut off, by the treaty which gave the Canadas to the English, from all inter- course with their parent country, the people both of Prairie du Chien and Green Bay have been eft, until within a few years, quite isolated, almost without any government but their own; and, although the present population of these settlements are natives of the countries which they inhabit, and, consequently, are by birth citizens of the northwest, yet, until a few years, they have had as little political connection with its government as their ancestors had with the British. Ignorant of their civil rights, careless of their land titles, docility, habitual hospitality, cheerful THE PUBLIC DOMAIN". 219 ■submission to the requisitions of any government which may be set over them, are their universal characteristics." In reference to grants by the French and English governments, the commissioners say, they " have not had access to any public archives by which to ascertain with positive certainly, whether either the French or English ever effected a formal extinguishment of the Indian title at the mouth of the Wisconsin, which also may be said of the land now covered by the city of Detroit , that the French government was not accustomed to hold formal treaties for such purposes with the Indians, and when the lands have been actually procured from them, either by virtue of the assumed right of conquest, or by purchase, evidence of such acquisition is rather to be sought in the traditionary history of the country, or in the casual or scanty relations of travelers, than among collections of state papers. Tradition does recognize the fact of the extinguishment of the Indian title at Prairie du Chien by the old French government, before its surrender to the English; and by the same species of testimony, more positive because more recent, it is estab- lished also, that, in the year 1781, Patrick Sinclair, lieutenant governor of the province of Upper Canada, while the English government had jurisdiction over this country, made a formal purchase -from the Indians of the lands comprehending the settlement of Prairie du Chien." The territories and states formed from the section known as the Northwest territory, were : I The Northwest territory proper (1787-1800) having jurisdiction over all the lands referred to in the .ordinance of 1787. In 1802, Ohio was organized as a state with its present boun- daries. -2. Indiana terrritory was formed July 4, 1800, with the seat of government at Vincennes. That territory was made to include all of the northwest, except what afterward became the state •of Ohio. 3. Michigan territory was formed June 30, 1805. It was bounded on the south by a line ■drawn east from the south bend of Lake Michigan, on the west by the center of Lake Michigan. It did not include what is now Wisconsin. The upper peninsula was annexed in r836. The state of Michigan was formed January 26, 1837, with its present boundaries. 4. Illinois territory was formed March 2, 1810. It included all of the Indiana territory west of the Wabash river and Vincennes, and a line running due north to the territorial line. All of Wisconsin was included therein, except what lay east of the line drawn north from Vincennes. 5. Indiana was admitted as a state April 19, 1816, including all the territory of Indiana territory, except a narrow strip east of the line of Vincennes, and west of Michigan territory, her western boundary. 6. Illinois was admitted as a state April 11, 1818. It included all of Illinois territory south ■of latitude 42° 30'. All of Wisconsin was added to Michigan territory. In the month of Octo- ber of that year, the counties of Michilimackinac, Brown and Crawford were formed, comprising besides other territory, the whole of the present state of Wisconsin. 7. Iowa district was attached to Michigan for judicial purposes, June 30, 1834, out of which Des Moines and Dubuque counties were formed. 8. Wisconsin territory was formed April 20, 1836. The state was formed May 29, 1848. The territory of Wisconsin being a^ part of the Northwest territory claimed, and congress by direct action confirmed to her, all the rights and privileges secured by the ordinance of 1787, one of which was that congress should have authority to form one or two states in that part of the territory lying north of an east and west line, drawn through the southerly bend or extreme ■of Lake Michigan. Notwithstanding this plain provision of the ordinance, which is declared to 220 HISTORY OP WISCOiN-SIN. be articles of compact between the original states and the people and states in the said territory, and forever to remain unalterable unless by consent ; yet congress, in establishing the boundaries, of the state of Illinois, extended that state about sixty miles north of the line established by the ordinance. This action was claimed to be unjust and contrary to the spirit and letter of the compact with the original states. The legislative assembly of Wisconsin passed resolutions which were approved January 13, 1840, that it was inexpedient for the people of the territory tO' form a constitution and state government until the southern boundary to which they are so justly entitled by the ordinance of 1787 shall be fully recognized by the parties of the original com- pact. Owing to various complications over which the territory had no control, her people never succeeded in obtaining from congress what they considered their just rights. It was also contended by many, that the portion of country set off to Michigan on Lake Superior given as a compensation in part for the strip of land awarded to Ohio from her south- ern border, should also have constituted a portion of Wisconsin, especially as Michigan never made the least claim to it by her delegate in congress, who was decidedly opposed to the exten- sion of Michigan beyond the limits of the lower peninsula. The first survey of the public lands northwest of the Ohio river, was made pursuant to an act of congress approved May 20, 1785, The geographer of the confederation was diected to commence the survey of the government lands on the north side of the river Ohio — the first Una running north and south, to begin on said river at a point that should be found to be due north from the western termination of a line which had been run as the southern boundary of the state of Pennsylvania ; the first line running east and west, to begin at the same point, and to extend through the whole territory. The survey comprised seven ranges, composing ten counties of the present state of Ohio. Other surveys followed when the Indian title was extinguished. Thomas Hutchins, who held the office of geographer, is believed to be the inventor of the rnode of laying out land which was then introduced by him, and is still in general use by the government. Soon after the government had acquired title to the Indian lands south of the Wisconsin river, the public authorities commenced a systematic survey of the lands, for the purpose of bringing the same into market at the earliest possible period. The public lands in Wisconsin are, as elsewhere in the west, surveyed in uniform rec- tangular tracts, each six miles square, by lines running north and south, intersecting others running east and west. These townships are numbered from two lines called the principal meridian and the base line. The principal meridian by which the Wisconsin surveys are gov- erned is that known as the fourth, and extends from the Illinois boundary line to Lake Superior,- at the mouth of Montreal river, about two hundred and eighty-two miles. It divides Grant from LaFayette county, and passes through the eastern parts of Vernon, Monroe, Jackson, Clark,. Chippewa, and Ashland counties. The base line separates Wisconsin from Illinois in north latitude forty-two degrees, thirty minutes. There are nearly seventeen hundred townships in the state. Each township is subdivided into thirty-six sections by lines running parallel to the sides of the township, one mile apart. A section is, therefore, one mile square, and contains six hundred and forty acres. In- fractional townships, each section is numbered the same as the corresponding section in whole townships. Each section is subdivided into half-mile squares, called- quarter-sections, each containing one hundred and sixty acres, and the subdivision is carried still further into half-quarter or quarter-quarter sections. It is found necessary to estab- lish at stated intervals standard parallels, commonly called correction lines, to obviate the effect of the curvature of the earth's surface. The convergence in a single township is small, though quite perceptible, the actual excess in length of its south over its north line being in the state- THE PUBLIC DOMAIN. 221 about three rods. The townships north of the base line, therefore, become narrower toward the north, and if continued for too great a distance, this narrowing would cause serious inconvenience. In the state of Wisconsin there are four of these correction lines. The first is sixty miles north of the base line, and accordingly runs between townships ten and eleven. The second is between townships twenty and twenty-one, and so on. They are usually sixty miles apart. On these parallels, which form new base lines, fresh measurements are made from the principal meridian, and the corners of new townships are fixed six miles apart as on the original base line. This method of procedure not only takes up the error due to convergency of meridians, but arrests that caused by want of precision in the surveys already made. The northern or western sections of townships, which contain more or less than six hun- dred and forty acres, are called fractional sections, for the reason that the surplusage or deficiency arising from errors in surveying, and from other causes, is by law added to or deducted from the western or northern ranges of sections according as the error may be in run- ning the lines from east to west, or from north to south. As soon as the surveys were completed in southern Wisconsin and the Green Bay section, and a knowledge of the superior qualities of the land for agricultural purposes were known ta the people, the emigration became large. In fact much land was taken possession of by settlers in advance of being surveyed and brought into market. As soon as the land offices at Green Bay, Mineral Point, and Milwaukee were located, public announcement was made by the govern- ment, of the time of the sale, when the lands were put up to the highest bidder, and such as were unsold were afterward subject to private entry. The first sales were held at Green Bay and Mineral Point in the year 1835. The sale at Milwaukee was in 1839. From the reports of the general land ofi&ce, it appears that from 1835 to 1845 inclusive, there were sold at the three land offices from public sale, 2,958,592^%%- acres, amounting to $3,768,106.51. Fort Howard military reservation was set apart by order of the president March 2, 1829, and comprised all the lands lying upon Fox river and Green bay, in township 24 north, range 20 east, 4th principal meridian, being about four thousand acres. The lands were abandoned for military purposes, by the war department, December 4, 1850. By an act of congress approved March 3, 1863, the commissioner of the general land office was authorized and directed to cause the reservation, including the site of the fort, containing three and four-hundredths acres, situated in the county of Brown, between Fox river and Beaver Dam run, and which is not included in the confirmations to T. C. Dousman and Daniel Whitney, nor in the grant to the state of Wis- consin, under resolutions of congress approved April 25, 1862, granting lands to Wisconsin to aid in the construction of railroads, to be surveyed and subdivided into lots not less than one- fourth of an acre, and not more than forty acres, deducting such portions of the same as the public interest and convenience may require ; and when so surveyed and platted, to be sold sep- arately at auction. On the loth of November, 1864, under directions of the commissioner, the lands were offered for sale at auction at the fort. About one-half of the lands were sold, and purchased by actual settlers, and but few for speculation. The fort and the lands contiguous were sold for six thousand four hundred dollars. The other lands sold brought about the sum of nineteen thousand dollars. That portion of the reservation unsold was to be subject to private entry at the appraised value, and that portion lying between Duck creek and Beaver Dam creek, was subject to entry as other public lands were offered. On the 20th of May, 1868, a joint resolution of congress was approved, by which the com- missioner of the general land office was authorized and directed to cause a patent to be issued to the Chicago & Northwestern railroad company, in pursuance of a resolution passed by con- 222 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. ■gress, granting the same to the state of Wisconsin, approved April 25, 1862, and by act of the legislature approved June 16, 1862, granting the same to that company for eighty acres of land, as was .surveyed and approved by said commissioner June 11, 1864. The lands thus donated .are now used by the railroad company for their depot grounds The Fort Crawford military reservation was purchased from J. H., Lockwood and James D. Doty by the government in the year 1829, and covered the front and main portions of farm lots numbered thirty -three and thirty-four, of the private land claims at Prairie du Chien, and com- prised about one hundred and sixty acres. Fort Crawford was built on this tract in 1829, 1830 and 1831. There was also a reservation of section eighteen, township seven, north of range four west, known as the Cattle Yard. This land was at the mouth of the Kickapoo river, and is now known as the village of Wauzeka. In addition to these lands which were located in Wis- consin, there was a reservation of lands lying on the west side of the Mississippi river, in Iowa. The lands in Wisconsin were relinquished by the secretary of war, January 10, 1851, and were ■originally set apart by the president of the United States, February 17, 1843. In the month of April, 1857, the secretary of war authorized Hon. H. M. Rice, of Minne- sota, to sell that part of the reservation not improved, in tracts not exceeding forty acres each; .and, in the month of June of that year, he sold at auction five hundred and seven acres of the reserve opposite Fort Crawford, none of which was claimed by actual settlers ; and in the month of December, 1857, he sold the remainder to claimants of lands, also on the west side, and the section in Wisconsin known as the Cattle Yard, amounting to i77t%- acres. A portion of this reservation was subdivided into town lots, 80 by 140 feet, with streets 66 feet and alleys 20 feet wide November 17, 1864, the acting commissioner of the general land ofiSce, by order of the war department, offered for sale at public auction at La Crosse thg reservation at Fort Crawford, which had been surveyed and subdivided into town lots, eighty by one hundred and forty feet, with streets sixty-five feet and alleys twenty feet wide, conforming to the plat of the village of Prairie du Chien. The lands unsold were subsequently opened to private entry and disposed of. The lands of the Fort Winnebago reservation were set a,part by order of the president, February 9, 1835, and consisted of the following territory: sections two, three, and that part of ■four lying east of Fox river, arid fractional section nine, all in township twelve, north of range nine east , also fractional section thirty-three, in township thirteen, north of range nine east, lying west of Fox river, and the fraction of section four, township twelve north, of range nine ■east, lying west of claim numbered twenty-one of A. Grignon, and adjacent to Fort Winnebago, reserved by order of the president, July 29, 185 1. the whole amounting to about four thousand acres. September the first, 1853, these lands were by order of the president offered for sale at public auction at the fort, by F. H. Hasten, assistant quartermaster United States army, having previously been surveyed into forty acre lots, and were purchased by J. B. Martin, G. C. Tallman, W. H. Wells, Wm. Wier, N. H. Wood, M. R. Keegan, and others. The first land offices in Wisconsin were established under an act of congress approved June 26, 1834, creating additional land districts in the states of Illinois and Missouri, and in the territory north of the state of Illinois. The first section provides " that all that tract lyitig north -of the state of Illinois, west of Lake Michigan, south and southeast of the Wisconsin and Fox rivers, included in the present territory of Michigan, shall be divided by a north and south line, ■drawn from the northern boundary of Illinois along the range of township line west of Fort Winnebago to the Wisconsin river, and to be called — the one on the west side, the Wisconsin land district, and that on the east side the Green Bay land district of the territory of Michigan, •which two districts shall embrace the country north of said rivers when the Indian title shall be THE PUBLIC DOMAIN. 223 extinguished, and the Green Bay district may be divided so as to form two districts, whens the president shall deem it proper ;" and by section three of said act, the president was author- ized to appoint a register and receiver for such office, as soon as a sufficient number of townships are surveyed. An act of congress, approved June 15, 1836, divided the Green Bay land district, as estab- lished in 1834, " by a line commencing on the western boundary of said district, and running thence east between townships ten and eleven north, to the line between ranges seventeen and eighteen east, thence north between said ranges of townships to the line between townships, twelve and thirteen north, thence east between said townships twelve and thirteen to Lake Michigan ; and all the country bounded north by the division line here described, south by the base line, east by Lake Michigan, and west by the division line between ranges eight and nine- east," to be constituted a separate district and known as the " Milwaukee land district." It included the present counties of Racine, Kenosha, Rock, Jefferson, Waukesha, Walworth and Milwaukee, and parts of Green, Dane, Washington, Ozaukee, Dodge and Columbia. An act was approved March 3, 1847, creating an additional land district in the territory. All that portion of the public lands lying north and west of the following boundaries, formed il district to.be known as the Chippewa land district: commencing at the Mississippi river on the line between townships twenty-two and twenty-three north, running thence east along said line- to the fourth principal meridian, thence north along said meridian line to the line dividing town- ships twenty-nine and thirty, thence east along such township line to the Wisconsin river, thence up' the main channel of said river to the boundary line between the state of Michigan and the territory of Wisconsin. The counties now included in this district are Pepin, Clark, Eau Claire, Dunn, Pierce, St. Croix, Polk, Barron, Burnett, Douglas, Bayfield, Ashland, Taylor, Chippewa, and parts of Buffalo, Trempeleau and Jackson ; also, the new county of Price. An act of congress, approved March 2, 1849, changed the location of the land office in the Chippewa district from the falls of St. Croix to Stillwater, in the county of St. Croix, in the- proposed territory of Minnesota; and, by section two of the act, an additional land office and district was created, comprising all the lands in Wisconsin not included in the districts of land subject to sale at Green Bay, Milwaukee, or Mineral Point, which was to be known as the Western land district, and the president was authorized to designate the site where the office should be- bcated. Willow River, now Hudson, was selected. The district was usually known as the St. Croix and Chippewa district, and included St. Croix, La Pointe, and parts of Chippewa and Marathon counties. By an act of congress, approved July 30, 1852, so much of the public lands in Wisconsin as lay within a boundary line commencing at the southwest corner of township- fifteen, north of range two east of the fourth principal meridian, thence running due east to the southeast corner of township fifteen, north of range eleven, east of the fourth principal meridian, thence north along such range line to the north line of the state of Wisconsin, thence westwardly along said north line to the line between ranges one and two east of fourth principal meridian, thence south to the place of beginning, were formed into a new district, and known as the Stevens Point land district, and a land office located at that place. The boundaries enclosed the present counties of Juneau, Adams, Marquette, Green Lake, Waushara, Waupaca, Portage, Wood, Marathon, Lincoln, Shawano, New and Marinette. The La Crosse land district was formed of the following- territory : " Commencing at a point where the line between townships ten and eleven north touches the Mississippi river, thence due east to the fourth principal meridian, thence north to the line between townships fourteen and fifteen north, thence east to the southeast corner of township fifteen north, of range one east of the 224 HISTOEY or WISCONSIN fourth principal meridian, thence north on the range line to the south line of township number thirty-one north, thence west on the line between townships number thirty and thirty-one to the Chippewa river, thence down said river to its junction with the Mississippi river, thence down said river to the place of beginning." The present counties of Vernon, La Crosse, Monroe, Buf- falo, Trempealeau, Eau Claire, Clark, and parts of Juneau and Chippewa were included in its limits. By act of congress, approved February 24, 1855, an additional district was formed of all that portion cf the Willow river land district lying north of the line dividing townships forty and forty-one, to be called the Fond du Lac district — the office to be located by the president as he might from time to time direct. The present counties of Douglas, Bayfield, Ashland, and part of Burnett were included within its boundaries. By an act of congress, approved March 3, 1857, so muchof the districts of land subject to sale at La Crosse and Hudson, in the state of Wisconsin, contained in the following boundaries, were constituted a new district, to be known as the Chippewa land district : North of the line dividing townships twenty-four and twenty-five north ; south of the line dividing townships forty and forty-one north ; west of the line dividing ranges one and two east ; and east of thejine dividing ranges eleven and twelve west. The location of the office was to be designated by the president as the public interest might require. The present counties of Chippewa, Taylor, Eau Claire and Clark were in this district. There are at the present time six land offices in the state. They are located at Menasha, Falls of St. Croix, Wausau, La Crosse, Bayfield and Eau Claire. By the provisions of law, when the number of acres of land in any one district is reduced to one hundred thousand acres, sub- ject to private entry, the secretary of the interior is required to discontinue the office, and the lands remaining unsold are transferred to the nearest land office, to be there subject to sale. The power of locating these offices rests with the president (unless otherwise directed by law), who is also authorized to change and re-establish the boundaries of land districts whenever, in his opinion, the public service will be subserved thereby. The pre-emption law of 1830 was intended for the benefit of actual settlers against compe- tition in open market with non-resident purchasers. It gave every person who cultivated any part of a quarter section the previous year, and occupied the tract at the date mentioned, the privilege of securing it by payment of the minimum price at any time before the day fixed for the commencement of the public sale. To avail himself of this provision he was to file proof of cultivation and occupancy. As men frequently located claims in advance of the survey, it occasionally happened that two or more would find themselves upon the same quarter section, in which case the pre-emption law permitted two joint occupants to divide the quarter section equally between them, whereupon each party received a certificate from the land office, author- izing him to locate an additional eighty acres, elsewhere in the same land district, not interfering with other settlers having the right of preference. This was called a floating right. This pro- vision of the law was ingeniously perverted from its plain purpose in various ways. As fast as these evasions came to the notice of the department, all certificates given to occupants of the same quarter section in excess of the two first, or to more than one member of the same family, to employees, to any person who had not paid for eighty acres originally occupied, as well as those which were not located at the time of such payment, and the additional tract paid for before the public sale, were held to be worthless or fraudulent ; but a large number of these certificates had been issued, and passed into the hands of speculators and designing men, and were a source of almost endless vexation and annoyance to settlers. The law of 1830 THE PUBLIC DOMAIN. • 225 •expired by limitation in one year from its passage, but was revived by the law of 1834 for two vears. In the interim i^o settler could obtain his land by pre-emption. The law of 1834 extended only to those who had made cultivation in 1833, consequently the settlers of later date were ■excluded from its benefits. Meanwhile the fraudulent floats were freely used to dispossess actual settlers as late as 1835. The pre-emption law of congress, approved September 4, 1841, provided that every person -who should make a settlement in person on public land, and erect a dwelling, should be author- ized to enter a quarter section (one hundred and sixty acres), at the minimum price (one dollar and twenty-five cents per acre), and thus secure the same against competition ; and if any person should settle upon and improve land subject to private entry, he might within thirty days give notice to the register of the land office of his intention to claim the land settled upon, and might within one year upon making proof of his right, enter the land at the minimum price. At the public land sales at Mineral Point, held in 1835, all those tracts on which leaa was found, or on which it was supposed to, exist, were reserved to the United States, and were leased under certain regulations by the government for a rent of ten per centum of all the lead raised. The quantity of land thus reserved was estimated at one million acres. Considerable difficulty was found in collecting these rents, and subsequently it was abandoned, as the amount expended in collecting exceeded the value of the lead collected. In the period of four years the government suffered a loss of over nineteen thousand dollars. The act of congress, approved July 11, 1846, authorized the sale of the reserved mineral lands in Illinois, Wisconsin and Iowa, and provided that, after six months' public notice, the lands should not be subject to the rights of pre-emption until after the same had been offered at public sale, when they should be subject to private entry. The law also provided, that, upon satisfac- tory proof being made to the register and receiver of the proper land office, any tract or tracts of land containing a mine or mines of lead ore actually discovered and being worked, would be sold in such legal subdivisions as would include lead mines, and no bid should be received therefor at less than the sum of two dollars and fifty cents per acre, and if such tract or tracts ■should not be sold at such public sale, at such price, nor should'be entered at private sale within twelve months thereafter, the same should be subject to sale as other lands. This act was changed by an act approved March 3, 1847, providing that any one being in possession by actual occupancy of a mine discovered prior to the passage of this act, who should pay the same rents as those who held leases from the secretary of war, should be entitled to purchase the lands prior to the day of sale at five dollars per acre. Mineral lands were to be offered for sale in forty acre pieces, and no bids were to be received less than five dollars per acre, and if not sold they were then to be subject to private entry at the same price. In 1847 °^ 1S4& the reserved mineral lands were sold at public sale at Mineral Point at two dollars and fifty cents per acre, and they were all disp'osed of at that price. Soon after the formation of Wisconsin territory, an act was passed by its legislature, approved January 5, 1838, incorporating the Milwaukee and Rock river canal company, and by an act of congress approved June 18 of the game year, a grant of land was made to aid in the construction of the canal. The grant consisted of the odd-numbered sections on a belt of ten miles in width from Lake Michigan to Rock river, amounting to 139,190 acres. Of those lands 43,447 acres were sold at public sale in July, 1839, at the minimum price of two dollars and fifty cents per acre. Work was commenced on the canal at Milwaukee, and the Milwaukee river for a short distance from its outlet was improved by the construction of a dam across the river, which was made available for manufacturing and other purposes. A canal was also built about a mile in length and forty feet wide, leading from it down on the west bank of the river. Much 226 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. dissatisfaction subsequently arose ; the purchasers at this sale, and others occupying these canal and reserved lands felt the injustice of being compelled to pay double price for their lands, and efforts were made to repeal all laws authorizing further sales, and to ask congress to repeal the act making the grant. The legislation on the subject of this grant is voluminous. In 1862 the legislature of the state passed an act to ascertain and settle the liabilities, if any, of Wisconsini and the company, and a board of commissioners was appointed for that purpose. At the sessioa of the legislature in 1863, the committee made a report with a lengthy opinion of the attorney-gen- eral of the state. The views of that officer were, that the company had no valid claims for damages, against the state. In this opinion the commissioners concurred. On the 23d of March, 1875 an act was approved by the governor, giving authority to the attorney-general to discharge and release of record any mortgage before executed to the late territory of Wisconsin, given to secure the purchase money or any part thereof of any lands granted by congress to aid in the construc- tion of this canal. The quantity of lands unsold was subsequently made a part of the 500,000 acre tract granted by congress for school purposes. It is believed the whole matter is now closed, against further legislative enactments. The next grant of lands made by congress lor internal improvements in Wisconsin, was one' approved August 8, 1846, entitled "an act to grant a certain quantity of land to aid in the improvement of the Fox and Wisconsin rivers, and to connect the same by canal." By this act there was granted to Wisconsin on her becoming a state, for improving the navigation of the above-named streams, and constructing the canal to unite the same, a quantity of land equal to. one-half of three sections in width on each i^ide of Fox river, and the lakes through which it passes from its mouth to the point where the portage canal should enter the same, and each side- of the canal from one stream to the other, reserving the alternate sections to the United States, with certain provisions in relation thereto. On the 3d of August, 1854, an act of congress was. approved, authorizing the governor of Wisconsin to select the balance of lands to which the state, was entitled to under the provisions of the act of 1846, out of any unsold goverrmient lands sub- ject to private entry in the state, the quantity to be ascertained upon the principles which gov- erned the final adjustment of the grant to the state of Indiana, for the Wabash and Erie canal,, approved May 9, 1848. In the years 1854 and 1855, acts of congress were passed, defining and enlarging the grant. Under the grants of 1846, 1854 and 1855, the number of acres donated for this purpose and certified to the state, was 674,100. After the admission of Wisconsin into the- Union, by an act of its legislature, approved August 8, 1848, a board of public works was created, through which the work of improving the said rivers, by the application thereto of the proceeds of the sale of the lands granted by con- gress, was undertaken by the state. It soon became apparent that the moneys realized from the sale of lands were insufficient to. meet the obligations of the state issued by its board of public works as they became due ; and in 1853 the work was turned over to the Fox and Wisconsin Improvement company, a corpora- tion created under an act of the legislature of Wisconsin approved July 6, 1853. In 1856, by an act of the legislature of Wisconsin, approved October 3, 1856, the lands granted by congress, then unsold were granted by the state, through the said company, to trustees, with power to sell, and to hold the proceeds in trust for the payment of state indebtedness, the completion of the work, thereafter for the payment of bonds issued by the said company, and the balance, if any, for the company itself. In February, 1866, the trustees, in execution of the powers contained in the deed of trust made to them, and pursuant to a judgment of the circuit court of Fond du Lac county, sold at public sale at Appleton, Wisconsin, the works of improvement and the balance of lands granted. THE PUBLIC IJOMAIX. 227 by congress then unsold, and applied the proceeds to the purposes expressed in the deed of trust. The proceeds were sufficient to pay in full the expenses of the trust, the then outstanding state indebtedness, and to provide a fund sufficient to complete the work according to the plan specified in the act approved October 3, 1856. Under an act of the legislature of Wisconsin approved April 13, 1861, and the acts amend- atory thereof, the purchasers at said sale, on the 15th day of August, 1866, filed their certificate in the office of the secretary of state, and thereby became incorporated as the Green Bay and Mississippi canal company, holding, as such company, the said works of improvement. At a subsequent date, under instructions from the engineer department of the United States, the surveys of the Fox and Wisconsin rivers were placed in the charge of General G. K. War- ren, and by act of congress approved July 7, 1870, the secretary of war was authorized to appoint a board of arbitrators to ascertain how much the government should pay to the suc- cessors of the Improvement company, the Green Bay and Mississippi canal company, for the transfer of all its property and rights; and by a subsequent act, approved June 10, 1872, an appropriation was made therefor. The legislation on matters connected with the Fox and Wisconsin river improvement would make a chapter of itself. The work is now in charge of the government, and will be prosecuted to completion in a satisfactory manner. On the 29th of May, 1848, an act was approved by the president "to enable the people of Wisconsin territory to form a constitution and state government, and for the admission of such state into the Union," by which certain propositions were to be submitted to the convention which were to be acted upon, and subsequently submitted to the people for their approval. The first constitutional convention was held in October, 1846, and, having framed a constitution, it was submitted to a vote of the people at the election in 1847, and it was rejected. The second convention met December 15, 1847, and, having formed a constitution, it was adopted by the people at the election in 1848. The following are the propositions proposed by congress : 1. That section sixteen numbered in every township of the public lands of said state, and where such section has been sold or otherwise disposed of, other lands equivalent thereto, and as contiguous as may be, shall be granted to the said state for the use of schools. 2. That seventy-two sections, or two entire townships, of land set apart and reserved for the use and support of a university by act of congress approved June 12, 1838, are hereby granted and conveyed to the state, to be appropriated solely to the use and support of such university in such manner as the legislature may prescribe. 3. That ten entire sections of land to be selected and located under the direction of the legislature, in legal subdivisions of not less than one quarter of a section from any of the unap- propriated lands belonging to the United States within the state are granted to the state for completing the public buildings, or for the erection of others at the seat of government, under the direction of the legislature. 4. That all salt-springs within the state, not exceeding twelve in number, shall be granted to the state, to be selected by the legislature, and when selected, to be used or disposed of on such terms, conditions, and regulations as the legislature shall direct. The title to all lands and other property which accrued to the territory of Wisconsin by grant, gift, purchase, forfeiture, escheat, or otherwise, were, by the provisions of the constitution of the state, vested in the state ; and the people of the state, in their right of sovereignty, were declared to possess the ultimate property in and to all lands within its jurisdiction ; and all (ands, the title of which shall fail from a defect of heirs, shall revert or escheat to the people. The act of congress for the admission of the state into the Union gave formal assent to the 228 HISTORY OF WlSCOifSIHr. grant relative to the Fox and Wisconsin river improvement, and the lands reserved to the United States by said grant, and also the grant to the territory of Wisconsin, for the purpose of aiding in opening a canal to connect the waters of Lake IMichigan with those of Rock river, were to be offered for sale at the same minimum price, and subject to the same rights of pre-emption as other public lands of the United States. By the provisions of the state constitution, the secretary of state, the state treasurer and attorney-general, were constituted a board of commissioners for the sale of the school and university lands, and for the investment of the funds arising therefrom. In the year 1850 the commissioners put into market, for the first time, the school lands which had been donated to the state. The total quantity of lands offered was 148,021, 44-100 acres, which sold for the sum of $444,265.19. By an act of congress, approved September 4, 1841, there were granted to the state 500,000 acres of land, which were, by act of the territorial legislature of 1849, appropriated to the school fund, and the unsold lands of the Milwaukee and Rock river canal company, amounting to about 140,000 acres, were to be included as a part of the above grant. These lands, and the sixteenth section of each township, make up the whole of the school lands of the state. The whole number of acres sold up to the year 1877 is 1,243,984 acres, and there remain unsold, subject to entry, 216,016 acres. The state university land grant was made in 1838, and seventy-two sections set apart and reserved. The lands were selected in 1845 and 1846. On the 15th of December, 1854, an act of congress was approved, relinquishing to the state the lands reserved for the salt-springs, and seventy-two sections were granted in lieu thereof, in aid of the university of the state The number of acres amounts to 92,160, all of which have been sold except 4,407 acres, which are subject to entry. Under the re-organization and enlargement of the university, under provisions of chapter 114, of general laws of 1866, section thirteen provides, among other things, that the income of a fund to be derived from the sales of the two hundred and forty thousand acres, granted by congress by act approved July 2, 1862, entitled: "An act donating lands to the several states and territories which may provide colleges for the benefit of agriculture and mechanic arts," be devoted to the state university, and the funds arising therefrom to be known as the " agricultural college fund." All of the grant of lands have been sold except 51,635 acres, The quantity of lands donated by act of congress August 6, 1846, for the purpose of completing or erecting public buildings at the seat of government, known as " Capitol Lands," amounted to ten entire sections, or six thousand four hundred acres. A grant of lands was made to the state by act of congress, approved September 28, 1850, of all the swamp and overflowed lands within its limits. The total number of acres of this grant, as certified to the state from the government, to the year 1877, is 1,869,677. A grant of land was made by congress, approved March 3, 1S63, for the construction of a military road from Fort Wilkins, Michigan, to Fort Howard, Wisconsin, of every alternate section of public lands, designated by even numbers for three sections in width on each side of said road, and subject to the disposal of the legislature. In 1865 sales of land were made to the number of 85,961.89 acres, which realized the sum of $114,856.54. An act of congress was approved June 25, 1864, granting lands to the state to build a military road from Wausau, Wisconsin, to Ontonagon, on Lake Superior, of every alternate section of land designated as odd sections, for three sections in width on each side of the road. The grant was accepted by the state by law, approved April 10, 1865. An act was also passed by congress, approved April 10, 1866, granting to the state of Wis- consin a donation of public lands to aid in the construclion of a breakwater and harbor and ship » THE PUBLIC DOMAIN. 229 canal at the head of Sturgeon bay, Wis., to connect the waters of Green bay with Lake Michigan. The grant was for 200,000 acres of land. The grant was accepted by the legislature of 1868. In 1874, thesamebody by resolution transferred to the Sturgeon bayandLake Michigan ship canal and harbor company 32,342 acres, and the remaining portion was authorized to be sold for agri- cultural purposes by said company. The first railroad grant in Wisconsin was by act of congress, approved June 3, 1856, by the first section of which there was granted to the state, for the purpose of aiding in the construction of a railroad from Madison or Columbus, by the way of Portage City, to the St. Croix river or lake, between townships twenty-five and thirty-one, and from thence to the west end of Lake Superior and to Bayfield ; and from Fond du Lac, on Lake Winnebago, northerly to the state line, every alternate section of land designated by odd numbers, for six sections in width on ea(5n side of said roads, respectively; the land to be applied exclusively in the construction ^. said roads, and to no other purpose whatever, and subject to the disposal of the legislature, and the same shall remain public highways for the use of the government, free from toll and other charges upon the transportation of property or troops of the United States, with other conditions as to the disposal of said lands. The grant was accepted by the legislature by an act approved October 8, 1856, and on the nth of the same month an act was approved granting a portion of the lands to the La Crosse & Mississippi railroad company, who were to carry out all the requirements of the original grant. A supplementary act was approved the same session, October 13, incorporating the Wisconsin & Superior railroad, which company was required to commence the construction of their road on or before January i, 1857, and to complete the same to Oshkosh before August i, 1858. Of this land grant John W. Cary says : " That portion of the grant given to aid in the construction of a railroad northerly to the state line was conferred on the Wisconsin & Superior railroad company. This company was organized in the interest of the Chicago, St. Paul & Fond du Lac railroad company, and that part of the grant was transferred to it. The road was, in 1859, extended to Oshkosh, and thence to Menasha, and finally to Green Bay. In the panic of 1857, the company failed to meet its obligations, but was afterward enabled to go on, and continued in possession until June 2, 1859, when its road w:as sold on the foreclosures of the mortgages given thereon ; and on the sixth of the same month the present Chicago & Northwestern railroad company was organized under the statute, by purchasers at said sale, and took possession." A large portion of the original grant was given for the construction of a road from Madison or Columbus to the St. Croix river, as before stated. The La, Crosse company, during the years 1857 and 1858, completed its main line to La Crosse; the Watertown line, from Watertown to Columbus, and partially graded the line from Madison to Portage City. Neither it nor its suc- cessors ever received any part of the lands of the land grant. In 1856 and 1857, the La Crosse & Milwaukee railroad graded most of the line from Madi- son to Portage. After the failure of the company, this line was abandoned, and so remained until 1870, when a new company was organized, under the name of the Madison & Portage City railroad company. In 1873, an act was passed chartering the Tomah & Lake St. Croix railroad company, and repealing and annulling that portion of the land grant which bestowed the lands from Tomah to Lake St. Croix upon the La Crosse company, and bestowing the same upon the company chartered by this act. This road is known as the West Wisconsin railroad. An act of congress was approved May 5, 1864, granting lands to aid in the construction of certain roads in the state. This was a re-enactment of the law of 1856, and divided the grant m three sections, one of which was for a road from a point on the St. Croix river or lake, between 230 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. townships twenty-five and thirty-one, to the west end of Lake Superior, and from some point on the line of said road, to be selected by the state, to Bayfield — every alternate section designated by odd numbers, for ten sections in width on each side of said road, with an indemnity extending twenty miles on each side, was granted, under certain regulations ; another, for aiding in building a road from Tomah to the St. Croix river, between townships twenty-five and thirty-one — every alternate section by odd numbers, for ten sections in width on each side of the road ; another for aiding and constructing a railroad from Portage City, Berlin, Doty's Island, or Fond du Lac as the legislature may determine, in a northwestern direction, to Bayfield, on Lake Superior, and a grant of every alternate section designated by odd numbers, for ten sections in width on each side of said road, was donated. The legislature of 1865 failed to agree upon a disposition of the grant. The succeeding legislature conferred the grant pairtly upon the " Winnebago & Lake Superior Railroad Company," and partly upon the " Portage & Superior Railroad Company," the former April 6, 1866, and the latter April 9, 1866. The two companies were consolidated, under the name of the "Portage, Winnebago & Superior Railroad," by act of the legislature, March 6, 1869, and by act of legis- lature approved February 4, 1871, the name was changed to the "Wisconsin Central Railroad," HEALTH OF WISCONSIN. By JOSEPH HOBBINS, M.D. An article on state health, necessarily embracing the etiology, or causes of disease, involves the discussion of the geographical position of the state ; its area, physical features ; its elevations, depressions; water supply; drainage; its mean level above the sea; its geology; climatology; the nationality of its people ; their occupations, habits, food, education ; and, indeed, of all the physical, moral and mental influences which affect the public health. Geographical Position. The geographical position of Wisconsin, considered in relation to health, conveys an imme- diate and favorable impression, which is at once confirmed by a reference to the statistical atlas of the United States. On its north it is bounded by Lake Superior, Minnesota, and the northern peninsula of Michigan; on the south by Illinois; on the east by Lake Michigan, and on the west by the Mississippi. It lies between 42° 30' and 46° 55' N. latitude, and between 87° and 92° 50' W. long.; is 285 miles long from north to south, and 255 in breadth from east to west, giving it an area of some 53,924 square miles, or 34,511,360 acres. Its natural surface divisions, or proportions, are 16 per cent, of prairie, 50 of timber, ig of openings, 15 of marsh, mineral undefined. North of 45° the surface is nearly covered with vast forests of pine. The proportion of the state cultivated is nearly one-sixth. Physical Features. Among these, its lacustrine character is most conspicuous, so much so that it may not inaptly be called the state of a thousand lakes, its smaller ones being almost universal and innumerable. HEALTH OF WISCOKSIN. 231 It has an almost artificially perfect arrangement of its larger rivers, both for supply and drainage, is rolling in its surface, having several dividing ridges or water sheds, and varies from 600 to 1,600 feet above the level of the sea. Blue Mounds being 1,729 feet above sea level. Its pine and thickly wooded lands are being rapidly denuded, and to some' extent converted to agricultural purposes ; its marshes in the north are being reclaimed for cranberry cultivation, and in the more thickly settled parts of the state for hay- purposes. The surface of the state is beautifully diver- sified with stream, waterfall and rapids ; richly wooded bluffs several hundred feet in height, assuming the most romantic and pleasing forms, and composed of sandstone, magnesian limestone, granite, trap, etc. The health and summer resorts of Wisconsin are illustrative of its beauty, and its numerous mineral springs have long since formed an important feature of its character for salubrity. Geology. The geology of Wisconsin does not require from us but a very general notice, as it is only from its relation to disease that we have to consider it. This relation is in a measure apparent in the fact that everywhere the topographical features are governed by the strata below them. The relationship will be seen still further in the chemical or sanitary influence of the geological structures. Through the greater part of the south half of the state limestone is found, the cliff prevailing in the mineral region, and the blue in the other parts ; while in the north part of the state the primitive rocks, granite, slate, and sandstone prevail. South of the Wisconsin river sandstone in layers of limestone, forming the most picturesque bluffs, abounds. While west of Lake Michigan extends up to these rocks the limestone formation, being rich in timber or prairie land. Sandstone is found underneath the blue limestone. The general dip of the stratified rocks of the state is toward the south, about 8 feet to the mile. Medical geology treats of geology so far only as it affects health. Thus, some diluvial soils and sands are known to be productive of malarial fevers ; others, of a clay'ey character, retaining water, are productive of cold damp, and give rise to pulmonary and inflammatory diseases ; while others still, being very porous, are promotive of a dry and equable atmosphere. In the Potsdam rocks arise our purest waters and best supply, while our magnesian limestone rocks (a good quality of this kind of rock being composed of nearly equal parts of carbonate of lime and carbonate of magnesia) affect the water to the extent of producing simple diarrhoea in those unaccustomed to drinking it, as is observed in southern visitors, and was especially noticeable in the rebel prisoners at Camp Randall, though singularly enough do not seem to produce stone and gravel, as is alleged of the same kind of water in the north of England. Why this is so — if so — is a question of some interest. Goitre and cretinism are both attributed to the use of the same magnesian limestone water. Goitre is by no means an uncommon affection here, but not common enough, perhaps, to warrant us in thinking its special cause is in the water. Boiling the water is a preventive of all injurious effects. There is still another objection — partic- ularly applicable to cities — to this kind of water, the carbonates of lime and magnesia which it contains, not simply making it hard, but giving it the power to promote the decomposition of organic matters, and thus where the soil is sandy or porous, endangering the purity of our well- water. Geology in general affects all our soils and their products ; all our drainage ; even our architecture, the material with which we build. Our building stone for half of the state is a magnesian limestone, a rather soft or poor quality of which will absorb one-third of its bulk of water, or two and a half gallons to the cubic foot, while most kinds of sandstone are nearly as porous as loose sand, and in some of them the penetrability for air and water is the same. (A single brick of poor quality will absorb a pint of water). Such materials used in the construction 232 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. of our dwellings, without precautionary measures, give rise to rheumatism, other grave diseases and loss of strength. Besides, this character of stone absorbs readily all kinds of liquid and gaseous impurities, and though hardening in dry air, decays soon when exposed to underground moisture. The material of which our roads are made, as well as the kind of fuel we use in our homes, have the same unquestionable relationship to geology and disease. Drainage. The natural drainage of the state, bearing in mind that the mean elevation of its hydro- graphical' axts;k;.a|)out I, coo feet above the sea level, is as excellent as it is obvious. (A line running from Lalce Michigan across the state to the Mississippi, shows an elevation of about 500 feet). North its drainage is by a few rapid but insignificant streams into Lake Superior, while east it increases -greatly and enters Lake Michigan by way of Green bay. The principal part of the supply and drainage, however, is from the extreme north to the southwest through the center ■ of the state, by five large rivers, which empty themselves into the Mississippi at almost equal distances from each othei". Climatology. The climatology of Wisconsin will be exhibited in the observations taken at different times, for longer or shorter periods, and at different points of the state. But it must be borne in mind that climate depends quite as much and very frequently more upon the physical surroundings, upon the presence of large bodies of water, like our lakes, upon large forests, like our pineries, like our heavy hard-woods, and of land elevations and depressions, upon isothermal lines, etc., as it does upon latitude. Our historic period is of a character too brief for us to assume to speak of our climate, or of all the changing causes which influence it — in a positive manner, our horticultural writers, to make the difficulty still greater, affirming that iihas, several climates within itself; still, sufficient data have been gathered from sufficiently reliable sources to enable us to form a tolerably accurate idea of the subject. The great modifiers of our climate are our lakes. These, bounding as they do, the one. Lake Superior (600 feet above the level of the sea, 420 miles long and 160 broad), on the north side of the state, and the other. Lake Michigan (578 feet above the sea level, 320 miles long and 84 broad), on the east side of the state, serve to govern the range of the thermometer and the mean temperature of the seasons, as much as they are governed in New England by the ocean. Our climate is consequently very much like that of the New England sea-board. They both exhibit the same extremes and great extremes, have the same broadly marked continental features at some seasons, and decided tropical features at others. It is of special interest in this con- nection to know that the climate between the eastern coast and the lakes infcreases in rigor as one advances west until the lakes are reached, and again becomes still more rigorous as one advances into the interior west of the lakes, thus affording proof, if proof were wanting, of the modifying and agreeable influences of large bodies of water During the winter the mean temperature of the east on the New England coast is 8.38 higher than the west (beyond the lakes) ; during the spring 3.53 lower ; during the summer 6.99 lower; and during the autumn 1.54 higher. In the mean temperature for the year there is buta fractional difference. That the winters are less rigorous and the summers more temperate on the Great Lakes is demonstrated to be owing not to elevation, but, as on the ocean, to the equal- izing agency of an expanse of water. On the lakes the annual ratio of fair days is 117, and on the New England coast 215; the HEALTH OF WISCOKSIN. 233 cloudy days are as 127 to 73; the rainy as 63 to 46 , and the snowy as 45 to 29. In the former the prevailing weather is cloudy, and in the latter it is fair. The immense forests on the upper lake shores of course exercise a considerable influence in the modification of our temperature, as well as in the adding to our rain-fall and cloudy days. A climate of this character, with its attendant raiils, gives us that with which we are so abundantly supplied, great variety of food, both for man and beast, the choicest kinds of fruits and vegetables m the greatest profusion, and of the best quality, streams alive with fish, woods and prairies with game, the noblest trees, the most exquisite flowers, and the best breeds of domestic animals the world can boast of. The. settii-tropical character of our summer, and its resemblance to that of New England, is •, shown by the mean temperature — 70° — for three months at Salem, Massachusetts, at Albany, New York, at southern Wisconsin, Fort Snelling and Fort Benton on the Upper Missouri, being the same ; while at Baltimore, Cincinnati and St. Louis, it is 75", and around the gulf of Mexico it is 80°. Another feature of our climate is worthy the notice of invalids and of those who make the thermometer their guide for comfort. It is a well-ascertained fact that during the colder seasons the lake country is not only relatively, but positively, warmer than places far south of it. The thermometer, during the severe cold of January, 1856, did not fall so low at the coldest, by 10° to 15° at Lake Superior as at Chicago at the same time. This remark holds true of the changed of all periods of duration, even if continued over a month. The mean temperature at Fort'Hcrvvard, Green Bay, Wisconsin, 600 feet above the level of the Atlantic, latitude 44° 40', longitude 87°, observations for nine years, is 44.93; and at Fort Crawford, Prairie du Chien, ■ Wisconsin, 580 feet above the level of the Atlantic, latitude 43° 3', longitude 90" 53', observa- tions for four years, is 45.65, giving a just idea of our mean temperature for the state. Under the', head of distribution of heat in winter, it is found that the maximum winter range at Fort Winnebago, Wisconsin, for sixteen years, is 9.4. Hyetal or Rain Character. Wisconsin is situated within what is termed the area of constant precipitation^ neither affected by a rainy season, nor by a partial dry season. The annual quantity of rain on an average for three years at Fort Crawford, was 29.54 inches, and at Fort Howard the mean annual on an average of four years, was 38.83 inches. The annual quantity of rain, on an average of three years was 31.88 inches at Fort Winnebago, situate (opposite the portage between the Fox and Wisconsin rivers) 80 miles west of Lake Michigan and 112 miles southwest of Green Bay. The rain-fall is less in the lake district than in the valley of the Mississippi in the same latitudes. One of the peculiarities of our winters is the almost periodical rain-fall of a few days in the middle of the winter (usually in the middle of January), which extends to the Atlantic coast, while north and northwest of us the dry cold continues without a break, winter being uniform and severe, characterized by aridity and steady low temperature. Another peculiarity of our climate is, the number of snowy and rainy days is increased disproportionately to the actual quantity — the large bodies of water on the boundaries of the state, contrary to the popular opinion, reduc- ing the annual quantity of rain in their immediate vicinity instead of adding to it, the heavier precipitation being carried further away. One of the most pleasing features of our climate is its frequent succession of showers in summer, tempering as it does our semi-tropical heat, increasing the fertility of the soil, and carpeting our prairies with a green as grateful to the eye as that of England. The hygrometric condition of Wisconsin may be judged of with proximate accuracy by that given of Poultney, Iowa : 234 HISTOBY OP WISCONSIN Day. Temperature of Air. Temperature of Evaporat'n Humidity, per cent. Day. Temperature of Air. Temperature of Evaporat'n Humidity, per cent. loth II 92° 87 92 96 93 78° 75 77 81 78 51 55 48 50 44 I9tli.. 20 94° 97 96 81 84 Si- Si , So •; 72 • .• 71 V 55 , .-48 ' .. 47 fi 63 ■ 12 2I__ 13 20 14 30 The average depth of snow for three years, at Beloit, Wisconsin, was twentyi^ftyp-'inchesj.' while at Oxford county, Maine, the average for twelve years was ninety inches. THfeasdhy^tal'/ lines of the mean precipitation of rain and melted snow, for the year 1872, show thatCtef Wiscon-- ; sin to be thirty-two. :;••. »_• ,, ' Isotherms. •'■,'''■ ■''-'■ The mean temperature of sprmg is represented by the isotherm of 45° F. which e/jit^r.S'Wis-:'' consin from the west about forty miles south of Hudson, passing in a nearly southeast*' dirlfctloii„,; and crosses the south line of the state near the west line of Walworth county. It then passes.n'earjy'fa around the head of Lake Michigan, then northeast until it reaches the latitude of Milw^kee,".! whence it passes in a somewhat irregular course east through Ontario, New York, anii JMaesa't..' i chusetts, entering the ocean in the vicinity of Boston. The summer mean isotherm ^f '^b'" Fivl enters Wisconsin from the west but little farther north than the spring isotherm, afld fJajseS^ through the state nearly parallel with the course of that line, crossing the southern Imnjdar^i^ near the east line of Walworth county ; passing through Chicago it goes in a direction;'8i,'tititleJ" south of east, and enters the Atlantic at New Haven. The mean isotherm of 47" F. for autuifin,:"' enters the state about twenty miles north of Prairie du Chien, passing in a direction a littfe'iibfjh"' of east through Portage, and enters Lake Michigan near Manitowoc. The isotherm of^j^b" F. , representing the mean temperature of winter, enters the state near Prairie du Chien, passes east and north and enters Lake Michigan at Sturgeon bay. The annual mean temperature is repre- sented by the isotherm of 45° F. which enters the state near Prairie du Chien, passes across the state in a direction a little south of east, and enters Lake Michigan a little south of Milwaukee. What influence these isotherms have upon our belts of disease there are no data to show. But from their influence upon vegetable life, one can not but infer a similar good influence on the animal economy. This is a question for the future. Barometrical. Yearly mean of barometer at 32° F. as observed at the University of Wisconsin, altitude 1,088 feet above the sea: 1869 28.932 inches. 1870 28.867 " 1871 ..28.986 1872 28. 898 " 1873 28.892 inches, 1S74 .2S.867 " 1875 28.750 " 1876 ..28.920 " Atmospheric pressure, as indicated by the barometer, is an important element in the causation of disease, far more so than is generally thought. The barometer indicates not only the coming of the storm, but that state of the atmosphere which gives rise to health at one time, and to disease at another. When the barometer is high, both the body and mind have a feeling of elasticity, of vigor and activity, and when the barometer ranges low, the feelings of both are just the reverse ; and both of these states, commonly attributed to temperature, are mostly the result of change in the barometric pressure. Many inflammations, as of the lungs, etc., commonly HEALTH OF WISCONSIN. 285 attributed to change in the temperature, have their origin in barometrical vicissitudes. Winds. ■ feenetally speaking, the atmospheric movement is from the west. It is of little purpose what tjie surface wind may be, as this does not affect the fact of the constancy of the westerly w&ids in' t"t!e' middle latitudes. The showers and cumulus clouds of the summer always have this . jiioyMn^nt. "; The belt of westerly winds is the belt of constant and equally distributed rains, the ^■fesftunafef-CKur winds upon which so much of our health and comfort depends. '•*''j '\> Climatological Changes from Settling the State. ',^'. Thero'are many theories afloat concerning the effects of reclaiming the soil and the destruc- J't^iton- of iK; forests. To us, a new people and a new state, the question is one of great moment, I the njore ^o that it is still in our power not only to watch the effects of such changes, but still ■)l)ofe sp to control them in a measure for our good. As to the effects upon animal and vegetable ' Jife; jt wojild appear that so far as relates to the clearing away of forests, the whole change of 'ioonditi6bs is limited to the surface, and dependent for the most part on the retention and slow , wifipoifafixDn in the forest, in contrast with the rapid drainage and evaporation in the open space. •.»'iha.£pri^gs, diminishing in number and volume in our more settled parts of the state, do not jitifRiiea£e,'a lessening rain-fall. It is a well ascertained fact that in other places so denuded, which ^lia^e \x&a. allowed to cover themselves again with forests, the springs reappear, and the streams >^re afeifell as before such denudation. With us, happily, while the destruction of forests is going a6h^i Not, however, that the virulence or mortality altogether depended upon the soil emanations-.'^', These were undoubtedly aggravated by the absolute poverty of the early settlers, who were wanting in everything, in proper homes, proper food and proper medical attendance, medicines . and nursing. These fevers have swept the state years ago, particularly in the autumnsbf 1844 ,■ and 1845, but are now only observed from time to time in limited localities, following in thfeV autumn the summer's "breaking." But it is pleasing to be able to add that through the advancing'";, prosperity of the state, the greater abundance of the necessaries and comforts of life, and'.the'; facilities for obtaining medical care, the diseases incident to " settling ' are much less coijimon ■' ' and much less fatal than formerly. ],.. ' 'i , Relations of Climatology to Sanitary Status. '»,' ; *\ One of the principal reasons for gathering climatological observations, is to obtain sanitary' information, which serves to show us where man may live with the greatest safety to his health. ■ Every country, we might perhaps correctly say every state, has, if not its peculiar diseases, at least its peculiar type of diseases. And by nothing is either this type or variety of disease so much influenced as by climate. Hence the great importance of the study of climatology to health and disease, nay, even to the kind of medicine and to the regulating of the dose to be given. It is, however, best to caution the reader that these meteorological observations are not always made at points where they would most accurately show the salubrity of a geographical district, by reason of the fact that the positions were chosen not for this special purpose, but for purely military purposes. We allude to the forts of Wisconsin, from which our statistics for the most part come. Another caution it is also well to bear in mind in looking over the class of diseases reported at these stations in connection with their observations. The diseases are those of the military of the period, a class from which no very favorable health reports could be expected, considering their habits, exposure, and the influences incidental to frontier life. The geography of disease and climate is of special interest to the public, and a knowledge especially necessary to the state authorities, as it is only by such a knowledge that state legis- lation can possibly restrain or root out the endemic diseases of the state. In connection with the gathering of vital statistics must go the collection of meteorological and topographical statistics, as without these two latter the former is comparatively useless for sanitary purposes. More particularly does this apply to the malarial diseases of the state. Acclimation is very rarely discussed or even alluded to by our people in relation to Wisconsin, for the reason that, come from whatever part of Europe men may, or from the eastern states, acclimation is acquired for the most part unconsciously, rarely attended by any malarial affection, unless by exposure in such low, moist localities, where even the natives of the state could not HEALTH OV WISCONSIN. 237 live with impunity. It seems to be well enough established that where malaria exists, whether in London, New York, or Wisconsin ; where the causes of malarial disease are permanent, the effects are permanent, and that there is no positive acclimation to malaria. Hence it should follow that since life and malaria are irreconcilable, we should root out the enemy, as we readily can by drainage and cultivation, or, where drainage is impossible, by the planting of those shrubs or trees which are found to thrive best, and_ thereby prove the best evaporators in such localities. Our climate, approximating as it does the 45th degree (being equi-distant from the equator and pole), would a priori be a common ground of compromise and safety, and from this geographical position is not liable to objections existing either north or south of us. Influence of Nationalities. Our population is of such a confessedly heterogeneous character that naturally enough it suggests the question : Has this intermingling of different nationalities sensibly affected our health conditions 1 Certainly not, so far as intermarriages between the nations of the Caucasian race are concerned. This opinion is given first upon the fact that our classes of diseases have neither changed nor increased' in their intensity by reason of such admixture, so far as can be learned by the statistics or the history of disease in the northwest. Imported cases of disease are of course excepted. Second, because all that we can gather from statistics and history concern- ing such intermingling of blood goes to prove that it is beneficial in every respect, physically, mentally and morally. England, of all nations, is said to be the best illustration of the good attending an intermingling of the blood of different nations, for the reason that the English character is supposed to be, comparatively speaking, good, and that of all countries she has been perhaps more frequently invaded, and to a greater or less part settled by foreign peoples than any other. From a residence of nearly a quarter of a century in the center of Wisconsin, and from an adequate knowledge of its people, whose nationalities are so various and whose intermarriages are so common, it is at least presumable that we should have heard of or noted any peculiar or injurious results, had any such occurred. None such, however, have been observed. Some fears have been expressed concerning the influence of Celtic blood upon the American temperament, already too nervous, as is alleged. It is scarcely necessary to say that these fears are unsupported by figures or facts. Reasoning from analogy, it would seem safe to affirm that the general inter- mingling by intermarriage now going on in our population, confined to the Caucasian nationali- ties, will tend to preserve the good old Anglo-Saxon character, rather than to create any new char- acter for our people. If this view needed support or confirmation, it is to be found in some very interesting truths in relation to it. Mr. Edwin Seguin, in his work on Idiocy, lays special stress on the influences of races in regard to idiocy and other infirmities, like deafness. He says that the crossing of races, which contributed to the elimination of some vices of the blood (a-s may be the case in the United States, where there are proportionally less deaf and dumb than in Europe), produces a favorable effect on the health of the population, and cites as an example, Belgium, which has fewer deaf and dumb than any country in Europe, owing to the influence of the crossing of races in past ages from the crowds of northern tribes passing, mingling and partly settling there on the way to England. We are aware that it has been predicted that our future will give us a new type, distinct from all other peoples, and that with this type must come not only new diseases but modifications or aggravations of the present diseases, in particular, consumption and insanity. But so long as we are in a formative state as a nation, and that this state seems likely to continue so long as the country has lands to be occupied and there are people in Europe to occupy them, such spec- ulations can be but of little value. 238 HISTORY OF WISCOKSIN. Occupations, Food, Education, etc., as affecting Public Health. The two chief factors of the social and sanitary well-being of a people are a proper educa- tion of the man and a proper cultivation of the soil. Our two principal occupations in Wisconsin are education and agriculture, the learners in the schools being in excess of the laborers on the soil. A happier combination could scarcely be desired, to form an intelligent and a healthy people. How this will affect our habits in the future it is easy to conceive, but for the present it may be said (of so many different nationalities are we composed), that we have no habits which serve to distinguish us from the people of other northwestern states. A well-fed and a well-taught people, no matter how mixed its origin, must sooner or later become homogeneous and a maker of customs. In the mean time we can only speak of our habits as those of a people in general having an abundance of food, though it is to be wished the workers ate more beef and mutton, and less salt-pork, and that whisky was less plentiful in the land. The clothing is sufficient, fuel is cheap, and the dwellings comfortable. Upon the whole, the habits of the people are conducive to health. It is thought unnecessary to refer to the influence upon health in general of other occupations, for the reason that manufacturers, traders and transporters are for the most part localized, and perhaps not sufficiently numerous to exercise any marked influence on the state health. History of Disease. In searching for historical data of disease in Wisconsin, we are able to go back to the year 1766, commencing with the aborigines. The Indians, says Carver, in his chapter on their diseases, in general are healthy and subject to few diseases. Consumption from fatigue and exposure he notices, but adds that the disorder to which they are most subject is 'pleurisy. They are like- wise afiflicted with dropsy and paralytic complaints. It is to be presumed that while Carver is speaking generally, he means his remarks to apply, perhaps, more particularly to those Indians with whom he lived so long, the Sioux of this state. That they were subject to fevers is gathered from the use of their remedies for fever, the " fever bush " being an ancient Indian remedy, and equally valued by the inhabitants of the interior parts of the colonies. Besides this, they had their remedies for complaints of the bowels, and for all inflammatory complaints. These notices sufficiently indicate the class of diseases which have certainly followed in the wake of the Indi- ans, and are still occurring to his white brother, making it plain enough that lung diseases, bowel complaints, and fevers are in fact native to the state. The fact must not be ignored that the Indian is subject to the same diseases as the human race in general. After Carver, we may quote Major Long's expedition in 1824. The principal disease of the Sacs appears to be a mortification of the intestinal canal, more common among men than women, the disease proving fatal in four days if not relieved. It is unaccompanied with pain, and is neither hernia, dysentery, nor hemorrhoids. Intermittents were prevalent, and the small-pox visited them at different periods. As the Chippewas have a common Algonquin origin with the Sacs, and as their home and customs were the same, it may be expected that their diseases were simi- lar. The principal disease to which the Chippewas are liable is consumption of the lungs, generally affecting them between the ages of 30 and 40 ; they linger along for a year or two, but always fall victims to it. Many of them die of a bowel complaint which prevails every year. This disease does not partake, however, of the nature of dysentery. They are frequently affected with sore eyes. Blindness is not common. Many of them become deaf at an early age. Referring to the report of the commissioner of Indian affairs for 1854, we find that the decrease in the number of the Menomonees is accounted for by the ravages of small-pox, in 1838, HEALTH OF WISCONSIN. 239 of the cholera, in 1847 (which latter was superinduced by misery and starvation), and by the fever, which from time to time, commonly in the winter, has been raging among them, being clearly the consequence of want of provisions and other necessaries. The report for 1850 says, there has been considerable sickness among the Winnebagoes for several months past ; dysentery has been the prevalent disease, confined mostly to children. For 1857 : the Winnebagoes have suffered considerably from chronic diseases, scrofula and consumption. For 1859: the chief malady among the Winnebagoes is phthisis pulmonalis and its analogous diseases, having its source in hereditary origin. Some of the malignant diseases are occasionally met with among them, and intermittent and remittent fevers. In 1863 : of the Menomonees, there is a large mortality list of the tribes under my charge. Measles and some of the more common eruptive diseases are the causes. But the most common and most fatal disease which affects the Indians at this agency is pneumonia, generally of an acute character. There is but little tubercular disease to be found in any of these tribes, Menomonees, Stockbridges, Oneidas, etc. In the report for 1865, one cannot but notice with some regret the absence of all allusion, except to small-pox, to the diseases of the Indians. Regret, because reliable information of such diseases serves a variety of valuable purposes, for comparison, confirmation, etc., of those of the white population. For these reasons, if for none other, it is to be hoped that the attention of the proper authorities will be called to this feature of such reports. The first reliable report on the diseases of the people (as distinguished from the Indians) of Wisconsin to which we have had access, is Lawson's Army Report of Registered Diseases, for to years, commencing 1829, and ending 1838 (ten years before the admission of Wisconsin into the Union as a state). FORT HOWARD, GREEN BAY. This abstract exhibits the second quar- ters only, the mean strength being 1,702. All other diseases 114, excepting vene- real diseases, abcesses, wounds, ul- cers, injuries, and ebriety cases. Intermittent fever 1 30 Remittent do II Synochal do 4 Typhus do Diseases of respiratory organs loi Diseases of digestive organs 1S4 Diseases of brain and nervous system q Dropsies i Rheumatic affections 61 Under the class of diseases of the respiratory organs, are comprised 384 catarrh, 6 pneu- monia, 60 pleuritis, and 28 phthisis pulmonalis; under the class of digestive organs, 376 diar- rhoea and dysentery, 184 colic and cholera, and to hepatitis; under the class of diseases of the brain and nervous system, t5 epilepsy, etc. The deaths from all causes, according to the post returns, are 25, being i J^ per cent, per annum. The annual rate of intermittent cases is 6, and that of remittent is 3, per too of mean strength. ' Table of Ratio of Sickness at Fort Howard. Seasons. mean strength. NUMBFR TREATED. RATE I'ER 1,000 OF MEAN STRENGTH TREATED QUARTERLY. 1,764 1,702 1,526 1.594 715 726 1.073 636 405 425 703 399 to fourth " 1.647 3.150 1,913 240 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN, Every man has consequently, on an average, been reported sick about once in every six months, showing this region to be extraordinarily salubrious. The annual ratio of mortality, according to the medical reports, is -^ per cent. ; and of the adjutant-general's returns, iX per cent. FORT WINNEBAGO. Intermittent fever 21 Remittent fever 10 Synochal fever i Typhus fever — Diseases of the respiratory organs 141 Diseases of digestive organs 90 Diseases of brain and nervous system. . 2 Rheumatic affections 26 This abstract exhibits the fourth quarters only, the mean strength being 1,571. All other diseases, 80, with the exceptions as above. Under the class of diseases of the respiratory organs are comprised 448 catarrh, 11 pneu- monia, 29 pleuritis and 10 phthisis pulmonalis; under the head of digestive organs, 193 diarrhoea and dysentery, 149 colic and cholera, and 17 hepatitis; under the class of brain and nervous system, i epilepsy. The total number of deaths, according to the post returns, is 20. Of these, 3 are from phthisis pulmonalis, i pleuritis, 2 chronic hepatitis, i gastric enteritis, i splenitis, etc. TABLE OF RATIO OF SICKNESS AT FORT WINNEBAGO. Seasons. MEAN STRENGTH. NUMBER TREATED. RATE PER 1,000 OF MEAN STRENGTH TREATED QUARTERLY. 1.535 1.505 1.527 I.57I 552 581 495 360 343 380 315 10 fourth " Annual ratio. 1,534 2,145 1.398 Every man on an average is consequently reported sick once in eight months and a half. FORT CRAWFORD. Intermittent fever -.262 Remittent fever 61 Synochal fever ■ — Typhus fever . — Diseases of respiratory organs 177 Diseases of digestive organs 722 Diseases of brain and nervous system 16 Rheumatic affections '58 This abstract exhibits the third quarters only, the mean strength being 1,885. All other diseases, 309, with the same list of exceptions as above. Under the class of diseases of the respiratory organs are included 1,048 of catarrh, 28 pneu- monia, 75 pleuritis and 13 phthisis pulmonalis; under the head of digestive organs, 933 diarrhoea and dysentery, and 195 colic and cholera; under the head of brain and nervous diseases, 7 epilepsy, etc. The total of deaths, according to the post returns, is 94, the annual ratio being 2^ per cent. The causes of death are : 6 phthisis pulmonalis, 6 epidemic cholera, i common cholera, 4 remittent fever, 3 dysentery, etc. In the third quarter of 1830 there were 154 cases of fever, while the same quarter of 1836, with a greater strength, affords but one case, the difference seeming to depend upon the temperature. HEALTH OF WISCONSIN, 241 The relative agency of the seasons in the production of disease in general is shown in the annexed table : TABLK EXHIBITING THE RATIO OF SICKNESS. Seasons. MEAN STRENGTH. NUMBER TREATED. SATIO PER 1,000 OF MEAN STRENGTH TREATED QUARTERLY. i,66o 1.749 1,885 1,878 987 1,267 1,948 1,270 595 724 1,033 676 10 third " lofourth " 1,793 5.472 3,052 Consequently every man on an average has been reported sick once in nearly every four months. But high as this ratio of sickness is, at this fort, and, indeed, at the others, it is low considering the topographical surroundings of the posts. But besides these injurious topograph- ical and other influences already alluded to, there were still other elements of mischief among the men at these stations, such as " bad bread and bad whisky," and salt meat, a dietary table giving rise, if not to " land-scurvy," as was the case at the posts lower down in the Mississippi valley (more fatal than either small-pox or cholera), at least to its concomitant diseases. The reason for using these early data of the United States Army medical reports in pref- erence to later ones is, that even though the later ones may be somewhat more correct in certain particulars, the former serve to establish, as it were, a connecting link (though a long one) between the historical sketch of the diseases of the Indian and those of the white settler ; and again — these posts being no longer occupied — no further data are obtainable. To continue this historical account of the diseases of Wisconsin, we must now nave recourse to the state institutions. The Institution for the Education of the Blind. The first charitable institutiori established by the state was formally opened in 1850, at Janesville. The census of 1875 showed that there were 493 blind persons in the state, those of school age — that is — under 20 years of age, probably amounting to 125. The number of pupils in the institution that year, 82 ; the average for the past ten years being 68. If the health report of the institution is any indication of the salubrity of its location, then, indeed, is Janes- ville in this respect an enviable city. Its report for 1876 gives one death from consumption, and a number of cases of whooping-cough, all recovered. In 1875, ten cases of mild scarlet fever, recovered. One severe and two mild cases of typhoid fever, recovered. For 1873, no sick list. For 1872, the mumps went through the school. For 187 1, health of the school reasonably good ; few cases of severe illness have occurred. The Institute for the Deaf and Dumb. This was organized in June, 1852, at Delavan. The whole number of deaf and dumb per- sons in the state, as shown by the census of 1875, was 720. The report for 1866 gives the number of pupils as 156. Little sickness, a few cases of sore throat, and slight- bowel affections comprise nearly all the ailments ; and the physician's report adds : " The sanitary reports of the institution from its earliest history to the present date has been a guarantee of the healthiness of the location. Having gone carefully over the most reliable tabulated statements of deaf-mutism, its parent- 242 HISTORY or WISCONSIK. age, its home, its causes, and its origin, we would most earnestly call the attention of the public to the fact that the chief cause comes under the head of congenital, 75 of the 150 pupils in this institution having this origin. Such a fearful proportion as this must of necessity have its origin in a cause or causes proportionately fearful. Nor, fortunately, is the causation a mystery, since most careful examination leaves not a shadow of doubt that consanguineous marriages are the sources of this great evil. Without occupying further space by illustrative tables and arguments, we would simply direct the attention of our legislators and thoughtful men to the law of this dis- ease — which is, that the number of deaf and dumb, imbeciles, and idiots is in direct keeping with the degree of consanguinity. With such a law and exhibit before us, would not a legislative inquiry into the subject, with the view of adopting preventive means, be a wise step.' The evil is fear- ful ; the cause is plain; so, too, is the remedy." Industrial School for Bovs. This institution is situated on the banks of the Fox river, at Waukesha, and was organized in i860. The whole number of the inmates since it was opened in July, i860, to October lo, 1876, was 1,291. The whole number of inmates for 1876 was 415. Of these, since the period of opening up to date, October, 1876, 25 have died : 8, of typhoid fever ; i, of typhoid erysipelas ; I, of gastric fever; 3, of brain fever; i, nervous fever; 2, congestion of the lungs; 2, congestive chills; 5, of consumption ; i of dropsy; and i of inflammatory rheumatism. The State Prison. This was located at Waupun in July, 1857. On September 30, 1876, there were 266 inmates. But one death from natural causes occurred during the year. The health of the prisoners has been unusually good, the prevalent affections attendant upon the seasons, of a mild and manageable character. State Hospital for the Insane. This institution, located near Madison, was opened for patients in July, i860. The total number of admissions down to the year 1877, was 1,227 males, 1,122 females, total 2,349. Over one half of these have been improved ; nearly one third recovered ; while less than one quarter have been discharged unimproved. Total number of deaths, 288. At the commencement of the year, October i, 1875, there were in the hospital 376 patients. In the report for the year ending September 30, 1876, we find the past year has been one of unusual health in the hospital. No serious epidemic has prevailed, although 20 deaths have been reported, 7 fatally ill before admis- sion, 4 worn-out cases, etc. Insanity, coming as it does, under this head of an article on State Health, is of the highest interest from a state point of view, not only because so much may be done to remedy it, but that still rr^ore can and ought to be done by the state to prevent it. Our insane amount to i in 700 of the whole population, the total number in hospitals, poor-houses and prisons being iri round numbers 1,400. It is a striking fact, calling for our earnest consideration, that the Germans, Irish and Scandinavians import and transmit more insanity — three to one — than the American-born population produce. The causes assigned for this disparity, are, as affecting importation, that those in whom there is an hereditary tendency to disease constitute the migratory class, for the reason that those who are sound and in the full possession of their powers are most apt to contend successfully in the struggle to live and maintain their position at home; while those who are most unsound and unequal to life's contests are unable to migrate. In other words, the strongest will not leave, the weakest can not leave. By this, the character of the migratory is defined. As affects transmission, poverty is a most fruitful parent of insanity, so too is poor land. Says Dr. Boughton, superintendent of the Wisconsin State Hospital for the Insane; HEALTH or AVISCOKSIN 248 Wisconsin is characterized by a large poor class, especially in the northern part of the state, where people without means have settled on new and poorly paying farms, where their life is made up of hard work, exposure to a severe climate, bad and insufficient diet, cheerless homes, etc., etc. These causes are prolific in the production of insanity. It is easy, therefore, to trace the causes that give us so large a per cent, of insane in many of the counties of the state. Nor is it of less interest to know, as Dr. B. adds : We draw our patients from those families where phthisis pulmonalis, rheumatism and insanity prevail. Insanity and rheumatism are interchange- able in hereditary cases, so too are insanity and phithisis. What may be accomplished by intel- hgent efforts to stem the increase of insanity in our state ? Much. Early treatment is one means, this is of course curative in its character. And its necessity and advantage are well illustrated in table No. lo of the annual report of Dr. Boughton, for 1876, where it is seen that 45.33 of males, and 44.59 of the females who had been sent to the State Hospital having been insane but three months before admission, were cured, the proportion of cures becoming less in proportion to the longer duration of insanity before admission. As a preventive means, the dissemination of the kind of knowledge that shows indisputably that insanity is largely hereditary, and conse- quently that intermarriage with families so tainted should on the one hand be avoided by the citizen, and on the other hand, perhaps, prevented by the state, (congress at the same time restraining or preventing as far as possible persons so tainted from settling in this country.) By the state, inasmuch as the great burthen of caring for the insane falls upon the state. Still other preventive means are found in the improved cultivation of our lands and in our improved education ; in fact, in whatever lessens the trials of the poor and lifts them out of ignorance and jjauperism. It is only by culture, says Hufeland, that man acquires perfection, morally, mentally and physically. His whole organization is so ordered that he may either become nothing or anything, hyperculture and the want of cultivation being alike destructive. The Northern Hospital for the Insane. This hospital was opened at Oshkosh, May, 1873. The total number under treatment September 30, 1876 was — males 246, females 257, total 503. No ailment of an epidemic charac- ter has affected the health of the household, which has been generally good. The report of Dr. Kempster is full of suggestive matter for the legislator and sociologist. City of Milwaukee. Still adhering to the plan, in writing the sanitary history of the state, of gathering up all the health statistics which properly belong to us, we now take up those of Milwaukee, the only city in Wisconsin, so far as we know, that has kept up a system of statistics of its diseases. The city is built on each side of the mouth of Milwaukee river, on the west shore of Lake Michi- gan inlat. 43" 3' 45" N., long. 87° 57' W., and is considered remarkable for its healthy climate. The board of health has furnished us with its report for 1870 and downward. The character of Its mortality from June 19, 1869, to March 31, 1870, is thus summarized: In children under five years of age, 758 out of 1,249 deaths, consumption, 93; convulsions, 128; cholera infantum, 59; diarrhoea, 128; scarlet fever, 132; typhoid fever, 52; inflammation of the lungs, 41; still- born, 79. This disproportionate number of still-born children is attributed in part to a laxity of morals. The deaths from consumption in Milwaukee are 75^ out of every 100, one third less out of a like number of deaths than in San Francisco, in which city, in 4,000 deaths, 441 died of con- sumption, being 11 out of every 100 deaths for the year ending July, 1869. The deaths for 1870 numbered 1,655, the population being at the last census report, 71,636. 244 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN". Table of Principal Causes. Consumption 143 Inflammation of lungs 56 Convulsions 259 Diarrhoea - 131 Diptheria _ 74 Scarlet fever. 52 Typhoid fever 49 Old age _ _ 28 Still-born 123 The Milwaukee population being about 72,000, the death rate per annum for every 1,000 inhabitants would be 21, after proper deductions of deaths from other causes than from disease, showing very favorably as compared with other cities. Glasgow has 39 to every 1,000; Liverpool, 36; London, 25 ; New Orleans, 54; New York, 32 ; San Francisco, 24; Milwaukee, 21. Among seventeen of the principal cities of the Union, Milwaukee ranks the ninth in rate of mortality. An impression has prevailed that Milwaukee is subject to a large and disproportionate amount of lung and allied diseases. Statistics disprove this, its deaths from consumption being only 6 percent., while those of Chicago are 7.75 ; of St. Louis, 9.68; of Cincinnati, 11.95; ^^'^ °^ Boston, 19.31. But few cases of malarial disease occur in Milwaukee, and fewer cases of intestinal fever than in the interior of the state. The mortality among children is explained by its occurring chiefly among the poor foreign-born population, where all that can incite and aggravate disease is always to be found. This, (the historical part of the health article), will doubtless call forth from the profession much additional and desirable matter, but excepting what will further appear under the head of Madison it is proper to say that we have exhausted the sources of information on the subject within our reach. Health Resorts. Next in order would seem to come some notice of the summer and health resorts of Wiscon- sin, which, significant of the salubrity of the state, are not only becoming more numerous, but also more frequented from year to year. Madison, the capital of the state, with a population of 11,000, is built on an isthmus between two considerable lakes, from 70 to 125 feet above their level; 80 miles west of Milwaukee, in latitude 43'' 5' north, and longitude 89° 20' west, in the northern temperate region. The lake basins, and also the neck of land between them, have a linear arrangement, trending northeast and southwest. The same linear topography characterises the whole adjacent country and the boun- dary lines of its various geological formations, this striking feature being due to the former move- ment of glacier ice over the face of the country. At two points, one mile apart, the Capitol and University hills, respectively 348 and 370 feet above the level of Lake Michigan, rise prominently above the rest of the isthmus. Both of these hills are heaps of drift material from 100 to 126 feet thickness, according to the record of the artesian well. The neck of land on which Madison stands is of the same material. The same boring discloses to us the underlying rock structure, pene- trating 614 feet of friable quartzose sandstone belonging to the Potsdam series, 10^ feet of red shale belonging to the same series, and 2091^ feet of crystalline rocks belonging to the Archaean. In the country immediately around Madison, the altitude is generally considerably greater, and the higher grounds are occupied by various strata, nearly horizontal, of sandstone and limestone. The Potsdam sandstone rises about 30 feet above the level of Lake Mendota, on its northern shore, where at McBride's Point it may be seen overlaid by the next and hitherto unrecognized layer, one of more or less impure, dark -colored, magnesian limestone, to which the name of Men- dota is assigned, and which furnishes a good building stone. The descent of these strata is about HEALTH OF WISCONSIN. 245 o feet to the mile in a due southerly direction. Overlying the Mendota beds are again sandstone layers, the uppermost portions of which are occasionally charged with lo to 20 per cent, of calca- reous and dolomitic matter, and then furnish a cream-colored building stone of considerable value. Most of this stratum which has been designated as the Madison sandstone, is, however, quite non-calcareous, being either a ferruginous brown stone, or a quite pure, white, nearly loose sand. In the latter phase it is of value for the manufacture of glass. In a number of quarries, cuttings and exposed places around the city, the Madison beds are seen to be overlaid by a gray- ish, magnesian limestone, the lower magnesian, varying very considerably in its character, but largely composed of a flinty-textured, heavy-bedded, quite pure dolomite, which is burnt into a good quality of lime. Its thickness exceeds 80 feet. Madison, with the conveniences and com- forts of a capital city, from its easy access by railroads, from not only in itself being beautiful, but from its beautiful surroundings, from its good society, charming climate, and artesian mineral water, is naturally a great summer resort. Though there are no vital statistics of the city to refer to, a residence of nearly a quarter of a century has made us sufficiently acquainted with its sanitary history, which is more or less the sanitary history of this part of the state, and in a measure of the state itself. In 1844 and 1845, it was visited by an epidemic malarial fever of a bilious type, and not unfrequently fatal, which passed very generally through the state, and was attributed to the turning up of the soil. It was most virulent in the autumns. Again in 1854 it was visited by a light choleraic epidemic, which also swept the state, assuming very generally a particularly mild type. Again in 1857 it suffered lightly from the epidemic dysentery, which passed through the state. In 1865, it suffered from a visitation of diptheria, the disease prevailing generally over the state at that time. It has also had two visitations of the epidemic grip ^grippe), or influenza. The last invasion, some five years since, commencing in a manner perhaps worthy of noting, by first aifecting the horses very generally, and again, by beginning on the east side of the city, while the other epidemics for the past twenty-five years (unless the choleraic visitation was an exception) came in on the south- west side of the city, as has been the case, so far as we have been able to observe with the light epidemics to which children are subject. But little typhoid fever is found here, and the aguish fevers when they occur are light and easy of control. There is but little diarrhoea or dysen- tery. Pneumonia and its allied affections are more common, so is rheumatism, and so neuralgia. Inflammatory croup, however, is very rare, sporadic diptheria seeming to be taking its place. All the ordinary eruptive fevers of children are and always have been of a peculiarly mild type. Prairie du Chien, situated immediately at the junction of the Wisconsin with the Mississippi, is built about 70 feet above low water, and 642 feet above the level of the sea. The cliff"s on both sides of the river present on their summits the lower strata of the blue Silurian limestone of Cincinnati, beneath which are found sandstone and magnesian limestone down to the water's edge. We give this notice of Prairie du Chien for the purpose of bringing to the knowledge of the public that it possesses one of the most superb artesian wells in the state, which is attracting many persons by its remedial mineral properties. Green Bay sanitarily may be considered as sufficiently indicated under the head of Fort Howard. It is, however, proper to add that from its geographical position and beautiful situa- tion at the head of the bay, its easy access both by railroad and steamboat, its pleasant days and cool summer nights, it has naturally become quite a popular summer resort, particularly for southern people. Racine, some 25 miles south by east by rail from Milwaukee and 62 by rail from Chicago, is built upon the banks and some 40 feet above the level of the lake. Its soil is a sandy loam and 246 HISTOEY or WISCONSIN. gravely consequently it has a dry, healthy surface, and is much frequented in the summer for its coolness and salubrity. Waukesha, i8 miles west of Milwaukee by railroad, is a healthy, pleasant place of resort ai all times on account of its mineral water, so well known and so highly appreciated throughout the country. Oconomowoc, 32 miles by railroad west by north of Milwaukee, is a healthy and de- lightfully located resort for the summer. Its many lakes and drives form its chief attractions and though its accommodations were considered ample, during the past summer they were found totally inadequate to meet the demands of its numerous visitors. The Dalles, at Kilbourn City, by rail 16 miles from Portage, is unsurpassed iri the northwest for the novelty, romantic character, and striking beauty of its rock and river' scenery. It is high and dry ; has pure water and fine air, and every-day boat and drive views enough to fill up a month pleasantly. Lake Geneva, 70 miles by rail from Chicago, is built on the north side of the lake, is justly celebrated for its beauty, and its reputation as a summer resort is growing. Green Lake, six miles west of Ripon, and 89 northwest from Milwaukee, is some 15 miles long and three broad, surrounded by beautiful groves and prairies; and is claimed to be one of the healthiest little places on the continent. Devil's Lake is 36 miles by rail north of Madison. Of all the romantic little spots in Wis- consin, and they are innumerable, there is none more romantic or worthy of a summer visitor's admiration than this. It is, though shut in from the rude world by bluffs 500 feet high, a very favorite resort, and should be especially so for those who seek quiet, and rest, andhealth, Sparta, 246 miles by rail from Chicago, is pleasantly and healthily situated, and its artesian mineral water strongly impregnated with carbonate of iron, having, it is said, over 14 grains in solution to the imperial gallon, an unusually large proportion, attracts its annual summer crowd. Sheboygan, 62 miles by rail north of Milwaukee, from its handsome position on a bluff over- looking the lake, and from the beauty of its surroundings as well as from the character of its mineral waters, is an attractive summer resort. Elkhart Lake, 57 miles by rail north of Milwaukee, is rapidly acquiring a good name from those seeking health or pleasure. Change in Diseases. In order to ascertain whether the classes of diseases in the state at the date of Carver's travels are the same which prevail to-day, we have compared his description of them with those tabulated in the army medical reports of Forts Howard, Crawford and Winnebago, and again with those given in the U. S. Census for 1870, and with the medical statistics of the city of Milwaukee. The three distinct and prominent classes prevailing from Carver's to the present time, are, in the order of prevalence, diseases of the respiratory organs, consumption, pneumonia, bronchitis, etc.; diseases of the digestive organs, enteritis, dysentery, diarrhoea, etc.; and the malarial fevers: At Fort Howard alone do the diseases of the digestive organs seem to have outnumbered those of the respiratory organs. So far as it is possible to gather from the reports of the commissioners of Indian affairs, these features of the relative prevalence of the three classes of disease are not disturbed. There are, however, some disturbing or qualifying agencies operating and affecting the amount or distribution of these classes in different areas or belts. For instance, there are two HEALTH 01* WISCONSIN. ^47 irregular areas in the state ; the one extending from the Mississippi east and north, and the other starting almost as low down as Madison, and running up as far as Green Bay, which are more subject to malarial diseases than are the other parts of the state. While it is found that those parts of the state least subject to diseases of the digestive organs are, a belt along the western shore of Lake Michigan, and a belt running from near Prairie du Chien north into the pineries. Again, it is found that the part of the state most subjec' to enteric, cerebro-spinal and typhus fevers, is quite a narrow belt running north from the southern border line into the center of the state, or about two-thirds of the distance toward the pineries. All along the western shore of Lake Michigan, and stretching across the country by way of Fond du Lac to the Mississippi, is a belt much less subject to these disorders. It is equally beyond question that the western shore of Lake Michigan, and the southern shore of Lake Superior, as well as the western half of the southern boundary line of the pineries, are less affected with consumption than the interior parts of the state. The tendency of these diseases is certainly to amelioration. The sanitary history of Wiscon- sin does not differ from that of any other state east of us, in this striking particular ; the farther you trace back the history of disease, the worse its type is found to be. It follows, then, that the improvement in public health must progress with the general improvement of the state, as has been the case with the eastern states, and that the consequent amelioration of our malarial diseases especially will tend to mitigate infectious diseases. The ameliorating influences, how- ever, that sanitary science has brought to bear upon disease, of which England is so happy an illustration, has scarcely as yet begun to be known to us. But the time has come at last when this science is moving both the hearts and minds of thinking and humane men in the state, and its voice has been heard in our legislative halls, evoking a law by which we are, as a people, to be governed, as by any other enactment. The organization of a state board of health is a new era in our humanity. In this board is invested all legal power over the state health. To it is com- mitted all the sanitary responsibility of the state, and the greatest good to the people at large must follow the efforts it is making. There are many other points of sanitary interest to which it is desirable to call the attention of those interested in Wisconsin. It is a popular truth that a dry climate, all other things being equal, is a healthy climate. Our hygrometrical records show Wisconsin to have one of the driest climates in the United States. Choleraic diseases rarely prevail unless in a comparatively stagnant state of the atmosphere, where they are most fatal. Where high winds prevail such diseases are rare. The winds in Wisconsin, while proverbially high and frequent (carrying away and dissipating malarial emanations), are not destructive to life or property, as is the case, by their violence, in some of the adjoining states. A moist, warm atmosphere is always provocative of disease. Such a state of atmosphere is rare with us, and still more rarely continuous 'beyond a day or two. Moist air is the medium of malarial poisoning, holding as it does in solution gases and poisonous exhalations. Its character is readily illustrated by the peculiar smell of some marsh lands on autumnal evenings. Such a state of moisture is seen only in our lowest shut-in marshes (where there is but little or no air-current), and then only for a very limited period, in very hot weather. But too much importance is attached by the public to a simply dry atmosphere for respira- tory diseases. The same mistake is made with regard to the good effects in such disorders of simply high elevations. Dry air in itself or a high elevation in itself, or both combined, are not necessarily favorable to health, or curative of disease. In the light and rare atmosphere of Pike s Peak, an elevation of 6,000 feet, the pulse is accelerated, the amount of sleep is dimin- ished, and the human machine is put under a high-pressure rate of living, conducive only to its 248 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. injury. The average rate of the pulse in healthy visitors is from 115 to 120 per minute (the normal rate, in moderate elevations, being about 75). And where there is any organic affection of the heart, or tendency to bleeding from the lungs, it is just this very dry atmosphere and high elevation that make these remedies {?) destructive. Hence it is that Wisconsin, for the generaUty of lung diseases, especially when accompanied with hemorrhage, or with heart disease, is prefer- able to Colorado. It may be objected, that the diseases of the respiratory organs are in excess of other diseases in Wisconsin. This feature, however, is not confined to the cold belt of our temperate latitudes — our proportion of respiratory diseases, be it noted, comparing most favor- ably with that of other states, as may be seen in the following table : Climatological Distribution of Pulmonary Diseases. Deaths by Phthisis. Per cent, of entire Mortality, Deaths by all diseases of Res. piratory Organs, Massachusetts, 1850, U. S. Census Ohio, 1849-50, U. S. Census Michigan, 1850, U. S. Census Illinois, 1849-50, U. S. Census... Wisconsin, 1849-50, U. S. Census 3.426 17-65 2,558 8.83 657 14-55 866 7.36 290 9-99 4,418 3,988 1,084 1,799 535 Per cent, of entire Mortality. 22.27 13-77 24.00 15-00 18.43 Now, while the mortuary statistics of the United States census for 1850 are acknowledged to be imperfect, they are, nevertheless, undoubtedly correct as to the causes of mortality. But besides this statistical evidence of the climatological causes of disease, there are certain relative general, if not special, truths which serve to guide us in our estimate. Respiratory diseases of all kinds increase in proportion as the temperature decreases, the humidity of the air being the same. Another equally certain element in the production of this class of diseases is variableness of climate. Still, this feature of our climate is only an element in causation, and affects us, as we shall see in the table below, very little as compared with other states. Indeed, it is still disputed whether there is not more consumption in tropical climates than in temperate climates. This much is admitted, however, that consumption is rare in the arctic regions. Dr. Terry says the annual ratio of pulmonary diseases is lower in the northern than in the southern regions of the United States, and Dr. Drake, an equally eminent authority, recommends those suffering from or threatened with pulmonary affections, to retreat to the colder districts of the country, citing among others localities near Lake Superior — a recommendation which our experience of nearly half a century endorses. Proportion of Pneumonia to Consumption in the Different States. states. CONS. PNEUM. states. CONS. PNEUM. Massachusetts Ohio 3,424 2,558 866 549 895 647 North Carolina 562 1,288 290 664 429 194 Illinois Wisconsin When we compare the general death-rate of Wisconsin with that of the other states of the Union, we find that it compares most favorably with that of Vermont, the healthiest of the New England states. The United States census of 1850, i860 and 1870, gives Wisconsin 94 deaths to 10,000 of the population, while it gives Vermont 101 to every 10,000 of her inhabitants. The STATISTICS OF WISCONSIN. 249 census of 1870 shows that the death-rate from consumption in Minnesota, Iowa, California and Wis- consin are alike. These four states show the lowest death-rate among the states from consumption, the mortality being 13 to 14 per cent, of the whole death-rate. Climatologically considered, then, there is not a more healthy state in the Union than the state of Wisconsin. But for health purposes something more is re.quisite than climate. Climate and soil must be equally good. Men should shun the soil, no matter how rich it be, if the climate is inimical to health, and rather choose the climate that is salubrious, even if the soil is not so rich. In Wisconsin, generally speaking, the soil and climate are equally conducive to health, and alike good for agricultural purposes. STATISTICS OF WISCONSIN. 1875. ADAMS COUNTY. BOPUIATION. Towns, CiTTBS AMD VILLAOES. White. Colorea V 9> ■a £ s 1 rt < 300 2^ 164 281 117 lit ill 74 126 121 199 189 127 198 221 100 193 !i? 403 li 1? 1 2 433 1 5 "2 "4" BIB Flats 154 Dell Prairie 317 217 897 To Jackson Lincoln Monroe NewChester 186 244 Qnlncy Rlchaeld Rome 380 Sprlngvllle ^?S Stronsr's Prairie White Creek Total 3,451 3,045 2 4 6,502 ASHLAND COUNTY. Ashland 268 141 J^? 448 28i! La Polnte Total 409 321 730 BAYFIELD COUNTY. Bayfield.. 588 493 1 ... 1,032 BARRON COUNTY. POPULATION. Towns, cities and White. Colored 05 a f4 8 s s at < 343 459 364 326 214 122 240 285 Ml 216 182 84 106 Ghetac 856 542 Bice Lake 206 Dallas 436 Total 3,068 1,669 3,737 BROWN COUNTY. 210 143 371 410 943 291 'ill ir, 519 499 in iii til 1,222 jl 1,721 482 4,017 542 705 579 467 408 633- 529, 835', 792; 372 696 452 941 1,058 38S 279 "e ■'6" '25' 711 768 1,911 499 3,610 1.073 8,037 1128 Holland 1,489 1,266 986 1,398 New Denmark Pittsfield 1,145 719 1,642 1,470 929 West Depere village 1,923 2,295 Total 18,376 16,899 53 45 35,373 250 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. BUKNETT COUNTY. POPULATION., Towns, Cities and White. Colored ViLLAQBS. oj • 1 1 c < 433 331 87 III 82 11 6 18 4 887 434 196 751 652 28 25 1,456 BUFFALO COUNTY, Alma BelTldere Buffalo Buffalo City Cauton Cross Door Gilmanton Glencoe Lincoln ManvlUe I Iton Modena Montana Naples Nelson Waumandee Alma village Fountain City village. Total 7,517 296 34 307 138 876 369 292 277 413 339 275 215 402 341 717 899 553 465 600 26,4 293 279 137 336 372 809 240 212 383 306 671 664 601 421 494 6,703 3 3 CAIiUMBT COUNTY. Brothertown . . BrlUion Chilton CharlestoTin... Harrison NewHolsteln., Rantoul Stockbrldge.... Woodvllle Total 7,720 6,989 193 183 864 809 666 507 1,061 1,000 668 592 1,008 875 1,016 949 837 763 910 865 690 639 156 CLARK COUNTY. 650 637 586 276 712 690 574 504 785 648 516 427 785 647 1,388 1,563 1,053 886 994 14,219 1,692 1,173 2,093 1,267 1,884 1,965 1,690 2,092 1,329 16,085 106 303 183 67 353 2gi 263 84 161 ?i? 789 132 186 226 70 171 91 47 '\^ 133 237 71 113 307 123 1? 120 107 121 153 68 135 '.'.'.'. .'.'.'. 197 513 325 663 101 Uixon 499 155 264 654 360 73 252 239 807 379 138 yorl£ 306 3,988 3,294 7,382 CHIPPEWA COUNTY. Towns, Cities and yillases. Anson Auburn Bloomer Chippewa Falls city fldson Eagle Point La Fayette Sleel Wneaton Total POPULATION. Colored 361 488 664 3,286 329 1,360 1,046 346 442 8,312 a 420 606 1,756 288 1,074 638 262 368 5,670 COLUMBIA COUNTY. Arlington Caledonia Columbus town Columbus city Courtland Dekorra Fort Winnebago Fountain Prairie Hampden Leeds . Lewlston Lodl IiOwviUe Marcellou Newport Otsego PaciBc Portage city Randolph Scott Spring Vale West Point Wyocena West w. Vil. of Randolph Total 512 497 639 584 481 400 912 991 663 647 663 618 376 • 351 749 712 497 596 1 541 505 705 743 449 437 444 409 4 3 ''59 737 30 119 3, 64 2,161 7 130 656 09 374 ' 23 347 <86 442 580 640 33 34 14,710 14,069 16 9 CRAWFORD COUNTY. 177 798 313 498 894 411 429 184 48S 186 765 III 258 326 209 468 697 511 "4 "2 12 "s 'i' 363 L^IS I'i^? 1,664 571 Marietta 902 Prairie du Ohien town Prairie du Cliien city— il ^i Fourth ward.. gcott 993 1,391 Utica 1,47U 1,094 Total 7,769 7,276 18 11 15,035 DOUGLAS COUNTY. STATISTICS OF WISCONSIN. 251 DOOR COUNTY. POPULATION. TowKS, Cities and White. Colored Villages. d ^ 1^ t •I 210 359 344 II ii 186 316 279 210 382 885 107 278 192 211 259 301 214 181 896 675 623 454 414 702 S73 «72 418 479 549 Sturgeon Bay village 632 630 Washington 401 Total 4,343 3,677 8,020 DUNN COUNTY. Colfax III 490 239 1,959 518 349 327 156 379 iff 400 128 212 170 468 490 231 463 a?? 124 115 308 648 229 ??l 188 '5' l" "i' "l" "2" "2' 348 1,036 ^■?§? Elk Mound 954 429 3,433 264 245 662 581 302 687 1.176 503 Stanton 663 Tiffany 345 Weston 400 7,394 6,021 7 5 13 437 DOI>GE COUNTY. Ashippun Beaver Dam town Beaver Dam city Burnett , Calamus , Chester Ciyman Elba , Emmet Fox Lake to w 11 , Fox Lake village , Herraaii Kubbard Horlcon village Hustisf ord •Tuneau village Lebanon LeRoy Lomira Lowell May vlile village '.'.'.. Oak Grove... Portland Rubicon ^ndolpli village, E.'ward Shields Theresa Trenton Westford Willlamstown !. .. Watertown city, 5 & 6 Wds Waupufl village, 1st ward,. Total 24,785 743 700 1,442 794 707 1,601 1,666 1,795 4 3,455 667 524 1,091 52? 519 1,113 451 403 864 694 636 1,330 701 701 1,403 724 633 1356 471 381 863 451 608 25 1 1,013 985 911 2K 1.896 1,143 1,097 2,240 g5i 699 1,190 907 841 1,748 156 164 310 833 804 1.637 .§?? 769 3 1,597 1,014 939 H l!943 1'§1§ 1,246 2,563 632 537 11069 1-99S 951 1 1,958 668 653 1321 ?56 912 1,868 149 168 1 318 .559 606 1.065 1,072 1,026 3.098 §5§ 806 1,762 586 658 1 1,146 ,5ig 618 1.333 1,435 1,620 3,955 628 441 1 1,070 24,785 23,541 35 33 48,394 DANE COUNTY. POPULATION. Towns, Cities and White. Colored a ■^ n "3 s 1 679 iif 565 569 579 575 853 580 703 597 493 677 686 576 419 111 640 655 t?8 669 692 663 522 728 685 515 11^ 646 663 813 639 518 582 543 446 474 B31 568 546 740 549 Wl 413 575 587 ll'l Hit 691 860 538 704 444 448 C87 659 504 495 664 633 457 806 479 491 655 484 "i" "i" "1" "4" 41 3 1 1 1 "i' 1 "i' 20 1 J "r 1,261 897 1,030 1,090 1,430 1.168 906 Berry Black Earth Blooming Grove Blue Mounds Bristol ; Christiana CrossPlains Deerfteld 1.253 1,173 1.051 10.093 1,635 1.417 Middleton 1.718 1,079 1,359 974 1,067 1,151 }:8f8 1,392 Springfield 1,207 589 1,026 1,039 1,118 1,631 1,191 Windsor Tork 1,003 Total 26,894 35,814 60 30 58,798 FON DU liAC COUNTY. Ashford 1.064 877 725 685 723 763 637 840 788 793 583 1,109 1,166 1.085 1.374 594 739 656 736 780 918 1.065 748 684 630 611 872 777 642 783 666 498 938 799 686 661 649 713 490 747 III 634 1,175 1,348 1,204 1.398 ?il 669 763 731 919 891 673 667 n\ 981 862 717 478 4 ■■7' l" "l" i 3 1 "i' 38 23 1 1 2 ■4' "a' "1" 2 ■5" 11 2 3 1 "7' 27 21 1 "i' l" 1 5 "1" 3.006 1.676 Alto 1.411 1.346 1.372 1.476 1.029 1,687 Fond du Lac 1,445 1.479 1,107 Fond du Lac city- 2.300 2.409 2,295 Fourth ward FiftU ward 2 774 l!l57 1.481 1.369 1.523 1,613 1,838 Marshfield Oakfield 1,952 1,421 1,351 1.211 1,200 Riponcity— 1,854 1,647 1.222 1,500 1,311 Waupun village, N. ward. . 979 25,149 24.604 98 80 60,241 252 HISTORY OF WISCOHSIlsr. EAU CLAIRE COUNTY. POPULATION. Towns, Citiks amd White. Colored q5 B 1 s < Augasta village 549 461 419 4,646 221 158 701 496 360 93 327 893 507 383 387 183 III 243 78 290 327 '13 1 056 706 400 Eau Claire city Fairchild Lant 321 Pleasant Valley 503 171 617 730 8,724 7,250 13 4 15,991 GREEN COUNTY. 476 669 lie 348 1,11 550 477 520 437 ii 750 654 350 433 847 486 441 1,693 658 445 597 530 393 496 "l" "6 2 l" "a" "i" 913 1,150 1,138 Brodhead "Village 1,428 1,349 1,510 701 Exeter 883 1,714 1,026 903 3,227 1,110 975 1,238 876 870 York .?...::::::::::::::::: 1,016 11,102 10,900 14 11 22,027 GRANT COUNTY. 865 413 974 te? 709 935 611 446 1.047 658 636 589 458 1,376 359 671 369 109 400 500 2.000 HE III 330 536 380 293 805 413 996 599 612 677 384 836 631 397 1,074 491 657 481 423 1,358 349 604 357 97 381 440 2,054 1,268 401 613 469 274 481 ■354 269 27 "&' 2 "i' 20 ? 1,717 826 1,978 1.206 999 Cassville Elleiiboro 1,386 809 1,770 Glen Haven 1,144 843 "l" 6 "i' 2 16 1 ■"l" ■3" 1 9 2,121 1,049 1,194 1.020 882 2,742 Little Grant 7U8 1,275 726 Millville 206 781 940 4,060 Potosi 2,644 855 1.330 955 Watterstown 604 1,017 734 W»)0(lman 562 T";:il 20.037 18,944 66 40 39,086 GREEN liAKE COUNTY. POPULATION. TowMP, Cities and White. Colored Villages. 1 1; 1 Berllu 548 1,586 707 729 452 630 737 390 232 564 1,765 691 769 442 664 682 621 1,016 "1" 6 1 l' "e" 1,102 3,341 1,399 1.500 Kingston 896 1,266 1419 1,088 2091 726 468 7,632 7,642 9 6 15,274 IOWA COUNTY. 1,004 390 1,864 1,665 1,078 818 806 1,458 484 786 362 924 367 1,870 1,459 972 705 715 1,581 443 712 1,174 434 368 2 ■'i' ■5 3 4 11 "3" 1,930 Clyde 757 3,726 Hiffliland 3 024 2,069 1,526 Minpral Point 1,627 3054 927 :i 1,497 2,473 914 720 Total 12,384 11,714 26 9 24,133 JACKSON COUNTY. Albion 1,428 699 549 714 669 226 613 128 448 565 1,334 620 477 554 588 197 . 546 82 429 467 6 1 2,768 1319 ,026 ,268 ,:257 Manchester 1,169 210 Northfleld 877 Springfield 1,032 Total 6,039 ■ 6,294 5 1 11,339 JEFFERSON COUNTY. 669 1,215 in 2,081 1,744 745 799 571 798 757 248 526 418 1,115 3,286 635 747 350 1,192 608 857 1,968 1,81U 720 762 615 8,283 4 2 6 3 ■'2 1 21 "l 4 3 3 5 ll' 1,312 1,522 734 2,415 1,273 1,777 Jefferson 4,041 3,566 Lake Mills 1.499 Milford 1,661 1,086 1.576 SuJlivan ''6oi 1,016 815 Watertown town Watertowu city, 1st, 2d, 3d, 4th, and 7tli wards 2,180 6,669 Total 17,702 17,137 40 29 34,908 STATISTICS OP WISCONSIN. 253 JUNEAU COUNTY. POPULATION. Towns. CiTiKS and White. Colored . S ■ s V S S IS < Armenia 117 135 397 390 309 553 556 274 259 178 548 1,001 558 510 774 119 115 343 322 249 519 510 240 224 160 569 864 III 690 377 460 719 "2" "l" 1 236 250 740 712 558 1,072 1,066 534 483 338 1,118 1,865 1,138 516 1,438 796 970 1,496 Clearfield i. KUdare L sbon Necedah New Lisbon village Orange Summit Total 7,993 7,301 3 3 15,300 KENOSHA COUNTY. Brighton Bristol Kenosha city Paris , Pleasant Prairie, Randall Somers Salem Wheatland Total 561 505 585 552 2 2 2,426 2.533 7 7 539 479 723 5 5 297 252 793 657 5 5 697 669 434 433 7,066 6,803 19 19 ItEWAUNEE COUNTY. liA CROSSE COUNTY. Barre Bangor Burns Campbell Farmlngton Oreenfleia Hamilton Holland La Crosse city— Piratward Second ward... Third ward.... Fourth ward.. . „ Fifth ward Onalasica town.... Onalaska Village.. WaBhligtoii '.. 366 667 516 528 919 426 863 461 1,131 725 1,784 596 1,195 712 393 482 499 '■^"'^I 12,263 11,590 55 37 348 604 485 375 940 380 839 402 1,805 640 1,916 753 982 666 287 .355 423 1,066 1,137 4,959 1,018 1,457 549 1,450 1,866 867 13,907 Ahnapeetown 687 582 706 742 747 1,887 III ni 632 506 706 657 726 1,233 440 ■III 685 1,319 1,088 1,412 1,399 1,473 1,408 Cariton Casco Franklin Kewaunee town & village. Lincoln Montpeiier Pierce EedEiver Total 7,506 6,899 14,405 714 1,271 991 906 1,862 806 1,703 863 2,892 1,878 3,711 1,354 2,18? 1,878 680 837 922 28,945 LA FAYETTE COUNTY. towns, citiks and Villages. Belmont Benton Blanchard Darlington Elk Grove Fayette Gratiot. Kendall Monticello New Diggings Seymour Shuiisburg Wayne White Oak Springs Willow Springs wiota.... :....:. Total POPULATION. White. Colored «; A a rt §, s 583 571 660 591 1 886 795 273 256 1,380 1,841 2 510 428 602 595 866 855 468 420 238 231 1 922 883 522 416 1,253 1,287 1 554 527 231 215 555 509 985 866 1 11,888 10,781 2 4 1,154 1,251 1,681 529 2,671 933 1,197 1,731 888 469 1,806 938 2,540 1,081 446 1,064 1,801 22,169 LINCOLN COUNTY. Jenny . 523 372 895 MARQUETTE COUNTY. 862 381 260 459 356 219 331 277 274 343 343 163 838 370 330 338 271 425 352 179 338 253 268 326 307 146 304 1 732 714 719 ill 669 580 542 669 650 309 642 Harris Mecan Newton Oxford Shield.... : westneld Total 4,490 4,207 1 8,697 MARATHON COUNTY. 109 585 ill 135 414 if7 479 159 489 1,560 110 263 50 639 129 351 235 238 430 119 885 1,260 114 216 "r 159 1,124 682 HuU 264 467 Moslnee 545 Stettin 909 Texas 278 824 Wausau city 2,820 Weill 224 Weston 479 Total 5,524 4,586 1 10 111 254 HISTORY OF WISCOKSIN. MANITOWOC COUNTY. POPULATION. Towns, Citikr and White. Coloretl a* o H s i? -11 951 a34 881 773 935 934 1,176 738 3,236 606 885 901 1,060 779 1,057 594 1,005 1,019 858 343 955 780 883 791 887 875 1,084 692 3,498 528 767 853 ■ 1,014 1,016 549 953 932 857 313 1,906 1,604 1,714 1,564 1 832 i" Frankll n liiUson 1,809 2,860 1,420 5,784 : ,834 :,652 ,754 8,074 1,423 8.073 Liberty Manitowoc town Meeine ManitowoG Rapids Newton Sehleswiff 1,968 1,951 1,715 656 Two Creelts Total 19,585 18,981 MILWAUKEE COUNTY. Milwaukee city- First ward 4,427 6.874 3,698 5.085 4.315 3.929 3,289 3.332 4,330 3,584 3.897 8.026 1,758 945 1.343 2,416 1,233 1,155 2,876 i;813 5,101 6,617 3,483 5.491 3.978 3,995 3774 3,336 2.328 3,577 3,350 1,988 1694 878 1,299 1,815 1,199 1,051 2,370 i;755 1 I 7 ■■7' 3 "6 70 10 "2 9,532 13,491 Third ward 7 190 Fourth ward 10.656 Fifth ward... 8,310 7,924 Sixth ward Nii'thward 8,658 7 161 leiiih ward Eleventh ward Twelfth ward 6,647 4,014 3,453 1,833 8 646 Thirteenth ward "i' 1 1 Greenfield Wauwatosa 4 833 Granville 3,431 OalcCreek Lake 2,806 5 346 Milwaukee town 3,567 Total 61,758 60,979 96 94 188,987 MONROE COUNTY. I 193 408 706 387 i 404 III 81 370 tie 400 1,814 1,154 460 808 256 591 Hi 206 396 277 381 74 323 408 516 343 1,923 397 512 394 681 530 331 789 35 "i' 'ii' "7 1,297 715 Jefferson. 966 440 886 Leon 742 613 843 155 Oak Dale 710 886 1,146 742 3,750 8,331 857 Wilton 1,087 689 Total.,,. 11,000 9,925 47 54 21,036 OCONTO COUNTY. POPULATION. TOWNS, Cities and White. Colored ^■•"^ Villages. 6 S 0* a 1 196 551 158 1,446 563 2,371 1,495 744 368 179 361 108 1,086 453 537 185 gijj 3 1 "ii' i 2,537 1,017 4 457 2.520 1281 , 493 "«" 7,786 6,017 3 13,813 OUTAaAMIE COUNTY. Appleton city , Buchanan Bovina Black Creek , Center Cicero Dale Deer Creek Ellington , Freedom Grand Chute Greenville Hortonia Kaukauna Liberty Maple Creek Maine New London, 3d ward.. Osborn Seymour OZAUKEE COUNTY. 3,307 3.40? 11 9 6,730 489 493 981 638 429 4 974 546 463 1,009 836 718 4 1,559 838 179 417 536 516 1,062 170 140 3IU 689 655 8 1,353 731 1,581 842 811 1,653 719 669 1,388 562 533 1,095 980 1,917 863 236 499 408 338 746 111 98 303 100 100 300 290 347 537 759 624 1 1,384 13,233 13,iil3 83 30 35,558 Cedarburg Belgium Fredonia Grafton Mequon Port Washington, Saukville Total 1,376 1,043 993 910 1,617 1.497 i;081 1,368 1,009 934 844 1,682 1,481 979 i" "1" 8,516 8,029 1 1 PIERCE COUNTY. Clifton 388 307 645 287 380 628 124 556 544 484 535 963 !i? 403 513 897 326 334 850 554 848 343 548 101 514 480 415 934 369 141 327 464 852 253 "i' 39 10 84 9 713 657 Ellsworth . .... 1,300 El Paso 535 733 mi 385 Martell 1.070 mi ,§5§ 1.13S River Falls 1,916 799 308 ■4 ■■3 730 Trimbelle 973 649 Union S79 Total "77977" 7,045 "44" 35 16,101 STATISTICS OF WISCONSIN. 255 POLK COUNTY. POPOLATION Towws. Cities and White. Colored s Villages. <0 1 6 1 E IS 510 376 266 209 425 399 Ti 160 105 486 208 134 447 318 268 174 362 822 141 45 428 198 110 957 12 '56 io ■9 47 ■9 694 555 .383 777 721 453 106 317 209 Osceola 914 406 244 3.548 3,045 78 65 6,736 PORTAGE COUNTY. Amherst 650 376 248 394 277 126 522 309 244 541 67 14 651 783 234 ?i? 315 575 345 230 332 232 120 497 295 199 496 514 130 616 711 134 812 '.'.'.'. 1,225 721 478 726 Eau Pleine 509 24b Hull.;::;!:"!:!:;!!;;;.";"! 1,019 604 Llnwood 443 1.037 Plover..:. 1,085 PlneGvove ■271 1,267 Sbaron 1,494 368 Stevens Point city— 1,331 1,428 Third ward 604 Total 7,842 7,0- 14,856 PEPTN COUNTY. Albany 194 497 271 811 759 815 593 120 181 ill 274 644 117 "i' 375 975 Lima 685 Stockholm Watervllle 237 Waubeek. Total 3,060 2,750 2 5,816 ROCK COUNTY. Avon 445 377 642 966 463 5,040 611 434 i§i in ^t 622 680 1,009 433 344 2,371 473 498 952 950 523 400 5,015 576 387 633 615 880 60S 546 497 558 537 1,015 2 39 2 "2" 1 34 ■ 4 1 T 1 "i' 1 33" "r 2 26' "1" 1 878 Ilelolt city 4,605 Bradford.. Center 1,041 1,922 2,011 3,136 853 Clinton Pulton Harmony •lanesville town. JaneavUleclty 1,191 822 1,131 1,079 1,877 964 La Prairie MaenoUa Mifion Kewark Plymouth Porter 1,155 1,019 1,138 1.1SI 2 '^25 Bock....: ::::::;::: Sprlnit Valley Turtle... ,.:'.... Union ?.........■.■." Total 19,758 19,127 90 64 39.039 KACINE COUNTS. Towns, C/tiks and Villages. rOPULATlON. White. Coiored aj be S ;i, a ^ < Burlington . , Caledonia. . . . Dover Mt. Pleasant. Norway Racine city.. Raymond Rochester. . . Waterford... Yorkvllle Total . . , 1,403 1,502 638 1.237 , 506' 6,571 824 436 789 810 14,616 1,434 1,345 455 1,104 467 6,590 710 408 725 755 13,973 69 63 RICHLAND COUNTY. 361 685 560 573 III 463 622 463 ill 435 381 614 626 525 687 422 448 697 440 690 644 483 477 403 ■742 VJIOOTll 1,299 1,086 Eagle 1,186 ForsFt "s' 1 'io "3" 912 911 1,219 903 Orion 687 1,874 1,440 1,132 1,010 Westforcl 1,004 851 8,896 8,436 16 5 17,353 ST, CROIX COUNTY. 160 III 235 636 648 34G 1! 604 277 372 259 ni 520 378 119 247 145 667 128 672 897 993 831 260 B16 635 ^i 166 396 804 279 ;;;; "4" "1" "1" 'i' 602 Zil 447 ■Rrin Prairie a,2u3 3ud 1 220 643 1,977 Kinniklnriick 725 621 645 1,140 680 482 672 330 916 683 Total 8,009 6,941 6 1 14.966 SAUK COUNTY. Baraboo.... Bear Creek r^elton DcUona Excelsior . . Fairfieia..., Franklin... Freedom... 2,026 1,931 n 8 406 402 416 413 811 281 .... 567 485 1 382 842 483 449 560 497 256 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. SAUK COUNTY.-Cont'd. POPULATION. Towns, Citiks and White. Colored ■ to s i 1 1 i Greenfield Honey Creek. . . Ironton , LaVaUe Merrimack Prairie du Sac, Reedsbiirg Spring Creek.. Sumpter Troy Waskinffton.,. Westfleld , Winfield Woodland Total 391 374 1 766 648 H-ii 1,270 678 6i3 1,311 604 549 1,153 456 430 886 954 1,045 1,999 1,114 1,126 ti 2,242 533 516 1,049 393 381 773 551 501 ... 1,052 567 .526 1,093 683 632 3 1,320 439 378 827 645 575 1,820 13,816 13,088 17 11 26,932 SHAWANO COUNTY. 53 206 363 272 150 477 243 80 238 164 90 72 131 405 2.49 818 30 130 345 198 124 441 135 '11 228 • 136 i§ 93 362 216 197 «14 *12 ■*3 .... v... •i6 83 236 708 470 291 Hartiand 918 282 439 148 Palla 466 300 179 Seneca. 132 224 789 455 Waukeclian 416 3,548 3,048 26 13 6,635 •Stockliriage Indiaus. SHEBOYGAN COUNTY. Greenbush Herman Holland Lima Lyndon Mitchell Mosel Plymouth Bhine Bussell Scott Sheboygan town Sheboygan city- First ward Second ward Third ward Fourth ward Siieboygan Falls .Sheboygan Falls village . Sherman Wilson Total 17,368 1,004 1,158 1,535 1,167 864 637 552 1,369 793 283 754 796 565 1,150 736 918 993 612 872 616 969 1.085 1,408 1,149 793 544 541 1,306 776 267 750 710 631 1,192 683 953 917 563 815 606 16,652 1,973 2,237 2,937 2,316 1,658 1,181 1,093 2,675 1,569 550 1,504 1,506 1,196 2,342 1,419 1,871 1,910 1,175 1,687 1,828 34,081 TREMPEALEAU COUNTY. POPULATION. White. Colored TowTss, Cities and - VILLASES. I Hi '", ■3 1 1 St 1 Arcadia Albion Burnside Caledonia.... Dodge Ettrlck Gale, Hale Lincoln Preston Pigeon Sumner Trempealeau, Total.... 1,464 201 1.368 'T. 169 1,040 510 293 212 285 291 774 741 1,51S 1,745 889 856 557 463 1080 410 335 748 755 706 3 1,464 318 803 619 406 412 878 882 795 1 1,678 7,844 7,144 4 14,992 TAYLOR COUNTY. Medford. . . 1 5481 8971 7(1 3 I 849 VERNON COUNTY. 476 734 488 506 361 703 358 451 650 519 584 648 554 864 464 659 582 442 403 458 640 456 45 569 487 524 552 223 43 621 266 970 473 441 344 1 1 '63 936 1,374 939 96? 812 1,341 717 1,819 1.006 1108 r 1,194 1,115 447 899 1,280 2,016 Webster 996 883 747 Total 11,166 10,245 58 'i'; 21,524 WALWORTH COUNTY. 591 836 385 704 510 836 541 514 506 443 lU 1,001 596 502 530 655 2,060 616 729 933 379 685 589 844 468 495 449 427 664 435 973 584 476 481 616 8,325 'V T i" 7 "i' "b 1,107 1,442 Dela van village 1,785 764 Bast Troy 1 099 1 6S0 1 010 La Fayette 1,009 955 870 1,400 926 1,989 1 180. 978 Troy 1,011 Walworth 1,270 Whitewater 4,896 Total ,.. 13,149 13,067 18 26 26,259 STATISTICS OF WISCONSIN". 257 WASHINGTON COUNTY. POPULATION. Towns, cities and White. Colored ii » « s Si 1 951 III 1,408 1,028 731 36 21 220 1,006 in 601 85? 689 571 839 955 1,321 1,014 703 820 819 160 907 855 444 624 "l" 1,808 1,350 1,183 1,717 1,985 Hartford 3 2.727 Jackson 2,042 1,434 Polk 1,756 Richfield. 1,740 380 1,912 1,710 West Bend town 893 1,225 Total 12,282 11,576 4 23,862 WAUKESHA COUNTY. 1.128 ??? ^6? 1,205 778 562 766 887 464 759 996 657 1,031 1,318 1,095 716 605 629 658 1,143 736 573 684 820 419 710 1,115 1,016 640 688 700 1,449 — r 2,228 Delaaeld 1,509 1,224 Genesee 1,376 1,421 2,348 1.522 "i 4 "i 21 "i 5 '16 1,185 1,450 1,707 893 1,474 2,121 2,080 1.159 1,247 1,735 2,807 Total 15,140 14,196 38 26 29,425 WAUPACA COUNTY. Bear Creek 393 ill 131 411 456 111 478 388 408 534 588 192 510 875 511 566 448 205 938 413 261 427 384 451 390 119 363 402 112 439 376 363 203 582 801 495 512 397 1.036 369 SJ37 388 .... .... 777 929 250 nOQ lola LInd 1 037 tittle Wolf 1,120 372 MatiesoH Miikwa.. :::.:::;:;:::;::::; Royalton Scandinavia 1,006 1,078 Weyauwepa 498 Total 10,146 9.451 19,646 WAUSHARA COUNTY. POPULATION. Towns, Citibs and White. Colored s a Is S E 1 < 537 692 187 256 122 228 443 i§g 381 459 473 884 245 822 847 473 666 147 244 114 256 399 279 369 277 ti? Hi 319 226 325 361 4 6 284 500 Coloma Deerfield 236 842 688 Marlon 569 Oasis 608 856 Plainneld 910 378 Richford 366 703 Sprinptwater 471 647 Wautoma 708 5,953 5,560 4 6 11.523 WIXNEBAGO COUNTY. Algoma Black Wolf.. Clayton Menasha Menasha city Neeuah Nekimi Nepeuskin ... Neenali city.. Oshkosh Omro Oslikoshclty. Poysraii Rushrord Utica Vinland Winchester.., Winneconne. Wolf River... Total.... 393 396 459 438 691 609 389 331 1,579 1,961 276 252 3 3 697 578 573 550 2.062 1,961 610 510 1 3 1.622 1,690 B,672 8,263 31 41 463 405 1,055 1,018 3 3 579 499 588 563 596 535 1,342 1.230 4 1 460 417 28,106 21,825 51 51 WOOD COUNTY. Aburndale Centralia city Crrand Raiiiiis city Grand Rapids Lincoln Port Edwards Rudoipii Remiiif^ton Saratoga Sigel Seneca Wood Total 789 897 1,300 720 3,170 584 1,275 1,123 4,023 1.124 3,312 17,015 868 2,079 1,078 1,141 1.181 2,677 877 45,033 102 74 429 371 1 191 113 737 680 1 1, 876 297 •J 1 231 194 193 117 255 217 79 73 159 144 231 201 1 183 165 125 104 3,291 2,750 6 1 6. 176 800 304 418 677 425 310 472 152 303 433 349 229 258 HISTORY or wiscoiirsi5r. POPULATION BY COUNTIES. SUMMARY FROM STATE AND FEDERAL CENSUS. COUTfTIES. 1840. 1860. 1856. 1860. 1865. 1870. 1875. 187 6,868 6.492 515 13 358 11,795 3.864 12 7.896 1,896 789 24,441 8,068 43,922 42,818 2,948 812 2,704 3,162 34,154 31,189 19,808 12,663 18,967 4,170 30,438 8,770 13,900 5,530 12,186 18,134 5,698 266 ■■269 15,282 6,776 171 8,638 ?;§!? 60,192 46,841 HII 5,170 5,381 43,029 33,618 20,646 12,596 20,667 6,631 30,697 10,013 12,676 7,039 14,834 20,358 ■■■26,762 3.678 7.327 72,320 11,662 4,868 11,852 14,883 3,002 6,324 1,677 8,145 22,884 12,186 26,033 7:255 30,154 1,369 27,671 638 344 25.168 11,123 706 12,835 8,311 3,460 28,802 13,075 53,096 47,035 4,919 1,122 9,488 13,195 24,644 7,687 34,050 12,396 13,177 10,281 20,295 33,667 ■■■33,369 89,936 16,562 8,332 18,440 16,679 4,659 10,003 3,422 10.640 26,742 39;030 11,039 31,773 "S 25.992 23.905 38.358 15.533 11.379 37.325 3,911 6 502 3.737 1 032 Bayfield .. . 2.107 6.215 6,699 832 35 373 14.319 1 456 Calumet 275 1,743 615 ■"■gises 2,498 16,639 19,138 3,631 17,965 8,323 37.714 34,640 739 386 1,796 15.065 28 803 1.602 314 67 15,035 63,798 48394 T) _° 8,030 741 13,427 ■■'14,516 16,198 8,566 15,991 139 9!!6 933 24,784 23,170 14,837 60,341 15.874 3,a78 9,522 "■i5;3'l7 15.205 1,098 26,869 24133 11,339 914 34,908 15,300 10,734 12,397 1,109 3,904 16,064 13.907 14406 23.945 11,531 33,169 895 235 3,702 til 31,077 ''■in 1,427 1:f§? 1,601 4,914 13,973 22,416 8',233 62,518 8,410 3,592 9.687 15,682 2.392 4.672 1,400 7.607 21.360 9,732 36,690 5,392 18,963 26,175 38.456 10,111 18 5,605 8,597 122,927 31,036 1.3,812 25,558 16,645 6,816 1,730 547 5.161 20,673 6.684 31.364 2.040 13,614 354 20,3'91 16,101 ■■■■i;2'5o 14,973 963 20,750 624 4,371 6736 1.623 3.475 ■'"iWdi 809 102 14,856 38,702 17,358 39,039 14,966 36,932 6,635 133 8,370 34,021 849 493 4,823 22,662 18,897 24,012 4,437 5,541 17,489 2,560 11,007 36,496 23,622 26,831 8,851 2im 2,425 6,199 13,644 mil 27,039 11.208 9.003 29,767 2.966 14,992 ■"i7;863 19,485 19,258 31.624 2.611 343 36.359 38.862 29.425 19,646 11,523 135 10,167 45.033 6.048 30,945 305,391 662,109 776,881 868.335 1,054,670 1.236,739 In a note to the territory of Indiana returns appears tiie following: slppl, had 66, and Green Bay 50 inhabitants. ' On the 1st of August, 1800, Prairie du Chien, on the Missis- STATISTICS OF WISCONSIN. 25a NATIVITY BY COUNTIES. CENSUS OF 1870. Native. FOREIGTf Born. C0UHTIE8. c 1 1 d a n 3 1 i ■d I ■3 1 02 a 1 It 1 1 ■g •6 1 ■a a — w ^ Adams 5,351 174 246 14,728 6.854 144 7,661 4,725 2,751 3S,456 28.708 2,806 712 6,268 7,394 31,477 28,565 18.M2 9.098 15,366 5,764 21,747 9,361 9,066 4,64-.i 11.695 15,935 5,128 47.697 12,512 4,591 ■11,741 8,728 8,351 7,460 2,249 7,213 1.5,949 13.954 30,712 17.308 1,688 19.192 7.451 6.339 13.605 20.822 1&.368 11.011 8.702 2,649 148 132 175 11,098 1,196 22,738 20,934 1,903 340 3.177 3,336 20 112 19,390 10,643 4.535 12,562 2,966 15.407 5.359 5,959 4,308 6,779 11,346 15,109 2,677 8,060 8,214 1,612 3,618 4,337 11,336 6,547 15,209 9,795 1,133 14.957 4,158 3,700 7.2,32 11,214 12,504 13,304 6,225 14:5!? 1,587 1,250 292 56 10,440 4,269 562 4.674 Hit 9,150 i^sie 'ir??3^ 410 3.220 3.375 14,796 9,414 6,079 4,097 9,178 1,923 12.293 3,011 4,081 5,486 8,602 6 724 16,496 2,746 2.928 42 233 4,038 3,730 6,689 2^498 1.173 3.421 10,791 1.777 6,318 6.552 1,478 12.557 4;393 5,040 5.150 10.051 9,906 4.528 2,577 12.070 1,374 127 12 127 23 1,687 173 4 165 1,437 226 511 397 684 565 290 133 437 767 1,754 386 272 290 346 291 369 836 138 169 580 186 518 216 151 884 356 1,645 i?e 1% 270 168 755 386 111 323 816 332 508 264 1,558 636 142 4 2 2 273 56 4 167 120 81 2,046 186 1,631 1,236 89 41 147 242 1,291 2,531 598 597 'ill 934 395 660 47 570 2,281 223 49 252 1,973 510 111 17 48 102 46 217 1,878 1,882 765 27 303 150 185 189 921 110 2,065 260 508 1,531 42 225 ^? 4 1,442 242 1 500 417 45 1,332 906 2,955 2,301 228 ■66 227 487 2,572 1,281 942 412 1,239 137 1,067 1,104 813 313 488 2,345 1,133 103 637 4,604 641 422 in 118 422 102 369 1,039 431 2,870 946 24 943 1,202 286 306 1,729 882 1,593 517 307 1,399 171 26 1 1 23 112 125 1 13 39 18 629 48 465 256 23 6 51 64 317 189 SO 62 86 l| 100 16 109 111 52 26 198 502 11 n 29 84 11 289 490 103 5 38 S-i 141 87 148 35 397 60 42 146 34 133 4f 3 2,733 1,971 3,267 958 235 2,774 640 6,276 12,656 426 60 842 835 7,372 3,585 892 2,634 1,447 250 8,445 518 2,082 1.611 2,831 729 9.335 2.239 1,661 29,019 1,601 797 3,262 4,422 300 449 172 1,223 3,859 481 1,142 3.433 1.096 8,497 294 776 661 1,173 8.213 4,335 1,243 816 5,261 299 6 ■51 34 4 30 35 160 1? 4 17 34 1i 'I 21 29 41 11 39 22 52 17 98 19 1 288 38 23 61 92 27 16 27 39 82 25 78 65 4 119 6 22 30 81 134 37 39 11 53 3 537 8 98 45I 556 551 3 439 79 1,515 764 6,601 383 344 93 1,336 871 156 543 'iti 384 379 29 993 1,420 73 31 636 573 321 37 98 484 1,052 795 1,428 234 940 2.633 3,138 '11 486 1,225 220 762 106 4 HI 168 34 1 34 1 547 4 HI 309 3 11 489 2,366 3 1,524 72 7 11 "i 11 703 124 6 8 ■38 ■"4i 281 1 296 54 8 ■26 9 "ii ■31 941 '82 85 1 67 46 216 11 A 193 118 1,24 144 11 30 27 271 21 153 3 20 7 76 3 5 67 11 50 601 12 99 8 16 35 40 79 It 300 23 6 947 ■92 29 ■44 3 17 3 1 627 n 2 13 1 19 1 44 48 '1 51 •■■4 864 25 785 34 "n 1 5 49 4 3I 8 1,682 '1 li 11 2 1 23 sa. 371' 2S^ 9nt 3 4% Crawford 13» ST 82 51 21 n 12 IS. •1 15. 55, Kenosha 11 55. La Fayette 3 39. I3S t^ OzauKee 1ft Pierce 19 Polk 10& Racine 1.294 Rock Sauk 9 8 St. Croix Trempealeau 9 Veriion It 278 Walworth Washington Waukesha , 557 , 369 724 51 Waushara Wood....:..;;.":;"; 260 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. VALUATION OF PROPERTY IN THE STATE OF WISCONSIN. Assessed Valuation oe taxable Property for the TEAK 1876. Adams Asbland Barron Bayfield Brown Buffalo....... Burnett Calumet. Cbippewa,... Clark Columbia.... Crawford Dane. Dodge Door Douglas Dunn. £au Claire. . . Fond du Lac. Grant Green Green Lake. . Iowa Jackson Jefilerson Juneau........ Kenosha Kewaunee... Lacrosse.... La Fayette... Lincoln Manitowoc . . Marathon.... Marquette... Milwaukee.. Monroe Oconto Outagamie... Ozaukee Pepin Pierce Polk Portage , Racine Bicliland Rock , St. Croix -Sauk SheWano Shebpygan..., Taylor Trempealeau, Vernon Walworth Washington., Waukesha.... Waupaca Waushara.... Winnebago... Wood Total Value of per- sonal property. $ 179,771 42,666 146,374 21,703 442,287 438,501 32.419 373,946 96S,624 281,813 1,875,049 527,043 4,610,768 2,446,793 135,107 19,434 1,052,300 1,354,142 2,489,759 2,502,795 1,966,599 789,736 1,2.33,676 472,124 1,753,985 660,125 1,320,957 546,678 1,336,271 1,196,502 13,654 1,141,320 335,078 326,668 15,345,281 658,191 455,741 623,744 381,784 235,283 738,082 237,667 564,079 2,418,248 612,171 4,462,048 816,768 1,364,772 121,267 1,908,861 53,812 840,378 924,835 3,187,722 1,062,347 3,165,504 480,837 343,509 3,081,308 251,669 Value of real estate. $ 624,168 889,523 1,043,964 533,167 2,195,053 890,038 442,765 2.107,211 4,359,245 2,355,972 7,083,892 1,467,586 14,882,179 11,014,318 659,650 410,227 1,875,148 4,304,233 11,649,769 7,039,201 6,290,829 3,485,819 4,348,452 i;040,417 7,896,833 1,607,345 4,488,186 2,560,641 4,015.568 4,775,417 1,532,542 5,290,599 1,744,901 1,038,967 46,477,283 1,994,911 3411,557 3,348,267 2,803,688 595,316 2,435,319 1,121,599 1,592,018 8,071,811 1,908,386 13,931,410 3,110,445 4,036,813 685,917 7,096,170 816,421 1,904,988 2,388,420 10,559,519 4,927,634 11,892,119 1,826,908 1,343,039 9,810,290 598,930 $274,417,873 S 803,939 933,189 1,190,338 554,872 2,637,340 1,328,529 475,184 2,481,157 6,334,869 2,637,785 8,958,941 1,984,639 19,493,947 13,461,111 ■794,757 439.661 2,927,448 5,558,375 14,139,588 9,541,996 8,257,428 4,275,555 5,582,138 1,513,541 9,650,818 2,387,370 5,809,143 3,107,819 5,351,839 5,971,919 1,546,196 6,431,933 2,079,979 1,360,635 61,832,564 2,653,102 3,867,298 3,973,011 3,185,478 830,599 3,173,401 1,359,166 2,156,097 10,490,059 2,520,557 18,393,458 3.937,313 5,401,585 807,184 9,000,031 870,833 2,745,366 3213,255 13,747,341 5,989,981 15,057,623 2,307,745 1,686,538 12,891,598 850,589 $361,780,354 Valuatioit oi' Untaxed Property, prom Assessors' Keturns por 1875 ahd 1876. Co., town, city and village property. $ 6,147 2,340 ■■"eisoo 43,335 15,300 ■■■'iiiod 89,785 ""7;300 45,800 ■■■17463 '■■72,K6 49,330 62,505 25,650 "■i6i286 600 13,600 ■■'ig^sdo 10,750 31,000 28,810 15.700 5,680 1,818,506 6,368 ■■"ioiMO 5,380 85 13,950 ■■■'aodd' 22,700 525 28,000 11,400 9.000 2,000 10,725 356 1,500 70,200 7,600 700 250 21,360 6,380 1,500 82 ,063,636 Sciiool, col- lege and academy property. $ 9,900 4,925 ■■■'iii'do 102.635 27,787 1,500 ■■■■5', 160 3,000 115,605 11,000 "■'soieso ■■"3!i'24 3,200 16,933 60,500 197,405 66,875 ■■■36,774 "■66, 206 '"ib'Ms 17,720 3,500 56,980 9,640 21,248 27,202 8,735 771,265 13,200 ■■■goim 18,415 8,347 73,676 10,940 25,916 24,685 "■saoo'o 7,211 4125 2,800 .2,000 ■■l50,2d6 5d6 34,940 21,080 89,495 2,735,817 Church and cemetery property. $ 4,713 1,000 125 2,685 83,369 29,760 3,000 13,220 55,014 1,800 91,148 4,100 359,390 121,076 7,029 2,351 3,200 56,930 259,900 109,405 76,995 23,840 55,036 15,075 173,300 19,280 46,860 18,521 110,643 71,610 ■■■54! 874 16,825 12,080 1,212,390 33,168 38,100 73,875 32,920 4,180 25,115 5,272 42,470 236,000 37,915 242,660 41,370 87,670 5,714 123,895 ■"26i3d6 2,385 129,310 180,670 218,760 34,410 22,524 36,860 27,000 4,774,838 Railroad property. $1,280,000 94,085 150 73 175,885 64.095 110,000 89,800 34,400 421,604 627,155 96,450 2,000 ■■■eiisdo 75,000 237,915 120,000 51,800 300 146,901 50,653 l,'27i!6d6 17,586 76,720 347,515 136,000 22,026 70,400 250,975 "isi'.iio 68,720 22,500 ■■■55! 830 336,400 8,300 ■■mddo 2,300 84,780 2,720 7,487,627 U. S., state and all other property. $ 400 2,780 900 1,340 10,421 100 252,987 14,400 200 60,000 16,780 32,245 600 2,730 600 ■si'ado 6,275 10.500 2,525 16,300 74,800 400 3,596 682,800 2,340 "s.iioo 3,470 9,835 1,000 5,735 900 120,950 34.660 5,850 1,150 41,600 775 1,300 140,000 60,033 200 2,325 1,200 1,550 7,740 1,662,3881 18,584,196 $ 21,158 1,228,266 126 10,886 326,638 78,897 4,500 14,898 60,174 184,876 312,028 135,200 699,357 296 306 7 239 32 638 428 004 833,158 478,980 384.520 170,020 88,070 183,680 253,599 402,300 77,355 123,826 49,616 264,043 202,340 10,040 254,828 110,380 26.495 6,257,555 71661 114,820 524,560 196.090 44,253 114,740 ffi,047 147,686 845,250 38,440 1,107,250 217,340 & 194,775 880.800 35,725 26,050 670,710 188,213 220,150 74225 67,954 169,065 STATISTICS OF WISCONSIN. 261 ACREAGE OF PRINCIPAL CROPS GROWN IN 1876. COUITTIEB. KUMEER OP ACRES. Wheat. Corn. Oats, Barley. Rye. Hops. Tobacco. Flax-seed. - 5,146 4,0703^ "*i6;384 48.507M 33!860K 10,443 3.457 64,473 19.054 89,253 "27. '08 r ..85 b,,612 29,643 4,409 37,064 21,676 19,963 33,669 17,702 38,* -'1 4,ijJ 262 4,548 9,617 11,774 31,634 2,490 Pf'76 ? i&a 'i..,.ji)OM 41,187 9,293 7M1H 13,228M 12,384M 77,810 27,701 6,485 46,959 60^ 63,656 42,277 20,588 53,691 84,140 13,516 12.573 49,999 n,456 639^ 216K 4,683 2,784 1,596 40,274 lUU 29,4015f 352 5 9,671 11,765 18,208K 98,709 68,168 15,608 46,980 8,071)^ 28,379 ll,848>i 15,8'. 3 10,681 61,649 85« 355 15,121 7,10454 32,608 734 4 761 !:?§! Jl,076 1 ' !)04X ' 460X tJ,041K 6,390 33,816« 1,904 8,244 32 12,106 22,499 45,466 11,613 26,318 9,624 18,726K 15,404 958 5,353 84 3,477>i 5,732 12,573K 637 9,858 9,032 2,408 24,071 50 13,833 7,183 20,763 62,064 34,191 8,013 34,433 12,189K 16,845 14,272« 14,174 in.632 1 ,249 !.j,194 712 21,43754 5,020 4,873 10,21354 12,864 3,412 2,44754 9.473 4,475 ?:iti 9,0865^ 15,24154 11,60654 60,103 17,541 24,4695^ 4,40854 18,704 5454 15,034 23.055 28.225 14,104 18,980 7,448 8,847 13,813 1,029 83 8,488 282^ ""5;254 870 264 7,ef8 788 660 654 Ashland 75954 27 5,012 2,761 58 4,048a^ 1,268 208 7,694 3,912 23,499 11,463 696 'lU 39 1054 593i^ 18 31754 136 9 Ohipoe wa Olarit 25f 45 'Crawford 16 2,45954 Dodge IjJ Dunn 1,560 1.242 8.554 2,839 66654 1,170 2,60954 1,739 8,773 445 1,649 2,164 20 4,299 5,063 1,769 357 94054 4,11654 6133^ 2,851 440 1,28414 2,22gf 589*- 19,424 2,022 2,197)i 205 7,519 2,3815i 5,642 636^ 1,427 2954 Hit 3,iei^ 1,892 613 7,611 3,137 611 3,520 3,177 1,736 ■"5.233 116 10.503 3,074^ 1,277 724 514 2,43054 563 258 326 7,665^ 2,212 15103854 173 6,1645f 1,160M 4;332 550 633 4,87654 6,002 7,659 4,363 15,416 982 37254 68 11 44 1135f 2fi 840 1,169 24954 13 154 29 44 Fond du Lac 2 !! 57,463 1,733 Clark 9.348 32,326 4,925 53.219 29,562 257 100 10,032 ■■■■!4i.609 37,792 28,833 13,920 15.566 5.316 17,407 8,705 29,856 5,665 11.390 22,719 316 32,256)« 5,463 3,387 20,557 14,217 8,528 425 1,918!K' 2,493 8,585 3,780M 20 mo 989 78 1.633J!; 2.460 4,830^ 16,254 126000 61,879 104 618 IS 36 1,689 SO Dane 30 111,463 49,369K ■"soaooo 5,414 2.969)r i-mx 10 219 2 61><£ 8 Fbnddu Lac 2,701>i 3,038 1,159 931 1,650>!J 510 2,209 1,738 1,060 1,4,17 781 1,633 106 2.251 667 926 3,030>i 1,620 836 51 1,566S^ 61}i 2,935^ 2.766 5,980K 2,233 339 2,170 44 239 994 44,986 126.116 20,31.3K 22,393 51.026 53 880 33,774 1,600 3.848 16 5 46 41 94 52M isar 10 99 26 1,037 Green Lake '. 45 566 1,615 520 8,75TO 107 5,269 781 19.896 37,673 29,763 24,037 ■■■267,341 1,384 1,174 La Crosse.' 2 SO 1,007 108 99 71 13 100 689 46 1.866 1,934^ 406 ma ib'i 1 4,412 20 20.625 16311 33,756 i9.4'3'3 22,077 ■■■■l82,67i 1,073 Milwaukee "§ 1,666 97 OzauKee l,266j^ 77 11 60X 16,004 479 3.67B 457 l,U64ir 73>i 1,730 2 27951 749 4.056M 50 .5 4.952 205 8311K 1.561 1 1,849 12,974 2,642 lll,14aj< 21.515K. 5r,i3ak 14233 2.5,a2-.!3(- 4.111 40, 1 23 173 18,738 20,197 45,093 6,613 38 629 13,54(1 9,770 23,433 2.i5 724 591 2,016^ 1,54SV 1,1 53X 2,P30 1.176 3 2-9^ R48 2,723 9 a 1341 2.1H3K 46.8n 3.932 l..j;l5 1.342 l,li3ll 169 41 178 12H¥ 4m 10% I'i-i^ 10 IMX MVi 133 34 41H 140 5=>K 9,431 38! 9-i 4r> 3,5 121 Polk 2 580^ 62.150 68,057 343 840 2,lli0!f 5'^Jg , o§2„ 1,24SX^ 3,101 16 Sliehoygan 10,738 2 1*- ]2.i^49 91.194 50,221 50 080 42.690 82,985 66,510 931242 270 137^^ 30 185 1,063 194 400 2798 16.080 3 Winnebago Wood Total 889,018;^ 123.42nx 13,6. MJii 139.89 1« 17,664?^ 4.090 226K 76,945K ABSTRACT OF LAWS. WISCONSIN. ELECTORS AND GENERAL ELECTIONS. Sec. 12. Every male person of the age of twenty-one years or upward, belonging to "either of the following classes, who shall have resided in the State for one year next preceding any election, shall be deemed a qualified elector at such election : 1. Citizens of the United States. 2. Persons of foreign birth who shall have declared their intention to become citizens con- formably to the laws of the United States on the subject of naturalization. ■3. Persons of Indian blood who have once been declared by law of Congress to be citizens of the Unl^od States, any subsequent law of Congress to the contrary notwithstanding. 4. Civilizerl uns of Indian descent not members of any tribe. Every person convicted of bribe. , shall be excluded from the right of suffrage unless restored to civil rights ; and no person who shall have made or become directly or indirectly interested in any bet or wager depending upon the result of any election at which he shall offer to vote, shall be permitted to vote at such election. Sec. 13. No elector shall vote except in the town, ward, village or election district in which lie actually resides. Sec. 14. The general election prescribed in the Constitution shall be held in the several "towns, wards, villages and election districts on the Tuesday next succeeding the first Monday in November in each year, at which time there shall be chosen such Representatives in Congress, Electors of President and Vice President, State officers, and county officers as are by law to be elected in such year. Sec. 15. All elections shall be held in each town at the place where the last town-meeting was held, or at such other place as shall have been ordered at such last meeting, or as shall have been ordered by the Supervisors when they establish more than one election poll, except that the first election after the organization of a new town shall be held at the place directed in the act or proceeding by which it was organized ; and all elections in villages constituting separate elec- tion districts and in the wards of cities, shall be held at the place to be ordered by the Trustees ■of such village, or the Common Council of such city, at least ten days before such election, un- less a different provision is made in the act incorporating such village or city. Sec. 16. Whenever it shall beejome impossible or inconvenient to hold an election at the place designated therefor, the Board of Inspectors, after having assembled at or as near as prac- ticable to such place, and before receiving any votes may adjourn to the nearest convenient place for holding the election, and at such adjourned place shall forthwith proceed with the election. Upon adjourning any election as hereinbefore provided, the Board of Inspectors shall cause proc- lamation thereof to be made, and shall station a Constable or some other proper person at the place where the adjournment was made, to notify all electors arriving at such place of adjourn- ment, and the place to which it was made. 264 HISTOEY OF WISCONSIN, Sec. 20. A registry of electors shall annually te made : 1. In each ward or election district of every city which, at the last previous census, had a population of three thousand or more. » 2. In each ward or election district of every incorporated village in which, by law, sep- arate elections are held ; which village at the last preceding census, had a popula- tion of iifteen hundred or more. 3, In every town containing a village which, at said census, had a population of fifteen hundred or more, in which village separate general elections are not by law required to beheld. 4. In all towns any part of which shall have been embraced in any part of any city or village in which a registration by this chapter is required. Such registration shall be ma.de in the manner provided by this chapter. The persons authorized by law to act as Inspectors of Election in each of such towns, wards or election dis- tricts shall constitute the Board of Registry therefor. Sec. 21. The said Inspectors shall have their first meeting on Tuesday, four weeks pre- ceding each general election, at the place where said election is to be held ; and in election districts at which there were polled at the previous general election three hundred votes or less, they shall sit for one day, and in districts at which there were more than three hundred votes polled, they shall have power to sit two days if necessary, for the purpose of making such, list. They shall meet at 9 o'clock in the forenoon and hold their meetings open until 8 o'clock in the evening of each day during which they shall so sit. The Clerks appointed by law to act as Clerks of Election shall act as Clerks of the Board of Registry on the day of election only. The proceedings shall be open, and all electors of the district shall be entitled to be heard in relation to corrections or additions to said registry. They shall have the same powers to preserve order which Inspectors of Election have on election days, and in towns vacancies in the Board shall be filled in the same manner that vacancies are filled at elections. Sec. 22. The said Inspectors at their first meeting, and before doing any business, shall severally take and subscribe the oath of Inspectors at a general election, and said Inspectors shall at their first meeting make a registry of all the electors of their respective districts, placing thereon the full names, alphabetically arranged according to surnames, in one column, and in another the residence by number and name of street or other location, if known. If any elector'^ residence is at any hotel or public boarding-house the name of the hotel or boarding-house shall be stated in the registry. They shall put thereon the names of all persons residing in their elec- tion district appearing on the poll-list kept at the last preceding general election, and are author- ized to take therefor such poll-list from the oflSce where kept, omittmg such as have died or removed from the district, and adding the names of all other persons known to them to be elect- ors in such district. In case of the formation of a new election district since the last preceding^ general election, the said Board therein may make such registry from the best means at their command, and may, if necessary, procure therefor certified copies of the last poll-list. They shall complete said registry as far as practicable at their first meeting, and shall make four copies thereof, and certify the original and each copy to be a true list of the electors in their district so far as the same are known to them. One of said copies shall be immediately posted in a conspicuous place in the room in which their meeting was held, and be accessible to any elector for examina- tion or making copies thereof, and one copy shall be retained by each Inspector for revision and correction at the second meeting. They shall within two days after said first meeting file the original registry made by them, and said poll-list in the oiSce of the proper town, city or village clerk, and may, in their discretion, cause ten printed copies of said registry to be made and posted in ten of the most public places of said election district, or may publish the same in a newspaper at an expense not exceeding one cent for each name. Sec. 23. The Inspectors shall hold their second meeting at the same place designated for holding elections on the Tuesday two weeks preceding the election. They shall meet at 9 o'clock in the forenoon. In election districts having less than three hundred voters, as shown by thft ABSTRACT OF LAWS. 265 preliminary registry, the Board shall complete the registry on the same day ; but if there are more than that number of voters, they shall sit two days. They shall remain in session until 8 o'clock in the evening. They shall revise and correct the registry first by erasing the name of any person who shall be proved to their satisfaction by the oaths of two electors of the district to be not entitled to vote therein at the next ensuing election, unless such person shall appear and if chal- lenged, shall answer the questions and take the oath hereinafter provided ; secondly, by entering thereon the names of every elector entitled to vote in the district at the next election who shall appear before the Board and require it, and state his place of residence, giving street and num- ber, if numbered, or location, as hereinbefore provided, if challenged answer the questions, and take the oaths provided in case of challenge at an election ; but if any person shall refuse to answer all such questions or to take siich oath, his name shall not be registered. Any person who is not twenty-one years of age before the date when the registry is required to be corrected, but will be if he lives until the day of election, shall have his name put on the registry if he be other- wise qualified to be an elector. Any elector who did not vote at the previous general election shall be entitled to be registered either at the preliminary or the final registration of electors by appearing before the Board of Registration of his election district and establishing his right to be registered, or, instead of a personal appearance, he may make his application to be registered to the Board in writing. Such application shall state the name and period of continuous resi- dence in the election district and place of residence therein, giving the number and street of the apphcant, and, in case the person making the application is of foreign birth, he shall state when he came to the United States and to the State of Wisconsin, and the time and place of declaring his intention of becoming a citizen of the United States, and that he is entitled to vote at the election. Upon receiving such application, the Board of Registration shall register the name of such applicant, if it appears to the Board that the applicant is, by his statement, entitled to vote. Such statement shall be made under oath, and shall be preserved by the Board and be filed in the ofiice of the village or city clerk, as the case may be. All city and village clerks shall keep blanks for making the application for registration, as provided by this section. The form shall be prescribed by the Secretary of State. Every person named in this section shall be subject to the same punishment for any faJse statement or other offense in respect thereto as is provided in case of such false statement or other offense by an elector off'ering to vote at an election. After such registry shall have been fully completed on the days above mentioned, no name shall be added thereto by any person or upon any pretext. Within three days after the second meeting the said Board shall cause four copies of the registry to be made, each of which shall be certified by them to be a correct registry of the electors of their district, one of which shall be kept by each Inspector for use on election day, and one shall forthwith be filed in the office of the proper town, city or village clerk. All registries shall at all times be open to pub- lic inspection at the ofiice where deposited without charge. Sec. 24. On election day the Inspectors shall designate two of their number at the opening of the polls, who shall check the names of every elector voting in such district whose name is on the registry. No vote shall be received at any general election in any ward or election district defined in Section 20, if the name of the person off'ering to vote be not on said registry made at the second meeting as aforesaid, except as hereinafter provided ; but in case any one shall, after the last day for completing such registry, and before such election, become a qualified voter of the district, he shall have the same right to vote therein at such election as if his name had been duly registered, provided he shall, at the time he off"ers to vote, deliver to the Inspectors his affi- davit, in which he shall state the facts, showing that he has, since the completion of such regis- try, become a qualified elector of such district, and the facts showing that he was not such elector on the day such registry was completed, and shall also deliver to such Inspectors the affi- davits of two freeholders, electors in such election district, corroborating all the material state- ments in his affidavit. In case any person who was a voter at the last previous general election shall not be registered, such person shall be entitled to vote on making affidavit that he was enti- tled to vote at the previous election, and that he has not become disqualified by reason of removal 266 HISTOEY OF WISCONSIN. ' from the election district or otherwise, since that election, ■which affidavit shall also be corrobo- rated by the affidavits of tAvo freeholders, as is provided for other non-registered voters. No one freeholder shall be competent to make at any one election corroborating affidavits for more than three voters. All of said affidavits shall be sworn to before some officer authorized by the laws of this State to take depositions. The Inspectors shall keep a list of the names and residence of the electors voting whose names are not on said completed registry, and attach said list to the registry and return it, together with all such affidavits, to the proper town, city or village clerk. No compensation shall be paid or received for taking or certifying any such affidavits. On the day following the election, one of said poll-lists and one copy of the registry so kept and checked shall be attached together and filed in the office of the proper town, city or village clerk, and the other of said poll-lists and copy of the registry so kept and checked shall be returned to the County Clerk with the returns of the election. Such Inspectors shall give notice by advertisement in a newspaper printed in the city, village or town where such registration was made, of the registry, and shall include in such notice all additions to and omissions from the preliminary list, and shall also state where the election is to be held. In case there be no newspaper printed in such city, village or town, such notice shall be given by posting copies thereof in three or more public places in each ward or election district in such city, village or town. For publication of such notice in any such newspaper the publisher thereof shall be entitled to the same compensation per folio as is prescribed for publishing other legal notices. COMMON schools; Sec. 413. The formation of any school district shall be by written order of the Town Board, describing the territory embraced in the same, to be filed with the Town Clerk within twenty days after the making thereof. The Supervisors shall deliver to a taxable inhabitant of the district their notice thereof in writing, describing its boundaries, and appointing a time and place for the first district meeting, and shall therein direct such inhabitant to notify every quali- fied voter of the district, either personally or by leaving a written notice at his place of resi- dence, of the time and place of such meeting, at least five days before the time appointed *^^herefor, and said inhabitant shall notify the voters of such district accordingly, and indorse thereon a return containing the names of all persons thus notified, and said notice and return shall be recorded as a part of the record of the first meeting in such district. Sec. 414. In case such notice shall not be given, or the inhabitants of a district shall neg- lect or refuse to assemble and form a district meeting when so notified, or in case any school dis- trict having been formed or organized shall afterward be disorganized, so that no competent authority shall exist therein to call a special district meeting, in the manner hereinafter pro- vided, notice shall be given by the Town Board, and served in the manner prescribed in the pre- ceding section. Whenever a district meeting shall be called as prescribed in this and the preceding section, it shall be the duty of the electors of the district to assemble at the time and place so directed. Sec. 415. Whenever it shall be necessary to form a district from two or more adjoining towns, the Town Boards of such towns shall meet together and form such districts by their writ- ten order, describing the territory embraced in such district, signed by at least two of the Super- visors of each town ; and shall file one such order with the Town Clerk of each town, and deliver the notice of formation to a taxable inhabitant of such district, and cause the same to be served and returned in the time and manner hereinbefore prescribed ; and any such district may be altered only by the joint action of the Town Boards of such towns in the same manner that other districts are altered. Sec. 416. Every school district shall be deemed duly organized when any two of the offi- cers elected at the first legal meeting thereof shall have consented to serve in the offices to which they have been respectively elected, by a written acceptance thereof filed with the clerk of the first meeting, and recorded in the minutes thereof; and every school district shall be considered ABSTRACT OP LAWS. 267 as duly organized after it shall have exercised the franchises and privileges of a district for the term of two years. Sec. 425. The annual meeting of all school districts in which graded schools of two or more departments are taught, shall be held on the second Monday of July, and of all other school districts on the last Monday of September, in each year. The hour of such meeting shall he seven o'clock in the afternoon, unless otherwise provided by a vote of the district, duly Tecorded at the last previous annual meeting ; but at any annual meeting a majority of the electors present may determine that the annual meeting of such district shall be held on the last Monday of August instead of the last Monday of September. Said determination to take effect -when a copy of the proceedings of said annual meeting in reference to such change shall have T)een jSled with the Town Clerk in which the schoolhouse of such district is situated,, and to Temain in force until rescinded by a like vote of the electors of such district. Sec. 426. The Clerk shall give at least six days' previous notice of every annual district meeting, by posting notices thereof in four or more public places in the district, one of which (shall be affixed to the outer door of the schoolhouse, if there be one in the district, and lie shall give like notices for every adjourned district meeting when such meeting shall have been adjourned for more than one month ; but no annual meeting shall be deemed illegal for want of due notice, unless it shall appear that the omission to give such notice was willful and fraudulent. Sec. 427. Special district meetings may be called by the Clerk, or, in his absence, by the Directors or Treasurer, on written request of five legal voters of the district, in the manner prescribed for calling an annual meeting ; and the electors, when lawfully assembled at a special mrtting, shall have power to transact the same business as at the first and each annual meeting, ■except the election of ofiicers. The business to be transacted at any special meeting shall be particularly specified in the notices calling the same, and said notices shall be posted six full ■days prior to the meeting. No tax or loan or debt shall be voted at a special meeting, unless three-fourths of the legal voters shall have been notified, either personally or by a written notice left at their places of residence, stating the time and place and objects of the meeting, and specifying the amount proposed to be voted, at least six days before the time appointed therefor. Sec. 428. Every person shall be entitled to vote in any school district meeting who is quahfied to vote at a general election for State and county officers, and who is a resident of such school district. ASSESSMENT AND COLLECTION OF DISTRICT TAXES. Sec. 469. All school district taxes, unless otherwise specially provided by law, shall be assessed on the same kinds of property as taxes for town and county purposes ; and all personal property which, on account of its location or the residence of its owner, is taxable in the town, shall, if such locality or residence be in the school district, be likewise taxable for school district purposes. BORROWING MONEY. Sec. 474. Whenever, upon any unusual exigency, any school district shall, before the annual meeting, vote a special tax to be collected with the next levy, the district may, by vote, author- ize the District Board to borrow for a period not exceeding one year a sum not exceeding the amount of such tax, and by such vote set apart such tax when collected to repay such loan, and thereupon the District Board may borrow such money of any person and on such terms and exe- cute and deliver to the lender such obligation therefor, and such security for the repayment, including a mortgage or pledge of any real 6r personal property of the district, subject to the directions contained in the vote of the district as may be agreed upon and not prohibited by law. Sec. 498. Every District Clerk who shall willfully neglect to make the annual report for lis district as required by law shall be liable to pay the whole amount of money lost by such 268 I HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. district in consequence of his neglect, which shall be recovered in an action in the name of and for the use of the district. Sec. 499. Every Town Clerk who shall neglect or refuse to make and deliver to the County Superintendent his annual report, as required in this chapter within the time limited therefor shajl be liable on his official bond to pay the town the amount which such town or any school district therein, shall lose by such neglect or refusal, with interest thereon ; and every County Superintendent who shall neglect or refuse to make the report required of him by this chapter to the State Superintendent shall be liable to pay to each town the amount which such town or any school district therein shall lose by such neglect or refusal, with interest thereon, to be recovered in either case in an action prosecuted by the Town Treasurer in the name of the town. Sec. 503. Every member of a district board in any school district in this State in which a list of text-books has been adopted according to law, who shall, within three years from the date of such adoption, or thereafter, without the consent of the State Superintendent, order a change of text-books in such district, shall forfeit the sum of fifty dollars. Sj:c. 513. Every woman of twenty-one years of age and upward may be elected or appointed as director, treasurer or clerk of a school district, director or secretary of a town board under the township system ; member of a board of education in cities, or county superintendent. Sec. 560. In reckoning school months, twenty days shall constitute a month and one hun- dred days five months. ASSESSMENT OF TAXES. Sec. 1035. The terms "real property," "real estate" and "land," when used in this title, shall include not only the land itself, but all buildings, fixtures, improvements, rights and privileges appertaining thereto. Sec. 1086. The term " personal property," as used in this title, shall be construed to mean and include toll-bridges, saw-logs, timber and lumber, either upon land or afloat, steamboats, ships and other vessels, whether at home or abroad ; buildings upon leased lands, if such build- ings have not been included in the assessment of the land on which they are erected; ferry-boats, including the franchise for running the same ; all debts due from solvent debtors, whether on account, note, contract, bond, mortgage or other security, or whether such debts are due or to become due ; and all goods, wares, merchandise, chattels, moneys and effects of any nature or description having any real or marketable value and not included in the term " real property," as above defined. Sec, 1037. The improvements on all lands situated in this State, which shall have been entered under the provisions of the act of Congress entitled " An act to secure homesteads to act- ual settlers on the public domain," approved May twentieth, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-two, and which shall be actually occupied and improved by the person so entering the same, or his heirs, shall be subject to taxation, and such improvements shall be assessed as personal property. All taxes levied thereon shall be collected out of the personal, property of the occu- pant of such lands, and in no other manner. Sec. 1038. The property in this section described is exempt from taxation, to wit: 1. That owned exclusively by the United States or by this State, but no lands contracted to be sold by the State shall be exempt. 2. That owned exclusively by any county, city, village, town or school district ; but lands purchased by counties at tax sales shall be exempt only in the cases provided in Sec- tion Eleven Hundred and Ninety-one. 3. Personal property owned by any religious, scientific, literary or benevolent association, used exclusively for the purposes of such association, and the real property, if not leased, or not otherwise used for pecuniary profit, necessary for the location and con- venience of the buildings of such association, and embracing the same not exceeding ABSTRACT OF LAWS. 269 ten acres ; and the lands reserved for grounds of a chartered college or university^ not exceeding forty acres ; and parsonages, whether of local churches or districts, and ■whether occupied by the pastor permanently or rented for his benefit. The occasional leasing of such buildings for schools, public lectures or concerts, or the leasing of such parsonages, shall not render them liable to taxation. 4. Personal property owned and used exclusively by the State or any county agricultural society, and the lands owned and used by any such society exclusively for fair grounds. 5. Fire engines and other implements used for extinguishing fires, owned or used by any organized fire company, and the buildings and necessary grounds connected therewith,, owned by such company, and used exclusively for its proper purposes. 6. The property of Indians who are not citizens, except lands held by them by purchase. 7. Lands used exclusively as public burial-grounds, and tombs and monuments to the dead therein. 8. Pensions receivable from the United States. 9. Stock in any corporation in this State which is required to pay taxes upon its property in the same manner as individuals. 10. So much of the debts due or to become due to any person as shall equal the amount of bona-fide and unconditional debts by him owing. 11. Wearing apparel, family portraits and libraries, kitchen furniture and growing crops. 12. Provisions and fuel provided by the head of a family to sustain its members for six months ; but no person paying board shall be deemed a member of a family. 13. All the personal property of all insurance companies that now are or shall be organized or doing business in this State. 14. The track, right of way, depot grounds, buildings, machine-shops, rolling-stock and other property necessarily used in operating any railroad in this State belonging to any railroad company, including pontoon, pile and pontoon railroads, and shall henceforth remain exempt from taxation for any purpose, except that the same shall be subject to special assessments for local improvements in cities and villages and all lands owned or claimed by such railroad company not adjoining the track of such company, shall bo subject to all taxes. The provision of this subdivision shall not apply to any railroad that now is or shall be operated by horse-power, whether now or hereafter constructed, in any village or city. 16. The property, except real estate, of all companies which are or shall be engaged in the business of telegraphing in this State. 16. The real estate of the Home of the Friendless in the city of Milwaukee, not exceeding one lot in amount, is exempted, so long as the same shall continue to be used as such home. 17. All property of any corporation or association formed under the laws of this State for the encouragement of industry by agricultural and industrial fairs and exhibitions, which shall be necessary for fair grounds, while used exclusively for such fairs and exhibitions, provided the quantity of land so exempt shall not exceed forty acres. 18. Such tree-belts as are or may be planted and maintained in compliance with chapter sixty -six of one of these statutes. Sec. 1191. Real property, upon which the county holds any certificates of tax sale, shall continue liable to taxation and to sale for unpaid taxes, and the county shall be the exclusive purchaser at the sale ; but when a tax deed shall be issued to the county, and it shall hold tax certificates of sale unredeemed on the same property for two successive years subsequent to the date of the sale on which such deed shall issue, including certificates of sale made prior to the passage of these statutes, such property shall thereafter be exempt from taxation until the samo IS sold by the county. The County Clerk shall annually, before the first day of June, furnish to the Assessors of each town a list of the lands in such town exempt under this section. Noth- ing in this section shall be so construed as to apply to lands owned by minors, married women^ widowed women, idiots or insane persons. '270 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. COLLECTION OF TAXES. Sec. 1089. The Town Treasurer of each town, on the receipt of the tax-roll for the cur- rent year, shall forthwith post notices in three or four public places in such towns, that the tax- roll for such town is in his hands for collection, and that the taxes charged therein are subject to payment at his ofiBce at any time prior to the first day of January in such year ; and after the said first day of January he shall proceed to collect the taxes charged in such roll and Tflmaining unpaid, and for that purpose shall call at least once on the person taxed, or at any place of his usual residence, if within the town, and demand payment of the taxes charged to him on such roll. Sec. 1090. On all taxes paid or tendered at the office of such Treasurer prior to said first •day of January, he shall remit all of the 5-per-cent collection fees, except so much thereof as he is authorized by law to have for his fees upon taxes so paid. Sec. 1091. Town orders shall be receivable for taxes in the town where issued, and shall be allowed the Town Treasurer on settlement of town taxes ; and county orders and jurors' cer- tificates shall be receivable for taxes in the county where issued, and shall be allowed such Treas- urer on settlement of county taxes with the County Treasurer, but no Town Treasurer shall receive town orders in payment for taxes to a larger amount than the town taxes included in his sissessment-roll exclusive of all taxes for school purposes, nor county orders and jurors' certifi- cates to a greater amount than the county tax included therein. Sec. 1097. In case any person shall refuse or neglect to pay the tax imposed upon him, the Town Treasurer shall levy the same by distress and sale of any goods and chattels belong- ing to such person, wherever the same may be found within his town ; and if a sufficient amount ■of such property cannot be found in such town, the Town Treasurer may levy the same by dis- tress and sale of the goods and chattels belonging to such person, wherever the same may be found in the county or in any adjoining counties. Sec. 1098. The Town Treasurer shall give public notice of the time and place of such :sale, at least six days previous thereto, by advertisement, containing a description of the prop- erty to be sold, to be posted up in three public places in the town where the sale is to be made. The sale shall be at public auction, ■ in the daytime, and the property sold shall be present; such property may be released by the payment of the taxes and charges for which the same is liable, to be sold ; if the purchase-money on such sale shall not be paid at such time as the Treasurer may require, he may again, in his discretion, expose such property for sale, or sue, in his name of office, the purchaser for the purchase-money, and recover the same with costs and 10-per-centum damages. Sec. 1099. If the property so levied upon shall be sold for more than the amount of tax ;and costs, the surplus shall be returned to the owner thereof; and if it cannot be sold for want of bidders, the Treasurer shall return a statement of the fact, and return the property to the person from whose possession he took the same ; and the tax, if unsatisfied, shall be collected in the same manner as if no levy had been made. HIGHWAYS AND BRIDGES. Sec. 1223. The Supervisors of the several towns shall have the care and supervision of the highways and bridges therein, and it shall be their duty : 1. To give directions for repairing the highways and bridges within their respective towns, and cause to be removed all obstructions therefrom. 2. To cause such of the roads used as highways as have been laid out but not suflGciently described, and such as have been lawfully laid out and used as such up to the then present time, but not fully and sufficiently recorded, to be ascertained, described and entered of record in the Town Clerk's office. ABSTBACT OP LAWS. 271 3. To cause bridges which are or may be erected over streams intersecting highways to be- kept in repair. 4. To divide their respective towns into so many road districts as they shall judge conven- ient, and specify every such division in writing under their hands, to be recorded in the office of the Town Clerk ; but no such division shall be made within ten days next- preceding the annual town meeting. 5. To assign to each of the said road districts such of the inhabitants liable to pay taxes- on highways as they think proper, having regard to the nearness of residence as much as practicable. 6. To require the Overseers of Highways from time to time, and as often as they shall deem necessary, to perform any of the duties required of them by law. 7. To assess the highway taxes in their respective towns in each year, as provided by law. 8. To lay out and establish upon actual surveys, as hereinafter provided, such new roads in their respective towns as they may deem necessary and proper ; to discontinue such, roads as shall appear to them to have become unnecessary, and to widen or alter such roads when they shall deem necessary for public convenience, and perform all other duties respecting highways and bridges directed by this chapter. INTOXICATING LIQUORS. Sec. 1548. The Town Boards, Village Boards and Common Councils of the respective- towns, villages and cities may grant license to such persons as they may deem proper, to keep groceries, saloons or other places, within their respective towns, villages or cities, for the sale in quantities less than one gallon of strong, spirituous, malt, ardent or' intoxicating liquors, to be drank on the premises ; and in like manner may grant licenses for the sale in any quantity of such liquors not to be drank on the premises. The sum to be paid for such license for the sale of such liquor to be drank on the premises shall not be less than twenty-five nor more than one hundred and fifty dollars ; and for the sale of such liquors not to be drank on the premises shall be not less than ten nor more than forty dollars. Sec. 1549. Every applicant for such license shall, before delivery thereof, file with such town, village or city clerk a bond to the State in the sum of five hundred dollars, with at least two sureties, to be approved by the authorities granting the license, who shall each justify in double its amount over and above their debts and liabilities and exemptions, and be freehold- ers and residents of the county, conditioned that the applicant, during the continuance of his license will keep and maintain an orderly and well regulated house ; that he will permit no gambling with cards, dice, or any device or implement for that purpose, within his premises or any out-house, yard or shed appertaining thereto ; th;it lie will not sell or give away any intoxi- cating liquor to any minor, having good reason to believe him to be such, unless upon the writ- ten order of the parents or guardian of such minor, or to persons intoxicated or bordering upon intoxication, or to habitual drunkards; and that he will piy all diimages that may be recovered by any person, and that he will observe and obey all onlors of sicli Supervisors, Trustees or Aldermen, or any of them, made pursuant to law. In ca-'O of the breach of the condition oF any such bond, an action may be brought thereon in the iiLimo of thu State of Wisconsin, and judgment shall be entered against the principals and sureties tliorein named for the full penalty thereof; and execution may issue thereupon by cider of the court therefor, to satisfy any judgment that may have been recovered against the principal named in said bond, by reason of any breach in the conditions thereof, or for any penalties of forfeitures incurred under this chap- ter. If more than one judgment shall have been recovered, the court, in its discretion, may apply the proceeds of said bond toward the satisfaction of said several judguents, in whole or m part, in such manner as it may see fit. Seo. 1550. If any person shall vend, sell, deal or traffic in or for the purpo-'o of evading; this chapter, give away, any spirituous, malt, ardent or intoxicating liquors or drinks in any 272 HiSTOET or WISCONSnf. quantity whatever without first having obtained license therefor, according to the provisions of this chapter, he shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and, on conviction thereof shall be punished by fine of not less than ten nor more than forty dollars, besides the costs of suit, or, ' in lieu of such fine, by imprisonment in the county jail of the proper county not to exceed sixty days nor less than twenty days ; and, in case of punishment by fine as above provided, such per- son shall, unless the fine and costs be paid forthwith, be committed to the county jail of the proper county until such fine and costs are paid, or until discharged by due course of law ; and, in case of a second or any subsequent conviction of the same person during any one year, the punish- ment may be by both fine and imprisonment, in the discretion of the court. Sec. 1551. Upon complaint made to any Justice of the Peace by any person that he tnows or has good reason to believe that an offense against this chapter, or any violation thereof, has been committed, he shall examine the complainant on oath, and he shall reduce such com- plaint to writing and cause the same to be subscribed by the person complaining. And if it shall appear to such Justice that there is reasonable cause to believe that such offense has been committed, he shall immediately issue his warrant, reciting therein the substance of such com- plaint and requiring the officer to whom such warrant shall be directed forthwith to arrest the accused and bring him before such Justice, to be dealt with according to law ; and the same war- rant may require the officer to summon such persons as shall be therein named to appear at the trial to give evidence. Sec. 1552. The District Attorney of the proper county shall, on notice given to him by the Justice of the Peace before whom any such complaint shall be made, attend the trial before such Justice and conduct the same on behalf of the State. Sec. 1553. Every supervisor, trustee, alderman and justice of the peace, police officer? marshal, deputy marshal and constable of any town, village or city who shall know or be credi- bly informed that any offense has been committed against the provisions of this chapter shall make complaint against the person so offending within their respective towns, villages or cities to a proper Justice of the Peace therein, and for every neglect or refusal so to do every such officer shall forfeit twenty-five dollars, and the Treasurer of such town, village or city shall pros- ecute therefor. Sec. 1557. Any keeper of any saloon, shop or place of any name whatsoever for the sale of strong, spirituous or malt liquors to be drank on the premises in any quantity less than one gallon, who shall sell, vend or in any way deal or traffic in or for the purpose of evading this chapter, give away any spirituous, ardent or malt liquors or drinks in any quantity whatsoever to or with a minor, having good reason to believe him to be such, or to a person intoxicated or bordering on a state of intoxication, or to any other prohibited person before mentioned, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor ; nor shall any person sell or in any way deal or traffic in, or, for the purpose of evading this chapter, give away, any spirituous, ardent, intoxicating or malt liquors or drinks in any quantity whatsoever within one mile of either of the hospitals for the insane ; and any person who shall so sell or give away any such liquors or drinks shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor. BILLS OF EXCHANGE AND PROMISSORY NOTES. Sec. 1675. All notes in writing made and signed by any person or for any corporation, and all certificates of the deposit of money issued by any person or corporation, whereby he or it shall promise to pay to any person or order, or unto the bearer, any sum of money, as therem mentioned, shall be due and payable as therein expressed, and shall have the same effect and shall be negotiable in like manner as inland bills of exchange, according to the custom of mer- chants. But no order drawn upon or accepted by the Treasurer of any county, town, city, village or school district, whether drawn by any officer thereof or any other person, and no obligation nor instrument made by such corporation or any officer thereof, unless expressly authorized by law ABSTRACT OF LAWS. 273 to be made negotiable, shall be, or shall be deemed to be, negotiable according to the customs of merchants, in whatever form they may be drawn or made. Sec. 1680. On all bills of exchange payable at sight, or at future day certain, within this State, and all negotiable promissory notes, orders and drafts payable at a future day cer- tain, within this State, in which there is not an express stipulation to the contrary, grace should be allowed in like manner as it is allowed by the custom of merchants on foreign bills of exchange payable at the expiration of a certain period after date or sight. The provisions of this section shall not extend to any bill of exchange, note or draft payable on demand. Sec. 1684. All notes, drafts, bills of exchange or other negotiable paper maturing on Sunday or upon any legal holiday shall be due and payable on the next preceding secular day. HOURS OF LABOR. Sec. 1728. In all manufactories, work-shops and other places used for mechanical or manufacturing purposes, the time of labor of children under eighteen years of age and of women employed therein, shall not exceed eight hours in one day ; and any employer, stockholder, director, officer, overseer, clerk or foreman who shall compel any woman or any child to labor exceeding eight hours in any one day, or who shall permit any child under fourteen years of age to labor more than ten hours in any one day in any such place, if he shall have control over such child sufficient to prevent it, or who shall employ at manual labor any child under twelve years of age in any factory or work-shop where more than three persons are employed, or who shall employ any child of twelve and under fourteen years of age in any such factory or work- shop for more than seven months in any one year, shall forfeit not less than five nor more than fifty dollars for each such ofiense. Sec. 1729. In all engagements to labor in any manufacturing or mechanical business, where there is no express contract to the contrary, a day's work shall consist of eight hours, and all engagements or contracts for labor in such cases shall be so construed ; but this shall not apply to any contract for labor by the week, month or year._ FORM OF CONVEYANCES. Sec. 2207. A deed of quitclaim and release of the form in common use or of the form hereinafter provided, shall be sufficient to pass all the estate which the grantor could lawfully convey by deed of bargain and sale. Sec. 2208. Conveyances of land may be in substantially the following form: WARRANTY DEED. A B, grantor of County, Wisconsin, hereby conveys and warrants to C D, grantee, of County, Wisconsin, for the sum of dollars, the following tract of land in County. (fiere describe the premiaes.) Witness the hand and seal of said grantor this day of , 18 — . In the presence of) > [SEAL.j j QUITCLAIM DEED. [SBAL.] A B, grantor, of County, Wisconsin, hereby quitclaims to C D, grantee, of County, Wisconsin, for the sum of dollars, the following tract of land in County, {Here describe the premiaes.) Witness the hand and seal of said grantor this day of , 18 — . In presence of ~) [seal." — = [seal.] 274 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. Such deeds, when executed and acknowledged as required by law, shall, when of the first of the above forms, have the effect of a conveyance in fee simple to the grantee, his heirs and assigns of the premises therein named, together with all the appurtenances, rights and privileges, thereto belonging, with a covenant from the grantor, his heirs and personal representatives, that he is lawfully seized of the premises ; has good right to convey the same ; that he guaran- tees the grantee, his heirs and assigns in the quiet possession thereof ; that the same are free from all incumbrances, and that the grantor, his heirs and personal representatives will forever war- rant and defend the title and possession thereof in the grantee, his heirs and assigns against all lawful claims whatsoever. Any exceptions to such covenants may be briefly inserted in such deed, following the descriptiion of the land ; and when in the second of the above forms, shalL have the effect of a conveyance in fee simple to the grantee, his heirs and assigns, of all the right, title, interest and estate of the grantor, either in possession or expectancy, in and to the prem- ises therein described, and all rights, privileges and appurtenances thereto belonging. MORTGAGES. Sec. 2209. A mortgage may be substantially in the following form : A B, mortgagor, of County, Wisconsin, hereby mortgages to C D, mortgagee, of County, Wisconsin, for the sum of dollars, the following tract of land in County. {Here describe the premises.) This mortgage is given to secure the following indebtedness : 'Here slate amount or amounts and form of indebtedness, whether on note, bond or otherwise, time or times when due, rale of interest, by and to whom payable, etc.) The mortgagor agrees to pay all taxes and assessments on said premises, and the sum of dollars attorney's fees in case of foreclosure thereof. Witness the hand and seal of said mortgagor this day of , 18 — . In presence of [seal.] SEAL.] when executed and acknowledged according to law shall have the effect of a conveyance of the land therein described, together with all the rights, privileges and appurtenances thereunto belonging in pledge to the mortgagee, his heirs, assigns and legal representatives for the payment of the indebtedness therein set forth, with covenant from the mortgagor that all taxes and assess- ments levied and assessed upon the land described during the continuance of the mortgage shall be paid previous to the day appointed by law for the sale of lands for taxes, as fully as the forms of niortgage now and heretofore in common use in this State, and may be foreclosed in the same manner and. with the same effect, upon any default being made in any of the conditions thereof as to payment of either principal, interest or taxes. ASSIGNMENT OF MORTGAGE. Sec. 2210. An assignment of a mortgage substantially, in the following form: For value received I, A B, of , Wisconsin, hereby assign to C D, of — , Wis- consin, the within mortgage (or a certain mortgage executed to by E F and wife, of County, Wisconsin, the day of , 18 — , and recorded in the office of the Register of Deeds of County, Wisconsin, in Vol. of mortgages, on page ), together with the and indebtedness therein mentioned. . ' Witness my hand and seal this day of , 18 — . In presence of ) , V A B. [SEAL.] ABSTRACT OF LAWS. 275 be sufficient to vest in the assignee for all purposes all the rights of the mortgagee under the mortgage, and the amount of the indebtedness due thereon at the date of assignment. Such assignment, when indorsed upon the original mortgage, shall not require an acknowledg- ment in order lo entitle the same to be recorded. TITLE TO REAL PROPERTY BY DESCENT. Sec. 2270. When any person shall die, seized of any lands, tenements or hereditaments, or any right thereto, or entitled to any interest therein in fee simple, or for the life of another, not having lawfully devised the same, they shall descend subject to his debts, except as provided in the next section, in the manner following : 1. In equal shares to his children, and to the lawful issue of any deceased child, by right of representation ; and if there be no child of the intestate living at his death, his estate shall descend to all his other lineal descendants ; and if all the said descendants are in the same degree of kindred to the intestate, they shall ^hare the estate equally,, otherwise they shall take according to the right of representation. 2. If he sball leave no lawful issue, to his widow ; if he shall leave no such issue or widow,, to his parents, if living ; and if either shall not be living, the survivor shall inherit his said estate. If a woman shall die, leaving no issue, her estate shall descend to her husband, if she shall have one at the time of her decease, and if she shall leave,, surviving her, neither issue nor husband, to her parents, if living ; and if either shall not be living, the survivor shall inherit her said estate. 3. If he shall leave no lawful issue, nor widow, nor father, nor mqther, his estate shall descend in equal shares to his brothers and sisters, and to the children of any deceased brother or sister, by right of representation. 4. If the intestate shall leave no lawful issue, widow, father, mother, brother nor sister, his estate shall descend to his next of kin in equal degree, except that when there are two or more collateral kindred in equal degree, but claiming through different ances- tors, those who claim through the nearest ancestor shall be preferred to those claiming through an ancestor more remote ; provided, however, 6. If any person die leaving several children, or leaving one child, and the issue of one or more other children, and any such surviving child shall die under age, and not having been married, all the estate that came to the deceased child, by inheritance from such deceased parent, shall descend in equal shares to the other children of the same parent, and to the issue of any such other children who shall have died, by right of representation. 6. If, at the death of such child, who shall die under age, and not having been married, all the other children of his said parent shall also be dead, and any of them shall have left issue, the estate that came to said child by inheritance from his said parent, shall descend to all the issue of the other children of the same parent ; and if all the said issue are in the same degree of kindred to said child, they shall share the said estate equally ; otherwise they shall take according to the right of representation. 7. If the intestate shall have no widow nor kindred, his estate shall escheat to the State, and be added to the capital of the school fund. ■ Sec. 2271. When the owner of any homestead shall die, not having lawfully devised the same, such homestead shall descend free of all judgments and claims against such deceased owner or his estate, except mortgages lawfully executed thereon, and laborers' and mechanics' liens, in the manner following : 1. If he shall have no lawful issue, to his widow. 2. If he shall leave a widow and issue, to his widow during her widowhood, and, upon her marriage or death, to his heirs, according to the next preceding section. o. If he shall leave issue and no widow, to such issue, according to the preceding section. *■ If he shall leave no issue or widow, such homestead shall descend under the next pre- ceding section, subject to lawful liens thereon. 276 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. OF WILLS. Sec. 2277. Every person of full age, and any married woman of the age of eighteen years and upward, being of sound mind, seized in his or her own right of any lands, or of any right thereto, or entitled to any interest therein, descendible to his or her heirs, may devise and dis- pose of the same by last will and testament in writing ; and all such estate not disposed of by will, shall descend as the estate of an intestate, being chargeable, in both cases, with the pay- ment of all his debts or her debts, except as provided in the next preceding chapter, and in sec- tion twenty-two hundred and eighty. Sec. 2278. Every devise of land in any will shall be construed to convey all the estate of the devisor therein, which he could lawfully devise, unless it shall clearly appear by the will that the devisor intended to convey a less estate. Sec. 2279. Any estate, right or interest in lands acquired by the testator, after the making of his will, shall pass thereby in like manner as if possessed at the time of making the will, if such shall manifestly appear, by the will, to have been the intention of the testator. Sec. 2280. When any homestead shall have been disposed of by the last will and testa- ment of the owner thereof, the devisee shall take the same, free of all judgments and claims against the testator or his estate, except mortgages lawfully executed thereon, and laborers' and mechanics' liens. Sec. 2281. Every person of full age, and every married woman of the age of eighteen years and upward, being of sound mind, may, by last will and testament in writing, bequeath and dispose of all his or her personal estate remaining at his or her decease, and all his or her rights thereto and interest therein, subject to the payment of debts ; and all such estate not dis- posed of by the will shall be administered as intestate estate. Sec. 2284. All beneficial devises, legacies and gifts whatsoever, made or given in any will to a subscribing witness thereto, shall be wholly void, unless there be two other competent sub- scribing witnesses to the same ; but a mere charge on the lands of the devisor for the payment of debts, shall not prevent his creditors from being competent witnesses to his will. Sec. 2285. But if such witness, to whom any beneficial devise may have been made or given, would have been entitled to any share of the estate of the testator, in case the will was not established, then so much of the share that would have descended or been distributed to such witness as will not exceed the devise or bequest made to him in the will, shall be saved to him, and he may recover the same of the devisees or legatees named in the will, in proportion to and out of the parts devised or bequeathed to them. Sec. 2286. When any child shall be born, after the making of his parent's will, and no provision shall be made therein for him, such child shall have the same share in the estate of the testator as if he had died intestate ; and the share of such child shall be assigned to him, as pro- vided by law, in case of intestate estates, unless it shall be apparent from the will that it was the intention of the testator that no provision should be made for such child. Sec. 2290. No will, or any part thereof, shall be revoked, unless by burning, tearing, can- celing or obliterating the same, with the intention of revoking it, by the testator, or by some person in his presence, and by his direction, or by some other will or codicil in writing, executed as prescribed in this chapter, or by some other writing, signed, attested and subscribed in the manner provided in this chapter, for the execution of a will ; excepting, only, that nothing con- tained in this section shall prevent the revocation implied by law, from subsequent changes m the condition or circumstances of the testator. The power to make a will implies the power to revoke the same. OF THE ADOPTION OF CHILDREN. Sec. 4021. Any inhabitant of this State may petition the County Court, in the county of his residence, for leave to adopt a child not his own by birth ; but no such petition made by a married person shall be granted, unless the husband or wife of the petitioner shall join therein ; ABSTRACT OF LAWS. 277 nor shall any such petition be granted, unless the child, if of the age of fourteen years, or more, shall consent thereto in writing, in the presence of the court. Sec. 4022. No such adoption shall be made, without the written consent of the living parents of such child, unless the court shall find that one of the parents has abandoned the child, or gone to parts unknown, when such consent may be given by the parent, if any, having the care of the child. In case where neither of the parents is living, or if living, have abandoned the child, such consent may be given by the guardian of such child, if any ; if such child has no guardian, such consent may be given by any of the next of kin of such child, residing in this State, or, in the discretion of the court, by some suitable person to be appointed by the court. 2. In case of a child not born in lawful wedlock, such consent may be given by the mother, if she is living, and has not abandoned such child. Sec. 4023. If upon such petition and consent, as herein provided, the County Court shall be satisfied of the identity and the relations of the persons, and that the petitioners are of suffi- cient ability to bring up, and furnish suitable nurture and education for the child, having refer- ence to the degree and condition of its parents, and that it is proper that such adoption shall take effect, such court shall make an order, reciting said facts that, from and after the date thereof, such child shall be deemed, to all legal intents and purposes, the child of the petitioners ; and by such order the name of such child may be changed to that of the parents by adoption. Sec. 4024. A child so adopted, shall be deemed for the purposes of inheritance and succes- sion by such child, custody of the person and right of obedience by such parents by adoption, and all other legal consequences and incidents of the natural relation of parents and children, the same to all intents and purposes as if such child had been born in lawful wedlock of such parents by adoption, excepting that such child shall not be capable of taking property expressly limited to the heirs of the body of such parents. The natural parents of such child shall be deprived, by such order of adoption, of all legal rights whatsoever, respecting such child, and such child shall be freed from all legal obligations of maintenance and obedience to such natural parents. INTEREST. The legal rate of interest is 7 per cent. A higher rate of interest, not exceeding 10 per cent, may be contracted for, but the same must be clearly expressed in writing. If a higher rate than 10 per cent is collected or paid, the party so paying may, by himself or his legal rep- resentative, recover treble the amount so paid above the 10 per cent, if the action is brought within one year, and all bills, notes, or other contracts whatsoever, whereby a higher rate than 10 per cent is secured, shall be liable for the principal sum, but no interest shall be recovered. JURISDICTION OF COURTS. The Circuit Courts have general jurisdiction over all civil and criminal actions within their respective circuits, subject to a re-examination by the Supreme Court. The County Courts shall have jurisdiction over the probate matters in their respective counties, and shall have exclusive appellate jurisdiction in the counties of Brown, Dodge, Fond du Lac, Milwaukee and Winnebago in all cases of appeals from Justices of the Peace in civil actions, and all cases commenced in Justices' Courts therein, there shall be an answer put in, showing that the title of lands will come in question. And such Courts shall have concurrent and equal jurisdiction in all civil actions and pro- ceedings with the Circuit Courts of said counties to the following extent respectively : The County Court of Brown, when the value of the property in controversy, after deduct- ing all payments and set-offs, shall not exceed five thousand dollars. The County Court of Dodge County, when such value shall not exceed twenty-five thousand dollars. ' 278 niSTOEY OF WISCONSIN. The County Court of Fond du Lac, when such value shall not exceed twenty thousand dollars. The County Court of Milwaukee, when such value does not exceed five million dollars. The County of Winnebago, when such value does not exceed twenty thousand dollars. They shall have jurisdiction of all actions for foreclosure where the value does not exceed the above amounts, and of all actions for divorce or for affirmation or annullment of marriage contract. Justices of the Peace have jurisdiction in civil matters where two hundred dollars or less are involved. The criminal jurisdiction of Justices extends to all cases where the fine is one hundred dol- lars, or the imprisonment six months. JURORS. All persons who are citizens of the United States, and qualified electors of the State shall be liable to be drawn as jurors, except as provided as follows: The following persons shall be exempt from serving as jurors: All officers of the United States, the Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Secretary of State,, Attorney General, State Superintendent and Treasurer ; all Judges, Clerks of Courts of Record ; all county officers. Constables, attorneys and counselors at law, ministers of the Gospel of any religious society, practicing physicians, surgeons, dentists, and the President, professors and instructors of the University and their assistants, and of the several colleges and incorporated academies ; all teachers of the State Normal Schools, one teacher in each common school, the officers and employes of the several State institutions,^ one miller in each grist-mill, one ferry- man at each licensed ferry, one dispensing druggist in each prescription drug-store, all telegraph operators and superintendents, conductors, engineers, firemen, collectors and station-agents of any railroad or canal, while in actual employment as such ; all officers of fire departments, and all active members of fire companies organized according to law ; all persons more than sixty years of age, and all persons of unsound mind or subject to any bodily infirmity amounting to^ disability ; all persons who have been convicted of any infamous crime, and all persons who have served at any regular term of the Circuit Court as a grand or petit juror within one year, except he shall be summoned on a special venire or as a talesman. CAPITAL PUNISHMENT. Capital punishment has been abolished in this State. WOLF SCALPS. A bounty of five dollars is paid for each wolf scalp. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. Whenever either of the articles, as commodities hereafter mentioned, shall be sold by the bushel, and no special agreement as to measure or weight thereof shall be made by the parties,, the measure shall be ascertained by weight, and shall be computed as follows: Sixty pounds for a bushel of wheat, clover seed, potatoes or beans. Fifty pounds for a bushel of green apples ; fifty-six pounds for a bushel of rutabagas, flax- seed, rye or Indian corn shelled, and seventy pounds of Indian corn unshelled; fifty pounds for a bushel of rape seed, buckwheat, beets, carrots or onions ; forty-eight pounds for a bushel of barley ; forty-five pounds for a bushel of timothy seed ; forty-four pounds for a bushel of pars- nips ; forty-two pounds for a bushel of common flat turnips ; thirty-two pounds for a bushel of oats ; and twenty-eight pounds for a bushel of dried apples or dried peaches. ABSTRACT OF LAWS. 279 No person shall sell, buy or receive in store any grain at any weight or measure per bushel other than the standard weight or measure per bushel fixed by law ; and, for any violation, the offender shall forfeit not less than five nor more than fifty dollars. DAMAGES FOR TRESPASS. Any person who shall willfully, maliciously or wantonly destroy, remove, throw down or injure any fence, hedge or wall inclosing any orchard, pasture, meadow, garden, or any field whatever on land belonging to or lawfully occupied by another, or open and leave open, throw down, injure, remove or destroy any gate or bars in such fence, hedge or wall, or cut down, root up, sever, injure, destroy or carry away when severed, any fruit, shade, ornamental or other tree, or any shrub, root, plant, fruit, flower, grain or other vegetable production, or dig up, sever or carry away any mineral, earth or stone, or tear down, mutilate, deface or injure any building, signboard, fence or railing, or sever and carry away any part thereof, standing or being upon the land of another or held in trust, or who shall willfully, maliciously or wantonly cut down, root up, injure, destroy or remove or carry away any fruit, ornamental or other tree, or any shrub, fruit, flower, vase or statue, arbor, or any ornamental structure, standing or being in any street or public ground in any city or village, in any private inclosure or highway, or destroy, remove, mutilate or injure any milestone or board, or any guide-post or board erected in any highway or public way, or on any turnpike, plank-road or railroad, or deface or obliterate any device or inscrip- tion thereon, or cut down, break down, remove, mutilate or injure any monument erected or tree marked for the purpose of designating the boundaries of any town or tract of land or subdivision thereof, or deface or obliterate any figures, letters, device or inscription thereon, made for such purpose, or break, remove, destroy or injure any post, guard, railing or lamp-post or lamp thereon, erected or being on any bridge, street, sidewalk, alley, court, passage, park, public ground, highway, turnpike, plank or rail road, or extinguish or break any lamp on any such lamp-post, or tear, deface, mutilate or injure any book, map, pamphlet, chart, picture or other property belonging to any public library, or take and carry away the same with intent to con- vert to his own use, or shall injure or destroy, any personal property of another, shall be pun- ished by imprisonment in the county jail not more than six months, or by fine not exceeding one hundred dollars. Any person who shall willfully, maliciously or wantonly kill, maim, mutilate, disfigure or injure any horse, mule, cattle, sheep or other domestic animal of another, or administer poison to such animal, or expose any poison, with intent that the same may be taken or swallowed by such animal ; and any person who shall overdrive, overwork, overload, maim, wound, torture, torment, cruelly beat or kill any such animal belonging to himself or another, or being the owner or having the care or charge thereof, shall fail to provide necessary food, water or shelter for any such animal, or who shall turn out and abandon, without proper care and protection, or cruelly work any such animal when old, diseased, disabled or unfit for work, or shall carry or confine any live animal, fowl or bird, in a cruel or inhuman manner, or who shall cause, prociire or abet any cruelty above mentioned, or the fighting or baiting of bulls, dogs or cocks, shall be punished by imprisonment in the county jail not more than six months or by fine not exceeding one hun- dred dollars. ESTRAYS. No stray, except horses and mules, shall be taken up by any person not a resident of the town in which it is found ; nor unless it is found upon land owned or occupied by him. Every finder for a stray must notify the owner, if he is known, within seven days, and request him to pay all reasonable charges and take the stray away. If the owner is not known, he must file a notice with the Town Clerk within ten days, who shall transmit a copy thereof to the County Clerk. If the stray is not worth five dollars, the finder shall post a copy of such notice in two pub- lic places in such town ; if it exceed five dollars in value, he shall publish such notice four 280 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. successive weeks either in some newspaper published in the county or in an adjoining county, if one be published nearer his residence than any published in his county ; but if no newspaper is pub- lished within twenty miles of his residence, then he must post such notice in three public places in his county. Such notice shall describe the stray by giving its marks, natural or artificial, as near as possible, the name and resideface of the finder, specifying the section and town, and the time when such stray was taken up. For neglect to post up or publish as required, the finder shall be liable to double the amount of damages sustained by the owner. For neglect to post or publish for one year, the finder shall be liable for its full value, to be recovered in the name of the town, and the amount recovered to be added to the school fund of such town. The finder shall, within one month, cause the stray to be appraised by a Justice of the Peace and a certificate of such appraisal signed by such Justice filed in the Town Clerk's oflSce. The finder shall pay the Justice fifty cents for such certificate, and ten cents per mile for each mile necessarily traveled to make the same. The owner may have the same restored to him any time within one year after such notice is filed in the town Clerk's ofiice, by proving that the stray belongs to him, and paying all lawful charges incurred in relation to the same. If the owner and finder cannot agree as to the charges, either party, on notice to the other, may apply to a Justice of such town to settle the same, who, for that purpose, may examine witnesses upon oath, and the amount found due, with the costs, shall be a lien upon such stray. If no owner applies for the return of such stray, as pro- vided, and the same is not worth more than ten dollars, it shall become the absolute property of such finder ; but if the appraisal shall exceed ten dollars, it shall be sold at public auction by the Sheriif or any Constable of the county, on the request of the finder, and he shall be entitled to one-half the proceeds, and the other half shall be paid to the Treasurer of the town within ten days. If the finder shall neglect or refuse to cause such sale, he shall pay to the town the value of such stray, to be recovered by the town. If any person, without the consent of the owner, shall take away such stray, without first paying the lawful charges, he shall be liable to the finder for the value of such stray. If the finder shall neglect to do any act prescribed above, he shall be precluded from acquiring any right in such stray, and from receiving any charges or expenses relative thereto. FENCES. The Overseers of Highways in their respective towns, the Aldermen of cities in their respective wards, and the Trustees of villages in their respective villages, shall be Fence Viewers, and in towns having less than three, road districts, the Supervisors shall be Fence Viewers. All fences four and a half feet high, and in good repair, consisting of rails, timber, boards or stone walls, or any combination thereof, and all brooks, rivers, ponds, creeks, ditches and hedges or other things which shall be considered equivalent thereto, in the judgment of the Fence Viewers, within whose jurisdiction the same may be, shall be deemed legal and sufficient fences. Every partition of a fence, or line upon which a fence is to be built, made by the owners of the adjoining lands, in writing, sealed and witnessed by two witnesses, or by Fence Viewers in writing, under their hands, after being recorded in the Town Clerk's office, shall oblige such owners and their heirs, as long as they remain owners, and after parting with the ownership, until a new partition is made. A division of a partition fence, or line upon which a partition fence between adjoining lands shall be built, may be made by Fence Viewers in the following cases : 1. When any owner of uninclosed lands shall desire to inclose the same, he may have the line between his land and the adjoining land of any other person divided, and the portion upon which the respective owners shall erect their share of the partition fence assigned, whether such adjoining land be inclosed or not. 2. When any lands belonging to difl"erent persons in severalty, shall have been occupied in common, or without a partition fence between them, and one of the occupants shall be desirous ABSTRACT OF LAWS. 281 to occupy his part in severalty, and the others shall refuse or neglect, on demand, to divide with him the line where the fence ought to be built, or to build a sufficient fence on his part of the line, when divided, the occupant desiring it may have the same divided, and the share of each assigned. 3. When any controversy shall arise about the right of the respective occupants in parti- tion fences, or their obligations to maintain the same, either party may have the line divided, and the share of each assigned. In either case, application may be made to two or more Fence Viewers of the town where the lands lie, who shall give reasonable notice in writing to each party, and they shall in writing under their hands, divide the partition fence or line, and assign to each owner or occupant his share thereof, and in the second and third cases direct within what time each party shall build or repair his share of the fence, having regard to the season of the year, and shall file such deci- sion in the Town Clerk's office. If either party shall neglect or refuse to build or repair within the time so assigned, his part of the fence, the other may, after having completed his own part, build or repair such part, and recover doublo the expense thereof Where the whole or a greater share than belongs to him has been built by one of the occu- pants, before complaint to the Fence Viewers, the other shall be obliged to pay for his share of such fence. Where Tininclosed land is afterward inclosed, the owner shall pay for one-half the partition fence upon the line between him and any other owner or occupant. If any person shall determine not to keep inclosed any part of his land adjoining any par- tition fence, and shall give six months' notice of such determination to all adjoining occupants, he shall not be required to maintain any part of such fence during the time his lands shall lie open. LANDLORD AND TENANT. The common law right to destrain for rent is abolished. The atonement of a tenant to a stranger shall be absolutely void, and shall not in anywise effect the possession of his landlord, unless it be made 1. With the consent of the landlord ; or 2. Pursuant to, or in consequence of, a judgment or order of a court of competent juris- diction; or 3. To a purchaser upon a judicial sale, who shall have acquired title to the lands by a conveyance thereof, after the period for redemption, if any, has expired. A tenancy, a will or sufferance may be determined by the landlord, giving one month's notice to quit, or the tenant giving one month's notice of his intention to quit, or if the terms of payment are for less than a month, notice equal to the time between payments, or for non-payment of rent, fourteen days' notice to quit. Such notice shall be served by delivering the same to such tenant, or to some person of proper age residing on the premises, or if no such person can be found, by affixing the same in a conspicuous part of the premises, where it may be conveniently read, and, at the expi- ration of the time required after the service of such notice, the landlord may re-enter, or main- tain an action for the recovery of the possession thereof, or proceed in the manner prescribed by law to remove such tenant without further or other notice to quit. If, after giving notice of deter- mination to quit, the tenant neglects or refuses to deliver up the premises, he shall be liable to double the rent agreed upon, to be collected the same as single rent. . MARKS AND BRANDS. Every Town Clerk shall, on application of any person residing in his town, record a description of the marks or brands with which such person may be desirous of marking his horses, cattle, sheep or hogs ; but the same description shall not be recorded or used by more than one resident of the same town. If any person shall mark any of his horses, cattle, sheep 282 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. or hogs, with the same mark or brand previously recorded by any resident of the same town and while the same mark or brand shall be used by such resident, he shall forfeit for every such offense $5 ; if any person shall -willfully mark or brand any of the horses, cattle, sheep or hogs, of any other person with his mark or brand, he shall forfeit for every such offense $10 ; and, if any person shall willfully destroy or alter any mark or brand upon any of the horses, cattle, sheep or hogs of another, he shall forfeit $10, and pay to the party injured double damages. SURVEYORS AND SURVEYS. A County Surveyor is elected every two years. The surveyor may appoint and remove depiities at will, on filing a certificate thereof with the County Clerk. He shall be responsible on his bond for the faithful performance by every deputy of his duties. It shall be the duty of the County Surveyor : (1.) To execute, himself or by his deputy, any survey which may be required of him by order of court, or upon application of any individual or corporation. (2.) To make a record of the plat and field notes of each survey made by him or his deputies, in record books kept therefor, and to so arrange or index the same as to be easy of reference, and to file and preserve in his office the original field notes and calculations thereof. (3.) To safely keep all books, records, plats, files, papers and property belonging to his office ; afford opportunity to examine the same to any person desiring, and deliver the same to his successor in office. (4.) To furnish a copy of any record, plat or paper in his office, to any person on demand and payment of his legal fees therefor. (5.) To administer to every chainman and marker assisting in any survey, before com- mencing their duties as such, an oath or affirmation faithfully and impartially to discharge the duties of chainman or marker, as the case may be ; and the surveyor and his deputies are empowered to administer the same. (6.) To perform such other duties as may be required by law. The surveyor and his deputies may demand and receive the following fees, except it be other- wise agreed upon with the parties employing them, to wit : For each day's service, $3. For each mile traveled in going from his office to the place of rendering service and return- ing, 10 cents. For plat and certificate, except town plats, 50 cents. For recording a survey, 60 cents. For each chainman and marker necessarily employed, $1.50 per day, unless they be fur- nished by the person for whom the survey is made. For making a copy, 10 cents a folio, and 25 cents for his certificate. * SUPPORT OF THE POOR. Every town shall relieve and support all poor and indigent persons lawfully settled therein, whenever they shall stand in need thereof, excepting as follows : The father, mother and children, being of sufficient ability, of any poor person, who is blind, old, lame, impotent or decrepit, so as to be unable to maintain himself, shall, at their own charge, relieve and maintain such poor person in such manner as shall be approved by the Super- visors of the town where such person may be, and, upon the failure of any suc5h relative so to do, the Supervisors shall apply to the County Judge for an order to compel such relief Legal settlement may be acquired by one year's residence in a town of this State. ABSTEACT " OF ' LAWS. 283 MARRIED WOMEN. In Wisconsin, the marriage of a femme sole, executrix or administratrix, extinguishes her authority ; and of a female ward, terminates the guardianship as to custody of person, but not as to estate. The husband holds his deceased wife's lands for life, unless she left, by a former husband, issue to whom the estate might descend. Provisions exist by which powers may be given to married women, and regulating their execution of them. If husband and wife are impleaded, and the husband neglects to defend the rights of the wife, she applying before judg- ment, may defend without him ; and, if he lose her land, by default, she may bring an action for ejectment after his death. The real estate of females married before, and the real and per- sonal property of those after February 21, 1850, remain their separate property. And any married woman may receive, but not from her husband, and hold any property as if unmarried. She may insure the life of her husband, son, or any other person, for her own exclusive benefit. The property of the wife remains to her separate use, not liable for her husband's debts, and not subject to his disposal. She may convey her separate property. If her husband desert her, or neglect her, she may become a sole trader; and she may insure his life for her benefit. Her husband is not liable for her debts contracted before marriage ; the individual earnings of the wife are her separate property, and she may sue, and be sued alone, in regard to the same. She may make and hold deposits in savings-banks. She may, by a separate conveyance, release her dower in, any lands which her husband has conveyed. If a woman has authority, she can transact all her husband's business for him ; and while they live together, the wife can buy all family things necessary for the support of the family, and for which he is liable. The husband is responsible for necessaries supplied to his wife, if he does not supply them himself ; and he continues so liable, if he turns her out of his house, or otherwise separates him- self from her without good cause. But he is not so liable, if she deserts him (unless on extreme provocation), or if he turns her away for good cause. If she leaves him, because he treats her so ill, that she has good right to go from him, this is the same thing as turning her away, and she carries with her his credit for all necessaries supplied to her ; but what the misconduct must be, to give this right, is uncertain. In America the law must be, and undoubtedly is, that the wife is not obliged to stay and endure cruelty and indecency. If a man lives with a woman as his wife, and represents her to be so, he is responsible, the same as if she were his wife, even if it is known that she is not his wife. ACTIONS. AH distinctions have been abolished, and there is now but one form, which must be prose- cuted in the name of the real party in interest, except in case of executors, administrators and trustees, and which is begun by the service of a summons on the defendant, to be answered within twenty days. ARREST. Defendant may be arrested : 1. In an action to recover damages not on contract, where the defendant is a non-resident, or is about to remove from the State, or where the action is for injury to the person or character, or for injury to, or wrong taking, detaining or converting property, or in an action to recover damages for property taken under false pretenses. ^. In an action for a fine or penalty or for money received or property embezzled or iraudulently misapplied by a public ofiicer or attorney, solicitor, or counsel or officer of a corpora- tion as such, or factor agent or broker, or for misconduct or neglect in official or professional employment. „, ?■ I"! ^'H action to recover property unjustlv detained where it is so concealed that the bheriff cannot find the same. 284 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 4. Where the defendant was guilty of fraud in contracting the debt, or in conceahng or disposing of the property for the taking, detaining or disposing of which the action is brought. An affidavit must be made on the part of the plaintiff, stating the cause of action and one of the above causes. ATTACHMENT is allowed on an affidavit that the defendant is indebted to plaintiff, and stating the amount and that it is due on contract ; and, 1. That defendant has absconded, or is about to abscond, or is concealed to the injury of his creditors. 2. That defendant has assigned, disposed or concealed his property or is about to do so with intent to defraud creditors. 3. That the defendant has removed, or is about to remove, his property from the State with intent to defraud creditors. 4. That the debt was fraudulently contracted. 5. That he is a non-resident. 6. Or a foreign corporation. 7. That he has fraudulently conveyed or disposed of his property with intent to defraud creditors. The amount sued for must exceed $50. GARNISHMENT is allowed on an affidavit on behalf of the creditor, that he believes that any third person (naming him) has property effects, or credits of defendant, or is indebted to him, also in execution, on a similar affidavit. JUDGMENT is a lien on real estate in the county where rendered from the date of docketing, and in other counties from the time of filing a transcript, and the lien continues for ten years. It beara interest at 7 per cent, or as high as 10 per cent if stipulated for in the contract. STAY LAWS. In Justices' Courts, on giving bond with surety within five days after judgment was ren- dered, stay of execution is allowed, as follows : On sums not exceeding $10, exclusive of costs, one month ; between $10 and $30, twa months ; between $30 and $50, three months ; over $50, four months. EXEMPTIONS. A homestead not exceeding forty acres, used for agriculture and a residence, and not included in a town plat or a city or village ; or, instead, one-quarter of an acre in a recorded town plat, city or village. Also, 1, Family Bible ; 2, Family pictures and school-books ; 3, Private library ; 4, Seat or pew in church ; 5, Right of burial ; 6, Wearing-apparel, beds, bed- steads and bedding, kept and used in the family, stoves and appurtenances, put up and used, cooking utensils and household furniture to the value of $200, one gun, rifle or fire-arm to the value of $50 ; 7, Two cows, ten swine, one yoke of oxen and one horse or mule, or, in lieu thereof, a span of horses or mules, ten sheep and the wool therefrom, necessary food for exempt stock for one year, provided or growing or both, one wagon, cart or dray, one sleigh, one plow, one drag and other farm utensils, including tackle for the teams to the value of $50 ; 8, Provis- ions and fuel for the family for one year ; 9, Tools and implements or stock-in-trade of a. ABSTEACT OF LAWS. 285 mechanic or miner, used and kept, not exceeding $200 in value, library and implements of a professional man to the value of $200 ; 10, Money arising from insurance of exempt property destroyed by fire; 11, Inventions for debts against the inventor; 12, Sewing-machines; 13. Sword, plate, books or articles presented by Congress or Legislature of a State ; 14, Printing- material and presses to the value of $1,500 ; 15, Earnings of a married person necessary for family support for sixty days previous to issuing process. LIMITATIONS OF ACTIONS. Keal actions, twenty years ; persons under disabilities, five years after removal of the same. Judgments of Courts of Record of the State of Wisconsin and sealed instruments when the cause accrues within the^tate, twenty years. Judgments of other Courts of Record and sealed instruments accruing without the State, ten years. Other contracts, statute liabilities other than penalties and forfeitures, trespass on real property, trover detinue and replevin, nx years. Actions against Sherifis, Coroners and Constables, for acts done in their ofiBcial capacity, except for escapes, three years. Statutory penalties and forfeitures, libel, slander, assault, battery and false imprisonment, two years. Actions against Sheriffs, etc., for escapes, one year. Persons under disabilities, except infants, may bring action after the disability ceases, provided the period is not extended more ih^Tifive years, and infants one year after coming of age. Actions by representatives of deceased persons, one year from death ; against the same, one year from granting letters testamentary or of administration. New promise must be in writing. COMMERCIAL TERMS. $ — Means- dollars, being a contraction of U. S., which was formerly placed before any denomination of money, and meant, as it means now, United States currency. £ — M.ez.ns pounds, English money. @ — Stands for at or to ; lb for pounds, and bbl. for barrels ; ^ for per, or hy the. Thus : Butter sells at 20@30c f Bb, and Flour at $8@12 '^ bbl. % for per cent., and # for numbers. May 1. Wheat sells at $1.20@$1.25, " seller June." Seller June means that the person who sells the wheat has the privilege of delivering it at any time during the month of June. Selling short is contracting to deliver a certain amount of grain or stock at a fixed price, within a certain length of time, when the seller has not the stock on hand. It is for the interest of the person selling short to depress the market as much as possible, in order that he may buy and fill his contract at a profit. Hence the " shorts " are termed " bears." Buying long is to contrive to purchase a certain amount of grain or shares of stock at a fixed price, deliverable within a stipulated time, expecting to make a profit by the rise in prices. The "longs " are termed " bulls," as it is for their interest to " operate " so as to " toss " the prices upward as much as possible. SUGGESTIONS TO THOSE PURCHASING BOOKS BY SUBSCRIPTION. The business of publishing books by subscription having so often been brought into disre- pute by agents making representations and declarations not authorized by the publisher, in order to prevent that as much as possible, and that there may be more general knowledge of the relation such agents bear to their principal, and the law governing such cases, the following statement is made: A subscription is in the nature of a contract of mutual promises, by which the subscriber agrees to pay a certain sum for the work described ; the consideration is concurrent that the publisher shall publish the book named, and deliver the same, for which the subscriber is to pay the price named. The nature and character of the work is described by the prospectus and sample shown. These should be carefully examined before subscribing, as they are the 286 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 'basis and consideration of the promise to pay, and not the too often exaggerated statements of the agent, who is merely employed to solicit subscriptions, for which he is usually paid a com- mission for each subscriber, and has no authority to change or alter the conditions upon which the subscriptions are authorized to be made by the publisher. Should the agent assume to agree to make the subscription conditional or modify or change the agreement of the publisher as set out by the prospectus and sample, in order to bind the principal, the subscriber should see that such condition or changes are stated over or in connection with his signature, so that the publisher may have notice of the same. All persons making contracts in reference to matters of this kind, or any other business, should remember that the law as written is, that they cannot be altered, varied or rescinded verbally, but, if done at all, must be done in writing. It is therefore important that all persons contemplating subscribing should distinctly understand that all talk before or after the sub- scription is made, is not admissible as evidence, and is no part of the contract. Persons employed to solicit subscriptions are known to the trade as canvassers. They are agents appointed to do a particular business in a prescribed mode, and have no authority to do it in any other way to the prejudice of their principal, nor can they bind their principal in any other matter. They cannot collect money, or agree that payment may be made in anything ■else but money. They cannot extend the time of payment beyond the time of delivery, nor bind their principal for the payment of expenses incurred in their business. It would save a great deal of trouble, and often serious loss, if persons, before signing their names to any subscription book, or any written instrument, would examine carefully what it is ; if they cannot read themselves call on some one disinterested who can. CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF WISCONSIN. CONDENSED. PREAMBLE. We, the People of Wisconsin, grateful to Almighty God for our freedom; in order to secure its blessings, form a more perfect government, insure domestic tranquillity, and promote the general welfare, do establish this Constitution. Article I. DECLARATION OF RIGHTS. Section 1. All men are born free and independent, and have, among other rights, those of hfe, liberty and pursuit of happiness. Governments are instituted to secure these rights. Sec. 2. There shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except for the punish- ment of crimes. Sec. 3. Liberty of speech and of the press shall not be abridged. Sec. 4. The right of the people to peaceably assemble to consult for the common good shall never be abridged. Sec. 5. The right of trial by jury shall remain inviolate. Sec. 6. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel pun- ishments inflicted. Sec. 7. In criminal prosecutions, the rights of the accused shall be protected. Sec. 8. Criminal oifenses shall be prosecuted on presentment of a grand jury. No one shall be twice put in jeopardy for the same offense, nor be compelled to be a witness against himself. Every one shall have the right of giving bail except in capital offenses ; and the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, except in case of rebellion or invasion. Sec. 9. Every person is entitled to a certain remedy for all injuries or wrongs. Sec. 10. Treason consists in levying war against the State, or giving aid and comfort ,to its enemies. Two witnesses are necessary to convict a person of the crime. Sec. 11. The people are to be secure against unreasonable searches and seizures. Sec. 12. Bills of attainder, ex post facto laws, or laws impairing obligation of contracts, shall never be passed. Sec. 13. No property shall be taken for public use without compensation. Sec. 14. All laws in the State are allodial. Feudal tenures are prohibited. Sec. 15. The rights of property are the same in resident aliens and citizens. Sec. 16. No person shall be imprisoned for debt. Sec. 17. Wholesome exemption laws shall be passed. Sec. 18. Liberty of conscience and rights of worship shall never be abridged. The public money shall never be applied to sectarian uses. Sec. 19. No religious test shall ever be required as a qualification for any ofllce. 287 288 ' HISTORY or WISCONSIN. Sec. 20. The military shall be in strict subordination to the civil power. Sec. 21. Writs of error shall never be prohibited by law. Sec. 22. A free government can only be maintained by adhering to justice, moderation, temperance, frugality and virtue. Article II. BOUNDARIES. Section 1. The boundary of the State, beginning at the northeast corner of the State of Illinois, runs with the boundary line of Michigan, through Lake Michigan and Green Bay, to the mouth of the Menominie River ; up that stream and the Brule River to Lake Brule ; along the southern shore of that lake to the Lake of the Desert ; thence in a direct line to the head of Montreal River; down the main channel of that stream to the middle of Lake Superior; thence through the center of said lake to the mouth of St. Louis River ; up the channel of that stream to the first rapids ; thence due south to the main branch of the St. Croix ; down that river and the Mississippi to the northwest corner of Illinois ; thence due east with the northern boundary of that State to the place of beginning. Sec. 2. The propositions in the enabling act of Congress are accepted and confirmed. Article III. SUFFRAGE. Section 1. The qualified electors are all male persons twenty-one years of age or upward, who are (1.) white citizens of the United States ; (2.) who are white persons of foreign birth that have declared their intentions, according to law, to become citizens ; (3) who are persons of Indian blood and citizens of the United States ; and (4.) civilized Indians not members of any tribe. Sec. 2. Persons under guardianship, such as are non compus mentis or insane, and those convicted of treason and felony and not pardoned, are not qualified electors. Sec. 3. All votes shall be by ballot, except for township oflBcers when otherwise directed by law. Sec. 4. No person shall be deemed to have lost his residence by reason of his absence on business for the State or United States. Sec. 5. No person in the army or navy shall become a resident of the State in conse- quence of being stationed therein. Sec. 6. Persons convicted of bribery, larceny or any infamous crime, or those who bet on elections, may be excluded by law from the right of suffrage. Article IV. legislative. Section 1. The Legislative power is vested in a Senate and Assembly. Sec. 2. Members of the Assembly shall never number less than fifty-four, nor more than one hundred; of the Senate, not more than one-third, nor less than one-fourth of the mem- bers of the Assembly. _ . Sec. 3. Census shall be taken, every ten years, of the inhabitants of the State, beginning with 1855, when a new apportionment of members of the Senate and Assembly shall be made ; also, after each United States census. Sec. 4. Members of the Assembly shall be chosen on the Tuesday succeeding the first Monday of November of each year. Sec. 5. Members of the Senate shall be elected for two years, at the same time and in the same manner as members of the Assembly. CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF WISCONSIN. 289 Sec. 6. No person shall be eligible to the Legislature, unless a resident of the State one year, and a qualified elector. Sec. 7. Each House shall be the judge of the qualifications of its members. A majority shall be necessary to form a quorum. Sec. 8. Each House shall make its own rules. Sec. 9. Each House shall choose its own officers. Sec. 10. Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings. Sec. 11. The Legislature shall meet at the seat of government once a year. Sec. 12. No member shall be eligible to any other civil office in the State, during the term for which he was elected. Sec. 13. No member shall be eligible to any office of the United States, during the term for which he was elected. Sbc. 14. Writs of election, to fill vacancies in either House, shall be issued by the Gov- ernor. Sec. 15. Except treason, felony and breach of the peace, members are privileged from arrest in all cases; nor subject to any civil process during a session. Sec. 16. Members are not liable for words spoken in debate. Sec. 17. The style of all laws shall be, " The people of the State of Wisconsin rep- resented in Senate and Assembly, do enact as follows : " Sec. 18. Private or local bills shall not embrace more than one subject. Sec. 19. Bills may originate in either House, and a bill passed by one House may be amended by the other. Sec. 20. Yeas and nays, at the request of one-sixth of the members present, shall be entered on the journal. Sec. 21. [Each member shall receive, as an annual compensation, three hundred and fifty dollars and ten cents for each mile traveled in going to and returning from the seat of gov- ernment]. As amended in 1867. ♦ Sec. 22. Boards of Supervisors may be vested with powers of a local, legislative and administrative character, such as shall be conferred by the Legislature. Sec. 23. One system only, of town and county government, shall be established by the Legislature. Sec. 24. The Legislature shall never authorize any lottery, or grant any divorce. Sec. 25. Stationery, for State use and State printing, shall be let by contract to the low- est bidder. Sec. 26. Extra compensation to any public officer shall not be granted after service is rendered, nor shall his compensation be increased or diminished during his term of office. Sec. 27. The Legislature shall direct, by law, in what manner and in what Courts suits against the State may be brought. Sec. 28. Public officers shall all take an oath of office. Sec. 29. The Legislature shall determine what persons shall constitute the militia, and may provide for organizing the same. Sec. 30. Members of the Legislature shall vote viva voce in all elections made by them. Sec. 31. [Special legislation is prohibited (1) for changing the names of persons, or con- stituting one person the heir-at-law of another ; (2) for laying out, opening or altering high- ways, except in certain cases ; (3) for authorizing persons to keep ferries ; (4) for authorizing the sale of the property of minors ; (5) for locating a county seat ; (6) for assessment of taxes ; (7) for granting corporate powers, except to cities ; (8) for apportioning any part of the school rand; and (9) for incorporating any town or village, or to award the charter thereof]. Added by amendment, in 1871. Sec. 32. [General laws shall be passed for the transaction of any business prohibited by Section 21 of this Article.] Added by amendment, in 1871. 290 HISTORY or WISCONSIN. Article V. Section 1. The executive power shall be vested in a Governor, who shall hold Jiis office two years. A Lieutenant Governor shall be elected at the same time and for the same term. Sec. 2. Governor and Lieutenant Governor must be citizens of the United States, and qualified electors of the State. Sec. 3. Governor and Lieutenant Governor are elected at the times and places of choosinff members of the Legislature. Sec. 4. The Governor shall be (1) commander-in-chief of the military and naval forces of the State ; (2) he has power to convene the Legislature in extra session ; (3) he shall communi- cate to the Legislature all necessary information ; (4) he shall transact all necessary business with the officers of the State ; and (5) shall expedite all legislative measures, and see that thy laws are faithfully executed. Sec. 5. [The Governor's salary shall be five thousand dollars per annum.] As amended in 1869. Sec. 6. The Governor shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons. Sec. 7. The executive duties shall devolve upon the Lieutenant Governor when, from any cause, the executive office is vacated by the Governor. Sec, 8. The Lieutenant Governor shall be President of the Senate. The Secretary of State shall act as Governor when both the Governor and Lieutenant Governor are incapacitated from any causes to fill the executive office. Sec. 9. [The Lieutenant Governor shall receive a salary of one thousand dollars per annum.] As amended in 1869. Sec. 10. All legislative bills shall be presented to the Governor for his signature before they become laws. Bills returned by the Governor without his signature may become laws by agreement of two-thirds of the members present in each house. Article VI. ADMINISTKATION. Section 1. A Secretary of State, Treasurer and Attorney General shall be elected at the times and places of choosing members of the Legislature, who shall severally hold their offices for two years. Sec. 2. The Secretary of State shall keep a record of the official acts of the Legislature and Executive Department. He shall be iex officio Auditor. Sec. 3. The powers, duties and compensation of the Treasurer and Attorney General shall be prescribed by law. Sec. 4. Sherifis, Coroners, Registers of Deeds and District Attorneys shall be elected every two years. Article VII. JUDICIARY. Section 1. The Senate shall form the Court of Impeachment. Judgment shall not extend further than removal from office ; but the person impeached shall be liable to indictment, trial and punishment, according to law. Sec. 2. The judicial power of the State is vested in a Supreme Court, Circuit Courts, Courts of Probate, and in Justices of the Peace. Municipal courts, also, may be authorized. Sec. 3. The Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction only. Trial by jury is not allowed in any case. The CoUrt shall have a general superintending control over inferior courts, and power to issue writs of habeas corpus, mandamus, injunction, quo warranto, certiorari, and other original and remedial writs. CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF "WISCONSIN. 293 Sec. 4. [The Supreme Court shall consist of one Chief Justice, and four Associate Justices, each for the term of ten years.] As amended in 1877. Sec. 5. The State shall be divided into five Judicial Circuits. Sec. 6. The Legislature may alter the limits or increase the number of the circuits. Sec. 7. There shall be a Judge chosen for each Circuit, who shall reside therein ; his term of oflSce shall be six years. Sec. 8. The Circuit Courts shall liave original jurisdiction in all matters civil and crim- inal, not excepted in this Constitution, and not prohibited hereafter by law, and appellate juris- diction from all inferior courts. They shall have power to issue writs of habeas corpus, man- damus, injunction, quo warranto, certiorari, and all other writs necessary to carry their orders and judgments into eflFect. Sec. 9. Vacancies in the office of Supreme or Circuit Judge shall be filled by the Gover- nor. Election for Judges shall not be at any general election, nor within thirty days before or after said election. Sec. 10. Judges of the Supreme and Circuit Courts shall receive a salary of not less than one thousand five hundred dollars, and shall hold no other office, except a judicial one, during the term for which they are respectively elected. Each Judge shall be a citizen of the United States, and have attained the age of twenty-five years. He shall also be a qualified elector within the jurisdiction for which he may be chosen. Sec. 11. The Supreme Court shall hold at least one term annually. A Circuit Court shall be held at least twice in each year, in each county of this State organized for judicial pur- Sec. 12. There shall be a Clerk of the Circuit Court chosen in each county, whose term of office shall be two years. The Supreme Court shall appoint its own Clerk. Sec. 13. Any Judge of the Supreme or Circuit Court may be removed from office by vote of two-thirds of all the members elected to both Senate and Assembly. Sec. 14. A Judge of Probate shall be elected in each county, who shall hold his office for two years. Sec. 15. Justices of the Peace shall be elected in the several towns, villages and cities of the State, in such manner as the Legislature may direct, whose term of office shall.be two years. Their civil and criminal jurisdiction shall be prescribed by law. Sec. 16. Laws shall be passed for the regulation of tribunals of conciliation. These may be established in and for any township. Sec. 17. The style of all writs and process shall be " The State of Wisconsin." Criminal prosecutions shall be carried on in the name and by authority of the State ; and all indictments shall conclude against the peace and dignity of the same. Sec. 18. A tax shall be imposed by the Legislature on all civil suits, which shall consti- tute a fund, to be applied toward the payment of the salary of Judges. Sec. 19. Testimony in equity causes shall be taken the same as in cases at law. The office of Master in Chancery is prohibited. Sec. 20. Any suitor may prosecute or defend his case in his own proper person, or by attorney or agent. Sec. 21. Statute laws and such judicial decisions as are deemed expedient, shall be pub- lished. No general law shall be in force until published. Sec. 22. The Legislature at its first session shall provide for the appointment of three Commissioners to revise the rules of practice in the several Courts of Record in the State. Sec. 23. The Legislature may confer judicial powers on one or more persons in each organized county of the State. Powers granted to such Commissioners shall not exceed that of a Judge of a Circuit Court at chambers. 294: HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. Aeticle VIII. FINANCE. Section 1. Taxation shall be uniform, and taxes shall be levied upon such property as the Legislature may prescribe. Sec. 2. [No money shall be paid out of the treasury except in pursuance of an appro- priation by law. Claims made against the State must be filed within six years after having accrued.] As amended in 1877. Sec. 3. The credit of the State shall never be given or loaned in aid of any individual association or corporation. Sec. 4. The State shall never contract any public debt, except in the cases and manner provided in this Constitution. Sec. 5. A tax shall be levied each year sufficient to defray estimated expenses. Sec. 6. Debts not to exceed one hundred thousand dollars may be contracted by the State which shall be paid within five years thereafter. Sec. 7. The Legislature may borrow money to repel invasion, suppress insurrection or defend the State in time of war. Sec. 8. All fiscal laws in the Legislature shall be voted on by yeas and nays. Sec. 9. State scrip shall not be issued except for such debts as are authorized by the sixth and seventh sections of this article. Sec. 10. No debt for internal improvements shall be contracted by the State. Article IX. EMINENT domain AND PROPERTY OP THE STATE. Section 1. The State shall have concurrent jurisdiction on all rivers and lakes border- ing on Wisconsin. Sec. 2. The title to all property which has accrued to the Territory of Wisconsin shall vest in the State of Wisconsin. Sec. 3. The ultimate property in and to all lands of the State is possessed by the people. Article X. EDUCATION. Section 1. The supervision of public instruction shall be vested in a State Superintend- ent and such other officers as the Legislature shall direct. The annual compensation of the State Superintendent shall not exceed twelve hundred dollars. Sec. 2. The school fund to support and maintain common schools, academies and nor- mal schools, and to purchase apparatus and libraries therefor, shall be created out of (l)-the proceeds of lands from the United States; (2) out of forfeitures and escheats; (3) out of moneys paid as exemptions from military duty ; (4) out of fines collected for breach of penal laws; (5) out of any grant to the State where the purposes of such grant are not specified; (6) out of the proceeds of the sale of five hundred thousand acres of land granted by Congress Sep- tember 14, 1841 ; and (7) out of the five per centum of the net proceeds of the public lands to which the State shall become entitled on her admission into the Union (if Congress shall con- sent to such appropriation of the two grants last mentioned.) Sec. 3. District schools shall be established by law which shall be free to all children be- tween the ages of four and twenty years. No sectarian instruction shall be allowed therein. Sec. 4. Each town and city shall raise for common schools therein by taxation a sum i to one-half the amount received from the school fund of the State. CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF WISCONSIN. 295 Skc. 5. Provisions shall be made by law for the distribution of the income of the school fund among the several towns and cities for the support of common schools therein ; but no appropriation shall be made when there is a failure to raise the proper tax, or when a school shall not have been maintained at least three months of the year. Sec. 6. Provision shall be made by law for the establishment of a State University. The proceeds of all lands granted for the support of a university by the United States shall consti- tute "the University fund," the interest of which shall be appropriated to the support of the State University. No sectarian instruction shall be allowed in such university. Sec. 7. The Secretary of State, Treasurer and Attorney General shall constitute a Board of Commissioners to sell school and university lands and for the investments of the proceeds thereof. Sec. 8. School and university lands shall be appraised and sold according to law. The Commissioners shall execute deeds to purchasers, and shall invest the proceeds of the sales of such lands in such manner as the Legislature shall provide. Article XI. CORPOKATIONS. Section 1. Corporations without banking powers may be formed under general laws, but shall not be created by special act, except for municipal purposes, and in cases where, in the judgment of the Legislature, the objects of the corporation cannot be attained under general laws. Sec. 2. No municipal corporation shall take private property for public use, against the consent of the owner, except by jury trial. Sec. 3. Cities and incorporated villages shall be organized, and their powers restricted by law so as to prevent abuses. [No county, city, town, village, school district, or other municipal corporation, shall become indebted to exceed five per centum on the value of the taxable property therein.] As amended in 1874. Sec. 4. Banks shall not be created except as provided in this article. Sec. 5. The question of " bank" or ''no bank " maybe submitted to the voters of the State; and if a majority of all the votes cast shall be in favor of banks, the Legislature shall have power to grant bank charters, or pass a general banking law. Article XII. Section 1. Amendments to the Constitution may be proposed in either house of the Legis- lature, and referred to the next Legislature and published for three months previous. If agreed to by a majority of all the members elected to each house, then the amendment or amendments shall submit them to the vote of the people ; and if the people shall approve and ratify such amendment or amendments, they shall become a part of the Constitution. Sec. 2. If a convention to revise or change the Constitution shall be deemed necessary by the Legislature, they shall recommend to the electors of the State to vote at the next general election for or against the same. If the vote shall be for the calling of such convention, then the Legislature, at its next session, shall provide for the same. Article XIII. MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS. Section 1. The political year for Wisconsin shall commence on the first Monday in Jan- uary in each year. General elections shall be holden on the Tuesday succeeding the first Monday in November. Sec. 2. A duelist shall not be qualified as an elector in this State. Sec. 3. United States ofiBcers (except Postmasters), public defaulters, or persons convicted of infamous crimes, shall not be eligible to ofiEce in this State. 296 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN'. Sec. 4. A great seal for the State shall be provided, and all official acts of the Governor (except his approbation of the laws), shall be authenticated thereby. Sec. 5. Residents on Indian lands may vote, if duly qualified, at the polls nearest their residence. Sec. 6. Elective officers of the Legislature, other than the presiding officers, shall be a Chief Clerk, and a Sergeant-at-Arms, to be elected by each House. Sec. 7. No county with an area of nine hundred square miles or less, shall be divided, without submitting the question to the vote of the people of the county. Sec. 8. [The Legislature is prohibited from enacting any special or private laws, for locating or changing any county seat.] See amendment adopted in 1871, as Sec. 31 (Subdivision 5) of Art. IV. Sec. 9. Officers not provided for by this Constitution shall be elected as the Legislature shall direct. Sec. 10. The Legislature may declare the cases in which any office shall be deemed vacant, and also the manner of filling the vacancy, where no provision is made for that purpose in this Constitution. Article XIV. SCHEDULE. Section 1. All rights under the Territorial govermnent are continued under the State government. Territorial processes are valid after the State is admitted into the Union. Sec. 2. Existing laws of the Territory of Wisconsin not repugnant to this Constitution shall remain in force until they expire by limitation or are altered or repealed. Sec. 3. All fines, penalties or forfeitures accruing to the Territory of Wisconsin shall inure to the use of the State. Sec. 4. Territorial recognizances, bonds and public property shall pass to and be vested in the State. Criminal prosecutions, oifenses committed against the laws, and all actions at law and suits in equity in the Territory of Wisconsin shall be contained in and prosecuted by the State. Sec. 5. Officers holding under authority of the United States or of the Territory of Wis- consin shall continue in office until superseded by State authority. Sec. 6. The first session of the State Legislature shall commence on the first Monday in June next, and shall be held at the village of Madison, which shall be and remain the seat of government until otherwise provided by law. Sec. 7. Existing county and town officers shall hold their offices until the Legislature of the State shall provide for the holding of elections to fill such offices. Sec. 8. A copy of this Constitution shall be transmitted to the President of the United States to be laid before Congress at its present session. Sec. 9. This Constitution shall be submitted to the vote of the people for ratification or rejection on the second Monday in March next. If ratified, an election shall be held for Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Treasurer, Attorney General, members of the State Legisla- ture and members of Congress, on the second Monday of May next. Sec. 10. \_Omitted. See Section 1, Chapter 3, Acts of Extra Session of 1878.] Sec. 11. The several elections provided for in this Article shall be conducted according to the existing laws of the Territory of Wisconsin. Sec. 12. [^Omitted. See Section 1, Chapter 3, Acts of Extra Session of 1878.] Sec. 13. The common law in force in the Territory of Wisconsin shall continue in force in the State until altered or suspended by the Legislature. Sec. 14. The Senators first elected in the even-numbered Senate districts, the Governor, Lieutenant Governor and other State officers first elected under this Constitution, shall enter upon their duties on the first Monday of June next, and hold their offices for one year from the first Monday of January next. The Senators first elected in the odd-numbered districts and the CONSTITUTIOK OF THE UNITED STATES. 297 members of the Assembly first elected shall enter upon their duties on the first Monday of June next, and continue in office until the first Monday in January next. Sec. 15. The oath of office may be administered by any Judge or Justice of the Peace, until the Legislature shall otherwise direct. We, the undersigned, members of the Convention to form a Constitution for the State of Wisconsin, to be submitted to the people thereof for their ratification or rejection, do hereby certify that the foregoing is the Constitution adopted by the Convention. In testimony whereof, we have hereunto set our hands, at Madison, the 1st day of Feb- ruary, A. D. 1848. Morgan L. Martin, President of the Convention and Delegate from Brown County. Thomas McHugh, Secretary. COIyTSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. CON"r)KN"SEr>. PREAMBLE. We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. ARTICLE I. Section 1. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. Sec. 2. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen every second year by the people of the States, and electors shall have qualifications for electors of the most numerous branch of the State Legislature. Representatives must be twenty-five years of age, and must have been seven years citizens of the United States, and inhabitants of the State in which they shall be chosen. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several States according to population, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, including apprentices and excluding Indians not taxed, thi-ee-fifths of all other persons. The enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meeting of Congress, and every ten years there- after in such manner as Congress shall by law direct. States shall have one Representative only fur each thirty thousand, but each State shall have at least one Representative ; and until such enumeration shall be made, New Hampshire shall choose three ; Massachusetts, eight ; Rhode Island, one; Connecticut, five; New York, six ; New Jersey, four ; Pennsylvania, eight; Del- aware, one ; Maryland, six ; Virginia, ten ; North Carolina, five ; South Carolina, five, and Georgia, three. Vacancies in the representation from any State shall be filled by elections, ordered by the executive authority of the State. ^98 HISTOEY OF WISCONSIN. The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and other officers, and shall have the sole power of impeachment. Sec. 3. The Senate shall be composed of two Senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof for six years ; and each Senator shall have one vote. Senators shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes immediately after assem- bling, in consequence of the first election. The first class shall vacate their seats at the expira- tion of the second year ; the second class, at the expiration of the fourth year, and the third class, at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one-third may be chosen every second year; and vacancies happening by resignation or otlierwise during the recess of the Legislature of any State may be filled by temporary appointments of the Executive until the next meeting of the Legislature. All Senators shall havo attained the age of thirty years, and shall have been nine years citizens of the United States, and shall be inhabitants of the State for which they shall be chosen. The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a President pro tempore, in the absence of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise the office of President, The Senate shall have the sole power to try impeachments. Wlren sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. , When the President is tried, the Chief Justice shall pre- side, and concurrence of two-thirds of the members present shall be necessary to conviction. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall be limited to removal from office and disqualifica- tion to hold any office under the United States ; but the party convicted shall be liable to trial and punishment according to law. Sec. 4. The Legislature of each State shall prescribe the times, places and manner of holding elections for Senators and Representatives, but Congress may make or alter such regu- lations, except as to the place of choosing Senators. Congress shall assemble annually, on the first Monday in December, unless a different day be appointed. Sec. 5. Each House shall be the judge of flie elections, returns and qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may compel attendance of absent members, under penalties. Each House may determine its own rules of proceeding, punish its members, and, by a two- thirds vote, expel a member. Each House shall keep a journal, which shall be published at their discretion, and one-fifth of those present may require the yeas and nays to be entered on the journal. Neither House shall adjourn for more than three days without the consent of the other, nor to any other place than that in which they are sitting. Sec. 6. The compensation of Senators and Representatives shall be fixed by law, and paid out of the Treasury of the United States. They shall be privileged from arrest during attendance at the session of their respective Houses, except for ti'eason, felony and breach of the peace, and shall not be questioned in any other place for any speech or debate in either House. No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be appomted to any civil office under the United States which shall have been created or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such time ; and no person holding office under the United States shall be a member of either House during his continuance in office. Sec. 7. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives, but may be amended by the Senate. Every bill passed by the House of Representatives and the Senate shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the President ; if he approve, he shall sign it ; but if not, he shall return CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 299 it, with his objections, to that House in which it originated, who shall enter the objections on their journal and proceed to reconsider it. If, after reconsideration, two-thirds shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, with the objections, to the other House, and, if approved by two- thirds of that House, it shall become a law. But in all such cases, the yeas and nays shall be taken, and entered upon the journal of each House, respectively. Any bill not returned by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, shsdl be a law, as if he had signed it, unless Congress, by adjournment, shall prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. Every order, resolution or vote requiring the concurrence of the Senate and House of Rep- resentatives (except a question of adjournment), shall be approved by the President before tak- ing effect ; or, being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by a two-thirds vote of each House, as in the case of a bill. Sec. 8. Congress shall have power : To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States ; but all duties, imposts and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States ; To borrow money on the public credit ; To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several States and with the Indian tribes ; To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of bank- ruptcies ; To coin money, regulate the value thereof and foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures; To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States ; To establish post oflSces and post roads ; To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries ; To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court ; To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and ofi"enses against the laws of nations ; To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water ; To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years ; To provide and maintain a navy ; To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces ; To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insur- rection and repel invasions ; To provide for organizing, arming and disciplining the militia, and for governing such parts of them as may be employed in the service of the United States — the several States to appoint the ofiBcers and to train the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress ; To exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases, over the seat of Government, and over all forts, magazines,' arsenals, dock -yards and other needful buildings ; and To make all laws necessary and proper for carrying into execution all powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof. Sec. 9. Foreign immigration or the importation of slaves into the States shall not be pro- hibited by Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed not exceeding ten dollars for each person so imported. The writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless required by the public safety in cases of rebellion or invasion. No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed. 300 HISTOEY OF WISCONSIN. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the census or enu- meration hereinbefore directed to be made. No tax or duty shall 'be laid on articles exported from any State. In regulating commerce or revenue, no preference shall be given to the ports of one State over those of another ; nor shall vessels bound to or from one State be obliged to enter, clear or pay duties in another. No money shall be drawn from the Treasury unless appropriated by law ; and accounts of the receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from time to time. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States ; and no person holding any oflSce under them shall accept any present, emolument, office or title from any foreign State, without the consent of Congress. Sec. 10. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance or confederation ; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; emit bills of credit; make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts ; pass bills of attainder, ex post facto laws, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except for the execution of its inspection laws ; and all such duties shall be for the use of the United States; and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of Congress. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another State or with a foreign power, or engage in war unless actually invaded or in imminent and immediate danger. Article II. Section 1. The execiitive power shall be vested in a President. He shall hold office for four years, and, together with the Vice President chosen for the same term, shall be elected as follows : Each State shall appoint in the manner directed by the Legislature, a number of electors equal to the whole number of its Senators and Representatives in Congress; but no Senator or Representative or person holding any office under the United States shall be appointed an elector. [2%e third clause of this section has been superseded and amended by the l£th Amendment.^ Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the day on which they shall give their votes, which day shall be the same throughout the United States. A natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, only shall be eligible to the office of President; and he must have attained the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within the United States. If the President be removed from office, die, resign, or become unable to discharge the duties of his office, the same shall devolve upon the Vice President, and Congress may provide by law for the case of removal, death, resignation or inability of both the President and Vice President, declaring what officer shall then act as President, and such officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be removed or a President elected.* The President shall receive a compensation for his services, which shall be neither increased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been electedf and within that period he shall not receive any other emolument from the United States Or from any of them. Before entering upon office he shall take the following oath or affirmation: "I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States." * By act of March 1, 1792, Congress provided for this contingency, designating the President of the Senate pro tempore, or if there be none the Speaker of the House of Representatives, to succeed to the chief Executive office in the event of a vacancy in the oflaces of both President and Vice President. t The President's salary was fixed February 18, 1793, at $25,000, and was increased March 3, 1873, to 850,000. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 301 Sec. 2. The President shall be the Commander-in-Chief of the army and navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several States, when in actual service of the United States; he may require the written opinion of the principal ofEcers of the several executive departments upon subjects relating to the duties of their respective offices, and shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against the United States, except in cases of impeachment. He shall have power, by and with the. advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators present concur, and shall nominate to the Senate ambassa- dors, other pubhc ministers and consuls, Judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States whose appointment is not otherwise provided for ; but Congress may vest the appointment of inferior officers in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments. The President may fill all vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which shall expire at the end of their next session. He shall, from time to time, give Congress information of the state of the Union, and recommend measures to their consideration ; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both Houses or either of them, and, in case of disagreement between them as to the time of adjourn- ment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper ; he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers ; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall com- mission all the officers of the United States. Sec. 4. The President, Vice President and all civil officers of the United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for and conviction of treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. Article III. Section 1. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as Congress may establish. The Judges, both of the Supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and shall receive a compensa- tion which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office. Sec. 2. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, treaties, cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction ; to controversies to which the United States shall be a party ; controversies between two or more States ; between a State and citizens of another State ; between citizens of different States ; between citizens of the same State claiming lands under grants of different States, and between a State or the citizens thereof and foreign States, citizens or subjects. In all cases affecting Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State is a party, the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction. In all other cases mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, subject to exceptions and regu- lations made by Congress. All crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be tried by jury, and in the State where the crime was committed ; but Congress shall fix the place of trial for crimes not committed within any State. Sec. 3. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court. Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood or forfeiture, except during the life of the person attainted. Article IV. Section 1. Each State shall give full faith and credit to the public acts, records and judi- cial proceedings of every other State, and Congress may prescribe the manner in which such acts, records and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. 302 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. Sec. 2. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States. Fugitives from justice in any State found in another State, shall, on demand of the Execu- tive, be delivered up and removed to the State having jurisdiction of the crime. No person held to service or labor in one State under the laws thereof, escaping into another shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due. Sec. 3. New States may be admitted to the Union, but no new State shall be formed within the jurisdiction of any other State; nor by the junction of two or more States, or parts of States, without the consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned, as well as of Congress. Congress shall have power to dispose of and to regulate and govern the territory or other property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be construed to prejudice any claims of the United States, or any particular State. Every State shall be guaranteed a republican form of government, and shall be protected against invasion ; and on an application of the Legislature, or of the executive (when the Legis- lature cannot be convened), against domestic violence. Article V. Congress, whenever two-thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose amend- ments to this Constitution, or, on application of two-thirds of the Legislatures of the several States, shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this Constitution when ratified by the Legislatures of three-fourths of the several States, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress ; provided that no amendment which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article ; and that no State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate. Article VI. All existing debts and engagements shall be valid against the United States under this Constitution. This Constitution and the laws of the United States made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land, and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby ; anything in the Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding. Senators and Representatives, members of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial ofiicers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by oath or afiirmation, to support this Constitution ; but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States. Article VII. The ratification of the Convention of nine States shall be sufiicient for the establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the same. Done in convention by the unanimous consent of the States present, the seventeenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven, and of the independence of the United States of America the twelfth. In witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names. GEORGE WASHINGTON, President and Deputy from Virginia. [Other signatures omitted.] , CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 303 Amendments to the Constitution of the United States op America. Proposed by Congress and ratified by the Legislatures of the several States, pursuant to the Fifth Article of the original Constitution. Article I. Congress shall make no law respecting religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech or of the press ; or of the right of the people peaceably to assemble and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. Article II. A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. Article III. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. Article IV. The right of the people to be secure in their persons and property against unreasonable searches and seizures shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by oath or afiirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched and the persons or things to be seized. Article V. No person shall be held to answer for any infamous crime unless on an indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger ; nor shall any person be twice put in jeopardy of life or hmb for the same ofiense ; nor shall he be compelled, in any criminal case, to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law ; nor shall private property be taken for nublic use without just compensation. Article VI. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation ; to be confronted with the witnesses against him ; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense. Article VII. In suits at common law, when the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States than according to the rules of the common law. Article VIII. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual pun- ishments inflicted. 304 HISTOEY OF WISCONSDT. Article IX. The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall not be construed to deny or dis- parage others retained by the people. Article X. The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively or to the people. Article XI. The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign State. Article XII. The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for President and Vice President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with thessselves ; distinct ballots shall be made for President and Vice President, and distinct lists made of such ballots and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify and transmit sealed to the seat of government, addressed to the President of the Senate ; the President of the Senate shall, in presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted ; the person having the greatest number of votes for Presi- dent shall be President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; if no person have such majority, then from those having the highest numbers, not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose imme- diately by ballot the President. But, in choosing the President, the vote shall be taken by States, each State having one vote ; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or mem- bers from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. If, whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, the House of Representatives shall not choose a President before the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice President shall act as President, as in the case of death or disability of the President. The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice President shall be the Vice President, if such' number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed, and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice President ; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice President of the United States. Article XIII. Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Sec. 3. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. Article XIV. Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, or subject to the juris- diction thereof, are citizens of the United States, and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States ; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty or property without CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 805 due process of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the law. Sec. 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the States according to population, counting the whole number of persons in each State, including Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote is denied to any of the male inhabitants of a State, being twenty-one years of age and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty- one years of age in such State. Sec. 3. No person shall hold any office under the United States or under any State, who having previously, as an officer of the United States of any State, taken an oath to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid and comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may, by a vote of two- thirds of each House, remove such disability. Sec. 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, including pensions and bounties, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave ; but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void. Sec. 5. Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. Article XV. Section 1. The right of citizens to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States, or by any State, on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. Sec. 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. 306 ALPHABETICAL LIST OP COUNTIES AND CITIES WITH GUBERNATORIAL AND PRESIDENTIAL VOTES. Note. — The Republican or Democratic majority in each county is given as between Smith and Mallory. Green- back majority is only giren when the vote for AUis exceeds the others, and is taken from the highest vote. COUNTIES. Adams Ashland Barron Bayfield Brown Buffalo Burnett Calumet Chippewa Clark...;. Columbia , Crawford , Dane Dodge Door Douglas Dunn Eau Claire.... Fond du Lac Grant Green Green Lake... Iowa Jackson Jefferson Juneau Kenosha Kewaunee La Crosse La Fayette.... Lincoln Manitowoc... Marathon Marquette.... Milwaukee... Monroe Oconto Outagamie.... Ozaukee Pepin Pierce Polk Portage Racine GOVERNOE. 1877. Smith. Mallory. AUis. 580 86 459 40 1387 1075 336 450 685 449 2048 806 3613 2383 477 21 1174 1208 3086 2620 1823 879 1461 802 1917 1045 938 247 1409 27 1365 301 447 5843 1102 1059 777 437 521 1523 916 1080 2304 233 163 203 34 1740 810 24 1130 693 153 1597 1008 3903 4267 126 28 407 805 8414 1988 849 896 1175 891 2418 883 907 558 1115 1300 15 1951 755 780 6388 1096 764 2005 1579 171 545 363 917 1906 116 53 2 1015 76 "389 589 816 118 146 614 381 283 412 597 1249 1037 580 215 1021 521 296 463 51 20 624 269 169 98 746 76 1228 1019 157 992 17 128 408 60 728 112 Maj. 347 77 256 6 353 265 812 680 18 867 451 202 290 1934 351 7 767 403 828 682 974 17 286 411 201 162 31 311 853 109 142 586 454 283 545 6 295 1228 1142 350 978 653 163 398 PKESIDENT. 1876. Hayes. Tilden, 981 109 644 86 2755 1186 285 1012 1596 1255 3532 1355 5435 8236 1095 42 2033 2266 4845 4723 2601 1739 2661 1507 2874 1714 1610 561 2644 2424 71 2700 668 697 9981 2558 1813 1859 583 836 2135 1019 1855 3560 442 189 257 74 3647 1162 28 2145 1774 660 2493 1604 5726 6361 596 67 894 1785 5660 3198 1735 1614 2348 718 4134I 1458 1432 1654 2481 2299 174 8908 17 1112 12026 2030 1174 3608 5480 394 985 362 1794 2880 539 80 387 12 892 24 257 D. 1133 D. 178 II. 595 K. 1039 D. 249 D. 291 D. 3125 R, 499 D. 25 R. 1139 R. 481 D. 815 R. 1525 R. 866 R. 225 R. 303 R. 789 D. 1260 R. 256 R. 178 D. 1093 R. 163 R. 125 D. 103 D. 1208 D. 1128 D. 415 D. 2048 R. 528 R. 639 D. 1749 D. 1897 R. 447 R. 1152 R. 650 R. 61 R, 680 307 GtTBEBNATORIAL AND PRESIDENTIAL VOTES— 1877-1876— CowWnMed. COVSTIES— Continued, Richland Bock St. Croix Sauk Shawano Sheboygan.... Taylor Trempealeau.. Vernon Walworth,.... Washington... Waukesha Waupaca Waushara Winnebago... Wood Appleton Beaver Dam.. Beloit Berlin Buffalo Gentralia Chilton Chippewa Falls. . Columbus Eau Claire Fond du Lac Fort Howard Orand Rapids.... Green Bay Hudson Janesvllle Kenosha La Crosse Madison Manitowoc Menasha Milwaukee Mineral Point.... Neenah New London Oconomowoc Oconto., Oshkosh Plymouth Portage Prairie du Chien.. Prescott Racine Eipon Shawano Stevens Point.. Watertown Waupaca Wausau CITIES. GOTERNOE. PRESIDENT. 1877. 1876. Smith. Mallory. AUiB. Maj. Hayes. Tilden. Maj. 1201 729 705 R. 472 2038 1591 R. 447 3375 1620 781 R. 1755 5755 2814 R. 2893 1558 1489 93 R. 70 1775 1736 R. 39 1826 922 574 R. 904 3395 2201 R. 1194 269 605 92 D. 336 582 873 D. 291 1598 1737 750 D. 139 3224 3633 D. 409 195 254 53 D. 59 240 246 D. 6 2483 731 176 R. 1452 2360 790 R. 1570 1678 416 846 R. 1262 2764 1117 R. 1647 2904 1374 160 R. 1530 4212 1970 R. 2242 994 2187 187 D. 1993 1321 3047 D. 1726 2484 2388 276 R. 96 3129 3335 D. 206 1473 990 772 R. 483 2642 1592 R. 1050 1282 257 377 R. 1025 2080 548 R. 1532 2068 2238 1887 D. 170 5092 4426 R. 660 247 196 601 G 354 658 745 D. 87 231 522 201 D. 291 549 911 D. 362 320 361 6 D. 41 357 465 D. 108 377 109 240 R. 268 745 627 R. 118 219 197 36 R. 22 456 312 R. 144 25 17 R. 8 14 31 D. 17 16 5 97 G. 81 64 93 D. 29 31 128 294 33 143 D. D. 97 65 229 475 572 D. 97 210 123 3 R. 87 254 212 R. 42 620 459 250 R. 161 1205 1013 R. 189 862 884 520 D. 22 1382 1542 D. 160 150 85 195 G. 45 669 288 R. 81 50 42 110 G. 60 121 191 D. 70 432 333 181 R. 99 696 647 R. 49 226 207 S R. 19 250 224 R. 26 771 605 31 R. 166 1036 848 R. 188 281 314 42 1>. 33 514 544 D. 30 712 671 351 R. 41 1085 1549 D. 464 740 1057 13 1). 317 834 1252 D. 418 349 284 17 R. 61 660 512 R. 148 146 311 67 D. 165 291 344 D. 53 4816 5027 1050 D. 211 8218 9625 D. 1407 260 249 21 R. 11 348 324 R. 24 115 146 376 G. 230 511 385 R. 126 84 125 118 D. 41 206 208 D. 2 172 167 24 R. 5 222 238 D. 16 270 311 6 D. 41 399 506 D. 107 724 954 376 D. 230 1496 1910 D. 414 69 127 405 28 7 D. D. 58 160 245 366 532 D. 166 155 267 o D. 112 215 377 D. 162 87 61 10 R. 26 143 108 R. 35 1052 921 82 R. 131 1672 1324 R. 348 270 239 33 R. 31 397 333 R. 64 55 73 13 D 18 87 83 R. 4 248 440 68 D. 192 575 873 D. 298 252 270 145 D, 18 423 563 D. 140 232 687 164 D. 445 372 1295 D. 923 210 49 20 R. 161 280 52 R. 228 76 170 300 G. 130 210 595 D. 385 POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES. States and Territories. States. Alabama Arkansas California Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland , Massachusetts.,, Michigan* , Minnesota , Mississippi Missouri Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire, New Jersey , New York North Carolina. Ohio Oregon Miles. 1870. 722 198 981 074 120 268 000 410 809 045 318 6110 346 776 184 800 451 531 ,156 ,350 ,9S5 090 ,280 320 000 704 964 244 996,992 484,471 560,247 637,464 125,015 187,748 1,184,109 2,539.891 1,680,637 1,191.792 364,399 1,331,011 726.915 636,915 780,894 1.457,351 1,184,059 439,706 827,922 1,721.295 123,993 42,491 318.300 906,096 4,382,759 1,071,361 2,66,5,260 90,923 Miles R. K. 1872. 1,350.544 628,349 867,039 1,651,912 1,334,081 598,429 246,280 52,540 1,026,602 4,705,208 1,671 25 1,013 820 237 466 2,108 5,904 3,529 3.160 1,760 1,123 539 871 820 1,606 2,235 1,612 990 2,580 828 593 790 1,265 4,470 1,190 3,740 lo9 ' Last Census of Michigan talcen in 1874. States amd Tekeitories. States. Pennsylvania Rhode Island..., South Carolina., Tennessee Texas Vermont Virginia West Vii-ffinia... Wisconsin Total States. Territories. Arizona Colorado Dakota Dist. of Columbia, Idaho Montana,..'. New Mexico Utah Washington Wyoming Total Territories. Area in SQuare Miles. 46,000 1,306 29,386 45,600 237,504 10,212 40,904 23,000 53,924 1,960,171 113,916 104,600 147,490 60 90,932 143,776 131,201 80,056 69,944 93,107 965,032 Population 1870. 3,521,791 217,863 705,606 1,258.520 818,579 330,551 1,225,163 442,014 1,054.670 38,113,253 9, 39 14, 131, 14, 20, 91, 86, 23 442,730 Mile? K. E. 1875. 1873. 268,289 925,145 1,236,729 5,113 136 1,201 1,520 865 675 1,490 485 1,725 59,587 '"392 375 ■"498 1,266 Aggregate of U. S.. 2,915,203 38,655,983 60,85f1 * Included in the Railroad Mileage of Marylard. PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD; I'OPXJLATION AND AeEA. COUNTEIES. Date of Area in Inhabitants Population. Census. Square Miles. to Square Mile. 446,500,000 -1871 '. 3,741,846 119.3 326,817.108 1871 4,677,432 48-6 81,925,410 1871 8,003,778 10.2 38;925,600 1870 2,603,884 7.78 36,469.800 1866 204,091 178.7 35,904,400 1869 240.348 149.4 34,785,300 1871 149,399 232.8 31,817,100 1871 131,315 262.3 29,906,092 1871 160,207 187. 27,439,921 1871 118,847 230.9 16,642,000 1867 195,775 8b. • 10,000.000 3,253,029 3.07 16,463,000 672.631 9,173,000 1869 761,626 5,921.600 1870 293,871 20. 5,000,000 1870 635,964 7.8 6,021,300 1869 11,373 441.5 4,861,400 1871 29,292 165.9 3,996,200 1868 34,494 115.8 3,688,300 1870 13,680 290.9 3,000,000 1870 357,157 8.4 2,000,000 1869 182,616 15.1 2,669,100 1870 15,993 166.9 2,500,000 1871 471.888 5.3 2,000,000 497,321 4. 1,813,000 1869 871,848 2.1 1,818,500 1871 7,533 241.4 1,784,700 1870 14,753 120.9 I-,500,000 368,238 „.i-^ 1,461,400 1871 5,912 247. 1,457,900 1870 19,353 75.3 1,180,000 1871 40,879 2 .9 1,300,000 218,928 .9 1,000,000 1871 68,787 1 .6 823,138 3,969 271. 718,000 1871 9,676 7' .9 600,000 1871 7,335 8 .8 673,000 10,205 5li. 350,000 1871 68,171 6. 300,000 1871 66,722 6.5 350,000 1871 47.092 7.4 136,000 17,827 7.6 165.000 1870 21,505 7.7 1 62.950 7,638 80. Fopulation. China British Empire Russia Uziited States with Alaska. . France ,. . Austria and Hungary Japan Great Britain and Ireland. . German Empire , Italy Spain.... Brazil Turkey Mexico Sweden and Norway , Persia Belgium Bavaria Poringal Holland >iew Grenada Chili Switzerland Pei'u Bolivia. . . '. Argentine Kepublic "Wurtemburg Denmark Venezuela Baden Greece Guatemala Ecuador Paraguay Hesse Liberia San Salvador Hayti Nicaragua Uruguay Honduras San Domingo ( -osta Rica Hawaii Pekiu Loudon St. Petersburg... Washington Paris Vienna Yeddo London Berlin ..■ Rome Madrid Klo Janeiro Constantinople .. Mexico Stockholm Teheran.... Brussels Munich Lisbon Hague Bogota Santiago Berne Lima Chuquisaca Buenos Ayres — Stuttgart Copenhagen Caraccas Carlsruhe Athens Guatemala Quito Asuncion Darmstadt , Monrovia Sal Salvador Port au Prince.. Managua Monte Video Comayagua San Domingo San Jose , Honolulu 1,648.800 3,351.800 667,000 109.199 1,825,800 833.000 1,554,900 3,JJ51,800 825,400 . 244,484 332.000 420,000- 1,075,000" 210.300 136.900 130.000 314,100 169,500 224,063 90.100 45,000 115,400 36,000 160,100 25.000 177,800 91,600 162,042 47.000 36,600 43,400 40.000 70.000 48,000 30.000 3,000 15,00;) 20.01)0 lO.OCJ 44.500 rj.coo 2.).000 2.000 7.633 HISTORY OF THE LEAD REGION. OEOLOGT, MINERALOGY AND SETTLEMENT OF THE LEAD REGION, WITH A GENERAL INTRODUCTION AND MENTION OF THE DRIFTLESS AREA. AMONG THE EOCKS. The narration, for which we are indebted to Plato, of part of the experiences of Solon the Athenian law-giver in Egypt, was for many centuries considered fabulous in its relation of the dis- appearance of the vast Island of Atlantis beneath the ocean. We respect the noble charactei of the Athenian sage too much to suspect him of misrepresentation, but the Egyptian hierarch, with whom we are less acquainted, might be supposed capable of disseminating travelers' stories, in regard to which, moreover, the priesthood were possibly themselves deceived. Modern think- ■ers are inclined to believe that the supposed fable carries with it some elements of truth. It is not easy to follow the almost shadowy story of a lost land with such precision as to establish its identity with this continent, but the position assigned to Atlantis by the Egyptians favors the idea, to which modern investigation is inclined, that our own America must have been known to the ancients way back in remote antiquity, and that its submersion beneath the waves had been recorded in curiously preserved traditions ; but we cannot pretend to determine what era in the upbuilding of this continent may have been indicated by that semi-apocryphal story. Geology tells us of upheavals from the depths of the sea, to which we are able to trace an island now known to science as the Island of Wisconsin, which appeared at about the same time with several other islands, comprising parts of the Appallachian Ranges, and of New York, as well as probably other parts of the land now being covered with a population of millions, governed and to be governed by the United States of America. The cooling and contraction of the globe is credited with having diminished its diameter by about 180 miles, and a diminution so great might easily account for the fatal depression of Atlantis ; but that shrinkage occurred at a time when human life was not possible. The popular reader will not so readily perceive how the inevitable continuance of the same process would account at a later date for the resurrection of the land which we now inhabit. The chief geologist of Wisconsin, Mr. T. C. Chamberlin, tells with a simple eloquence, which science advanced as his cannot always command, the story of the rocks upon which the greatness of this nation is securely builded ; and, in trying to embody the main facts of the earth's revelation in this history, we shall endeavor to follow in the footsteps of the eminent Professor, though with the modesty and diffidence of a learner, venturing to deal with presentations which have tasked the powers of masters whose dictum is accepted by the world of learning. The first cooling, whose catastrophe may have been attended by the submergence of Atlantis, if we may imagine a race of Salamanders rejoicing in extremes of temperature, was a comparatively general reduction of warmth and bulk, in which the earth's surface was sufficiently ductile or elastic to participate without fracture ; but later, when the superficial coating of our molten globe had become more rigid, nature was constrained to work by other methods ; the granite rocks, incapable of contraction, otherwise, in such a degree as would meet the changing conditions of the body which they enfolded, and subjected to pressures, compared with which, the vastest 310 HISTOEY OP THE LEAD EEGION. applications of mechanic force by human agency, sink into insignificance, bent under the ocean until the outer shell touched the shrunken kernel ; and then the semi-rigid envelope, heated in every particle by the compression, changed and wrinkled its mighty form, projecting its peaks above the surface of the ocean as a series of granitic islands, whose shores sloped more or less declivitously toward the depths of the sea. There are folds in the strata, observable to-day which indicate the long-continued application of a power capable of creasing and bending adamant just as irresistibly as the hand of man may crumple paper. Could we suppose an Alexander Selkirk possible on our inhospitable Island of Wisconsin he would look abroad upon a limitless but comparatively shallow sea, in which, possibly, was vet no sign of life, vegetal or animal, and his island home would necessarily present to him a bleak and desolate rock, without shrub, grass, soil or insect, if we may assume that the uplifted crystal- line mass had not commenced its process of disintegration. The phenomena of building anew the Western Hemisphere can be studied in Wisconsin as advantageously as on any part of this continent, and the writing on the wall of rock is so clear and precise that the wayfarer, even though a fool, may not err if he will patiently unravel the legend which the globe oifers for our acceptance. Strong winds, dashing waves, evaporation and precipitation, with some chemical conditions of the atmosphere that helped to disintegrate the exposed surface of rock more rapidly than would be possible now, acting upon stone similarly compacted, gave back to the ocean a vast aggregate of detritus worn from peak and precipice by those unceasing forces, to form the vast deposit of sandstone now known as the Potsdam, which ranges according to the convolutions of the sub-oceanic surface upon which it lodged, in thickness from a few feet to more than one thousand feet. The superimposed layers have each their own revelation to make clear ; some of them in fossils which the human eye can readily decipher ; others in forms so minute that the microscope is needed to unlock its mysterious message from a world possibly pre-Adamite. Suppose the State cut through to the level of Lake Michigan, east from the Mississippi River in Grant County, we find the formations which prevail throughout Wisconsin, and tar be- yond its borders, always attesting the regularity with which Dame Nature prosecutes her designs. The Lower Magnesian limestone gives us the first record of life found in this region, hitherto, after the disintegrated gneiss or granite had in some degree solidified beneath the waters as sand- stone, and the thickness of that stratum is remarkably even throughout our imagined cutting ; the limestone following the form of the underlying rock, and having suffered but littlt from abrasion, protected as it must have been by its coverlet and base of supplies, the sea. Elsewhere this formation is much less regular in depth, as it follows the contour line preceding its deposit, and lies irregularly. Grant River has cut down into this bed of limestone at about 350 feet above the level of Lake Michigan, but the banks of the Father of Waters reveal the same form- ation at an elevation of about 200 feet. Our supposititious section runs east and west through the county of Grant about seven miles north of Lancaster, crossing the head- waters of Platte River. Next above the Lower Magnesian limestone, we find St. Peters sandstone, so called from one of its best exposures, which has evidently suffered from abrasion in many parts of its sur- face, and is found cropping out on the Mississippi banks as well as on the sides of Grant River, though still far below the Platte. Trenton limestone, moderately rich in fossils, attests an era in which life had risen to more various formations, beautiful as though some cunning and skilled artist, with an unbounded wealth of resource, had fashioned and imbedded them to minister m after ages to the aesthetic sense in man. The head-waters of the Platte cut through and into this formation, which reaches an elevation little more than 300 feet on the Mississippi at our imagined line, but is found at an altitude of nearly 500 feet on Grant River, our base line being always the level of Lake Michigan. Galena limestone follows next in order, and the name is significant at once as to its place of first identification, and as to the valued mineral with which it was charged. The stratum has been abraded in many localities until it fails even to put in an ap- pearance ; as for instance, at our imagined line bisecting the bank of the Mississippi, but east of that point the stratum asserts itself, cut through with greater or less pertinacity by streams HISTOKY OF THE LEAD EEGION. 311 that have long since found a grander channel. That deposit caps the ranges in the vicinity of Grant River, and further east along the head-waters of the Platte, rising east of that point to an elevation of about 700 feet on the eastern boundary line of the county. The fact that this region did not suffer from glacial denudation and was not enriched by morainic drift, gives to our line of bisection special value in ascertaining readily the surface con- tour of the land before that era of refrigeration, allowing always for erosion by the atmosphere and rains and rivers. For that reason, we will follow another imagined bisection of the county due north and south, near the eastern boundary. North of the center of the line, the Potsdam sandstone rises above the level of Michigan Lake, and gradually ascends to an elevation of about four hundred feet, not far from the northern limit of the county, descending thence by denuda- tion to about three hundred feet at the boundary. Although this sandstone is not rich in fos- Bils, it would be folly to assume that life was not plentiful on this planet while this vast stratum was being deposited ; the more sensible conclusion is that the stratum was not well adapted to the preservation of the forms of life which passed into its keeping. The Laurentian rocks, upper and lower, which constituted the first Island of Wisconsin, were sedimentary, and their formation must have preceded the sandstone mentioned by a term which human investigation has never yet defined; yet the Laurentian rocks hold within their embrace many evidences which are satisfactory to men of scientific attainments, that vitality of a low order preceded their deposi- tion, and some fossils have been found in America and in Europe, which, it is claimed, set that question forever at rest. Some careful investigators doubt the organic character of the alleged fossils, and we are not prepared to decide, where doctors disagree ; but, inasmuch as our supposed section of Grant County does not reveal the systems of rocks named from their great develop- ments in the valley of the St. Lawrence, we will proceed with our brief disquisition on the strata actually found in that region, which we endeavor to describe. Wisconsin River has cut its course through the Potsdam sandstone, and numerous streams of less dimensions have left their marks in unmistakable characters, hewn out of the same body, which is entirely denuded of all such overlying strata as may elsewhere be found. The same order of succession as has been noted in the line east and west — Lower Magnesian limestone, St. Peters sandstone, Trenton limestone and Galena limestone in the same relative position — is still observable, but superim- posed upon these we find preserved in the Platte Mounds, at an elevation not less than seven hundred feet above the level of Lake Michigan, the formation known as Cincinnati or Hudson River shale, capped by a remnant of Niagara limestone. Blue River has its course bottomed on St. Peters sandstone, while Trenton and Galena limestones form the superincumbent layers, and this regularity in the movements of natural forces enables the student to apply himself, with much econotny of resource, to unfold the wealth of mineral possessions, which, in our own time and in the near future, will become the heritage of the human family. From the writings and tracings of Prof. Chamberlin, we are permitted to supplement our scanty delineation of the State, as represented in the geological features of this region, by adding a general though brief description of the State as a whole, and of the upheaval and formations that have contributed the material bases of our national wealth. We have delineated the shallow sea that ebbed and flowed, obeying th& impulses of the moon, where the State of Wisconsin now reposes in beauty and excellence, the loved home of a thrifty and prosperous people, but we will return to that point in our narrative, the better to present the picture of that upheaval to the popular mind. The sediment to which we are indebted for the Laurentian rock, is estimated to have been much more rapid in deposition than similar processes to-day, and a thickness of 30,000 feet is claimed by scientists as only a small remainder of a more vast formation, contributing its quota to the crust of the earth. Beneath the sea, this sediment accumulated in horizontal strata under circumstances that favored metamorphic action, the results of which are still visible. The time came when heat and lateral pressure, such as we have already mentioned, re-arranged the folds of the earth's mantle and began to pre- pare a dwelling-place for man. That nucleus of a nation may be called, for our own conven- ience, the Island of Wisconsin. The character as well as the position and form of that rock, 312 HISTOEY OF THE LEAD REGION was probably changed in the act of upheaval, so mighty were the forces therein engaged. The sediment had been changed into crystalline rocks, widely dissimilar from the later sandstone although compacted of the same elements. Thus we stand, as it were, in the presence of the Archaean or ancient rocks, otherwise known as the Azoic. The wonderous changes through which this metamorphic rock passed in attaining the eminence of an island in those seas, might well be supposed capable of obliterating all signs of vital organization, but, in other rocks which seem to be identified with this formation, it is asserted, with some authority, that fossils have certainly been found, and our investigations have hitherto been too narrow and restricted to entitle us to say with authority that there are no fossils in the Laurentian formation here. It is not possible to define accurately the extent of that island won from the domain of Neptune, but it is assumed to have fiUed'a large area in the northern central part of our State, stretching beyond into the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. This was the primeval base upon which was to be erected an empire of the people, sacred to liberty and right. Other islands, at remote distances, were per- haps upheaved at the same instant with our own, to be banded together in one vast continent for the noblest ends possible on earth, when the Laurentian era should have taken its place away back in the remotest antiquity with which life has been identified. We have no data whereby we can determine the altitude of these islands, upon which the rain descended and the floods came, beating with tempestuous violence ; but, apart from the strata forced into positions almost approaching the perpendicular, and from which the cap or connecting fold has been abraded, we have the deep and wide-spread deposits of the Huronian period to tell us of the mountainous elevations from which that sandy detritus must have been torn away by wind-storms, rain, the beat of countless waves, and the never-ceasing disintegrating power of the chemic constituents of the atmosphere. We have, thus, our island lifting its head toward heaven, and the elements tearing down the inaccessible mountain peaks, to bridge the chasms and convert that island, with others widely scattered, into the broad expanse of prairie, mountain, valley, cataract, lake and river, which is to-day the world's wonder. Science may yet enable us to read this exquisite story of the earth as the home prepared for man, with fuller appreciation. It is not easy to imagine that, on an island thus builded, there could have been any form of vegetable life at the outset ; but, in the sea around its base, if we may judge from the carbonaceous matter incorporated with the deposits, there must have been an abundant marine flora, and, in the limestone accretions we find evidence of higher organizations. Life was in the waters surrounding our island, and the Great Artificer of the Universe was, through His laws, compelling the least of His animate creatures to prepare the way for their superiors in the army of being. Perhaps this statement of the case may savor of dogmatism, but we argue the presence of life in the waters from the limestone deposits left in testimony, as well as from the fact that the Laurentian rocks, which antedated this era by unnumbered centuries, are not certainly and entirely barren of fossils. The shales, sandstones and limestones of this period of deposition, aggregated many thousand feet in depth ; and, in due time, these also were upheaved and metamorphosed in that process, as the Laurentian had been, into crystalline and semi-crystalline rocks, known to us by various names and innumerable uses in the civilization by which we are surrounded. The Huronian rocks are compacted of quartzites, crystalline limestones, slates, schists, diorites, quartz-porphyries and other forms of metamorphic sediment. Graphite is the resultant from carbonaceous deposits, and magnetite, hematite and specular ores tell of the forms of life by which such means of wealth are brought within our ken ; the last-named deposits are so great as to give the name of the iron- bearing series to this upheaval. These several strata, contorted and folded by pressure and heat, added largely to the circumference of the island, from whose shores and heights they had been gathered, and the ceaseless activities of nature paused not one instant in preparing new formations. The nearest approach to a mountain in our State, is the upturned edge of the Huronian upheaval, which stretches for sixty miles, crossing Ashland County, bearing within its rampart a belt of magnetic schist through nearly the whole length of Penokee Eange. The Menominee iron-bearing series, which extends into the northern part of Oconto County, is another important topographical and mineralogicai feature in the Huronian formation. Barron HISTOET OF THE LEAD REGION. 313 County owes its deposits of pipestone to the same source, and they cover a large area. The Baraboo quartzite ranges in Sauk and Columbia, with detached outliers northeasterly through other counties, are conspicuous contributions from that formation, which has its most southerly exposure near Lake Mills, in the county of Jefferson. Before the Huronian strata were upraised, it is assumed that the crust of the earth was fissured in the Lake Superior region, and that a vast outflow of molten rock spread itself by successive eruptions at various intervals over an area more than 300 miles long by 100 miles wide, forming a series of trappean beds. Sometimes there were intervals between these molten streams, during which the ocean ransacked from the superimposed rock, the materials for beds of sand, gravel and clay, which are now present as sandstone, conglomerate and shale ; and, as though tenacious of the credit that belonged to its handiwork, the waves of the perturbed sea have left their ripple-marks in the stone to tell us that the forces of the central fire were not allowed to assert themselves unchallenged by the ocean. When eruptions ceased entirely in that region, the sedimentary process went on accumulating until the series achieved a thickness which is stated in miles. The rocks which have been named as thrown up from within the earth's crust have undergone changes so great that their igneous character is almost obliterated ; the mineral ingredients have been metamorphosed by chemical action, so that we find iron chlorite and feldspar associated with quartz, prenite, calcite, laumontite, analcite, datolite, magnetite, native copper, silver, and occasionally other minerals, the rock being known as a melaphyr. Usually we find the upper portion of each bed composed of cells about the size of an almond filled with the minerals that have been indicated, so that the rock is amygdaloidal. After the beds were deposited, the native copper was placed in the receptacles, where it is found to-day, by chemical action after changes in the rock had been initiated by similar means, and the silver found in that series is due to the same agency. Ashland, Bayfield, Burnett, Douglas and Polk Counties, in the northern section of the State, are remarkable for the presence of copper and silver bearing rocks, the metals being most plentiful in the amygdaloids and some conglomerates, but being found in the melaphyrs, sandstones and shales also. The Huronian rocks carried the copper-bearing series with them in their upheaval, and they are found with the same folds and flexures. The Keweenaw Point range extends from the part of Michigan to which its name is rlue southwesterly through Ashland, Burnett and Polk Counties, in this State, the beds dipping toward Lake Superior northwesterly ; but, in a parallel range, which is found in Bayfield and Douglas Counties, the beds dip at a less angle in the opposite direction. There was a " lost interval " after the upheaval of the Archaean rocks, the Laurentide hills of the early B'rench explorers, the Laurentian of our time, which even now, after ages of erosion, can be traced on the north side of the St. Lawrence, from Labrador to Lake Superior, and still to the north a distance yet undetermined. The hills of this formation are seen 4,000 feet in height, and where the Saguenay makes its course toward the St. Lawrence there are cliffs that lift their heads fully 1,500 feet sheer from the water's edge. South of the range through which the Saguenay runs, the Adirondack Hills stand an isolated mass 6,000 feet in altitude, a sentinel rock of the Lau- rentian system, rivaled by the newer formation — the White Mountains. The Lower Laurentian has no exposure in our State, but it is found in Newfoundland, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and, rarely, in Massachusetts and Maryland. Beyond the Atlantic the same rocks are identified in Norway, Sweden, the Hebrides and Bohemia, bearing with slight differences the same alleged but debatable fossils, the Eozoon Canadense, Bavaricum, etc., of a type still said to be extant. The Lougroynd groups of rocks in Shropshire and in Wales, with their equivalents in the Wick- low Mountains in Ireland, are probably Huronian rather than Laurentian. The exact equiva- lency of our Laurentian system with that of Canada and the provinces is not determined, but strong likelihoods point in that direction with increasing force. The "lost interval" indicates uo idleness in nature, but a failure on the part of the geologist to follow her operations. We liave elsewhere glanced at the wondrous activities that laid down the vast beds now known as Potsdam sandstone, and then upheaved them to their present and to still greater elevations. We can trace the formation here lying on the foot of an eminence which is gradually succumbing to 314 HISTORY OF THE LEAD REGION". " the tooth and razure of oblivion," except as its remains are preserved as particles of quartz in the new stratum. Again we see some harder projection of the old rock detached from the main island, which yet lifted its head in solemn self-assertion, and breasted the angry billows, impa- tient of their endeavor to reduce its elevations to the common level ; and yet again we meet some great bowlders, typical of the empire foretold in Scripture, compacted of brass and of clay ; there the harder components remain, dismounted from their eminences by the erosion of feet of clay in the softer material upon which they depended, and the sands of the sea shore reverently surrounded them with their legions of defenders, to retain them where they are found in our era, still distinguishable as mementoes of the age of giant rocks, which built for man a temple not made with hands. Life was an ever-present element in this formation, but the earlier sandstones are not rich in well-defined fossils, although they give us lithographic illustrations and actual casts of the shells in which living beings built themselves in from the elements. Limestones and shales, interstratifying the sandstone, mark where some sheltered spot temporarily favored the establish- ment of a cemetery, upon which the sands once more advanced, burying the dead out of the sight of generations that had never dreamed of the mysteries of existence. The red sandstone of Lake Superior is due to the action of the sea upon the iron and copper-bearing series of rocks of whose qualities we have spoken ; away from that region we find a broad, irregular belt reach- ing almost around the Archaean island, a rude crescent of light-colored sandstone, won by the waves and winds and rains from porphyries, quartzites and granite, either of which would, in our more conservative age, be able to hold its own against oxygen for centuries unless frost came in to help the demolition. There was no great upheaval after the Potsdam sandstone had been deposited, hence it lies horizontally upon the abraded bed of the underlying crystalline stratum, neither crumpled nor metamorphosed by heat and pressure, only slightly arched toward the center of the State. The weight of superincumbent beds, and the cementing action of waters carrying lime and iron in solution, which have percolated through this formation, have largely increased its density; but the ripple marks, cross-laminations, worm burrows, and other indications of action and life on a sandy beach are clearly traceable, and its thickness varies from the fine line which defined its limit on the shore of the island down into the depths where it formed an aggregate of perhaps a thousand feet. All the later formations take their place above the Potsdam sandstone, which- may be reached by boring in any part of the State, beyond the bounds of the Archaean core. This is a fact of vital importance, because a water-bearing rock can be calculated upon with absolute certainty, and the layers of limestone and shale which interstratify the mass are of great value in arresting the flow of water and turning it surfaceward. The formation of lime- stone, never arrested while life endures, comes now once more within our region of observation, and the deposit ranges from fifty to two hundred and fifty feet jn thickness. The horizontality of the sandstone was not perfect, and the irregularities of the foundation were filled by the limestone as it settled down and solidified under oceanic pressure. There were places where the substratum showed a rise and fall of nearly one hundred feet within quite a limited area, but the limestone itself is remarkable for an appearance aptly described as follows : The lime- stone and the interstratified beds mentioned earlier were magnesian or dolomitic, containing carbonate of magnesia in great quantity. There were quantities of silica in the deposit which sometimes are found as nodules of chert, and in other instances as quartz crystals ; this beautiful form of matter lines cavities which never saw the light until man quarried in the rock, and yet the exquisite loveliness of each crystal is perfected according to its law, as though the handi- work therein concealed had been one of the most costly adornments of a palace. Some metals appear in the mass, but they are of little value, and evidences of life herein are very scanty. Sea weeds, moUusks and a few other forms of being are scattered sparsely, save at intervals, where circumstances favored a more liberal contribution to our knowledge of the organisms that obtained in the earlier seas. Erosion has removed a large proportion of this rock, so that it is now jagged and irregular in the last degree, but, originally, it must have been a broad and regular band, contributing its quota toward increasing the island to the dimensions of a continent. HISTORY or THE LEAD REGION. 315 We cannot tell why the deposit of magnesian limestone ceased, but the sandstone known as St. Peters comes next in order of succession, probably after an interval. This is a fine sili- cious sand, much desiderated in the manufacture of glass ; but it is deposited in small quanti- ties sometimes not enough to cover the inequalities of the limestone. The greatest thickness of St. Peters sandstone yet discovered does not exceed two hundred and twelve feet, and the average is less than one hundred. It is not a firm stone, having been imperfectly cemented, so that it disintegrates readily. Some organic remains have recently been found in this deposit, but they are few and far between, just sufficient to attest the presence of marine life and the agency of the ocean in triturating these fine grains of quartz. This belt, probably much reduced from its original dimensions, fringes the lower magnesian bed on the south, and covers but a small area. The absence of fossils may be accounted for in two ways : First, in the cut- ting and crushing action of the sandy particles, and next in their porosity — a quality to which we are indebted for the supply of many of our finest artesian wells, and from which numberless other such living fountains may be procured, as the flow of water is practically inexhaustible. Trenton limestone deposits follow, indicating some changes in oceanic conditions, local or general, and, at the same time, a great deal of clay-like matter was being placed in position to be converted into shale, shells, corals and other organic debris, or their signs manual in the rook give positive evidence as to the origin of this limestone in the myriad lives that were capa- ble of converting the particles held in solution by the seas into the osseous environments of their own being. The limestone now deposited was very pure, not largely magnesian ; but, when the clay predominated, a bed of shale, greater or less in extent, resulted. Sometimes these beds were so highly charged with carbonaceous matter that they burn readily, and no small portion of our petroleum comes from such formations. In the lead region, this deposit has sometimes been found rich in metals, but of course that condition is the outcome of chemi- cal action and infiltration — not a characteristic found in the pure limestone stratum. The fos- sils in the Trenton limestone are abundant, and the stone, being susceptible of a very high pol- ish, is valuable in an economic sense, as well as deeply interesting to the scientist on account of its archaeological revelations, as all the animal sub-kingdoms, except the vertebrates, are therein represented. This rock borders the St. Peters sandstone, and its greatest thickness hitherto observed is about one hundred and twenty feet. The next formation is the highly magnesian Galena limestone, buflF or light gray in color, attaining a maximum thickness of about two hundred and fifty feet, and having a sub-crystalline structure. In the northeastern part of the State, the presence of shaly matter changes the color to a bluish or greenish gray ; but, in the southerly deposits, the bed is not afiected in that way. The presence of galena, or sulphide of lead, in this layer, in the southwestern part of the State more especially, has given its name and commercial value to this limestone. Zinc ore is abundant, as well as lead, in the region indicated, and in other districts the same metals can be traced, but not in paying quantities. In other sections of the country, the production of lead is a necessary part of the process of mining for the precious metals, and, for that rea- son, pure lead mining is comparatively at a discount for a time ; but, whenever the best product of lead is demanded, the mines in our State and in Illinois will not fail to be largely called upon. Our Island of Wisconsin, growing from its Archaean core by concentric additions, is already much larger than the area of the State within which it took its rise, and still the aggre- gation continues. Cincinnati or Hudson River shale followed the deposition of Galena limestone, a thickness of 200 feet having resulted ; but the clayey bed has not become hardened to such an extent as to resist weathering wherever an exposure hae occurred, and, in consequence, that layer is, in many localities, conspicuous by its absence. Some parts of the sediment have hardened well, becoming shale or limestone, according to the preponderance of the elements deposited. Many of the vertical clifis of Green Bay are beautifully colored shales of this foundation, their hues being almost as varied, though less brilliant than those of the rainbow. The eastern side of the Green Bay — Rock River Valley — shows how easily and completely this formation can be 316 > HISTOKY OF THE LEAD REGION. eroded, the less yielding Niagara limestone, which overlies the shale, being left as a kind of pent-house roof over the rapidly receding bed beneath. This phenomenon has procured for the principal feature in the cliff the name of the Ledge. The mounds in Southwestern Wisconsin owe their prominence to the rapid erosion of the shale, by which, at one time, they were sur- rounded. Corals and other fossils are numerous in this composite formation, and a little intel- ligent attention to the conditions of life under which they were deposited might have saved much time, labor and capital, uselessly expended in the search for coal. This formation, which mark* the close of the Lower Silurian age, underlies the mounds in the lead region, forming only a narrow belt on the eastern margin of the valley above mentioned. Other conditions of hfe were now to write their history on the rocks. Clinton iron ore, sometimes known as "seed ore," elsewhere known as "shot ore," is found deposited on the beds of shale at detached spots, probably at points that were once pro- tected basins. It is a peculiar lenticular deposit, which might well give rise to all the variations of nomenclature which invite our attention. In this State, the prominence of this mineral aggregation at one point has led to its being denominated "Iron Ridge ore." The beds are quarried as easily as limestone, the soft ore being arranged in horizontal layers, which, at the point just indicated, have a thickness of twenty-five feet. Like deposits, in much smaller quan- tities, are found at Depere, and at Hartford and at Depere smelting works are in operation, besides which, this ore is shipped to markets more and less remote, to be sold for reduction. The greatest era of limestone formation in the history of our island followed this deposit of iron ore, and we may well devote some attention to the vast aggregate of about eight hundred feet, which was deposited in the beds of Niagara limestone. The old processes were repeated in all essentials, but the operation was long continued, and the conditions were favorable to marine life in that shallow sea, dotted with large islands, having a temperature almost, if not entirely, tropical. The Rocky Mountains and the Alleghanies protected this plateau from the intrusion of cold currents, if there were any such, which might have been fatal, prematurely, to the tiny artificers which were giving their lives and substance to build up this continent, as other and greater beings have since given their lives and substance — a more intelligent and volitional sac- rifice — to build up and maintain its inestimable liberties. Reefs, not unlike the coral forma- tions that prevail in the Pacific Ocean, appeared toward the close of this era of deposition, and there is no reason to doubt that the same agencies that are now at work in the Polynesian group, converting islands into continents, were then employed in the more, than fairy transformation to- which we are beholden for a home on this favored spot of earth — the haven for the afflicted peo- ples of all lands — which, ere this century comes to an end, will probably carry a Caucasian population of 300,000,000 souls. Among the animal life of the time, we find unquestionable records of corals ; mollusks, that have been called the oyster of those seas ; stone lilies, or crinoids, having the appearance of a plant converted into stone, and still animal ; trilobites, in great number and never-ending variety ; and gigantic cephalopods, which seem to have been monarchs in that domain. The reef rocks were very irregular, and near them were extensive beds of sandstone, largely cal- careous, beyond which is found a pure, compact dolomite, formed from a deposition of fine cal- careous mud. The Niagara limestone lies in a broad belt, adjacent to Lake Michigan. It is all more or less magnesian, contains much pure dolomite, but is varied in composition, some beds being coarse and heavy, other layers being even-bedded and close-grained, while yet others are impure, cherty and irregular. There is a thin-bedded, slaty limestone on Mud Creek, near Milwaukee, which is commonly, and perhaps rightly, attributed to this formation ; but the fos- sils found therein are few and equivocal, as, indeed, are all the evidences that might be expected to determine its period of deposit. A similar formation, somewhat more rich in fossils, is found near Waubeka, in Ozaukee County, and the greater weight of evidence thus procured favors the era of the great limestone deposit ; but the area covered is small, and the two beds are of little practical value. The Silurian age in Wisconsin was now ended. The island was large, almost continental in proportions. Sandstone, limestone and shale contributed each their HISTORY OF THE LEAD REGION. 317 concentric belt, and the sea retired, save when, at rare intervals, it was stirred to its depths with a vain desire to reassert its old dominion. The Devonian age marked one of those oscillations when there was an invasion of the east- ern margin of the island by the sea, and the Hamilton cement rock was the chief result of that advance, its hydraulic properties being due to a happy admixture of magnesian limestone with silicious and aluminous materials. There was now a new dawn of life, the vertebrate animals appeared by their lowest type, the fish, but even that was a great ascension in the scale of being from protozoans, radiates, moUusks and articulates. The early types of life did not disappear but the process which Darwin has named " the survival of the fittest " was affording its advan- tages to the better forms of the lower orders. We cannot estimate the extent to which erosion operated on the deposit, but beyond doubt it was considerable. An area, not large, on the lake shore, north of Milwaukee, with a landward stretch of about six miles, marks the size of the bed which has been found, and the cement rock which is highest in repute is found on Milwaukee River, near the city. Thus endeth the record of the ocean on our island, although there may have been subsequent visits, too brief for Neptune to leave his monograph. The imagination of the reader may conjure up the progressive changes of our island from the crystalline heart as leaf after leaf was added to the structure by the myriads of lives that built themselves into the simple yet wonderful development, until the insular state was lost, and many islands had become a miglity continent, inviting other and better forms of life than those that we have seen in the limestone and other deposits ; but, while the several belts are being called to their position, we must not lose sight of that unceasing erosiop which bears so large a part in the phenomena of deposit. The continent was lifted to its place, and aerial denudation began, or rather continued, the work long since initiated, of bringing the softer formations from their sev- eral altitudes to clothe the valleys with a mantle soon to become vernal under some law of pro- gression which it is not permitted to us to comprehend. The Carboniferous age, marked else- where by carboniferous phenomena, the Mesozoic era and the earlier Tertiary period is beyond the point indicated a blank in Wisconsin. The time for the deposition of vegetal matter, which has given us rich coal measures elsewhere, was not so improved in Wisconsin. The Glacial period has not left its record in all parts of Wisconsin, but the story is widely told by the drift and by many other signs just as certain. The country was invaded by masses of ice in broad sheets that acted like a mighty planing instrument upon the surface, over which it glided with a slow motion, which even to this day is a puzzle to the scientist. Men eminent as Tyndall and Forbes have bent their mighty intellects to solve the mystery in the Alps, where the glacier is perpetually advancing, by night as well as by day, in winter as surely though more slowly than in summer, and still we cannot determine certainly how the frozen, semi-elastic mass moves in its course, accommodating itself to all the sinuosities in the channel, varying its momentum in different parts of the stream, with a regularity that admits of accurate forecast, and still progres- sing even on great declivities with a speed hardly exceeding twenty inches in twenty-four hours. Our ice-stream came down from the north, having but small declivities to favor its progres- sion, sometimes even forcing its way over heights that might have been supposed effectual barriers, bringing in its lower surface, and sometimes — perhaps though rarely — on its upper face also, masses of rock and gravel to us from their normal resting-places as the inexorable force moved on, and ultimately scattered or deposited en masse miles away from the points of departure. The polished and grooved strata upon which the ice-plane has plowed its strice may be found by careful search in all parts of the globe that have been subjected to glaciation, and, consulting such marks, we find that one prodigious tongue of ice scooped its way through the bed of Lake Michigan, a smaller tongue meanwhile traversing the valley of Green Bay and Rock River, and through what is now the region of Lake Superior another mass of ice moved to the southwest upon Minnesota. These channels, affording outlets for the ice, appear to have diverted the invading force from the southwestern portion of Wisconsin, where a considerable region is found quite free from morainic drift and from the strice that attend the movements of glaciers. 318 HISTORY OP THE LEAD EEGION. When a time of greater warmtli asserted its power, the extremities of the glaciers were melted, sometimes more rapidly than the mass moved forward, and thus the drift remained wher- ever the process of liquefaction dropped it, unless some later march of the ice stream, under the favoring winds of winter, once more pushed its vanguard to the point from which it had been driven, heaping up the drift that had been scattered through its channel in a great moraine at its terminus. The retreats and advances of this stream of ice have, in many parts of this con- tinent, quite changed its normal aspect, and nowhere can we find more striking manifestations of the power that was thus exerted than in Wisconsin. The remarkable chain of hills known as the Kettle Range is entirely a drift formation, and the curious winding line thus presented to eyes in search of novel scenery suggests a battlement defending the furthest line marked by the glacier. At a secondary stage of advancement, when the temperature permanently changed and the frozen mass must needs return to its former condition of fluidity, there was a torrent in some regions, and there were lakes in others according to the configura,tion of the surface, and a depression of the land toward the north ascribed to this era is considered as one of the deter- mining causes of the former extension of the great lakes where the ice-plow had found grooves best suited t'o its operations. The red clay that borders Lakes Michigan and Superior, and that may be found as far up as Fond du Lac, in the Green Bay Valley, marks a time when these waters covered a much wider area than they now fill, but whether the diminution still continues this deponent saith not. The wealth of lakes and tiny lakelets, for which Wisconsin is famous, is probably due to the waters of the glaciers filling the strange undulations which the morainic drift had caused, sometimes damming a narrow valley, as at Devil's Lake, at others presenting only shallow depressions. The Kettle Range has been made the subject of a special disquisition by Prof. Chamberlin, the hrochure being published in Paris during his attendance at the Geological Convention in that city in 1878, which the Exposition Universelle was the great event in the scientific as well as in the fashionable world. The conclusions reached by the chief geologist embody the main facts known as to the Kettle moraine so completely and-, withal, so skillfully woven into his nar- rative, that we feel bound to summarize that production. The moraine known as the Potash Kettle Range, since abbreviated in name, resembles the Kames, Eskers, Asar and Raer, of Soot- land, Ireland, Sweden and Norway, respectively, and is also similar in formation to more recent deposits in Switzerland. It is an extensive belt of drift hills and ridges, peculiar and distinctive, traversing the quaternary deposits, and disposed in vast loops about the great lakes, challeng- ing the attention of mankind to the mode of their deposit. The belt is certainly not less, and is presumably much more, than two thousand miles in length, with a breadth varying from one mile to thirty miles in difierent parts of its extent. Seldom more than three hundred feet in height, it occasionally may be found exceeding four hundred feet above its base, but is generally much less ; so that it is the continuity of the formation, rather than any other feature, as a rule, that commands attention ; still, there are points where the range is conspicuous for its abrupt- ness and irregularity. Dr. Lapham, in his ''Antiquities of Wisconsin," briefly described the belt as seen by him in the eastern part of the State, prior to 1855, calling attention to the peculiar depressions which first suggested the name of the Potash Kettle, as descriptive ; and attributed the feature in question to the solvent, erosive action of under-drainage, forming " sinks." Col. Whittlesey, several years later, published through the same medium, the Smithsonian Institution, his obser- vations on " Moraine Cavities " in Wisconsin, Ohio and Minnesota, attributing their presence to the building-in of ice-masses with the debris when the range was formed, the ice naturally leaving a depression when subsequently thawed. There were other suggestions not material to this issue in the same paper, which need not be further noticed. Dr. Andrews described the Kettle Range, in Eastern Wisconsin, with which he associated contiguous gravel deposits, clam- ing for the formation a length of two hundred miles, and a breadth of twenty miles, terminatmg in the bowlder clay of Illinois, but he ascribed its formation to a vast and violent current of water sweeping down from the north. Other and minor observations and speculations on this HISTOBY OF THE LEAD KEGION. 319 interesting subject left the matter practically at the point indicated until 1873, when the geo- logical survey, since completed, was commenced by order of the Legislature of Wisconsin. The gentlemen surveying in Ohio under circumstances similar to our own, gave attention to the range in that State, but they were much divided in opinion as to its origin, some inclining to the view that it was a moraine, while others favored ideas of grounding ice and the escaping waters of the great lake passing over the water-shed where the range is located. Dr. Lapham, chief of the geological corps in this State in 1873, returning to the ques- tion with interest unabated, and with much better facilities for investigation, assigned the Kettle Range as a subject for study to Prof. Chamberlin, suggesting that the ridge might have marked an ancient shore line. The line of investigation pursued by Mr. Chamberlin, now Chief Greologist, soon convinced him that the shore-line theory was as untenable as the Andrews idea of violent currents of water from the north. The investigation was not entirely confined to this State, although, of course, this was the main field of observation. Forked tongues of ice had left their limits so clearly marked by drift deposits, about twenty miles north of the State line, that our friend was placed at once on the track, which he has since pursued and verified. In the year 1875, at the session of the Wisconsin Academy of Science, Arts and Letters, the main results arrived at in this inquiry were presented with maps and drawings, showing the determin- ation of general drift movements, and that the range is a moraine formed by glaciers ocoupying the troughs of Lake Michigan and Green Bay, skirted on the west by a like deposit. Thesug- ;;estion then thrown out has been verified by Prof. Irving, together with later conjectures as to the extension in Northern Wisconsin. The conclusions reached in this way threw light upon two questions: determining how the range had been deposited, and, also, why a certain large area in this State, and in Minnesota, Iowa and Illinois, is driftless. Profs. Winchell, Irving and Chamberlin are agreed that the area in question is driftless, because the ice streams were deflected by the easier exit offered through the valleys of the great lakes and through Green Bay. The several eminent authorities quoted, arrived at the same conclusion on the facts observed, without previous concert, prior to publication ; consequently, we may well consider the solution as a demonstration. Outwardly, the formation presents an irregular, intricate series of hills and ridges, rapidly but often gracefully undulating, having well-rounded domes, conical peaks, winding ridges, some- times geniculated, short, sharp spurs, mounds, knolls and hummocks in a variety of combina- tions, and corresponding with depressions just as remarkable, or even still more striking. These depressions have given their name to the range ; many are circular in outline, hence the title "potash kettles ;" but the major part are not nearly so symmetrical. Some of the cavities resemble a bell inverted ; others are shallow saucers ; and others are rudely trough-like, oblong, oval, elliptical, or even winding ; but to describe their various configurations would demand a volume. Their depths vary from mere indentations to sixty feet, or even more in the symmet- rical forms, while the irregular sinks show a depth often exceeding one hundred feet. Occa- sionally the sides of the kettles are about as steep as the material will lie, an angle of from thirty to thirty-five degrees with the horizon, but usually the slope is much less declivitous. The kettles seldom exceed five hundred feet in diameter, but it is not easy to define their limits. Numerous small lakes dot the course of the range, having neither inlet nor outlet, and suggest- ing the process by which, under favoring circumstances as to drainage, the depressions may have been formed. In the base of some kettles there are yet ponds of water, arrested in their escape, and waiting the slow process of evaporation ; and some of the lakes range from two to three miles in diameter, the increase proceeding by degrees hardly perceptible. Many of the hills in what is called the "Knobby Drift," resemble inverted kettles ; and' trough-like, winding hol- lows are offset by sharp serpentine ridges, giving to this range a disti-nctive character, notwith- standing its lack of altitude ; but the features indicated are subordinate to the characteristics of the main range, being most abundant on its more abrupt face, though to be found on every side, and in all varieties of situation, sometimes even on areas level by comparison, adjacent to the mam range, and again in the valleys, the ridges being free ; or on the ridges, the valleys show- ing no trace of like action ; or distributed indifferently over each. 320 HISTOKY OP THE LEAD REGION. The range is composite, being made up of rudely parallel ridges, that unite at some points interlock at others, and appear to have advanced and retreated in the mazes of their morainio dance, until suddenly stricken with fixity in their most eccentric combinations. The ridge within the ridge is sometimes clearly traceable between component ridges, and the depressions resultant from such divergences, are often the areas filled by the larger lakes on the range. Some ridges cross the trend of the main range, and transverse spurs may be called common. The component ridges are frequently broken and irregular in height and breadth as in all else just as we might have predicted would be the case, could we have seen the terminal moraines of certain Alpine glaciers nnderstandingly, and then have been called upon to forecast the operation of similar forces, on a scale immensely greater, in this country, with variations for the widely dif- fering contour. Most of the Swiss glaciers of our time terminate in narrow valleys with steep, sloping sides, hence their debris takes the form of lateral ridges, like a torrent-washed valley deposit. Some of them, in their recently advanced state, are found in more open valleys, with a gentle inclination, and, in such cases, terminal moraines have been formed from the ground moraines of the glacier, differing only from our Quaternary formations, in the presence of medial and lateral morainic matter, which, in the very nature of things, cannot be found in our more open country. The Rhone glacier has left three ridges, which, except that they are diminutive might be studied as models of the topographical eccentricities which we have endeavored to describe. The two outer ridges are now covered with grass and shrubs, but the inner and later ridge is still bare, graduating into the ground moraine of the retreating glacier, which' by some new advance may yet heap all their scattered material to magnify the last ridge of the trio, or to establish a quartette. The glaciers of the Grindelwald have left similar moraines in part, pre- senting a perfect analogy with our range ; such as may also be found near the Glacier du Bois, the Argentine, and the Findelen ; though less strikingly in the case last named. Terminal moraines alone must be relied on for analogies with our ranges. The formations have been pretty thor- oughly interrogated as to their materials, as well as for their arrangement, to assist in determining their origin. The Kettle Range, in its typical development, consists mainly of clay, sand, gravel and bowlders, gravel being most conspicuously exposed. The belt at many points exhib- its two formations, perfectly distinguishable ; that which is uppermost, but not constituting the heights of the range, being sand or gravel, which covers the lower stratum like a sheet, over large and diverse areas, and, in many cases, suggests a much greater quantity in the superficial coating than is actually present. The coating of gravel tends to level and mask the irregulari- ties of the main formation, but the aspects presented by the mass are still billowy and undulatory, a margin often being found on the flank of a ridge stretching away into a sand-flat, or gravel plain. Gravel is a large constituent in the Kettle Range, and wherever the forms are most symmetrical, the presence of gravel in increasing proportions may be assumed. Some minor knolls and hills are almost entirely composed of sand and gravel, including bowlders occasionally. The core of the range is, however, a confused commingling of clay, sand, gravel and bowlders, the latter sometimes many feet in diameter, and grading down to the very finest rock flour; some- times without an angle abraded, and again thoroughly rounded by the rolling and planing proc- ess they have undergone. The cobble-stones are found spherically rounded, unlike beach gravel, which has been subjected to a sliding motion, and is thereby flattened. There is no stratification in the heart of the range, but immediately thereupon stratification commences, partly simultaneous with the first deposition, and the rest by subsequent modifica- tion. The local overlying beds are stratified, but often inclined, rather than horizontal, and frequently discordant, undulatory or irregular, but the main point of the glacier theory is to establish non-stratification at the heart. The source whence the material was obtained to form the range in this State, cannot be doubted. Coarse rock is present in large quantities, so that identification is easy, and the distances that have been traversed can be estimated with measur- able certainty, from the marks of abrasion. Many details establish the main proposition, but a single case must be relied on for illustration, premising merely that the instance cited is in per- fect accord with the mass from which it is selected. The rock formations below the range, in HISTORY OF THE LEAD REGION. 321 many of its windings, offers material aid in determining the limits of the superimposed mass. The Green Bay loop of the range, itself morainic, surrounds on all sides except the north, several scattered masses or knobs of granite, porphyry and quartzite, which protrude through the lime- stone and sandstone that prevail in that region, and the significance of these knobs will not fail to be perceived by the reader. The adjacent formations gave their several contributions to the range, but only to a limited section, invariably in the line of glacial striation. Take any seg- ment of the range, and you find a noteworthy quota derived from adjacent rocks in the line of striation ; and generally a less proportion from the successive formations backward for three hundred miles or more, along the line of glacial movement. The agency that produced the range, gathered material along its line of march for at least three hundred miles, freezing to the recruited matter of all kinds, but finding its great accumulations near the terminal moraine. The range changes its components in different parts of its course, in obedience to the law indi- cated, showing physical and lithological characteristics exactly corresponding with the forma- tions less and more distant whence they were thus derived. The moraines of Switzerland exhibit parallel facts. The margins of the great moraine on the flanks of the Juras, are in a great degree bowlder-clay from the limestone in that vicinity, the proportion derived from the more distant Alps being small by comparison. The more recently formed moraines derived from the Bois, Vierch, Rhone, Aar, and other such glaciers, which pass over granite, are com- posed mainly of sand, gravel and bowlders, with little clay ; while the glaciers of the Zermatt region, which traverse schistose rocks, and those of the Grindelwald, that move over limestone in all their later course, are rich in clay. The Professor found some moraines that were almost exact reproductions of the phenomena observable in the Kettle Range, unstratified, commingled debris in the main ; but stratified and assorted material was also found ; as for instance, in the inner moraine of the Upper Grindelwald glacier there was much fine assorted gravel and coarse sand heaped together in curious peaks and ridges strangely placed on the sides and sum- mit of the moraine. To prove the relation of the range to the movements of the drift is, of course, vital to our purpose — to show that the ridge was located by glacial action. The grooving of the rock sur- face is one method of determining the course of the ice current ; the direction from whence the materials must have been conveyed, the abrasions of rock prominences, the trend of elongated domes of polished rock, and the arrangsment of the deposits topographically — are all means that mav assist us in the demonstration, and they concur in placing beyond question the work of the glacier in the Kettle Range wherever opportunities have been found to test them exhaustively. The erratics from the protruding knobs of archsean rocks, which have been alluded to, were traced along their line of travel, as marked by striations, to the glacier-plowed parent rock, from which lines of erratics have been deposited along the ice march as they fell. Observations in Eastern Wisconsin have determined that, between Lake Michigan and the Kettle Range adja- cent, the direction was obliquely up the slope southwestward toward the range. Between the Green Bay Valley and the range, after surmounting the cliff that borders the valley, the direc- tion was obliquely down the slope southeastward. In the Green Bay trough, the glacier moved up the valley to its water-shed, and then descended Rock River Valley. Between Green Bay Valley and the range on the west, the course was up the slope southwesterly or westerly, as the position was more or less favorable. These movements have been carefully ascertained after collecting an immense mass of data, and they exhibit a marked divergence from the main chan- nel toward the margin of the striated area, of which the Kettle Range is the ultima thule. Beyond our own State, a great deal of valuable matter tending in this direction has been accu- mulated, showing that the main channels of the ice streams were the troughs of Lake Superior, Lalce Michigan, and of the two lakes, Erie and Ontario, besides which there were lesser glaciers, but still great ones, planing and plowing their several courses along the basins of the bays of Saginaw, Green and Keweenaw. The wasting and disappearance of each glacier on every mar- gin and its advance, grinding under its ponderous weight the less elastic materials which it held imprisoned, will, when properly considered, fully account for the striations which mark its course, 322 HISTORY OF THE LEAD REGION. and for their divergence from the main channel ; but for some time the plowed lines now so easily explained by the aid of science were sore stumbling-blocks to the inquiring minds which have solved the problem. The topography of the range may be best described by an imaginary jour- ney along its course. Starting from the northern extreme of the range in Wisconsin, miilway between the southern point of Green Bay and Lake Michigan, we mount an eastward-sloping rocky incline, the base of the range being only about two hundred feet above the level of Lake Michigan. Our course lies southwest, up the rocky slope to its crest. Twenty miles north of the Illinois line, there is a division, one portion stretching toward the south, while the other curves westward, crossing Rock River Valley, descending therein at least three hundred feet lower than the rocky crest which the glacier just as certainly traversed. Curving now gradually to the north after passing Rock River, the range crosses the water-shed between the rivers Rock and Wisconsin, and the great bend of the latter, sweeping directly over quartzite ranges with a vertical undulation of more than seven hundred feet, then ascending the water-shed between the Mississippi and the St. Lawrence drainage areas, estimated at from seven hundred to eight hundred feet above Lake Michigan. Crossing the head-waters of Wisconsin River within about fifty miles from the State's northern boundary, we descend obliquely the east slope of the Chippewa Valley, and, having crossed that part of our course, curve rapidly to the north and along its western margin to the water-shed of Lake Superior. Returning along this line to com- plete our tour of investigation, we find the range branching near the northern limit of Barron County. We travel with the western line southwestward to Lake St. Croix, on the boundary of Wisconsin, and move onward into Minnesota. Taking the State Geologist of Minnesota for our guide in that region, we find an extensive deposit of drift-hills on the water-shed between the Mississippi and Minnesota Rivers, and a line of similar accumulations, less definite and continu- ous, stretching southward from the neighborhood of St. Paul into Iowa ; between which we are somewhat at a loss to imagine which is the true moraine, or whether each may fairly lay claim to that distinction. Probably the line re-curves north of the center of Iowa, so we continue our journey northwesterly until we strike the Coteau de Prairie of Dakota, where, uncertain as to the possible limits of the tour, we reluctantly abandon the gigantic monograph of the glacier, still to be followed by inquirers and questioned as to the time and conditions under which the ice-king defined his bounds and set up this rampart to mark the decline of his empire. Return- ing now to the bifurcation in Southeast Wisconsin, we follow the range as it strikes south into Illinois after an interesting flexure near our State line; but the range loses its more pronounced features in the Sucker State, broadening its base and lowering its crest, until, as it rounds Lake Michigan, it is well nigh lost. East of the Lake, trending northward in Michigan, the range resumes its old-time characteristics and is aggressive enough to develop two belts, one bearing northerly between the Great Lake and the Saginaw Valley, and the other northeasterly between that valley and the basin of the Erie. The first-named belt is hypothetical rather than actual, though not altogether hypothetical, and beyond the points already indicated there is abundant room for speculation, but little clearly defined knowledge. There is a line of drift-hills in Ohio with a surface analogous to our moraines, occupying the water-shed between Lake Erie and the Ohio River, stretching across that State and extending westward into Indiana, probably very near to, if not actually joining, the belt already described. Ohio and Indiana geologists claim that parts of those States have sustained a degree of erosion altogether exceptional in the Mau- mee- Wabash Valley, and it might hardly be expected that the moraine would come out of such an ordeal in any other than a fragmentary condition ; so we may have to content ourselves with a partly speculative range in the regions named, but some remains will certainly be found when adequate and critical search shall be made to connect the Ohio belt with the western range. A similar formation is described in New York reports as extending along the southern part of Long Island, and the same range is traced across New Jersey by Prof. Cook, who is satisfied that it is a terminal moraine. SuflBcient investigation may yet establish the oneness of our morainic belt, and prove a yet vaster extension, but history records only what is known. HISTOEY OF THE LEAD REGION. 323 We come now to consider the mineral resources of the State — metallic ores from which metals are extracted, and non-metallic minerals which are applied in numerous ways, with but slight preliminary treatment, in the mechanic and economic arts, to increase the comfort of man- kind. Wisconsin possesses, in large degree, the ores of lead, zinc, iron and copper, and in degrees almost infinitesimal, even the more precious metals. The non-metallic substances prin- cipally found are building stone, brick clay, cement rock, kaolin, glass sand, peat and limestone for lime and flux. Lead and zinc are found in the same region, under like conditions and often together. Lead has long been the most important metalliferous product of the State, but the demand for our lead is not so great as formerly, and the labor employed suffers a corresponding reduction. Lead and zinc ores have been discovered in limited quantities in the archaean rocks in the northern part of this State, which we have described elsewhere as the core about which the concentric bands of other formations aggregated in transforming the Island of Wisconsin into part of this continent. The economic value of the deposits named is wisely doubted. The chief supply of those metals in this State comes from that section of the southwest west of Sugar River and south of the valley of the Wisconsin River, from the head-waters of the first-named stream westward. That is the lead region, and, with small additions of territory included in Iowa and Illinois, the lead regions of the Upper Mississippi can be accurately delineated. France became impressed with the belief that the valley of the Mississippi was rich in met- als, during the seventeenth century, and in the next century the fearful climax of speculation known as the " Mississippi Bubble " was largely due to the assumption that the valley was auriferous. Nicholas Perrot is said to have discovered lead here about the year 1692, but the supposed discoverer does not mention the fact in the only work of his pen that has been pre- served. Le Sueur, famous for his voyage up the Mississippi in the first year of the eighteenth century, found lead on the banks of that river near what is now the southern limit of our State. Capt. Carver found lead in the Blue Mounds in 1766, the Indians being unaware of its value as an ore, although conversant with its appearance. The first mining for lead in this country with which we are conversant was undertaken in 1788 by Julien Dubuque, who continued his opera- tions near the site of the city named for him until 1810, the time of his death. For twelve years from that time, lead mining was a lost art among the American people, but after 1821 that industry was resumed with great profit, and has been prosecuted ever since, attaining its maxi- mum of production between the two years 1845 and 1847, until the silver-lead Toines of Utah rose into prominence, with other such mines in the Rocky Mountains. The lead mines of the Mississippi Valley eclipsed all the other mines in the United States in the production of lead, and the production of that metal is still large in the region with which we are most concerned. Wis- consin gives but one form of lead ore in quantity, sulphide of lead or galena, which, when free from foreign admixtures, shows over 86 -per cent of pure lead mixed mechanically with sulphur. Ordinarily, galena contains silver, but the ore in Wisconsin has only the slightest trace of the more precious metal. There are two varieties of zinc ores produced in our mines — sphalerite, sometimes marma- tite, and smithsonite — the first a sulphide containing about 10 per cent of iron, known to the miners as "blackjack;" the pure sulphide of zinc contains about 67 per cent of the metal. Smithsonite, popularly known as "dry bone," is an iron-bearing carbonate, which is produced abundantly. Both the ores, lead and zinc, in the several varieties named, and some others, are limited practically to the beds of Galena and Trenton limestone, which have already been described in their order, underlaid by almost horizontal strata, deposited upon the archaean rocks the crystalline metamorphic sedimentary upheaval, to which we are under so many obliga- tions. The order of their coming has been already given, and the facts of their partial erosion ; but the strata attain a depth in all of nearly two thousand feet in the lead region. Galena bufi" and blue limestones are, in all, about three hundred and seventy-five feet thick, the upper and lower strata of the deposits being, in a metallic sense, barren. The blue and bufi" layers are the main depositaries of zinc, and lead is the chief product of the Galena limestone ; but the layers all produce both metals in greater and less proportion. The deposits of ore are found in crevices 324 HISTORY OF THE LEAD REGION. sometimes vertical and sometimes lateral, the simplest and commonest form being a crack in the rock, probably a few inches wide, having a flat extension beneath, worn by the water as it per- colated through the stratum, leaving the chemical residue to be found by enterprising men. Some of these extensions are several hundred feet in length and breadth, vast chambera forty feet in height, lessening to nothing on every side, and brilliant with incrustations that might enrich a palace. The imagination of the reader may riot at will in conjuring up the wondrous forms of beauty assumed by these subterranean cavities, without danger that his most extrava- gant creation will surpass the reality in favored instances ; but many of the chambers contain masses of loose rock disintegrated, but not carried away, containing large quantities of Galena; and the ore in numberless instances is found in cubes and stalactites, prystalline embodiments of the wealth that rewards patient labor. The limestone has been creviced in two directions, rudely indicating the points of the compass, the lines treading east and west being the most pro- ductive of metal. Vertical crevices are seldom found in the lower stratum or buff limestone; hence the ores of zinc are not found in the vertical openings to any extent. Sometimes many of the chambers or "flat openings," sheets, or crevices, are worked together with manifest advantage to the miners. Occasionally the flat openings contain little or no galena, but are well supplied with "blackjack " and "dry bone" ores and cleavable calcite, as well as marcasite or ^ sulphide of iron on roof and floor, the area between being clear. Vertical crevices characterize the galena proper, as a rule, and the flat openings are looked for generally in the blue and buff limestones, so that zinc is principally obtained in such chambers. Until the year 1860, the zinc ores, being more refractory than galena, were not considered capable of being worked with profit, the clay and fuel for smelting having to be brought from great distances, so that freights were enormous; but about the time named the plan of sending ore to La Salle, 111., was initiated, and has since been prosecuted with much advantage, as it is cheaper to send the ore for reduction to the fuel and clay than to bring the other substances to the mining district in sufiicient quantity for the work. The innumerable purposes to which zinc is increasingly applied in daily life render it certain that the large deposits of the ore obtainable in this State will long coatinue to be a source of wealth. The geological survey of the State has been of immense advantage in determining the localities in which the deposits of galena and buff and blue limestone have been more or less extensively eroded by atmospheric influences, and the economic value of such inquiries will be found in the saving of money and labor from being invested, where, even though the ores may be discovered, they do not exist in sufficient quantities to justify large outlay for permanent works. The practical miner knows the worth of accurate scientific investigation. Iron is not yet one of the great products of Wisconsin, but those who have read the former pages of this chapter cannot fail to know that there are great possibilities in the future in this respect. Many blast furnaces are now employed in the eastern section of the State, reducing ores brought from Michigan, but there are other furnaces dealing with ores from our own mines, and their number and profits will very largely increase. Our best iron fields are, beyond doubt, in the north, where the country is heavily wooded, and where much patient exploration and many tentative experiments should prepare the way for large investments, such as will afford remunerative employment to skilled miners and workmen for centuries in developing this branch of our great mineral resources. In describing the several ores from which iron is obtained, we shall try to avoid technical phraseology except in those instances in which the technique has become a popular possession. Red hematite ores contain iron in an earthy condition, as anhy- drous sesquioxide, without luster, although when pure fully 70 per cent of metallic iron is present. The mined ore is seldom pure, and the mechanical combination of foreign substances reduces its value generally to about 50 per cent, or even less. Clinton iron ore is our most important find in this State of red hematite, at present being exploited, the name being derived from the locality in Oneida County, N. Y., where it was first obtained. Its rocks are limestones and shales in the Silurian formation, and its characteristics are marked so unvaryingly that any person once familiar with the ore cannot fail to recognize its presence in new positions. This (DECf ASED L/KUC/^STtP, 1 HISTORY OF THE LEAD REGION. 827 ore contains much phosphorus, and the iron is known as "coldshort," but, when blended with other ores, siUcious and free from phosphorus, the product is very valuable for foundry purposes. The deposit is found in rocM" of s;reat thickness which are already being mined at many points from the locality of first recognition to Tennessee. Clinton ore is found in Wisconsin sometimes linmcdiateiy overlying the iiudson Kiver or Cincinnati shales ; but, more generally, the Clinton rocks merge into the Niagara limestone rocks in the eastern part of the State. Iron Ridge, in Dodge County, is an important deposit. A ledge of Niagara limestone running north and south, • looking down upon lower land to the west, covers an ore bed from fifteen to eighteen feet thick, with horizontal layers ranging from three inches to fifteen, of concretionary structure, having lenticular grains one-twenty-fifth of an inch in diameter. The topmost layer is a dark purple, slightly metallic to the eye, but not resembling the other layers in structure. At Mayville. Mr. Sweet examined a thickness of forty feet three-fourths of a mile from the ridge, and the same authority gives the results of his analysis of the ridge ore in the following formula : Iron peroxide, 66.38; carbonate of lime, 10.42; carbonate of magnesia, 2.79; silica, 4.72; alumina, 5.54; manganese oxide, 0.44; sulphur, 0.23; phosphoric acid, 0.73; water, 8.75-100; metallic iron, 46.66. The average furnace yield of the ore at Mayville is about 45 per cent. Two small fur- naces operating at Mayville and Iron Ridge, and using charcoal, smelt from these ores an iron sometimes rich in phosphorus. The ore is not usually smelted at the local furnaces, being mainly shipped to the extensive iron works in Chicago, Joliet and Springfield, 111., St. Louis, Mo., Appleton, Green Bay, Depere and Milwaukee, Wis., and Wyandotte and Jackson, Mich., to mix with other ores. The yield of the ridge eight years ago exceeded 80,000 tons per annum. The base of the Niagara limestone is marked by similar deposits at other points further north in this State, but the commercial value of the ore in the instances noted is yet iincertain. The Potsdam sandstone, lowest of our horizontal formations, is highly charged with red hema- tite in many places ; and, in Westfield, Sauk County, an excellent iron ore has displaced the sandstone, but the extent of the deposit is unknown. Hydrated or brown sesquioxide, commonly known as brown hematite, contains 60 per •cent of iron when pure ; but the average yield comes nearer 40 per cent. Bog-iron ore is one of the varieties of brown hematite, a porous deposit from the water of bogs and marshes found in Portage, Wood and Juneau Counties. Near Necedah, in Juneau County, and near Grand Rapids, Wood County, are excellent bog ores containing nearly 50 per cent of iron, but the quan- tity available is uncertain. Brown hematite mixed with red ore is found in Sauk County and in Richland County adjoining, filling fractures and cavities in the Potsdam sandstqne ; and two furnaces are now in operation on this ore at Ironton and Cazcnovia, the first named having been established many years, and having proved the value and quantity of the deposit. Magnetic ores and specular hematites are found intimately mingled in the same group of Tocks in Wisconsin, and, although not yet included among the industrial products of the State, there are many indications that they will rank high in its mineral sources of wealth. Magnetite is an oxide of iron, containing, when pure, about 72 per cent of iron, the highest per- centage indeed possible to an ore. Specular hematite is of the same nature as red hematite, but the ore is crystalline and hard, with a metallic luster. These ores combined seldom give more than 50 per cent of metal, and the richest ores hardly ever yield more than 65 per cent. There are two iron districts in this State in which specular and magnetic ores abound ; the Me- nomonee, near the head-waters of the river of that name, in Township 40, Ranges 17 and 18 east, Marinette County, and the Penokee in Bayfield, Ashland and Lincoln Counties, ten to twenty miles south of Lake Superior. Veins and nets of specular iron are found with the quartz rocks of Baraboo Valley, Sauk County, and in Necedah, Juneau County ; and in the vicinity of the Black River Falls, Jackson County, in a peculiar quartz-schist, magnetic and specular iron oxides are found, but so far it does not appear that the ore would pay for reduction. The ores are found in the Menomonee and Penokee districts in slaty and quartzose rocks, extensions of the series which in the Northern Peninsula of Michigan have contributed so largely to the fame «nd wealth of that State as a producer of iron. Lean magnetic and specular ores are found in B 328 HISTORY OF THE LEAD REGION. this rock series, in great beds, combined with large' quantities of quartz, forming bold ridjjes almost defying the power of the air to erode them ; but of little or no value for reduction. Other layers in the same series, very soft- and seldom outcropping, for that reason are extremely rich, and the Menomonee region possesses the last-named layers in a marked proportion. One of these deposits stows a breadth of more than 150 feet of first-class specular ore. The existence of sim- ilar beds in the Penokee district, may be reasonably inferred, as the rocks form part of the same • series, but the discovery has yet to be made, and should probably be sought north of the main range, under heavy deposits of drift which cover large areas of iron-bearing rock. There are lean ores in the Penokee range which are almost rich enough to pay for reduction, and which by and by will be reduced. Copper is not raised in Wisconsin, except at Mineral Point, where chaleopyrite, the yellow sulphide of copper and iron, are found in the crevices of Galena limestone. Copper in small quantities in pyrites, can be found all through the lead region, but the return would not pay for exhaustive exploration. In Northern Wisconsin, also, copper is found, but under different con- ditions ; and it remains to be seen whether the newer developments will pay for mining, as many hope and believe. The Keweenaw Point, and Isle Royale copper-bearing rocks stretch across this State in two belts, southwesterly and parallel. One belt commences the journey at Mon- treal River, crossing Ashland and Bayfield Counties, and then expanding, fills a large area in the counties of Douglas, Saint Croix, Barron and Chippewa. The back-bone of the Bayfield pen- insula is found by the other belt which continues its bold ridge across Douglas County _ to Minnesota. The rocks appear to be igneous, as we have elsewhere explained, but they are dis- tinctly bedded and partly interstratified with sandstone, shales, and bowlder conglomerates. Veins cross the rock beds, in which pure metallic copper can be found in fine flakes, and like deposits are found scattered all through the several layers. There have been attempts at mining on small scales in these belts where nature favors experiment, but the commercial value of the deposit must be determined by larger and more scientific endeavors. Gold may be found in infinitesimal quantities in almost any part of the earth, but there are few even of the great diggings where it actually pays to mine for the precious metal. A few men become suddenly rich, but the great mass remain poor to the end, until they mingle their dust with that of the placer in which their lives have been spent to so little purpose. Traces of both the precious metals have been found in Wisconsin, but happily not in any such quantities as may ever disturb the normal and more profitable industries of mankind. Clark County and Ashland County are the two localities said to be auriferous and argentiferous in the trivial degrees mentioned. Thus ends our record of the metals found in Wisconsin. The non-metallic minerals may now pass under brief review. Brick clays are of great value to Wisconsin, and they are found extending inland from the great lakes for many miles, tellmg of a time, probably long after the glacial period, when these immense bodies of water covered a. still greater area. The beds of clay are stratified and of lake formation, containing large amounts of carbonate of lime. In this State that stratum of wealth gives employment to thousands who make and burn bricks to the extent of more than 50,000,000 annually. Some of the bricks are red and others cream color, and it has been claimed that the red color indicated the presence of more iron in the constituents of the clay ; but a series of experiments and analyses carried out by Mr. Sweet, formerly of Madison in this State, and now of Colorado, and supplemented by analyses by Prof. Daniells, of Madison University, show that the quantities of iron in the clay at Milwaukee, the clay in Madison, from which red bricks are made, and the clay from Lake Superior, in Ashland County, only vary in fractional parts, the difference showing a slight excess of iron in the cream-colored Milwaukee clay over the clay used in the red bricks in Madison. Carbonate of lime seems to be the ingredient in respect to which the bricks of Milwaukee differ from some of the bricks made elsewhere. The clay from which light-colored bricks are made is- often a bright red at the outset of its career, as raw material for the manufacturer. Tiles and pottery of excellent quality are made from this clay in many places, and the number of men emplojred in such industries will steadily increase. The lake clays already named are not the HISTORY OF THE LEAD REGION. 329 only deposits of the kind in the State available for such uses. The Yahara Valley in Dane County has an excellent stratified clay which is burned into red brick at Madison, and to cream- colored brick at Oregon and Stoughton. Plattevillo, Lancaster and other noteworthy points in the southwestern parts of Wisconsin are favored with fine beds of clay, from which excellent red brick is made, and the enterprise of the people will develop other and still more valuable methods to convert these deposits into sources of wealth and happiness. Kaolin is a contribution to our language from the Chinese, being used by the Celestials to denote the rock from which they make their porcelain. We use the word to indicate a very fine clay, although it differs widely from the material employed by the Chinese and Japanese in the fiibricntion of their exquisite wares. Our kaolin is the result of a disintegration of felspathic crystalline rocks, the base of supply not being removed from its place of deposit. Silica, alumina and water combine to form the mineral kaolinite which is the base of our porcelain clay. Foreign ingredients, which are as a rule present in the rock when the process of disinte- gration is advancing, are removed more or less completely by manipulative skill, and a pure white clay of exceptional fineness is the result. Wisconsin is rich in the crystalline rocks from which kaolin may be formed, but the disintegrated material is rarely found, probably in consequence of glacial action having denuded the softened parts of the rocks. Prom Grand Rapids, on the Wis- consin River, westward to Black River, in Jackson County, is a belt where the crystalline rocks were once overlaid by sandstone, and at the point of junction many water courses lent their aid to-the work of disintegration. Over the area named, drift action has been trivial or is entirely wanting, so that all the conditions have favored the deposition of porcelain clay or kaolin. The beds of the Wisconsin, Yellow and Black Rivers have large exposures of the desiderated rock over- laid by sandstone on either side, and just where the deposits of disintegration might be expected, kaolin is comparatively abundant, stretching across the country in the lines of the layers of the tilted crystalline rocks, waiting only the manipulative skill of competent workmen and artists for conversion into forms of beauty that will charm wealth into the surrender of its hoards. On the Wisconsin, near Grand Rapids, these patches are very numerous, varying in dimensions from less than an inch to many feet in depth. The quality is also variant ; some pure and re- fractory, and other parts fusible and impure. Milwaukee cement rock has been already referred to in our geological summary, but in this relation that material must be again mentioned to assist the classification of our minerals. Cer- tain layers of Lower Magnesian limestone produce a lime which has in a large degree the hydraulic property. Some parts of the blue limestone, in the Trenton group, which may be found in Southwestern Wisconsin has that quality ; but the best yet discovered in this State is the Milwaukee cement rock. The location of the deposit has been already given. The cement is obtained in almost any quantity, and the product manufactured from it exceeds in value and strength every other material of the kind, except the famous Portland cement, made in Great Britain. The rock exhibits great evenness in the distribution of its ingredients throughout the mass, and will prove of great value. Ripon has a cement rock which belongs to the Lower Mag- nesian limestone, but it cannot compare in excellence and durability with the great deposit of cement rock near Milwaukee. Niagara limestone furnishes an excellent quick-lime, white and pure, far in advance of the other formations ; Lower Magnesian ranking next, as when burned it makes a strong mortar, but it is " off color," to use the language sometimes applied to precious stones. Madison lime is burned from the Lower Magnesian. Trenton limestone does not yield good lime, and the Galena lime- stone is little better in that respect, but much lime is made therefrom. Nearly half a million barrels of lime annually is now being made in this State from Niagara limestone alone. There 13 a limestone quarry near Milwaukee ; the stone from which is used very successfully as a flux, at the rolling-mills at Bay View, in that city ; but Shoemaker's quarry is one of very few, as our limestones are mostly Magnesian. Some layers of Trenton limestone in many parts of Wis- consin, especially in the southern section, are non-magnesian, and will reward investigation when the demand increases. 330 HISTOKY OF THE LEAD IlEGION. Our readers -will remember the reference made elsewhere to St. Peter's sandstone, as a pure white, siliceous sand, suitable in glass making, and it is gratifying to note that this excel- lent material is being applied to' the use named at many places in Eastern Wisconsin with advantage. Peat will hardly ever be depended on as a fuel in this country, where coal is within easy reach ; but as a fertilizer it is of great value, and it is therefore a matter for congratulation that it can be obtained in great quantity, and of good quality, from the marshes in the eastern and central parts of the State. We have now nearly completed our presentation of the geoloo-ical resources of Wisconsin, as nothing remains but to note the varieties of building stone available, and before proceeding to their enumeration it is our duty to acknowledge our obligations to Prof Chamberlin, Prof Irving, Prof. Whitney, Mr. Strong, Mr. Sweet and to many other gentlemen, whose storehouses of fact have been ransacked without scruple to render these pages interesting and complete. More especially we are under deep obligations to the gentle- man first named, our chief geologist, for kindnesses innumerable, the value of which will, we hope, appear in the enhanced worth of this volume. The story of the rocks has been a sketch, necessarily hasty and incomplete, of the various layers of sedimentary stone and trap from the Archaean upheaval to the drift formation, all more or less adapted to building purposes ; we shall name only a few kinds, representative of the great series. Granite and gneissic rock, the core of our State, are found in protruding masses at many points in Northern Wisconsin. ' Red granites, of great value and beauty, which have not yet been worked, but which will some day in the near future reward enterprise with rich returns, are exposed on the Wisconsin River and on Yellow and Black Rivers, more especially at Black Bull Falls, near which there may yet be quarries opened to supply the demands of neighboring States as well as our own for a building material seldom surpassed in loveliness and durability. Along the shore line of Lake Superior, from Michigan to the Minnesota boundary, a valu- able sandstone, handsome and enduring, is found in Wisconsin. This rock forms the base of the Apostle Islands, and is largely quarried in one of them to supply Milwaukee and Chicago with a dark-brown, uniform and very fine-grained stone, upon which fashion and good taste have set their seal of approbation. The stone can be worked with comparative ease, in blocks of almost any dimensions that can be transported, and many public and private buildings in the great cities named are constructed of this excellent material. The neighboring islands and contiguous points on the mainland, offer abundant opportunities to quarry stone of the same kind, in every respect as good, so that the much-admired brown-stone front, in which opulence finds delight, will some day, soon, offer attractions to be embraced by a much larger class in our commu- nity. There is a hardened, well-compacted sandstone, ranging from white to brown in color, and of even grain, obtained from the Potsdam series, at Stevens' Point, Grand Rapids, Paokwaukee, Wautoma, Black River Falls, and at several points in the Baraboo Valley, so that this valued stone is known to be easily accessible in Portage County and in the counties of Wood, Marquette, Waushara, Jackson and Sauk. Besides the treasures thus unfolded, the uppermost layers of the same series furnish a very sightly buff colored, calcareous sandstone, which is quarried near Madison, in Dane County, and largely used in building the ornate residences for which the capi- tal of the State is justly famous. The limestone formations of this State furnish many varieties of building stone of less and greater value, and mostly durable as well as handsome. The stratum known as " Mendota, from its outcropping near the lake of that name, near Madison, is a part of the Potsdam series, very evenly bedded, finely-grained and yellow, well appreciated throughout the region in which it is found, and worked extensively all around Madison, as well as throughout the Lower Wis- consin Valley. A cream colored limestone, from the Lower Magnesianjseries, is quarried in West- port, Dane County, and very handsome fine-grained stone is supplied from a base that is prac- tically inexhaustible. It is, however, fruitless to attempt a complete summary of our resources in building-stone, as the work might crowd a volume and still fail to do justice to the wealth oi detail by which we are surrounded; hence we mail content ourselves with but a brief reference HISXOKT OF THE LEAD REGION. 331 to the remaining series of limestones — the Trenton, Galena and Niagara — in this respect, and so close our necessarily imperfect resume. The Trenton layer is usually thin but evenly bedded, not highly valued by builders, but sometimes utilized for laying in wall. Galena and Niagara limestones permit of a much larger variety of uses, and, in Eastern Wisconsin, the last-named layer supplies a white stone, very compact and enduring, easily worked and capable of a high finish. It is not easy to estimate the millions of men who will find homes in this State within the next century, as the reward of enterprise and well-applied labor in the development of its mineral resources. Having dealt somewhat exhaustively, though not completely, with the rock formations, we come now to consider the general contour of the country embraced by our history, the surface, streams and hills. A detniled description of the geological formation of this immediate locality might be written without reference to the surrounding counties, since Iowa, La Fayette and Grant Counties are entirely within the limits of a distinctive division, but, for the purpose of giving a more comprehensive report, it is deemed advisable to ignore political boundaries, and treat of those lines which nature created ages untold before the presence of man upon the scene. THE MINERAL DISTRICT IN DETAIL. The Mineral District of Wisconsin, Illinois and Iowa is recognized by geologists as an area peculiar to itself, and is written about as such. The geographical scope of this article extends, how- ever, for cbvious reasons, from the easternmost line of the mineral-bearing formation in Wiscon- sin to the Mississippi River on the west, and from the northernmost limit of the district, the Wisconsin River, to the dividing line between Wisconsin and Illinois, so far as local or detailed description is intended. It is given on the authority of James G. Percival, State Geologist from August 12, 1854, to the time of his -death. May 2, 1856, that the mineral district reaches no further eastward than Sugar River, which ru-ns in a general southeasterly course, rising in Township 7 north. Range 7 east, Dane County, and traversing the eastern range of Green County. Occasionally small quantities of lead ore are found further east, but no especial mention of such deposits is required here. In 1834, Mr. G. W. Featherstonhaugh began the first survey of the district lying between ihe Missouri River and Red River of the North, and the upper part of the valley of the Missis- sippi and the mining districts adjacent to that river. The survey was completed in 1835, under the patronage of the General Government. Another survey was made by the Government in 1889. Dr. D. D. Owen was the geologist in charge of the latter exploration, but the magnitude of the task prohibited a minute examination of this region. In 1853, Prof E. Daniels pub- lished a pa^mphlet concerning the geology of the lead region, under the auspices of the State of Wisconsin. Dr. J. G. Percival was the next scientist to prepare a report, but his labcs were cut short by death. May 2, 1S56. Upon the death of Dr. Percival, Profs. James Hall, E. S. Carr and E. Daniels were appointed, and, in 1858, Prof Daniels issued a report on the iron ores of the State. In 1862, Profs. Hall and Whitney published the largest report that had up to that date been presented, about three-quarters of the work being given to the lead region. Rev. John Jlurrish issued a smaller report in 1872. In 1873, the late Moses Strong, Assistant State Geologist, was instructed to prepare a report covering points not touched on by previous surveyors, and, during .that and the succeeding year, responded to the request. From these voludes, but mainly from the report of Mr. Strong, the following facts are compiled. DEATH OF MOSES STRONG. Because of the grand work performed by Mr. Strong in this locality, as well as because of his residence in Mineral Point, it is deemed proper to interrupt the geological record for a time, and here insert the following account of his melancholy death : The following notice is taken from the Wisconsin State Journal of February 4, 1878 : " In his annual report of the Wisconsin Geological Survey, just issued from the press of the State Printer, Prof. T. 0. Chamberlin, Chief Geologist, has taken occasion to commemorate, 332 HISTORY OF THE LEAD REGION. in most fit and appreciative terms, the virtues and qualities of one of his associates in the survey, the late Moses Strong, who lost his life in the service of the State, and for his devotion to the cause of scientific discovery and research. The ficulty to win at once the respect of those who became associated with him was one of the marked, peculiar and shining qualities of Mr. Strong's character ; and the more intimate became the association, the higher the admira- tion for his genius, and the more enduring the impression of the sterling attributes of his mind and heart. Those who knew him best will be the most ready to second, and the most sincerely to indorse the high and deserved panegyric which his associate, in such apt and felicitous words, has pronounced upon him. In the opening of the report, a circum5tiintial account of the mournful accident by which Mr. Strong lost his life is given, which we republish." The following letter was the last received by Prof. Chamberlin from Mr. Strong, on the eve of his departure for that which proved to be his last earthly exploration : Stevens Point, August 15, 1877. Deak Chamberlin : 1 leave here to-morrow morning, and, on account of very low wfiter, I find it neccssarv to make the trip up the North Fork of the Flambeau first, and thence down the South Fork to Fifield. You may send letters to me to Fifield Stition, W. C. R. R., care of the Station Agent, via Steven." Point. Very triily yours, MOSES STRONG. The subsequent events are clothed with inexpressible sadness. The following account was prepared immediately after the melancholy event, by one whoso facilities for obtaining the exact facts exceed our own, and whose painful feelings caused every incident to impress itself with unwonted force and vividness upon his feelings and memory : " Mr. Strong left Stevens Point on Thursday, the 16th, accompanied by William V. Gundry, of Mineral Point, and John Hawn, of Stevens Point, a guide whom he ha^l hired, who was familiarly known as ' Sailor Jack,' and who was an experienced woodsman, and an expert in canoe navigation. The party went by railroad to the crossing of the Flambeau River, where they arrived about 6 o'clock P. M. The next day, Friday, was spent in procuring boats and other preparations for ascending the river. Mr. Strong obtained a light skiff, made of liven white cedar, which he thought well adapted for the purposes for which he wished to use it. He also obtained a birch -bark canoe, in which were to be transported the supplies aud camp equip- age for the party of three. " They commenced the ascent of the Flambeau on Saturday morning, and continued it for nine or ten miles without any remarkable incident, until nearly 8 o'clock P. M., when they came to some rapids, supposed to be in Section 28, Township 41, Range 1 east. The rapids were about one hundred and fifty feet from the foot to the head. The bed of the river was fi'cd with numerous rocks, over and about which the water rushed rapidly. 'Sailor Jack' took the lead, in the bark canoe and its freight, followed by Mr. Strong arid young Gundry, in the cedar skiff. Jack had reached the head of the rapids, or nearly so, as the others were entering upon the ascent; Mr. Strong was standing in the bow of the skiff, using a long, light pole for propelling it, while Gundry was sitting in the stern, using the oars for the same purpose. Near the foot of the rapids was a rock, past which they pushed the skiff far enough so that the current struck its bow and turned it around the rock in such a manner that the whole force of the current, strik- ing it broadside, tarned it over. As it was going over, Mr. Strong jumped from it into the •;vater, and stood upon a rock in the bed of the river, over which the water was three and a half feet deep, and came up to his waist. Immediately below the rock where he was standing and lolfling on 10 the skis', the water was twelve feet deep, into which Mr. Gundry went as the flf upset. At that instant he hollowed to Mr. Strong, ' I can't swim,' who replied, ' Hold to the boat.' Gundry held on at first, but, in attempting to got a better hold, or in some way, lost his hold of the boat and was carried into the water, into which he was sinking. Simultane- ously, the skiff went down the stream, and Mr. Strong left his position of comparative safety, and was immediately in the deep water, and sunk to the bottom of it, to rise no more. •' Why he left the place where he was standing, and let the boat go, is a matter of con- jecture. One theory is, that he slipped and could stand there no longer ; but this is not as HISTORY OF THE LEAD REGION. 333 probable as is the theory of the men who were engaged in searching for his body, which is, that as soon as he saw that his friend Gundry had lost his hold of the boat and was sinking, he throw himself into the water, in the vain (as it proved) effort to save liis companion from drown- ing. He was a good swimmer, very self-confident and self-reliant, and would not have been likely to apprehend any disaster to himself in the efforts to save his friend, and if he had, the apprehension would not have deterred him. " The reason why he did not reach Gundry is very satisfactorily explained by Gundry himself, who says that, while he was under the water, he distinctly saw Mr. Strong with his legs drawn up, as in a sitting position, with his arms bent in front of his breast, in which posi- tion he sank, and his body was in this position when found. It, therefore, would seem quite certain that, in his effort to save Gundry, Mr. Strong was seized with cramps, which deprived him of the power of swimming, and resulted in his own drowning, and the certainty is increased by the fact that his body was found on the bottom of, the river, not more than thirty or forty feet from where he had been standing. "That Mr. Gundry escaped drowning is almost miraculous. He drifted down the river until his feet struck a sand-bar, which enabled him barely to get his head above the surface of the water. Here he stood in water up to-his neck, until he was rescued by Jack Hawn. As soon as Jack heard the cries, ho left his canoe at the head of the rapids and ran to the foot of them, whe;ce he saw Gundry 's head above the water, and the skiff floating down the stream. He immediately rushed' into the water and secured the skiff, and with it rescued Gundry from his peril. " The time of the accident was 2:55, as indicated by the watches of both the young men, which were stopped at the time of being submerged. The body of Mr. Strong was found at 6 o'clock on Sunday evening, in eight and one-half feet of water. It might probably have been found sooner, but for the erroneous supposition of those engaged in the search that it had drifted further than proved to be the fact." At the time the crushing news was received, his father, the Hon. Moses M. Strong, was at Stevens' Point, and, through a generosity and courtesy that commanrls our warmest admiration, a special train was placed at his disposal by General Manager E. B. Phillips, of the Wiscon- sin Central Eailroad, whereby he was enabled to reach at an early hour the scene of the disaster. The remains were conveyed to Mineral Point, where they were laid to rest, amid profound sorrow, not alone of kindred uud friends, nor of the community by which he was so highly esteemed, but of the entire commonwealth in whose service he had fallen. The loss to the survey, though immeasurably less than the unspeakable affliction to the smitten family, is very great. Mr. Strong's careful notes, even up to the very hour of his death, were all recovered in a legible condition ; yet, though they were taken with ihat pains- taking care that so prominently characterized his work, they can never receive at the hands of another that fullness and completeness of elaboration which they would have received from their author. As an appropriate, yet most sad and mournful appendix to the report. Prof. Chamberlin has added the following : In Memoriam — Moses Strong — (June 17, 1846 — August 18, 1877). — The lapse oi a geo- logic age is little to us save in the record it has left us. The infinitude of its days are of little moment if they form a " Lost Interval." The record is little to us save in its character. An eon of ages may have heaped up an immensity of sands, but if they have buried neither life nor treasure, it is but a barren interval. The years that formed the coal, the ore and the life beds, however brief among the eras of the earth's history, are more to us than all lost or barren intervals, however Vast their cycles. So the eon of life. June 17, 1846— August 18, 1877. These are the limiting signs of human age. What is the record ? The earlier period of Mr. Strong's life, the period of fundamental intellectual deposit and moral accretion, were spent where the basal strata of character are best laid, at home. 334 HISTORY OP THE LEAD REGION. His early training and instruction were largely received at the hands of an intellectaal father and a pious mother, the combination which best matures thought and develops morals. To this was added something of the cosmopolitan culture of the public schools. In his thir- teenth year he entered the French and English school then located at Sauk City, where he acquired some knowledge of the rudiments of the versatile language of the French. A collegi- ate course had, however, been selected as an important feature of his education, and in his four- teenth year his studies were turned specifically in that direction under the tuition of the Rev. Mr. Skinner, then Rector of the Episcopal Church at Mineral Point. The last few months of these preparatory studies were passed at Delavan, in this State, whither Mr. Skinner had removed, and some of the citizens of that place will recall the quiet manner of the youne student. Let it be noted that thus far, more than half the span of his life, he had been chiefly under the quiet but potent molding power of paternal and pastoral influence. Under these auspices the predominant traits of his character were formed, and the most important part of his education accomplished, the education that looks toward manhood. But, though the home is wide enough for the boy, the world is none too broad for the man, and Mr. Strong now entered upon that wider culture wiiich was to fit him for the still bi'oader school of life. In September, 1863, he was admitted to Yale College, in whose classic atmos- phere he passed the succeeding four years. It was in our judgment a fortunate circumstance, in view of the fact that he subsequently turned his attention so largely to engineering and scien- tific studies, that so considerable an element of literary study entered into his course at this period. In the junior year of his college course, he selected the profession of mining engineer as his life pursuit, and during the remainder of his course his reading, outside of his class ■ studies, was mainly such as was germane to his chosen profession. Immediately after his grad- uation, he was offered an opportunity to engage in practical civil engineering in connection with the survey of a railroad line along the Mississippi, between La Crosse and Winona. This work, however, was cut short by sickness. In the fall of the same year he returned to New Haven, and spent the year in the Sheffield Scientific School in the study of natural science, higher mathematics, drawing and kindred studies. In the pursuance of these studies he was much indebted to Prof. Blush, of the chair of mineralogy and metallurgy, who had completed his education in Germany, and by whom Mr. Strong's desire to complete his own education in that country was stimulated to its consummation. Mr. Strong sailed for Germany in July, 1868, and returned in the same month of the year 1870. His first year was spent in the mining school at Clausthal, in the Ilartz Mountains, and the second at the celebrated school at Freyberg, in Saxony. These two years afforded excellent facilities for the pursuit of his professional studies, both in the extensive mines aud the ample laboratories. Soon after hia ret'Jin from Germany, Mr. Strong engaged in the practice of his profession — the survey of the extensive lead mines of Crawford, Mills & Co., at Hazel Green, being his first engagement. Upon the completion of this, he was entrusted by the firm with a financial mission to New York. It was always the intention of Mr. Strong to pursue the work which he had planned for his life in the mines of the West, but his devotion to his parents, and his attachment to the home of his infancy and youth, and its domestic associations, were so great that he was reluctant to remove to so distant a field of labor, so long as he could be profitably engaged without perma- nently disturbing the ties and affections which bound him with such devotion to the scenes that had given so much pleasure to his earlier years. Deeming a practical acquaintance with civil engineering, especially so far as relates to the location and construction of railroads, a valuable accessory to his profession as mining engineer, he became associated for varying periods, and in different capacities, in the location of the Northern Pacific, the Wisconsin Central, and several preliminary lines in the lead region. On the inauguration of the geological survey, in 1873, Gov. Washburn, upon the recom- mendation of the late Dr. I. A. Lapham, then chief geologist, commissioned Mr. Strong as HISTORY OF THE LEAD REGION. 335 Assistant State Geologist. During the years 1873 and 1874, he was engaged chiefly in the examination of the lead region. In 1875, he extended his work, adjacent to the Mississippi, as far north as Trempealeau County. The year 1876 was chiefly devoted to the copper-bearing series in the northwestern part of the State. The history of Mr. Strong's work during the past year, and of its calamitous close, has already been given on a previous page. He fell in the midst of his work, in its active prosecu- tion. His last notes were recorded but a few moments before they were submerged with him beneath the fatal rapids. The life passed away, but its latest record remained. These last recordings are marked by blanks. The formation has been described, but spaces were left for the location, which was not then determined. These blanks may be filled, but he has left other blanks we may not fill. He fell pushing up the stream — in fact and in symbol — not floating down it. He stood at the frow, pressing onward and upward, with duty for his motive and truth for his aim. Of his investigations in connection with the survey, I need not speak. " Let his works praise him." In character, he was modest and unassuming, and commanded respect rather by the merits he could not conceal than by any that were assumed. His quiet manner never revealed the real executive strength which he possessed. He accomplished more than he seemed to be attempt- ing. His quiet self-possession gave steady and eff'ective direction to his activities, and stood as a bar alike to the aberrations of mental confusion, the effervescence of merely emotional enthu- siasm, and the turbulence of illusive energy. Judiciousness in the application, rather than the absolute amount of energy displayed, characterized his efforts. His retiring disposition excluded aggressive personal ambition, and his self-assertion was Umited to that called forth in the discharge of his duties. His personal advancement was due to inherent merit or the efforts of others, rather to self- zeal and assurance on his part. Candor and sincerity were eminent traits in his character, and honesty of expression marked alike his life and his language. His integrity was absolutely above question. No bond but his honor was requisite for the security of whatever trust was reposed in him. In attesta- tion of his attractive personal traits, he enjoyed the warm friendship of his associates, and, in an unusual degree, the esteem of the community in which he was so well known. In harmony with his whole nature, Mr. Strong's religious convictions were of the practical rather than the emotional type. Conscientiousness in the fulfillment of every relationship of life was the fundamental stratum upon which was erected the temple of his faith. In outward recognition of his persuasions, he became a member and regular communicant of the Protestant Episcopal Church. If he could have chosen the form of his departure, and could have so molded it to best portray at once the soul of his ethical and religious views, he could perhaps have chosen nothing more fitting than that which the hand of destiny selected for him, to die from the perils that encompass duty, to die for his friend. His domestic relations were most felicitous. Love given and received made his dwelling place a genial home. A kind father, a happy wife, and two lovely children, formed the hearth circle. The household penates always seemed to smile. That they are now broken and veiled, is the saddest thought of this sad story. Obituary Notice of Knights Templar. — The following is a brief extract from the report of the Committee on Obituaries, to the Grand Oommandery of Knights Templar of the State of Wisconsin, at the Nineteenth Annual Conclave held at Madison, October 2 and 3, 1877. After giving a statement of the events connected with his earlier life and education, the report concludes as follows : "The unusual fine advantages that he had enjoyed in youth and early manhood had been faithfully used, and he had fairly entered on a career that, had his life been spared, would have secured him honorable distinction. 336 HISTORY OF THE LEAD BEGION. " His character was one upon which his friends can look from any point of view with pride, with satisfaction and with love. To a mind trained by years of study and filled with valuable learning, he added a character of great moral excellence and of unsullied honor. " Sir Knighi Strong was initiated, passed and raised to the Sublime Degree of Master Mason in Mineral Point Lodge, No. 1 ; became a Royal Arch Mason in Iowa Chapter, No. 6 in Mineral Point, and was received and constituted a Knight Templar in Mineral Point Com- mandery. No. 12; receiving all his degrees in the place of his birth, and the home of his life- time, and at the hands of those who knew full well that the honors he received were most worthily bestowed. His brethren mourn his loss with grieving and heartfelt sorrow. Such men as he it is who honor Masonry in their lives, and dying leave upon it the luster of a pure life and unspotted character." THE DRIFTLESS AREA. Again resuming the narrative of geologic fact, it is observed that the most interesting fact jiresented for the consideration of the general geologist, is the entire absence of " drift," or dilu- vium throughout the southwestern quarter of the State, and, while extending far to the north, still including the region referred to herein. The lead district is driftless. About twelve thou- sand square miles are embraced in these boundaries. The investigations by Mr. Roland D. Irving and Mr. Moses Strong have resulted in much interesting information. From the official reports. is quoted the following: "In the driftless region, which occupies nearly one-fourth of the entire area of the State, the drift is not merely insignificant, but absolutely wanting. Except in the valleys of the largest streams, like the Wisconsin and Mississippi, not a single erratic bowlder, nor even a rounded stone, is to be seen throughout the district; whilst the exception named is not really an excep- tion, the small gravel deposits that occur on these streams having evidently been brought by the rivers themselves, during their former greatly expanded condition, from those portions of their courses that lie within the drift-bearing regions." Those readers of this work who have not easy access to the official reports, may be inter- ested to know the boundaries of the driftless region, and it is, therefore, here stated. The out- line is, for the most part, sharply defined, both by a more or less sudden cessation of the drift materials, and by a change in the topography, as the line is crossed, from one side to the other. This is more especially true of the eastern boundary, in which the reader is naturally most inter- ested. On this line are often seen heavy morainic heaps — that is, deposits of such bowlders and gravel as scientists have decided are carried under, or attached to the sides of glaciers, or to the center of glaciers which are formed by the union of two separate bodies of that nature. The eifects of purely subaerial (or open air) erosion without drift, and the effects of glacial erosion with drift, are plainly distinguishable along these lines. The northern boundary of the region is mainly level country, the drift materials gradually diminishing to the south. Mr. Strong defines the eastern line through Green County as beginning at the southwest corner, and waving irregularly northeast, until it crosses the county line on the north, about fifteen miles from the east line of Iowa County. Thence the line curves to the west, and crossee the Wisconsin about three miles east of the northeast corner of Iowa County ; thence, due north to Baraboo, curving as it crosses the Sauk County north line to touch Range 5 ; thence, with a gradual curve, it includes nearly all of Adams County, and swings to the northwest, touching Grand Rapids as its northeastern point ; thence, mainly west to the Mississippi River. This is now the accepted area, although Mr. Whitney differs somewhat from the definition as to the line through Adams and Juneau Counties. The report of 1877, by Mr. Irving, is referred to, for the benefit of those who desire a more detailed and argumentative description. Mr. Irving says: "The nature of the topography of the driftless area, everywhere most patently the result of subaerial erosion exclusively, is even more striking proof that it has never been invaded by the glacial forces than is the absence of drift material. Except in the level country of Adams, Juneau, and the eastern part of Jackson County, it is everywhere a region of narrow, ramifying valleys and narrow, steep-sided dividing ridges, whose direction are towaiu HISTORY OF THE LEAD EEGION. 337 every point of the compass, and whose perfectly coinciding horizontal strata prove conclusively their erosive action. * * * * Each one of the numerous streams has its own ravine and the ravines are all in direct proportion to the relative sizes of the streams in them." [Reference is made to the contour maps drawn by Mr. Strong, displaying, with instructive plain- ness, the topographic phenomena of the region.] "The altitude of the driftless area, as compared with the drift bearing regions, becomes a inatter of some importance in any attempt to explain the absence of the drift phenomena. It has been stated by some writers that the driftless area is higher than the drift-bearing, and was, consequently, not subjected to glacial invasion. It is true that in general the eastern half of the State is lower than the western, but from what follows it will be seen that farther than this the statement is inaccurate. From the south line of the State, as far north as the head of Bucar River, in Cross Plains, the county west of the drift limit rises rapidly from 200 to 400 feet. .Ju4 north of the head of Sugar River the limit crosses high ground — the western extension of the high limestone and prairie belt of northern Dane and southern Columbia Counties — and the altitudes east of the limit are as great as those to the west ; whilst in passing from the head of the Catfish River westward, a glacier must have made an abrupt ascent of fully 300 feet. North of Black Earth Ri\-er the limit has the higher ground, by 200 feet, on the east. Sauk Prairie is crossed on a level, and though higher ground occurs west of the prairie, its topogra- phy and the absence of drift show that the glacier never reached so far. Where the quartzite range north of Sauk Prairie is crossed by the limit, it is higher (850 feet above Lake Michigan) than any part of the driftless area except the Blue Mounds, whilst only a few miles east a great development of bowlders and gravel is found on one of the highest portions of the range (900 to 950 feet altitude). From the Baraboo north to the Sauk County line, there appears to be in relation between the position of the limit and the altitude of the country. From the north line of Sauk County, in curving to the eastward and northward around Adams County, the limit is on the very crest of the divide. From its position near the middle of the east line of Adams County, the country, for forty miles to the west, is from 100 to 200 feet lower. From the northwest part of Adams County to the Wisconsin River the limit is in a level country; whilst from the Wisconsin westward, the country north of it is everywhere much higher than that to the south, the rise northward contiriuin;}; to within thirty miles of Lake Superior." In his discussion of the glacial drift, Mr. Irving reaches certain conclusions, which are here reproduced only so far as they relate positively to the area devoid of drift. The negative ■arguments, or those that go to prove the absence of drift, because the region is not like the vast majority of the country, and of the Northern Hemisphere of the globe, are recited in brief: "1. The drift of Central Wisconsin is true glacier drift. [See Report 1877, p. 630.] "2. The Kettle Range of Central Wisconsin is a continuous terminal :ind lateral moraine. The mere fact of the existence of such a distinct and continuoas belt of unstratified and mo- raine-like drift, which, in much of its course, lies along the edge of the driftless area, or, in other words, along the line on which the western foot of a glacier must long have stood, would go far toward proving the truth of the proposition [that this is true glacial drift], of which, however, a complete demonstration is at hand. In all the country just inside the Kettle Range, wo find that glacial striae — channels — lines of glacial erosion, and lines of travel of erratics — bowlders, or minerals foreign to the locality where found — preserve a position at right angles 'to the course of the range, although that course veers in the southern part of the district from west to north. East of the Central Wisconsin district, the Kettle Range extends eastward and northeastward to the dividing ridge between the valley of Lake Michigan and the valley in which lie Green Bay, Lake Winnebago, and the head-waters of Rock River, and along this ridge northward, into Green Bay Peninsula. All along this part of its course, Prof Chaiuber- Im has found the glacial striae pointing east of south, and toward the Kettle Range, whilst along the middle of the Green Bay Valley he finds the striae directions parallel to the main axis ot the valley, or a little west of south. On the west side of this great valley, and along the ■eastern border of the Central Wisconsin district, the striae trend about southwest, whilst still 338 HISTORY OF THE LEAD REGION. further west, they gradually trend further to the west, becoming at last nearly due west, or at right angles to the western Kettle Rnngc. " We have then a most beautiful proof that at one time the Green Bay Valley was occupied by a glacier, which was not merely a part of a universal ice sheet, but a distinctly separate tongue from the great northern mass. The end of this glacier was long in northern Rock County, its eastern foot on the East Wisconsin divide, and its western on the summit of the divide between the Fox and Wisconsin River systems, as far south as southern Adams County, after which it crossed into the valley of the Wisconsin, and from that into the head-waters of the Catfish branch of Rock River, in the Dane County region. Whilst the main movement of the glacier coincides in direction with the valley which it followed, it spread out on both sides in fan shape, creating immense lateral moraines. Peculiar circumstances caused the restriction of the eastern moraine or narrow area, whilst that on the west, having no such restriction, spread out over a considera- ble width of country, the breadth of the moraine reaching in Waushara County as far as twenty- five miles. This width of moraine must have been due to the alternate advance and retreat of the glacier foot. Such an advance and retreat appears, moreover, to be recorded in the long lines of narrow sinuous ridges, each marking, perhaps, the position of the glacier foot, or a por- tion of it, during a certain length of time. The intersecting of these winding ridges, which have no parallelism at ail with one another, appears to me to have been the main cause of the formation of the jcettle depressions. Col. Whittlesey [Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge], has supposed . that these owe their origin to the melting of ice masses included within the moraine raiterials, and this may possibly be true with regard to more regularly circular kettles. The thickness of the great glacier we can only conjecture. It is easy to see, however, that it was at least a thou- sand feet, for it was able to accommodate itself to variations in altitude of many hundred feet. Morainic drift occurs on the summit of the Baraboo ranges over 900 feet above Lake Michigan, and on the immediately adjacent low ground, 700 below. " 3. The driftless region of Wisconsin owes its existence, not to superior altitude, but to the fact the glaciers were deflected from it by the influence of the valleys of Green Bay and Lake Superior. Some writers have thrown out the idea that the driftless area is one of present great altitude compared with the regions around it, and that, by virtue of this altitude during the Glacial period, it caused a splitting of the general ice sheet, itself escaping glaciation. This idea may have arisen from the fact that, in the southern part of the area, the district known as the ' lead region,' has a considerable elevation ; but the facts hitherto given have shown that, in reality, the driftless area is for the most part lower than the drift-covered country immediately around ; the greatest development, for instance, of the western lateral moraine of the glacier of the Green Bay Valley, having been on the very crown of the water-shed between the Lake Mich- gan and Mississippi River slopes, whilst the driftless region is altogether on the last-named slope. Moreover, to the north, toward Lake Superior, and in Minnesota, the whole country covered with drift materials lies at a much greater altitude. J. D. Whitney, in his report on the lead region of Wisconsin, favors the idea that the driftless district stood, during the glacial times, at a much greater relative altitude than now, and so escaped glaciation. But it is evident that, in order that this could have been the case, either (1) a break or bend in the strata must have taken place along the line of junction between driftless or drift-bearing regions, or else (2) the drift- less region has since received relatively a much greater amount of denudation than the drift- bearing. " Tliat no break or bend ever took place along. the line indicated, is abundantly proven by the present perfect continuity of the strata on both sides of the line, che whole region in Central Wisconsin being in fact one in which faults of any kind are things absolutely unknown. That no sensible denudation has taken place in Wisconsin since the glacial times, in either drift-bear- ing or driftless areas, is well proven by the intimate connection with one another of the systems of erosion of the two regions. The valley of Sugar River, for instance, with its branches, is throughout its course worn deeply into the underlying rocks; on its east side it contams moraine drift, proving that it was worn out before the Glacial period, whilst on the west it HISTOKY OF THE LEAD REGIOX. 339 extends into the driftless regions. We are thus compelled to believe that, during the Glacial puriod, the region destitute of drift had the same altitude relatively to the surrounding country as at present. Before the Glacial period, portions of the drift-bearing region may indeed have been somewhat hi"her, for in it a considerable amount of material must have been removed from one place to another by the glacial forces. The only satisfactory explanation remaining, then, for the existence of the driftless region, is the one I have proposed. We have already seen that the extent of this region to the eastward was marked out by the western foot of tlic glacier which followed the valley of Green Bay. That it was not invaded from the north, is evidently due to the fact that the glacier or glaciers of that region were deflected to the westward by the •influence of the valley of Lake Superior. The details of the movement for this northern coun- trv have not been worked out, but it is well known that what is probably the most remarkable and best-preserved development of morainic drift in the United States, exists on the water-shed south of Lake Superior. Here the drift attains a very great thickness, and the kettle depres- sions and small lakes without outlet are even more numerous and charici eristic than in other parts of the State. The water shed proper lies some thirty or forty miles south of the lake, and 800 to 1,200 feet above it, but the morainic drift extends twenty-five to fifty miles further south- ward. On the east side of the State, the drift of Lake Superior merges with that of Central and Eastern Wisconsin, while west of the western moraine of the Green Bay glacier, it dies out somewhat gradually, until 125 to 150 miles south of the lake the drift limit is reached. Much of the country twenty-five to seventy-five miles north of the driftless region, though showing numerous erratics, is quite without any marked signs of glaciation, as, for instance, along the valley of the Wisconsin, from Grand Rapids north to Wausau. Further west, the drift extends more to the southward. The course of the Lake Superior glaciers conveyed them further and further southward as they moved westward. "Future investigations will undoubtedly bring out a close connection between the structure of the Lake Superior Valley and the glacial movements south of it. Even the facts how at hand seem to point toward some interesting conclusions. Projecting from the south shore of Lake Superior, we find two great promontories, Keweenaw Point and the Bayfield Peninsula. Both of the projections have a course somewhat transverse to the general trend of the lake, bear- ing some thirty degrees south of west. Both have high central ridges or backbones, which rise 1,000 to 1,500 feet above the adjacent lake, and are made up of bedded igneous rocks, sand- stones, and conglomerates of the copper series. Both of these ridges continue far westward on the mainland, having between them a valley, partly occupied by the lake, which is a true syn- clinal trough; the rocks of the two ridges dipping toward one another. North of the Bayfield Peninsula, and again south of Keweenaw Point, we find two other valleys running in from the lake shore in the same direction. In all probability each one of these valleys has given direc- tion to a glacier tongue. An inspection of a good map of the northern part of Wisconsin, Min- nesota and Michigan, will serve to show thafthe almost innumerable small lakes (which are far more' numerous than are shown in the best maps) of these regions, are concentrated into three main groups, each group corresponding to a great development of morainic drift, and lying in the line of one of the three valleys just indicated. I suppose that each of the lake groups is a moraine of the glacier which occupied the valley in whose line it lies. The main ice-sheet com- ing from the north met, in the great trough of Lake Superior, over 2,000 feet in depth, an obstacle which it was never able to entirely overcome, and so reached southward in small tongues composed perhaps of only the upper portions of the ice. These tongues being deflected westward by the rock structure of the country, and having their force mainly spent on climbing over the water- shed, left the region further south untouched. The eastern part of the Lake Superior trough is not nearly so deep as the western, and the divide between Lake Superior and the two lakes south of it, never attains any great altitude, so that here the ice mass, having at the same time perhaps a greater force on account of its nearness to the head of the ice movement on the Lau- rentian highlands of Canada, was able to extend southward on a large scale, producing the glaciers of the Green Bay Valley, and of Lake Michigan. 340 HISTOEY OF THE LEAD REGION. " Although quite crude in its details, I am convinced that the main points of the explana- tion thus offered for the existence of the driftless region in the northwest will prove to be cor- rect. To obtain a full elucidation of the subject, much must be done in the way of invesU"iition not only in Wisconsin, but over all of Minnesota and the States south, in order that the details' of the ice-movement for the whole northwest may be fully understood. "4. The stratified drift of the valleys (in the drift-covured regions) owes its structure and distribution to the water of the swollen streams and lakes that marked the time of melting of the glaciers. " 5. The depth below the present surface of the rock valleys appears to indicate a greater altitude of this part of the continent during the Glacial period than at the present time." TOPOGRAPHY AND SURFACE GEOLOGY OF THE LEAD REGION. Mr. Moses Strong, in his report of 1877, saj's : " Unlike most regions which nature has selected for the reception of metallic ores and useful minerals, the lead region bears no evidence of any sudden disturbances or violent action of physical forces. The effects produced bv igneous and eruptive agencies are wanting. Faults and dislociitions of strata are nowhere found. The only irregularities are slight upheavals or bending of the strata (and these never of great extent), producing changes of but a few feet from the normal dip. Between the geological condition and the general surface contour of the country, there is no direct correlation. The existence of n hill or a valley on the surface is not due to a sabterranean elevation or depression of surface, as is by many supposed, and whatever irregularities exist must be chiefly attributed to the milder natural agencies now constantly at work, such as running water, frost, winds, etc., acting through an immensely long period of time. " Drainage. — The most marked and persistent feature of the lead region is the long divid- ing ridge, or water-shed, which, commencing near Madison, continues almost directly west to the Blue Mounds, a distance of about twenty miles. Here it takes a slight bend to the south- west for fifteen miles until it reaches Dodgeville, where it resumes its westerly course until it terminates in the bluffs at the confluence of the Wisconsin and Mississippi Rivers. Its total length is about eighty-five miles. Two points are noticeable — one is its general uniform direct- ness of outline (it being subject to but few and unimportant flexures), and the other is its paral- lelism with Wisconsin River so long as the latter holds an approximately westerly course, the summit of the ridge being always about fifteen miles from the river. The divide maintains an average elevation of about six hundred feet above Lake Michigan, and is seldom less than five hundred or more than seven hundred, except at the Blue Mounds, where it gradually rises east and west for several miles until it attains an elevation at the west mound of one thousand one hundred and fifty-one feet. This, however, is an extreme case, and, in fact, the only marked exception to the general level. In th^town of Mount Hope, a slight decrease of elevation is about four hundred and thirty feet at a point within a mile of both the Mississippi and Wiscon- sin Rivers. There are also two main branches or subdivisions of the water-shed. Of these, the western is the ridge which separates the waters that flow into the Platte and Fever Rivers from those which flow into the Pecatonica. It leaves the main divide in the town of Wingville, nnd, passing through the townships of Bellmont and ShuUsburg in a southeasterly direction, passes out of the State in the town of Monticello. The ridge is not so conspicuous as the main water- shed, either for the directness of its course or the uniformity of its elevation. The most con- spicuous points on it are the Platte Mounds, which appear from a distance to be very high, but their height is only relative, their actual elevation being about seven hundred feet above Lake Michigan. The ridge appears to slope somewhat in its approach to Illinois, its average eleva- tion there being about five hundred feet. " The easterly subdivision is that which separates the waters of the Pecatonica and Su;^:ir Rivers. It may be said to begin at the Blue Mounds or a couple of miles east of them, aiul, pursuing quite a devious course through the townships of Primrose, Washington and Monroe, it crosses the State line in the town of Jefterson. This ridge is characterized by a much greater HISTORY OF THE LEAD REGION. 341 want of uniformity in its general course and its verv irregular elevation. It is much narrower than either of the others, more abrupt in its slopes, and coutiiins quite a number of hills and low places. These are the principal elevations of the country affecting the drainage. There are, of course, many minor ones. " Streams. — The present situation of the streams was probably never modified nor influenced by drift or glacial agencies. Premising this, it follows that the location of the streams must have depended upon the natural configuration of the country and the superior advantages of cer- tain strata in certain positions predisposing tiiem to become the beds of streams. Other things being equal, surface waters would naturally form a channel first in the more soft and easily eros- ible strata lying along the line of strike of some soft formation, and would cause a river to con- form its first channel to its outcropping edge. Simultaneously, its tributaries would shape their channels approximately at right angles to the river, under the following conditions : When the gen- eral slope or drainage of the country is not contrary to the geological dip of the formations, which, in the lead region, does not appear to have been the case, the tributaries on one side of the river thus formed would conform themselves to the natural dip of the underlying strata, sloping toward the main river, and would be found wherever there were depressions or irregularities in the surface suitable to their formation. These would, at their inception, approximate to their final length and course, and future changes in them would be confined to the deeper erosion of their beds and widening of their valleys, the formation of lateral branches, the division of the head of the stream into several smaller sources, and. finally, the gradual recession of all the sub- ordinate parts. " With the tributaries on the other side of the principal river, a different order would pre- vail as regards their position and growth. They would at first be the merest rivulets, and increase only from erosion, and their beds would lie across the edges of the strata. There would be only a very limited extent of country tributary to the river on this side, the great volume of its water being derived from the tributaries of the other side. The dividing ridge would tlan be very near the river, and a second set of long streams tributary to some other river would here take their rise and flow away. "In the process of time the main river would slowly cut its way through the soft formation, in which it had its original bed, into and through those which underlaid it. This might, at first, be accompanied by a slight recession parallel to the line of strike. Such a movement, however, could not be of long duration, but would become less as the valley became deeper, because any such recession would necessitate the removal of all the overlying formations. Finally, the small streams flowing across the strata would cut their valley back from the river, the dividing ridge would recede, and their sources would, from the position of the strata, be in steep and pre- cipitous ravines. Such, in brief, is the theory of the formation of the streams in the lead region. " The Wisconsin River, from the eastern limit of Iowa County to its mouth, is a conspicu- ous example and illustration of the foregoing theory. "Although the surface of the country, in its present condition, does not permit the accurate delineation of the former lines of outcrop of the paleozoic formations, yet a suSicient number of others remain to show that they must once have covered the country far north of where they are at present found. The existence of Niagara limestone in a thickness of about one hundred and forty feet at the Platte Mounds, and probably the full thickness of the formation at the Blue Mounds, warrants us in supposing that the former outcrop of the underlying Cincinnati group was at least as far north as the present bed of the Wisconsin River. "The valley now occupied by the river, from Mazomanie to Blue River, is very nearly that of the present line of strike of the Lower Silurian formation, and, although from there the strike of the loAver members (of which outliers still remain) appears to bear rather more to the iionhward, yet observations on the dip of the Cincinnati group, in such occasional outliers as remam, lead us to believe that its original strike was approximately in a southwesterly direction, from Blue River to the Mississippi. 342 HISTORY OF THE LEAD REGION. "Assuming, then, that the Cincinnati group once had its northern outcrop where the river now runs, or in a line parallel to it in that vicinity, the surface waters would easily erode a channel in the soft and friable shales which, to a great extent, compose this formation. "In fine, the whole process of formation previously described would take place. On the north side it had, as now its principal tributary streams, the Kickapoo, Knapp, Eagle, Pine and Bear, in their present localities, and approximately their present length. On the south side of the river, however, the principal water-shed already referred to was probably quite near the river from which position it has receded to the place it now occupies. The Green and Blue Rivers and Otter, Mill and Blue Mound Creeks were small and insignificant streams, which, by the gradual process of erosion, have increased to their present size and length ; but even now are small when compared to the northern tributaries. "A further eflfect was to shorten the Grant, Platte and Pecatonica Rivers by the gradual southwesterly recession of the water-shed and the lowering of the latter by the denudation of the Niagara limestone and Cincinnati groups ; except in such localities as were protected by a superior hardness of some part of the formation, as in the case of the Blue Mounds. "The result of the denudation has been to divide the country into two parts, each differing widely from the other in its topographical features. The streams flowing southward from the water-shed have eroded the country into gently undulating slopes. This is probably due to the direction of the streams conforming in a measure to the dip of the strata. Abrupt cliffij and steep ravines are the exception, and not the rule, never being found in the immediate neighbor- hood of the water-shed, but rather confined to the small lateral branches. On the other hand, to the north of the water-shed the panorama of bluffs and precipitous ravines is almost moun- tainous in its aspect. In fact, nothing can be more striking than the contrast which presents itself from certain points on the divide in looking from north to south. In nearly all of the ravines leading northward the fall of the first quarter of a mile is not less than one hundred feet: and, in general, it is true of the streams running northward that three-quarters of the fall takes place in the first quarter of the distance from their sources to their mouths. " It seems not improbable that these sudden declivities are due to the streams flowing over the edges of the strata, rather than lengthwise, along their dip. Again, the streams flowing to the southward become comparatively sluggish in their course as soon as they cease to be brooks. They have usually a soft, muddy bottom, while those tributary to the Wisconsin are clear, rapid streams, flowing over a sandy or gravelly bottom, their valleys being narrow and their sides very steep. " The streams tributary to the Platte, Grant and Pecatonica Rivers do not exhibit any marked characteristics on one side that are not shared equally by the other. It may be re- marked, however, that the short streams which flow into the Mississippi River present very much the same topographical characteristics as are seen in the southern tributaries of the Wis- consin, narrow and deep ravines and valleys being apparently the rule in Grant County. " It is remarked that there has been a gradual diminution of water in the lead region since the early mining days. The larger streams contain much less water than hereto- fore, within the memory of living men. It is probable that cultivation of the land is the chief cause of this decrease, as a much greater amount of surface is thus exposed, and evaporation takes place more rapidly and in larger quantities. Removal of the timber is, without doubt, another cause of this decrease. The soil of the timbered land contains more moisture than that of the prairie ; and in all countries the removal of the timber has always been followed by a marked decrease of the water supply. "Springs and Wells. — The Lead Region is one of the best watered tracts of country in the State. Springs are very numerous about the sources of streams, and frequently in their banks. They are found in all the geological formations, but with the greatest frequency and of the largest size between the bottom of the Galena limestone and the top of the St. Peters sandstone. Such springs are usually found flowing along the surfece of some layer of clay, and finding a vent in the outcrop of an 'opening.' The clay openings most favorable to Ji-tc,.^^^^ CLUx4f~-Lr^ — I (DECEASED) "LAMC/\STEF^. HISTOBY OF THE LEAD KEGION. 34S their formation are the 'upper pipe-clay openings,' situated on the top of the blue or Trenton limestone, and separating it from the Galena limestone ; the ' glass-rock opening,' separating the blue and underlying buff limestone, and the 'lower pipe-clay opening,' situated in the lower part of the buff limestone; the latter, however, does not seem to be so persistent a bed as the other two. Springs are by no means confined to these three openings, but occur in many of the beds of the Galena limestone, as well as in the lower formations ; usually, however, flow- ing over an impervious bed of clay, or some layer of rock, too compact to admit of the passage of water through it." The springs which flow from the Blue Mounds are clearly not of igneous origin, as they are not hot, but are logically accounted for by the excess of rainfall over the amount of water carried off by the streams or by evaporation. Water is easily obtained where springs do not burst out, by digging or drilling not to exceed sixty feet. " Nearly all the water in the region holds in solution a small portion of lime and magne- sia, and a still smaller quantity of sodium, iron, alumina and silica. The presence of these salts usually gives the water what is called a hard taste, which is more noticeable in the lime- stone than in the sandstone springs, and not infrequently induces persons to believe them pos- sessed of medical properties. " Prairie and Forest. — The prairie area of the lead region is comparatively small, and seems to be chiefly a continuation of the great prairies of Illinois. The most extensive prairie is that found in the southern part of Grant and La Fayette Counties, comprising the townships of Jamestown, Hazel Green, Benton, New Diggings, Shullsburg, Seymour, Monticello and Gratiot. From this there is a branch extending in a northwestern direction (corresponding to the eastern subdivision of the water-shed previously alluded to), until it unites with the main water-shed ; here it branches to the east and west. The western extension forms a prairie in the towns of Glen Haven, Patch Grove, Little Grant, and some parts of Fennimore and Wingville. The eastern prairie follows the main divide already described, the prairie being from six to ten miles in width. Between the east and west branches of the Pecatonica there is a prairie, including most of the towns of Fayette, Waldwick and Wiota. Small patches of prairie are to be found in other localities. The original timber of the woodland has been mostly cut off, and is replaced by second-growth black, white and burr oak, maple, hickory, poplar and elm, the trees being gen- erally of small size, not exceeding one foot in diameter. " Mounds. — The elevations in the lead region most worthy of note are : The Platte Mounds, in La Fayette County ; the Blue Mounds, in Dane and Iowa Counties, and the Sinsinawa Mound, in Grant County. The former are three in number, about a mile apart, the middle one being very small in comparison to the other two. The east and west mounds are about the same elevation, and are capped with a very hard Niagara limestone, to which they doubtless owe their preservation, in the general denudation of the country. The ground slopes away from them so gently, and blends so gradually with the surrounding high land, that it is impossible to define exactly where the mound proper begins. The Blue Mounds are two in number, one being in Iowa County and the other in Dane. The top of the west mound (which is the higher of the two) consist of over a hundred feet of very hard flinty rock, somewhat resembling quartzite, or gran- ular quartz ; below this is the Niagara limestone. This cap of quartz rock seems to have been removed from the east mound, the top of which is a flat table-land under cultivation. These mounds are very conspicuous, and can be seen from any moderately high land in the region. The Sinsinawa Mound is also a very conspicuous object, in the southern part of Grant County, near the village of Fairplay. It is composed, for the most part, of the Cincinnati group, capped with a small amount of Niagara limestone. " Sinks. — Very remarkable features in the vicinity of Blue Mounds are the numerous sink- holes found near their base, and frequently quite high up on their sides. The sinks are usually m groups of three or four, and invariably in nearly an east and west line, in both Dane and Iowa Counties. On the center line of Section 1, Township 6, Range 5 east, is a well-defined line of a '^k»vM^^^^/ 346 HISTORY OF THE LEAD REGION. them, extending for about a quarter of a mile on each side of the center of the section. There is another range of them near the center of the southwest quarter of Section 1, and a third line near the quarter-posts of Sections 1 and 12. The largest of these sinks is an isolated one near the center of the southeast quarter of Section 1, which is as much as fifty feet in diameter and twenty feet deep. In this one the wall rock of the fissure could be very planly seen on the south side. The difference is that these sinks mark the line of large open crevices in the rock beneath them. No prospecting for ore has been done in them, although the suggestion has been reason- ably made that the indications are favorable. The sinks are not confined to the Galena lime- stone, and an exceptional one in the St. Peters sandstone is noted on the southeast quarter of Section 14, Township 5, Range 2 west, although less notable ones occur in the Niagara limestone. "Soil and Subsoil. — The quality of the soil of the lead region is chiefly dependent on the character of the subjacent formation. The subsoil appears to be derived directly from the decay and disintegration of the strata, of which it is the residuum. South of the principal water-shed, the subsoil is clay, almost without exception, having a thickness of from three to six feet, depending on the configuration of the underlying rock formation. This is the average thick- ness, on comparatively level land ; on side hills it is usually much thinner, the greater part hav- ing been washed down in the valley below. The clay soils and subsoils appear to consist chiefly of those portions of the overlying Galena limestone, and earthy Cincinnati shales, which being insoluble in water were not removed by the gradual process of denudation. " The amount of lime, magnesia and alkaline earths in the subsoil and soil, together with the vegetable mold in the latter, constitute a soil, which, in its virgin state, is unsurpassed for rich ■ ness and fertility. The number of successive wheat crops which have been raised, without regard to rotation, on some of our prairie farms, attest its native strength ; as, also, the marked decline in fertility of the soil when this has been done, shows the inevitable retribution which follows the practice. Exceptions to the clay soil, usually found in the country covered by the Galena limestone, are found in the eastern part of La Fayette and frequently in Green County, where the soil is quite sandy, owing to the disintegration of calcareous sand layers frequently found there in that formation. A few localities are cited below, where the sand was so abundant that the formation might have been considered a sandstone, were it not for the occasional outcrops ot Galena limestone in place. " The agencies of the glacial period do not appear to have had anything to do with transport- ing the component meterials of the soil, and although a slight transportation has taken place, it is always merely local. For instance, in the valleys of the creeks which lie in the St. Peters- sandstone, the soil is usually a rich clay loam, richer in fact than that of the adjacent ridges, because the best parts of the upland soils have been washed down and distributed over the sur- face of the valley. " A similar transportation may be observed in passing up any long and moderately steep hill, which includes several formations, such hills being very common north of the principal water- shed. Let us suppose one, whose summit is composed of Galena limestone, and whose base lies in the Lower Magnesian. Scattered about the base will be seen many loose pieces of Lower Mag- nesian limestone, mixed with less numerous bowlders of St. Peters sandstone; still less numer- ous and smaller pieces of the buff and blue (Trenton) limestone, while fi-agments of the Galena limestone will be comparatively rare. On ascending the hill and arriving at the St. Peters, fragments of Lower Magnesian will no longer be seen, while those of the upper formation will become larger and more numerous. On arriving at the buff limestone, the fragments of St. Peters sandstone will also have disappeared ; fragments of blue limestone will be very numer- ous and easily recognized by their white color and their general rounded and worn appearance. On reaching the summit of the hill, no fragments of stone will be found, except such as are derived from the subjacent Galena limestone. One prominent feature of the soil will be the prevalence of flints, which are nearly indestructible, and often form a large component part. From the arrangement of the surface soil and fragmentary rock, it is evident that the rock oi any formation is never found above the level from which it was detached. HISTOKY OF THE LEAB REGION. 347 "Briek Clay. — Clay suitable for making brick is found in many parts of the lead region, Mineral Point being one of the important localities. The clay sought is usually of a grayish yellow color which becomes red on burning. It appears to have been formed in the same man- ner as other portions of the soil, as already described. The origin of the clay of which the brick are made is a matter of some doubt. It has not exactly the appearance of a drift clay, and if not, its situation indicates that it must have undergone some subsequent re-arrangement." THE LEAD REGION DESCRIBED. rKOJT MOSES STRONG'S KEPOET. Boundaries and Area. — In Wisconsin, the lead region may be said to be bounded on the north by the northern outcrop of the Galena limestone, running parallel to the main water-shed from the Mississippi to the Blue Mounds, as already described ; on the west by the Mississippi River ; on the south by the State line ; on the east by Sugar River. These limits include all of the lead region which has ever been productive, as well as much that has never as yet proved so. The area thus included, which has been, or may hereafter become, productive, is necessarily that of the Galena limestone, which is about 1,776 square miles. Explanation of Mining Terms. — For the enlightenment of the readers who are unfamiliar with mining terms, the following short explanation of expressions, most frequently used in the lead region, is offered. Range. — This is probably the most indefinite term in use, and, at the same time, one which is universally applied. First. A range denotes a single, or several, parallel crevices, containing useful ores or minerals ; vertical, or approximately so ; seldom more than a few yards apart ; sometimes, but not necessarily, connected by quartering crevices. Its length may vary from a few hundred feet to a quarter of a mile or more ; in short, so far as the crevice or crevices have been connectedly traced, or there is a reasonable probability of such connection. Thus, different parts of the same range often have different names given them before the connection between them is proved. This is a fruitful source of confusion. Second. The term range is also applied to horizontal bodies of ore, of which there may be one, or several, superimposed upon one another ; sometimes, but not necessarily, separated by unproductive layers of rock, limited in length in the same way as a vertical range. Crevice. — This term denotes a fissure in the rock, vertical or nearly so, but a few inches in width, of indefinite length, which may or may not be filled with ores or minerals. When a crevice becomes very small, less than an inch in width, it is called a seam. Vein is a term little used ; it denotes the filling of ore and accompanying minerals, or either found in a crevice. Lode or Lead are words usually substituted for vein ; they are, however, generally applied to ore deposits found either in crevices or openings. Swither. — A metalliferous crevice, making an angle with the principal vein or lode ; some- times called a quartering crevice. 8 o'clock, 10 o'clock, etc. — Ranges whose course bears toward the sun at those hours of the day. Openings. — They are of two kinds, vertical and horizontal. First. Vertical openings are known as crevice openings, which are mere enlargements of the crevice in certain parts, these being sometimes co-extensive with the vein in length, and sometimes mere local enlargements. There are in the same crevice frequently several openings, situated one above the other, separat- ed by beds of unproductive rock. Crevices vary in width from one to several feet. When very wide and high, they are sometimes called tumbling openings. Second. Horizontal open- ings are large, irregular spaces between the strata which contain the lode. Such openings are usually from one to four feet high, and are frequently superimposed upon one another, separated by an unproductive rock, called a "cap." The "cap" of one opening being frequently the " floor " of the one above it. Pockets are small irregular cavities in the strata, in which ore is frequently obtained. 348 HISTORY OP THE LEAD REGION. Chimneys are irregularly shaped vertical holes found in crevices ; sometimes connecting openings, and at others extending from the surface of the ground to some particular stratum of rock. Sheet. — This is a term usually employed to designate a solid body of ore, exclusive of other minerals, which may fill a crevice or opening. A sheet is said to " pitch " when it inclines con- siderably from the perpendicular. Gouge. — This is the soft rock or clay frequently found between the sheet and adjacent wall-rock. Bar. — The term denotes a band or belt, of very hard and unproductive rock, crossing the crevices and sheets. In crossing a bar, all sheets become less productive, and p.re sometimes entirely lost, the crevices usually dwindling to mere seams. Their width varies from a few feet to many yards. Wash dirt is the name given to the small ore, as it first comes from the mine, mixed with small pieces of rock and clay. Pipe Glay. — A light-colored -plastic clay, frequently found in the openings and crevices. Drift. — An underground gallery or roadway. MINERAL06Y. There does not appear to have been any absolute and unvarying order in which the minerals of the lead region were deposited in the mines. The following conclusions are derived from the inspection of the ore as it occurs in place in the numerous mines visited, and from the examination of a great number of specimens ; and it is assumed that when crystals of one mineral are coated or covered with another, the overlying one is the more recent. The minerals ■ appear to have been deposited in the following general order : GALENITE. SPHALERITE. DOLOMITE. CALCITE. 1 PYRITE. MARCASITE. CHALCOPYRITE. BABITE. I CALCITE. J, CERUSSITE. SMITHSONITE. MALACHITE. AZURITE. The order above given, however, is subject to very numerous and important exceptions, and is more particularly applicable to crystallized specimens than to heavy ore deposits. Large bodies of ore frequently consist of galentine, sphalerite and pyrite, so mingled together that no order of deposition can be ascertained. In general, it appears that the sulphurets of the metals were deposited first, and that the carbonates have been generally, if not invariably derived from them. Carbonate of lead (cerussite), when found crystallized, always occurs in connection with galenite ; and carbonate of zinc (Smithsonite) is so frequently found graduating into the sulphuret (sphalerite) as to leave but little doubt of its origin from that mineral. HISTOKY OF THE LEAD REGION. 349 It seems not improbable that the formation of the carbonate of zinc may even now be taking place in the ground to quite a large extent, especially in such deposits as are not below the water-level, or are only periodically submerged. It is a well-known fact that the drybone diggings are usually comparatively free from water, and that the zinc ore below the water-level is usually blende (sphalerite) with but little admix- ture of the carbonate. As the level of the water in the ground becomes gradually lower, and it is a well known fact that it does, the atmosphere, together with surface water charged with carbonic acid, is permitted to act upon the blende, and a transformation from the sulphuret to the carbonate is the result. The association of calcite with other minerals is such as to indicate that it must have been formed in crystals during at least two different periods. Stalactites of recent origin are found in the mines, ■which on being fractured show a distinct crystalline structure, and large planes of cleavage. The following is a list of the minerals known to occur in the lead region, arranged accord- ing to the system adopted by Prof. Dana, in his " Mineralogy : " Sulphur. — Native sulphur is found, but seldom in the lead region ; its presence is usually due to the decomposition of iron pyrites. It is usually found in a pulverulent form. Some pieces weighing as much as an ounce were seen in a cabinet at Hazel Green, which are said to have been obtained from a small sheet in some of the Buncome mines. It is said to be not uncommon in this vicinity. Other localities where it is found are Mineral Point and the Crow Branch diggings. Bornite. — Variegated or purple copper ore. Composition — Copper, 62.5 ; iron, 13.8 ; sulphur, 23.7. This is quite a rare mineral. A few pieces have been found in the copper diggings near Mineral Point ; it has never been found here crystallized, but always massive and in small pieces. Qalenite. — Composition — Lead, 86.6 ; sulphur, 18.4. This is the only ore of lead found in sufficient quantities to be of economic value. It is universally known in the lead region as "mineral." It frequently occurs indistinct crystals, either as a cube or some modification of it. Octahedral crystals are quite rare, but are occasionally found, especially in the carbona- ceous shale of the southern part of the region. Usually, however, galenite occurs massive, with a very distinct cleavage. Freshly broken surfaces have always a bright steel color, which speedily tarnishes on exposure to the air. Sphalerite. — Blende or black-jack. Composition — Zinc, 67 ; sulphur, 33. This is one of the most abundant minerals in the lead region, besides being of great economic value as an ore of zinc. It is almost invariably found as an associate vein-mineral in the horizontal deposits of lead ore. It is usually found massive and compact, of a dark-brown or black color, due to a small portion of iron contained in it, and more or less mixed with gelanite. The lead region has never afforded a perfect crystal of blende, although many specimens are found with small and imperfect crystalline faces. The fractured surfiices of such specimens usually have a resinous luster. Pyrite. — Composition — Iron, 46.7; sulphur, 53.3. This is the most common vein-mineral found in the mines. It is universally met with in veins, lodes or other deposits of ore, and in many cases impregnates the rock when all other minerals are absent. In crevices it frequently appears to have been the first mineral deposited. It is usually found massive, although hand- some crystallized specimens are frequently obtained from the mines. In crystals it usually as- sumes some modification of the cube, the octahedron being quite frequent. It also occurs in radiated and reniform masses. It has never yet been considered of any economic value in the lead region, and as it is so much mixed with rock it is doubtful if it could be profitaibly sepa- rated, except by the natural process of disintegration, to which some varieties are liable when exposed to the air. The Crow Branch diggings and the Linden mines afford large quantities and good specimens of this mineral. 350 HISTORY OF THE LEAD KEGION. Marcasite. — Composition — Iron, 46.7; sulphur 53.3, or same as pyrite. The difference between this and the preceding is but slight, and chiefly due to crystalline structure; the former belonging to the mono-metric and the latter to the trimetric system. It is somewhat lighter colored than pyrite, and decomposes more readily in the air. It is quite a common vein mineral, and occurs in globular and cockcomb shapes. It is abundant in the New Diggings district. It is difficult to preserve specimens of this mineral, longer than a few months. Chalcopyrite. — Composition — Copper. 34.6; iron, 30.5 ; sulphur, 34.9. This is the princi- pal ore of copper in the lead regions, and is most abundantly found in the vicinity of Mineral Point. It usually occurs massive, frequently mixed with pyrite ; small and indistinct crystals are occasionally found. Hematite. — Composition — Iron, 70; oxygen 30. Impure arenaceous varieties of this mineral frequently occur, nowhere, however, suEBciently rich or abundant to be of any economic value. It seems to be chiefly due to the decomposition of pyrite, and is most common as the ferruginous sandstone concretions in the upper beds of the St, Peters. It is also frequently found as ocher, with other vein-minerals, especially in the flat openings. Oxide of Manganese. — A substance consisting of manganese with a little oxide of iron, zinc, and traces of magnesia, according to an analysis of Dr. Bode, of Milwaukee, is found in crevices in the Trenton limestone, in some diggings situated on Section 11, Town 4, Range 1 east. The mineral is as light as cork ; color brownish-black, sub-metallic luster and streaks ; soils readily, and is infusable. It is very soft, and does not occur crystallized. It has a structure in thin parallel layers, resembling wood. Calamine. — Composition — Silica, 25.0; oxide of zinc, 67.5; water, 7.5. This mineral is of very rare occurrence in the lead region. It is found in small, drusy crystals ; coating, Smith- sonite. The crystals are very brittle, colorless, and have a vitrious luster. It is found near Mineral Point. Barite. — Composition — Sulphuric acid, 34.33 ; baryta, 65.67. It occurs usually white and massive, but sometimes in lamellar and crested forms. The only place where it was found in distinct crystals, was in the railroad cut at Scales'Mound, where it occurs in small cavities, as small but very perfect transparent crystals, associated with dolomite and pyrite. It is not a very abundant mineral, but is found in several of the mining districts, especially Dodgeville and Min- eral Point. The following is an analysis by Mr. B. T. Sweet, of a specimen from the southwest quarter of Section 6, Township 5, Range 3 east, in Van Matre's survey : Silica 2.24 Alumina 83 Sesquioxide of iron 77 Water '. Trace Barite, sulphate '. 9.5.27 Lime, sulphate 1.30 100.41 Anglesite. — Composition — Sulphuric acid, 26.4 ; oxide of lead, 73.6. Traces of this min- eral are reported as occurring in some of the mining districts, but no specimens have as yet been obtained. It probably originates from the decomposition of galenite. Calcite. — Composition — Carbonic acid, 44 ; lime, 56. This is a vein-mineral, common to aU the deposits of ore, whether in crevices or openings. It occurs crystallized in modified rhombo- hedrons and scalinohedrons. The variety known as Dog-tooth-spar is a very frequent form, especially in the Shullsburg and Linden districts, which affords very handsome cabinet specimens. The Mineral Point district affords handsome rhombohedrons, and the Linden mine affords hand- some twin crystals of calcite set in sphalerite (blende). It also occurs there, rarely, as a pseu- domorph, after marcasite, and has then a radiate or divergent form. HISTORY OF THE LEAD REGION. 351 Dolomite. Bitter spar or brown spar. Composition — Carbonate of lime and carbonate of magnesia in slit^htly varying, but nearly equal, proportions. It occurs occasionally in small rhombohedral crystals in cavities of tbe Galena limestone. The best locality for obtaining cabi- net specimens is in the railroad cut at Scales Mound. Smithsonite. — Often improperly called calimine. Composition — Carbonic acid, 35.18 ; oxide of zinc 64.81. This mineral, commonly known as drybone, is one of the two ores of zinc found in the lead region. It is found most extensively in the central and northern parts, and usually in connection with blende. It crystallizes in rhombohedral forms ; such specimens are, however, rare. It usually occurs massive, having a structure similar to partially decayed bone, from which it derives its common name. Pseudomorphs, of Smithsonite, after calcite, are sometimes formed. They occur as rhom- bohedrons, and in the various irregular shapes in which calcite occurs in the lead region. Per- fect crystals, in which the transformation from calcite to Smithsonite is complete, are very rare. It 18 much more common to find skeleton crystals, or those which have been formed by the depo- sition of a smooth, light-colored shell of Smithsonite, about a sixteenth of an inch thick, over all the exposed surface of the calcite, followed by a gradual removal of the crystal contained within the shell. The space within the shell is sometimes partially filled with Smithsonite, and fre- quently planes of the original crystal. Pseudomorphs are also found in which the imperfect crystallization of sphalerite is very evident. Smithsonite is also found covering crystals of gal- enite, which are undecomposed. Oerussite. — Composition — Carbonic acid, 16.5 ; oxide of lead, 83.5. Cerussite is occa- sionally found in small pieces, but never in sufficient quantities to form an object of mining. It occurs in irregular rounded pieces of a yellowish color, exhibiting no crystalline structure. It has been found near Mineral Point, and in former years quite frequently at the diggings near Blue Mounds. Cerussite is found in small irregular translucent crystals of a white or light yel- low color, in the mine of Messrs. Poad, Barrack & Tredinnick, near Linden. The specimens were large, cubic crystals of galenite, coated with pyrite, the crystals of cerussite being formed in both of these minerals. The specimens indicate that the crystals of pyrite had been formed, and many of them broken before the formatioii of the cerussite. Sydrozincite. — Composition — Carbonic acid, 13.6 ; oxide of zinc, 75.3 ; water, 11.1. This is a mineral of rare occurrence in the lead region. It is found at Linden and Mineral Point as a white, finely crystalline, fibrous incrustation on Smithsonite. Malachite. — Composition — Carbonic acid, 19.9 ; protoxide of copper, 71.9 ; water, 8.2. It is occasionally found in small seams, mixed with other ores of copper in the Mineral Point cop- per mines. Crystals or good cabinet specimens do not occur. Azurite. — Composition — Carbonic acid, 25.6; protoxide of copper, 69.2; water, 5.2. It occurs similar to malachite, massive and in seams, associated with chalcopyrite. The Mineral Point mines afford very beautiful cabinet specimens of small rhombohedral crystals of dark-blue color. Visitors in the lead region will constantly hear the terms "brown rock," "glass rock," "pipe-clay opening," etc., used by the miners to designate the different strata in which they work. This would be an advantageous system were it not that the several names are applied to widely different strata by persons in the several districts. The term " glass rock," for mstance, is indiscriminately applied to all the strata in the buff, blue and Galena limestones. The following section is given as a general guide in understanding the relative position and thickness of the strata and openings, to which reference will occasionally be made in the subse- quent pages. The section, however, will not be found of universal application, but merely shows the strata as their position is now understood by the most ihtelligent and systematic miners. In practice, the most reliable plan for determining the geological position of an ore bed or mme, is to find the out-crop of some well-defined horizon in the vicinity, and ascertain the distance of the bed or mine above or below it, after making due allowance for the dip. 352 HISTORY OF THE LEAD REGION. There are numerous openings occurring in all upper and middle beds of the Galena lime- stone, none of which appear to be found regularly in all the districts. The section is, therefore, confined to the more persistent openings of the lower beds : . GALENA LTMESTONE. Green rook 4 feet. Green rook opening 3 feet. Green rook 12 feet. Brown rock 12 feet. Brown rook opening 5 feet. Brown rock 8 feet. BUFF AND BLUE LIMESTONE. Upper pipe-clay opening 5 feet. Glass rook (blue limestone) 25 feet. Glass rock opening 6 feet. Buff limestone 12 feet. Lower pipe-olay opening .3 feet. Buff limestone 10 feet. St. Peters sandstone feet. HISTORY AND CHARACTER OF THE MINES. The history of the mining interest of this region is essentially a history of the region itself. The following reliable and detailed report of mines was made by Mr. Strong in 1877. Such new mines as have since then been opened are named further on in this work : BEETOWN DISTRICT. This is the most westerly district in which any productive mines have been worked. In former years they were very productive, but have gradually become less so. There are several sub-districts, of which the principal ones are Beetown, Nip-and-Tuck, Muscalunge and Hack- ett's. The diggings in the immediate vicinity of Beetown are situated north and east of the village, chiefly in Sections 20 and 29, of Township 4, Range 4 west. There are here, on the ridge, about a dozen principal old ranges, all nearly parallel, and bearing a few degrees north of west. They vary from half a mile to a mile and a half in length, some of them extending easterly to the Grant Diggings. There are no large organized companies at work in them, the principal product being by individual parties in small lots. Lead ore is usually found in this district in two principal openings, known as the " Twelve- foot Opening " and the " Sixty-five-foot Opening." The first is named from the height of the opening, which usually averages about twelve feet. The second derives its name from sixty- five feet of unproductive rock which separates it from the first. The following parties are now, or have recently been, mining near Beetown : Brown Bros. ^ Birch. — These diggings are situated in the Hull Hollow, about three- quarters of a mile south of the village. They were discovered in 1860, by Walters and Rob- erts, and were first worked in the twelve-foot opening. There are three parallel east-and- west ranges, situated about nine feet apart. They produced lead ore, which is found in flat openings, four and one-half feet high and four and one-half feet wide, lying about seventy feet above the sixty-five-foot opening. The ore has been traced by a level three hundred feet west from the discovery shaft. The depth at the working-shaft is sixty feet ; the greatest depth in the ridge will be one hundred and sixty feet. Work' was commenced in the winter of 1875-76, since which time the product has been 35,000 pounds. The prospects are considered good. Wilcox Biggings. — North half of the southeast quarter of Section 32, Township 4, Range 4 west. This ground has been recently bought by Messrs. Henry, Ross, Gundry and Toay, of Mineral Point, by whom it is now operated, under the name of the Beetown Mine. Work was commenced here by Mr. Wilcox in 1868. A level has been run in the ground 500 feet, under- lying a fiat sheet of blende or Smithsonite, which is, in places, 36 inches thick. The sheet HISTOKY OF THE LEAD REGION. 353 has been found to extend eighty feet north and south, and one hundred and thirty feet east and west; its extreme limits are not yet known. On its south side, some cop- per ore has been found. The sheet lies in the upper pipe-clay opening. About twenty-two feet above the sheet of zinc ores, is one of Smithsonite and lead ore, one hundred and fifty feet wide, whose length is unknown. It lies in flat and pitching sheets, in the green-rock opening. The ground has produced lead ore to the value of $8,500 ; also, forty-five tons of Smithsonite and one hundred and seventy-five tons of blende. Josiah Grossley ^ Go. produced about eight thousand pounds of lead ore in the operations of one month. Crossly ^ Bass. — Situated south of the preceding. Work was carried on for six months, and stopped by the owner of the land. Twenty thousand pounds of lead ore were produced. Wilcox ^ Sons. — These parties have been working about a month in a new east-and-west range. The prospect is considered good. Pigeon Biggings. — They are situated in the north half of Section 20, Township 4, Range 3 west, and consist of several east-and-west ranges, in which the ore is found in flat openings in the "Brown Rock" division of the Galena limestone. The ground is owned by Messrs. Bar- ber, Dewey & Cox. There are about fifty men employed here, mining chiefly in the old work- ings at a depth of from thirty to fifty feet below the surface. The annual product of the Pigeon Diggings is about two hundred and fifty thousand pounds of lead ore. Mining is chiefly con- fined to the winter season. During the last year a sheet of Smithsonite was discovered on the southeast quarter of Section 19, which has produced sixty tons. Hackett's Biggings. — These mines are situated on Section 17, Township 4, Range 4 west. They have been idle for several years. Work has recently been resumed on them by the follow- ing parties: Hutchcroft & Pigg, and Whitehead & Oo. They have now good paying mines in the sixty-five-foot opening. The annual product is about thirty thousand pounds. Nip-and-Tuck Diggings. — Situated on the south half of Section 25, Township 4, Range 5 west. They consist of several east-and-west ranges crossed by north- and-south ranges. Very little mining is now done here. The parties are Sillick & Co. and Roberts & Co. The annual product is about twenty thousand pounds. Muscalunge Biggings. — Situated on Section 26, Township 4, Range 5 west. There are here numerous east-and-west ranges, from a quarter to a half a mile in length, lying near Rat- tlesnake Creek. More activity is displayed here in mining operations than anywhere else in the district, about half of the ore smelted in the Beetown furnace being obtained here. In addition to the east-and-west ranges already mentioned, there are a great number of small parallel crev- ices running nearly east and west, and crossed by various quartering ores, forming a perfect net- work of veins and crevices. The following parties are operating in this vicinity : Graham Mining Company. — This is a Milwaukee mining company who own and work a large tract of ground comprising the west half of Section 26. The workings are all in the sixty-five-foot opening. The following section of the Dewey & Maiden shaft is given, which shows the position of strata from the top of the ridge downward : Soil and clay 15 feet. Galena limestone 38 feet. Tough light rock, hard and flinty 2 feet. Openings from five to twelve feet high 12 feet. Hard rock with layers of flint 66 feet. Opening (workings | 13 feet. Galena limestone to top of Trenton 35 feet. Total thickness 180 feet. The two openings are seen here to be separated by sixty-five feet of intervening barren rock. The ground is drained by a level about three-quarters of a mile long, run on the random of the lower opening at an expense of $20,000. It empties into one of the adjacent branches ol Rattlesnake Creek. It could easily be drained to the top of the blue limestone by a level in 354 HISTORY OF THE LEAD REGION". the horizon of the pipe-clay opening. A convenience in hoisting was noticed here which might profitably be adopted in other portions of the lead region. A six-inch hole had been drilled from the surface to one of the drifts for purposes of ventilation. An artesian well-bucket was then put on, and all small stuff and wash dirt was removed through the hole, thus saving a long and unnecessary transportation underground to the main shaft. The company h^s worked con- tinuously here for' many years. The ground has been very productive ; it produced in one year 1,300,000 pounds. Its average annual production for the last nine years is estimated at 300,000 pounds of lead ore. James Thomas ^ Qo. — This company has been working here for the last fifbeen years. The ore is found on the east-and-west range in the sixty-five-foot opening. The diggings are dry, and from 150 to 160 feet deep. The average production is 150,000 pounds of lead ore per annum. The ground is owned by Mr. Dewey. Hutchcroft ^ Thomas. — Situated four hundred and fifty feet south of the preceding, and connected with them underground. They are in the same opening as the preceding, and have been worked continuously for many years. During the last year, they have been idle, having been sold by the parties who operated them. When worked, their annual product was 150,000 pounds. Hutchinson, Dewey ^ Co. — Situated on the southeast quarter of Section 26, east of James Thomas & Co., and in the same range and opening. This party has been working here since 1869, and has now a very good prospect. The average depth below the surface is one hundred and sixty feet. In some cases, it is one hundred and eighty feet. They are connected with the Adkinson Diggings by a quartering range. They have produced about 30,000 pounds in the last three years. Adkinson Diggings. — Situated a short distance east of the preceding, and connected with it. Access is gained to these diggings through a level about a quarter of a mile long, emptying into the valley of Rattlesnake Creek. The level was run on a northeast crevice, which con- tained a large amount of ore, and was frequently intercepted with east-and-west crevices. These diggings have been worked continuously during the last twenty years. During the last fifteen years, the annual product has been 150,000 pounds of lead ore. Showalter ^ Payten. — Situated a quarter of a mile southeast of the preceding, and near the south line of the Dewey land. These parties commenced two years since, and are now work- ing an east-and-west range in the sixty-five-foot opening. During the last two years, the prod- uct has been 70,000 pounds. Arthur ^ Co. — Situated two hundred feet south of the preceding, on Mr. Arthur's land. This is a new east:and-west range discovered in the spring of 1876. A shaft has been sunk ninety feet to the sixty-five-foot opening, and a small amount of ore produced. The' appearances in this new range are quite encouraging. Bitter ^ Bock. — Northeast quarter of Section 35, Township 4, Range 5 west ; situated on land owned by Mr. Ritter. This is a new east-and-west range, discovered in the summer of 1875. It is worked in the sixty-five-foot level. It is regarded as a good prospect, and has already produced 20,000 pounds. Loomis ^ Co. — Situated on the land of the Graham Mining Company, in the southerij part. This is also a new east-and-west range, discovered in August, 1876. It has produced about 12,000 pounds. The mine is now in a condition to yield 1,000 pounds per day. The lead ore in the Muscalunge mines occurs in direct contact with the wall rock, usually in vertical sheets, and without any of the associate vein minerals which are usually found in the other mining districts. POTOSI DISTKICT. Mining operations here are chiefly confined to the winter season. The old ranges of the Potosi Diggings are included in Sections 33 and 34, Township 3, Range 3 west. Their general course is about north, 70° west, although some bear a few degrees more to the west, and somea few more to the north. They numbered about thirty in all, which were considered as separate HISTOEY or THE LEAD REGION. 355 and distinct ranges ; and, in addition, there were many smaller crevices, not sufficiently impor- tant to constitute ranges by themselves. Among the more important were the Long, Wooley, Gillet Gilmore, Smith, Polkinghorn and Barbara, some of which were over a mile in length. The productive portion of these ranges is confined to the middle and lower portions of the Galena limestone, none of the crevices having as yet proved as low as the brown rock ; the ore is usu- ally found in sheets of varying thickness. Considerable irregularity exists in the formation of many of the crevices in the Potosi dis- trict by which they seem to split up in the lower beds of the limestone, forming key rocks and divergent crevices. An instance in point was seen in the diggings of Mr. Meredith, in the north- east quarter of Section 33, about three hundred feet south of the old Wooley range, on the sum- mit of the ridge. A shaft was sunk in the main crevice, which continued without change for sixty feet from the surface. At this point a hard key rock, as it is called, was encountered, on which the crevice and ore sheets divitled, one part continuing vertical and the other slanting downward at an angle of about forty-five degrees, for a distance of thirty feet. Here a very hard and smooth floor was found, on which the sheet was followed out by drifting for a distance of 130 feet, without reaching the end. No appearance of openings was observed. These dig- gings were struck about six years ago (1870), and have produced since then about four hundred and twenty thousand pounds. Rockville Diggings. — There are here a number of east-and-west ranges with flat openings, which have been worked with but little interruption since 1840, and now furnish employment to about twenty miners. Mining is chiefly confined to the winter season. The following par- ties are now operating here : Phillips ^ Walker. — Southwest quarter of southwest quarter of Section 13, Township 3, Range 3 west. These parties are working a new east-and-west range, discovered by thera in the «ummer of 1874. The ore is found at a depth of about one hundred feet below the surface, in flat openings from fifty to sixty feet wide, whose length has not yet been ascertained. They have, however, been worked to a distance of 300 feet. The lead ore is found in what is known here as the second opening, which lies about thirty feet above the upper surface of the blue limestone. Their annual product is 30,000 pounds. Lilger Mines. — Northwest quarter of northwest quarter of Section 24. This is a new range, discovered in January, 1876. The works are as yet confined to the first opening, which is here thirty feet above the second. It has produced, during the past year, 40,000 pounds. Hayward Range. — Southwest quarter of Section 13. This range has been worked continu- ously every winter since its discovery in 1841, and has yielded in all between four and five mill- ion pounds. It is now worked by Messrs. Jackson & Calloway, in the second opening, which is here from thirty to forty feet wide. It produces about one hundred thousand pounds per annum. Warfield Range. — Southwest quarter of Section 13. This range has been worked every winter during the last thirty years, and has produced about two million pounds. It is now worked by Messrs. White & Dunn, in the second opening, which is here from thirty to forty feet wide. Its annual product is about one hundred thousand pounds. Ournow and Pillow Range. — Southwest quarter of Section 13. This range has not been idle during the last thirty years, and is still productive. During the last fifteen years the range has produced over 100,000 pounds per annum. Messrs. Nichols & Stevens are now min- ing in it, and producing 20,000 pounds per annum. Emery Sf Davis Level. — Northwest quarter of northwest quarter of Section 24. The level Was commenced in 1852, and is now 600 feet long, and drains the ground in its vicinity nearly as low as the second opening. Its cost was about $20,000. The excavations here were of the nature of a quarry, several flat sheets of lead ore being found inter-stratified with the Galena limestone. While the level was in operation, the annual product was about 100,000 pounds. The level drains the Langstafl" and Willey ranges, which were discovered about thirty years ago, and have been worked continuously ever since. Most of the lead ore is obtained from the first 356 HISTORY OF THE LEAD REGION. opening. The annual product is 50,000 pounds. These ranges have been worked to the present water level, leaving sheets of ore from twelve to eighteen inches thick, going down. The level should be run a few rods further to connect with a north-and-south crevice ; it would then probably drain all the ranges much deeper. Stone ^ BryJion. — Situated near the northwest corner of Section 1, Town 3, Range 3 west, on land owned by Mr. Stone, about three miles north of the village of Rockville. The works are in the first opening, which is from eight to ten feet wide. They have been worked in the winter season during the last four years, producing annually between -30,000 and 40,000 pounds. They were formerly worked by Mr. Grusham, and were more productive. The mines are dry. Griswold Diggings. — Situated about a quarter of a mile south of the preceding. These are dry diggings, worked in the first opening, which is here about six feet high and from ten to thirty feet wide. They have been worked continuously during the last seven years, producing about 65,000 pounds per annum. Henry Gillilan's Diggings. — These diggings are situated about three miles southeast of Rockville, on the Platte River. They are dry diggings, and have been worked during the last four years in the first opening, which is here thirty feet wide and about six feet high. The annual product is 25,OO0 pounds. British Hollow Diggings. — But little mining is now done in these mines. The following parties are now mining here : J". Alderson's Diggings. — Northwest quarter of Section 26, Town 3, Range 3 west. They are situated on the Craig range, in the village of British Holland. This range was worked, by a Cincinnati company for three yonrs ; they abandoned it two years ago. This company pro- duced about 3,000,000 pounds during the time of their operation. Mr. Alderson commenced mining here again in July, 1876, with a steam pump, and has sunk four shafts. The workings are about 120 feet deep in the second opening, and in the third, which is about twenty-five feet below the second. The mine has not produced much yet, as the time has been mostly consumed in preliminary operations. Peak ^ Blair. — Northwest quarter of Section 26. These parties have also been working in the Craig range during the past summer (1876). They have a flat sheet of lead ore about five inches thick in the first opening, which here averages twenty feet in width. This range has been worked during the last forty years. The product of the present parties has been about 20,000 pounds. Dutch Hollow Diggings. — They are situated on the north half of Section 36, Township 3, Range 3 west, about two and a half miles east of Potosi. The following parties are now opera- ting here: Dutch Hollow Level Com'pany. — Mining operations have been carried on here continuously for the last six years, excavating a level on or near the upper surface of the blue limestone. The level is now about a half a mile long, and it is expected to reach the main shaft in about a month. When completed, the level will unwater all the Galena limestone above it, which is here about one hundred feet thick. It is expected to unwater the Kendall, and many other old ranges in the vicinity, as deep as the third opening. The level is not producing much now. During the year 1872, it produced 60,000 pounds. Rup ^ Son. — Northeast quarter of Section 35. This party has been working during the last six months in a part of the Zug range. The ore is found in the first opening, which is here about fifteen feet wide. The production has been 150,000 pounds. Zug Diggings. — An east-and-west range, being same range and opening as preceding. Mined, at depth of 75 feet, 150,000 pounds. Langstaff ^ Gillan. — Situated three-quarters of a mile northeast of the preceding, in the creek in Section 25. The lead ore is found here in a flat sheet in the first opening, near the water level and about thirty feet below the surface. Three men have been working here twelve months, and have produced 60,000 pounds. The production of the Potosi district, including Rockville, British Hollow and Dutch Hollow, could not be definitely ascertained, as very little HISTORY OF THE LEAD REGION. 357 record has been kept of it. It is estimated at 80,000 pounds per annum. Mining in this dis- trict is generally abandoned in summer for farming, and resumed again in the winter, in the lack of other employment. In this way a large number of men are at work in the winter, each ra sing a small amount by prospecting, which forms in the aggregate the total product of the district. FAIRPLAY DISTRICT. The only mines in this vicinity, which have recently produced anything, are those of Black & Co., on the northeast quarter of Section 24, Township .1, Range 2 west, and those of Williams & Co., near the center of Section 19, Township 1, Range 1 west. Blach ^ Co. — This property, which comprises in all about two hundred and forty acres, is owned by Messrs. Joseph and Thomas Sparks. It has been known to be rich ground for many years, and to contain, besides the ore, an immense amount of water, which was the chief obsta- cle to be overcome. Previous to the operations of Mr. Black, it had been attempted by three separate parties, at as many different times, but always with more or less loss. Mr. Black commenced work on it, in 1871, by means of pumping, and continued to add pumps, engines and pumping machinery at intervals. At the time the mine was visited (June, 1874), there were in operation two steam pumps, and two large lift pumps, together with three boilers and two engines, one of them about thirty-horse power. The company then contemplated adding a large engine and machinery. It was estimated that about a thousand gallons of water per minute were being pumped from the mine, and, when the lower opening is reached, which is thought to be about fifteen feet deeper, it will become necessary to pump about fifteen hundred gallons per minute. The mine is in the upper beds of the Galena limestone, which is here present in its full thickness, and, indeed, the first few feet of the shafts are sunk through the lowest bed of the Cincinnati group, as may be seen from the yellow clay with the characteristic shells, in any of the shallow prospecting holes in the vicinity. The following section of the strata penetrated in sinking the pump-shaft, will give a cor- rect idea of the formations here represented : CINCINNATI GKOUP. Feet. Inches. Soil and clay bed.., 20 Pipe-clay 10 Bed of black clay 4 Shaly layers 10 GALENA LIMESTONE. Galena limestone, in thin layers 4 Galena limestone cap, in layers four feet thick, gradually incjeasing in thickness to the bottom 80 Opening, containing ore 30 Total depth of shaft 86 The course of the vein is nearly east and west, and five shafts have been sunk upon it, the deepest of which has reached a point one hundred and five feet below the surface. The opening now presents the appearance of a series of large rooms or caves, from fifteen to twenty feet wide, and about fifteen feet high, for a distance of six hundred feet. The vein was crossed in several places by bars of hard rock, one of which was sixty-five feet in thickness. The bars always caused a decrease in the size of the opening, and sometimes nearly cut off the vein. In other places, the opening contracted in width, in which case the ore usually occurred in a solid sheet, sometimes as much as seven feet thick by seven and a half feet high. In the caves or larger parts of the opening, the ore was found in large masses, weighing sometimes several thousand pounds. Two large masses were found which weighed respectively fifty thousand and twenty- seven thousand pounds. With the ore large masses of rock were found mixed with loose dirt and a f ne, dark clay. 358 HISTORY OF THE LEAD BEGION. The sides of the opening were much washed and worn by water, sli wi ig a very regular stratification, with no appearance whatever of faults or dislocations. Each of the caves in the opening had a chimney going down, apparently to a second opening, which has never yet been proved or worked. The upper part of the opening was sometimes filled with a large key-rook,having a crev- ice in each side of it. Sometimes, however, the key-rock was replaced by a flat cap-rock con- taining crevices. The appearance of these caverns, as we passed through them, was a sight not soon to be forgotten. On the floo ■ lay great misse? of rock which hail fallen froTi above, wi"h clay, con- tinually moistened from the dripping walls and arching roc', and, here and there, the'f'ieble light revealed rieli masses of glittering ore. Williams ^ Co. — This mining property is situated about three-quarters of a mile n(ir;h- east of Black's Mine, and was operated by the proprietors, Messrs. Thomas and Jeremiah Williams and Mr. O'Connor. The water in this ground is not nearly so abundant as in other mines. It is easily removed with a common lift-pump, worked with a ten-horse-power engine; the amount seldom exceeds 250 gallons per minute. Mining has been confined to the upper half of the Galena limestone. The lower clay beds of the Cincinnati group are also found here, but there is not so great a thickness of them as at Black's Mine. The pump- shaft commences at the top of the Galena limestone, and is sunk to a depth of 106 feet, at which point the top of the second opening is found, after passing through the first opening, which is situated at a depth of forty-seven feet from the surface, and is probably identical with the first opening at Black's Mine, which it much resembles in its general appearance. The first opening here consists of a series of large caves or enlargements of the crevice, with chim- neys going down to the second opening. The ore was found in masses, mixed with clay and large pieces of stone, which had appar- ently fallen from the roof or cap. The lead ore, from its greater specific gravity, usually occu- pies the lower part or floor of the opening. The course of the range is very nearly east and west, but bears a little north on its western end. The length of drifts in the top opening amounts to about nine hundred feet. It is about worked out at the western end, but still continues good at the east. Several masses of lead ore were found in this opening weighing from fourteen to fifteen thousand pounds. A singular formation of ore was found in the top opening. The mine was discovered and opened in Febru- ary, 1872, and since then has probably been the most productive and remunerative mine in the district, on account of the comparatively small amount of water to contend with and the large amount of lead ores obtained, which has been estimated at two and a half million pounds. Work was suspended on this mine in the fall of 1875, and has not since been resumed. Fairplay Level Co. — A company consisting of Messrs. Merry, dinger, Rewell, Pier and Natte, having formed a stock company, with a capital of $50,000, have been engaged during the last eight years in running a level on land owned by George Siddell & Co. This level is commenced on the east half of the southwest quarter of Section 26, Township 1, Range 2 west, about three-quarters of a mile below the village of Fairplay. It has been run eastward a dis- tance of 2,200 feet, and thence south 70 feet, and has cost about $30,000. One "shift" of three men is the usual number employed, and it is not expected that the level will be completed for many years. Its greatest depth below the surface is 140 feet, and forty-eight feet below the natural water level ; one mile farther east it will drain about sixty feet below the present water level. This level will unwater the whole of Section 25, and will cut the following ranges in the third opening : The Crabtree, Thompson, Engine, Cams, Bruce, Lost range, Frankhn, Sew- ard and Cave range. The openings in these ranges are vertical ; they were formerly worked and abandoned with lead ore in them going below the water. When these ranges are unwatered they will undoubtedly be very productive. HISTOKY OF THE LEAD BEGION. 359 In the vicinity of Fairplay, about fifty men find employment in mining during the winter ; in summer the mines are idle. The greater part of the lead ore raised in this district comes from the mines south of the village, and, exclusive of the two large mines previously described, has not exceeded 50,000 pounds per annum for the last six years. HAZEL GREEN DISTRICT. The Hazel Green District exhibits considerable activity at present in mining operations, and the reports of smelters in this vicinity show that a large amount of ore is raised here. Dur- ing the years 1872 and 1873, miners were attracted to other localities by the prospect of higher wages, which caused a temporary decrease in the production of lead ore ; the mines, however, remained unimpaired. The miners have now returned, and the mines have regained their nor- mal productive condition. The most remunerative and continuously productive portion of the district is the property of the Hazel Green Mining Company, otherwise known as Crawford, Mills & Co. It is situ- ated on the northwest quarter of Section 30, part of the southwest quarter of Section 80, part of the northeast quarter of Section 30, part of the southeast quarter of Section 19, the south- west quarter of Section 19, the northwest quarter of Section 19, the west half of the southwest quarter of Section 18, all in Township 1, Range 1 east ; also, the northeast quarter of Section 24, and the east half of the east half of Section 25, Township 1, Range 1 west, comprising in all 1,106 acres, on which over four hundred and fifty distinct mineral veins have been discovered and worked. During the early days of mining these grounds were worked from the surface as deep as was then possible, which was only about thirty-five feet, when they had to be abandoned. Pumping was tried on some of the larger bodies of ore, but as a general thing was found to be too expensive to be very remunerative, on account of the vast amount of water which the ground contained. In the year 1862, Crawford, Mills & Co. commenced their level from a point on the Hard-Scrabble Branch, and have been working it continuously ever since. Its total com- pleted length is now about four thousand feet. It is a feature of this ground that it is traversed by several bars or belts of ground which are very hard and impervious to water. As soon as the level is driven through one of them, it unwaters the ground in all directions to the next bar. Some time in the year 1871, one of those bars was reached which was so hard that blasting with powder made but little impression on it. As an experiment, nitro-glycerine was tried and gave the greatest satisfaction, so much, indeed, that a factory has been established here, and it is gradually being introduced into the mines. It is at present used in Dubuque, Galena, New Diggings and several other places. It was at first regarded with some dislike and distrust by the miners, but this prejudice is fast being overcome, and nitro-glycerine, or some of its com- pounds, will probably supplant gunpowder in the mines at no distant day. The factory at Hazel Green produced, during the first three years, about 3,000 pounds of nitro-glycerine, and the demand is steadily increasing. On account of the position of the bars, it was found necessary to make three branches to the level, one of which is now completed and is gradually draining the western part of the ground. The northern branch, when completed, will undoubtedly unwater the rest of the ground. This level is an evidence of what can be done by scientific mining, when carried on per- sistently and systematically, with sufficient capital, applied with foresight and sagacity. It has cost the company twelve years of time, and about $100,000. Its results are, that it has already repaid the outlay of capital by the ore raised from the ground unwatered by it, which would otherwise have been inaccessible. When completed, it will unwater the ground 135 feet below the natural water level on the ridge. It furnishes employment to about eighty miners during the mining season. Quite a large and clear stream of water is discharged from the mouth of the level, and is at present used to operate a furnace and three wash-places. The ore in the Hazel Green mines ijj. 360 HISTORY OF THE LEAD REGION. usually found in sheets ; this is its characteristic mode of occurrence. The ranges are approxi- mately east and west, or north and south, the former being the most productive. Ore is also some- times found in large bunches or pockets, containing sometimes several thousand pounds, and occasionally in openings. The pockets are often lined with large and very regular cubes, afford- ing handsome cabinet specimens. The total production since the discovery of these mines, has been carefully computed from the smelter's accounts at about 126,000,000 pounds. Their pres- ent product is about 800,000 pounds per annum. Mining in this vicinity is confined to the upper half of the Galena limestone, which is here present in its entire thickness, the clay of the lower beds of the Cincinnati group being found near the village, on the road to Galena. A section of the strata from the top of the ridge to the level would present approximately the following features : Soil and flints 15 feet. Galena limestone 90 feet. Shales or thin layers of limestone 10 feet. First clay opening 10 feet. Second clay opening '. 20 feet. Flint opening to floor of level 20 feet. Total thickness 165 feet. The following are the parties who are now engaged in mining on the company's land, or have been during the course of the present survey : Richard Eustice ^ Oo. — These parties were working in a new locality, and had, at the time they were visited, one of the handsomest displays of ore ever seen in the grounds. The bottom of the shaft had penetrated an opening filled with' soft earth. The sides of the opening were lined with a body of ore which presented an unbroken mass of cubic crystals of various sizes, some of them being as much as six inches on a side, and of very perfect shape, affording very handsome cabinet specimens. There were not less than 10,000 pounds of lead ore in sight, in a place about ten feet long. This body of ore is known to continue several feet deeper to the drift below. These diggings were worked until the fall of 1875, and produced 120,000 pounds. Rows ^ Rowe. — This is a new range, and was discovered in March, 1874. It is ^an east- and-west sheet, in which the ore occurs in a crevice three or four inches wide, at a depth of about sixty feet below the surface, and about thirty-five feet above the flint opening. Work was sus- pended here in September, 1876. The total amount produced to that time was 50,000 pounds. Richard Eustice s Diggings — Are situated on the Phelps range ; shafts are ninety feet deep, down to the clay openings. Length of drifts about 150 feet. The oye here occurs in a sheet about an inch thick. The diggings were worked from June, 1872, to June, 1875, and produced • about 40,000 pounds. Near these diggings, and about ten feet deeper, is an east-and-west sheet dipping tothe north, carrying bunches of blende, which affords quite handsome crystals. Manwaring and Madison Range. — This is an east-and-west range, and is sometimes known as the Hinch Range, from the name of a party who formerly worked it, and by whom it was abandoned in 1858. Since the level has been run, the water has fallen about fifty feet in this ground, and in December, 1873, work was resumed on it by Crawford, Mills & Co., since which time it has produced 40,000 pounds of lead ore. The shaft is down about fifty-five feet, or within, six feet of the fiint opening. Work was suspended on it in June, 1875. John Edwards' Diggings. — Situated a short distance further west on the same range, a flat sheet of blende is found here in the second opening, at a depth of eighty feet below the sur- face. The order of deposition here is : 1st, pyrite ; 2d, galenite ; 3d, blende. During the win- ter of 1875-76, the product was blende, ten tons; lead ore, 1,400 pounds. Bull Pump Range. — This range was worked by Jackson & Co. during the years 1873- 74-75, producing 90,000 pounds. Work was suspended here in the fall of 1875. Bininger Range. — This range has been worked at intervals since May, 1874. It is now worked by Stephens, Mankivel & Rowe ; four men are employed, working with a horse pump in the second opening. During the present year the product has been 30,000 pounds. J. C. Cover (DECE AS Ed) La McyxsT e:i^. HISTOKY OF THE LEAD REGION. 383 Big Pump Range. — This range has been worked since October 1, 1876, by Richard Eus- tice & Co. A small amount of ore has been produced from the first opening. MeOoy Water-wheel Range. — Work was re-commenced here about August 1, 1876, by Rowe & Son, in the first opening. Oates ^ Eustice. — This party has been working during the last year and a half on a ranjre two hundred feet north of the west branch of the level. The lead ore is found in a flat sheet in the second opening. The opening is seven feet high, and averages seven feet in width. The sheet is about one foot thick. The product to the present time has been 150,000 pounds. Clark's Diggings. — Two men have been working during the last year in the range next north of the McCoy Water-wheel Range. The ore is found as "chunk mineral" in the second opening, which is here six feet wide. The product has been 30,000 pounds. Tregenza §• Son. — Work was commenced by this party, in the fall of 1874, on the Dry- bone range, south of the Badger lot. The works are in the second opening, which is here from ten to twelve feet wide, and contains a flat sheet about five inches thick, of which the upper part consists of lead ore, and the lower of zinc ores. The product has been — zinc ores, twenty tons ; lead ore, 20,000 pounds. Very handsome specimens of galenite, coated with cerusite, are obtained here. W. S. Eustice ^ Bro. — This party commenced work in the fall of 1875 at Crawford's little pump shaft. They worked in the second opening during the winter of 1875-76, and sus- pended in the summer on account of water. The prospect is good, and they expect to resume work this winter (1876). Product, 10,000 pounds. Edwards Estate. — On this land, there are several old ranges, now drained by the level of Crawford, Mills & Co., in which the following mining has been done : Peter Skinner, in the winters of 1874-75 and 1875-76, produced 100,000 pounds. Moffat ^ Co., in the same seasons, produced 80,000 pounds. Pierce ^ Tnewather, in the same seasons, produced 70,000. Other parties in the same time, in small amounts, 100,000. In addition to the parties already mentioned, there are, in the winter season, usually about sixty miners at work on the lands of the Hazel Green Mining Company. The following diggings are in the village of Hazel Green, but not on the lands of the Hazel Green Mining Company : McBreen ^ Co. This is an east-and-west sheet, connected with a •quartering one averaging about an inch thick, situated on the land of Dr. McBreen, on the northwest quarter of Section 25, Township 1, Range 1 west. The range was worked in 1844, and the ore taken out to the water level. The water having become much reduced by the ILizel ■Green Company's level, work was recommenced in 1871, since which time about fifty-five thou- sand pounds of lead ore have been taken out. The diggings are in the upper beds of the ■Galena limestone, and not down to any opening. TorneaVs Diggings. — A short distance southwest of the preceding is a range consisting of twenty parallel crevices about twenty-five feet apart, and bearing north 15° east. Work was abandoned on them in 1850, and was recommenced by Mr. Torneal about eight years ago, since which time they have produced 42,000 pounds. Considerable time and labor have been expended in running a cross drift to prove the ground and ascertain the number and position of the crevices. The distance here to water is eighty feet, and the diggings are in the upper beds of the Galena limestone. Rowe ^ Vivian. — This was formerly known as the Chizzem range, and is situated on Edward Williams' land, in the southwest quarter of Section 25, Township 1, Range 1 west, in the southern part of the village of Hazel Green. It is a north-and-south range, and was worked and abandoned in 1854. Work on it was recommenced by the present parties in November, 1878. Since then it has produced 24,000 pounds. The full thickness of Galena limestone is here present, overlaid by a few feet of clay of the Cincinnati group. The deepest shaft is 106 feet, and the total length of drifts is about 190 feet. Work was suspended here in the spring of 1875. 36i HISTORY OP THE LEAD REGION. Williams ^ Brother. — Oa Edward Williams' land. This party commenced in tlie fall af .1875, and are now mining in a range a shore distance west of the dig'^ings of Eustice & Co. in the village of Hazel Green. They are working on a vertical sheet, and have produced to the present time 20,000 pounds. Chandler's Diggings.— Theae diggings are situated on Mr. Wetherbee's land, and on the Sulphur Lot Range. Work was commenced two years ago, and continued to the present time. The works are in the second opening, which is from six to eight feet wide, and contain a sheet of lead ore from one to two inches thick, and also large, irregular masses which aflFord handsome specimens. The mine has produced 500,000 pounds, and is now very good. PLATTEVILLB DISTRICT. This district embraces the diggings in the immediate vicinity of the village and the Whig and Big Patch Diggings. The geological position is about the middle of the Galena limestone. The mining has been carried on principally by small parties. The annual production aggregates 395,000. GrilUs Mange. — This is the longest and largest range in the Whig Diggings, being half a mile in length. A crevice opening was found from thirty to fifty feet below the surface, and is from three to five feet high. Some seven parallel crevices were discovered in 1839. About 5,000,000 pounds have been secured since that time. The Mobbing Mange is a short distance north of the Gillis. It was struck in 1840, and produced 500,000 pounds. In 1866, Cronin & Stevens resumed work which had long been suspended, and raised about 300,000 pounds. Duncan Mange, a little way south of the Gillis, has given forth 1,500,000 pounds. Messersmith Mange produces only Smithsonite. Missouri Mange has produced 650,000 pounds, and has an annual product of 5,000. Dutch Mange was discovered in 1840. Some 200,000 pounds have been raised, and the products'is about 5,000 annually. Wilkinson and Cronin Manges have given 300,000 pounds. Smith Mange produced 200,000 pounds, but is exhausted. Big Patch Diggings put out 500,000 annually, divided among several parties, of whom Dixon & Coats represent four-fifths of the raise. Hawkins, Thomas ^ Co. own the discovery on the southwest quarter of Section 31, Town 3, Range 1 west, made in 1872. The ore is blende, somewhat mixed with rock, and occurs in a flat sheet on the upper surface of the blue limestone. The sheet has in some places a thickness of five feet. It lies partially in the bed of a small 'stream. BUNCOMB DIGGINGS. The Buncome Diggings form a subdistrict belonging to Hazel Green. They are situated on the Galena River, near ihe mouth of Bull Branch. They were formerly very productive diggings, and a few parties are still working in them. They are situated in the brown rock, which is the lowest bed of the Galena limestone, and is here from twenty to thirty feet thick, and extends down to the creek -bed at the State line, where the top of the blue limestone may be seen. At the mouth of the Bull Branch the top of the blue limestone is found to be twenty feet above the bed of the stream. Mining is generally carried on here by drifting into the side of the hill. An example of this is seen on the land of Mr. Gabriel Mills, on the northwest quarter of Section 32, Township 1, Range 1 east, where a flat sheet of ore was found on the top of the brown rock, on which a number of short levels were run. Mr. Mills is now engaged in running a level on the top of the blue limestone from Section 32, westward, to prove the ground for blende, of which ore in small quantities has been occasionally found. The Buncome ground is also remarkable as being the only locality in which native sulphur appears in sheet form. Carpenter ^ Bennett. — These parties are mining on Mr. Mills' land, on the northeast quarter of Section 32, Township 1, Range 1 east, on the east side of the Galena River. Ihe HISTORY OF THE LEAD REGIOX. 365 workings are as usual in the brown rock, and produce some lead ore and large amounts of car- bonate of zinc and blende. Exactly how much could not be ascertained. They have worked continuously since 1872. Hick», Fiddiek ^ Oo. — Situated on the land of the Edwarda estate, on the southwest quarter of Section 29, Township 1, Range 1 east. The diggings are about half a mile above the mouth of the Bull Branch, and are also carried on in the brown rock. They are drained by a level a quarter of a mile long, discharging one hundred gallons per minute, which was com- menced in 1868. The ore is found in flat and pitching sheets, and sometimes contains a little blende mixed with it. Twelve men are now employed here, and are producing a large amount of Smithsonite. Since the commencement of operations, about four hundred thousand pounds of lead ore have been produced. Gabriel Mills Diggings. — This ground is on the northwest quarter of Section 29, Town- ship 1, Range 1 east, on the ridge dividing Bull and Hardscrabble Branches, and contained the large lode mentioned in Prof. Whitney's report of 1862, on pages 285 and 286. The ore was discovered here in 1854, and has been worked uninterruptedly ever since, which is somewhat remarkable, as a single range seldom continues uniformly productive through so many years. The property is owned by Mr. Mills and R. Pierce. The deepest shaft is 130 feet down to the brown rock, in which the ore is found in flat and pitching sheets. The ore from these diggings is always coated with pyrites, and some Smithsonite is found associated with it. The ground has produced about eight million pounds of lead ore ; their present annual average production is about fifty thousand pounds, with no sign of diminution. tSimons ^ Sons. — Northeast quarter of northwest quarter of Section 32, Township 1, Range 1 east. A very fine prospect has recently been discovered by this party on Mr. G. Mill's land. They commenced work about the 1st of September, 1876, with a horse-pump. After sinking a shaft fourteen feet deep, a flat sheet six inches thick was discovered in the upper pipe clay opening. The sheet consists of lead ore, blende and pyrites, about half of the thickness being lead ore. J'liere are also several isolated ranges lying between Hazel Green and Benton, and not properly belonging to either district. They are as follows : Johns Sf Harvey. — On the northeast quarter of Section 6, Township 1, Range 1 east. The range was struck in 1858, and was worked for some time with an engine and pump, and then abandoned. Work was recommenced by Messrs. Johns & Harvey, in 1869, and they are now working on the water-level at a depth of one hundred and ten feet below the surface, in the middle portion of the Galena limestone. The range bears slightly north of west, and makes ore in tumbling openings, mixed with clay and detached masses of stone. The opening is in some places twenty feet wide, but does not correspond in geological position with any of the Hazel Green openings, as it is rather above them. Work was suspended here in the fall of 1874. Their production to that time was 900,000 pounds of lead ore. Dawson's Diggings are situated on the southeast quarter of Section 32, Township 2, Range 1 east. The general course of the range is east and west, but it is found to pitch in various directions. They are worked about thirty feet below the surface, in the upper measures of the Galena limestone. They were discovered in 1872. Since then, they have been worked contin- uouslv. nnd have produced 80,000 pounds. Drybone Diggings. — Southwest quarter of Section 28, Township 2, Range 1 east. Mining for drybone has now been carried on here by George Hoppenjohn for the last ten years. The diggings are known as the " Bone Patch," and are very shallow, not exceeding twelve or fifteen feet in depth. The Smithsonite occurs in bunches as float, and does not make any regular sheet or opening. The amount produced is about fifty tons per annum. Barney Kessons Diggings are situated about a quarter of a mile southwest of the preced- ing, on the same quarter-section. Work is suspended in them during the summer seasons. They are quite productive diggings, and have yielded 50,000 pounds of lead ore per annum for sev- eral years. 366 HISTORY OF THE LEAD REGIOlSr. Antliony ^ Dixon's Diggings — Southeast quarter of Section 21, Township 2, Range 1 enst. These diggings are about a quarter of a mile south of the village of Jenkinsville, and are worlced altogether for blende, although the ore contains a little drybone and lead ore. They q,re on the top of the blue limestone, in which a level is now being run, and is completed a distance of two hundred feet. The ore is very close grained, shows no regular cleavage, and somewhat resembles an ore of iron. It is remarkable by being intersected with thin parallel plates or laminse of galenite lying very close together, presenting reflecting edges and being a constituent part of the ore. The deposit was discovered in 1872, and has been worked continuously since. The pro- duction has been 180 tons of blende and 10,000 pounds of lead ore per annum. Kesting, Sines and others. — A short distance southeast of the preceding, on the same quarter-section, are three parties at work on some drybone diggings. There are here several quartering ranges having a southwest course. The Smithsonite lies from fifteen to sixty-five feet below the surface, and in the lower measures of the Galena limestone. It " makes '' in flats sheets, and pitches without much regularity. The ground has been worked about ten years for drybone. The average annual production has been about 225 tons. Spensley, Winn ^ Co. — Situated about a quarter of a mile southwest of Meeker Grove post office. The above parties have been working here about five years. The ore is found in an irregular flat sheet in the upper pipe clay opening. This ground has been worked at intervals during the last twenty years. The water is removed by a horse- pump. The production of the last two years is as follows : 1875, blende, 300 tons, lead ore, 20,000 pounds ; 1876 to October 1, blende, 400 tons, lead ore, 20,000 pounds. Greenwood ^ Miller. — Southeast quarter of Section 7, Town 1, Range 1 east. This is an east-and-west range, discovered by Cook twenty-five years since. The present parties became in- terested in it in 1871. Five shafts, from seventy to ninety feet deep, have now been sunk, and two drifts, of 300 feet each, have been run. The ore is found here in a crevice opening, sometimes twelve feet high. The width of the opening is quite variable, as it is crossed by numerous north- and-south crevices, which usually cause it to expand in width. Bunches of ore are found at the crossings, but no regular sheets. The water is removed from the ground by two horse-pumps of twelve-inch bore, six-feet stroke, which pump about ninety gallons per minute. It is estimated that the ground has produced 1,000,000 pounds of ore, and its present annual product is about 300,000 pounds. NEW DIGSINGS DISTRICT. Considerable lead ore is now being raised in the vicinity of new Diggings, being mostly in the ridge immediately south of the village. The following section taken from the mines south oi the village will give a correct idea of the relative position of the several beds and openings : Feet. InclieB, Soil and clay 14 Galena limestone 60 Flint bed 1 2 Shale...'. 2 First opening (sometimes called crevice opening) 5 Limestone cap 2 Second opening (sometimes called flat opening) ,"> Flinty rock 9 Third opening (this is the principal flat opening) 4 Galena limestone i "Putty bed" 3 Galena limestone 1 8 Fourth opening., 6 Galena limestone 50 Flint opening 3 Brown rock to top ot Btue limestone 13 ..• Total 178 3 Champion Diggings. — Northeast quarter of Section 26, Town 1, Range 1 east, on the New Diggings ridge. There are several ranges here having a general east-and-west course,> one of HISTORY OF THE LEAD REGION. 367 which, known as Champion's old lode, hafi probably yielded more than any single range in the lead region. This and the other ranges owned by Mr. Champion are drained by a level a half a mile long. This was completed in the year 1865, at an expense of about $70,000. It then drained the ground, and in four years, with the labor of eight men, 5,000,000 pounds of ore were taken out, which sold for about $500,000. This ore was contained in an immense open- ing; in some places forty feet wide by twenty -five feet high. This principal opening is now worked out, but the range still continues productive, and has been worked uninterruptedly for the last ten years. Average product per year, 85,000 pounds. Work is now being carried on south of the old ranges. At the western end, in the Meyers lot, a shaft has been sunk seventy- three feet to the first opening, -which is here about ten feet high and from twenty to thirty feet wide. There are here three parallel crevices, one of which is about eight feet wide. Seven- teen men are now employed in the Champion Diggings. Mining is carried on continuously, and the annual product is about 200,000 pounds. Qraig Diggings are situated in the New Diggings ridge, on the northeast quarter of Sec- tion 26 and north\Yest quarter of Section 25, Township 1, Range 1 east. There are here three principal east-and-west ranges, a few feet apart. The ore which is now worked is known as the Simpson pump range. These ranges were discovered in 1834. In the spring of 1874, a shaft was sunk on one of them, and they are now worked in the second opening. They produce only lead ore, found in a flat opening which is one hundred feet wide, and has been worked to a length of one hundred and fifty feet. They are worked only in the winter, and produce 40,000 pounds per annum. Qraig, Sanders ^ Oampbell. — Work was commenced by this party in the fall of 1874, on the east end of the Simpson pump range. The mining is carried on in the first opening. The product has been 258,000 pounds, the greater part of which was produced in the year 1876. The extreme west end of this range has been worked by Craig, Stephens & White during the past year, but has not yet produced anything. Oraig Level Company. — A company consisting of several persons residing in New Diggings and the adjacent towns,, and representing an extensive capital, have been engaged for several years in running a level on the south side of the New Diggings ridge, for the purpose of un- watering the extensive east-and-west ranges on and near the summit of the ridge. It is already so far advanced that it has lowered the water in the mine several feet, sufficient to admit of the production of enough lead ore to more than defray its expenses. Mining is now carried on in pump range, the Mitchell range and several others ; the company are making several '' cross- cut drifts" for the purpose of prospecting their ground. The mining operations of the Craig Level Company have been very productive of lead ore. The amounts produced previous to 1874, could not be ascertained. During the ysar 1873, it was 70,000 pounds, and from March, 1874, to October 1, 1876, the product was 2,075,470 pounds. Brown, Dodge ^ Co. — This party, consisting of four men, have been working in the west end of the Mitchell Range, on land owned by Col. S. Scales. The product has been 10,400 pounds, all raised within the last year. Harper, Hird ^' Co. — Situated in the New Diggings ridge, a short distance west of the Craig Diggings, on two east-and-west ranges, known respectively as the Wiley and Engine, on which the water has been reduced about four feet by the Craig level. They were quite large ranges, and were extensively worked many years since. Work was resumed on them by the above parties in February," 1873. Since then the product has been 303,000 pounds. The crevice of the Engine Range is here about three feet wide, and the ore makes in the first opening ; while on the Wiley Range the crevice is ten feet wide, and the ore makes in the crevice and not in the opening. The ground is owned by Col. Sam Scales. The existence of load and zinc ore in the upper pipe clay opening (upper surface of the blue limestone) is also known at New Diggings. A mining company, known as the Occidental, was m operation in 1873, by whom a level had been run on this opening, which resulted in the discovery of a flat sheet of blende or lead ore. 368 HISTORY OF THE LEAD REGION. Catchall Diggings. — Northwest quarter of Section 30, Township 1, Rnnge 2 east. These diggings have in former years produced large quantities of ore; exactly how much, could not be ascertained. After lying idle for some years, work was resumed on tlicm in 1870 by S. and C. Vickers, J. and T. Peacock and John Henry. They were worked for a year with a horse pump, and after that with a steam pump, the former having been insufficient to remove the water. There are here two north-and south ranges crossed by several east-and-west ranges which produced blende and lead ore. The pump shaft is located in one of these crossings, and is forty-eight feet deep. A series of levels was run from here to the New Diggings Ridge, by which it was ascertained that the top of the ridge was on a level with the bottom of the shaft, which shows that the openings existing at this place are above those at Now Diggings, and probably near the middle of the Galena limestone. The Catchall Diggings ceased being worked in January, 1873. The pump and engine still remain on the ground. The product during the three years of working is said to have been 2,000,000 pounds. Howe ^ Alderson. — Southeast quarter of Section 15, Township 1, Range 1 east. This ground is situated a short distance north of the Democrat furnace, and belongs to the Leakley estate. The range was discovered and worked about 1847, and work was resumed on it by the present parties about fourteen years since (1862). The general course of the range is east and west ; the extent of the drifts is from three hundred to four hundred feet, in the course of which five flat openings and one crevice- opening have been found. The flat openings are not far above the blue limestone. There are eight shafts going down to the openings from thirty to eighty feet deep. The ore is generally small, with wash dirt ; but little large or "chunk mineral " is found. The diggings are entirely free from water. During the past fourteen years they have produced about one million pounds. Work was suspended here about January 1, 1876. John Rain ^ Go. — Southeast quarter of Section 31, Township 1, Range 1 east. The land is owned by Messrs. Hodge & Scales and the Field estate. The course of the range is north 5° east. It is known as the Raspberry range from the name of the man who discovered it in 1849, and sometimes as the Dinsell range. The workings are all in the first of the New Dig- gings opening, although the second has also been reached. There are five shafts down to the opening, and about five hundred feet of drift. The opening is quite variable in size, and is sometimes as much as thirty feet wide. The ore occurs as wash dirt, although large pieces are occasionally found. The diggings have been worked for lead ore during the last seven years, since which time Messrs. Rain & Co. have taken out as follows: 1871, 50,000 pounds; 1872, 100,000; 1873, 75,000; 1874, 75,000. The product 'for 1875-76 was not learned, but the mine is now productive. DIGGINGS ON THE LEAKLEY ESTATE. Rohbins ^ Bros. — Four men have been employed here during the last year, working an east-and-west range with a horse pump. The amount raised is not known, but it is understooil that the ground yields enough ore to pay good wages. HaU Sj- Rain. — Southeast quarter of Section 23, Township 1, Range 1 east. This is a new east-and-west range on the Leakley estate, discovered in 1873. The ore occurs m a crevice opening from forty to forty-five feet below the surface. Four shafts have been sunk in it, and one drift ran a distance of 400 feet. About one hundred and nineteen thousand pounds have been produced since they were discovered. Work was suspended in 1876. H. Ashworth Diggings — Southeast quarter of Section 24, Township 1, Range 1 east. This is an east-and-west range m the Leakley estate, discovered in the fall of 1873. The workings at this place are confined by water to the first opening, which is here crossed by numerous quar- tering swithers from four to six feet apart. The crossings are the most productive parts of the opening, and the ore frequently comes up to the surface clay. At the time they were visited (June, 1874), five shafts had been sunk about thirty-five feet deep. One of the drifts was about one hundred feet long, and there were several of fifty feet each. The product to that time was i,000 pounds of lead ore and fifteen tons of drybone. They have been working continuously since, producing small amounts. HISTORY OF THE LEAD REGION. 369 Phcenix Lead Mining and Smelting Qom'pany. — Section 13, Township 1, Range 1 east. A great deal of mining has been carried on here since a very early day, and the ground has been very productive of orei The principal vein, which is known as the Ellis sheet, was discov- ered by a miner of that name about thirty-five years since. Its course is north twenty degrees east and it has been worked for a distance of about half a mile. The workings so far have been confined to the Galena limestone, of which there is a thickness of one hundred and fifty feet at the pump-shaft at the summit ridge. This shaft has been sunk to a depth of one hundred and fifteen feet, leaving thirty-five feet of the formation unexplored, exclusive of the underlying Trenton limestones, which have here a thickness of about fifty feet. The sheet of ore is nearly perpendicular, and varies from two to eighteen inches in thickness as deep as the shafts were sunk. The same system of surface mining obtained here as at other places, by means of which the ore was extracted down to the natural water level but a short distance below the surface, leaving the main body of the ore untouched. In this manner, more than 2,500,000 pounds of lead ore were obtained. In the year 1865, a level was commenced with a view to drain the ground, and was prosecuted with slight intermission until' 1872. Its present length is one thou- sand seven hundred feet, and when completed it will drain the ground to a depth of one hundred and thirty-five feet. Several other large east-and-west ranges traverse this ground, among which are the Bobineau and the Dowd and McGinnis, on the west half of the southeast quarter of Sec- tion 14, Township 1, Range 1 east, which have yielded heretofore not less than 3,000,000 pounds. SHULLSBURG DISTRICT. StopUne Diggings. — The property is situated on the northwest quarter of Section 28, northeast quarter of Section 29 and southeast quarter of Section 20, all in Township 1, Range 3 east. Although the mine is not in operation, it is in a condition to be worked on very short notice. The following information in regard to it was obtained from the owner, Mr. Edward Meloy, and personal inspection of the ground : Nearly, if not quite, the entire thickness of Galena limestone is present at this locality. The northern outcrop of the Cincin- nati group is about a mile to the southwest. The pump-shaft has been sunk in a natural chim- ney to a depth of one hundred and twelve feet below the surface, and has now reached what is known as the green bed or cap of the Shullsburg opening. The water was removed by an engine and lifting-pump discharging five hundred gallons per minute. All the water came up in the shaft through the chimney. While the pump was in operation, two springs, situated respect- ively one-half mile east and northwest of the shaft, ceased to flow. There are two principal ranges here — one bearing north thirty degrees east from the pump-shaft, and worked for a dis- tance of eight hundred feet northeast of the shaft, and the other bearing north ten degrees east, about one hundred and forty feet west of the shaft, worked about five hundred feet, connected by a quartering range running north of east. These ranges were struck in' 1863 and worked until 1869, and are thought to be a contin- uation of the Shullsburg elevator ranges. Two shafts sunk on the range, bearing north thirty degrees east, have turned out one thousand pounds to the foot without any drifting, and the whole tract, within an area which would be embraced within three acres of ground, has produced about 600,000 pounds. In every shaft froin which ore has been raised, the indications of large bodies below are very strong. A very peculiar formation was found in sinking on the north thirty degrees east range. Commencing at a depth of thirty-five feet from the surface, a hard, brecciated limestone sets in, filled with pyrites, and, in some cases, with galenite. This formation continues as deep as the shafts were sunk. This was not found on other ranges in this locality, and is a mode of occur- rence peculiar to one range. The breccia consists of small, angular limestone, similar to the adjacent rock of the forma- tion. It appears to have been caused by the undermining and falling-in of a portion of the formation, by a previous subterranean drainage. The rubbing and grinding of the sides of the 370 HISTORY OF THE LEAD REGION. fissure against each other in the course of the movement broke off pieces of various sizes, and the interstices and cavities were subsequently filled with pyrites. McNulty Mine. — In June, 1873, work was recommenced in these old ranges, and consid- erable capital expended in erecting new machinery and • buildings, the old ones havinc been burned. It is now owned and operated by Messrs. J. M. Ryan, of Galena, and M. A. fox, of Shullsburg. The mine is situated on the northeast quarter of the northeast quarter of Section 15, Township 1, Range 2 east, a short distance south of the village of Shullsburg. There is here a thickness of about two hundred feet of Galena limestone, or four-fifths of the entire formation. The ore is obtained in the usual opening common to all the mines of the Shullsburg district, between what are known as the green and clay beds, of which the green bed is re- garded as the top and the clay bed as the bottom of the opening. In this mine the foUowincr strat- tigraphical information was obtained : Five feet below the clay bed and one hundred and fifty feet below the surface is an opening and a bed of white rock two feet thick, then a layer if hard, gray rock, three feet thick. Below this was found a flat sheet of galenite, mixed with pyrites, and indications of openings below. It is a peculiarity of the mining ground in this ridge that all crevices south of the Shullsburg branch pitch or dip to the south, about six inches in ten feet, until the summit of the ridge is reached. Here, as in the south shaft of the McNulty, the crevices are vertical. In this shaft the crevice penetrates through the clay floor and continues on going down, being the only crevice which has done so. Proceeding further south, over the crest of- the ridge, the crevices all pitch or dip to the north. Taken together, this system of crevices seems to present a fan-like shape, approaching one another as they descend. In the spring of 1876, a new east-and-west range was discovered in this mine, south of and parallel to the one already worked. It promises to be very productive of lead ore. The production of this mine from June 1, 1873, to March 1, 1876, is as follows: 1873, 200,000 pounds; 1874, 150,000 pounds; 1875, 75,000 pounds ; 1876, 210,000 pounds. Silverthorn Mine — Northwest quarter Section 32, northeast quarter Section 31, Township 2, Range 2 east. The greatest thickness of Galena limestone found on the ridge was about one hundred feet. The ground is drained by a level run in the carbonaceous shale, on the top of the blue limestone, which has here a very great thickness, being nowhere less than two feet, and, in some places, seven and a half feet thick. It seems in this mine to replace the pipe- clay open- ing. It is very easy to work, and consequently this level has been comparatively inexpensive. This shale, when dried, burns with a bright yellow flame and much smoke until the carbon is exhausted, but owing to the amount of calcareous matter it contains, it is not much reduced in bulk. These diggings produced, in 1871, 200,000 pounds, and in 1872, about 100,000 pounds. Their product in previous years could not be ascertained. Work was suspended in them in 1875. An analysis of lead ore from the Silverthorn mine gave the following results : Lead sul- phide, 97.06; metallic lead, 84.07; insoluble silicious residuum, 1.76. Rickert, Stevens ^ Co. — These diggings are situated on the northwest quarter of the north- west quarter of Section 14, about five hundred feet east of the McNulty mine, and connected with it. Their geological positions, in respect to strata and openings, are almost the same. The ore is found in the usual Shullsburg opening; but, in a few instances, it runs above it for a short distance, and then drops down again, presenting a saddle-shaped appearance. At the south shaft the rock is very much disturbed and broken, apparently in an area about two hun- dred feet in diameter. It is in loose masses, of all sizes and shapes, containing more or less ore scattered through it, and the fine, earthy material known among the miners as sand. The strata pitch in every conceivable direction and degree from horizontal to vertical. Crevices and veins cannot be followed through it with any degree of certainty ; but at the borders of this disturbed area, as well as above and below it, the strata have their normal position, which is nearly horizontal. This is merely a local disturbance, and is probably due to the unequal hard- ness and solubility of the formation. Considerable of the limestone seems to have been removed by currents of water running through the opening, thus permitting large and small irregular HISTOKY or THE LEAD EEGIOX. 371 masses to fall from above, and filling the interstices with the fine, insoluble residuum of sand. In connection with this irregularity was noticed a remarkable "chimney," about thirty-six feet long by twenty feet b --lad, and extending upward further than has yet been followed. It was originally filled with loose masses of galenite, rock and sand. In the ground on this ridge the strata dip on both sides toward the north-and-south line between Sections 14: and 15, on the west side, about four feet in a quarter of a mile, and on the east side, one foot in thirty rods. The ground is drained by a horse-pump, into a level a short distance below the surface. The mine produces very handsome cabinet specimens of galenite and calcite, in the form of dog- tooth spar. The following section will serve to convey a general idea of the arrangement of the strata on this ridge : Soil and clay 6 to 10 feet. Galena limestone 100 feet. Flintbed 4 to 8 feet. Green bed to clay beJ, iuclii'ling ilie opening 14 to 18 feet. Galena limestone to top of blue limestone 65 feet. Total average thickness 195 feet. Reckoning upward from the top of the blue limestone to the top of the green bed or cap of the Shullsburg opening, the distance is found to be about eighty feet, and in the New Dig- gings section, from the top of the blue limestone section to the top of the flinty rock, which is the cap of the third or main opening, the distance is eighty-two feet. This establishes an identity of geological position of these two points. Measuring down- ward from the cap in the Shullsburg opening, its average distance is found to be sixteen feet to the bottom of the opening. In the New Diggings section the same distance includes all that lies between the top of the third and bottom of the fourth opening, and finally, each is under- laid by about the same thickness of unproductive rock. The correspondence between these open- ings is thus very distinctly marked. ~ The unproductive beds in the New Diggings openings seem to disappear in going eastward, and finally the openings unite on reaching Shullsburg. In regard to the production of these diggings, it is estimated that the south half of Section 10 and the northwest quarter of the northwest quarter of Section 14, being an area of one mile long on a course south seventy degrees east, and three-quarters of a mile wide, including the McNulty and RicVerts Diggings, have produced since the commencement of mining operations not less than one hundred million pounds. The bearing of the crevice on which Rickert, Stephens & Co. are now working, is due east and west. The mineral is found about twelve feet below the greeli bed or cap, and is mixed with sulphur (pyrites). The rock is diflFerent from any before taken out of the mines in this section. It is a dark blue, and mixed with sulphur and flint, and is very hard. In the opening, there is copper rust or verdigris mixed with large balls of sulphur. Dog-tooth spar, or tifi", is also found in large quantities, most of which is attached to the mineral. The company commenced work in 1849, and on the present range in May, 1874. They are now operating a steam pump in what is supposed to be a continuation of the South Diggings range. The product from June 1, 1873, to March 1, 1876, is as follows: 1873, 377,120 pounds; 1874, 201,966 pounds; 1875, 318,690 pounds; 1876, 153,720 pounds. Drybone Diggings. — Situated on the southwest quarter of the east quarter and the south- east quarter of the southwest quarter of Section 4, Township 1, Range 2 east. The ranges here run in nearly an east-and-west direction. The diggings are situated in the lower strata of the Galena limestone ; the top of the blue limestone is found a short distance down the stream. Although shallow, these diggings have been very productive of zinc ore, and are still successfully worked. Irish Diggings. — Section 2, Township 1, Range 2 east. These diggings have not been worked for many years, on account of the water, but were formerly very productive, and were 372 HISTOBY OF THE LEAD REGION. abandoned with ore going down in the crevices. The greatest thickness of Galena limestone in this ground is about one hundred and fifty feet. They could be readily unwatered by means of a level from some point on the Shullsburg branch. Meloy ^ Fox. — In the early part of the year 1875, that part of the Irish Diggings known as the Findley Cave range, was leased by Messrs. E. Meloy and M. A. Fox, of Shullsburg. It is situated in the northeast quarter of Section 2, Township 1, Range 2 east, and comprises ninety-nine acres of land lying about a mile northeast of the village. The range was worked during the months of April, May and June, 1875, and in November of that year a steam engine and pump were erected, and it has been worked continuously to the present time (November 1876). The pump shaft is now about eighty feet deep ; water is discharged into an adit con- necting with the shaft at twenty feet below the surface, at the rate of 150 gallons per minute. The course of the vein is north seven degrees east, having a dip to the eastward of four feet in one hundred. The distance between the walls of the vein or crevice varies from two and a half to seven feet, the space between them being filled with the vein matrix common to the neighbor- hood. The bottom of the pump shaft is six feet below the top of the flint beds. The vein appears to continue downward, the filling of the crevice being loose and allowing the water to pass readily through it. After sinking the pump shaft, the vein was drifted in a distance of sixty feet to the northward ; in the course of running this drift, 100,000 pounds of ore were extracted. The foregoing remarks show the condition of the mine in 1876. The production since then we have not learned. The range was worked more than thirty years since, with a two- horse pump, as deep as water would permit, and large quantities of lead ore were obtained. These diggings could be unwatered to a much greater depth by means of a level from some point on the Shullsburg branch. Bull Pump Range. — Work is still carried on on this range, which is situated on the Hemp- stead estate. It is operated by Messrs. Beebe, of Galena, and Wetherbee, of Shullsburg. The amounts produced could not be ascertained. Oakland Mining Company. — The lands of this company are situated in the southeast quarter of Section 6, the northeast quarter of Section 5, the northwest quarter of Section 4, and the southeast quarter of Section 4, all in Township 1, Range 2 east, comprising in all about 566 acres. This ground includes the old French range, which was discovered as early as 1839, and produced not less than 1,000,000 pounds. It is connected northward by some quartering crevices and is known as the Ernest and Townsend I'ange. The thickness of Galena limestone here is about one hundred and seventy feet. There are six shafts in the range, averaging about fifty feet each. The lead ore i^ abundant, but dips rapidly to the northwest beneath the water. The range has produced about four hundred thousand pounds. The ground is susceptible of drainage from the Shullsburg branch. It is not worked at present. The company aiso has a level nearly completed in the southwest quarter of Section 4, which is run on the stratum of carbonaceous shale, or the top of the blue limestone. At the working shaft, there is a thick- ness of ninety feet of Galena limestone, of which the following section is given : Clay and soil 18 feet. Yellow, flinty limestone 16 " Galena limestone containing calcite , 20 " Blue, sandy limestone cap 6 " Red ochery clay, with lead ore in flat sheets at top and bottom, also diffused through the mass, forming a wash dirt 12 " Unexplored beds 18 " Total thiokref=s 90 feet. Considerable mining has been done in former years in the blue sandy limestone member ot the section, but the main opening appears to be in the red-ochery clay which underlies it, which, so far as explored, has been found to have a thickness of about twelve feet, and to con- HISTORY OF THE LEAD REGION. 373 tain a flat sheet of galenite nearly continuous, and of variable thickness, sometimes furnishing pieces of five hundred pounds' weight. The bearing of the sheet, so far as has been determined, is west of north and east of south, with a slight dip to the southwest. Its area has not been determined, but, so far as has been worked, there are no indications of the opening, contracting or closing up. BENTON DISTRICT. In the immediate vicinity of the village of Benton, there are several parties permanently encacred in raining, besides others who mine only in the winter. The diggings are in the lower beds of the Galena limestone, yet not so low as the brown rock. Bainhridge and Vipord — Southeast quarter of Secton 8, Township 1, Range 1 east. This is an east and-west range somewliat near a mile long, which was worked about twenty-two years since and abandoned. Prior to 1854, it produced about one and a half million pounds. About seven years since, some work was done on it, and one million pounds were produced. Work was recommenced on the eastern end by the present parties in February, 1874, and has con- tinued to the present time (November, 1876). The annual product is about twenty thousand pounds. During the last year and a half, they have been worked with a horse-pump. Bainhridge, Mundy and Maighn. — This is a quartering southwest-and-northeast range, about one hundred yards north of the preceding. This range was never worked previous to March, 1874. It is now worked only in the winter seasons. It has produced in all about fifty thousand pounds. The ore in these diggings and the preceding is found in openings detached from the main crevice. Metcalf, Sarker and Alexander — Northwest quarter of Section 9, Township 1, Range 1 east. This ground is situated on what is known as the Swindler ridge. It derived its name from the custom which formerly existed among the miners of cutting through and breaking into each other's ground to steal the ore, which the complicated nature of the openings enabled them to do. This range was struck in 1871, and has been worked continuously ever since. The depth to the top of the first opening is fifty feet at the shaft, and on the ridge generally, althougli the opening is said to dip slightly to the west. Some water is encountered on the ridge, and the present parties have' found it necessary to work a two-horse pump. The production to Novem- ber 1, 1876, has been 600,000 pounds. Bainhridge Diggings — Situated on the east half of the northeast quarter of Section 4, Town- ship 1, Range 1 east. Work was commenced here by Mr. Thomas Bainhridge, of Benton, in the winter of 1874. In May. 1875, an irregular deposit of lead and zinc ore was discovered about fifty feet below the surface, having a course a little west of south. Its production has been twenty-five tons of Smithsonite and twenty-five thousand pounds of lead ore. Harvey's Diggings — Situated on the same ground and about 250 yards northwest of the preceding work, was begun here in the winter of 1875-76, and a' large flat sheet of Smithson- ite was discovered, which has been worked over 200 feet in diameter without reaching unpro- ductive ground. It is found about fifty feet below the surface, in the random or horizon of the flat flint openings. The ore is found in flat sheets, interstratified with the formation. One hun- dred tons have been produced. McMroy Bros. — Situated half a mile south of the village of Benton. This is a new dis- covery, made in the winter of 1875-76 ; an irregular flat sheet of Smithsonite was found at a depth of fifty feet below the surface, from which in two months fifteen tons of ore were produced. M. J. Williams ^ Co. — Situated on the sbuthwest quarter of the southwest quarter of Section 3, Township 1, Range 1, east. A large flat sheet of lead ore and blende, about one foot thick, was discovered in July, 1876, in the bed of Fever River, soon after a heavy flood which took place at that time. It lies in the upper surface of the blue limestone, and, on account of Its situation in the river, but little has been done with it. It is an excellent prospect, and will doubtless be remunerative as soon as the water can be removed. MeOaffery, Smith ^ Co. — In the middle of October. 1876, these parties comrbenced work sinking a shaft on the west line of the forty of M. J. Williams & Co. They found the 374 HISTOKY OF THE LEAD REGION. same sheet of ore as there described ; in the spaoe of two weeks they had developed a fine pros- pect, and had produced about one ton of ore. Level Company. — On the northwest quarter of Section 29, Township 1, Range. 1 east, a level is now being run by Messrs. Stevens, Mason, Miller, Robbins, Broderick, Hoover, Thomp- son, Coltman and Farley, who own and have leased 135 acres in Sections 20, 21, 28 and 29. The level was commenced in the "spring of 1870, and has now reached a length of 1,000 feet; it is being driven on a flint opening near the top of the brown rock, which is here about fourteen feet above the blue limestone. The object of driving the level is to unwater the Drummond range, which runs east and west, and is supposed to be a continuation of the Cro(v range oi Hazel Green, and the Nagle range of New Diggings. It is believed that wlien the level is com- pleted it will unwater the Drummond range to a depth of forty feet below the present water level. The level now gives access to two openings in working it, and had, when visited, an inch sheet of lead ore in the working forehead. It may be remarked that these openings are lower than any of the Benton openings, and seem to be identical with those of the Buacome district. The product has been, up to the present time, 60,000 pounds. MIFFLIN DISTRICT. Mining operations here are now chiefly confined to several parallel ranges, having a general northeasterly course, and situated about half a mile south of the village, including the Peniten- tiary, Dunbar and Owen ranges. The ore is found in flat sheets on the surface of the blua limestone, in the pipe-clay opening. Some mining is also done in Section 10, Township 4, Range 1 east, in the vicinity of the Welsh settlement. Penitentiary Mine. — Southwest quarter of northeast quarter of Section 34, Township 5, Range 1 east. This property is owned by Messrs. James, John and Calvert Spensley, William Bainbridge, J. J. Ross, JVIrs, Mitchell and N. W. Dean. The mine was opened in 1842, and since then it has been very productive, and has been worked continuously to the present time. The mine is drained by a level containing a tramway, on which the rock and ore are carried out of the mine. Sufficient water is removed to operate a large wash place. The distance from the entrance of the mine to the forehead is about seventeen hundred feet. The average width of the range is about three hundred feet, and the thickness of the deposit from six inches to two feet. Previous to 1864, the mine was worked chiefly for lead ore, producing in some year* as much as 170,000 pounds. It is estimated by Mr. Ross that it produced, from 1862 to 1875, 8,000,000 pounds of lead ore and 11,000 tons of blende. The production for 1875 was, blende, 375 tons ; lead ore, 35,000 pounds. The production for 1876 was, blende, 600 tons; lead ore, 40,000 pounds. JenJcins, Miller ^ Oo. — These parties have been working during the last two and a half years in the Dunbar range, which is parallel to the Penitentiary, and a short distance north of it. The land is owned by Messrs. Ross & Dean. This range has been worked during the last thirty years, and is drained by the Penitentiary level ; the present workings are about fifty feet below the surface. The company produced during the year 1876, to October 1, blende, 80 tons ; lead ore, 8,000 pounds. Their annual average is, blende, 80 tons ; lead ore, 12,000 pounds. Rain, Young ^ Jenkins. — These parties are now working on the Blackjack range, which is adjacent to the Dunbar, and sometimes connects with it. The present works are fifty feet below the surface. The ore is found in flat sheets, sometimes seventy feet in width, in the pipe- clay opening, the height of the opening averaging five feet. The annual production is from one hundred and fifty to two hundred tons of blende, and from ten thousand to fifteen thousand pounds of lead ore. A short distance northeast of the Blackjack is the Owens range. It has not been worked during the last two years, but is considered good mining ground. HISTOKY OF THE LEAD RKGIUX 375 CENTERVILLE DISTRICT. Tliese diTirinnrs are like those in the village of Highland, in that they are all situated quite close tncrother, on Section 7, Township 6, Range 1 east, on the hill about a quarter of a mile east of the village. The land is all owned by Messrs. Top, Nordorf and Kroll. The miners are nearly all Germans. The diggings were first worked in 1836, and have been worked con- tinuously ever since, chiefly for lead ore, until within the last ten years, since which time they have been worked for zinc ores. The workings are in the brown rock opening, and Ho from five to fiftv feet below the surface, depending on the amount of denudation. Very little trouble is experienced from water, and during the past two years the ground has been especially dry. The principal parties working here are as follows : Heller ^ Parish. — These parties are working a southeast-and-northwest range, twelve hun- dred feet long and six hundred feet wide. Their annual product is lead ore, 100,000 pounds ; blende, '500 tons; Smithsonite, 400 tons. John Qarter and Richard Samuels. — On the same range as the preceding. They have worked here two years, and are producing two hundred tons of Smithsonite and five thousand pounds of lead ore per annum. Other parties and their annual products are as follows : Sehock ^ Flemmer. — Blende, 200 tons per annum. Stepper ^ Mensing. — Blende, 100 tons per annum. George Wieble. — Blende, 200 tons ; lead ore, 15,000 pounds. Blue River Paint Works, situated on the southwest quarter of Section 7, Township 6, Range 1 east. At the time this establishment was visited, work had been suspended, and consequently it did not appear in as flattering a light as its merits would probably justify. The building and machinery were still standing, in a condition to resume work without delay. Accord- ing to the best information obtained, the paint was made from the ocher which is quite abundant in the Centerville Diggings, and which furnishes quite a number of shades of yellow in its raw state, and an additional number on being burned. The red paiut, however, was derived from the upper bed of the St. Peter's sandstone, which was crushed and washed ; the red coloring matter being readily dissolved out by the water, from which it afterward settled on being allowed to stand. The colors, after being burned and ground, were ready for the market. As many as fifteen different shades of red and yellow ocher were manufactured. Several tons of paint were placed in market, and it was claimed to be a good and durable article. It is unfortunate that the manufacture could not have continued longer, and its qualities have been more definitely ascertained and generally known. HIGHLAND DISTRICT. The diggings of the Highland District are all situated within a short distance of each other, and about a quarter of a mile north of the village. They are all in the brown rock, the lower openings never have been proved. Most of the diggings are in what is known as the Drybone Hollow range. The names of the parties mining, and the present condition of their diggings are as follows : Samuel Hinderleiter ^ Son — On the southwest quarter of Section 28, Township 7, Range 1 east, in the Drybone Hollow range. This is an east-and-west range, from one-quarter to one- half mile long, and from two to three hundred feet wide. It was discovered in 1846, and worked entirely for lead ore. It is now divided into small lots, of which Mr. Hinderleiter's is one. The work is chiefly confined to going through the old diggings and taking out the Smithsonite left by former miners, no blende being found. The shafts are about twenty-five feet deep, which brings them to the top opening, three feet in height. The ore is found in a flat sheet, about a foot thick, with ocher and clay above and below it. But little water is found here. The annual product of this lot is about thirty tons of Smithsonite. Mulligan ^ Francis. — These parties have diggings in all respects similar to those already described, in a lot about one hundred and fifty feet northwest of the preceding. 376 HISTORY OF THE LEAD REGION. Maguire, Kennedy ^ Co. — Southeast quarter of Sections 28, Township 7, Range 1 east. This is also in the Drybone Hollow range. The shafts here are from sixty to seventy feet deep, according to the surface of the ground. The workings are in the brown-rock opening, which is here about eight feet high. The lead ore is found in a flat sheet in the bottom of the opening, underlaid by pipe clay. The blende was discovered in the spring of 1874, and is much mixed with rock. The ore has to be crushed, washed and separated. Water is removed from the diggings by means of a windmill and small pump, and is afterward utilized to wash ore. Tlie annual product is as follows : Lead ore, 200 pounds ; blende, 100 tons ; drybone, 50 tons Blackney, Donahue ^ Qo. — This ground is owned by Dr. Stanley, of Highland, and is a part of the same range as the preceding, and situated but a short distance northeast of them. The range here makes two well defined openings, separated by a cap rock. It is irregular in shape, and about sixty or seventy feet wide, with little water. The following is a section of their principal shaft : FEET. Galena limestone 60 First opening 9 Cap rock 2 Second openinfc 4 The ore is found in flat sheets, and is Smithsonite, blende and lead, the former being ratlier impure. The present parties have been working here for the last seven years. The annual product has. been as follows: Lead ore, 11,000 pounds; Smithsonite, 35 tons; blende, 35 tons. The ground here seems to be pretty much worked out, the product being chiefly derived from the old workings. Spensley ^ Qo. — This is also on the land of Dr. Stanley, and is a short distance east of the preceding. It is an east-and-west range, situated a little north of the Drybone Hollow range. The range is one hundred and thirty feet wide so far as has been worked, and may prove to be two hundred feet in width each way from the center. The ore makes in pitches, and the sheet varies in size according to the number of feeders coming in from above. The lead ore occurs much mixed with rock, which necessitates crushing and jigging the entire product. The lot worked by these parties consists of about six acres, of which only about one-sixth has been explored. The ore is blende and lead ore. Some Smithsonite is said to be found in the south- ern part. The amount of water here is small, and is all removed by bailing and hoisting in a barrel containing about fifty gallons. There shafts have been sunk, one of which is down to the blue limestone, and is one hundred feet deep. The company have operated here for six years, with the following product : Year. Blende, tons. Lead ore, Iba. 1871 70 60,000 1872 150 120,000 1873 350 150,000 1874 250 160,000 1875 300 257,000 1876 325 300,000 Siddel §■ Co. — They are situated on the same range, worked in the same opening as Spens- ley and Co., and are located about one hundred and fifty feet east of them. They are the most easterly of all the diggings in this vicinity. One shaft has been sunk, and the ore has been found to make in the same manner as the preceding, except that this ground already furnishes some Smithsonite from the north side. These parties have been working here for the last five years, during which time the average annual product has been as follows : Lead ore, 70,000 pounds ; Smithsonite, 85 tons ; blende, 70 tons. Flynn, Lynch ^ Co. — On Dr. Stanley's ground, and about three hundred feet southeast of Spensley & Co. Their ground is a lot 250x350 feet. One shaft has been sunk here eighty feet to the top of the opening, which is here six feet high and one hundred feet wide. The ground produces lead ore and blende, occurring in a flat sheet, mixed with the top layer of the blue limestone and some pipe-clay. The company has been working about five years, since which HISTORY OF THE LEAD REGIOK. 377 time to October, 1874, they have produced 250,000 pounds of lead ore and seven hundred tons of blende. Robinson's Diggings. — Situated about three hundred feet southeast of the preceding, on the ground of Mr. Barnard. These diggings are not being worked at present. They were com- menced in the winter of 1871-72, and produced 4,500 pounds of lead ore and about nine tons of blende in the first two years. Williams ^ Edwards. — Situated on the land of Mr. Lamps, and about 500 feet west of the diggings of Blackney & Co., previously described. They are part of the Spensley and Lynch range. The works are in the brown rock, which here appears to divide into three sub- ordinate openings. A section of their working shaft is as follows, all in the Galena limestone : Galena limestone 40 feet. First opening 3 feet. Soft, unproductive ground; 8 feet. Second opening 3 feet. Soft, unproductive ground 8 feet. Third opening to top of blue limestone 3 feet. These diggings consist partly of old and partly of new openings. Cross-cut drifts are run through the old works in search of new ground, lead ore being usually found in the lowest open- ing. These parties have been working since 1870, and their product is as follows : Lead ore, SmithBoQite, Year. lbs. tona. 1870 70,000 70 1871 70,000 70 1872 80,000 80 1873 90,000 90 1874 90,000 90 The production of the years 1875 and 1876 was not ascertained. Harris ^ Stanley. — Situated on the ground of Dr. Stanley, about 300 feet north of the windmill on Kennedy & Co.'s ground, previously described. These diggings are quite dry, being drained by the windmill pump. The range appears to be a branch of the Drybone Hollow range, about 500 feet long, running in a north-and-south direction. There are two principal openings exhibited in the following section of their working shaft : Qalena limestone 30 feet. First opening 3 feet. Cap rook (limestone) 7 feet. Second opening 6 feet. The ore occurs, as usual in this district, in flat sheets. These parties have been working here since September, 1871, since which time to October, 1874, the total product was as follows : Lead ore, 40,000 pounds ; blende, 35 tons ; Smithsonite, 75 tons. Rowe ^ Oo. — Situated on the northeast quarter Section 28, Township'7, Range 1 east, comprising 160 acres. This is an east-and-west range, known as the Dunstan, discovered in 1846, and worked continuously since. It is about half a mile long, and 200 feet wide. The range is worked in the brown rock opening, chiefly for Smithsonite and lead ore. There are three working shafts from 50 to 75 feet deep. The opening is from 5 to 20 feet high. The annual product is stated at, lead ore, 50,000 pounds, and Smithsonite, 50 tons. The foregoing comprises all the diggings in the immediate vicinity of Highland, and, with the exception of the last (Rowe & Co.), they are all embraced in a tract of land not exceeding forty acres in extent. The same general geological characteristics prevail in all, and they are nearly all connected together in the workings. The ore in most of them has to be crushed and Jigged, and all except Kennedy and Maguire, have to haul their wash dirt about a mile and a quarter to water. In these diggings the openings below the top of the blue limestone have never been worked or even prospected. If the several land-owners would take some concerted action, a level might be run up the Drybone Hollow, which would drain them to any depth required. Such a work. '^'^8 HISTORY OF THE LEAD REGION. however, should be preceded by boring, to ascertain the presence of flat sheets in the lower open- ings, the existence of which is not improbable. Mr. Solomon Spensley, who is well informedou the subject, says that the annual average product of the mines is approximately as follows : Lead ore, 1,000,000 pounds ; drybone, 1,350 tons; blende, 1,200 tons. In addition to the preceding, there are some diggings situated south of the village of Highland. Davis ^ Co. — Situated near the southeast corner of Section 5, Township 6, Range 1 east. This is a northwest-and-southeast range, discovered by a Mr. Styles in 1862. It has been proved to a distance of 450 feet, with an average width of forty feet. The opening is the brown rock, and from four to six feet high. There are two shafts, each about forty feet deep. The ore occurs in flat sheets, and is mostly Smithsonite and blende in about equal quantities, containing little lead ore. The ground was formerly worked chiefly for blende. The ground is estimated to have produced 2,400 tons of blende, and 1,100 tons of Smithsonite since 1862. Their present annual product is, blende, 200 tons, and Smithsonite, 150 tons. Manning ^ Delaney. — Situated about 600 feet west of the preceding. It is an east-and- west range, which was discovered twenty years since, and has been worked by several different parties, who have proved the ground in the brown rock opening for a distance of 600 feet. The present parties have worked it for the past four years, principally for Smithsonite, no blende being found until the spring of 1874. The deepest shaft is only 40 feet; sunk to the top of the blue limestone, which is here estimated at twenty- five feet. The St. Peter's sandstone is plainly seen in the valley a short distance below. The ground produced 600 tons of Smithsonite during the years 1873 and 1874. The diggings are quite dry. Hornsnoggle Ridge. — Situated in the northeast quarter of Section 5, Township 6, Range 1 east. This is an east-and-west range, about half a mile in length, which was discovered about twenty-five years since, and worked for lead ore in the brown rock opening ; but is now pretty much worked out. The only ore found on the ridge is drybone. The present annual produc- tion is about 1,500 tons. Beginning at the eastern end and going west, the following parties are working : Joseph Call worked here since 1871, amount produced unknown. Borey ^ Newnieyer worked since 1872, produced 1,500 tons. Brinnen ^ Kelley worked on a lot here twenty years, and produced 1,000 tons. LINDEN DISTRICT. The principal diggings in this district are those of the Linden Mining Co., owned by Messrs. J. J. Ross and William Henry, of Mineral Point. The property consists of the east half of the east half of Section 6, the west half of Section 5, the northeast quarter of the southwest quarter of Section 7, the northeast quarter of the southeast quarter of Section 7, the south half of the southwest quarter of Section 8, southwest quarter of the southeast quarter of Section 8, the northwest quarter of the northeast quarter of Section 17, the south half of the northeast quarter of Section 17, all in Township 5, Range 2 east, and is situated a short dis- tance west of the village of Linden. They were first opened in 1833, and worked by various parties up to 1853, altogether for lead ore, and in the middle beds of the Galena limestone. Prior to 1853, they are said to have produced 40,000,000 pounds of lead ore. In 1853, they were bought by a Pittsburgh company, and operated with a water-wheel in the upper and lower pipe-clay openings, also for lead ore. The amount of lead ore produced by them was about 500,000 pounds per annum. The works finally became unprofitable, and were suspended by them in 1866. In this condition they remained until the spring of 1874, when they were bought by Messrs. Ross & Henry, by whom work was resumed in April. They are now operated for blende or blackjack, Smithsonite and such lead ore as incidentally occurs with it. On resuming work, the principal operations of the first six months were cleaning out the old shafts and drifts, erecting a new engine of thirty-horse power, with a lift-pump, together with the necessary buildings and other machinery. The sheets worked here have a singular* Elijah Bayley (dec e/,sed) PL/^TTEVI L LE. HISTOKY OF THE LEAD REGION. 381 complication of "flats and pitches," bott in their connection with each other and in respect to their general course. Although the blende usually occurs in a large sheet, yet it is frequently connected with two or three parallel smaller ones by veins or "pitches." The sheet often contains detached pieces of the wall or cap-rock, of various sizes, completely surrounded by ore. Large pockets occur in the bed, lined with very handsome crystals of calcite, one of which, recently removed from the mine, measures five feet by two. Another peculiarity noticed was the finding of several pieces weighing from one to five pounds, composed of wall-rock and ore, which were rounded and worn smooth, resembling small drift bowlders. They were found in the lower pipe-clay opening, and had probably been detached from the wall at its junction with the ore. They must have undergone considerable erosion and transportation, or movement, by subterranean currents of water. The workings in the vicinity of the engine-shaft were first examined. They extend in a westerly direction a distance of 1,300 feet, and have been worked to a width of 45 feet, leaving a sheet of blende on the northern side from one to three feet thick. It has been proved by a cross-cut to connect through to the north pitch, a distance of 180 feet. The same sheet has been worked in a southerly direction nearly to the well-shaft, a distance of 600 feet, leaving a large sheet of blende on its eastern side. These workings are on the glass-rock opening, and about twenty feet above the St. Peters sandstone. The following section of the engine-shaft will explain their situation : Feet. ' Inches. Sump-rock, clay and soil 15 Galena limestone 72 6 Blue limestone 6 6 Pipe-clay 1 Glass-rock 5 Gliiys-rock opening (workings) 4 Buff limestone, to bottom of shaft 8 Buff limestone, to St. Peters sandstone 16 Total 128 00 The workings at the well-shaft were next examined. They are in the brown rock division of the Galena limestone, and about twenty-six feet above the lower workings. The ground is worked in an irregular shape, about three hundred feet long by one hundred and fifty feet wide. It is estimated that $200,000 worth of ore has been taken, in the course of all operations, from this small, irregular piece of ground. It was full of large, flat sheets and pitches, and was worked in some places to a height of twenty feet. It now produces thirty tons of zinc ore per week, and considerable lead ore. This is exclusive of the ore raised by numerous miners work- ing here on tribute. It is estimated by the owners that, during the first six months of their operation, the mines produced ten tons of zinc ore per day ; and from that time to the present, it has produced twenty-two tons of zinc per day, and more than 300,000 of lead ore per annum. The value of all ores for the last two years is estimated at $500 per day. The owners have lately introduced the IngersoU Pneumatic Drill, with air compressor, and use rend rock exclusively, the explosions being effected by an electric battery. Poad, Barrett ^ Tredinnkk Bros. — Southwest quarter of the northwest quarter of Sec- tion 8, Township 5, Range 2 east. This is a very old mine, the property of Mr. John Heath- cock, known as the Robarts mine, on which work had been discontinued for several years, until 1869, when it was again resumed. The present party have been working about four years, and have sunk ten shafts, from forty to seventy feet deep. The water is removed by two horse- pumps. To the west of the above parties, and on the same range, are Kisselbury Brothers, Ham- merson & Trewatha. Also on the east end of the same range are the Poad Brothers, Tredin- nick. Vial and Geach. 382 HISTORY OF THE LEAD EEGION. The Robarts range has been traced for a distance of a quarter of a mile, the ore boinc found in flat sheets twenty-five feet above the glass-rock. The manner in which the ore is deposited is very remarkable, the order of deposition being as follows : Pyrites, blende, galenite. This is one of the few localities in the lead region from which cerussite is obtained. The three mines in the Robarts range are estimated to produce annually 200,000 pounds of lead ore and 100 tons of blende. Treglown ^ Sons and Qapt. Wicks. — Southwest quarter of northwest quarter of Section 8, in the west side of the Heathcock branch, Waring and Goldsworthy, owners. This ranee was discovered about forty years ago, and has been worked continuously ever since. The present company have been working it during the last two years in the glass-rock opening. The ore is found about fifteen feet below the surface ; the width of the range is forty-five feet, drained by a level forty rods long. In former years it was worked for Sinithsonite at hi^lier levels, and was quite productive. Its present annual production is, lead ore, 5,000 pounds ; blende, 100 tons. Adams ^ Son ^ Bowden. — These parties are situated about a quarter of a mile southwest of Treglown & Wicks. They have been working during the last seven years on the Morrison range, producing annually about fifty tons of Smithsonite and seven thousand pounds of lead ore. Water was removed from these diggings by drilling a hole down to the glass-rock opening. David Morrison Diggings. — West half of southwest quarter of Section 8. The range is about seven hundred yards long, forty feet wide, and has a general north and south course. The range was discovered in 1846, and worked at various times for lead ore to 1874. Mr. Morrison then opened the main sheet of the blende, since which time the production has been as follows : In 1874, 90 tons ; in 1875, 106 tons. During the present year the mine has not been worked, although it is still good. The range is drained by a level three hundred and fifty feet long. The ore is found in flat sheets, from seven to ten inches thick, on top of the glass- rock. Richards ^ Faul Bros. — These diggings are situated in the village of Linden, near the southeast corner of Section 8, on land owned by William George. The ore is found under the glass-rock in a flat sheet, from ten to twelve inches thick, from fifteen to twenty-five feet in width, and from thirteen to thirty feet below the surface. The water is removed by a drain about one hundred and fifty feet long. This mine was discovered in May, 1875. From that time to May, 1876, they produced 80,000 pounds of lead ore, and 150 tons of blende. During July, August and September, 1876, they have produced 35,000 pounds of lead ore- and 40 tons of blende. Thomas Tamhlin. — Zinc ores were discovered on the northwest quarter of the northwest quar- ter of Scetion 10, Township 5, Range 2 east, on the 20th of December, 1875, on the land of Mrs. Thomas Shore. The general course of the range is nearly east and west, and is now worked at an average depth of ten feet below the surface, and has been proved to a distance of forty feet. The ore was found as a flat sheet of drybone, cropping out at the foot of a hill. On working into the hill, the amount of Smithsonite was found to diminish, and the blende to increase, which seems to be an indication that the Smithsonite is a secondary product, derived from blende. It is estimated that two mines can produce here one hundred tons of zinc ore per annum. B. S. ^ W. J. Jacols. — Southeast quarter of southwest quarter, and southwest quarter of southeast quarter of Section 7, Township 5, Range 2 east. This mine was discovered in March, 1875. There are here four east-and-west sheets from four to six feet wide, and from four to six inches thick in the upper pipe-clay opening, separated from each other by six or eight feet. of unproductive rock. They are worked about twenty feet below the surface. There is but a small amount of water, which is bailed out. Some very large isolated masses of lead ore have been found here, one of which, weighing 1,527 pounds, was sent to the Centennial Exhibition. Small quantities of zinc ores are also found. The mine produced, during the year 1875, of lead ore, 70,000 pounds, and in 1876, 40,000 pounds. The mine has not been worked much during this summer, as the owners are engaged in farming. HISTORY OF THE LEAD KEGIOX 383 DODGEVILLB DISTRICT. The mines of this district comprise thoic in the immediate vicinity of the village. The zinc ore diggings situated about two miles east of the village, and those in Van Meter's Survey about four miles west of the town. The most productive and profitable are those situated east of the village, worked for drybone blende and lead ore. Evan Williams' Mines. — Southwest quarter of southwest quarter of Section 25, Township 6, Range 3 east. These mines were discovered in 1844, and were worked at intervals until 1853. Since then Mr. Williams has worked them continuously to date. The ore is found in flat sheets, about one hundred feet wide, in the lower beds of the Galena limestone, and the ground is drained by a level a quarter of a mile long. Mr. Williams estimates that this range has averaged fifty thousand pounds of lead ore per annum during the last twenty years. Previous to 1863, they were worked exclusively for lead ore. Since then they have averaged one hundred tons per annum of blende, the produc- tion rising in some years to two hundred tons. During the present year (1876) thirty thousand pounds of lead ore have been produced here, and one hundred and twenty-five tons of blende. In November, 1875, Mr. Williams commenced working about seven hundred feet south of the preceding location. A flat sheet was found here at a depth of ninety feet, and has been proved horizontally a distance of sixty feet. This mine in the past year has produced, lead ore, 15,000 pounds; blende, 50 tons. In July, 1876, Mr. Williams sunk a shaft twenty- five feet deep, about quarter of a mile west of the center of Section 25, and discovered a flat sheet of blende about five inches thick, from which he has obtained about three tons of blende. Owens ^ Powell. — On the southwest quarter of southeast quarter of Section 25 are some small drybone digging, on Mr. Williams' land. Five tons of ore are produced here each year. This is known as Rounds' range. Jones, Farrager ^ Owens. — Southwest quarter of southwest quarter of Section 25, near the west line of the Section on Evan Williams' land. This is an old range, which has been worked since its discovery in 1849. The range is drained by a level three hundred yards long. The ore is found in flat sheets, from forty-five to eighty feet below the surface. Five shafts are now open. These diggings produce only lead ore. The annual product is valued at from $3,000 to $5,000. Mrddth Evans. — Northeast quarter of northwest quarter of Section 25, in John Williams' land. These diggings are on Morgan Jones' old range, and have been worked during the last four years for Smithsonite. During the present year (1876), lead ore and blende have been dis- covereil, and 65,000 pounds of lead ore have been produced, and considerable blende. Sugh Jones. — Northeast quarter of northwest quarter of Section 25. These diggings are on the eastern portion of the Watkins range. They were discovered in 1848. The present party commenced work in 1864. The ore is found in an irregular, flat sheet, from one hundred to two hundred feet wide, in the lower part of the Galena limestone. The annual product of this mine is : Lead ore, 25,000 pounds ; blende, 150 tons. Hendy, Davey, Lovey ^ (Jo. — Northwest quarter of northwest quarter of Section 86, Town- ship 6, Range 3 east. These diggings comprise the southern and western portions of the Wat- kins range. The ore is blende and lead ore, found in a flat sheet, in the same opening and position as in the Hugh Jones diggings. The works extend eastward, and will ultimately connect with them, the intervening space being about one hundred feet. The mine has been and is now quite productive — ^the exact amount cannot be ascertained. Samuel Olegg. — Northeast quarter of southeast quarter of Section 26, Township 6, Range 3 oast. The land is owned by Mr. A. P. Thompson, of Buffalo. The ore is found in a flat sheet, in the glass-rock opening, and is obtained from three shafts, each 100 feet deep. Lead ore only is produced. It was discovered in 1870, and produced in that year 20,000 pounds. Since that time to October 1, 1876, the total product has been 600,000 pounds. Joseph Pearce Diggings. — This mine is situated in the village of Dodgeville, a short dis- tance northwest of the court house. It is known as the Lowry range, and was discovered in 384 HISTORY OF THE LEAD KEGION. 1836. It was not worked from 1850 to 1870, when Mr. Pearce commenced work on it, and has worked it continuously ever since. It is worked exclusively for lead ore, which is found in tumbling openings and in flat sheets, from fifty to seventy feet wide. The range is drained by a level 800 feet long to a depth of 30 feet below the surface. The deepest shaft is eighty feet. There is considerable water in the mines, but much less than there was twenty-five years since. The water is removed by a horse-pump, worked during the daytime. The length of the range, so far as it has been worked, is 1,000 feet. During the last two years, this mine has produced 200,000 pounds of lead ore; previous to this it only paid expenses. William Carter ^ Owens. — West half of the southeast quarter of Section 26. Owner of land, A. P. Thompson, of Buifalo. This is known as Edward Edwards' range, and was dis- covered in 1853. The range has a general north-and-south course, but with some irregulari- ties. It was worked north 500 feet, then west 600 feet, then north — the north-and-south por- tions being the most productive of lead ore. The mine is quite wet, but is drained by a level about two thousand feet long. The number of shafts is nine, the greatest depth below the sur- face being seventy feet. The length of the drift is 1,250 feet. Mr. Carter has been working this mine for six years. ■ During that time,, the product of the east-and-west portion has been 65,000 pounds of lead ore annually, and in the north-and-south portions, 150,000 pounds per annum, with the same expense. Other parties working in this vicinity are Nicholas Bailey & Co. and John Bosanco & Co. Lambly Range. — Northeast quarter of Section 28, Township 6, Range 3 east. This range has been worked continuously for a great many years. It produces lead ore to the amount ot about thirty thousand pounds per annum. Four years ago, its annual product was 200,000 pounds. Porter's Grove Diggings. — These mines are situated in Town 6, Range 4 east. At pres- ent the following mines are in operation : Union Mine, William Hendy ^ Co. — Situated on the northeast quarter of the northeast quarter of Section 28. The ore produced is lead, and in tumbling openings, at a depth of seventy feet, and in the upper surface of the rock. The mine is drained by a level one-quarter of a mile long. Ridgeway Mine, William Hendy ^ Co. — Situated on the southeast quarter of the south- east quarter of Section 21. This mine is owned and operated by the same parties as the pre- ceding, and is in the same range, which is known as the North-and-South Branch Lot. It is drained by a level a quarter of a mile long. The present owners commenced operating them in 1872. Since then the prodnct of lead ore has been as follows : Uniun Mine. BJdgeway Mine. Lbs. Lbs. 1872 300,000 44,000 1873 35,000 44,000 1874 16,000 63,000 1875 38,000 44,000 1876, to October 1 22,000 17,000 Frank Farwell ^ Co. — Southeast quarter of northeast quarter of Section 28. These parties commenced working on the Wakefielti range in October, 1875. Previous to that time it had not been worked for twenty years. Most of the workings are at a depth of thirty-five feet below the surface, although some are as deep as sixty feet. The work is chiefly removing pillars of lead ore, which have been left from former operations. The product from October, 1875, to October, 1876, has been 14,000 lbs. Other parties mining in this vicinity are John and Thomas PauU, of Ridgeway, producing lead ore. VAN METEE'S survey. On the north half of the northeast quarter of Section 18, Township 5, Range 3 east, are three very large ranges which have not, to our knowledge, been reported. Their general course is northwest and southeast, and they are crossed by numerous north-and-south crevices. It is at these crossings that the largest bodies of ore are found. The ore is galenite, and is entirely free HISTORY OF THE LEAD KEGION. 385 from any mixture of zinc ores. It is found in the green rock opening. The northernmost of the three ranges known as the Duke Smith, contained an opening in places fifty feet wide, some- what intersected with hars. It was worked over a quarter of a mile in length, and produced about half a million pounds of lead ore. It has not been worked since 1853. A short distance south of this is a parallel range, which produced over 20,000 pounds in a distance of about 100 feet. The opening was about thirty feet wide. The third parallel range, 300 feet south (Jf the Duke Smith range, has been worked since the winter of 1873-74, by Mr. John Hutchinson, of Mineral Point. The lead ore occurs in large pockets, containing crystalline pieces of from one to 500 pounds' weight. The opening is in the green rook, and is from ten to twelve feet high. This range has been the least worked of all, but formerly produced about 100,000 pounds. It now yields ore of the value of $5 per day when worked. None 'of the ranges have been worked to any great depth, and all were abandoned with ore going down in the crevices. The gradual diminution of water in the country has now made it possible to resume work. Powell ^ Co. — This party is working on what is known as the Nic Schillon range. Work was commenced in the spring of 1876, and continued for three months. The work was in the glass-rock opening, and about twenty feet below the surface. The amount produced was 3,000 pounds. Richards ^ Burns. — This party is situated south of the preceding, and in land of the Sterling estate. They have been working there during the present year, in the green-rock opening, producing about 2,000 pounds per month. Powell Diggings. — They are situated about a quarter of a mile north of Mr. Hutchinson's fliggings. This is a new discovery, and has been in operation about a year. The product has been 85,000 pounds. MINERAL POINT DISTRICT. These mines comprise those in the immediate vicinity of the city and those of Lost Grove and Diamond Grove. Considerable mining is being carried on at these localities, which are among the oldest and most productive of the lead region. They are all comprised in Towns 4 and 5, Ranges 2 and 3 east. In addition to the lead ore, a great deal of zinc ore has been pro- duced within the past ten years, and they now supply a large portion of the zinc ore of the lead region. Terrill Range and Badger Range. — These ranges are situated on Lots 128, 129, 130, 131, 132 and 134, of Harrison's survey of the city of Mineral Point. They are old and well-known ranges, which have been worked continuously for many years, and are now productive of Smith- sonite and galenite. The mines are situated in a high ridge, from which the water drains natu- rally into the adjacent ravines, leaving the diggings constantly dry. The ore is found in flat sheets and "pitches" (inclined sheets). The ranges are from one hundred and fifty to two hundred feet wide, more than a quarter of a mile long, and contain ore at depths varying from ten to sixty feet below the surface. There are three principal openings in the lower beds of the Galena limestone. The parties now working on the Terrill range are as follows : Matt Shields and John Linden. — They have been working for three years, at an average depth of forty feet, pro lucing chiefly Smitlisjnile from the second opening. The sheet averages about ten inches in thicknpss. Pascoe ^ Collins. — They have been working their present mine during the last eight years, producing Smithsonite, blende and galenite from the green rock and green-rock opening. The bmithsonite is the most abundant, and the lead ore the least so. The workings are from twenty to sixty feet deep, and the ore is found in sheets from one fo four inches thick. The blende is found at the greatest depth, and averages about four inches in thickness. Jacka ^ Waggoner. — These parties have been working here eight years, at a depth of about fifty feet below the surface, but never having reached the lower opening. They estimate tueir annual production at 15,000 pounds of galenite and 25 tons of Smithsonite. The range at this point is two hundred feet wide. 386 HISTORY OF THE LEAD REGION. Hitchins ^ Terrill. — They have been working at various times during the last ten years in the northwest end of the Terrill range, known as the Brush Lot, producing lead ore and zinc ore. This was formerly very rich ground. The work at present is confined to prospecting. Suxtahle ^ Son. — Those parties are working near the center of the range, and from twenty to fifty feet deep, producing large amounts of lead and zinc ore. This is believed to be one of the best mines in the range. Parties working on the Badger range are as follows : Thomas Qox ^ Sons. — These parties are working near the center of the range, and have been mining here during the last ten years. The ore is found in three flat opeaings. The fii-it is from ten to twenty feet below the surface, and contains chiefly Smithsonite, in sheets of three inches in thickness. The second opening is ten feet deeper, containing the same ore, mixed with giilenite, in sheets of three inches. The third opening is ten feet below the second, and contains chiefly blende, in sheets averaging fo,ir imhes. The dessription in these openings applies to all other mines in the range. Other parties working in this range are : ' Oox ^ Go., James Hitchins ^ Holman and Harris and Partner. — The mining ground on this ridge is owned in small lots by several parties, among whom are Messrs. Ross, Priestly, Tyck and Prideaux. It was found impossible to obtain any information of the amounts of ore produced on this ridge, but it is safe to estimate ore to the amount of $600 per annum for each man, and this is probably much beneath the actual amount. William Prideaux Mines. — Southeast quarter of northwest quarter of Section 30, Town- ship 5, Range 3 east. This is a part of the Ashbank range, so called from the decomposed appearance of much of the surface lead ore. It was discovered more than thirty years since, and worked extensively for lead ore. The course of the range is nearly northwest, and its aver- age width about twenty-five feet. The principal product of the mine is Smithsonite, with some lead ore. The workings are chiefly in the green-rock opening, where the ores are found in flat and pitching sheets, from two to eighteen inches thkik. The ground is dry, and the workings rather shallow, seldom being more than fifty feet below the surface. In ons place, where the water was troublesome, it was removed by drilling a hole fifty-four feet deep, draining it off through a lower opening. During the present year (1876), about 51,000 pounds of lead ore and some blende were obtained in the brown-rock opening. Mr. Prideaux commenced work in April, 1873. He estimates that from January 1 to October 1, 1876, the value of ores produced is $6,500, and about the same amount from April, 1873, to January 1, 1876. A short distance southwest of the preceding is a parallel range not workedat present, but regarded as valuable mining ground. J. Jackson ^ Go. — These diggings are also on the Ashbank range, and a short diststnce east ot William Prideaux. The ores produced are Smithsonite and galenite, in nearly equal amounts, found in flat sheets in the green rock and its openings, from fifteen to forty feet below the sur- face. The range is about forty rods long and 350 feet wide ; ten shafts have been sunk upon it. Work was commenced here in 1868, since which time it has been continuous, the mines proving very productive. No exact amounts could be ascertained, but the owners estimate the value of ores produced since 1868 at $18,000, the present year being the most remunerative. Mitchell ^ Pollard. — Northwest quarter of the southwest quarter of Section 80, Town- ship 5, Range 3 east. This range is situated about sixty rods southwesterly from the Prideaux mines. These parties have been working about four years, producing Smithsonite and lead ore. The workings are shallow and dry, similar to the Ashbank range, but not so productive. Sinapee Diggings. — These mines are situated on the northeast quarter of the southeast quarter of Section 30. They were discovered in 1854 ; have been worked continuously since then, and now furnish employment to several parties, among whom are Samuel Prisk and William Paynter. — These parties commenced work in the fall of 1875, and have produced during the last year about fifty tons of Smithsonite and some lead ore. The diggings are quite dry, and average about fifteen feet in depth. The ore is found in flpt sheets, the principal workings being in the glass-rock openings. The mine furnishes fine cabinet speci- HISTOliY OF THE LEAD REGION. 387 mens of galenite. The range is about five hundred feet long, and from one hundred to one hundred and fifty feet wide, and has a general east-and-west course. The ore sheet is from two to four inches thick. Prisk Sr Coad. — This is a parallel range, situated about three hundred feet south of the preceding, and having about the same length, width and thickness. The above parties com- menced work in the fall of 1875, and are now working in the upper pipe-clay opening. This mine is from fifty to sixty feet deep, and formerly produced over a million pounds. The pro- duction during the past year was 7,000 pounds of lead ore. Samuel and William Richards. — These parties are working a short distance east of Prisk & Paynter. They have been engaged here about a year and a half, producing chiefly blende and lead ore. Bennett ^ Brady. — Situated near the center of Section 29. A large amount of work has been done here, including a level to unwater the ground. They are quite productive of the ores of zinc and lead. Short d- Co. — Situated on the northwest quarter of Section 29. Considerable mining has been done by these parties in this vicinity during the last few years. There are several very profitable mines in the northwestern part of Strong's Addition to the city of Mineral Point, all on land owned by Mr. J. J. Ross. They are as follows : Bohan ^ Oo. — Smithsonite and lead ore are produced here. The range is from seventy to eighty feet wide, has a general east-and-west course, and is worked to a depth of seventy feet below the surface. There are two openings, separated by about twenty feet of unproductve rock, the lower ore being the glass-rock opening. Oonnaughton ^ Casserly. — These parties are working on an east-and-west range, about three hundred feet north of the preceding. They have been working here during the last two years, having sunk two principal shafts to a depth of sixty feet to the glass-rock opening. This is an east-and-west range, about sixty feet wide, and has been drifted on to a distance of 100 feet. It produces chiefly blende, estimated by the owners at $800 per year. John Woegler ^ Qo. — Situated about three hundred feet northwest of the preceding. These parties are working in the same openings, and producing chiefly zinc ores. Until very recently, two other parties were employed in this vicinity, this ridge having for many years been very good mining ground: Bennett ^ Oo. — This party is engaged in mining and prospecting about a quarter of a mile east of the preceding diggings. Near the corner of Towns 4 and 5, Ranges 2 and 3 east, are a number of ranges which have been worked for many years. Those situated on Section 1 are the property of the Mineral Point Mining Company ; those on the adjacent sections are the property of Mr. John J. Ross. There are six principal crevices, running nearly parallel, on Sections 33 and 1. Their general course is south 70° east, and on entering Section 6, they run nearly east and west. The crevices lead down to the opening between the buff and blue limestones, known as the glass-rock opening. The ore here is found in a flat sheet, about a foot thick and from seventy to one hundred and forty feet wide, which has been worked for a dis- tance of half a mile. The ores are galenite and blende, and occur associated with baryte, and have to be separated before reduction. The mode of drainage in Mr. Ross' mine is somewhat peculiar ; shafts were sunk at intervals to a distance of eight feet below the opening, into the huff limestone, where a bed is reached through which the water readily passes away. This mode of drainage was accidentally discovered in prospecting for the sheet. No ore of any con- sequence is found in the upper pipe-clay opening ; occasional bunches have been found, prob- ably not over 20,000 pounds in all. These ranges have been worked at intervals for the last forty years by various parties. Active operations were commenced by Mr. Ross about ten years ago, since which time his ground has produced about 2,500,000 pounds of lead ore, and about 3,500 tons of zinc ores. During the whole time in which these mines have been worked, It is safe to say they have produced not less than 8,000,000 pounds of lead ore, and twice as much zinc ores. During the winter of 1874-75, ore to the value of $1,600 was produced. 388 HISTOKY OF THE LEAD REGION. During the winter of 1875-76, $1,000 worth of ore was produced. On the hinds of the Min- eral Point Mining Company, several parties are working on tribute. The amount this ground is producing could not be ascertained. Goldsworthy ^ Brother. — These diggings are situated on Lots 279 and 280 of Harrison's survey, about a quarter of a mile east of the preceding, and on the northwest quarter of Sec- tion 6, Town 4, Riinge 3 east. This is known as the Barber range, and has been worked ia the winter seasons during the last six years. The ore is Sraithsonito, much mixed with pyrites ; it is found in the upper pipo-clay opening, in a flat sheet from eight to thirty feet wide, and from eighteen to twenty-four inches thick, being most productive in crossing crevices. About twenty tons per year is produced here. T. Lutey ^ Qo. — This party is working a short distance east of the preceding, on land owned by M. M. Cothren. They have been working in a continuation of the Barber ranire for ;ibout two months (October and Novombur, 1876), and have now a very good prospect. Most of the lead ore from the Barber Range is obtained from the glass-rock opening, but it never has been worked for zinc ore. Suthers ^ Qo. — Situated on the southeast part of Harrison's survey. This is a nearly east- and-we?t range, known as the " Walla Walla," and has been worked by the present party since 1865. The range is about 120 feet wide, and has been worked in the glass-rock opening to a length of about 1,000 feet, and at a depth of seventy-three below the surface. The mine pro- duces lead ore and both kinds of zinc ore. The average annual product of lead ore is about 44,000 pounds. The products from January to April, 1876, of all kinds of ore were valued at $900. J. Arthur ^ Co. — Situated on the southwest quarter Section 6, Township 4, Range 3 east. This is an east-and-west range, discovered about two years since, and worked continuously to the present. The ores are Smithsonite and lead ore found in a flat sheets, from six inches to one foot thick, in the glass-rock opening, at a depth of sixty feet from the surface. The range is about one hundred feet wide. It is situated on land owned by Mr. J. J Ross. The ground is com- paratively dry. Hoare Bros. — ^Situated about fifty yards east of the preceding, and on the same range, in land owned by Mr. J. Hoare. This party has been working here about two years, producing lead ore and Smithsonite from the glass-rock opening. The diggings are now very good. Nichols ^ Holmes. — Situated on northeast quarter Section 7, Township 4, Range 3 east, a short distance east of the old zinc works. There are some irregular flat sheets of zinc ore in the glass-rock opening, about twenty feet deep. They have been worked during the last two years, and have produced considerable zinc ore. Harris ^ Lang. — These diggings are situated about half a mile south of the preceding. This is an east-and-west range, situated in the glass-rock opening, about twenty-five feet deep. It has been worked about a year, producing considerable zinc ore. In the vicinity of the Mineral Point Town Hall, on the northwest quarter of Section 5, Township 4, Range 3 east, are the fol- lowing diggings : Prideaux ^ Henry. — This is a north-and-south range, about 200 yards south of the Town Hall, which has been worked by the present party since 1866. The ores are lead and zinc, found in flat and pitching sheets, from eight to ten inches thick, in the upper pipe-clay opening, at a depth of from one to sivty feet belo\Y the surface. The range is from sixty to seventy feet wide, and has been worked to a distance of 350 feet. Jeffrey ^ Bro. — Situated about one hundred yards south of the preceding, and probably on the same range. The range is here one hundred feet wide, and produces lead ore and both kinds of zinc ore in about equal quantities, and considerable iron pyrites. The woi^k has been chiefly done in the winter season during the last two years. Mankey ^ Son. — Situated about 150 yards southeast of Jeffrey & Bro. They have been working during the last twelve years in a north-and-south range. The product is lead ore, founil in vertical crevices, and in flat sheets in the green-rock opening, at a depth of forty feet from tho HISTORY OF THE LEAD REGION. 3S'J surface. All the di<;ginsrs in this hill are dry, and most of them are remunerative, but the amounts of ore produced could not be ascertained. The mining land is owned by Messrs. Henry Goad Prifleaux & Woodman. About a quarter of a mile north of this ridge is the Mineral Point Hill, lying directly east of the city. The followiag parties are mining there : Short ^ Foster. — Situated about 200 yards west of Jeffrey & Bro., on an old north-and- south range, sixty feet in width. They have been working during the last two years in the win- ter season, producing lead and zinc ores from the pipe-clay opening. The diggings are about forty feet deep. Vivian ^ Sleep. — This party is working a nearly east-and-west range, the most southerly of several parallel ranges which cross the hill. The range is about fifty feet wide, and produces zinc ores, chiefly Smithsonite, from the upper pipe-clay opening, which is here about twenty-five feet below the surface. They have been working here during the last thirteen years, operating during the entire year. Brown ^ Qluthers. — They have been mining about a year on a parallel range 150 feet north of the one last mentioned. The range is about fifty feet wide, and produces zinc ores, chiefly blende. The ore is found in flat and pitching sheets in the pipe-clay opening. James Dunn ^ Son. — This party has been working about three years on a range 160 feet north of the preceding. Both kinds of zinc ores are produced from the upper pipe-clay opening, which lies here about forty feet deep. Trewilla S^ Strong. — This party has worked about eight years in this vicinity and one and a half on their present range, producing zinc ores. Gioldsworthy ^ Hocks. — Situated about one-fourth of a mile east of Vivian & Sleep. They have been mining about a year, producing blende. The mining land in this hill is owned by Messrs. Hutchinson, Henry, Curry, Gundry and Washburn. The ranges all bear a little north of west and south of east, and have never been worked below the upper pipe-clay opening. The earliest mining in this vicinity was done in the Mineral Point Hill. The ranges were formerly very productive, and have been worked continuously for many years to the present time. There are a few other parties mining with in a few miles of Mineral Point. They are as follows : Rogers §■ Mankey. — Situated on the northeast quarter of Section 8, Township 4, Range 8 east, on land owned by Mr. Suthers, near Rock Branch. This is a new discovery, made in October, 1876, being a flat sheet of Smithsonite in the brown-rock opening. Jeffrey ^ May. — Situated a short distance north of the preceding. This is also a new dis- covery, made about the same time as the preceding, being a flat sheet of zinc ores in the glass- rock opening. The prospect is very good. Badcroft Diggings. — Section 15, Township 4, Range 3 east. Work was begun here in 1872, and has been continued at intervals since. A small amount of lead ore has been pro- duced. The ore is found in flat and pitching sheets in the pipe-clay opening, about twenty feet below the surface. Shepard ^ Go. — Situated on the northeast quarter of the northeast quarter of Section 22, Township 4, Range 2 east. Work was commenced here in August, 1876, on the old Maloney range. This range has a general east-and-west course, and yields lead ore and blende from the pipe-clay opening, which is here about twenty-five feet deep. The ore occurs in flat sheets from four to five inches thick, the blende forming the top and bottom of the sheet, and lead ore the central part. The product has been, to December, 1876, lead ore, 1,500 pounds ; blende, three tons. The ground is dry, and the prospect considered good. Olebenstein Diggings. — They are situated on the same ridge, and a short distance east of we preceding. They are now operated by August Cain, who has been mining about a year. Ihey were operated from 1865 to 1875 by Mrs. Clebenstein, and produced large amounts of lead and zinc ores. The ore was found in flat sheets, in the pipe-clay and glass-rock openings. M. Joseph's Diggings. — Situated on the west half of the southwest quarter of Section 5, lownship 4, Range 3 east. Mining was commenced here in 1871, and continued until the fall 390 HISTORY OF THE LEAD EEGION. of 1874, when it was discontinued on account of water. The ore found here was exclusively blende, which occarred in a flat sheet in the green-rock opening. The width of the sheet was about eighty feet, its greatest thickness three feet, and it was worked for a distance of 800 feet. The greatest depth below the surface is seventy feet. During the years 1873-74, this ground produced about one thousand tons of blende. Diamond Grrove Diggings. — These diggings are situated on Sections 25 and 26, Township 5, Range 2 east. They produce chiefly zinc ores, found in flat sheets in the pipe clay and glass- rock openings. The following parties are now mining here. Gain ^ Read. — Situated on the northwest quarter of Section 25. This party has been working on the Rodersdorf range during the winters of 1873-74, 1874-75. The ore, which is Smithsonite, is found in the glass-rock opening, in a range from sixteen to twenty feet wide, and two hundred feet long. The production during the first season was seventeen and one-half tons ; in the second season, twenty tons. Robert Gonley ^ Sons. — Situated on the southwest quarter of Section 25. Mining has been carried on here by the above party during the last ten years, on an east-and-west range. Both kinds of zinc ore and lead ore are found here, in the pipe-clay and glass-rock openino's but chiefly in the latter. The range is from forty to sixty feet wide, and has been worked a distance of one hundred and fifty yards. During the last year and a half, the product of lead ore has been 60,000 pounds, and 60 tons of zinc ore during the last two years. Biddiok Diggings. — A valuable deposit of lead ore has lately been discovered on the south- west quarter of Section 24, Township 5, Range. 2 east. Four flat sheets, from one to four inches thick, are found here, situated above one another in the upper pipe-clay opening. It has not yet been sufiiciently worked to determine its actual extent. Martin Bros. ^ Cramer. — Situated on the southwest quarter of Section 25. This and the preceding one are on land owned by Mr. James Spensley. They have been mining here on an east-and-west range, which was discovered two years since. The ore is Smithsonite, and is found in the glass-rock opening, which is here from ten to thirty feet deep. Spensley ^ Brown. — situated on the northeast quarter of Section 26, Township 5, Range 2 east. Men have been employed since July, 1876, driving an adit in the glass-rock opening. The adit is 200 feet long, and drains an east-and-west range. The product has been : Lead ore, 36,000 pounds ; blende, 6 tons. Opir ^ Lancaster. — Situated on the northwest quarter of Section 26. This party is work- ing the same range, 450 yards west of the preceding. It is here known as the Lancaster range, and has been worked by the present party about a year. The product has been 150 tons of blende. It is worked by an adit. ■ McDermott ^ Co. — Mining has been carried on here by Mr. McDermott for about twenty- six years, in the McShane & Gray range. The ore is found in flat and pitching sheets, in crevices and crevice-openings in the Galena limestone, above the flat openings. The dig- gings now produce lead and zinc ore. The average annual product is about thirty thousand pounds. Schlosser ^ Co. — This party has been working four or five years on the east end of the same range as the preceding. The ground is dry, and the lead ore is found about forty feet below the surface. The average annual product is about ten thousand pounds. William ^ Thomas Thrasher. — This party has been working in this vicinity about fifteen years, on a parallel range, situated about a quarter of a mile southeast of Schlosser & Co. The product is chiefly lead ore. Lost Grrove Diggings. — These diggings are situated on land owned by Mr. J. J. Ross, on Section 33, Township 5, Range 2 east. Mining is confined here to the winter season. The ground is dry, and the ore is found in flat sheets in the glass-rock opening. The following par- ties are mining here : Rigger ^ Arthur. — This party has been working two years in an east-and-west range, producing lead ore and Smithsonite. The range varies from twenty-five to fifty feet in width, IILSTOKY OF THE LEAD REGION. 391 and lies from thirty to forty feet below the surface. The product is valued at $12,000 per annum. Clayton ^ Oo. — Situated about a quarter of a mile northwest of the preceding. Have been workin" during the last twelve years on the Jim Brown range. This is an east-and-west range, from fifty to sixty feet wide, and lying about seventy feet below the surface, producing exclui^ively lead ore. The product has been about twenty thousand pounds per annum. Garden ^ Son. — Situated about one-fourth of a mile south of the preceding. They have been working about two years, and have proilaced about $400 worth of ore. Bobert Brown ^ Co. — Situated about half a mile east of Clayton & Co., and on the same range. The diggings here are from twenty-five to fifty feet deep. They have been working about three years, and have produced about thirty thousand pounds per annum. Furfer ^ Co. — They have been working on a range near Brown & Co. during the last eiTht years, pVoducing lead and zinc ore. CALAMINE DISTRICT. There are several tracts of land situated in Sections 18 and 19, Township 3, Range 3 east, which were formerly quite productive, but little work is now done on them. They are situated on the left side of the Pecatonica River, on the ridge which sep irates the Wood and Bonner Branches. The ridge slopes abruptly on all sides, but one toward the various streams which nearly inclose it. On the summit of the ridge there is a thickness of about one hundred feet of Galena limestone, underlaid by about fifty feet of the blue and buff limestones, belov*' which is the sandstone. All these formations may be distinctly seen in passing from the summit of the ridge to the valley of the Pecatonica. During the winter of 1876-77. so no mining was done here by Mr. Charles Mappes, of Belmont, on an east-and-west range, lying from thirty to forty feet below the surface. Four men were employed, working on a flat sheet of blende and galenite. The amount produced could not be ascertained. Some Smithsonite is also produced in this vicinity. Tellowstone Diggings, Pierce ^ Son. — -Some work has been done here during the winter seasons of the last three years, in a range a quarter of a mile north of the New Kirk range, situated on the southwest quarter of Section 14, Township 4, Range 4 east. The lead ore is found in a vertical sheet in a crevice opening about fourteen feet below the surface. In the winter of 1874-75 the product was 18,000 pounds, and in the following winter about one thousand eight hundred pounds. No mining is done here in the summer. WIOTA DISTRICT. This is a small group of east-and-west ranges, crossed by north-and-south crevices, situated on the northwest quarter of Section 19, Township 2, Range 5 east. But very little mining is done here; the annual production of the whole district does not exceed 40,000 pounds. The ore is lead, occurring in the middle portion of the Galena limestone, and there does not seem to be any regular opening. There are several parties here, among whom the principal ones are as follows : Purcell ^ Harden. — They are at work in the old Hamilton Diggings, removing the pillars from the old workings, which were abandoned many years since. They are unable to go any deeper, or make any new discoveries, on account of the water, which is here quite plentiful. The ground is owned by the Ridgeway Mining Company, of Madison. Messrs. Purcell & Harder nave worked here two years, and during that time have produced 20,000 pounds of lead ore. Smith ^ Anderson. — Situated a short distance north of the preceding, and from the north- ern part of the Hamilton Diggings. This does not appear to form any regular range. The ore occurs in east-and-west sheets, in very hard rock, and seldom in openings. The diggings have now been worked since January, 1878, and have produced 80,000 pounds. 392 HISTORY OF THE LEAD EEGION. COPPER IN THE LEAD KEGION. The last mining for copper in this region was done at Mineral Point from 1873 to 1876. Mr. James Toay is authority for the following sketch of the work in past years : " Sometime in 1837-38, copper was discovered on the southeast quarter of Section 32, Township 5 north, ^ange 3 east, one mile northeast of the Mineral Point Court House. The crevice had a course south 85° east, and was traced for over one-third of a mile. The locality has not been worked since 1842. A great amount of copper was obtained. Some of the ore was smelted by William Kendall & Co. Sometime in 1844, S. P. Preston came to the region and went into partnership with Kendall & Co. Two other furnaces have been worked ; one by Charles Bracken and one by Curtiss Beach." From 1873 to 1875, Mr. Toay produced about two hundred tons of copper ore from the mines near Mineral Point. For a detailed statement of the statistics of the amount and kinds of ore raised prior to 1877, reference is made to the State Geological Report of 1877. SETTLEMENT OF THE LEAD REGION. A brief narrative of the settlement of the lead region is necessary to a complete under- standing of the growth which eventuated in the formation of Iowa, La Fayette and Grant Counties. In the general history of the State, which precedes these pages, can be found a sketch of the several explorations of the Wisconsin River, or rather the fact that they were used as ave- nues for the still further exploration of the Mississippi Valley during the seventeenth century. Those rapid journeys cannot be considered as bearing upon the subsequent selection of this region by white men, save in so far as they made known the existence of a habitable section, and one which contained valuable mineral deposits as well as fertile agricultural lands. THE FIRST EXPLORER. Nicholas Perrot is said to have discovered lead in this region daring his visit here in 1692, but this assertion is not proved by his written statements concerning his trip. Probably the first explorer of what is called the lead district, including Dubuque County, Iowa, and Jo Daviess County, 111., was Le Sueur, a French trader, who, on the 25th of August, 1700, while on an expedition to the Sioux on St. Peter's River, now in Minnesota, discovered a small river entering the Mississippi on the east side, which he named " The River of the Mines." He describes it as a small river running from the north, but turning to the east, and he further says that " a few miles up this river is a lead mine." Le Sueur was unquestionably the first white man who trod the banks of Fever (Galena) River. He visited lead mines which were then known to and probably operated in a crude manner by the Indians. Whatever may have been done in the way of mining by the natives during the unrecorded years of their occupancy, it is clear that the primitive methods of w.ork have left no traces visible to-day. A natural sequence of the ownership of the territory now known as the Mississippi Valley was the exploration of the river by French adventurers. Le Sueur pointed the way for other brave men, who were inspired both by a love of wild life and that universal hope of pecuniary gain. When reports of discoveries of rich mineral deposits in the hills of the section defined by the Ouisconsin and Mississippi Rivers reached the lower settlements,- numerous parties undoubtedly attempted to speedily profit by the knowledge thus gained. THE MISSOURI DIGGINGS. Some twenty years after the voyage of Le Sueur (who unquestionably did "find lead at sev- eral different points on the Upper Mississippi, besides obtaining specimens in the Fever River HISTORY OF THE LEAD REGIOX. 393 C'luntrv), raininc; was actually begun in what are known as the Missouri Diggings, although it w;is ii'it until 1798 that it became a regular business or was systematically carried on. Tlie sparse settlement of the Lower INIississippi Valley at the beginning of the century did not conduce to a rapid invasion of the Indian country, as in the present days the discovery of val- uable minerals in forbidden regions would do. THE MARGRY LETTERS. A most valuable contribution to historic information was recently made through the medium • ship of Hon. E. B. Washburne, late United States Minister to France, and formerly a resident of Galena. Mr. Washburne dates his interest in the lead region from 1840, and because of those years of prosperity there he gladly improved opportunities presented while he was in France to gain further knowledge of its early history. The subjoined extract explains itself, and is most timely in its appearance. Chicago, December 13, 1880. Mb. a. D. Haqen, Librarian of the Chicago Historical Society. 1)bak Sir: From the great interest you have taken in the early discoveries and explorations in Canada (or New France) and Louisiana, you are aware th;it Pierre Margry is one of the most thoroughly studied men of the present (lay in all those matters, as he is also one of the best-known raen in hii-torical circles, both in Europe and in this country. The L'uioago Historical Society honored itsolf, some time since, by mailing him an honorary member. In view of his extended and accurate researches, he has been decor.ited by the French Government as a Chevalier of the Legion of Honor. It may be said that he has spent most of hie life in the archives of the Ministry of the Marine of France. It is a mine of historic wealth of unsurpassed richness. Under the patronage of our Congress- he has brought out a vast mass of material, hitherto unpublished, in relation to the discovery and explorations of the French on the North American Continent. This material is in the course of publication at Washington, and will be looked for with great interest by all students of history, I had the pleasure, during my residence in Paris, of knowing Mr. Margry quite well; and talked with him often in regard to (he early history of New France and Louisiana. In the course of our conversation, I took the opportunity to talk with him touching the early discoveries of lead mines in what is now Illinois and Missouri, and received a letter in reply, which I inclose herewith. He was kind enough to send me a transcript of certain documents which are to be published by Congress, and which I have not yet seen. By these documents I am more convinced than ever that the Galena and Dubuque lead mines were the earliest ever discovered by the French explorers, either in Illinois, Iowa or Missouri. The accounts of the discovery, about the year 1719, of the mine of M. de la Motte and the Maramek mines of Missouri, are very interesting, but I cannot here refer to them particularly. What interested me very much is an extract from a letter, written from Fort deCbartres, on the 21st day of July, 1722, by one LeGardeur de Lisle, which I copy herewith, and which is in relation to the discovery of minerals on the Illinois River: '* I have the honor to inform you, gentlemen, that I have been sent in command of a detachment of twelve soldiers, to accompany Mons, Renaud to the Illinois River, where the Indians have found some lumps of copper, which they brought to Mens, de Boisbriant, and more particularly to a coal mine, said to be very rich, "When we reached the place of our destination. M. Renaud commenced the search for the copper mine, but without success, no sign of that metal being visible anywhere. However, in looking for the oo il mine, which we had been told was near the spot we had examined before, we discovered a silver and copper mine, of which Mons.^Eenaud made an assay, and which upon the surface of the ground is much richer than M. de la Motto's. " I have kept a little diary of that journey ; I take the liberty of sending it to you. It will enable you to locate the spot where this mine is situated. It is a most beautiful site ; thp mine is easy to work, and close to a magnificent country for settlers. I am delighted with my trip and with the success which has attended it, for the assay made by Mons. Renaud was upon ore found on the surface, and it has proved to be much better than that of M. de la Motte' s mine," etc. The alleged discovery of silver and copper mines on the Illinois River has never been verified to any extent. As to the coal mine said to bo " very rich."^' a question which now arises is. Where was It located ? All of the expeditions for the discovery of mines were fitted out at Fort Chartres, which was then evidently the commercial as well as the military headquarters of all the country. The letters, reports, etc, made in regard to these early mines, are very interesting. In one of the reports made by one Le Guis, in 1743, he speaks of the miners of that day, and his description of them would apply, in many respects, to the miners in the Fever River, or Galena, lead mines half a century ago. He says : " Most of these minors, numbering eighteen or twenty when I left Illinois, have been driven there by fast living, unable to satisfy their passions any longer. Then, everyboly here works for himself, and only gives his attention to a few veins or branches, not being able to dig far enough to reach the heart of the mine. In their search they use an aujer four or five feet loni', whicli tlie.y sink into the ground in different places until they find one of these veins. When they do strike one, they make a big hole and dig all the mineral they can out of it. If they meet with any obstacle, in the way of stones or water, they give up that vein and try elsewhere. As soon as one man has gathered enough mineral to live the rest of the year, he quits work and begins to smelt it," Further along in this report, M. Le Guis gives an account of the manner in which these miners smelted their ore in l(i3, and it is almost precisely the same method which was followed in the Galena up to within three or four years 394 HISTORY OF THE LEAD REGION. before I located there in 1840. There were then the remains of many old log furnaces throughout the mines. U vraa about in 1836, I think, that the log furnaces were supplanted by the Drummond blast furnace. The amount of waste or scoria by the old log method of smelting was very great. This waste was in a great measure avoided by the blast furnace, of which the inventor was Robert A. Drumiuon 1, of Jo Daviess County, the uncle of the Hon. Willis Drum- mond, of Iowa, late Commissioner of the General Land Office at Washington. The foUowine; is the description of the log furnace one hundred and thirty-seven years ago: " They cut down two or three big trees and divide them in logs five feet long ; then they dig a small basin in the ground and pile three or four of these logs on top of each other over this basin ; then (hey cover it with the same wood, and put three more logs, shorter than the first, on top, and one at each end, crosswise. This makes a kind of box, in which they put the mineral; then they pile as much wood as they can on top and around it. When this is done, they set fire to it from under, the logs burn up, and partly melt the mineral. They are sometimes obliged to repeat the same operation three times in order to extract all the matter, this matier, falling into the basin forms a lump, which they afterward melt over again into bars, weighing from sixty to eighty pounds, in order to facilitate the transportation to Kaskaskia. This is done with horses, who are quite vigorous in this country. One horse carries generally four or five of these bars. Tt is worthy of remark, gentlemen, that in spite of the bad system these men have to work, there have been taken out of the La Motte mine 2,500 of these bars in 1741 ; 2,228 in 1742 ; and these men work only four or five months in the year at most." Mr. Margry also observes that he is unable to throw direct light upon the occupation of the Fever River section by the French, in the eighteenth century. A history of Louisiana, written by Lepage Dupratz in 1758, forty-five years before the ownership of the colony was transferred, con- tains the statement that " the region is not frequented." This is but natural, since the French Governors held quasi court in Canada and the Lower Mississippi region, leaving the western tract of the present Illinois out of the range of more frequent mention. dubuqiie's settlement. In 1788, Julien Dubuque, a French trader with the Indians, who had heard of the region in the course of his business, located on the site of the city bearing his name. He was accom- panied by a party of miners. Dubuque obtained a grant of a large tract of land from the chiefs of the Sacs and Foxes, and was, fortunately, able to secure the confirmation of his claim from Carondelet, then Governor of Louisiana. Tlie grant was confined to the western bank of the Mississippi. Dubuque remained in occupation of these lands, engaged in mining, until the time of his death, which occurred in 1810. Julien Dubuque's grave is on the summit of a high blufi" overlooking the Mississippi River, about two miles below the city of Dubuque, and above the mouth of Catfish Creek. When Dubuque located on the west shore, it is said that a man named D'Bois also located on the east bank, nearly opposite the Frenchman's trading and mining post, probably a short distance below the Dunleith of to-day. But so little is known of this man that his residence is traditionary. The period .between 1788 and 1811 is one of vague and uncertain historic charac- ter in this region. It is said that traces of white occupants at a very early period were discov- ered on the Sinsinawa by the "first " settlers of Jo Daviess County, who were miners. It would be strange, indeed, with the knowledge of the immense deposits of lead and the abundance of game in this region, as well as the mining operations of Dubuque, so near at hand, if no adven- turers or traders ever visited the Riviere au Feve, or ventured among the Sacs and Foxes east of the Mississippi ; especially since the success of Dubuque in gaining a grant could not be kept a matter of absolute secrecy. Roving traders and agents of the American Fur Compaiiy— that corporation which has left its tracks everywhere throughout the Northwest — must surely have been cognizant of the rich stores of peltry annually obtained along the Wisconsin and its many tributaries, and engaged in competition with the miner and trader on the west side. But thus far no record of occupation or irregular traffic has been discovered. The first evidence of occupation of Jo Daviess County after D'Bois, and prior to 1819-20, is the testimony of Capt. D. S. Harris, of Galena, an old steamboat Captain who ran upon the Mississippi at a very early day, and who furnished the information hereinafter given, as late as 1878. A MISSING ISLAND. Capt. Harris says that, in 1811, George E. Jackson, a Missouri miner, had a rude log furnace and smelted lead on an island then existing in the Mississippi, but which has since dis. HISTOKY OF THE LEAD REGION. 395 appeared. The island was on the east side of the main channel, a short distance below Dnnleith, nearly opposite the mouth of the Catfish Creek. Jackson floated his lead to St. Louis by fiat- boat, and experienced much trouble with the Indians. He was joined in 1812-13 by John S. Miller but soon after the island was abandoned. Jackson went to Missouri, and Miller went down the river and built the first cabin and blacksmith-shop on the site of Hannibal, Mo. It is said that in 1818, Miller, in company with George W. Ash and another man, ascended the Mis- sissippi with a boat load of merchandise as far as Dubuque's mines, trading with the Indians. It is believed he penetrated to the site of Galena, and spent some time on Fever River, in this region. The first permanent settlement by white men on the east shore, within the lead district, of which any reliable knowledge remains, dates from 1820, on what is now Galena River. In 1823, Miller and Jackson again visited this spot. In 1803, when the United States purchased the province of Louisiana from Napoleon, of France, the existence of lead mines in this region was well known. In 1807, Congress enacted that these mines should be reserved from sale and held in fee simple, under the exclusive control of the Government. Leases of three to five years were issued to various individuals to work them as tenants of the United States, but, until about 1823, most of the work was done in Mis- souri, and the operations appear to have been carried on without much system. Miners through- out all the lead-mining districts paid but slight attention to Congressional enactments. Lessees were not properly supported in their rights, and, of course, became constantly involved in dis- putes with claimants and trespassers, which often proved ruinous to their undertakings. DUBUQUE'S OPERATIONS ON THE EAST SIDE. The veteran Capt. Harris says that, unquestionably, Julien Dubuque operated on both sides of the Mississippi, and mined on Apple River, near the present village of Elizabeth, worked the old Buck and Hog leads, near Fever River, the Cave Diggings, in what is now Vinegar Hill Township, and others, as early as 1805,. and very probably at a still earlier date. The Indians were on very friendly terms with Dubuque, and, when they reported a discovery to him, he sent his assistants, Canadian Frenchmen and half-breeds, to prove them, and, in some cases, to work them. All over this region, when Capt. Harris came to Fever River, a lad of fifteen, in 1823, traces of old mining operations existed, which were evidently not the work of the Indians. At what was called the Allenwrath Diggings, at Ottawa, about two miles from the present city of Galena, a heavy sledge-hammer was found under the ashes of one of those primitive furnaces, in 1826. This furnace had been worked long before the date generally assigned to the first white settlement in this region. This ancient hammer, weighing from fifteen to twenty pounds, was — and probably still is — preserved by Mr. Houghton, a well-known editor of the Northwest. The Indians never used such an implement, and it was unquestionably left by some of Dubuque's miners where it was found in 1826. All theFe important considerations, in connection with the fact that the Mississippi River was the great highway of the pioneers of that day ; that Prairie du Chien was a thriving French village, and had been a French military post as early as 1755, long before Dubuque located above the mouth of Catfish Creek; that a military and trading post existed at Fort Armstrong (Rock Island) previous to the later " first settlements " on the east side of the Mississippi, now Jo Daviess County, lead almost irresistibly to the conclusion that " La Pointe " was well known to the earlier Indian traders, and that the lead-mining region around Riviere au Feve had been visited and occupied, temporarily at least, by white men, for many years prior to 1819-20. But by whom ? History is silent, and those hardy pioneers have left no footprints on the shifting sands of time. It must be considered as reasonably certain, as previously stated, that the lead-mining dis- trict, now lying in Jo Daviess County, [11., and in Grant, Iowa and La Fayette Counties, Wis., was more or less occupied by Dubuque's men before any permanent settlements were made in the territory. Dubuque, by his wonderful magnetic power, had obtained great influence among 396 HISTOllY OF THE LEAD EEGION. the Indians, then occupying this entire region. They believed him to be almost eqaal to the Great Spirit, ;uid tlioy f'cnred him nearly as much. They implicitly obeyed him, and it is not a mere chimera to presume that they reported to him the existence of leads on the east as well as on the west side of the Father of Waters ; and it is reasonable to suppose, when such reports were made to him, that he verified them by actual observations made by him'self or his men. From the remembrances of the oldest residents of this region, now surviving, and the traces of mining done by whites long before any permanent settlements were made, it seems more than probable that Dubuque and his men were the first whites who occupied the Fever River lead- mining district, in common with the aboriginal inhabitants. It must also be considered certain that " LaPointe" was familiar to them as a trading-post, long previous to actual white settlement. The total absence of records leaves the subject enshrouded in a darkness that is relieved only by tradition. The locality here designated as " La Pointe " is that also known as " The Portage," near the present city of Galena. In February, 1810, Nicholas Boilvin, then agent for the Winnebagbes at Pr.iirie du Chien, passed through this region on foot from Rock Island, with Indians for guides, and by them was shown a lea HISTORY or GRANT COUNTY. 471 "Napope, with a party of twenty, remained in our rear, to watch for the enemy, while we were proceeding to the Ouisconsin with our women and children. We arrived and had com- menced crossing them to an island, when we discovered a large body of the enemy coming toward us. [Gen. Henry's command. — Bd.] We were now compelled to fight or sacrifice our wives and children to the fury of the whites. I met them with fifty warriors (having left the balance to assist our women and children in crossing) about a mile from the river, when an attack immediately commenced. I was mounted on a fine horse, and was pleased to see my warriors 80 brave. I addressed them in a loud voice, telling them to stand their ground, and never yield it to the enemy. At this time, I was on the rise of a hill, where I wished to form my warriors, that we might have some advantage over the whites. But the enemy succeeded in gaining this point, which compelled us to fall back into a deep ravine, from which we continued firing at them, and they at us, until it began to grow dark. My horse had been wounded twice during this engagement, and fearing, from his loss of blood that he would soon give out — and finding that the enemy would not come 'near enough to receive our fire in the dusk of the evening — and knowing that our women and children had had sufficient time to reach the island in the Ouis- consin, I ordered my warriors to return, in difi"erent routes, and meet me at the Ouisconsin, and was astonished to find that the enemy were not disposed to pursue us. " In this skirmish, with fifty braves I defended and accomplished my passage over the Ouisconsin, with a loss of only six men, though opposed by a host of mounted militia. I would not have fought there but to gain time for my women and children to cross to an island. A warrior will duly appreciate the embarrassments I labored under ; and, whatever may be the sentiments of the white people in relation to this battle, my nation, though fallen, will award to me the reputation of a great brave in conducting it. " The loss of the enemy could not be ascertained by our party, but I am of the opinion that it was much greater in proportion than mine. [It was much less, as has been shown in pre- vious pages. — ^Ed.] We returned' to the Ouisconsin and crossed over to our people. Here some of my people left me and descended the Ouisconsin, hoping to escape to the west side of the Mississippi that they might return home. I had no objection to their leaving me, as my people were all in a desperate condition, being worn out with traveling and starving from hunger. Our only hope to save ourselves was to get across the Mississippi. But few of this party escaped. Unfortunately for them, a party of soldiers from Prairie du Chien were stationed on the Ouisconsin a short distance from its mouth, who fired upon our distressed peo- ple ; some were killed, others drowned, several taken prisoners, and the balance escaped to the woods and perished with hunger. Among the party were a great many women and children. " Myself and band having no means to descend the Ouisconsin, I started over a rugged country to go to the Mississippi, intending to cross it and go to my nation. Many of our peo- ple were compelled to go on foot for want of horses, which, in consequence of their having had nothing to eat for a long time, caused our march to be very slow. At length we arrived at the Mississippi, having lost some of our old men and little children, who perished on the way with hunger. " We had been here but a little while before we saw a steamboat (the Warrior) coming. I told my braves not to shoot, as I intended going on board so that we might save our women and children. I knew the captain (Throckmorton), and was determined to give myself up to him. 1 then sent for my white flag. While the messenger was gone, I took a small piece of white cotton and put it on a pole, and called to the captain of the boat and told him to send his little canoe on shore and let me come on board. The people on the boat asked whether we were Bacs or Winnebagoes. I told a Winnebago to tell them we were Sacs, and wanted to give our- selves up. A Winnebago on the boat called to us " to run and hide, that the whites were going to shoot." About this time, one of my braves had jumped into the river, bearing a white flag to the boat, when another sprang in after him and brought him to shore. The uring then commenced from the boat, which was returned by my braves, and continued for 472 HISTORY OP GRANT COUNTY. some time. Very few of my people were hurt, after the first fire, having succeeded in getting- behind old logs and trees, which shielded them from the enemy's fire. " The Winnebagoes on the steamboat must have either misunderstood what was told or did not tell it to the captain correctly, because I am confident he would not have fired upon us if he had known my wishes. I have always considered him a good man and too great a brave to fire upon an enemy when suing for quarter. " After the boat had left us, I told my people to cross if they could and wished ; that I intended going into the Chippewa country. Some commenced crossing, and such as had deter- mined to follow them remained, only three lodges going with me. N'ext morning (August 2)' at daybreak, a young man overtook me, and said that all my party had determined to cross the Mississippi ; that a number had already got over safe, and that he had heard the white army last night within a few miles of them. I now began to fear that the whites would come up with my people and kill them before they could get across. I had determined to go and join, the Chippewas, but reflecting that by this I could only save mySelf, I concluded to return and die with my people if the Great Spirit would not give us another victory. During our stay in the thicket, a party of whites came close by us, but passed on without discovering us. " Early in the morning, a party of the whites, being in advance of the army, came upon our people who were attempting to cross the Mississippi. They tried to give themselves up. The whites paid no attention to their entreaties, but commenced slaughtering them. In a little- while the whole army arrived. Our braves, but few in number, finding that the enemy paid no^ respect to age or sex, and seeing that they were murdering helpless women and little children, determined to fight until they were killed. As many women as could commenced swimming^ the Mississippi with children on their backs. A number of them were drowned and some shot before reaching the opposite shore. " One of my braves, who gave me this information, piled some saddles up before him when the fight commenced to shield him from the enemy's fire, and killed three white men ; but, seeing that the whites were coming too close to him, he crawled to the bank of the river and hid himself until the enemy retired. He then came to me and told me what had been done. After hearing this sorrowful news, I started with my little party for the Winnebago- village at Prairie La Crosse." The finale of this romantic melo-drama is given in an earlier part of this work. Of the justness of the quarrel the reader can judge for himself; but, whatever the decision,, the so-called battle of Bad Ax can only be characterized, according to testimony on both sides, as an indiscriminate massacre. Whatever may have been the provocation, and Black Hawk and his band were by no means blameless, this indiscriminate slaughter of women and children, and refusal of quarter to the starving savages, is one scene in the chapter of early history to which none will look back with any great degree of pride. HEIGHTS IN eRANT COUNTY. The following list will show the elevation of different points in the county. All heights are computed from the level of Lake Michigan, and are just that number of feet above the lake s surface : Wyalusing, 33 feet ; Glen Haven, 28 feet ; Cassville, 30 feet ; North Andover, 260 feet ; Bloomington, 327 feet ; Patch Grove, 498 feet ; Mount Hope, 498 feet ; Little Grant, 250 feet; Beetown, 184 feet; Potosi, 204 feet ; British Hollow, 287 feet; Rockville, 348 feet; Hurricane Grove, 063 feet; Lancaster Court House, 502 feet; Mount Lia, 590 feet; Homer P. 0., 400 feet; Fenniraore, 590 feet; Liberty Ridge, 566 feet ; Annatoii, 271 feet; Eilenboro, 111 feet ; Dickeyville, 356 feet; Jamestown P. 0., 334 fuet; Fair Play P. 0., 220 feet; Smsin- awa Academy, 348 feet; Hazel Green, 360 feet; St. Rose, 416 feet; Big Patch, 239 feet; Platteville, 257 feet; Washburn, 263 feet; New California, 411 feet; Montfort, 515 feet; Castle Rock, 269 feet; West Platte Mound, 694 feet ; Muscoda, 109 feet; Boscobel, 89 feet. The Mississippi Bottom, at the southern extremity of Grant County, is 600 feet above the sea. The highest point within Grant County being the top of Sinsinawa Mound. HISTORY OF GKANT COUNTY. WEATHER REPORT. Among other incidents connected with the history of the county, which live with vivid di tinctness in the memory of old settlers, are several winters noted for their unexceptional severit Among the first spoken of was that of 1836, when the frost king's reign lasted long into Apri teams heavily loaded crossing the Mississippi River as late as the 20th of that month. Th was followed by another in 1843, which, if not quite as severe as its predecessor, was about i long continued. But all these paled before the terrible rigor that marked the ending of 185. and the commencement of 1856. This season was unexceptional in its severity. A heavy fa of snow marked the commencement of king winter's reign, over which formed, in time, a hai crust. This was followed by another storm that in turn melted enough under the limpid rays the sun to form a second crust. Everything outside was buried and frozen up. In many ii stances, corn and fodder that had been left out in the fields, owing to the sudden downward swoc of the icy temperature, was obliged to be left standing in the "stock " until the warm rays of late spring sun released it from its icy fetters. Especially hard did this winter bear upon tl game in the forests, deer were reduced to such extremities that they would enter the outskirts i the villages in droves in order to obtain a morsel of hay from out the farmers' sleighs and we) killed by the score, many being massacred with clubs, so intent were they upon obtaining fooi Corn that had been left in the fields was found in the spring half-eaten where these famin stricken creatures had sought to secure enough to keep them alive. This point marks the deci ilence of this species of game in the county. They never recovered from the great losses su fared by starvation and slaughter made by their four-footed enemies. Of feathered game, quai were nearly entirely killed out, and it was many years before they were found again in muc abundance. The past winter of 1880 and 1881 will long be remembered as one ranking amor the most severe and long-continued of its noted predecessors. Travel was almost entirely in peded, mails blocked, and not until late in the spring was the country released from the embarg of ice and snow. 474 HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. CHAPTER III. Thp; First Occupant— The Second Trader— Shaw's Trip to the Mines— Indian Mining— The Advance of "White Men— The First White Woman— Early Mining Experiences—. First Mills— Graham's Wolf Fight— Primitive Agriculture— The First Threshing Machine— The California Gold Fever— Mining Troubles. the first occupant. There remains but little doubt that the pressure of a white man's foot upon Grant County soil was coeval with the presence of the earliest explorers, who, taking their lives in their hands, boldly plunged forward into the unknown wilderness and rescued from the realms of obscurity that mighty river which was afterward to become the diamond among diamonds in the crown of the conqueror and possessor. But of the presence of these early explorers, we have only a traditionary and untangible knowledge, and up to the beginning of the eighteenth century, and, in fact, a few years later, there is no evidence which would show that this section had been used as a tarrying place by the white man. But later on, evidence tangible and authentic proves beyond question that one Capt. Morand, a French trader, not only visited the present county of Grant, but had estab- lished a place for the deposit of his stock upon the east bank of the Mississippi, at a point some eight or nine miles below the mouth of the Wisconsin, in what is now Bloomington Township. Of the early history of this trader but little can be gleaned, or how long he had occupied this site, which was known as Fort Morand. Besides this depot, he had still another some seven miles west of Mackinaw, known by the same name. And it is only by events which happened later in the century that we can, with any degree of reliability, fix the probable date of this occu- pation. During the early part of the century, the Ottigaumies, or Foxes, were located at the Little Butte des Morts, on the western bank of Fox River, some thirty-seven miles from Green Bay. Here, following their predatory instincts and the practices of civilized man of early times, they were accustomed to levy blackmail from every passing craft, the usual course of procedure being, upon the appearance of a trader's boat, to plant a torch on the shore as a reminder that he was expected to land and deliver certain tribute, and woe to the unlucky wight who failed to comply with the hint so expressed. The imperious nature of these demands so vexed Morand that he finally resolved to put a stop to them once and for all. He accordingly raised a small force of volunteers at Mackinaw, in all probability increased somewhat at Green Bay by friendly Indians and French troops, and with this force felt assured of giving his ancient enemies a castigation that would effectually prevent their levying any more tribute-money for some time to come. The exact date of this expedition is involved in some doubt. Carver gives it that as far back as 1706 "the French missionaries and traders having received many insults from this peo- ple, a party of French and Indians under the command of Capt. Morand marched to avenge their wrongs." The Rev. Alfred Brunson, in a paper on the 'Early History of Wisconsin,' pub- lished in 1858, thinks it must have been somewhat later than this, probably in 1714; while Grignon, in his Recollections, agrees with the Hon. Morgan L. Martin in placing this expedi- tion as late as 1745; yet this latter date seems too far on in the century, as Black Hawk, in 1832, claimed that the lands ceded by a portion of his tribe to the United States had been in the possession of the tribe over a hundred years, and it was not until after the third of Morand s expeditions when the Foxes were disastrously defeated and reduced almost to annihilation that they united with the Sacs, and afterward with them were driven out of their former country. However this may be, that this first expedition was previous to 1746 is absolutely certain, leav- HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. 475 ing the date of Morand's first occupancy of the Mississippi River depot somewhere during the early part of the century. Of this expedition and those which followed so quickly after, ending in breaking the power of this tribe, the following interesting account is given in the Grignon Eecollections. " Morand's force was deemed suflScient, and his fleet of canoes started from Green Bay up the river, each canoe having a full complement of men well armed, and an oil-cloth covering large enough to envelope the whole canoe, as was used by the traders to shield their goods from the weather. Near the Grand Chute, some three miles below the Little Butte des Morts, and not yet within view of the latter, Morand divided his party, one part disembarking and going by land to surround the village and attack the place when Morand and his water division should open their fire in front. The soldiers in the canoes, with their guns all ready for use, were con- cealed by the oil-cloth coverings, and only two men were in view to row each canoe, thus pre- senting the appearance of a trader's fleet. In due time the Foxes discovered his approach and placed out their torch, and squatted themselves thickly along the bank as usual, patiently await- ing the landing of the canoes and the customary tribute offering. When sufficiently near to be effective the oil-cloth coverings were suddenly thrown off, and a deadly volley from a swivel gun loaded with grape and canister shot, and the musketry of the soldiers scattered death and dis- play among the unsuspecting Foxes ; and this severe fire was almost instantly seconded by the land party in the rear, and quickly repeated by both divisions, so that a large number of devoted Foxes were slain, and the survivors escaped by rapid flight up the river. " The Foxes next took post about three miles above the Grand Butte des Morts, on the Bouthern or opposite bank of the river, on a high, sandy point of land, with a marsh on its eastern- border. Here Morand, the same season, followed them, but, of course, could not resort to his old ruse, and must have approached the town in the night, or just before daybreak. At all events, according to the general statement given me by my grandfather (Charles de Langlade) and aged Indians, another severe battle ensued, and many Foxes were killed, though not so many as at the Little Butte des Morts, and again they were forced to fly. The Indians always spoke of this place as the locality where Morand's second battle with the Foxes took place. My half-brother, Perrish Grignon, informed me that he had seen, many years ago, a crevice or cavity on the rocky shore of Lake Winnebago, some six or eight miles south of Oshkosh, near the old Indian village of Black Wolf, a large number of skulls and other human remains, and I have thought that when the Foxes fled from Little Butte des Morts, they may have passed around the head of Lake Winnebago, and thinking themselves safe from pursuit, tarried at this point and gave attention to their wounded, and that the remains of those who died were placed in that cavity. " The surviving Foxes located themselves on the northern bank of the Wisconsin, twenty- one miles above its mouth, and some little distance below the creek next below the mouth of Kickapoo River. When I first passed there in 1795, I saw some crude remains of this village. As soon as the enterprising Morand heard of the new locality of his determined ene- mies, who still seemed bent on obstructing his great trading thoroughfare, he concluded it would be unsafe for him to suffer them to remain there, and consequently lost no time, even though winter had commenced, to collect his tried and trusty band of French and Indians and make a distant winter expedition against the Foxes. Perhaps he thought as he had once defeated them by stratagem, and then by the usual mode of Indian warfare, that it would now be policy to push his fortunes by a winter campaign, and fall upon his inveterate foes, and strike a fatal blow when they would least expect it. Capt. Morand pursued on foot with his troops, up Fox Kiver and down the Wisconsin, taking with them snowshoes to meet the exigencies of the season, and pursue their tedious march over the snow for a distance of fully two hundred miles, ine Foxes were taken completely by surprise, for Morand's men found them engaged in the amusement of jeu de paille, er game of straw, and surrounding the place and falling suddenly upon them, killed some and captured the others. So well planned was the attack, and so complete was the surprise, that not one of the Foxes escaped. 476 HISTORY OP GRANT COUNTY. " It must have been on the return of this winter expedition of Capt. Morand's that the fol- lowing incident occurred, as narrated by Capt. Carver, on the authority of an Indian. ' On the return of the French,' says Carver, 'to Green Bay, one of the Indian chiefs in alliance with them, who. had a considerable band of the prisoners under his care, stopped to drink at a brook. In the meantime, his companions went on, which, being observed by one of the women whom they had made captive, she suddenly seized him with both her hands, while he stooped to drink, by an exquisitely susceptible part, and held him fast until he expired on the spot. As the chief, from the extreme torture he suffered, was unable to call out to his friends, or give any alarm, they passed on without knowing what had happened ; and the woman, having cut the bands of those of her fellow-prisoners, who were in the rear, with them made her escape. This heroine was ever after treated by her nation as their deliverer, and made a chieftainess in her own right, with liberty to entail the same honor on her descendants — an unusual distinction, and permitted only on extraordinary occasions.' " These defeats broke the spirit of the tribe, and not only rendered them powerless for some time to come, but their severe chastisement had a restraining effect upon other tribes located near or upon these water highways between the great lakes and the Mississippi. Of Morand himself, but little more can be said. A person of the same name was men- tioned in Gorrell's Journal as being, in 1763, at the head of an extensive body of traders, and was, in all probability, the same individual who years before humbled the power of the Foxes in 80 signal a manner. The mother of the wife of the Sac Chief, Keokuk, claimed in after years to be the daughter, by a Sac mother, of Capt. Morand. But the latter's disappearance was as sudden and complete as his former plans had been successful, leaving no trace behind by which the future history of the first known white man whose foot pressed Grant County soil could be traced. THE SECOND TRADER. The next resident in this section, and the one whose name the county now bears, was another Indian trader named Grant. He was here as early as 1810, and for many years was supposed to have been the first known white man in Grant County. The Grrant County Herald, in an early isssup, speaking of this pioneer adventurer says : " Grant was an Indian trader, one of those dauntless frontiersmen known to the earlier days of the Northwest, and who differed from the savage by possessing a thirst for gain and the enterprise to gratify it. As early as 1810, Grant was engaged in trade with the Indians occu- pying this region, making his headquarters at Prairie du Chien. He was noted for his hardi- hood and endurance, and for his disregard of every comfort and convenience of civilized life. His rifle supplied him with food ; his cooking utensil consisted of a brass kettle, which was fitted to his head, and which he wore under his cap. One incident of his history has been pre- served, and is worth relating. The Sacs and Foxes were at war with the Winnebagoes. Grant was trading with the former, and was consequently regarded by the latter as their enemy. One day he happened to encounter a war party of the Winnebagoes, who immediately gave him chase. The foremost coming up struck him upon the head with his tomahawk, which produced no other effect than a sharp ring from the kettle before mentioned. The Indian recoiled with consternation and horror, exclaiming, Manitou (spirit) ! and precipitately retreated, accom- pa^nied by the whole party. This revelation of his divine character subdued the animosity of the Winnebagoes, and he was ever afterward regarded with the utmost awe by the Indians. Of the future career of Grant, even less is known than of Morand. Whether he returned to the Northeast, from which he had originally drifted, or whether he pressed on in the van of the advancing tide of civilization, must ever remain enwrapped in the fog -bank of unexplamed . mysteries. It is enough that he left the imprint of his name upon the rivers and lands of his old trading-ground. SHAW'S TRIP TO THE MINES. John Shaw, who was engaged in boating on the river from 1816 to 1820, stopped during his trip in the first-named year at a point where Cassville is now situated, to obtain a return HISTORY OF GEANT COUNTY. 4' •cargo of lead ore. This could not be obtained here, and Mr. Shaw was requested to drop dov with his boat to the mouth of Fever Kiver until the lead was brought down to him by the tradei This he refused to do, and, being conversant with the French tongue, he was enabled to pa himself off as a Frenchman, and ascend the river to where the Indians had their furnaces, despi the refusal of the savages to allow " a white man," as they called the Americans, to see the "mines. According to Mr. Shaw's narrative, the lead of each trader was stacked up separate on the bank. The lead was in a bowl-shaped form, called plaU, each weighing about seven pounds. That the Indians had discovered and worked the mines for a long period of years, exten ing well back into the middle of the eighteenth century, there is but little if any doubt. 1 Hardscrabble, and in other parts of this county, the remains of their rude smelting furnaces we to be seen, and in some parts remained visible to a recent date. Jonathan Carver, whose visit to Wisconsin in 1766 has been noticed heretofore, says in h account of a visit to the great town of the Saukies (Sacs) in that year. " While I stayed her I took a view of some mountains that lie about fifteen miles to the southward and abound in las ore. So plentiful is lead here, that I saw large quantities of it lying about the streets in tl towns of the Saukies, and it seemed to be as good as the produce of other countries." This mining must necessarily have been of the most superficial character, both from la( of the proper tools with which to carry on the work to any great depth, and also from the inbre disinclination on the part of the lordly savage to do more manual labor than was absolute necessary. INDIAN MINING. The means by which these untutored sons of the forest were enabled to locate " leads with a definiteness not attained by later explorers, except in rare instances, and when the seer had been communicated by the original owners of the soil, was a small bluish bush, somewh resembling the sage, and known as " mineral weed." This bush grew to a height of son eighteen inches, and was topped by a large red, tasseled head. When the mineral was n more than a few feet below the surface, this weed was found growing luxuriantly over it, ar furnished a means for tracing the direction of the mineral not less certain than if the ore h bare before the explorer. A fine, rank growth of wire grass also furnished information of tl hidden wealth beneath when the mineral approached close to the surface. The Indian method of mining was one on which the miners of to-day would look wil astonishment and disgust. Their "bucket" being a tough deer-skin, and their windlass stoi thongs by which one or more muscular " bucks " would drag the loaded skin up the inclint plane, which formed the entrance to their burrows ; for to dignify them with the names of mini would be a mistake. When in their progress their way was found obstructed by a bowlder t( large to remove, a fire was kindled under it until it was heated to a high temperature, and the cold water was poured on, the immediate result being a splitting of the rock into the propc size to handle with ease. Ore, when found in large lumps, was encircled with thongs of stou green hide, and dragged by main strength to the surface. Here, by means of rude smeltin furnaces, the ore was reduced to pigs or plats of mineral, in which state it was sold to the tradei who visited the region. These furnaces were a curiosity in themselves, and are thus described " A hole or cavity was dug in the face of a piece of sloping ground, about two feet in depth, an as much in width at the top. This hole was made in the shape of a mill-hopper, and was line or faced with flat stones. At the bottom, or point of the hopper, which was about eight or nir inches square, other narrow stones were laid across grate-wise. A channel or eye was dug froi the sloping side of the ground inward to the bottom of the hopper ; this channel was about a fo( in width and in height, and was filled with dry wood and brush. The hopper, being filled wil the mineral, and the wood ignited, in a few minutes the molten lead fell through the stones i the bottom of the hopper, and thence was discharged through the eye over the earth. It ws •certainly a simple but rough and improvident way of gathering the melted lead. But, in tl ^reat abundance of mineral, and ease of its procuration, it sufliced for the wants of the Indiai 478 HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. At many of these primitive smelting places, the white settlers afterward extracted a profitable harvest of rich lead from the slag and refuse of the Indian laborer's smelting." The Vinegar Hill mines are stated by old miners to have been thus worked long before the advent of the white miners. THE ADVANCE OF WHITE MEN. Of this mining region, its development, richness and peculiarities, extended mention is made in an earlier portion of this work, hence we will but pause to note that through the indus- tries and enterprise of DuBuque and others, this vast region of mineral-producing country had early in the century become known to the outside world. In 1822, a party of adventurous miners came up the river and progressed so far northward as the diggings afterward known as " Ilardscrabble," while a second party landed on Grant River, at an Indian town called Pasca- nans, near where the town of Osceola was afterward located. This is the first authentic knowl- edge of the advent of white men in what is now Grant County other than the few traders already mentioned. A traditionary legend exists that a party of English founded a town close by the site of the present city of Muscoda, but no mention is made by any of the early voyagers or travelers through that region of the existence of such a town. The legend further avers that the town was destroyed by the Indians. However, the whole matter can but be dismissed for lack of corroborative proofs into the misty region of mythland. Those miners who entered the southern coasts of the county as mentioned above, in 1822, remained but a short time, and in absence of all account to the contrary, it is safe to infer that they failed to unearth those stores of mineral wealth which a few years later brought a heavy tide of immigration into the new El Dorado. But the way had been opened, and, in 1824, Thomas McKnight, John Ewin and several others made the first mining settlement at Hards- crabble." This name arose from a difiiculty experienced in deciding the ownership to a newly discovered lead. The exact date of this ancient game of grab is not given, but apparently was soon after the first discoveries, as in 1826 the name had already become the distinctive appella- tion of this section. In the latter year came a large addition to the new mining camp, and the news of the richness of the diggings began to attract miners and adventurers from all directions, chiefly, however, from Missouri, with a moderate infusion of Kentucky and Illinois blood. It is from 1827 that Grant County must date its first permanent settlement. Although it is true that those coming to the new country in this year did so with no settled intention of remaining, still the richness of the diggings and the numerous evidences of untold wealth, that needed only the pick and shovel to unearth it, so worked upon the intentions of these early pioneers as to change their character from that of mere adventurers to that of permanent settlers. Among those who thus became the pioneer fathers of the future county of Grant were Maj. J. H. Roundtree, Hugh R, Colter, Ebenezer M. Orne, Edgerton Hough, Henry Bushnell, Col. Joseph Dixon, Orris Mc- Cartney, Henry Hodges, Thomas Shanley and A. D. Ramsey. There were many others who came the same year, some of whom, after going back and forth spring and fall for several years, finally settled in the county ; and others, by far the larger majority, who sucked the orange until it began to show signs of dryness, and then turned to new fields. Of the former class were Joseph, Harvey and Frank Bonham, and James Grushong and brother, these two latter, however, making their first entry into the county in 1826. Of these pioneers, Maj. Roundtree, Hugh R. Colter, Ebenezer Orne and Col. Joseph Dixon settled at Platteville ; Edgerton Hough at Gibralter ; Orris McCartney first stopped at Platteville, and in 1828 settled at Beetown, but in the same year removed to his farm near Cassville. Henry Hodges and Thomas Shanley came to Hardscrabble in 1826, and, a few years later, set- tled a few miles southwest of the present city of Lancaster. Mr. Ramsey also settled near Cassville. The Winnebago troubles stopped for a moment the tide of immigration which had thus early began to flow in the direction of the new land, which, if not flowing with milk and honey, was at least supposed to exist on the surface of an aggregated mineral mountain, where all that was necessary was the removal of a few shovels of dirt, when, "presto! " the laborer was ready to take his seat among the Croesuses of the land. The following year this tide returned to its former HISTORY OF GKANT COUNTY. 479 channel and flowed, if not extravagantly, at least steadily, until the Black Hawk war of 1832. Across the wide open prairies they came, fording streams, following dimly shadowed trails, or striking out into the wild wilderness about them ; or loading the puffing, snorting steamer to the guards, the new seekers for the land of promise came hurrying in. Little villages began to arise here and there in the wilderness. First a mere collection of miners' cabins, then a store, again a rude smithy, the inevitable tavern, and then the family home, where, gathered around the broad hearthstone of the great open fire-place, they enjoyed the privileges and pleasures, and endured the privations of a pioneer life. But broad as was the hearthstone, and large as was the fire-place of which it formed the base, neither was so broad or opened so wide as the gener- ous, hospitable hearts of these early pioneers — men of brain and muscle, clear of head and stout of heart, who thus put behind them the comforts and luxuries of civilization to wrestle with the primeval wilderness, and tear from its grasp another star which they should add to the constantly increasing constellation that formed the insignia of the young Republic. THE FIEST WHITE WOMAN. Early in 1827, mineral in large quantities had been discovered at Beetown. The tradition of its discovery being that the discov^ers, while hunting for wild bees, found at the foot of an uprooted maple tree, a large deposit of mineral. This discovery was made by James Meredith, Thomas Crocker, Curtis Caldwell and Cyrus Alexander. Among the miners attracted by the new discoveries to this section, was Mr. Thomas, who was accompanied by his wife, thus making' Mrs. Thomas the first white woman in the present confines of Grant County. The "Winne- bago scare" came on soon after their arrival, and all pulled up stakes and started for Galena. Mr. Thomas afterward moved into La Fayette County and settled about two miles south of White Oak Springs, where he resided for many years. In the fall of this same year, Mr. Henry C. Bnshnell located at Muscalonge, bringing with him his bride of a few months. They resided here until the following year, when, after the birth of their daughter, Dorethy J. Bushnell, they moved to a point just northwest of Lancaster, now known as "Bushnell Hollow." Thus Mrs. Bushnell was the second white woman in the county, and the first to actually settle within its limits, while her daughter, Dorethy, has the honor of being the first white child born in the county. When the Black Hawk war broke out, the Bushnells took refuge first in Fort Craw- ford, at Prairie du Chien, and afterward in the block-house at Cassville. Soon after the close of the outbreak, they returned. They returned to Lancaster where they remained some years, finally removing to Muscalonge, where they remained until called upon to prepare for the long journey upon which all, sooner or later, must start. Miss Bushnell was married to Mr. Charles Whipple, and, at last accounts, resided in California. After the defeat of Black Hawk and his band in 1832 had settled forever the question of supremacy in this section, immigration again set in fierce and strong, as the spring torrent obstructed, for the time being, by an unexpected barrier, by its chafings and surgings tears aside the obstacle and rushes onward with a victorious roar. New diggings were being opened up, which, with the ranges already discovered, placed the county for the time being at the flood- Me of prosperity. Mining was then the principal, and indeed, almost the only employment. Ihe man with a "prospect " was, for the time being, the coming man, too often, alas ! to degen- erate by future developments into the disappointed adventurer. EARLY MINING EXPERIENCES. The following description of early mining, taken from a historic tale entitled " Struck a Lead," and published by James M. Goodhue, in the Grant County Herald at an early date, will give the younger generation, not "to the manor born," something of an idea of the country as It then appeared and the modes of procedure employed by the embryo millionaires to " make a , ' ■'■Dfi ' lead district ' is embraced in the original Northwest Territory, ceded to Congress by the State of Virginia. Upon the extinguishment of the Indian title, the fee simple of course kL', 480 HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. vested in Congress. The upper lead district as it was generally called, extended about seventy miles north and south on both sides of the Mississippi River, and about sixty miles east and west, embracing portions of Iowa, Wisconsin and Illinois. Perhaps the most prominent feature in the face of the country is the ' Mounds.' They are quite numerous ; among the most promi- nent of which are the Blue Mounds, the Sinsinawa and Platte Mounds. Some of these mounds are one or two hundred feet high, and appear to bo nothing more or less than hills dis- solved by time, and by the gradual disintegration of the rocks of which they were composed rugged mountains razed into smooth green mounds. Standing upon one of these the traveler sees the mining region spread out before him like a map. The greater part of the land is prairie; though there is abundance of forest and barrens. The prairie is mostly undulating; but the forests and barrens are strongly marked with ridges and ravines. No country in the world is more abundantly watered. Every ravine has its- rivulet. The most successful mining operations have been in the barrens, where the land- is broken into irregular lobes or swells, ranging in altitude from ten feet to one hundred. In 'prospecting,' the miner generally com- mences by digging a hole as large as a well, on the north and south side of these hills, in some small ravine leading up the side. If, in sinking the shaft he finds scattering mineral — 'float' as it is termed — he infers that it descended from an east-aad-west crevice above. It is then termed a prospect, and the miner fs encouraged to sink another hole a few feet further up the ravine. If in the next shaft he finds the mineral still 'stronger,' that is, larger, more abundant, and of a character indicating the near approach to the crevice from which it 'floated,' he throws into a pile all the pieces of mineral he has found and calls it a ' show ' — a good show or a bad show as the fact may be. The speculator, upon examination of a show, often buys the discoverer's show or prospect of a 'lead.' The mere prospect of finding a large body of mineral is fre- quently sold for hundreds of dollars. The miner now proceeds to prove his 'prospect;' that is, to extend a range of prospect holes up the hill to the crevice. If he should pass over the crevice, in prospecting, he will find no mineral in the holes he may sink ; because mineral never floats up hill. He then commences 'drifting,' that is, digging horizontally from the bottom of the last hole in which he ' struck ' mineral, toward the bottom of the next hole above, and in his progress he strikes the crevice, which may, after all the labor in finding it, be a barren crevice, containing but little mineral ; on the other hand, the lead may be worth many thousands of dollars ; since the labor of raising the mineral when discovered is comparatively little, and the ore is worth when raised, from $10 to $25 per thousand pounds. [In some years of late it has gone much beyond this figure. — Ed.] ' Crevices,' of course, vary in depth and width. Some of these are openings thirty or forty feet wide, between perpendicular wall rocks. The ore is generally found mixed with ochre and flint — but is sometimes found in solid masses. " When all the mineral is raised that can be found in sinking a shaft, the miner commences drifting east and west in the crevice for more mineral. For this purpose, it is sometimes nec- essary to brace the aperature with timbers to prevent caving. Sometimes a lead is worked out by means of a level ; that is, a tunnel being dug in the bottom of the crevice through the hill, and in this tunnel is constructed a cheap railroad for carrying out the contents of the crevice. The principal crevices run east and west ; those running north and south contain smaller quan- tities, generally in thin horizontal sheets, and are cut out by east-and-west leads (or, as geolo- gists term them 'lodes'). Sometimes after drifting a few rods, the crevice 'closes up,' but frequently by sinking another hole still further east or west on the same crevice, another ' open- ing ' is found, and the mineral comes in good again. Leads vary greatly in extent. Some are wide and deep, while others are narrow and shallow. Some ' run ' well, while others ' give out ' in a few rods. Occasionally a crevice is found widening into a ' chamber ' containing an immense body of mineral. It is not, however, every crevice that contains mineral — the sanguine miner sometimes comes to the bottom of a barren crevice, confident all the time that he is about to strike mineral ; and when, after all his labor, he finds the crevice closed up at the bottom with solid rock, he leans perhaps on the handle of his pick, the very image of despair, and then ascends into the light of day by means of a windlass. In some places the diggers have run the HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. 481 mineral into the water. Of course these water leads cannot be worked unless by draining and pumping. Mining here is yet in its infancy, requiring but little capital. The diggings are generally superficial. Some miners and geologists believe, however, that much larger bodies of lead and also of copper ore, lie buried deep in these mines than have yet been discovered. For raining deep, much capital and large and expensive machinery is requisite. The population of the mines is rather fluctuating, drifting from one part of the mines to another and settling per- manently nowhere. This state of things is of course unfavorable to the steady growth and per- manent prosperity of the towns and villages in the mines. All the lands in the ' lead district ' which were known by Government to be mineral lands, and some which were not supposed to be mineral lands, but which were covered with forests to supply the wants of miners and smelters, have been reserved from sale 'for mining and smelting purposes.' Many tracts of land not reserved have been entered, that is, purchased at the land office. Before entering a tract of land, a purchaser was sometimes required to make oath that he knew of no mineral biiving been discovered upon it. If the miner discovers a valuable lead upon Congress land, and the discovery is known to no other person, the inducement to perjury by taking the oath required at the land ofiBce, and purchasing the soil in fee simple at $1.25 per acre is great. Per- haps some frauds upon the Government have been thus committed. No patents for these lands have yet been issued ; if such frauds have been committed, they may become the subject of legal investigation. Mineral lands thus purchased, are of course, leased by the proprietors upon such terms as they please to establish. A great part of the lands reserved from sale have, by a kind of prescription, become also the property of claimants in the following manner : They were at first farmed out to miners in small lots by an agent of Government. The miner was allowed to stake out his lot which he was then authorized by a ' permit ' from the agent to occupy, upon the condition of his mining upon the lot five days in every week, etc. Few, if any, of the miners complied with the condition of their permits ; but the miners were indulgent toward one another, and each respected the claims of the rest ; so that, although the lots were forfeited, no complaint was made to the agent. Permits soon began to be transferred by sale, like leases ; and every purchaser of a mineral lot held it by a title deemed even better than that by which the first claimant held ; because a valuable consideration had been paid. The revenue for the mines was collected from the smelter, who purchased his ore of the miner. Each smelter received a license from the Government, and was required to pay over to the agent one-tenth part of all the lead manufactured. Thus the revenue was paid indirectly by the miner. " Many valuable leads were discovered upon lands which had been entered at the land office. The proprietors of such lots were of course under no obligations to pay rents to the Govern- ment. They required the smelter to pay them the full value for their mineral. But the smelter was bound to pay over one-tenth part of the lead manufactured by him as revenue to the Gov- ernment, whether manufactured from ore raised upon 'reserved' lands or 'entered' lands. The smelter could not ascertain whether the mineral brought to him was raised on Government land or not. If he had been allowed to attempt a discrimination, it would have been unavailing ; since nothing could be easier than for a miner upon Government land to sell his ore to a neigh- bor who owned a mineral lot in fee simple, and who would sell the ore as his own, without any deductions for rent. The revenues for rent naturally soon became nearly nominal. The smelters were environed with difficulties. In the year 1836, the whole system went down, every smelter refusing to pay rent. The agency ceased, and Government was fairly 'elbowed out' of the mining district. The possession of such reserved mineral grounds as had been claimed by miners under the old regulations by virtue of permits, was left undisturbed. The proprietors, as they consider themselves, lease these lands to miners upon such terms as they deem most profitable ; some taking one-fourth, others one-fifth of the mineral raised. A great number of mineral lots are in many instances the property of the same landlord, some successful speculator in lead, perhaps, who has bought up, at a bargain, the claims of many poorer men. Whether nese tenures were exactly honest in their origin or republican in their tcdency, will not here ■nade a subject of inquiry. No doubt the most profitable disposition Congress could make 482 HISTORY OF GEANT COUNTY. of their mineral lands would be to sell them in small lots to the highest bidders. [This was after- ward done, as will be seen in another portion of this work. — Ed.] By such sale a large sum of money would accrue to the treasury, as great, perhaps, in the aggregate, as the lands are intrin- sically worth ; and more profit would thus be derived from them than could be derived from the best system of renting and leasing that could be devised. '• The business of smelting is quite distinct from that of mining. The smelter must have some capital to do business. He constructs a furnace, usually in a ravine near the diggings, and over some small stream of water, which is used as well for washing the mineral as for turn- ing the water-wheel that works the furnace bellows. The process of smelting is simple enough. The mineral is broken fine and thrown into a large slanting hearth filled with charcoal and wood. When, by action of the bellows, the heat becomes sufficiently intense, the lead begins to trickle down the hearth in bright streams, which unite and flow through one mouth into a reservoir, which is also heated. From this reservoir the melted lead is removed with a ladle and poured into molds made of cast-iron. When thus molded into ' pigs,' weighing about seventy pounds each, the lead is ready for the market. The per centum yield by good mineral is about 70 or 80. The ore contains a small quantity of silver ; though perhaps too little to warrant the cost of extracting it; the residuum is called 'slag.' " Up to the close of the Black Hawk war, but little attention had been paid to the surface soil of the country, all endeavours being directed to obtaining wealth from below. The general feeling previous to that time is fittingly expressed in a few remarks made by Mr. A. D. Ramsay at a meeting of the Old Settlers Club, held at Lancaster, in 1876. Speaking of this feeling, he said : " I came here in 1827 ; then not a furrow had been broken in Grant County soil. Like others, I came to find a fortune in the mines, and, like many others, I found mining unprofitable. We then hardly knew what to do with ourselves ; we thought we were too far north and that the country was too cold for farming, but we tried it and were successful." It was thus found by experiment that the surface teemed with wealth as well as the bowels of the earth, and a new class of settlers began to pour in, under whose hands the country, if it did not indeed "blossom as a rose," began to redeem its injured character as an agricultural district. Of the privations of these early pioneers, those of the present generation can know but little. Miners' cabins had at first been erected of logs, stone, and even sods ; the latter sub- stance answering as well as other material for the length of time that the restless occupant would care to make it his home. But the new settler, he who was to wring his living from the cold, unyielding soil, and whip it in a fair fight before it would resign itself to that unquestion- ing, unresisting obedience so necessary to productive farm lands, must have something more stable ; hence, the first thing erected was a substantial log-house, made from logs of such size as two or three men could roll up with ease. The ends were rudely dove-tailed together, and the gaping cracks were made wind and weather tight by a liberal application of mud. Openings for doors and windows were then cut out ; the latter, when the owner was especially fortunate, consisting of a four-lighted sash of the smallest known panes of glass, and, when this was not obtainable, oiled paper was made to serve instead. On one side, and occupying a goodly portion of its entire length, was the generous fire-place, with its wide, cavernous chimney, built of sticks laid " cob-house " fashion and plastered with a liberal coating of mud, which was soon reduced to the flintiness of fire-brick, as up through the capacious throat poured the 'roaring flames, while the great fore-stick and back-log threw out their generous, all-pervading heat below. Here around the hearth the family would gather in the winter evenings, the good man indulging in a quiet smoke, provided he was fortunate enough to have laid in an ample supply of the weed, while the good wife busied herself in plying the busy needles from whose glittering points rolled in warm folds foot covering for all ; while the little ones romped and played around the brightly dancing blaze. The early settler of Grant County was probably better placed as regards the mere necessaries of life than the vast majority of the present race of pioneers. Game was abundant in the forest, deer being, in the expressive language of one of these early comers, as "thick as hogs," while the "stinging fly," as the poet Longfellow calls the industrious honey- HISTORY OF GEANT COUNTY. 483 maker deposited his stores in generous abundance in the hollow trees throughout the woods, so that among the preparations for the winter's stock was always to be found a barrel of honey, or perhaps two; while the remembrance of the luscious venison steaks with which ye first settler was wont to forget the finer luxuries of an effete civilization, will still cause a longing to arise in the heart of the remaining members of the fraternity that cannot be filled with any of the present delicacies, however toothsome. The necessity of having timber at hand with which to erect his future home, and also to provide the "fore-sticks " and "back -logs " for use on the long winter evenings, led the new settler to choose the timber rather than the prairie, where, in addition, the springs that dotted the country were also found to hide their bubbling fountain heads among the ferns and brakes of the shaded woodland, the inducement was increased tenfold. This finally progressed, so far as to beeome the rule, until the prairie, so generous and bountiful in its crops, was long left un- occupied, even so late as 1853 there being a great deal of prairie land unoccupied throughout the county. This state of things gradually changed until now the prairie land is valued ac- cording to its worth. FIRST MILLS. In 1829, Mr. Hough had erected a saw-mill on the Platte to which he soon after added the paraphernalia of a " grist " mill, where the early settlers could get their grain reduced to flour, if not indeed of the very whitest, at least a good, palatable article. A second mill was erected, by Abram Miller, on Pigeon Creek, a few miles from Lancaster, in 1835. For millstones the builders went to the Iowa side of the river and obtained what is generally known as " lost rock." These they dressed down for buhrs, and managed to grind wheat and corn " after a fashion." It is needless almost to say that the fashion would hardly prove an acceptable one in this present age of patent flour and meal thrice whitened. The result of passing grain through these fron- tier mills was a dark, coarse meal, made darker in all probability by a generous quantity of dirt, which might have adhered to the grain during the rude methods of threshing then obtaining. By 1836, Mr. Daniel Burt had a grist-mill in operation in the present township of Waterloo, which produced a very fair article of fiour. The mill was commenced in 1835. The mining camps, however, still in a great measure depended for their supplies upon flour which was brought up from below via the Mississippi ; but as the country became settled up, mills improved, and grain abundant, this dependence upon foreign supplies was reduced to the minimum. Yet it was many years before this wished- for time arrived. For the present, the county is still hovering between frontier barbarism and civilization, with the question an open one as to which side of the balance it would ultimately incline. This wild, primeval wilderness, had, however, a wonderful fascination for the mere passer-by, as well as for the dweller therein. "It was forty years ago," says Judge J. T. Mills, in an address delivered a few years ago, " that I stood at the foot of the lower rapids. They came to me, or I to them. No difference, we got together. I occupied the same site then that the city of Quincy does now. You might have carried the embryo burg in a wheelbarrow, if you could find one. There was a block-house on the bank, and here, some mining adventurers and myself waited for steam navigation. The voyage forty years ago required a large reserve of patience. Often we put our ears down to the water as if the steamer was expected underneath the surface, for ' suckers ' were more numerous than any other passengers in those days. I well remember one day, while repeating this acoustic experiment, I heard a thumping like a heart-beat in the water, and soon, to my inexpressible sat- isfaction, I saw a smoke 'way down de ribber.' Puff, puff, the discharge of a blunderbuss, the ringing of a bell — no steam-whistle then — and the stout, strong-built steamer ' Warrior,' Capt. -Ihrockmorton, landed on the shore. The mining adventurers rushed aboard and threatened to take possession of the vessel. ' On to Dubuque ; ' ' Forward to Snake ; ' ' Hurrah for Hard- scrabble ; ' were watchwords yelled as vociferously as ' On to Richmond ! ' years later, by the WW York Tribune. But what was the appearance of the Great West in 1834, as seen from the ifather and yet child of many waters? Illinois above Rock River, with slight exceptions, was 484 HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. wholly vacant. The State of Iowa had not even been christened. The owl hooted from the forests that covered its bottoms or crowned its headlands. ' The wolf's long howl from Onalaska's shore Was heard above the troubled water's roar.' " If Thomas Campbell could make poetry out of this long howl, his muse would have been rampant had he tried this voyage. These devil-eyed, white-teethed denizens of the forest, amused us with their nightly serenade whether we hissed or applauded. " And still the wide prairies on either hand seemed opening to receive the immense and teeming population destined to supplant nature's husbandry by that of civilized man. The very soil, the streams and the woods which skirted them, seemed conscious, setting up of nights and watching by day for the ' coming events that cast their shadows before.' The bear, the elk and the deer, heard all too frequently the crack of the backwoodsman's rifle. He was trespassing on the domain of the Winnebago, Sac and Sioux. The Great Spirit had packed up his airy wig- wam, converted it into a balloon and sailed westward, beckoning his children to follow ; hard-fisted miners, men of ' mighty bone and bold enterprise,' had built their tenements of sod, paHsades and mud at different places. Galena, Neptune-like, had reared her awful head above the mud in which she floundered, and was visible to a considerable distance. Patches of corn and potatoes showed that a race of men were pressing into this region, who could work the surface of mother earth as well as, gopher-like, burrow in her bowels. These were the scattering drops, the earn- est of that human flood that has swollen into millions, rolling westward on foot, on horses, on wheels, till the locomotive and thundering train behind commands the highway to California : has changed the frontage of the continent, has completed the American section of the thorough fare that encircles the globe, and changed the direction of commerce. All this since 1834." I )a g howl " was heard only too often by the early inhabitant, as the loss of" many a fine porker or fat ewe bore testimony. Dogs were secured, kept and fed, to protect their master's property from these depredations, but in the majority of cases the owner awoko when too late, to find that he "had been hugging a fond delusion to his breast," as his much- vaunted guardian of the flock was found "gayly gamboling " with the foe he was expected tiy destroy. A good wolf-dog forty years ago was almost literally worth his weight in gold. Wolves when caught were often partially disabled, and then turned over to the dogs by the settlers, in order to accustom the latter to the sight of their foe, and many were the disappointed looks that crossed weather-beaten countenances as it was found that "Tige " or " Watch " would, instead of boldly attacking, drop their caudal appendage and incontinently quit the field. One of these wolf-fights which has become historical, is given below by an active participant in the scene : GRAHAM'S WOLF-FIGHT. " I don't remember the year. [It was 1838. — Ed.] We didn't take any account of time when we ranged at will over these fenceless prairies. We didn't cut the year into weeks and Sundays, but took it as it came. It was about the first court ; Harvey Pepper was SheritI ; Judge Dunn was on the bench; I was Foreman of the jury; old yellow-black Paul wjis plaintiff; and Col. Jones, who went to Congress, and perched himself on top of Sinsinawn, Mound — he was the defendant. Jones owned Paul down in Kentucky, and when Paul got on the mound he quarreled with his master and became obstreperous, and Jones drove him off. He then went through the country fiddling at what they called ' stag dances.' Females then were scarce and very dear and hard to get, so the boys would dance alone on the sod floor, and Paul would 'fiddle ' for his whisky, and when he ran too far out of knees and elbows he would go back to Jones and saw wood, and Jones would supply him with old clothes. After some years, Paul concluded, as courts and lawyers had made their appearance, he would sue his old master for wages, and have a final settlement in this free country. We heard the evidence. The yel- low darkey hadn't a bit of proof in support of his claim, but eleven of the jurors went in steep for the plaintiff, contending if Paul recovered wages it would make him a free man. I asserted HISTOEY OF GRANT COUNT»Y. 485- he was free any way — wages or no wages — that we were sworn to go according to law. Some of the jurors said, ' D — n the law ; when it comes in one door, justice runs out the other.' Pep- per the SherifiF, locked us up, and, to make the purgatory complete, said he was sworn to allow us no meat or drink except water. " Imprisoned in this ten-by-nine cell, we quarreled long and loud. I stood out for the defend- ant against the eleven who were determined that Paul should be paid for our ' shin-dig ' music, and that Jones was the man to do it. He got appropriations from Congress. I told my eleven brethren I was used to starving, and would die at my post rather than violate the law. They talked of fighting but I was ready there. "We should have hung there until this time, probably, but for a couple of huge, gray, tim- ber wolves, that old ' Wolf-catcher Graham,' had brought into the town plat, securely caged in his wagon. Everybody then attended court, and everybody brought his dogs. The old wolf- catcher set up a loud cry, saying he would let out a wolf against all the dogs in creation, if the people who desired the sport would pay him $20 each for his wolves, and allow him the scalps. The money was raised quicker than you could count it. We would have almost paid the national debt to see a wolf-fight. The first wolf — and he was an old settler, I tell you — was let loose in the yard, right under our window. We ran to it, and climbed on each other's shoulders. Such snapping, barking, growling and bristling you never heard or saw. Dogs and wolf were- piled up almost to the upper story, in a living, biting, snapping, rolling, tumbling and boiling mass. Some of the dogs were thrown hors du combat, but others took their place. The revolv- ing mass turned round the corner where we couldn't see them, and then my eleven associates cried : ' For heaven's sake, Free, do agree, so we can get out of this cursed hole and see the fun. ' " 'Boys,' said I, ' I have been raised with wolves. I won't budge an inch for any arguments- dogs and wolves can furnish.' " ' Well, Free, just say that Jones shall pay fl, arid we will come down to that.' "'Never a cent.' " We heard the uproarious laughter and shouts of the outside world. It was too much lor- the boys. The friends of poor yellow Paul yielded, and cried out : " We agree ; write out the verdict, Free.' " I wrote out the verdict for the defendant ; but lo ! we were in a worse condition than ever, The Judge, SherifiF and all bands had gone to the entertainment. No time was to be lost. A chair was picked up — a window smashed — and, as Judge Dunn heard the glass come jingling to the ground, he screamed ' Pepper ! Pepper ! let those men out, they will tear down the court house ! ' " These words sounded like the trump of jubilee. We handed our verdict to the Sheriif, and rushed down stairs like a flock of frightened sheep when the dogs are after them. "But the scene of the -fight had changed. In the dog and wolf revolution, the latter actually entered the sacred halls of Pepper's tavern, where all our fair female population were gathered and gossiping. Such a scattering, screaming, fright, running-up stairs and jumping on beds was never seen or heard of. But the poor wolf, as if he understood the tenderness of the female heart, galloped up stairs too ; on the bed he jumped with tongue protruding, and, with beseeching looks, prayed for mercy. But up rushed the dogs dripping with blood ; now mad with fury and blessed with victory, they scaled the parapet A universal and deafening hubbub ensued. Men rushed in with clubs, seizing a dog or two by the tail, and tossing them out of the witidow, and, sometimes punching the wolf, that by this time had learned that the generous dimensions of female apparel oifered him the safest retreat. But, notwithstanding the poor wolf s surrender and meek behavior after he entered the forbidden halls, he was slain without mercy. There is not a living man, or woman, or animal, that witnessed that scene but if they ire still alive remember it to this day. I am satisfied that jury never would have agreed in that case had it not been for Graham's wolf." ■The hound was found to be the only breed of canine that could with certainty be depended on to pursue this terror of the forest to the death. He flew the black flag, neither giving nor 486 HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. asking quarter, and was proportionately prized. Aside from the gray and black timber wolves and the prairie wolf, which was more stealthy and less dangerous than his larger brother, wild- cats and foxes were also extremely troublesome at times. Bears were met occasionally, and were seen in the northern portion of the county late in the fifties. At a very early period both buffalo and elk roamed at will through the country, but this was anterior by many years to the date of the white man, although the horns of the elk were occasionally found by the early settlers. Deer, however, continued to be abundant until the severe winter of 1856, which did much to deplete their ranks. Wolves and wild-cats continue to be found, as many of our readers are aware, in the northern portion of the county, up to the present time. PRIMITIVE AGRICULTURE. Notwithstanding the fact that the thoughts of many were being turned at this date to agri- culture, the mining furor showed but little if any signs of abating. According to Mr. Ralph Carver, who died some years ago at Muscoda, the year 1833 witnessed a slight improvement in the mining imp'ements in the shape of cast-steel drills, which introduction is thus noticed by him in a letter read before the Old Settlers' Club : " Previous to the Black Hawk war, we miners used iron drills and gads with steel points, but in that year some Cornish miners came to Gratiot's Grove and introduced the inestimable poll-pick and cast-steel gad, but used iron drills with steel points. In the succeeding winter, James Gilmore, myself and others, were mining at Snake Hollow (Potosi). Our blacksmith, whose anvil was on a stump of a tree with no covering but the sky and clouds, was absent on a spree. Mr. Gilmore and myself wanted new steel on our drills. He said he could sharpen and temper tools, but could not weld cast-steel. He pro- posed we should get a bar of cast-steel and cut it in two, for each of us a drill, and he could sharpen and temper the ends. We got a square bar, as octagon bars were then unknown, beat down the corners, and had each of us an excellent drill, which I have every reason to believe were the first cast- steel drills ever used. They soon came into general use in the lead mines, and, a few years afterward, ^ere in use wherever drills were needed. Whether this universal use of them was the result of Mr. Gilmore's invention I cannot say, but I know that up to that time the Cornish miners were unacquainted with cast-steel drills." Numerous villages had now dotted the face of Grant County. Platteville, Hazel Green, Paris — soon to wither and die under the blight of a brooding presence — Fair Play, Potosi, Bee- town, Lancaster — -just honored by being selected as the county seat — Cassville, Wingville and Muscoda, each had obtained a foothold on Mother Earth, and were boldly struggling for exist- ence. The towns Hazel Green, Potosi, Beetown and Fair Play, had included in their limits some of the most productive mines in the lead region. The lead mines were also so prolific in the production of zinc that Prof. Owen, in his report to the War Department, made in 1842, stated it as his opinion that the supply in the mines was sufficient to furnish all that was needed of this mineral in the United States, and to furnish a surplus for export. The flood- tide of the mining interests was the decade from 1839 to 1849.; the estimated annual production during that time being 40,000,000 pounds, employing 3,000 men. In the years 1844-45, a second wave of immigration swept in upon the county. Both residents and outsiders had begun to awake to the fact that Grant County afforded unequaled fasilities for the agriculturist as well as the miner. The Herald, speaking in 1843 on this sub- ject, said: "Few are aware of the extent of arable land within the mining district, particularly that portion lying within the confines of Wisconsin. Abroad, this region is looked upon as adapted to mining only ; and the fact that it is positively unsurpassed in agricultural suscepti- bility by any State or any portion of any State in the Union, would be news to at least three- fourths of our own Territory." In 1845, the country between Lancaster and Fennimore received an addition of fifty families, who settled there during the spring of that year, and thirty- three emigrants arrived at Lancaster direct from Scotland. These were mostly mill operatives, and located at what was afterward known as the " Welsh Settlement." The settlement took its name from the leading spirit of the enterprise. Nor were other portions of the county allowed H 1 1 .3 C O D A . HISTOKY OF GEANT COUNTY. 489 to suffer; immigrants came streaming in from every quarter, though even this large emigra- tion was soon swallowed up by the vastness of the county, and, like Oliver Twist of romantic memory, the cry of those most alive to the interests of the county was still for " more." It was ill 1842 that the town of Sinipee, which had been started on the Mississippi, a few miles above Dunlieth, was abandoned, owing to the unhealthfulness of its location, and the houses moved during the winter, upon sleds, here, there and everywhere, while the spot that once knew it now was to remain forever desolate. But the demolition of this weaker brother only added the more to the strength of fts near neighbors, again illustrating the ancient doctrine that " To him that hath shall be given." The estimation of the different pursuits of the inhabitants of Grant County in the year 1844, showed : Farmers, 600 ; miners, 600 ; mechanics, 150 ; smelters, 100 ; mer- chants, 60; millers, 32; tavern-keepers, 16; grocers, 15; lawyers, 17 ; physicians, 16. There were at that time in the county, 21 common schools, 9 churches, 30 stores, 16 public houses, 20 furnaces, 12 saw-mills, 4 grist-mills, 12 groceries, and 1 academy. THE FIRST THRESHING MACHINE. In this year, Mr. Vedder built for Mr. Thomas Shanley, upon his place near Lancaster, a stationary threshing machine — so far as can be learned, the first machine of this kind in use in the county. The old-fashioned mode of laying the grain in a large circle on the barn floor, and then tramping it out with horses or cattle, had, previous to this time, been the only method, together with that ancient instrument, the flail, for releasing the kernel from its protecting husk. The first reaper in the county was used on the farm of Mr. William Wright, in 1845. It was a strange and unknown instrument, even to those who were operating it ; the man charged with the duty of "raking off," working like a Trojan to keep the machine entirely clear from grain, for fear "the d — d thing would get clogged." This fear, it may be inferred, was entirely done away with by a closer acquaintance. In February, 1846, the last " Indian war " known to Grant County broke out at Muscoda, It was but a flickering flame and was extinguished almost as soon as ignited. Many of the Winnebagoes had continued to roam about the country instead of going upon their reservation. Some of the band at the above date were lingering in the neighbourhood of Muscoda. A quarrel was commenced between the whites in that vicinity and the savages, when one of the Indians fired, wounding one of the whites. This was a signal for donning the war-paint on both sides, ending in a tally of three dead Indians for the whites. The knowledge of the affray spread like wild-fire, and volunteers assembled from over the northern portion of the county to drive the savages beyond its precincts. The latter were amply satisfied to be allowed to with- draw in peace, and the war-cloud disappeared in thin vapor. For a few years everything appeared favorable to a rapid and extended increase in the wealth and population of the county. Judge Colter, years later, referred to this early period as a time when " there was more honesty than now. People were not required to lock their doors ; when they met at each other's cabins for social recreation, or to attend to business, they never met to quarrel ; but the whisky was better than now." THE CALIFORNIA GOLD FEVER. In 1849, the discovery of gold in California made the first break in the chain of fortuitous circumstances which was fast advancing the county to the front rank ; and for the succeeding three years this section had to wrestle with the alluring attractions of the distant gold-fields, as well as the demon cholera which made its appearancein 1850. This dread scourge broke out sud- denly in Beetown, in September, 1850, and in forty-eight hours ten or twelve deaths had occurred. In less than a week's time twenty corpses attested the measure of the affliction. The in- habitants fled in every direction. Forty-one deaths occurred in two weeks. The towns of Fenni- more and Wingville also suffered heavily, the latter town being evacuated by the inhabitants. A tew cases had been noticed in the southern portion of the county, but it seemed not to rage with such virulence as in the other portions. 490 HISTOET OF GRANT COUNTY. Speaking of the settlements in the county, the Herald, of cotemporaneous date, notices that " in the region west of Patch Grove, known as ' the timber,' no improvements worth the name were made previous to 1850 ; and in that year only thirty bushels of wheat were raised." This section, however took on a new life in after years. The problem that now arose before the minds of the people was the depopulation of the country by the California gold fever. The god, mammon, seemed to have laid his beguiling fingers on the bravest and best, and the good results which were just making their appearance as the consequence of the fostering care of years were blighted almost at a breath by this terrible excitement. < It was estimated that at least two-thirds of the miners had left for the gold-fields, while of other classes the proportion was frightful to contemplate. The Herald of April 17, 1851 ex- pressed the opinion that the craze had run its course, but in the issue of the same paper of February 5, 1852, it says editorially : " By May next, Grant County will have disgorged more than a fourth of her adult population, and California, like the whale that swallowed Jonah, will have swallowed this entire animal export ; we have lost none to migration to other parts ; all have gone to golden California. They were the bone and sinew of the country, and we parted with them as reluctantly as did King Pharaoh with the Children of Israel. In 1848 and 1849, the California fever commenced, and the end is in the misty future ; we dare not venture an opinion as to when the disease will abate. Grant County -has invested $1,000,000 in the gold mines." Again : " It is difiicult to fix the amount of depreciation in the value of real property as the result of this migration. To say that land has fallen one hundred per cent may be true or false ; that depends upon circumstances. We set down the average depreciation at one hun- dred per cent. In many cases two hundred per cent would be a closer estimate. Village property has slid lower than farm property." And a careful scrutiny of the events then tran- spiring and their efiects show this to be no fancy sketch, but almost literally true. The rush in the spring of 1852 was so great that Chapman's ferry at Potosi was unable to accommodate the crowds that came, and the impatient emigrants had to wait four and five days before they could cross ; yet other ferries were equally blocked. In the exodus of this year were fifty persons with trains from Lancaster, a moderate number from Fennimore and Patch Grove, a few from Harri- son, and a large throng from Jamestown ; while Beetown, sorely afQicted with every plague, sufiered more than any other place. This enormous rush is certainly in a great measure ac- counted for by the fact that the population of the county was at the time largely composed of miners, who were at first attracted by a prospect of " striking it rich ; " but even this does not account for this extraordinary depletion in population which the county experienced in these' ever-to-be-remembered years. The greed for gold seemed to have seized every one old enough to endure the privations and weariness of the six months' journey, and not until the disappointed victims began to return with their tale of wretched hopes and terrible sufferings did the fever abate its devastating work. The following are the rules and regulations adopted for the guidance of one of the many trains and will serve as an illustration of the times : BY-LAWS AND KESOLUTIONS OF THE OASSVILLE AND BEETOWN EMIGKATING COMPANY TO CALIFOKNIA. Adopted at Council Bluffs May 10, 1852. Section 1. This Company shall be called the Cassville and Beetown Emigrating Company. Sec. 2. The general organization shall be composed of divisions of not less than ten nor more than fifteen teams ; each division choosing its own officers, which shall consist of a Captain, a Committee of Two, and a Secretary, which said Committee shall only act in concert with the Captain when so required by a majority of the Company; and the said ofBcers to be elected every Saturday night, at the call of the then existing Secretary, a majority of votes electing. It shall be the duty of each Captain to take a general supervision of his own company, and to act in concert with each other in inspecting the outfits before starting, and in selecting the most practicable routes, cross- ings of streams and camp grounds, and to give the orders for starting and stopping. Sec. 3. It shall be the duty of each Secretary to keep a record of all the names of the individuals in his com- pany, also a list of every able-bodied male member liable to stand on guard, and to call the guard to duty each mgnt according to their turn on the roll. Sec. 4. Every male member of the company, over sixteen years of age, shall be liable to perform duty on guard, at night, when not disqualified by sickness. , , Retolved, lat. That we will not receive into our organieation any company or person without a suitable outni for the journey. HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. 491 Retolved, $d. That we will observe the Christian Sabbath, and attend religious seryice whenever practicable. Resolved, Sd. That we will avoid open immorality of all kind, such as profane swearing, gambling and the use of intoxicating drinks as a beverage. Resohed, 4tlt- That we will render mutual assistance to each member of the organization, in case of sickness or other misfortune ; and that we will respect the feelings and property of alJ, and on all occasions avoid giving oifense by word or deed, and in any way acting contrary to the spirit and meaning of the foregoing by-laws and resolutions, for the faithful performance of all which we pledge our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor. Signed by Thirty-six Names. Three years later, in 1855, the population of the county, according to the State census, was 23,170, against 16,169 for 1850, showing not only that the tide of outflowing gold-seekers had been stopped and even returned upon itself, but had been counteracted by a much larger wave of immigration flowing into the county which now advanced with steady strides for the next five years. Then came the war of the great rebellion which again depleted old Grant of its brawny sons, who responded so nobly to the call for living breastworks to oppose the slimy wave of secession. Of this great and patriotic outpouring, extended mention is made in its proper place. With the return of peace. Grant County once more resumed its onward march. Manufactories began to spring up in different parts of the county, while agriculture, which at first, as we have seen, was hardly noticed or thought of, had now become the principal occupa- tion of the inhabitants. The census reports of 1870 showed that about one-half of the land of the county was under cultivation. Of the remaining half, the greater portion was woodland ; leaving but about one-fifth of the land of the county unimproved ; which, when the bad and broken lands among the bluffs are taken into consideration, is an extremely creditable showing. The number of farms in the county at that time was 4,-301, of which the great majority, three- fourths in fact, were from twenty to one hundred acres in extent. The value of these farms was $11,662,855, their products amounting to $2,629,805. The capital invested in manufact- uring at the same date was $627,130, with an annual production of $1,122,000. The principal industries, stating them as they came on the relative scale of value were : Flouring-mills, with an annual production of $261,845; lumber, $117,150; woolen goods, $65,568, and carriages and wagons, $64,670. The productions of the lead mines within the county was at the same time $196,957. Thus Grant County took rank not only as an agricultural and mining county, but as one whose manufacturing interests would make a respectable and goodly showing alongside those of any other county of the State. This rank it has since maintained. It will be found that the census returns when published for 1880, will show about the same amount of production in the manufacturing industries, although in some branches there may be a slight falling off, especially in the matter of carriages and wagons, which industry has in a great measure been driven from the county by the competition from the eastern part of Wisconsin and other States. The flouring interests have also suffered somewhat, but that which is lost in one branch will be offset in a measure in the increased production in another. Possessed of a fine country, water-power in abundance, with Its mines still unexhausted, Grant County may well view with a hopeful countenance the great future which stretches away before it. All it needs to develop the latent wealth, is better transpor- tation facilities, and these are already promised with a goodly prospect of the promises being fulfilled with proper transportation by means of which goods manufactured in the county can be brought into direct competition with the productions of other sections, the advancement in manufactured pro- ductions will be steady and unbroken. The vista is constantly brightening. Although lovingly referred to by its children as " old Grant," the county is yet young in possibilities, and the evelopment of its latent riches with its three sources of wealth, agriculture, manufacturing and 1(9 mmes from which to draw, the county has yet to enter iupon its most felicitous period of existence. j j c MINING TROUBLES. "1 f™°' , '^'^^y upon the earliest discovery of mineral in that section afterward known as the J, °. ""egion," the Government withheld these lands from sale, and established a system of fental, stationing a Government agent in the different mining districts to collect the same, one- 492 HISTOKY OF GRANT COUNTY. tenth of the product of the mines being the general rule of tribute. This tax was not very well received by the miners, even at the establishment of the new regulations, and as the region became more thickly occupied by delvers after the hidden treasure, many miners refused to pay '• tribute to Caesar." This course became gradually more and more popular, owing, first, to self-interest, and second, to a growing suspicion that the Government agents were given to lin- ing their own pockets, rather than transferring to Uncle Sam the rents received. Among the later agents was one of the Floyds, a name afterward rendered odious by secession proclivities, and one Flanagen. The general rule was for these gentlemen to remain as long as it was deemed healthy to do so and then decamp, leaving the Government to appoint a new agent who was sure to follow in the footsteps of his predecessors. At the period mentioned, agents wielded an additional authority in having the power to grant new trials where contests in regard to claims had been tried before the usual board of arbitrators. These arbitrators were six in num- ber, and their verdict was decisive unless the Government agent saw fit to grant a new trial in the premises. Having discovered at last that it was playing a losing game, the Government determined, in 1846. to throw the lands upon the market for sale to the highest bidder. This decision created a whirlwind of opposition from every miner's camp in "the diggings." The danger of having their claims bought up by some speculator, who could at his will, run the price up to a figure where the unfortunate occupant could not touch it, was more appalling than the former Govern- mental policy. Indignation meetings were held in all the camps, and resolutions adopted pro- testing against this action on the part of the Government, and calling for the appointment of committees who should proceed to adjust all disputed claims, and then provide for the appoint- ment of a bidder whose duty it should be to attend the land sales and bid ofi" the difiierent lands, after which he was to re-convey them to the original owners. A claim was about two hundred yards square, but as the mineral was sometimes found running east and west, sometimes angling from that line, the different claims assumed an oddly jumbled appearance when viewed upon the surface and upon maps. As an example of the text and tone of the resolutions passed at these miners' meetings, below is given the preamble and resolutions adopted at a meeting held at British Hollow, December 19, 1846 : Whereas, The President of the United States has ordered the sale of the reserved mineral lands in this land district, which sale takes, place on the 24th of May next, to the highest bidder without respect to claims or to settlers, leaving it for speculators to bid off our claims and property which have cost us the labor of years. Therefore, Bosolved, 1st. That we are willing to pay the price fixed by the Government, $2.50 per acre, for our homes and claims, and will repel by force any attempt to make us pay more. Resohed, 2d. That we will all be at Mineral Point on the first day of the land sales, and there remain until all the reserved lands on the west side of the Big Platte have been offered for sale. Resolved, 3d. That there will be a committee of five appointed by this meeting, three of whom shall form s quorum, whose duty it shall be in all cases where there are conflicting claims, to hear the evidence in the case and decide according to justice and equity, and their decision shall be final. Resolved, 4th. That the jurisdiction of this committee shall extend over Town 3 north, of Range 3 west, and the whole of Section 12 in Town 2 north, and Range 3 west. Said committee shall give a certificate of decision to the rightful owner, with the appropriate value afiixed thereto. Resolved, 5th. That the owners of claims on each section shall appoint one or more of their number, who shall receive the certificate of each forty -acre lot as it is bid off at the land sale, and who shall give bond in double the appraised value of said claims to redeed it to the rightful owners. Resolved, 6th. That the claimants shall employ the County Surveyor to survey their claims and give a certificate to the owners thereof, specifying the number of acres in the claim surveyed, and also a plat of the whole survey, for the settlers on the reserved lands. Resolved, 7th. That no committeeman shall sit to investigate the right of any claim in which he is interested. Resolved, 8th. That a committee of five be appointed by this meeting, who are claimants of recerved lands, whose duty it shall be to correspond with all meetings held in this and Iowa Counties, for the purpose of carrymg into effect the objects of this meeting, offering them our and soliciting their co-operation. This feeling of injustice was shared by all classes. The Wisconsin (now G-rant Gounty) Herald, commenting on the action of the Government, and the meetings of the miners for pro- tection, says: "The only fault we have to find with the bill providing for the sale of these lands is, that the claimants are not allowed to enter them at $1.25 per acre. The law makes the minimum HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. 493 price $2.50. By reference to our first page it will be seen that the claimants in the west part of the county, have formed an association for mutual protection against the rapacity of specu- lators. This is the only plan by which their best rights can be secured. In union there is strength. Fill up the ranks, present yourselves in solid, serried phalanx at the la,nd ofiSce on the day of sale. Submit all disputes unconditionally to the arbitrament of your committee, heal all dissensions, sacrifice even what you deem your individual rights if need be, and substantial jus- tice will be done to all. * * * * Congress walks into us to the extent of ten bits per acre; that is we have to pay just twice as much for land as others who buy of the public domain. There let the robbery of Government forever cease. Early in the succeeding year, the following memorial was presented to Congress by the Territorial Legislature. To THE Senate and Hodsb of Representatives or the United States in Conqkess Assembled : The memorial of the Council and House of Representatives of the Legislatiye Assembly of Wisconsin respect- fully represents, That by the late proclamation issued by the President of the United States for the sale of lands in the Mineral Point Land District, in the Territery of Wisconsin, to be held at Mineral Point, on the 24th day of May next, a large number of tracts of land are proclaimed for sale, which were entered at the Mineral Point Land Office several years ago, some of them as early as 1832, in accordance with the laws of the United States regulating the sale of the public lands. Some of the said lands were entered by pre-emption, and some were purchased at public sale, at prices ranging from $1.25 to $1.60 per acre. The principal value of these lands at present has been given to them, in many cases, by the labor and improvements of the pioneer settlers of the country, who came to the country at an early day and were exposed to all the hardships and privations peculiar to the settlement of a new and wild country. Those privations and hardships can be appreciated by those, and those only, who are acquainted with the nature and character of savage and uncivilized Indian tribes, with which Wisconsin, in the days of the early settlement of this portion of the country, was filled. These settlers have by their own hands subdued the forest, cultivated the prairies, opened the mines, constructed the roads, etc., and have thus done much and everything toward develop- ing the rich resources of the country, and paving the way for the unparalleled growth and settlement of the richest portion of the hitherto public domain of the United States. In other instances these same lands have been sold and transferred by the original settlers to other persons who have purchased in good faith, and paid large considerations for improvements thereon, and from time to time have made further and other valuable improvements, equal, in many instances, to five times at least the original value of the land. These lands so entered and transferred from individual to individual, in some cases many times, and by deeds of warranty, are now offered for sale a second time under proclamation. As the most injurious and disas- trous consequences would result to a large and respectable portion of the citizens of Wisconsin, if the lands entered and paid for should again be disposed of at public sale, the Legislative Assembly of the Territory of Wisconsin deem it an act of duty to the people residing in said district to address your honorable body in their behalf. After referring to the welfare of one portion of the Territory upon the prosperity of the whole, the importance of the tenure of leases and the suggestion that the proper place to sub- mit fraudulent entries was the organized tribunals of justice, while to expose the lands for sale would be to strip many settlers of homes, the memorists closed by stating, " In view of these facts, and urged by the most important considerations of public policy and public and private justice, and as the only effectual means of protecting and securing the rights of innocent parties, the Legislative Assembly of the Territory of Wisconsin respectfully and most earnestly petition your honorable body to provide by law for withholding from sale all lands in the Mineral Point District heretofore sold, and for the issuing of patents for all lands purchased at said land oflSce, saving such entries as have been, or may hereafter be declared fraudulent entries by the proper tribunals." Despite memorials, resolutions and entreaties, the Government continued with its prepara- tions for the sale of the mineral lands. The miners, in their turn, as the time drew near for the sales, assembled in large numbers at Mineral Point. Previous to the day set for commenc- ing the sale, a public meeting was held, Maj. J. H. Roundtree, of Platteville, officiating as Uairman, at which it was determined that the bidders from each place should bid off the land in their vicinity, and that none others should be allowed to bid. An "inspection committee" was appointed, whose duty it was to see that no officious meddlers interrupted the harmony of we sale. It is needless, perhaps, to add that none of that class made themselves manifest, and we lands were bid oflF as proposed ; the bidder taking the land in the name of the owner, when only one party laid claim to the portion up for sale, and where several claims were located on a 494 HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. piece it was taken in the name of the bidder, and then by him conveyed to the occupants forth- with. Thus the long-disputed land question was settled once and for all. FIRST THINGS. The first farming in the county was done by Col. Joseph Dixon, who, in the early fall of 1827, began to prepare a farm a short distance from Platteville. The succeeding spring he plowed twenty acres and planted it to corn, of which he raised a generous crop that year. The first marriage in the present county was performed in September, 1828, at Esquire Holmans, the contracting parties being James R. Vineyard and Miss Mary Jones. The first white child born in the county was Dorothv J. Bushnell, born at Muscalnnge in 1828. The first saw-mill was erected in 1829, by Mr. Edgerton Hough, at Gibraltar. The first schoolhouse was built in Platteville in 1834, and school opened the samr year, Mr. Hundington, master. First church in the county was erected at Platteville in 1837 by the Methodist denomination First post office established at Platteville in 1829. The first court was held at Cassville, Judge Dunn presiding in June, 1837. First town election was held in spring of 1833 at Platteville. First election of county officers was held in the spring of 1837. The first railroad was Prairie du Ohien Division of Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul, opened in Grant County in 1856. HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. 495 CHAPTER IV. Eaely Government— GrEANT County Formed— The County Seat — Attempts to Divide the County— County Officers— Territorial and State Representation— Territorial Les- isLATUEE— State Organization— Representatives in Constitutional Convention— Town Organization- Legal Jurisdiction— County Buildings— Early Justice— Capital Crimes —Jim Crow Murder— Russell Murder — Latimer Murder — Db Lasseaux Murder — Jordan McTEDER- Harney Murder— Haggerty Murder— Kiilling of Milas K. Young. EABLY GOVKENMBNT. The first civilized claimants to the territory now included within the boundaries of Wiscon- sin were the French. The whole of the Northwest was claimed by France from 1671 to 1763, when it was surrendered to the English. By the " Quebec Act " of 1774, all of this region was placed under the local administration of Canada. It was, however j practically put under a des- potic military rule, and so continued until possession passed to the United States. Before the lastmentioned event, and during and after the Revolution, the conflicting claims of Virginia, New York, Massachusetts and Connecticut to portions of the country were relinquished to the General Government. All these claims were based upon supposed chartered rights, Virginia adding to hers the right of conquest, as she contended, of the " Illinois country '' during the Revolution. As early as October, 1778, Virginia declared, by an act of her General Assembly, that all the citizens of that commonwealth who were then settled, or should thereafter settle, on the western side of the Ohio, should be included in a distinct county, which should be called Illinois. No Virginians were then settled as far north as the southern boundary line of what is now Wisconsin, and, as none thereafter located so far north before Virginia relinquished to the United States all her rights to territory on the western and northern side of the Ohio, it fol- lows that no part of the territory which afterward became Wisconsin was ever included in Illi- nois County as a part of Virginia, nor did the last-mentioned State ever exercise any jurisdic- tion over the territory of this State, or make any claim to any part of it by right of conquest. Wisconsin was never a part of Virginia. Notwithstanding the passage of the Ordinance of 1787, establishing a government over the territory northwest of the Ohio River, which territory was acquired by the treaty of 1783, from Great Britain, possession only was obtained, by the United States, of the southern portion, the northern part being held by the British Government until 1796. Arthur St. Clair, in Febru- ary, 1790, exercising the functions of Governor, and having previously organized a government for the country under the ordinance above mentioned, established, in what is now the State of Illinois a county, which was named St. Clair. But, as this county only extended north "to the mouth of the Little Mackinaw Creek, on the Illinois," it did not include, of course, any part of the present State of Wisconsin, although being the nearest approach thereto of any or- ganized county up to that date. In 1796, Wayne County was organized, which was made to include, besides much other territory, all of what is now Wisconsin watered by streams flowing into Lake Michigan, the ter- ritory of the present Grant County, as it will be seen, being not included in the new county, trom 1800 to 1809, the present limits of Grant County were included in the Territory of In- diana, and, in the last-mentioned year, passed into the Territory of Illinois. It is probable that Indiana Territory exercised jurisdiction over what is now Wisconsin, at least to the extent of appointing two Justices of the Peace — one for Green Bay and one for Prairie du Chien. In 1e year 1809, the Illinois Territorial Government commissioned three Justices of the Peace and two militia ofiScers at Prairie du Chien, the county of St. Clair having previously been ex- 496 HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. tended so as to include that point, and, consequently, the present county of Grant. In course of time, other counties had jurisdiction, until, in 1818, what is now Wisconsin became a por- tion of Michigan Territory. By a proclamation of Lewis Cass, Governor of Michigan Territory, of October 26, 1818, Brown and Crawford Counties were organized. The county of Brown originally comprised all of the present State of Wisconsin, east of a line passing north and south through the middle of the portage between the Fox and Wisconsin Rivers, except a small portion of the Door County Peninsula, which was included in the county of Michilimackinac. The limits of Brown County extended north into the territory of the present State of Michigan so far that its north line ran due west from Noquet Bay. An east and west line, passing near the northern limits of the present county of Barron, separated the county of Crawford from the county of Michilimack- inac on the north ; on the east, it was bounded by the county of Brown ; on the south, by the State of Illinois ; and on the west, by the Mississippi River. Thus, as it will be seen, the present territory of Grant County was included in the limits of Crawford County. By an act of the Legislative Council of the Territory of Michigan, ap- proved October 29, 1829, to take effect the 1st of January following, the county of Iowa was established, embracing all territory south of the Wisconsin, west of Brown County, east of the Mississippi, and north of Illinois, or what is now included in the counties of Grant, Iowa, La- Fayette, the greater part of Green, nearly half of Dane, and a portion of Columbia. By an act of Congress passed in 1836, and approved April 20 of that year, the Territory of Wisconsin was organized, including in its limits, beside the present State, the territory now included in the States of Iowa and Minnesota, and about half the present Territory of Dakota. June 12, 1838, all that portion of Wisconsin Territory lying west of the Mississippi River was organized into a Territory called Iowa. GRANT COUNTY FORMED. Previous to this, and at the first meeting of the Territorial Legislature at Belmont, in the present county of La Fayette, in 1836, in an act entitled "An act to divide Iowa County " it was enacted, " That all that part of the county of Iowa lying west of the fourth principal meridian be and the same is hereby constituted a separate county, to be called Grant." Section 4 of the same act provided : That, " from and after the 4th day of March next, the said county of Grant shall, to all intents and purposes, be and remain an organized county, and be invested with full power and authority to transact all county business which any regu- larly organized county may of right do." Section 5 stipulated that " Henry W. Hodges, James Gilmore, E. E. Brock, Orris Mc- Cartney and Frank C. Kirkpatrick are hereby appointed commissioners to fix the seat of justice of said county of Grant, and they are hereby required to perform the said duty on or before the 1st day of February next ensuing, at such place within said county of Grant as to them may seem best calculated to promote the public interest, being first sworn to the faithful discharge of their trust ; and so soon as they shall have come to a determination, the same shall be reduced to writing and signed by the Commissioners, and filed with the Clerk of the present county of Iowa, whose duty it shall be to record the same and deliver over the same to the Clerk of Grant County, whenever he shall be appointed, whose duty it shall be to record the same and forever keep it on file in his oflBce ; and the place thus designated shall be considered the seat of justice of said county ; provided, that in the event of said Commissioners being prevented, from any cause what- soever, from performing the duty required of them, or if a majority of said Commissioners should not be able to agree upon any place for the establishment of the said seat of justice, then the seat of justice is temporarily established at Cassville, in said county of Grant." " Section 6, That there shall be two terms of the District Court held annually at the seat of justice for said county of Grant by one of the Judges of the Supreme Court, to wit: One upon the first Monday in June, and the other upon the fourth Monday of October; and the said District Court for said county of Grant shall have and enjoy all the powers, rights anfl HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. 497 [ties which courts in the other counties of this Territory have and enjoy, and shall be subject all the restrictions imposed upon said courts by the act entitled' An Act for establishing judi- 1,1 districts and for other purposes,' passed at the present session of this Legislative Assembly, ,d that the courts hereby authorized to be held in the county of Grant shall be held at the wn of Cassville, in the county of Grant, until the necessary public buildings are erected at the at of justice of said county." THE COUNTY SEAT. In accordance with the provisions of the above section, the Commissioners proceeded with eir work of choosing a county seat for the new county. Lancaster at this time boasted of but le occupant, Aaron Boice, who resided near the "big spring," and had entered eighty acres of ad, a portion covering the present court house square. This, together with a second eighty, itered by Maj. Price, formed the site of the present county seat. Cassville, then an ambitious irg, was an aspirant for both territorial and county distinctions ; but its location on the ex- eme western side of the county operated against its claims in the race for the lesser honors, mcaster was nearly the geographical center of the county, a point a few miles northeast was pposed to be the exact center, speaking in the manner of geographical exactness, and for a LB the scales wavered; but Maj. Glendower M. Price, who had purchased the land formerly fned by Aaron Boice, offered as extra inducements toward the location of the seat of justice in ancaater to pay to the county the sum of $1,000, and donate beside certain lots of land ithin the village, providing Lancaster's claims were allowed. This offer was accepted by the ommissioners, and the embryo village became the county seat. To the antiquarian the fol- wing deed setting forth a portion of the terms of the contract will be of interest, as an histor- al souvenir : M. Pkioe and Wife"! rPKRViaoES OF Prant I "'"'^'^ deed, made this the fifteenth day of May, eighteen hundred and thirty-seven, wit- ■ ^ nesseth : That Glendower Morgan Price and Harriet, his wife, of the county of Grant and irritory of Wisconsin, in consideration of the sura of one hundred dollars, to them in hand paid by the Supervisors the county of Grant and Territory of Wisconsin, the receipt of which is hereby acknowledged, do by these csenla grant, bargain and sell, convey and confirm to the said Supervisors and their successors in oflSce, the foUow- g described property in the town of Lancaster, to wit : All of Block No. 10 : Lots No. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8, Block No. 22; LotsNo. 1, 2, 3, 4. 5, 6, 7 and 8, inBlockNo. 25; Lots No. 3, 4,5, 6, 7 and 8, in Block No. 26; Lots ). 1 and 2, in Block No. 27 ; Lot No. 2, in Block No. 21 : Lots No. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 10, in Block No. 24 ; Lots No. 3, 6, 8, in Block 23 ; Lots 3, 4, 5, 9 and 10, in Block No. 9; Lots No. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, in Block No. 8 ; Lots No. 1, 2, 3, and 5, in Block No. 7 ; Lots No. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, in Block No. 6 ; Lots No. 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10, in Block No. 5 ; Lot J. 3, in Block No. 4 ; Lot No. 3, in Block No. 13 ; Lot 5, in Block No. 20 ; Lot No. 3, in Block No. 28. To have and hold the same with the privileges and appurtenances thereunto belonging, to the said Supervisors and their suc- ssors in office forever ; thesaid Glendower M. Price and Harriet his wife, the aforesaid premises unto the said Super- sors and their successors in office hereby covenanting that they and their heirs, executors and administrators will irrant and defend the title to the said premises to the said Supervisors and their successors in office forever, against 1 persons whatsoever. In witness whereof, the said G. M. Price and Harriet, his wife, have hereunto set their mds and seals the day and year first above written. Signed, sealed and delivered in the presence of G. M. Price. John G. Fletcher. Harriet Price. Benj. F. Forbes. In the spring of 1837, the first election of officers for the new county was held, resulting in le choice of the following elective officers : Treasurer, Orris McCartney, Cassville ; Register : Deeds, Nelson Dewey, Cassville ; Board of Supervisors, Henry Wood, J. J. Basye, Daniel ■icharda. The County Clerk fthe title of this officer, until 1849, was Clerk of County Com- iissioners, and from that date until 1872 Clerk of the Board of Supervisors), appointed by the ounty Commissioners, was J. Allen Barber, of Lancaster. First Clerk of the Circuit Court, [>pointed by Judge Dunn, John S. Fletcher. The first District Attorney was T. S. Wilson, ? "q '*^. ^^ J"<^ge Dunn to act in that capacity at the first term of court held in Grant County. he Sheriff, County Judge and Justices of the Peace were appointed by the Executive of the emtory until 1844. At this election, about three hundred votes were cast, the population being in the neigh- Mhood of 1,600. ' F F & 6 498 HISTOEY OF GBANT COUNTY. The first meeting of the newly elected Board of Supervisors, or, as they were then called, County Commissioners, was held at Cassville, April 29, 1837. The next meeting was held at Lancaster, May 2. At this meeting, the contract for building the new Court House was awarded to G. M. Price and Daniel Banfield. At a meeting held a year later, or April 2, 1838, it was determined to erect a jail for the safe keeping of criminals, and the contract was awarded to Harvey Pepper, for $400. The newly-formed county government was not without its troubles, as the following acts passed by the Territorial Legislature, at its second session in the latter part of 1837, will show. The first, entitled " An act to legalize the acts of the Supervisors of Grant County," provides : WHEEE4S, the Supervisors of Grant County did, in the spring of the year one thousand eight hundred and thirty-seven, proceed to sell certain town lots donated for the use and benefit of said county, and likewise to contract for the building of a court house ; and whereas, doubts exist as to the legality of the sales and contract for building, therefore, Section 1. JBe it enacted. That all bonds for the titles that have been given to guarantee the sales and titles shall be and are hereby declared to be valid in law. Seo. 2. All contracts that have been entered into by the Supervisors for building of the court house shall be of binding and legal effect upon the county of Grant, in their corporate capacity, any law to the contrary notwith- standing. Under a general law passed by the Legislature in 1839, a County Agent was appointed to take charge of the lands belonging to the county, to sell and convey the same, and transact all business connected therewith. Nelson Dewey was appointed as the agent of Grant County, and continued to act in that capacity until the formation of the State Government. The second act is entitled " An act to legalize the proceedings of the Justices of Peace in Grant County and release them from penal liability in certain cases," and reads as follows: Whereas, Certain Justices of the Peace in the county of Grant, not having access to the revised code of laws of Michigan, of one thousand eight hundred and thirty-three, enforced in this Territory by the Act of Congress organizing the Territorial Government, and adopted by the Legislative Assembly at their last session ; and having the laws of eighteen hundred and twenty-seven in their possession, they supposed it to be their duty to give bonds to the United States, with a penalty of $200, when, in fact, the law required them to give bonds to the County Clerk, with a penalty of $2.50, whereby said Justices have incurred certain penalties ; for remedy thereof, Section 1. Be it enacted, That the several Justices of the Peace in Grant County be and they are hereby released from all fines, forfeitures and penalties, incurred by them for the failure to give bonds according to the provisions of the act entitled " An act to regulate and define the powers of Justices of the Peace and Constables in civil cases." Sec. 2. That all acts done and performed by them are hereby declared to be as legal, to all intents and purposes, as though they had given bonds in accordance with the provisions of the above recited act, any other law to the con- trary notwithstanding. The passage of these acts placed the county affairs upon a proper legal basis, and the local government proceeded without further hitch. ATTEMPTS TO DIVIDE THE COUNTY. Several times since its organization, Grant has been agitated by an effort to divide the county. The earlier agitations looked to a division into two parts, and a later one into three parts. In 1860, the movement progressed so far as the signing of petitions and counter-petitions, but the matter went no further than the ballot-box, where those opposed to a division received a heavy majority. The war coming^on a few months later drove the subject out of the minds of the people, and the advent of railroads connecting the county seat with other portions of the county^ and facilitating communications between different points, removed one great argument in favor of a re-organization of county lines. A slight ripple on the placid surface of events, a few years ago, showed that the ancient topic had not been forgotten, but the " indications " were not of a nature to give rise to any anxiety on the part of those who preferrred " old Grant as it was, and the movement will hereafter be remembered simply as one of the exciting questions of "auld lang syne." COUNTY OFFICERS. Below is given a complete roster of the occupants of the various county offices from the organization of the county until the present time : HISTOEY or GRANT COUNTY. 499 Sheriff .—ISBe-SI , James H. D. Street ; 1837-38, Robert H. Reed, Potosi (resigned in 838, and Harvey Pepper appointed to fill unexpired term) ; 1839-41, Harvey Pepper, Lancas- 3r; 1842, Robert B. Reed, Lancaster; 1843-44, Enos S. Baker, Platteville; 1844-46, N. f . Kendall, Platteville ; 1847-50, Matthew Wood, Potosi ; 1851-52, George R. Stuntz, Lan- aster; 1853-54, William McGonigal, Wingville ; 1855-56, Lorenzo Preston, Hazel Green; 857-58, Dexter Ward, Lancaster; 1859-60, William H. Foster, Lancaster; 1861-62, J. B. loore, Musooda; 1863-64, N. Goodenough, Glen Haven; 1865-66, W. H. Clise, Potosi ; 867-68, J. P. Cox, Lancaster; 1869-70, W. H. Clise, Potosi; 1871-72, W. B. Sloat, Lan- aster; 187d-74, Terrence Carrier, Boscobel ; 1875-76, J. B. McCoy, Platteville; 1877-78, lat H. Birchard, Fennimore ; 1879-80, Streeter ; 1881, John Lane. Treasurer.— 18'il-d8, Orris McCartney, Cassville; 1839-41, Elisha T. Hay wood, Potosi ; 842-43, Edmund Havelson, Lancaster ; 1844-46, Robert Templeton, Potosi ; 1846, Samuel Tompkins, Lancaster; 1847, Cutler Salmon, Lancaster; 1848, James M. Otis, Lancaster; 849, J. H. Rountree, Platteville ; 1850-51, A. W. Worth, Lancaster ; 1852-54, William T. Snnor, Potosi ; 1855-56, J. L. Marsh, Platteville ; 1857-58, Simon E. Lewis, Potosi ; 1859-62, ames Jones, Hazel Green ; 1863-66, Samuel Moore, Platteville ; 1867-70, V. F. Kinney, 'otosi; 1871-74, A. R. McCartney, Cassville; 1875-78, Alex Ivey, Potosi ; 1879-81, Lou '. Lester, Boscobel. Register of Deeds.— 1837 -B8, Nelson Dewey, Cassville ; 1839-41, John S. Fletcher, Lan- aster; 1842, A. R. T. Locey, Platteville; 1843-47, Hugh R. Colter, Lancaster; 1848-52, L W. Martin, Platteville ; 1853-54, George H. Cox, Lancaster ; 1855-56, William McGoni- ;al, Wingville; 1857-60, J. H. Evans, Platteville; 1861-64, E. T. Mears, Platteville; 865-68, Joseph Bock, Cassville ; 1869-76, James Woodhouse, Bloomington ; 1877-81, Perry )urley, Paris. County Olerk.* — 1837-39, J. Allen Barber, Lancastor ; 1839-41, Nelson Dewey, Lan- aster ; 1842, J. Allen Barber, Lancaster ; 1843-46, L. 0. Shrader, Lancaster ; 1847, Enos '. Wood, Paris ; 1848, Arunah A. Parker, Lancaster ; 1849-51, J. C. Squires, Platteville ; .852-60, Wood R. Beach, Beetown ; 1861-62, J. W. Angell, Potosi ; 1863-68, S. F. Clise, illlenboro ; 1868, P. H. Parsons,t Lancaster ; 1869-72, Atlizer Smelser ; 1873-80, Fletcher i. Kidd, Millville; 1881, C. W. Hill, Platteville. County Judge. — 1837-38, J. H. Rountree, Platteville ; 1839, Henry Wood, Lancaster ; 840-43, J. A. Barber, Lancaster ; 1844-49, Hugh R. Colter. Lancaster ; 1850-53, Cyrus L Lord, Potosi; 1854-56, S. 0. Paine, Platteville; 1858-81, William McGonigal, Lan- aster. Olerk Circuit Cowrt.— 1837-48, John S. Fletcher, Lancaster ; 1849-50, L. 0. Shrader, ' jancaater; 1851-52, Joel C. Squires, Lancaster; 1853-54, N. W. Kendall, Lancaster; ^855-60, J. G. Clark, Lancaster; 1861-68, J. W. Blanding, Muscoda; 1869-76, David Schreiner, Lancaster ; 1877-81, Herman Buchner, Lancaster. District Attorney.— 18WI, T. S.Wilson, afterward of Dubuque , 1838, Nelson Dewey, ^assville; 1839, F. J. Munger, Cassville; 1840-43, J. Allen Barber, Lancaster; 1844-45, ames M. Goodhue, Platteville; 1846-48, J. Allen Barber, Lancaster; 1849-50, William R. Jiddlecome, Potosi ; 1851-52, William Hull, Potosi ; 1853-54, J. Allen Barber, Lancaster ; ^855-56, Willis H. Chapman, Platteville ; 1857-58, Ed D. Lowry, Lancaster ; 1859-60, J. ^' M'lls. Lancaster; 1861-62, A. R. Bushnell, Platteville; 1863-64, J. T. Mills, Lancaster; ^865-68, G. 0. Hazelton, Boscobel ; 1869-72, George Clementson, Hazel Green ; 1873-76, xeorgeB. Garter, Platteville; 1877-80, W. H. Beebe, Platteville; 1881, R. C. Orr, Bloom- ngton. , Surveyor— \8ZQ—0vmn Lyon, Potosi ; 1840-41, Thomas Hugill, Platteville ; 1842-43, ^ames E. Freeman, Lancaster ; 1844-46, Henry A. Wiltse, Jamestown ; 1847-48, George R. itantz, Lancaster ; 1849-50, James E. Freeman, Lancaster ; 1851-52, John T. Everett, James- on; 1853-54, Joseph H. Hayden, Beetown; 1855-56, C. L. Overton, Platteville; 1857-58, t aIIJ^w??.™!.',','""'' °' County Commissioners " till 1849, and " Clerk of the Board of Supervisors " till 1872. T Appointed to fill vacancy occasioned by death of S. F. Clise. 500 HISTORY OF GEANT COUNTY. C. W. Hayden, Beetown ; 1859-60, J. W. Blanding, Muscoda ; 1861-64, H. A. W. McNair Fennimore; 1865-66, Joseph Allen, Clifton; 1867-68, Joel Barber, Lancaster; 1869-7o' Joseph Allen, Clifton; 1871-74, George McFall, Harrison; 1875-80, Joel Barber, Lancaster' 1881, J. C. Scott, Patch Grove. ' Superintendent of Schools. — 1862-63, David Parsons, Bloomington ; 1864-67, D. G Purman,' Hazel Green; 1868-69, J. P. Hubbard, Potosi; 1870-73, William H. Holfordj Bloomington ; 1874-76, G. M. Guernsey, Platteville ; 1877-80, Charles L. Harper, Hazel Green ; 1881 , C. L. Harper. Coroner. — 1840, Darius Bainbridge, Lancaster ; 1841, A. R. T. Locey, Platteville ; 1842 -43, James F. Chapman, Potosi; 1844-47, David Gillespie, Potosi; 1848, Andrew J. Green, Potosi; 1849-50, William McDaniel, Beetown ;' 1851-52, Llewellyn Brock, Potosi; 1853-54^ Leonard Coates, Platteville; 1855-56, Benjamin M. Coates, Muscoda; 1857-60, Stephen Ma- hood, Lancaster ; 1861-62, M. M. Wood, Lancaster ; 1863-64, A. M. Neaville, Potosi ; 1865- 66, Thomas Chesebro, Lancaster; 1867-72, Charles Dickey, Paris; 1873-74, J. T. Taylor, Montfort ; 1875-76, H. F. Young, Cassville ; 1877-78, Mandley Dean, Ellenboro ; 1879-81, Franklin Lyster, Jamestown. Board of County Supervisors. — 1837 — Daniel Richards,* Henry Wood, J. J. Basye. 1838— Daniel Richards, Henry Wood, F. F. Brock. 1839— Henry Wood, E. M. Orne, J. F. Brown. 1840— Allen Hill, B. M. Orne, J. F. Brown. 1841— F. F. Brock, E. M. Orne, Allen Hill. 1842 — James P. Cox, Warren Hannum, N. McLeod. 1843 — Orris McCartney, W. Davidson, N. H. Virgin. 1844 — Orris McCartney, W. Davidson, J. F. Chapman. 1845— N. H. Virgin, Henry L. Massey, 0. McCartney. 1846 — H. L. Massey, J. F. Kirkpatrick, James P. Cox. 1847 — H. L. Massey, George W. Patch, George Byerly. 1848 — James P. Cox, Horace Catlin, H. Webster. 1849 — Lewis Rood, Thomas Cruson, C. L. Lagrave. 1849 — C. B. Eastman, E. D. Bevans, J. N. Jones, Jared Warner, D. R. Burt, D. Wiker, J. B. Turley, A. Smith, William Brandon, C. J. Cummings, Orris McCartney, J. Switzer, N. McLeod, A. Dyer, William Kinney, J. F. Chapman — 16. f 1850 — J. A. Barber, J. H. Roundtree, J. B. Turley, William McGonigal, E. D. Bevans, J. Warner, W. R. Biddlecome, C. Dickey, L. Basford, William Brandon, W. W. Barstow, H. Van Vleck, J. Walker, J. Waldorf, J. H. Champlin, D. R. Burt— 16. 1851— J. Allen Barber, H. E. Rice, Isaac Williams, Charles Dickey, C. W. Wright, J. B. Turley, S. Barstow, Henry Patch, C. L. Lagrave, Jesse Waldorf, Benjamin F. Woods, David McKee, Edward Sprague, Benjamin Bull, David Thompson, H. P. Patterson, Joseph Walker —17. 1852 — William N. Reed, Jared Warner, Thomas Laird, Stephen Brock, A. H. Gilmore, Titus Hays, Philo Dempy, J. B. Turley, L. S. Reynolds, Joseph Palliser, James Moore, Jesse Waldorf, Benjamin Bull, H. D. York, A. Woods, J. H. Barnett, Charles Dickey, D. R. Burt —18. 1858 — J. Allen Barber, Lewis Rood, Thomas F. Lane, Hugh B. Patterson, Thomas Pal- liser, W. W. Barstow. Charles Dickey, H. Hurlburt, J. Waldorf, Benjamin Bull, W. S. Chap- man, James Moore, William Jeffrey, J. Wannemaker, H. A. W. McNair, W. G. Wilcox, J. B. Turley, Daniel Andrews, J. D. Harp — 19. 1854 — Nelson Dewey, Joseph Walker, J. F. Murphy, Jared Warner, John Welsh, J. D. Harp, William G. Wilcox, Samuel Wilson, Lewis Rood, Thomas Burns, Isaac Williams, S. F. Clise, John Wilkinson, Jonas Wannemaker, Nathan White, A. D. Mills, Noah Hutchins, W. W. Barstow, James Moore, William Clifton — 20. 1855— J. Allen Barber, Benjamin Straw, George B. Cabanis, T. T. Lane, Nathan White, William T. Ennor, 0. C. Jones, J. H. Rountree, Jesse Waldorf, George W. Mace, A. D. Mills, James Moore, W. W. Field, Joseph Walker, S. F. Clise, Augustus Blanfus, W. G. Wil- cox, Tim E. Barr, John D. Harp, J. F. Murphy, Henry R. Miles, Jared Warner— 20. *The name of the Chairman is first mentioned. _ ntntion fThese officers were elected in the spring of 1849 under the new township system rendered obligatory by the new State y*)!" ";" . ' The previous board had been elected under the Territorial law in the autumn of 1848, and hold over until the new board qnalified in tne spnujS' HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. 501 1856— J. Allen Barber, J. D. Harp, W. P. Dixon, 0. Rice, Jesse Waldorf, Thomas Weir, Fish, James Moore, J. F. Murphy, C. Kaltenbach, James Bonham, Mahlon Fawcet, S. F. ise, G. W. Paugh, T. T. Lane, J. Prideaux, William Kidd, Charles Dickey, J. H. Roun- e William Brandon, Joachim Gulick, A. D. Mills— 22. 1857— Jared Warner, J. B. Turley, D. R. Sylvester, G. W. Mase, W. P. Dewey, S. F. ise, J. Graham, J. W. Kaump, J. M. Chandler, Joseph Walker, Henry Van Vleck, Jesse ildorf, James Prideaux, Thomas Wier, J. G. Clark, C. R. Dean, J. W. Blanding, T. Long- tham, J. T. Murphy, F. H. Virgin, David McKee, Hugh Laird, A. A. Petty, James Bon- in, Robert Glenn, A. D. Mills— 26. 1858— John G. Clark, John B. Turley, D. R. Sylvester, F. C. Kirkpatrick, W. P. Dewey, Springer, H. A. W. McNair, W. W. Barstow, J. M. Chandler, Mason Fish, Jason Lath- p, Thomas Weir, Jesse Waldorf, Alfred Bark, J. R. MuiBey, George Ballantine, James Moore, iliiam Davidson, J. C. Orr, Samuel Moore, H. B. Patterson, A. Foster, James Bonham, ivid Brodt, A. A. Petty— 26. 1859— J. E. Dodge, J. B. Turley, D. R. Sylvester, J. D. Harp, N. Millard, S. F. Clise, . R. Dixon, W. L. Wilson, J. M. Chandler, Mason Fish, Jason Lathrop, James Prideaux, larles Fulks, Jesse Waldorf, J. C. HoUoway, James Moore, Moors Rice, Levi Brown, F. D. •ancis, H. Patch, Samuel Vance, J. Augustine, George B. Cabanis, Robert Glenn, J. D. Jenks, enry Morgan — 26. 1860— S. F. Clise, J. M. Chandler, W. W. Field, W. P. Dewey, George E. Cabanis, W. Wilson, Jason Lathrop, Silas Brooks, Mason Fish, Joseph Horsfall, Thomas Tormey, Jesse aldorf, J. B. Turley, Samuel Vance, James Bonham, James Prideaux, J. C. Holloway, A. R. ishnell, B. F. Hilton, Jesse S. Jones, W. W. Demock, A. A. Bennett, J. A. Houghtaling, . Shafer, A. F. Schnee, Henry Patch, Moors Rice, J. Cranston — 28. 1861— W. W. Field, John Pepper, Henry Webster, George Cutts, W. P. Dewey, S. F. Use, A. A. Bennett, W. L. Wilson, G. R. Prank, Jason Lathrop, Jesse Waldorf, J. C. Hollo- ly, D. F. Brown, Joseph Horsfall, Moors Rice, Silas Brooks, E. M. Hoyt, T. L. Hammonds, enry Patch, James Bonham, J. M. Sifford, G. Hess, John Clark, S. Lightcap, Edward Chil- en, William Brandon, W. W. Dimock, J. T. Murphy, J. S. Jones — 29. 1862-63 — J. H. Rountree, Henry Patch, Jesse Waldorf, D. G. Seaton, James W. Sea- n — 5.* 1864-65 — Addison Burr, Alfred Palmer, A. A. Bennett, M. A. Harper, J. W. Kaump — 5. 1866— A. Burr, J. W. Seaton, A. C. Stiles, H. A. W. McNair, Henry Mitchell. 1867— J. W. Seaton, Addison Burr, H. B. Wood, Cyrus Sargent, H. A. W. McNair, 1868— Addison Burr, J. B. Moore, A. W. Emery, Cyrus Sargent, H. B. Wood. 1869 — J. B. Moore, J. H. Evans, Jared Warner, Joseph Allen, A. W. Emery. 1870t— William P. Dewey, W. J. McCoy, Michael Nolan, T. Carrier, George H. Cham- irs, Elisha Carrington, John Geiger, E. D. Bevans, D. T. Parker, A. A. Bennett, A. F. Knapp, homas G. Stevens, James Murphy, John Heir, J. Waldorf, Thomas Weir, John H. Griffis, • B. Mclntyre, James B. Ricks, Joseph Horsfall, Israel Miles, Peter Casper, N. W. Bass, imes W. Seaton, James Ballantine, George E. Cabanis, Archie Brown, Jacob Scott, Robert lenn, Thomas Laird, T. N. Hubbell, W. W. Field, G. W. Ryland, C. Clementson, J. H. vans— 35. 1871— A. A. Bennett, W. P. Dewey, William J. McCoy, Henry Gore, Alfred Palmer, Lenry Lord, E. Carrington, Herman Grimm, J. S. Maiben, John Montieth, Thomas G. Ste- ms, Moses Vanatta, James Murphy, John Hier, George W. Ryland, G. D. Pettyjohn, Thomas 'eir, John H. Griffis, T. J. Graham, J. B. Ricks, E. I. Kidd, E. Abrams, Peter Casper, N. W. ^ss, J. W. Seaton, Jared Warner, George E. Cabanis. Archie Brown, J. E. Jones, Thomas wd, George Brown, Robert Glenn, W. W. Field, George Broderick, J. H. Evans— 35. « BoaMnf'r"" "^'i* revised statutes creating the County Board of Supervisors was amended by tlie Lejislature of 1861, and a return made ch connd 7 OommisaionerB to consist of tiiree electors, except in those counties which contained three or more assembly districts. In ir» Kn «, ***** Supervisor, was elected in each assembly district, and one additional for the county at large, in those counties where there ™ M even number of assembly districts. This gave Grant County five Supervisors. 1 1118 amendment passed by the Legislature of 1861 was repealed by the Iiegislature of ISTfi. 502 HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. 1872 — George W. Ryland, 0. C. Hathaway, Henry Gore, L. J. WooUey, Benjamin M. Coates, Henry Lord, J. McLeod, H. Grimm, James H. Rowe, John Montieth, William Curtis Moses Vanatta, T. G. Stevens, George Broderick, James Murphy, John Hier, William h! Clise, John A. Boerner, Perry Squires, J. H. Griffis, George Tuffley, E. I. Kidd, Jacob Brem- mer, Ezra Abrams, Peter Casper, Jared Warner, N. W. Bass, J, H. Rountree, J. W. Seaton William Brandon, Archie Brown, Jacob Scott, Robert Glenn, George Brown, Thomas Laird — 35. 1873 — G. W. Ryland, E. Bayley, George Broderick, John Schreiner, 0. C. Hathaway, Henry Gore, William T. Scott, D. F. Brown, John MeliCod, Herman Grimm, John G. Hudson, H. A. Dankleff, D. P. Grinter, James Murphy, J. M. Chandler, Moses Vanatta, Rufus Han- num, Perry Squires, Peter Clayton, J. H. Griffis, C. G. Rodolf, George Tuffley, Joseph Hors- fall, Reuben Cooley, Peter Casper, N. W. Bass, J. W. Seaton, Haynes Fitch, David Wilkinson, Adam Mink, Jacob Scott, Thomas Laird, Robert Glenn, George Brown, James Barnett — 35. 1874 — George W. Ryland, George W. Parker. E. Bayley, George Broderick, George Clementson, W. J. McCoy, Henry Gore, W. T. Scott', D. F. Brown, F. C. Kirkpatrick, Her- man Grimm, J. H. C. McKinsey, H. A. Dankleff, D. P. Grinter, G. S. Hammond, J. H. Chan- dler, Moses Vanatta, John Hier, E. P. Dickenson, John Boerner, Delos Abrams, C. G. Rodolf, George Munns, Joseph Horsfall, R. G. Humphrey, Peter Casper, N. W. Bass, A. W. Emery, George Ballantine, George E. Cabanis, Archie Brown, William Northey, Thomas Laird, Rob- ert Glenn, George Brown — 35. 1875 — George W. Ryland, W. J. McCoy, Henry Gore, B. M. Coates, George W. Fennel, F. C. Kirkpatrick, Herman Grimm, J. H. C. McKinsey, H. A. Dankleff, D. P, Grinter, Henry Maxam, Matthew Thompson, Moses Vanatta, John Hier, E. P. Dickenson, John Boerner, Delos Abrams, C. G. Rodolf, George Munns, E. J. Kidd, David D. Snider, Peter Casper, N. W. Bass, R. H. Kendrick, J. C. Scott, John A. May, W. B. Slocum, William Northey, Thomas Laird, Riley Jacobs, George Brown, James Barnett, George E. Clementson, E. Bayley, Joseph Clement- son — 35, 1876— George W. Ryland, C. Hutchinson, C. G. Van Buren, T. N. Hubbell, W. B. Clark, Thomas Watson, Herman Grimm, Samuel Barstow, Jacob Baumgartner, John Ryan, Adam Kruel, Matthew Thompson, George W. McFall, John Hier, E. P. Dickinson, John Boerner, Delos Abrams, C. G. Rodolf, D. R. Walker, E. I. Kidd, David D. Snider, Peter Casper, N. W- Bass, Robert H. Kendrick, Gecrge Ballantine, George E. Cabanis, W. B. Slocum, C. H. Williams, Thomas Laird, P. C. Palmer, George Brown, Gustave Meyer, George Clementson, Hanmer Bobbins, Joseph Clementson — 35. 1877 — George Clementson, Jesse Wagner, L. J. WooUey, W. B. Clark, C. J. Van Buren, Herman Grimm, Thomas Weston, J. H. C. McKinsey, T. Tormey, John Ryan, W. D. Jones, Adam Kruel, Henry M. Bowen, John Hier, E. P. Dickenson, J. A. Bremmer, John G. Clark, John Henkel, Ezra Abrams, George Munns, E. J. Kidd, C. G. Rodolf, George Ballantine, T. Stephens, N. W. Bass, Peter Casper, R. A. Wilson, Archie Brown, C. H. Williams, W. H. Middleton, Robert Glenn, George Brown, Benjamin M. Coates, Matthew Thompson, H. Rpb- bins — 35. 1878— George Clementson, C. Hutchinson, W. B. Clark, Ed Meyer, - Herman Grimm, Henry Gore, Thomas Watson, J. H. C. McKinsey, Thomas Tormey, J. S. Kidd, Charles Wun- derlin, T. G. Stevens, Adam Kruel, John Hier, John G. Clark, John A. Boerner, A. V. Knapp. Alfred Bark, 0. A. Rice, E. I. Kidd, Peter Cameron, Ezra Abrams, Jacob Bremmer, Peter Casper, George Ballantine, N. W. Bass, A. W. Emery, R. A. Wilson, Archie Brown, Jacob Scott, W. H. Middleton, George Brown, Robert Glenn, John H. Sarles, Matthew Thompson, George B. Carter — 36. 1879 — George Clementson, C. Hutchinson, W. B. Clark, Ed Meyer, Herman Grimm, Michael Nolan, Thomas Watson, J. H. C. McKinsey, Thomas Tormey, Joseph S. Kidd, 0. S. Jones, T. G. Stephens, Adam Kruel, John Hier, George W. Ryland, A. V. Knapp, Alfred Bark. Paul Welner, B. I. Kidd, 0. J. Arnold, Ira W. Bronson, Jacob Bremmer, Peter Casper, HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. 503 James A. Davis, N. W. Bass, Thomas Davies, Joshua Laurence, Archie Brown, Jacob Scott, E. Carrington, George Brown, Robert Glenn, Sr., T. N. Hubbell, H. Robbins, George Brod- erick — 36. 1880 — George W. Ryland, C. Hutchinson, W. B. Clark, Ed Meyer, Herman Grimm, Henry Gore; Thomas Watson, James McCormick, C. Shuttleworth, Joseph S. Kidd, Thomas McMahon, Joseph Harris, Adam Kruel, John Hier, John A. Boerner, A. V. Knapp, Alfred Bark, George Munns, E. J. Kidd, 0. J. Arnold, William H. Gilliard, Jacob Bremmer, Peter Casper, Reed Patch, John McArthur, George W. Hampton, R. A. Wilson, Archie Brown, Jacob Scott, 0. G. Van Buren, James A. Faris, John A. Harford, John G. Clark, T. N. Hub- bell, H. RolDbins, George Broderick, Moritz Homer, G. Porshay — 38. TERRITORIAL AND STATE REPRESENTATION. The present territory included within the limits of Grant County as the Western portion of Iowa County was represented in the first Territorial Assembly, by James R. Vineyard, of Platteville, in the Council, and Thomas Shanley, of Cassville, and James P. Cox, of Lancaster, in the House of Representatives, as the lower branch of the Assembly was denominated. This Assembly had two sessions, the first at Belmont, Iowa County, commencing October 25, 1836, the second at Burlington, Iowa, that State then forming a portion of the Territory of Wisconsin, BS has been shown heretofore. Upon the formation of the county in 1837, it was allowed two members of the Council, and four members in the House of Representatives. Upon the adop- tion of the State Constitution in 1848, and the formation of the State government, Grant County was divided into four Assembly Districts ; the county by itself forming the Sixth Sena- torial District. By the apportionment of 1852 upon the basis of the census of 1850, the Assem- bly Districts of Grant were increased by one, or a total of five, and the county, in the re-dis- tricting of the State, became the Sixteenth Senatorial District, which it has since remained. This representation in the Assembly was retained until under the re-apportionment of 1871, upon the basis of the State census of 1870, when Grant County lost one district; upon the re-apportionment made by the Legislature of 1876, one more district was deducted from the county. Its present representation in the Legislature is one Senator and three Assemblymen. The First District comprises the towns of Clifton, Ellenboro, Harrison, Hazel Green, James- town, Lima, Paris, Platteville and Smelser. Second District — Beetown, Bloomington, Cass- ville, Glen Haven, Lancaster,. Liberty, Little Grant, Potosi and Waterloo. Third District — Blue River, Boscobel, Fennimore, Hickory Grove, Marion, Millville, Mount Hope, Muscoda, Patch Grove, Waterstown, Wingville, Woodman and Wyalusing. The following is a complete list ot County Representatives, both in Territorial and State Legislatures, from the organization of the county up to the present time : TERRITORIAL LEGISLATURE. Oouncilmen — In the first and second sessions of the Territorial Legislature, 1836-37, James R. Vineyard represented the present county of Grant as a part of Iowa County. 1838-42, James R. Vineyard, Platteville; J. H. Rountree, Platteville; 1842-44, J. H. Rountree. Platteville; Nelson Dewey, Lancaster; 1844-46, J. H. Rountree, Platteville; Nelson Dewey (President), Lancaster; 1847-48, Orris McCartney, Cassville. Representatives— 1SS8, Thomas Cruson, Platteville; Nelson Dewey, Lancaster; Ralph Carver, Potosi ; Joseph H. D. Street, Cassville. 1840 — Thomas Cruson, Platteville ; Nelson Dewey, Lancaster (Speaker) ; Jonathan Craig, ^otm; Joseph H. D. Street, Cassville. f 1841— Neely Grey, Platteville ; Nelson Dewey, Lancaster ; D. R. Burt, Waterloo. 1842— Neely Grey, Platteville; Nelson Dewey, Lancaster; D. R. Burt, Waterloo. ___1843— Alonzo Piatt, Platteville; Franklin Z. Hicks, Jamestown; G. M. Price, Cassville. mpmK iLnf'I'k n "^ '^^ Council Were first elected for four years, and membera of the House for two years; this waa afterward changed, and uiemoera oi me touDcH chosen for two years, and members of the House annually. 504 HISTORY OP GRANT COUNTY. 1844 — Alonzo Piatt, Platteville; Franklin Z. Hicks, Jamestown; G. M. Price, Cassville. 1845 — Thomas Cruson, Platteville; F. Z. Hicks, Jamestown; T. P. Burnett, Mount Hope! 1846 — Thomas Cruson, Platteville, A. 0. Brown, Potosi; T. P. Burnett, Mount Hope. 1847 — A. 0. Brown, Potosi ; William Richardson, Paris. 1848— Noah H. Virgin, Platteville; D. R. Burt, Waterloo. STATE ORGANIZATION. Senate — 1848-49, George W. Lakin, Platteville ; 1850-51. J. H. Rountree, Platteville ; 1852-53, J. C. Squires, Lancaster ; 1854-55, Nelson Dewey, Lancaster ; 1856-57, J. Allen Barber, Lancaster ; 1858-59, Noah H. Virgin, Platteville ; 1860-61, Noah H. Virgin, Platte^ ville ; 1862-63, M. K. Young, Glen Haven ; 1864-65, M. K. Young, Glen Haven ; 1866-67, J. H. Rountree, Platteville ; 1868-69, George C. Hazelton, Boscobel ; 1870-71, George C. Hazelton, Boscobel ; 1872-73, J. 0. Holloway, Lancaster ; 1874-75, J. C. HoUoway, Lancaster ; 1876-77, 0. C. Hathaway, Beetown ; 1878-79, 0. C. Hathaway, Beetown ; 1880-81 George W. Ryland. Assembly — 1848 — N. H. Virgin, Platteville ; Arthur W. Worth, Lancaster ; A. C. Brown, Potosi. 1849— J. R. Vineyard, Platteville ; Robert M. Briggs, Beetown ; D. Gilfillan, Potosi ; Robert Young, Hazel Green. 1850 — H. D. York, Hazel Green; John B. Turley, Beetown; J. B. Dodge, Waterloo ; William McGonigal, Wingville. 1851 — John N. Jones, Platteville ; Robert M. Briggs, Beetown ; W. R. Biddlecome, Potosi ; James B. Johnson, Fair Play. 1852 — Noah Clemmons, Platteville ; J. Allen Barber, Lancaster ; David McKee, Potosi ; William Rich- ardson, Jamestown. 1853 — Titus Hayes, Platteville ; H. E. Block, Potosi ; J. Allen Barber, Lancaster; H. D. York, Hazel Green; J. B. Dodge, Waterloo. 1854 — B. Estabrook, Platte- ville ; William Hull, Potosi ; William Jeffrey, Ellenboro ; Lewis Rood, Hazel Green ; M. K. Young, Cassville. 1855— N. H. Virgin, Platteville ; William Hull, Potosi ; W. W. Field, Fen- nimore ; Allen Taylor, Hazel Green ; William Cole, Befetown. 1856 — Allen Taylor, Hazel Green ; William Hull, Potosi ; J. T. Mills, Lancaster ; J. F. Brown, Clifton ; Horace Catlin. Cassville. 1857 — Hanmer Bobbins, Platteville ; A. W. Emery, Potosi ; J. T. Mills, Lancaster ; Allen Taylor, Hazel Green ; Joachim • Gulick, Wyalusing. 1858 — Hanmer Robbins, Platte- ville ; A. W. Emery, Potosi ; Henry Patch, Patch Grove ; H. D. York, Hazel Dean ; C. K. Dean, Boscobel. 1859 — J. Waldorf, Lima ; J. W. Seaton, Potosi ; H. A. W. McNair, Fenni- more; George Broderick, Hazel Green; Luther Basford, GlenJEaven. 1860 — J. R. Spotts- wood, Hazel Green ; J. W. Seaton, Potosi ; S. F. Clise, Ellenboro ; J. B. Moore, Muscoda ; George Ballantine, Patch Grove. 1861 — H. Robbins, Platteville; H. L. Massey, Potosi ; J. G. Clark, Lancaster ; Joseph Harris, Hazel Green ; Jared Warner, Patch Grove. 1862 — Will- iam Brandon, Smelser ; Allen Taylor, Paris ; J. T. Mills, Lancaster ; W. W. Field, Fennimore ; Samuel Newick, Beetown. 1863 — J. H. Roundtree, Platteville ; J. F. Chapman, Potosi ; J. Allen Barber, Lancaster (Speaker) ; W. W. Field, Fennimore ; Robert Glenn, Wyalusing. 1864 — H. Robbins, Platteville ; Allen Taylor, Paris ; J. Allen Barber, Lancaster ; W.W. Field, Fennimore (Speaker) ; W. R. Beach, Beetown. 1865 — William Brandon, Smelser ; Allen Tay- lor, Paris ; Henry IJtt, Lima ; W. W. Field, Boscobel (Speaker) ; Robert Glenn, Wyalusing. 1866— H. Robbins, Platteville; W. S. Scribner, Fair Play; A. P. Hammon, Montfort; George Washburn, Millville ; A. A. Bennett, Glen Haven. 1867— H. Robbins, Platteville ; John Carthew, Rockville; Joseph Allen, Clifton; H. A. W. McNair, Fennimore; A. A. Bennett, Glen Haven. 1868— H. Robbins, Platteville : J. H. Neaville, Potosi ; J. E. Dodge, Lancas- ter ; Mat Burchard, Fennimore ; N. W. Kendall, Wyalusing. 1869— Joseph Harris, Hazel Green ; G. H. Block, Potosi ; W. P. Dewey, Lancaster ; B. M. Coates, Boscobel ; A. R. Mc- Cartney, Cassville. 1870— J. C. Squires, Platteville ; John Carthew, Rockville ; W. P. Dewey, Lancaster ; H. A. W. McNair, Fennimore ; Luther Basford, Glen Haven. 1871 — Joseph Har- ris, Hazel Green ; H. B. Coons, Potosi; J. C. Holloway, Lancaster; W. W. Field, Boscobel; George H. Chambers, Bloomington. 1872 — A. R. Bushnell, Lancaster ; George Oabanis, Smel- ser; S. A. Ferrin, Montfort; J. B. Corey, Patch Grove. 1873— W. H. Clise, Lancaster; PL/XTTEVlLLE HISTORY OF GEANT COUNTY. 507 Thomas G. Stevens, Hazel Green ; John Monteith, Fennimore ; C. Hutchinson, Beetown. 2g74 Thomas Jenkins, Platteville ; John B. Callis, Lancaster ; Gottlieb Wehrley, Fennimore ; Robert Glenn, Wyalusing. 1875 — James Jeffrey, Smelser ; La Fayette Caskey, Potosi ; Ben- jamin F. Coates, Boscobel ; Delos Abrams, Little Grant. 1876 — William D.Jones, Hazel Green' Joseph Bock, Lancaster; George Brown, Woodman; William J. McCoy, Beetown. 1877 William E. Carter, Platteville ; Joseph Bock, Lancaster ; Daniel R. Sylvester, Castle Rock. 1878 — William E. Carter, Platteville ; T. J. Graham, Muscoda ; William J. McCoy, Beetown. 1879 — William E. Carter, Platteville ; J. T. Mills, Lancaster ; John Brindley, Bos- cobel; 1880 — Charles Watson, Clifton; John A. Klindt, Cassville ; John Brindley, Boscobel. 1881 — James H. Cabanis, Smelser ; H. S. Keene, Lancaster ; E. I. Kidd, Millville. REPRESENTATIVES IN CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION. Hardly had the Territory of Wisconsin been formed by act of Congress, before agitation was commenced for the formation of a State government. After numerous rejections of the proposition, finally, in 1846, the first convention met in Madison, and proceeded to form a con- stitution for the acceptance of the people. In the deliberations of this convention, Grant County, through her representatives, occupied a prominent position. This body has been fit- tingly characterized as one of " great, if not extraordinary, intellectual ability. Its members," says the same authority, "were all in the prime of life, the representatives of the systems of many States, generally highly educated, and possessed of mental culture far above the average of men." The list of representatives from Grant County in this convention, headed by the name of the Hon. J. Allen Barber, then and now a resident of Lancaster, comprised, besides that gentleman, the Hon. Lorenzo Bevans, Hon. Thomas P. Burnett, Hon. Thomas Cruson, Hon. James Gilmore and James R. Vineyard. The constitution, as has been stated in an earlier portion of this work, was rejected, after an exciting contest, the principal differences of opinion icing the articles in relation to the rights of married women, exemptions, the bank articles, the number of Representatives in the Legislature, and the Elective Judiciary. A second convention was authorized, and met at the capital late in the succeeding year (1847). This body, while fully as high as its predecessor in point of the ability of its members, had that membership considerably changed. The Grant County representation to this assem- blage was headed by the Hon. Orsamus Cole, now Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the State, and comprised the following names : Hon. George W. Lakin, Hon. John Rountree, Hon. Alex D. Ramsey and the Hon. William Richardson. The deliberations of this body re- sulted in the formation of the present constitution, and, the following year, Wisconsin took her place among that ever-increasing galaxy of jommonwealths, which, as time rolls on, will dot 'this broad land from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and from the 49th parallel of latitude to the Mexican border. TOWN ORGANIZATION. In its early settlement, Wisconsin presented two subdivisional systems of government. The southwestern and earlier-settled portion, being almost entirely filled with emigrants from Southern and Southwestern States, adopted the county system, while the later-settled por- tion, on the eastern shore of the State, beiM filled by natives of the New England and Middle States, where the township system was in vogue, naturally followed, in their new settlements, that local polity with which they had been most acquainted, and with whose workings they were familiar. These distinctional features continued in existence until the formation of the btate Government, in 1848, when, the two waves meeting, the eastern overtopped its rival, and Section 28 of Article IV of the Constitution provided that " The Legislature shall establish but one system of town and county government, which shall be as nearly uniform as possible." Previous to this, or immediately after the close of the Black Hawk war, in 1832, and after the acquisition by the United States of the Indian title to all the land west of Lake Michigan not reserved to particular tribes, or secured to specified individuals by terms of previous treaties, a survey was commenced by the General Government. The northern boundary line of the State L 508 HISTOBY OF GRANT COUNTY. of Illinois, fixed April 11, 1818, on the parallel of 42° 30' north latitude, hecame, properly- enough, the hase line of these surveys. A principal north-and-south line, known as the Fourth. Meridian, was run, extending from the base line to Lake Superior, at right angles with that line. The Fourth Meridian forms the east boundary line of Grant County, dividing it from La Fayette and Iowa Counties on that side. Parallel lines to the Fourth Principal Meridian were run every six miles on the east and west sides of it. The intervening six miles between these lines were designated as ranges. Range 1 west is the first range west of the Fourth Meridian ; Range 2 west is the second range, continuing in this manner to the western boundary of the State. Grant County lies in Ranees 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and a portion of Range 7 west. North of the base line were also run parallel lines six miles apart, and at right angles to the range lines. Thus the State was cut up into blocks, each six miles square, called townships. These were numbered by tiers going north from the base line. Township 1 being the first tier of townships north, Township 2 being the second, and so on. As the southern boundary of Grant County is the dividing line between Wisconsin and Illinois, that serves as the base line. This county lies in Townships 1, 2, 8, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and a portion of Township 9, the latter being in the extreme northeast portion of the county, and included in the township of Muscoda. During the years 1832, 1833 and 1834, the different townships in Grant County were sub- divided into sections and quarter-sections, these lines being run by Lucius Lyon, Robert Olarke, Jr., and Hervey Perke. After the admission of Wisconsin into the galaxy of States, it became necessary to divide the county politically, in accordance with the provision of the constitution noticed above; and, in pursuance of this object, the Board of County Commissioners met, January 9, 18495 and en- acted as follows : All that district of country in Grant County embraced in township numbered one north of range numbered one west of the fourth principal meridian shall, constitute a separate town to be called " Hazel Green." The first town meeting in said town shall be held at the Empire House. All that district of country in Grant County embraced in township numbered one north of range numbered two west of the fourth principal meridian shall constitute a separate town to be called " Jamestown." The first town meeting in said town shall be held at the house of Alfred Woods. All that district of country in Grant County embraced in township numbered two north of range numbered one west of the fourth principal meridian shall be called " Smelser." The first town meeting in said town shall be held at the house of Jonas Smelser. All that district of country in Grant County embraced in township two north of range numbered two west of the fourth principal meridian shall constitute a separate town to be called " Paris." The first town meeting in said town shall be held at the house of William Richardson. All that district of country in Grant County embrace^ in township numbered three north of range numbered one west of the fourth principal meridian shall constitute a separate town to be called " Platteville." The first town meeting in said town shall be held at the house of B. Atwood. All that district in Grant County embraced in township numbered four north of range numbered one west of the fourth principal meridian shall constitute a separate township to be called " Lima." The first town meeting of said town shall be held at the schoolhouse near the house of F. Johnson. All that district of country in Grant County embraced in townships five, six, seven, eight and fractional town- ships nine north, in range numbered one, west of the fourth principal meridian, shall constitute a separate town to be called " Wingville." The first town meeting in said town shall be held at W. Bruner's hotel in said place. All that district of country in Grant County embraced in townships numbered six, seven and fractional eight north of range numbered two west, and townships numbered six, seven and fractional eight north of range num- bered three west of the fourth principal meridian shall constitute a separate town to be called "Fennimore." The- first town meeting in said town shall be held at the schoolhouse near P. Dempey's. All that district of country embraced in township numbered three north of range numbered two west of the- fourth principal meridian shall constitute a separate town to be called " Harrison." The first town meeting in said town shall be held at the house of C. Travis. All that district of country in Grant County, embraced in township numbered four and five north of range numbered two west of the fourth principal meridian shall constitute a separate town to be called " Highland." The first town meeting in said town shall be held at the house of Col. James McKensie. All that district of country in Grant County, embraced in township numbered three north of range Dumbereil three west of the fourth principal meridian, and fractional townships numbered two of range numbered three west, shall constitute a separate town to be called "Potosi." The first town meeting in said town shall be held at the Wisconsin House. HISTORY OF GEANT COUNTY. 509 All that district of country in Grant County, embraced in township numbered three and fractional township numbered two north of range numbered four west of the fourth principal meridian, shall constitute a separate town to be called " Waterloo." The first town meeting in said town shall be held at the schoolhouse near the house of D. K. Biurt. All that district of country in Grant County, embraced in townships numbered four and five north of range numbered three west of the fourth principal meridian, shall constitute a separate town to be called " Lancaster." The first town meeting in said town shall be held at the court house All that district of country in Grant County, embraced in townships numbered four and five north of range numbered four west, of the fourth principal meridian, shall constitute a separate town to be called '-Beetowu." The first town meeting in caid town shall be held at the Beetown House. All that district of country in Grant County, embraced in townships numbered three and four north of range numbered five west of the fourth principal meridian shall CQnstitute a separate town to be called " Cassville." The first town meeting in said town shall he held at the house of Mr. Pollock. All the district of country in Grant County, embraced in townships numbered six and seven north of range numbered four west, also townships numbered five, six and seven north of range numbered five west, also town- ships numbered five and six of range numbered six west, and fractional township numbered six north of range numbered seven west, of the fourth principal meridian, shall constitute a separate town to be called " Patch Grove." The first town meeting of said town shall be held at the schoolhouse near J. M. Diokensoxi's. It will thus be seen that the original towns of the county were Hazel Green, Jamestown, Smelser, Paris, Platteyille, Harrison, Potosi, Waterloo, Cassville, Lima, Highland — embracing what was Liberty, afterward the townships of Liberty and Ellenboro, Lancaster, Beetown, Wing- ville, Fennimore and Patch Grove. The present towns of the county are Hazel Green, Jamestown, Smelser, Paris, Potosi, Platteville, Harrison, Waterloo, Cassville, Lima, Ellenboro, Lancaster, Beetown, Glen Haven, Clifton, Liberty, Little Grant, Bloomington, Wingville, Fennimore, Mount Hope, Patch Grove, Wyalusing, Hickory Grove, Woodman, Millville, Castle Rock, Marion, Muscoda, Waterstown and Boscobel. Hazel Green comprises Township 1, Range 1 : Smelser, Township 2, Range 1 ; Platteville, Township 3, Range 1 ; Lima, Township 4, Range 1 ; Clifton, Township 5, Range 1 ; Wingville, Township 6, Range 1 ; Castle Rock, Township 7, Range 1 ; Muscoda, Township 8 and fractional Township 9, Range 1 ; Jamestown, Township 1, Range 2 ; this township is curtailed to somewhat less than a full township by the indenture of the Mississippi. Paris, Township 2, Range 2 ; Har- rison, Township 3, Range 2 ; Ellenboro, Township 4, Range 2, Liberty, Township 5, Range 2 ; Fennimore, Township 6, Range 2, and Township 6, Range 3, being a double township ; Hickory Grove, Township 7, Range 2 ; Waterstown, fractional Township 8, Range 2 ; Potosi, Township ?, Range 3, and fractional Township 2, Range 3; Lancaster, Townships 4 and 5, Range 3, — a double township ; Marion, Township 7, Range 3, with the exception of a portion of Sections 6 and 6 cut off by the Wisconsin River ; Boscobel, fractional Township 8, Range 3, being that portion south of the Wisconsin ; Waterloo, Township 3, Range 4, and fractional Township 2, Range 4 ; Beetown, Township 4, Range 4, and Sections 1, 2, 11, 12, 13, 14, 23, 24, 25, 26, 35, 36, of Township 4, Range 4 ; Little Grant, Township 5, Range 4 ; Mount Hope, Township 0, Range 4, except Sections 1 to 6 inclusive ; Woodman, fractional Township 7, Range 4, and Sections 1 to 6 inclusive of Township 6, Range 4 ; Cassville, fractional Townships 3 and 4 of Range 5, and fractional Township 4, Range 6 ; Glen Haven, Sections 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, of Township 4, Range 5, and Sections 10, 11, 12, 13, li, 16, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 34, 35, 36, of Township 6, Range 4 ; Bloomington, Sections 3, 4, 5, 6, of Township 4, Range 5 ; half Sections 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, and whole Sections 21 to 36 inclusive of Township 5, Range 5, and Sections 24, 25, 36, 35, 26, 23, 22, -', 34, 21, 20 ; fractional Sections 19, 28, of Township 5, Range 6, and Sections 1, 2, 3, of Township 4, Range 6 ; Patch Grove, Sections 1 to 12 inclusive, and half Sections 13, to 18 in- clusive, of Township 5, Range 5 ; also 19 to 36 inclusive, of Township 6, Range 5 ; Milville, Sections 1, 2, 3, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, and fractional Sections 4, 6, 7, Town- ship 6, Range 5, together with Sections 25, 26, 35, 36, and fractional Sections 14, 24, 23, of "actional Township 7, Range 5; Wyalusing, Sections 1 to 18 inclusive, of Township 5, Range o. and Townships 13, 19 to 36 inclusive, of Township 6, Range 6 ; together with fractional 510 HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. Sections 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, of same township and range, and fractional Sections 13, 24 and 25 of Township 6, Range 7. The number of acres in each of the townships in Grant County is as follows : Townsh: Townsh: Townsh: Townsh: Townsh: Townsh: Townsh: Townsh: Townah Townsh: Townsh Townsh Townsh: Townsh Townsh Townsh Townsh: Townsh: Townsh: Townsh' Townsh: Townsh: Townsh: Townsh Townsh: Townsh: Townsh: Townsh: Townsh Townsh: Townsh] Townsh: Townsh Townsh: Townsh Townsh: Townsh: ,p 1 north p 2 north p 3 north p 4 north ,p 5 north p 6 north ,p 7 north ps 8 and '. p 1 north p 2 north p 3 north p 4 north p 5 north p 6 north, p 7 north p 2 north p 3 north p 4 north p 5 north p 6 north p 7 north p 8 north, p 2 north p 3 north, p 4 north p 5 north p 6 north p 7 north p 3 north p 4 north p 5 north p 6 north, p 7 north p 3 north p 4 north p 5 north p 6 north Range 1 west 23,099.37 Range 1 west ;... 23,073.12 Range 1 west 22,931.44 Range 1 west 23,015.71 Range 1 west 23,040.31 Range 1 west 22,945.05 Range 1 west 22,928.77 north (the latter fractional), Range 1 west 22,062.33 Range 2 west 19,009.29 Range 2 west 23,173.04 Range 2 west '. 23,194.69 Range 2 west 23,0.30.40 Range 2 west 23,061.77 Range 2 west 23,037.33 Range 2 west 18,037.8.') Range 3 west (fractional township) 7,647.33 Range 3 west , ^ 23,168.07 Range 3 west 23,211.56 Range 3 west 23,008.76 Range 3 west 22,477.43 Range 3 west 22,876.67 Range 3 west (part south of Wisconsin River) 6,120.14 Range 4 west (fractional township) 1,047.86 Range 4 west 22,940.04 Range 4 west 22,907.04 Range 4 west 22,866.22 Range 4 west 22,934.08 Range 4 west (part south of Wisconsin River) 13,438.49 Range 5 west (fractional township) 17,833.82 Range 5 west 23,184.55 Range 5 west 22,948.01 Range 5 west 21,645.77 Range 5 west (part south of Wisconsin River) 3,008.33 Range 6 west (fractional township) 3,380.33 Range 6 west (fractional township) 10,918.05 Range 6 west (fractional township) 18,986.18 Ranges 6 and 7 west (fractional townships) 14,480.03 Total 706,469.23 LEGAL JURISDICTION. Federal Courts. — By Section 4, of the act of Congress entitled "An act to enable the peo- ple of Wisconsin Territory to form a Constitution and State Government, and for the admission of such State into the Union," approved, August 6, 1 846, it was, inter alia, provided ; * * * "Said State shall constitute one district and be called the District of Wisconsin, and a District Court shall be held therein, to consist of one Judge, who shall reside in said district and be called a District Judge. He shall hold, at the seat of government of said State, two sessions of said court annually, on the first Mondays in January and July ; and he shall in all things have and exercise the same jurisdiction and powers which were by law given to the Judge of the Kentucky District under an act entitled, 'An act lo establish the judicial courts of the United States. He shall appoint a clerk for said district, who shall reside and keep the records of said court at the place of holding the same, and shall receive for the service performed by him the same fees to which the clerk of the Kentucky District is by law entitled for similar services. There shall be allowed to the Judge of said District Court the annual compensation of $1,500." Section 5 of said act provides for the appointment of a " person learned in the law to act as attorney of the United States " in said district, and provides that, besides the stated fees, he is to receive a salary of |200. It also provides for the appointment of a Marshal for said district, HISTORY or GRANT COUNTY. 511 who is to perform the duties and services, and be entitled to the fees and emoluments given to the Marshals of other districts. By Section 4, of the act of Congress, approved May 29, 1848, entitled, "An act for the admission of the State of Wisconsin into the Union," the provisions of the foregoing section of the act of August 6, 1846, were modified so as to provide for the holding of " one term of said court in each year at the seat of government, to commence on the first Monday in July, and another term of said court in each year at Milwaukee, to commence on the first Monday in January." It also empowered the Judge of the district to hold special terms of court when he should deem it necessary. The records and papers to be kept at either place as the Judge might direct. The Hon. Andrew G. Miller was appointed the first District Judge under this act, June 12, 1848. Congress by subsequent acts increased the salary of the Judge of this district to $2,600 and $3,500. By an act of Congress, approved July 15, 1862, the districts of Michigan, Wisconsin and Illinois were constituted the Eighth Judicial Circuit ; but, by an act, approved February 9, 1863, Wisconsin was made a part of the Ninth Judicial Circuit, and subsequently transferred to the Seventh Judicial Circuit, the Hon. Thomas Drummond, of Chicago, Circuit Judge. The business of the United States becoming too large for a single District Judge, by an act of Congress, approved June 30, 1870, entitled "An act to establish the Western Judicial District of Wisconsin," the State was divided into two districts — the Eastern and Western. That portion of the State comprising the counties of Rock, Jefferson, Dane, Green, Grant, Columbia, Iowa, La Fayette, Sauk, Richland, Crawford, Vernon, La Crosse, Monroe, Adams, Juneau, Buffalo, Chippewa, Dunn, Clark, Jackson, Eau Claire, Pepin, Marathon, Wood, Pierce, Polk, Portage, St. Croix, Trempeleau, Douglas, Barron, Burnett, Ashland and Bayfield was consti- tuted the Western, and the remainder of the State the Eastern District. The terms were appointed to be held for the Western District, at Madison, on the first Monday in June, and at La Crosse the first Monday in December ; a District Judge for this Western District was provided for, to- gether with a Marshal, District Attorney, a Clerk at Madison, and another at La Crosse. Un- der these provisions, James C. Hopkins, of Madison, Wis., was appointed Judge of said Western District, on the 9th day of July, 1870. F. W. Oakley, of Beloit, Wis., was ap- pointed Marshal, and Charles M. Webb, of Grand Rapids, appointed District Attorney, at the same date. F. M. Stewart, of Baraboo, was appointed Clerk of both Circuit and District Courts at Madison, August 2, 1870, and H. J. Peck, of La Crosse, Clerk at that place, August 18, 1870. On October 19, 1879, Sidney Foote, of Madison, was appointed a Register in Bankruptcy ; and on the 10th of January, 1871, Carson Graham, of Viroqua, was appointed Register at La In 1872, the terms of court were changed by act of Congress, and directed to be held at La Crosse, on the third Tuesday of September, and abolishing the December term there, but reserving to the Judges the right to appoint special terms if they deemed it necessary. In f M^' ^^'^'^' ^^' ■^°°''^' Register in Bankruptcy, died and was succeeded by Mr. S. W. Botkin, 01 Madison. On the 4th of September, the same year, Judge Hopkins died, after a service of . ^^^^" ye^Ts. His successor, the present Judge, Roraanzo Bunn, of Sparta, was appointed Octo- ber 13, 1877. On the 5th of February, 1878, Henry M. Lewis, of Madison, was appointed district Attorney, vice Charles M. Webb, resigned. These ofiicers now constitute the officers of the Federal Court of the Western District of Wisconsin. Territorial Courts. — The act of Congress, which provided for the organization of the Wis- consin Territory, declared that the judicial power therein should be vested in a Supreme Court, Wstriot Courts, Probate Courts and Justices of the Peace. The Supreme Court was to consist a thief Justice and two Associate Justices, any two of whom should be a quorum ; and they TT '5?^."'''^'^.*^° ^ol'i a term of court annually at the seat of government. The Territory was ? , , /"^^^ '1*° t'l^ee Judicial Districts ; and it was provided that a District Court or Courts ttould be held in each of said districts, by one of the Judses of the Sunreme Court, at such times 512 HISTORY OF GEANT COUNTY. and places as might be prescribed by law ; the jurisdiction of these several courts was to be "as limited by law ; " but the act declared, that both the Supreme and District Courts should "pos- sess chancery as well as common law jurisdiction." That "writs of error, bills of exception, and appeals in chancery causes," should "be allowed in all cases from the final decisions of the District Courts to the Supreme Court," under regulations to be prescribed by law, and that in no case, removed to the Supreme Court, should there be a trial by jury. It further provided that " writs of error and appeals from the final decisions of the said Supreme Court " should be " allowed, and taken to the Supreme Court of the United States, where the value of the property or the amount in controversy be ascertained by the oath or affirmation of either party," should exceed $1,000. The Supreme Court was also empowered by the act to appoint its own Clerk, as wore each of the District Courts. The Judges of the Supreme Court, as well as a United States Attorney and Marshal for the Territory, were to be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. In spite of vigorous efforts of leading politicians of that early day to induce the Pres- ident to appoint to all the leading offices of the new government persons then resident in the Territory, President Jackson appointed as Chief Justice, Charles Dunn, then of Illinois, and, for Associate Judges, he selected William Frazier, of Pennsylvania, and David Irvin, formerly of Virginia, but who had been, during the preceding four years. Judge of the additional or Fourth District of the Michigan Territory, which comprised the whole of that territory west of Lake Michigan. William W. Chapman, of Burlington, Iowa, was appointed United States Attorney, and served until July 4, 1838, when he was succeeded by Moses M. Strong, of Mineral Point. Francis Gehon, of Dubuque, was appointed Marshal, serving until June 19, 1838, when Edward James was appointed to that office. At the first session of the Territorial Legislature, held at Belmont, commencing October 25, 1836, the Territory was divided into three Judicial Districts, the First District consisting of Crawford and Iowa Counties; the Second, of Dubuque and Des Moines, and the Third, of the counties of Brown and Milwaukee : and it was further provided, " That Charles Dunn, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Territory of Wiscojisin, shall perform district duties in the First Judicial District ; that David Irwin, Associate Judge of said court, shall perform district duties in the Second Judicial District ; and that William C. Frazer,- Associate Judge of said court, shall perform district duties in the Third Judicial District. It was further provided, that " there shall be tAvo terms of the District Courts held annually in each of the counties now or- ganised in the Territory, at the court house thereof, or place provided for holding court, which terms shall be commenced and held at the respective times, following, to wit : In the county of Crawford, on the first Mondays in May and September ; and in the county of Iowa, on the third Monday in May, and the first Monday in October." Grant County, as a part of Iowa County at the time the districts were created, was included in the First Judicial District. At the same session of the Legislature, but subsequent to the districting" of the State, several new counties were formed, among them. Grant ; and it became the duty of Chief Justice Dunn to hold terms in the new county which continued a part of his district. Of Chief Justice Dunn, a late writer speaks as follows : " The Chief Justice of the new Supreme Court was then in his thirty-seventh year, of Irish descent, of Virginia ancestry on his ^ mother's side, a native of Kentucky. Having enjoyed the advantages of nine years' preliminary education at Louisville, before he attained the age of eighteen, and having read law for about three years with distinguished lawyers of Kentucky and Illinois, he was admitted to the bar in the latter State before reaching his majority, and had practiced there during most of the next sixteen years, except so far as his practice was interrupted by the duties of various civil and ™'^''f'^y offices. He had taken part in the Black Hawk war as Captain of an Illinois company, and had entered Wisconsin with the Illinois forces engaged in the pursuit of a retreating enemy. U^- ing the campaign, he had been wounded by a blundering sentinel, and had been disabled tor further service. An able and well-read lawyer, endowed with a fine physique, with a counte- nance open, ruddy and frank, whose lines were nevertheless strong and indicative of good sense HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. 513 and a strong will, with a firm, manly and dignified bearing, familiar with the habits of border life yet with the manners of an urbane and cultivated gentleman. Judge Dunn, though still a young man, had little difficulty in commanding the respect or winning the general good will of the people among whom his lot was now cast." The first session of the District Court in Grant County, was held at Cassville, commencing June 5, 1837. The first docket of the court shows the following cases : James H. Johnston vs. A. R. T. Locey, action, trespass. Francis Gehon vs. J. B. Estes, action, trespass. A. Levi & Co. vs. Coyle & Palmer, action, trespass. Stewart McKee & Co. vs. John R. Farnsworth, action, trespass. Holder vs. Keller, action, debt. A. Cornell (assignee) vs. R. Ray, action, same as above. C. A. & C. L. Lagrave vs. J. B. Estes assumpsit, discontinued with leave to withdraw de con. The first grand jury was as follows : Jeremiah Dodge, John R. Farnsworth, Alexander D. Ramsey, Andrew McWilliams, Isaac Lander, Moses Hicklin, Daniel Richards, Clovers A. La- Grave, Abram Miller, James Bonham, Thomas Shanley, William P. Fleharty, Elisha T. Hay- wood, James R. Vineyard, Henry Hodges and James Grushong. James R. Vineyard was selected to act as foreman. Upon the opening of the court, it was " ordered by the court that Orris McCartney, Henry Wood, James Boice and Aaron Boice appear here on the first day of the next term of this court, and show cause, if any they can, why they shall not be fined for contempt of court in not attend- ing at this court as grand jurors." The first case brought before the attention of the court was that of Stewart McKee and Lind vs. John R. Farnsworth for trespass. Moved by defendants' attorney to quash the complaint. The case was continued to the following morning, and court adjourned until that time. Upon le-assembling, the complaint was quashed and defendants empowered to collect costs from plaintifi". The first bill returned by the grand jury was a " true bill " against John R. Farnsworth for re- tailing ardent liquors ; case continued until next term of court and then dismissed. The first execution issued was in favor of James Gehon against James B. Estes, indorsed " satisfied by order of plaintifi"." At this session of the court, Thomas S. Wilson was appointed District Attorney, pro tern., by the presiding Judge. Among other matters. Justice Parson was granted leave to keep a ferry across the Mississippi opposite his house. James H. D. Street as Sheriff' of Grant County, and Robert R. Read and George Moore, his Deputies, were granted pay for three days' attendance upon court, this appearing to have been the limit of the first session. One term of court was held at Cassville, the court house at Lancaster not, as yet, having been completed. At the Octo- ber term ensuing, J. Allen Barber was admitted to the bar of Grant County as attorney and counselor at law, being the first one so admitted ; Edward Southwick was also admitted at the same term. The first session of the court at Lancaster took place at the October term, 1887. The court bouse not being quite finished, the court was held in a little frame structure standing about where the bank is now situated. There being no crier, the court appointed Lewis Reynolds to act in that capacity, and also appointed Harvey Pepper as Constable. From this time forward until the organization of the State government, in 1848, regular terms of court were held by Judge Dunn at Lancaster, the county seat. The last term of the District Court was held in June, 1848. On the 29th of May, of that year, Wisconsin became a State, and a new period began in her judicial and political history. Wone of the Judges of the Territorial Supreme Court were afterward connected with the State Judiciary. While still on the bench, Judge Dunn had been elected as a delegate from La Fayette M)unty to the second Constitutional Convention. In this convention, he served as Chairman of ne Judiciary Committee, and possessed a " commanding influence " in the convention. He was Mterward a member of the State Senate from 1853 to 1856, and was a member of the Judiciary yomnnttee of that body during the entire four years, and its Chairman until 1856, when the ma- jority of the Senate being of the opposite political party, he was succeeded in the chairmanship 514 HISTORY OP GRANT COUNTY. by David Taylor. Judge Dunn died April 7, 1872, at the residence of his sister at Mineral Point, in the eightieth year of his age. By the constitution of the new State, Wisconsin was divided into five Judicial Districts. Grant County was included in the Fifth Judicial District, which comprised besides, Iowa La Fayette, Crawford and St. Croix Counties, and three new counties attached to some of these for judicial purposes. The Legislature was authorized to alter the limits or increase the number of these circuits, with certain restrictions. These Circuit Judges were then to form the Supreme Court of the State, which court was by law compelled to hold at least one session annually at the seat of government. The first election for Circuit Judges was held on the first Monday of August, 1848, and the following persons chosen : First, Edward V. Whiton ; Second, Levi Hubbell ; Third, Charles H. Larrabee ; Fourth, Alexander W. Stow ; Fifth, Mortimer M. Jackson. The first term of the Circuit Court in Grant County, opened Monday, October 2, 1848, Judge Jackson, presiding. Upon the opening of the court the following persons, "who were for- merly " attorneys and counselors at law in the District (Jourt, came forward and took the oath, and were admitted as attorneys : Nelson Dewey, J. Allen Barber, Orsamus Cole, Stephen 0. Paine, Joseph T. Mills, Cyrus K. Lord, Royal C. Bierce, William Hull, James W. Seaton, Ben C. East- man. Willis H. Chapman, attorney at law in the courts of Illinois, was also admitted at the same time. The first grand jury for this court was composed of the following persons : Thomas Cruson,. Simpson Oldham, Warren Hannam, Sr., William Richardson, Jeremiah E. Dodge, Samuel Wilson, A. W. Emery, Jonas M. Smelzer, John S. Kirkpatrick, James Prideaux, Thomas J. Taylor, Robert Langley, Neely Gray, Jacob Benninger, James Barr, Abner Coates, Sr., Robert R. Young, James Bonham, James R. Short, Lewis Rood. Thos. Cruson was elected as Foreman. The first case brought before the court was the State of Wisconsin vs. William Morris, Reu- ben Ray, Thomas Cobb, Thomas G. Kirkpatrick, Benjamin Baldwin, Solomon Roberts, Samuel Dorsey, William Clise and Pendleton P. Stone, for riot. Case stricken from the docket on mo- tion of the District Attorney J. Allen Barber, subject to re-instatement at the option of the Dis- trict Attorney. The case was one growing out of a charivari given in accordance with the custom* of " ye olden time." Judge Jackson continued as Judge of the Fifth District until 1852, when he was succeeded by Montgomery M. Cothren, who served two terms, retiring in 1864. Joseph T. Mills, of Lancaster, was the next Judge of this circuit, and held two terms, and was followed by Judge Cothren, the present incumbent. County and Probate Courts. — County Courts were established in this State by Chapter 86, of the revised statutes of 1849, and the jurisdiction and powers previously exercised by Probate Courts were by said Chapter 86, transferred to the County Courts. Prior to 1849, the Judges were styled Probate Judges, and prior to 1844, they were ap- pointed by the Governor of the Territory. Civil jurisdiction, to a limited extent, was vested in County Courts by the act establishing them. In 1853, a decision of the Supreme Court, in the case of James Nerval vs. James P. Rice and Lutia A. Rice, action of assumpsit, commenced in County Court of Rock County and appealed to the Supreme Court, struck a heavy blow at the common law jurisdiction of the County Courts. The court held that the statute creating the County Court, in so far as it pro- vides for the trial of issues of fact by a jury of six men instead of twelve, is repugnant to the constitution of this State, and void. " The right of trial by jury, secured by the constitution, contemplates a jury of twelve good and lawful men as the same was understood by the common law." At the session of the Legislature of 1854, Chapter 86 of the Revised Statutes of 1849, so far as it related to civil jurisdiction of County Courts, was repealed, except in Milwaukee County, where this court has always retained civil jurisdiction to a limited extent. The other counties oi the State in which County Courts have this jurisdiction at present are Dodge, Brown, Fond da Lac and Winnebago. A list of the County Judges of Grant County is given in another place^ HISTOEY OF GRANT COUNTY. 515 COUNTY BUILDINGS. Gourt House. — Immediately upon the meeting of Board of Supervisors for the newly cre- ated Grant County, in 1837, proposals were entertained for huilding a new court house, and at a subsequent meeting the contract was let to Messrs. G. M. Price and Daniel Banfill, the former taking the wood-work and the latter the mason-work of the building. Building opera- tions were at once commenced, and the court house finished the following year. This building was occupied until in 1851. Its dilapidated condition called either for extensive repairs or the erection of a new structure. The latter measure was decided upon, and the contract awarded to Messrs. Alcorn, Wood and Prentiss, who commenced work upon the new building in 1852, turning it over to the county the succeeding year. This building forms the wing of the present court house. A relic of the first court house of Grant County still remains in the shape of the stairs, over which the feet of so many weary applicants for the interposition of the strong arm of the law have passed. At present these steps do duty as an outside means of reaching the sec- ond story of the residence of Judge Mills. By 1865, the needs of the county for a larger build- ing were so glaringly portrayed, that, at an annual meeting of the County Board in November of that year, $5,000 was appropriated for the enlargement of this repository of justice and county bus- iness. The contract for the erection of the present east front was then given to John Thornton. At the same time the roof of the old court house was raised several feet, giving the court-room a much airier and handsomer appearance. The new front was finished the following year. The origi- nal contract price was $5,000, but at a subsequent session of the board the sum of $1,087.76 was added to this in order to reimburse the contractor for his work which, while it had been performed in an eminently satisfactory manner, had by this sum exceeded the contract price, and feeling that they now had a building which they could regard with pride, the county gen- erously came to his relief and awarded him the above sum. A lengthened description of this building is unnecessary. It is an edifice that does credit to the county, and provides in a com- modious and safe manner for all the varied county interests that have their headquarters there. County Jail. — In April, 1838, seeing the necessity for providing a place for the safe-keep- ing of criminals, the County Board decided to erect a building for that purpose, and a contract for a log jail was made with Harvey Pepper, the price for the same completed to be $400. This pioneer bastile was made of logs, squarely hewn, and snugly laid together, while on the inside it was lined with oak plank two inches in thickness. To add to the further security of the jail, the interior was nailed every two inches with heavy spikes, the result of which was to make a box that, crude though it might be, was stronger than many of the more modern speci- mens of this genus. The word box is used advisedly, as the entrance to the interior was by means of a flight of steps running up to the second floor of the structure from the outside, where, from the interior, entrance was effected into the cell below by means of a ladder. This floor was made of stout hewn oak logs, and through the cracks between such air as could, strug- gled through to the prisoners below. For light two or three holes about the size of a small pane of glass were cut far above the reach of the prisoners, and admitted an occasional ray of sunshine to the occupants of this "dungeon cell." The jail finally went up in smoke, being fired by an incendiary, and, in 1844, the "old stone jail" was erected at a cost of $1,685, including a frame jailer's house. This structure, although regarded at the time as the acme of institutions of its kind, was soon found to contain serious failings, both in size and internal necessities for the comfort of prisoners. As early as four years later, namely, in 1848, the Uerk of the County Board was ordered to advertise for bids for "enlarging the jail," but this order was afterward countermanded, and at the January session of the board in 1849, it was aecided that air holes cut in the walls so as to ventilate the lower cells would be suflScient for an needs, and N. W. Kendall was employed to provide this rather crude means of ventila- T°p o ^^^ reasons unexplained in the proceedings of the board, the job was turned over to J- 1. Squires, who was ordered 'to let the job to such person as he saw fit. In 1852-53, the present Sheriff's house was built, the one formerly occupied by that officer being altogether to rough and crude an affair for habitable purposes. 516 HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. The ease and facility with which prisoners effected their escape from these prison walls finally awoke the county to the necessity of providing a jail that would be capable of holding securely the desperadoes and rufiSans who visited this section. Notice was accordingly given early in 1872, that bids for the proposed new structure would be received, and, in July of that year, the contract was awarded to Haugh & Co., of Indianapolis, for the sum of |20,500. AH but the iron-work was sub-let by this firm to Norris & Hinkley, of Monroe, Wis. The follow- ing description of the new prison is published in the Herald of cotemporaneous date : " The edifice will be made of brick and be two stories high above the basement room, the latter having an altitude of seven feet and five inches, and extending three feet below the sur- face of the ground. The basement will be divided into two compartments, one of which (the front) is to be used as a fuel room, and contain the furnaces for heating the various rooms, cells, etc., above. Eight basement windows will light this portion of the building, each grated by two horizontal and seven vertical bars of iron. The walls are to be one foot six inches thick, laid with good building stone in the best sand and lime mortar. The dimensions of the build- ing to be 36Jx45J feet, all measured outside of brick-work. All outside walls above the water- table will be twelve inches in thickness, to be built of the best quality of Lancaster brick. The* floors will be of bush-hammered limestone, seven inches thick, laid level and properly bedded in mortar. All window-frames and sash to be of good, solid oak. " The building will contain twelve cells, six on the first floor and as many on the second. Each cell will be five f^et by seven and eight feet high, made of jail plate a quarter of an inch thick, and set on iron pillow-blocks six inches from the floor. The doors to these cells will be two by six feet, made of articulated iron-work secured with heavy bolts and provided with strong locks. A corridor composed of articulated iron-work will surround the outer tier of cells on both the first and second floors. This grating will extend from floor to ceiling. Separating the corridor from the gallery will be another grating of iron-work, the horizontal bars of which are to be of strong band-iron, and the upright of one-inch round-iron, spaced three to a foot. The lower ends of these bars will pass through the stone floor and be securely riveted. The gallery is to be two feet wide, and will extend all around the main prison. Besides the cells, gallery and corridor already referred to, the first floor will contain a kitchen and guardroom ; the second a jailer's bedroom and a female ward furnished with six beds and provided with an iron door. The walls on three sides of the main prison to be eight feet in height, the wall on the north side the entire height, the whole ceiling of the apartment containing the cells as well as the floor, walls and ceiling of the female ward are to be lined with jail plate-iron a quarter of an inch in thickness. There will be eight windows in the prison, and two in the female ward, each made secure with cast-steel gratings, consisting of three horizontal and seven vertical bars, the latter let into the caps and sills two inches, and the spaces around them at the bottom will be filled with melted lead. There will be two swinging beds in each cell, and six in the ward for women. These will be hung with chain suspenders and hinged with strong hinges, four inches from the wall. To be made wholly of iron." Some slight changes were made in the original plan, two feet being added to the height of the basement, and six inches to the thickness of the basement walls, besides several minor ad- ditions. The site selected for the new building was a vacant lot on the corner of Jefferson and Maple streets, and just north of the old jail. Work was commenced soon after the awarding of the contract and carried rapidly forward, and in September of the following year, the completed structure was turned over to the county and accepted. The total cost of jail and. lot was $21,740, $800 having been paid for the lot and a small sum allowed the contractors for extra work according to changes made in the original plans. It had been intended at first to include a Sheriff's residence with the new building, and plans for a building 44x27| feet, two stories high, with a mansard roof, had been accordingly drawn. The cost of this additional building would have been about $7,500, but from motives of economy the residence was omitted, something that was afterward much regretted, "his HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. 517 contemplated addition will doubtless be completed according to the original plans ere many years roll round, as only this is needed to round-out and finish to completeness what is undoubt- edly one of the finest jails in the State. Qounty Poor Farm. — This property which lies some two miles southeast of town on the Platteville road was purchased by the county in the fall of 1845, the purchase being brought about in a great measure by the efforts of Judge Barber and Dewey, who previously had purchased the property and offered the county the land at the cost price, namely, $3 per acre, providing they would establish there a poor farm, the need of which was already felt. The proposition was accepted, and November 17, 1845, deeds were made out direct from James Wilter, of Monroe, Green Co., to the county of Grant, by which the latter became the owner of 240 acres of the half-section sold by Wilter. Work was begun upon the proper buildings thereon, and the farm was ready for occupancy the following year. Isaac Martin was the first Super- intendent. October 24, 1866, the main building was destroyed by fire, the incendiary being an insane pauper named Susan, who started the blaze in her cell. There were no men on the place at the time, and although the women present fought strenuously against the fire fiend, they were unable to subdue it, and before help could arrive from Lancaster the fiames had such possession of the structure that all efforts to save it proved unavailing. The furniture and some few other articles were saved. The building was uninsured, and the loss to the county was estimated at $7,000. At the meeting of the Board of Supervisors in the November following, the sum of $5,000 was appropriated for rebuilding the structure, the new building not to cost over $8,000. During the interval, a stone building about a mile south of the poor farm, the property of the Hon. J. P. Cox, then lately deceased, was leased for the use of the Superin- tendent and inmates until the new building could be erected. The present poor house is a com- modious and neat-looking structure, combining comfort with all the requirements necessary for such an institution. Its cost, however, somewhat exceeded the price set by the Board of Su- pervisors when rebuilding was first determined upon. EARLY JUSTICE. As is usual in new countries, the earliest efforts to establish the blind goddess with her impartial scales securely upon her throne in Grant County, were accompanied by many discrep- ancies in form and procedure that cannot fail to produce a quiet smile upon the countenances of present-day barristers. Not but the dignity of the higher courts, under the same and dignified rule of Chief Jus- tice Dunn, backed by a bar comprising such names as those of Orsamus Cole, Stephen 0. Paine, J. Allen Barber, Judge J. T. Mills, and other legal luminaries of a like standing and character, was well preserved and their proceedings marked by that staid decorum that is supposed to be the especial characteristic of these fountain-heads of Justice. On the contrary, while in excep- tional instances, and these extremely far between, might have been exhibited instances of gaucherie and disregard of legal amenities, the bench and bar of Grant County would take high precedence with any similar body in the State. While this is the case in the upper courts, it is equally true that the lower channels at times, under the influence of amateur occupiers of the wool sack, pursued a most tortuous and perplexing course, ending in climaxes altogether the reverse of the meaning intended by the court ; a few of the most authentic have been culled from the many and are given below. The first are included in the recollections of the Hon. tienry S. Baird, published some years since, who relates them as happening in the western part of the State at a very early day. While it is possible that they may not have occurred exactly within the territory afterward defined as Grant County, they are "altogether too good illustra- tions of the early legal modus operandi to permit of their being missed here. Says Mr. Baird: In the subordinate or Justices' Courts, many singular incidents transpired and decisions were made, which, to the actors at the time, seemed to be all right, and in strict conformity with r 'V''''°"®. °^ justice ; but, to modern practitioners, they would appear, however, to conflict "With the strict rules of evidence and encroach upon the rights of the citizen. I will illustrate 518 HISTOEY OP GRANT COUNTY. by relating the proceedings that took place in two cases tried before Justices' Courts in the western part of the State about the year 1830. A plaintiff was, at that time, permitted to sue his debtor by warrant, and on judgment being obtained, to issue execution against and imprisoa the body for want of goods or chattels, out of which to make the money. In the case I allude to, the gentleman who related to me the story, applied to a country Justice for a warrant, he acting as the agent of a firm in St. Louis that had sold a bill of goods to the defendant. The warrant was issued and placed in the hands of a Constable. The plaintilF's agent returned to his place of abode, distant several miles from the office of the Justice. The Constable, prompt in the discharge of his duty, went in search of the defendant, and, in the course of a day or two, arrested him and brought him before the Justice. The question now arose, how should the attendance of the agent be accomplished ? This was soon settled by the Justice, who immedi- ately issued a warrant against his body and directed the Constable to bring him forthwith- before the court. 'But,' said the Constable, 'What shall I do with the defendant in the meantime ? I cannot carry him with me.' 'Oh, I will fix that,' said the Justice, who at the moment observed a man on horseback passing by. The Justice hailed him, and commanded the stranger to alight and take charge of the d^endant. The traveler at first refused, alleging that he waa a stranger, residing in Illinois and going on business to a distant point, but the Justice would receive no such excuse. He informed the stranger that he was a Justice of the Peace, and, in the name of the United States, and by authority of the laws of the Territory, ordered him again to take charge of the prisoner. He reluctantly obeyed the mandate, and mounted guard over the defendant. The Constable then went in search of the plaintiff's agent, found him at his residence, arrested him on the warrant, brought him before the court, and reported that he had the ' body ' there present. The trial proceeded and judgment was duly rendered against the defendant. It was now nearly dark, and, as in those days, houses were few and distant from each other, the traveler said to the Justice, that as he had detained him nearly all day, it was then too late to proceed on his journey, and he supposed he could give him supper and lodging. The Justice was quite willing to do so — for he was not only a Judge, but a landlord as well. The. traveler and plaintiflf's agent accordingly had their horses cared for, had supper, lodging and breakfast, immediately after which the stranger ordered his horse; but when about to mount and ride off, he was civilly informed by the late Justice— now landlord — that his bill was twelve shillings. In this case, the Justice probably pocketed more than either party or the Constable. At the other trial, I witnessed the whole scene myself The court was held in a small log school- house. The suit was brought to cover the amount of a note in hand. The defendant pleaded either payment or want of consideration ; each party had employed counsel, and a jury of six was empaneled to try the issue. A witness was called and sworn. In the course of the exam- ination, one of the counsel objected to some leading question put by the opposite side, or to- some part of the witness' answer as improper testimony. The Judge overruled the objection and the witness proceeded ; but, erelong, another objection, similar to the first, was made from the same side. On this second objection being made, the foreman of the jury, a large and portly individual, who bore the title of Colonel, and, probably, owing to his exalted military rank, was permitted to wear his hat during the trial, manifested a good deal of impatience, shown by fidgeting in his seat, and whispering to his fellow-jurors ; but the Justice again over- ruled the objection, and told the witness to proceed. This he did for a short time, when he made a statement which was clearly irrevalent and contrary to every rule of evidence and com- mon sense. The attorney who had so often and so unsuccessfully attempted to exclude thia sort of evidence, could no longer silently submit : he again rose from his seat and most respect- fully appealed to the court, protesting against such statements going to the jury as testimony. Thereupon the worthy foreman rose from his seat and swore he would no longer sit there ana hear the objections of that fellow ; that he had taken an oath as a juror to decide the case accord- ing to the evidence, and if he could not hear the whole story from the witness he should leave. Accordingly, he made several strides toward the door, when the Justice rose from the bench, and. approaching the juror, placed his hand on the Colonel's shoulder, and begged that he woull HISTORY OF GBANT COUNTY. 519 return to his seat, promising that the troublesome attorney should not again interfere. After some persuasion, he consented to do so', at the same time — while pressing his hat more firmly upon his head — he exclaimed, ' Well, I'll try it once more, but d — d if I'll stand any more of that fellow's nonsense.' The attorney gave up in despair, and the opposite counsel had it all his own way." A third illustration of the manner in which the dignity in which the law waa upheld, some- times under serious difficulties, comes from the southwestern part of the county. Two parties became embroiled in one of those bouts at fisticuffs so common in the mining region at that date, but before any considerable damage had been done, a third party stepped between the combat- ants, and restored order. But the peace of the village had been disturbed ; the dance was over, but now some one must pay the piper. Accordingly, a warrant was issued and one of the pugilists arrested. His trial came off in due form, and resulted in his acquittal. Thereupon the other party to the fracas was brought before the dread bar of justice, with a similar result. Matters were now becoming serious; insulted justice demanded a victim, and a warrant was issued against the body of the peace-maker. Thoroughly astounded, that individual was brought before the court, and convicted of disturbing the peace of the commonwealth. In the meantime, astonishment had given way in the mind of the victim to a feeling of righteous indignation, which was shared to the full by his friends. Suddenly the tables were turned, not only figura- tively but literally. The Court was obliged to take refuge in flight, and the last seen of his honor he was making hasty strides over an eminence in the vicinity, with his erstwhile prisoner trailing close in the rear, while the latter's friends obligingly remained behind, to reduce to chaos the scene of their favorite's disgrace. The pound of flesh, tradition assures us, was never obtained in that case. It was genial Daniel Gellipsie who, after listening impatiently to long-winded arguments upon law and evidence when he was seated on the bench, gave vent to his feelings by exclaiming with emphatic earnestness : " Gentlemen, you may go away with your Blackstpnes and your whet- stones. It is my private opinion that the plaintiff has got the right of the case, but the Court reserves its decision until Monday. "- The northern part of the county comes to the front with a well-known instance where the Court, not waiting for the slow and ponderous movings of the law, took upon itself the double role of Judge and executioner. A case was on trial, and the small carpenter-shop, covered with its cleanly litter, was filled with legal talent, witnesses and spectators. The trial had not pro- gressed very far before one of the witnesses cast a doubt upon the veracity of the Court, or in other words, suggested that his Honor was " a d — n liar." This was more than Scotch blood could stand. Rising from his seat, the incumbent of the bench remarked to himself : "Your Honor, I dismiss this court for fifteen minutes," and then, pulling off his coat, proceeded to inflict swift and terrible punishment upon the vile slanderer. Having finished his self-imposed task, his Honor resumed his seat, opened court, and no more insults were offered to that fount- ain of justice. A volume might be filled with incidents, pathetic and humorous, of the early administration of the affairs of the blind goddess, but the few given will show to those reaping the benefits of the pioneer labors of the fathers of the county, one of the many crucibles through which came the present forms of law and order. CAPITAL CRIMES. wrant County in its earlier and middle-age history was the abode of many representatives 01 the rougher elements of society, drawn hither by the mines and its proximity to the Missis- sippi, that famous water-way which served for many years previous to the war as a promulgator 01 vice as well as a pathway of commerce. This roughness gradually wore away under the nat- "l t^^ ^°'''^^ '^^^ °^ ^^^ advancing civilization, until the cuttings, shootings and brawls, of which the county was so prolific in an early day, are now remembered only as vague traditions 01 the past. It does not come within the province of the present chapter to take note of every aisturbance which resulted in loss of life, but only of such as at the time created a strong ripple 520 HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. of excitement, so as to for the time being shake the foundations of society in the neighborhood where the crime was committed. JIM CROW MURDER. Among the earliest assassinations which took place in the present confines of Grant County and one that, at this date, seems most brutally cold-blooded, was the shooting of "Jim Crow " at Potosi, by a gang of claim-jumpers. The following account of this murder is compiled from different sources, chiefly from a history of the crime that appeared in the Grant County Herald some years ago : " The 'Long Range' was one of the most prolific ranges of mineral ever worked in the Potosi mines. It was originally discovered by a man by the name of Fipps, who, failing to dis- cover the fortune it contained, and, after working awhile on side crevices, sold out for a trifle to more fortunate parties. A mining claim, at this time, was a lot two hundred yards square, as allowed by the Government. Moor & Watson held one of these lots, and, in proving their claim, struck the main body of mineral, or, in more modern parlance, the 'bonanza.' There was hv- ing in ' Snake Hollow,' at this time, a gang of roughs, whose business was to make an easy liv- ing by any means that might subserve their own nefarious purpose. Sometimes they would decoy their victims into the saloons and fleece them out of their ' piles ' at the gambling table. Failing at this, they did not hesitate to adopt means that would compass their design and place them in possession of the coveted treasure of the fortunate and hard-working miner ; and woe be to the man who fell under the ban of their displeasure. Their plan once devised and adopted, they did not fail to execute it, however hazardous and villainous the means used in its accom- plishment. No retreat, however secure, was safe from their invasion. With the stealth and persistence of the India thug, they pursued their victim, and, once within their meshes, there was no escape. The ' Long Range,' with its deep, capacious crevices of glittering ore, was a prize, and the band resolved to have it — ^by fair means if possible, by foul if necessary. Moor & Watson learned their design, and resolved to beat them in their own way. They gave ' Jim Crow' a, fighting interest. He was a man formed in a perfect mold, and well skilled in the ' manly art of self-defense,' his right name being James D. Morga, but, through the mines, he went by his sobriquet of ' Jim Grow.' It was a pastime for him to ward off the blows of his antagonist and send him sprawling to the ground with a force that beats the Keely motor. He was never known to seek a quarrel nor to back out from one in behalf of an insulted or injured friend. A few well-directed blows was sufiicient for the occasion, and the recipient never asked to have them repeated. Bill Goodfellow, also a powerful man, thought to dispatch him once, at a saloon in Dubuque, striking him in the back with an ax, severing his ribs from the bone ; but Jim, quick and fierce as a she tiger, turned on him, wresting the ax from his hands, and, before feeling the eiFects of his severe injury, dealt him such a thrashing that Bill ever after kept the peace. Such was the new partner in Moor & Watson's diggings, whom the miners had learned to respect for his unobtrusive devotion to the right, and the roughs to fear for his swift and ter- rible punishments of the wrong. A fellow by the name of John Calder was the first to assert his claim to the diggings, and, for this purpose, armed himself with a gun. Jim saw him com- ing and advanced to meet him half way. His first move was to wrest the gun from his hand, and then administering a few well-placed kicks, ordered him to return by the path he had come, or he would blow the top off" his head ; Calder obeyed, and relinquished all further claim. A few days after, the whole gang, consisting of Sam Rountree, Bill Clark, Cyrus Harper, Jake Derrich, Bill Cooley and Lindsey Evans, all armed, were seen approaching the diggings. Jim Crow was prepared for them. He stood, as they approached, leaning on the windlass at the mouth of the 'hole,' armed with his knife, pistols and rifle. When they came within thirty yards, Jim ordered a halt along the whole line. They knew too well the determined character of their foe, and to advance farther was certain death to one or more, and they wisely concluded to obey the order and remain where they were. Harper tried to commence conversation and said : ' Crow, we have come up to settle this difiBculty, and would like to talk with you a little. HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. 521 Crow replied, ' You can't talk to me ; you have come with a d — d pack of thieves. Now, take the path you came, and go home and attend to your own business.' "They did leave and were only too glad to get beyond the reach of the well aimed rifle. Though held at bay and baffled in their nefarious purpose for the time, for there is little doubt they purposed to kill Crow then and there, if they could do so without endangering their lives, they were not to be thus easily thwarted, and slowly returned deliberating a more successful revenge. It was not long delayed. All was kept quiet. No intimation was given of the work they had in view, and it was supposed the strife was at an end, and Moor & Watson were to be left in the peaceable possession of their rich diggings. A few weeks after, Jim Crow was sitting in Owen McLaughlin's grocery, quietly smoking his short pipe, when Bill Cooley, Jake Derrich and Lindsey Evans entered. It was observed that Evans wore a cloak. All walked up to the bar and called for something to drink, inviting Jim Crow to do the same. There was nothing in the words or movements of the men to betray suspicion when the two turned to leave the house. Cooley and Derrich had passed out, when Lindsey Evans turned suddenly round sent a ball whiz- zing through Crow's heart, and left him weltering in his blood. He expired in a few moments thereafter, while the assassins mounted horses that were held in waiting by their cowardly asso- ciates without and escaped down the Hollow. Crow was buried in Whittaker's field, on the hill, to the left of the road leading from Potosi to Galena. The events succeeding the cowardly as- sassination stop not here, and were fraught with more than mere local interest. The number and influence of the gang, some of them being men of means and holding respectable connections, defied the law. The local authorities were mere minions of their authority, and, if not willing tools, were but too anxious to avoid giving offense. The three principal murderers, after skulk- ing a few days in the neighborhood, were arrested, and, after a farcical examination, were set at liberty. It was then the people became aroused. Nelson Dewey was serving his first term of Justice of the Peace in the town of Lancaster; From him a new warrant was procured, and the villains re-arrested and brought into court. The prisoners were held to bail and com- mitted to the guard-house at Prairie du Chien, there being no jail yet in the county. The ex- amination lasted all night and some time into the next day. Many of the persons who attended were known to be armed, and their previous intimacy with prisoner and known desperate char- acter fastened the rumor that an attempt at a rescue would be made. A guard was organized to protect the officers, and thus under a strong guard the prisoners were started for Prairie du Chien. They were afterward brought before Chief Justice Dunn on a writ of habeas corpus and admitted to bail. This action on the part of Judge Dunn aroused the slumbering passions of the better class of citizens. These lawless desperadoes again at liberty, defiantly returned to their old haunts in Potosi. Forbearance had ceased to be a virtue in this case, and meetings were held to take into consideration the best mode of getting rid of them. It was finally determined to drive them out of the country, and a limit fixed to the number of days they might remain to ad- just their business. At the end of the time an armed body of men numbering two hundred and over, marched into the town ; but the desperadoes had made good their retreat, and put the waters of the Mississippi between them and all danger. The principals never returned. As an episode snowing the animus of the times and of the kind of characters that went to make up a mining town, the following incident will show : Dr. Hill was a friend of some of the parties implicated in the murder, whom the mob compelled to leave. One of them went to him for advice. The doctor said : ' I will not advise you one way or another, but there is not men enough in Wis- consin to drive me out.' This remark identified him with the gang, and a meeting was called to dispose of his case. Dr. Hill hearing of it armed himself to the teeth and walked into the meeting. Taking oflF his hat, and standing straight as a lamp-post and bringing his rifle to a ground arms, he addressed the meeting as follows : ' Mr. President, I understand this meeting has been organized for the purpose of driving me out of Potosi. Sir, is that the object of this meeting. (J — d d — m your souls! you can't drive me out! and you shall not discuss a matter h u '''"*^'' ^^^ every one present knew that speech portended death to the first man wha 8 ould open his mouth. The meeting was cowed into silence and one by one they dropped out,. 522 HISTORY OF GEANT COUNTY. glad to get beyond the range of the belicose doctor's rifle. He was not driven out. Harper, a merchant was, however, afterward arrested and brought before the Vigilante Court and proven guilty of loading the pistol with which 'Jim Crow' was killed, his own clerk testifying against him. He was then given two days in which to settle up his afl"airs and leave town. Before the expiration of the limit set, he was out of town glad to escape so easily." Nearly forty years have elapsed since these events occurred, and but few remain who were ■cognizant of the facts. Lindsey Evans was never tried, and few if any learned the sequalof his life. Some returned Wisconsin soldiers, while in a Soifthern prison, relate that one of their keepers, learning whence they came, confessed himself to be Lindsey Evans, and by kindly acts to the prisoners seemed to desire to atone for his great wrong. But his name and memory Tvill ever be attached to the most infamous assassination that ever occurred in the lead mines. EUSSELL MURDER. On the 1st day of March, 1838, Edward Oliver and John Russell, living near Cassviile, iDecame involved in a discussion arising from the loan of a skiff which Russell had borrowed from Oliver to go across Turkey River, and had not returned as he agreed. The wordy warfare aroused Oliver's passions to such an extent that he drew a pistol and attempted to shoot his an- tagonist. Parties near by interfered, but reaching around the would-be peacemaker, Oliver pulled the trigger and the ball from the pistol struck Russell in the left breast killing him in- stantly. Oliver was arrested and tried at September term of court and sentenced to be hanged. This sentence was carried into effect a short time later, the gallows for the execution being erected a short distance from where the old jail now stands. Harvey Pepper was Sheriff at the time, but a deputy named Reynolds released the fatal drop that sent the murderer into eternity. Previous to his execution, Oliver expressed a wish to make a confession as well as give a history of his past life, and Judge Barber, then a young lawyer, went to his cell to commit this recital to paper. The entrance to the cell was effected by first going into the upper story of the old log jail and then descending into the cell. As Mr. Barber sat writing, he happened to notice Oliver slip his hand from the shackles which he had unloosened in some manner and stealthily reach for an iron bar that lay near him, his evident intention being to brain his visitor and then perhaps escape. Mr. Barber stopped writing and looking the murderer squarely in the eye, commanded him in a stern voice to replace his hand in the shackle. For a moment they sat eyeing each other, but the piercing, unflinching gaze was too much for the murderous ruffian, and he sullenly obeyed the command, and when he was securely fastened, his visitor took his leave informing him that some other time he would take the remainder of the matter. But no further attempts were made to gratify the fellow's desire for posthumous notoriety. Oliver's son, a young lad, threatened, previous to his father's execution, to kill the officers should the sentence be carried out, and a short time after the verdict of the court had been fulfilled to its awful end, young Oliver was found in a thicket on the edge of the town with cocked gun waiting for his victim. He was, however, seen and captured before he had time to do any damage. His weapons were taken from him, and he made, so far as heard from, no further attempts for vengeance. LATIMER MURDER. The death of Charles Latimer in February, 1844, at the hands of one Gloster, at Potisi, created at the time much local excitement and was characterized as "the most tragical occur- rence that has disgraced this portion of the Territory for years." Latimer was an Englishman by "birth, and had fled from Canada in consequence of his participation in the patriot war. He was a lawyer by profession, a man of brilliant parts and a ripe scholar, but unfortunately ad- dicted to intemperance and the abuse of the American eagle. The former habit was viewed according to the custom of the time, with a grieat de^l of tolerance, the latter with quite tiie reverse. L/VNC^STEPy, HISTOEY OF GEANT COUNTY. 525 On the evening, about the middle of February in the saloon of Clark & Woods, Latimer "became involved in a discussion on the right of foreigners to vote, and during the discussion he animadverted somewhat severely upon American character and customs, when he was knocked down by Gloster, who was present. Latimer continued his remarks and was again knocked down, he making no show of resistance. Soon after this, having in the meantime indulged in more liquor, Latimer approached Col. White and charged him with being the cause of his hav- ing received a black eye. The Colonel was a professional gambler, a Kentuckian by birth, and a man of fine physique and polished manners, who had the reputation of having upon more than one occasion "winged his man." The tone used by Latimer was highly insulting, and the Colonel immediately knocked him down. This was on Saturday night. On the following morn- ing Gloster went to Latimer, begged his pardon, and they parted apparently good friends. On Monday morning, a note was received by Col. White from Latimer asking for the satisfaction usual among gentlemen. The challenge was accepted, and weapons — rifles, at one hundred yards — agreed upon, the time being set for the next morning. Gloster acted as the friend of Col. White, Latimer being also provided with a friend who acted as his second. At 3 o'clock on the morning of the intended meeting, the two principals were arrested and held to bail. This how- ever, only resulted in changing the place of meeting from Wisconsin to Iowa Territory. Promptly to the hour all were on hand, and the principals posted. At this juncture, Samuel Morris, an Acting Constable of the county, James F. Chapman, Justice of the Peace, Maj. John R. Coons, and one or two others appeared upon the scene to assert the majesty of the law and act as peacemakers. Being worthy citizens and men of honor, averse to all such bloody pro- ceedings, they went earnestly to work to stop the combat and succeeded. After much solicita- tion, both parties agreed to refer the dispute to a committee, who after a review of the case, decided that it was a misunderstanding all around, and no apologies were necessary on either side. The reconciliation having been effected, they returned to town and all might have been well had not malicious busybodies whispered in the besotted ear of Latimer that Gloster had further intentions against his person. Maddened with the fumes of the poisonous liquor, each day added to his frenzy until the erstwhile talented gentleman was reduced to an irresponsible maniac. On the night preceding the fatal encounter, Latimer was again informed that Gloster had used menacing language against him. In the state of delirium which then enveloped him, this was like touching a match to powder, and after passing a sleepless night, Latimer armed himself with a Bowie knife and two horse pistols, one of which, in his deranged condition of mind, he loaded with powder and the other with ball and sallied forth to met his foe. Intercepting Gloster as he was going to breakfast, he fired at him once, but as the pistol was only loaded with powder it simply burned and blackened his'face. Gloster cried that he was unarmed and asked his antagonist not to kill him, and the latter told him to go and arm himself Gloster hastily withdrew, and some time afterward re-appeared armed with a double-barreled shotgun. Latimer had been impatiently awaiting his return, whittling a pine stick with a Bowie knife in the meantime, and as his eye caught sight of the man approaching with the gun in his hand advanced with raised pistol. His gait, however, was unsteady, and his aim uncertain. Gloster cocked his gun and raised it to his shoulder, but retreated step by step until he came to an open culvert where the branch runs near the corner of Lewis' store. Here he stopped and warned Latimer and his friends that if he advancecf^ a step nearer he would fire. The words were unheeded, and a second later, poor Latimer lay weltering in his gore. Samuel Wilson who was his friend and intimate, and who, during the morning had made several unsuccessful attempts to disuade him from his purpose, received him in his arms as he fell and conveyed him to a place near by where he expired. The authorities were strongly censured for not preventing this un- timely meeting. Gloster surrendered himself to the officers, and, upon examination, was acquitted on the ground of self-defense. He remained but a short time in Potosi after the com- mission of the deed; and died a few years later in Chicago. The pistols used upon the occasion ^ere preserved by a citizen of Potosi, and one of them still remains in his possession. The other was donated to a California emigrant and by him lost in the country of gold. They were savage and formidable looking instruments. m 626 HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. DE LASSEAUX MURDER. A few months after the murder of Latimer, namely, in April, 1845, occurred another mur- der, the murderer and his victim residing at Beetown. The ownership of a certain lot was claimed by two parties — Brewer, a miner, and a companion ; and De Lasseaux, the owner of a smelting furnace in that vicinity, he also being engaged in trade at that point. De Lasseaux had fenced up the lot in question, and the day on which the murder occurred, had started to re- move some rails from the ground. This Brewer had forbidden him to do. As De Lasseaux approached the lot. Brewer seized a rifle which he had concealed in the limekiln near which he was standing, and, as he did so, the gun, which was at half cock, went off. De Lasseaux was a large, powerful man, of whom the other stood much in awe, and supposing that this accidental discharge of the gun would be taken as an excuse for an attack, he did not wait to see if his surmise should prove true, but, shifting the gun in his hand, he brought it down on the head of the unfortunate man, knocking him down. Brewer then drew a long knife he had upon his person and stabbed De Lasseaux in a savage manner, from the effects of which he died in a short time. Brewer was immediately arrested. The court had barely closed its spring session, Judge Dunn not having left Lancaster. The grand jury was summoned to return, a true bill was found, and the trial commenced. The result, under the popular feeling — which, owing to the general lawlessness which had seemed lately to develop, ran high — was a foregone conclusion, and the unfortunate victim to an insane craving for vengeance was sentenced to expiate his crime upon the gallows, and his execution took place a few weeks later. The gallows was erected a little to the northeast of the village, and up to a recent date the posts were still to be seen, but were dug up afterward by future owners of the ground. Brewer's claim that his gun went off accidentally on the fatal day, was not very generally received. Some time after his execution^ the person to whom the gun had been given by him was hunting in the woods, when, on two dif- ferent occasions, the weapon was discharged at half-cock, showing, when too late, that the unfor- tunate man spoke the truth. JORDAN MURDER. The most diabolically cold-blooded and brutal murder that ever occurred in Grant County was perpetrated June 15, 1868, by William Kidd, of Glenn Haven, who at that date killed Catharine Jordan, of the same place. Kidd and his victim had been brought up together, being children of farmers in the neighborhood, and for some years he had been paying to Miss Jordan considerable attention, and, to all appearances, was deeply in love with the young lady. This affection, however, was not by any means mutual, and Kidd had threatened to take her life if she did not marry him. Nothing more was heard of it until on the evening of the 15th of June, when Kidd drove over from Cassville with a two-horse carriage to the residence of Mr. Samuel Mclvor, where Miss Jordan was stopping. He remained talking with the young lady for an hour and a half, when she was finally induced to get in the carriage and take a ride with him. This was the last that was seen of the girl until the next morning, when her mutilated body was found by a neighbor, looking for his cattle, near the farm of Mr. Mark Scott, of Glen Haven. Her throat was gashed from ear to ear, while the hands and arms were cut and bruised badly, giving evidence of the terrible struggle which must have taken place between the murderer and his victim. It was afterward discovered that Kidd, after committing the dastardly crime, had driven his team to his father's stable, hitched them, saddled a horse of his own and rode to Bos- cobel, where he left his horse and left for parts unknown. The news of this horrible event fled like wildfire, and public feeling was lashed into the fiercest waves of excitement, which drowned every feeling but the one for vengeance on the mur- derer. The citizens of Bloomington and Glen Haven offered a reward of $550 for his arrat, and to this was added |500 by the county and $500 additional by the State, making $1,550. lo this was added $250 offered by the citizens of Fennimore, making $1,800 in all. No t^^^^^ °* the rufiianly fiend were found, until, in October of the same year, he was captured in Nobles HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. 527 County, Minn., by J. T. Delaware, formerly of Glen Haven, but at the time a resident at Omaha, Neb., and Frank Winship, of Sioux City. During the interval elapsing between the commission of the deed and his capture, Kidd had been rambling around through Illinois, Iowa and Minnesota, where he was engaged with a companion, whose acquaintance he had made, in trapping, when the pursuers closed in on him. He confessed the whole of his crime to one of his captors the first night after his arrest, saying after they left the house he had drove on for some ways, and had stopped his horses near a ravine, and, turning them across the road, had drawn his revolver and asked his companion to shoot him. This she of course refused, at the same time demanding his intentions, saying she was afraid of him. He then took out a knife, and Miss Jordan cried out, " My God! William, are you going to cut my throat?" To this the fiendish wretch replied in the affirmative, and endeavored to accomplish his designs. The girl resisted stoutly, but he finally wrenched the knife from her hand and succeeded in effecting his purpose. This portion of his fiendish story was told with a cold-blooded particu- larity horrible in its coolness. After being satisfied that life was extinct, Kidd alighted from the carriage, intending to throw the body in some sink hole, but the horses started, and he thought some one was coming, so, leaving the remains in the road, he jumped to the seat and drove hastily away. The reason given by the murderer for his hellish act was that he was in misery for fear she might marry some other person — his excuses being as feeble as his crime was dastardly. The murderer cheated the law by taking a dose of poison while on the cars on his way to Grant County. His body was brought to Lancaster and identified, after which it was buried, and the crime passed into the dim region of remembrances. HARNEY MTJRDBE. The southern portion of the county was the scene of an atrocious murder in 1865, which stirred the social strata of that section to its very depths. On Monday, September 25, of that year, Dr. Harney, an old resident of Fair Play, in a fit of passion shot and trampled to death his step- daughter, besides inflicting serious injuries upon his wife, the murdered woman's mother. His victim was the daughter of Mrs. Harney by a former marriage, and had been brought up in the family. Several years previous to the tragedy, she had been married to Joseph Hunsaker, who, at the time of the fatal affair, was in Idaho. Some few months previ- ous, Mrs. Hunsaker had expressed a desire to keep house by herself, and accordingly had moved into a house opposite the Harney residence. This move had been strenuously opposed by Dr. Harney, who upon finding that remonstrances were of no avail, and that the move had been made, forbade any of the family associating or having any communication with Mrs. Hun- saker. This command was not heeded by Mrs. Harney, except to choose such time for visiting ber daughter as when the doctor was not about the premises. It was claimed by the friends of Dr. Harney that his naturally choleric temper had been augmented for some time previous to the fatal day by troubles with his head, and that arrangements had been made for his starting on a tour of travel, accompanied by some one of the members of his family. Be this as it may, on the day of the tragedy, while Mrs. Harney was out making calls with a lady boarding at Mrs. Hunsaker's, the doctor acted in a most unaccountable manner in following them from place to place, finally waiting for his wife on her return, and following her into the house, where he instantly knocked the unsuspecting woman down with the butt of a revolver he earned. Mrs. Harney screamed for help, and Ellen Harney, her step-daughter, hurried upon the scene, and seizing the infuriated man compelled him to desist from his work. Upon the first outcry, Mrs. Hunsaker, who had been sitting on the steps of her house with er tnend, started to run over, expressing herself as fearful that the doctor was attacking her mother. She stopped suddenly, afraid that he would kill her if she appeared before him, but .^^ rf"*^ thought otherwise, and Mrs. Hunsaker rushed on and into the house where she round her mother lying on the floor. Hardly had she sank by her side before the now doubly- "> uriated man threw her to the floor and stamped and trampled on the unresisting woman, frac- 628 HISTOEY OF GRANT COUNTY. turing her skull in several places, and ending his diabolical work by sending a ball through her brain, killing her instantly. During this terrible scene his daughter Ellen had been trying with the terror of despair to prevent the consummation of his murderous intents. As the mur- derer attacked the daughter, Mrs. Harney struggled to her feet and ran into the street crying for help. The doctor tore himself away from his daughter and started in pursuit, and fired two shots at the fleeing woman, happily without effect. He had just caught up with her, and was about to again begin an attack with the butt of his revolver, when it was wrenched from him by his son Harrison, who took his mother to the house. The murderer passed through the room where the lifeless body of his victim lay, making some bitter remark, and, securing a lancet attempted to cut his own throat. In this, however, he was not successful, and although when afterward confined in jail at Lancaster, he tore the bandages off in order to bleed to death, his wounds finally healed, and he was tried, convicted and sentenced to State Prison for life. Mrs. Harney also recovered from her injuries, leaving only one victim to the insane fury of the murderer. The excitement created in the immediate neighborhood of the place where the crime was committed knew no bounds. During the summer of 1880, a petition was circulated for the pardon of the doctor, but the result of the petition is as yet unknown. HAGGBRTY MaRDER. By far the most horrible crime ever committed in the limits of Grant County was the mur- der of the Haggerty family, near Lancaster, in December, 1868, by Andrew Thompson, a par- amour of the woman. The first acquaintance of the parties dated back to ten years previous to the date of the murder. At that time, John Haggerty kept a saloon at Bull's Head, some six and a half miles west of McGregor. At the breaking-out of the war, Haggerty enlisted, and Thompson continued his visits to the place, finally becoming criminally intimate with the woman. Upon the return of the husband from the war, he was not long in finding out the exact status of affairs, and he soon after left for California, leaving his family to shift for themselves. A child was the result of this intimacy, which was killed by the mother, Thompson being accessory to the murder. The saloon was then sold out, and the woman with her children moved into a little house on Thompson's farm, but did not remain here long before they again were moved to McGregor, where they remained until December, 1868, when, yielding to the importunities of the woman, Thompson took her and the children in a covered sleigh, and started on the journey which was to end in a crime the like of which is hardly surpassed in all tbe criminal annals of the country. Crossing the river at McGregor, they came down through Grant County, passing down through Bridgeport, Patch Grove, Bloomington, North Andover, Cassville, Beetown and Lancaster. At the latter place, the family, consisting of Mrs. Haggerty, her daughter and two sons, were last seen alive. In a confession made after his conviction and sentence, Thompson referred to the motive of the trip as being a desire to find some place where he and the woman could live together without disturbance, Isut as he himself acknowledged having previously tried to get rid of her, it is extremely probable that the trip was undertaken with the intention of rid- ding himself once and for all of this encumbrance by fair means or foul. This belief is strength- ened by numerous incidents and circumstances observed by persons in the places through which he passed. After a week's absence, Thompson returned to his family in Clayton County, Iowa, but gave no explanation of his absence or where he had been. May 29, of the following year, trunks and other articles were discovered by some fishermen in a slough near Prairie du Chien, and a few days later the corpses of Mrs. Haggerty, her daughter and the two boys were discov- ered in the river near Cassville. On the 2d day of June, a warrant was issued for Thompson 9 arrest, but upon the approach of the Sheriff, his " man " escaped to the woods near his farm- house, and eluded for a short time the officer of the law. But not for long, as the woods were soon alive with infuriated men armed w ith guns, and who were only too ready to use them, ihis brought the fiend to a realizing sense of his danger, and he came out of his hiding-place and gave himself up to the Sherifi". After some debate as to jurisdiction, his trial took place in Iowa, HISTOKY OF GRANT COUNTY. 529 resulting in his conviction. He was sentenced to be hung September 9, 1869, but the execution was postponed, pending a settlement of some question of jurisdiction by the Supreme Court, and his sentence was afterward changed to life imprisonment in the Penitentiary. During this interval, Thompson wrote out and published a confession, in which he claimed that the girl Anna had been sick when they started from McGregor, and at Lancaster he wished to remain all night and save the girl from the exposure of camping out, as they had heretofore done since leaving McGregor. To this Mrs. Haggerty objected, charging him with being desirous of delay so that his family might overtake them, and give him an excuse for deserting her and returning home. They accordingly made a start, but had not gone more than about a mile beyond Lan- caster on the road to Platteville, and were just on the brow of the hill south of Pigeon Creek, when the boys cried out that Anna had fainted. Her mother threw snow in her face and chafed her hands, and thus brought her to. Thompson again urged a return to Lancaster, but the woman would hear none of it, and they proceeded on toward Platteville, until they reached the timber, about four miles from Lancaster, when they turned off the road, and drove into the woods, intending to encamp for the night. They had hardly stopped before Mrs. Haggerty informed him that the girl was dead, and upon examination he found it to be so. The woman then insisted that they must dig a grave and bury the body, but to this Thompson objected, say- ing they must go back to Lancaster, as, if the body was found buried there without a cofBn they would be arrested for murder. The woman said that if they returned they would be detained, and have to give an account of themselves, when Thompson's people would hear of it and follow him. The discussion ended by the latter announcing his intention of going back, when his par- amour seized a hammer, and saying, " I'll have your life first," struck him on the neck and shoulder. This enraged him, and he snatched the hammer from her, and in turn struck her several blows on the head. Realizing, however, what he had done, he endeavored to apologize for his harshness, but although the woman stopped her cries for the time, 'she motioned him away. Just then sleighs were heard approaching from the direction of Platteville, and voices of their occupants were heard chatting and laughing. It being a still night, the sleighs were not so near as was at first supposed, but as they approached, the woman re-doubled her cries, which he begged her to stop but to no purpose. The suspicious light in which he would be placpd should his position there be discovered, with a dead girl in the sleigh, and the woman and two boys screaming as if in mortal terror, Thompson claims at once crossed his mind, and he picked up a feather bed that lay at his feet, and threw it over them. The woman struggled and threw it off, screaming louder than ever, so that if the sleighing party had not been so boisterous themselves they must have heard them. He then seized the bed and put it over them again, and held it down until the struggles ceased. As soon as the sleighs, which traveled leisurely, had passed, he pulled it off, but no one spoke or made any noise. He lighted the lantern and looked at them, shook them, and then the truth dawned upon his mind — they were dead. He sat down stupefied by the crime he had committed, and remained uncertain what to do for some time. Then the thought that he must conceal what he had done seized him, and he started for Beetown, near which he had observed some mineral holes, in which he thought 'he might hide the bodies. He drove back through Lancaster, lost his way, and stopped to procure directions, and having driven for hours with his ghastly freight, came to the mineral holes, but found them tOD shallow for his purpose. He then determined to go on to Cassville, and hide the evidences of his crime in the river. Again he had some difficulty in finding the road, and it was not until Jiearly daylight that he passed through Cassville. Making his way to the river, he threw the bodies in, and then, driving a short distance further, he burned his sleigh cover to destroy the identity of his outfit. He then drove rapidly toward Prairie du Chien, and near that place put the baggage of the murdered family into the river, and then made his way home. How much ot truth there is in Thompson's narrative is hard to decide. Whether the murders were com- mitted as he relates, or whether, as many believed, they were taken to the river and then mur- *ered while under the influence of opiates, will never be known. The terrible experiences of hat awful night will remain a sealed book. But justice was not to be thwarted, and Andrew ■Inompson now undergoes the punishment inflicted for his horrible crime. .530 HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. KILLING OF MILAS K. YOUNG. One of the most inhuman of the many diabolical crimes that has marked the pages of Grant County history was the murder of the Hon. Milas K. Young, by his son, in May, 1875, near Glen Haven. The causes leading to the commission of the crime dated back some time previous to that date. Albert Young, the murderer, had been engaged in business at Glen Haven, and through various causes, was unsuccessful. Mr. Young indorsed his notes for some time, but then refused to do so any longer. Albert then resorted to extensive forgeries in order to keep himself above water. These forgeries included the names of friends as well as his father. He also obtained control of the title to the homestead, and was endeavoring to raise |2,600 by a mortgage on the place. In the meantime, he attempted to drive his father off from the farm. In this quarrel the young man had the sympathy of his mother, between whom and her husband there had existed a coolness for years, there being at the time a lawsuit pending between them in regard to the title to the farm. In a collision between father and son, the former was in- jured by an ax in the hands of his offspring, but this wound was claimed by the latter to be ac- cidental, and by many, cognizant of the facts, so accepted. At length, Mr. Young learned of the forgeries and sent word to his attorneys to have the forger arrested. Previous to this he had ex- pressed to some of his neighbors the fear that his life was in danger, but these fears were re- garded as groundless, and Mr. Young continued to remain at the homestead. By some means, Albert Young learned of the danger in which he stood, and Friday, May 14, early in the fore- noon, he came into the yard surrounding the house and sat down on a cart, occupying his time with whittling, evidently waiting for his father to come out. The latter was in his room lying down, with the door locked. After waiting in this manner for some time, the young fiend, it would seem, could no longer control his desire for revenge, and he entered the house and inquired of a servant where his father was. and upon receiving the reply that he was asleep in his room, Albert went to the door and threw himself against it with a view of forcibly entering the room. This he partly succeeded in doing, when the noise awoke his parent, who jumped from the bed and ran out of a door leading from his bedroom on the east side of the house. His pursuer then turned and hastened to the front door and met Mr. Young as he came around the house, draw- ing a revolver as he did so. He commenced firing and discharged four shots, two of which took effect upon his victim. The latter also drew a revolver and fired once at his unnatural son, the bullet grazing his abdomen and inflicting a painful, but no wise dangerous wound. But deter- mined that his victim should not escape, the young ruflBan seized a hatchet and rushed upon the fatally-wounded man and dealt him several crushing blows upon the head, breaking the skull in a ghastly manner. Several neighbors heard the cries of the wounded man, and hastened at once to the spot, but did not arrive until the murderer had finished his work and started to make his escape. He ran west to a grove standing some sixty yards away, and there stopped to examine his own wound- The hasty examination appeared to produce the impression that he was seriously, if not fatally, wounded, and, reloading his revolver, he placed it to his head and sent his blood-stained soul in- to the presence of its Maker. Mr. Young was picked up by his neighbors and carried into the house and laid on the bed from which he had fled but a few moments before. He lingered in great pain until the Sunday following, when death came to his relief, and he passed through the doors into the great here- after. The excitement in the community was intense, the murdered man had been universally re- spected wherever known, and his sudden and horrible death aroused all the indignation lymg dormant in the breasts of the citizens of that section. Had it not been for a few of the more conservative among them, there is no doubt but the stern rule of a mob would soon have reduced everything about the scene of the tragedy to ruins ; as it was, the body of the murderer was re- fused burial in the village cemetery, and was quietly interred upon the farm. Of the murdered man, the following testimony was borne by the papers of that date : HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. 531 " Milas K. Young had a reputation as wide as his adopted State. His form graced our Jegislative halls during the years from 1862 to 1865. Intelligent, faithful, earnest, his constit- uents felt that their interests and their welfare were wisely understood and well defended by him. Endowed with a laudable ambition and great mental energy, he early became a leader among his fellow-citizens, capable of molding and guiding public opinion. With wide sympathies and views, he felt a deep interest in all public questions, especially those that concerned the profession that he had chosen. To increase the quantity and quality of the productions of the soil.; to provide for his fellow-farmers competing markets for their productions, were the problems he most studied. It was this devotion that gave him such a strong hold on the esteem of the farming class with whose interests his inclinations and tastes were identified." 532 HI8T0KY or GRANT COUNTY. CHAPTEE V. United States Land Districts— Early Highways and Ferries— Railroads in Grant Coifntv — Telegraph Line — Census of Grant County— Agricultural Association. UNITED STATES LAND DISTRICTS. A great amount of the public land in Wisconsin had been surveyed by the latter part of 1833, and this fact being reported by the Surveyor General, two land districts were created by an act of Congress approved June 26, 1834. These districts embraced all the land north of the State of Illinois, west of Lake Michigan, south and southeast of the Wisconsin and Fox Rivers, included in what was then the Territory of Michigan. This area was divided in twain by a north-and-south line at right angles from the base line to the Wisconsin River, between Ranges 8 and 9, east of the Fourth Principal Meridian. All east of that line was called the Green Bay Land District; all west, the Wisconsin Land District. The land oflSce of the West- ern District was established at Mineral Point, and of the Eastern District at Green Bay. * Grant County, then forming the western portion of Iowa County, was included in the Mineral Point District. In October, 1834, the first public sale of lands in the present confines of Grant County, was held at Mineral Point, and a second sale took place at the same point in November, 1835. Within the Western or Mineral Point District, lay the great lead region, whose wealth had, for several years, been attracting miners by the hundred from every section. In accordance with the policy outlined by the Government, those lands known to contain, mineral were reserved from sale. By an act of Congress of June 15, 1836, the Milwaukee Land District was created out of the southern portion of the Green Bay District. The land ofBce for the new district was located at Milwaukee, where, in the spring of 1839, the first public sale of lands in this district was held. These lands had been surveyed after the lands which had been offered for sale at Mineral Point and Green Bay. By a provision in the act of Congress creating the Green Bay and Wisconsin Land Dis- tricts, these districts were to embrace the country north of the Wisconsin and Fox Rivers, when- ever the Indian title to the same should become extinguished. By a tteaty made with the Win- nebago Indians November 1, 1837, all lands belonging to that tribe east of the Mississippi River were ceded to the United States. This cession put the General Government in possession of land north of the Wisconsin, and the limits of the land districts were extended to the new ter- ritory which was ordered to be surveyed, the survey being finished in 1845. All of this terri- tory, with the exception of the reserved mineral lands was open to entry at $1.25 per acre. This reservation of the mineral lands from entry was afterward a large-sized bone of contention between miners and the Government, and terminated in these lands being offered for sale in 1847 ; a history of these troubles will be found in another portion of the work. In 1842, the land ofljice was removed to Muscoda, where it remained a number of months, when it was again returned to Mineral Point. The little log "seven-by-nine" structure which served as Uncle Sam's domicile, while exchanging land for cash at iJluscoda, was still standing up to a recent date. EARLY HIGHWAYS AND FEREIBS. Means of communicating with different parts of the country are early recognized by dwell- ers in any section as something indispensable. The savage denizen of the forests, as yet unini- tiated into the mysteries of wheeled vehicles, depending mainly upon the means of locomotion furnished him by nature, or at the best, employing for long stages of travel that much- abused, much-enduring beast the "Indian pony," needed but a narrow pathway known lOi HISTORY OF GBANT COUNTY. 63^ early parlance as a " trail." These arteries linking the different villages one to another, fur- nishing alike means for the solitary traveler, the hunting party, or the hideous, bedaubed warriors intent upon plunder and scalps, to attain their different ends, and was deemed quite sufficient by the first inhabitants of the soil. These trails were only wide enough for one person, making " Indian file " always the order of march, a phrase that was long remembered by settlers and their de- scendants. To the early white men, but little removed from his Indian companions in point of civilization, the Indian trail furnished ample means for pursuing his desire for pelts and pelf, and he gave but little heed to any improvement in this direction. Hence, when the early pio- neers, those men of brawn and muscle, whose strong arms and stout hearts were to make a path- way that should serve as an entering-wedge for the advancing civilization made their appearance. They found slow travel along winding trails, or, slower but much more pleasant, drifting down the sparkling streams, the only mode of reaching the point which was to be their future home. As in all other portions of the country so it was in Grant County, trails crossing and recross- ing led in every direction, but of genuine highways, broad and passable, there were none. What were put down on the early survey as roads were, with one or two exceptions, only an enlarged edition of these trails. A road was early inaugurated from Galena to Mineral Point and Dodge- ville, that passed up through the present townships of Hazel Green and Smelser, leaving the latter township in the northeast quarter of Section 12. This road running almost wholly through a prairie country, was passable for teams from the beginning of settlement, but can hardly be classed as a properly laid out road. Other trails, or so-called roads, were, as has been stated, numerous. Upon the earliest surveys of the county, these connecting links are laid down as ex- tending between Galena and Prairie du Chien, Cassville and Prairie du Chien and between Cass- ville and Galena, this latter road following the ridge for a portion of its length down through the southern portion of the present township of Lancaster. Another road properly so called led from the Western Paris, then an embroyo city, and, as after circumstances proved, destined to remain such, to Galena, and another from this place to Potosi. Besides these a "mail trail " connected Prairie du Chien, Cassville and Gibralter with Galena. Upon the transfer of this Western Territory to the United States, the chain of posts at Green Bay, "the Portage" and Prairie du Chien was established. For a time the Fox and Wisconsin Rivers were depended upon to furnish means of communication between the posts, but the long winters and inconvenience attending this absolute dependence upon this water-way, led the Government to decide upon the construction of a road between these places, and thus it comes that the first regularly built highway in Grant County was the military road constructed at Government expense. Early in 1835, Lewis Cass, then Secretary of War, issued orders to open, lay out, and prop- wly construct a road between Fort Howard and Fort Crawford, by the way of Fond du Lac and Fort Winnebago. These being the " piping times of peace," the Government in a truly economical vein determined to use the muscle' and intelligence encased in United States uniforms in its con- struction. Accordingly the soldiers at Fort Crawford were ordered to construct that portion of the road lying between Prairie du Chien and the " Portage." Those stationed at Fort Winne- bago were to build the portion extending from the " Portage " to Fond du Lac, while the re- mainder of the distance from the latter place to Green Bay was put into the hands of the mili- tary stationed at Fort Howard for construction. The soldiers stationed at these three posts were under the command of Brig. Gen. George Mercer Broke, and composed the Fifth Regiment of the standing army. The road was laid out by Lieut. Centre and James Duane Doty. Mr. ^otys assistance was secured, as he was much better acquainted with the route over which the road was to pass, than any other man in the Territory. Ihe road itself was an extremely crude affair. Through timbered country a track about rods wide was cut and mile-stakes set up. On the prairie, mile-stakes were" also set up and small mounds erected. Over marshy places, a " corduroy road " of logs, overlaid with dirt was nut, and any one whose way has led them at any time of life over one of these abominations, can MUy conjecture the torture and speed to be gotten out of this illusory phantom misnamed a road. 534 HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. It was, however, a shade better than no road at all, and in a fashion answered its purpose for some years. It passed through Grant County along what is now known as " Military Ridge." From the Blue Mounds it followed the old Indian trail to the northwest of Lake Mendota, and thence via Fort Winnebago, Waupan and Fond du Lac to its eastern terminus, Fort Howard. For many years it was quite a well-traveled road, owing to the scarcity of other lines of travel, but as the country filled up and other roads better and more direct between dififerent points were constructed, this highway fell into disuse. First and last, a considerable sum of money was laid out on this " connecting link," as will be seen by the following report made by Capt. T. J. Oram to Congress, September 1, 1839, In this report the Captain says : " Commencing at Prairie du Chien and running east as far as to the Blue Mounds, this road is laid on the ridge dividing the waters flowing toward the north from those flowing toward the south. At the Blue Mounds, this dividing ridge deflects toward the northeast, and continues on this course to within about four miles of Fort Winnebago, where it is lost in a summit level denominated ' the Portage.' This remarkable summit is one among a few others of similar char- acter in our country, possessing the property of dividing the waters flowing into the Gulf of Mexico from those flowing into the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The part of the road from Fort Crawford to 'the Portage,' a distance of about one hundred and fifteen miles, will need the sum of $5,700 to be expended, chiefly in the repairs and construction of small bridges and the opening of ditches, which are not only necessary to the immediate use of the road, but also to the preservation of the road itself. The construction of a safe and permanent road across ' the portage,' for about four miles, will re][uire the sum of $5,995. Owing to the periodical overflowing of this summit level, the road across it is rendered utterly impassable, and continues so for several days at a time, amounting to some weeks during each year. At such time, the United States mail and travelers to Fort Winnebago are obliged to be taken around on a circuitous route of about fifteen miles, crossing a lake on the way, in order to reach the desired point, and it is not unfrequently the case that the unwary traveler is led into the middle of ' the portage ' before he becomes fully apprised of his danger, when, all of a sudden, his horses are mired in the midst of a flood of water, from which he finds it impossible to extri- cate his team, and might perish in sight of the fort but for the assistance of the soldiers, who come off" in canoes to his rescue. A thorough and critical examination has been made, with a viesv of constructing a road around the portage. It is found, however, that the cost of such con- struction, besides an increase of distance and the inconvenience of a ferry, would quite equal the cost of making the present road good and safe at all times. " The sum required to complete the construction of the part of the road between Fort Win- nebago and the south end of Lake Winnebago, a distance of about sixty miles, is $6,320. The land in the vicinity of this portion of the road is of good quality, and similar in most respects to that described elsewhere m this report. From the south end of Lake Winnebago to within about six miles of Fort Howard, at Green Bay, the road is exceedingly bad, and the cost of transportation over it is a heavy tax upon the settlers, and tends greatly to retard the settlement of the whole tract of country between Green Bay and the Wisconsin River." In conclusion, the Captain adds : " The cost of constructing the road from Fond du Lac to Green Bay, about fifty-six miles, would be $17,292, to be expended in bridging, ditching, and filling the wet places with durable mate- rials, all of which exist in abundance on the road. Thus, the whole sum required to complete the construction of the military road from Fort Crawford, by Fort Winnebago to Fort Howard, the extent of about two hundred and thirty-five miles, amounts to $35,267. This sum, with strict economy in adopting the most simple kind of construction, would not more than cover the cost of completing this road, which, in a military point of view, is of unquestionable HP?"^' tance, connecting, as as it does, a chain of military posts, which the safety of the people of Wis- consin and the north part of Illinois will require to be maintained for some years to come. HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. 535 At the second session of the Territorial Legislature, the necessity for more convenient thor- oughfares of travel, is shown hy numerous acts locating roads in diflFerent portions of the State. But one road, however, was provided for in Grant County, the Council and House of Repre- sentatives enacting, " That Jonathan Craig, William Davidson and Stewart McKee are hereby appointed Commissioners to locate and establish a Territorial road from Osceola, in the county of Grant, to Belmont, in the county of Iowa, by way of Platteville. The Commissioners, or a majority of them, shall meet at Platteville, on or before the first Monday of August next, and proceed to the discharge of the duties assigned them by this act, according to the provisions of the act regulating the mode of laying out Territorial roads, passed at the last session of the Legis- lative Assembly. " Section 2. The County Commissioners of the counties of Grant and Iowa, shall audit and pay the expenses in their respective proportion to the amount of the road laid out by each. The Commissioners shall receive each $3 per day for the time necessarily employed in the dis- charge of the duties assigned them by this act." This was the first Territorial road laid out in Grant County. Previous to this, however, Daniel Burt, an early settler, who had located in the present township of Waterloo, on the ■Grant River, and erected a mill, had opened several roads, one eleven miles in length, to Cass- •ville, one eight miles to Potosi, another to Beetown, eight miles in length, and still another to Hurricane Corners, six miles away. Perhaps no better illustration of the difficulties and inconveniences which beset the path of the early pioneers, in attempting to get from one point to another, can be given than the follow- ing : Soon after Mr. Burt's settlement at his new home the supply of food ran short, and, fail- ing to receive any from St. Louis as he had expected, started for Paris, on the Platte, the nearest point at which provisions could be purchased. To reach that place with a team, it was necessary to take a circuitous route, first to McCartney's, eight miles, then to Beetown, thence to Lancas- ter, and from there on to Potosi and Paris. His starting-point had been only eight miles from Potosi, but there was no road between the two points, and Mr. Burt was therefore obliged to per- form a roundabout journey of forty-four miles to reach his destination, which, but for lack of a short stretch of road, would have been only a short trip of twelve miles. He arrived at his destination, and returned as far as a cabin situated on the present site of Potosi, where he stopped overnight. In the morning, a start was made for home, through the timber, over a route that had never before been traveled by man or beast. Mr. Burt was accompanied by a man to drive, while he himself selected the route and cut away the trees. They reached Boice Creek, about half way, by 10 o'clock, and with but little diflSculty. At that point they met with a formidable obstruction. The Mississippi was high, and the water covered the bottoms •of the creek a quarter of a mile to the depth of eighteen inches ; and in the channel of the ■creek, some forty to forty-five feet wide, the water was ten feet deep. The wagon was a new one and the box was reasonably tight. After caulking up some of the open places with leaves, the wagon was placed on the verge of the perpendicular bank with the provisions aboard to be forced by the driver into the channel when all was ready. Mr. Burt then swam the horses over the creek and placed them in readiness with whiffletrees and chain attached ; he then cut a grape vine and fastened one end of it to the pole of the wagon, and took the other end in his teeth. Having swam the length of the vine, he ordered his companion to force the wagon into the creek, which he did, and this odd craft, floating with its load in fine shape, was towed by Mr. Burt across the stream until it reached the opposite side, when the horses were hitched on and all brought safely over the bottom. The blufi" was then ascended without diflSculty, and they arrived opposite their home about 1 o'clock. Here another obstruction was met. For some distance either way the blufi" was steep and rocky. A point where timber had been rolled ■flown was selected, the inclination being about thirty degrees from perpendicular. All the wheels were chained, and a tree, fifteen inches in diameter and with a wide expansive top, was felled, «nd chained to the hind axle-tree. Thus fixed, the descent was made in tine shape, and the -'OiO>cioooo)i;n** — 3l-iOg-i01O-4i-'O-4-ia^(0<0CCClb3MWkP'0>00-JC0^C0OOK'0COa=0SCD?0 tDbO-Jl*tOtO-JtO-JWO'Oi (O — OeOtOt^OiOOO 0003~JO'CtfO'00''mw'ObOCO'C>0'CC>0'Ol-'CO 0-4 CO CO 03 r Ci l-O to bO -J -4 OJiCJ^K.COSCD^-COOSCD MO'l^OOOO-Ji^OOi-OLO.-'ifkCD-l^bO-^O— Il-'O — COtOOOiCC— ItOtOCOl^ OieiO-JWtD-4*.Clh-'tf--IC0CCCD-JtOtO-aai|OC0-Jd— ItDrfitO>l»mh-0 i-'a>-^o-Jooc--Jiotf>-Qomi-'ctot-'00'Oioi-JcoO'i— ■^-'OO'i-'cpo cotacBO'cococoooo COt^lf^OiCntO-JCJTOiWi-'Ol •uh3Qoi-'Coa>i-'»^i-'i;atoco-jcoa>oiOiOioc> bocnw-jcji-JOo'^ocof^cs'-'ifi.to-JJi'.ci-oc COCOO'&QtOoac a 00 -1 t o -J ' - . . . ^ -^ >^~j~ji-'Oooimw-JO K'C>:ri - o o o to oa to ^ rO K) l-- i-< h-' to M en M en h-1 l-i p-- h^ *. a»COOIOOiMWCOtOK>COCOrf'COOh(^(DtO<3SCOeOGJ-Ii-'COOi^O>hfi IXaf- i-'OSaaCOtnOtO-JOlOiB'h^COlO — ^tOtOOeDD3--OCJCCOOOO(©rf'iiiOOcO Ofi.i-iw*-^ '■ -r;-Jc;!X3tOrfi.oio:(o:: _Oi_C: C C ^ _CO OO-JtOJ I- -1 tOh-i to MJJ.CO'-' O-J-JtOCCCOOl-JiXOitO ,1 OOO OiOiCO'OiOitt'Cn Value. cog :^ E 5 ^ I fe I cooooaooaoi4^oco OviCJ'OOCOMl^OiO OiOOO c StOtOCaOOrf'-l-'tOTCi-i Cn in- C _tO oiQioooamc'oaioO'CoiomMO' WtO-Jh-tO«30— ICJ t-i CD CUI— ' tOh-lhfrt^ bO— lOOO-JCOOifc-— ICDOCOH-Qo-JftD O -J CO M c m tp> Oi to CO ^ tJ -J ►** en »}^ -J to COH-l-JhJCOCOo— QOtOCTiCOie* qaWtOtDtOOCDO — Cnoar-it^K-Otn^-oa iC(>tO-40roesa)S;co.tocoi.ctOOoOrf*CO (O CD O) o coieioairfkCocooif'-J-atfi-^tocjioi-icri c^tcguottJe.T — ciioar-'t^k-ooii-'coi-'to-^toCncioOOOQooiaJCi-J tO-40i>OCJOOC; D5-fcC0ict0C»Orf*C0i-'-4tDC0C0:De)'i->O — C:-J-J oitooocji^oioscjitoo-jaotooioooitotOkP.toco-jcooo'toeotow taooooorf^—ii-'-j'oc^'Qocioaai— mtoo^c c;'i-'i-'i!aoaoco':gi— ' gM tow . -1 tOOD cotobototoi->toMtctobotorfk.i-itototstotobvibOtoto *.--o«i-i(ococci<.iotorocjicDostoioi-'tot^&itatoc ?irT?t^'^9?5?~'^:zC;cocitn' cDOc:rtesoooo-itoccc-4rf»-a MWCO^OOiCJii^Oprf!*Oito-9J-4CC>& — COOiOJ«Ort*-JOOOC •m OS c-actfci rf -qaooooctfr-ooo-JCistocuos-J-J .lb t-*eut— ' cot— 'CCtOI— 'to M _. ._-3C5C>tOQOO'OCOi-'OOCOI-'CO — COCOOTCnCOit woicooo-aC-Oi-4'-'C010-Jt00i0 g^i^-ji|:.o>QO — cacoroo'tp-ooioto'j CO en oi to go -JO to c wen OS 01 Wi O Qi CO Oi CO 93 to 1^ on CO CO i-itoca cotooo CO«OCQ 00 en 00O-4 Oi O Oi Oi M to I-I a^~i03 -ac»i-i^ OtOOicD COOiCOOOO— TOSCOOi H-tOOCi-JlOCO>F*-^ m 03 o t> M 2 ai M K M M o "Value of Merchants' and Manufactur- ers' stock. Value of all other PerBonal Property. Total Value of all Personal Property as aforesaid. Number of Acres of Land. Value of aforesaid Acres of Land. Value of City and Village Lots. o o 3 , ^ 55 II CD •=] o o s ^ O ss CD ro ^ rt- Cr- «■ cy 2'" p at "^ o 1-1 '-*5 00 -f C> CD p 13 o B GQ ►5' p B 547 548 HISTORY OF GKANT COUNTY. Products. — The following table shows the acreage of products growing in Grant County in May, 1879 : ,' NUMBER OP AOEBS. MILOH COWS. TOWNS. 1 if 1 O 1 J Apple No. of Acres. Orchard- No. of BeariDg Trees. 1 ll 1= 1 ll 0> I 804 600 178 2393 1719 1247 617 1498 1853 680 1068 2967 1791 1285 1319 1083 685 2014 233 999 846 1490 1098 531 654 16:'4 878 1364 1564 1067 1244 796 3017 4454 249 2243 849 2764 1274 2798 4068 2209 5827 1492 2591 6760 1913 2476 2950 1400 340 2937 1617 1065 1254 3135 4445 4161 5442 2462 1156 2368 943 1397 2153 2371 17 1517 946 2232 1012 1887 2449 1301 4546 1410 2391 3125 1571 1867 1928 1071 262 1850 940 727 1784 1863 3420 2710 3842 1023 784 1748 980 967 49 139 144 124 "is 144 35 84 24 160 23 40 48 113 19 11 57 83 186 160 107 74 240 20 50 40 40 78 101 252 132 144 48 61 64 134 162 145 35 121 137 216 148 111 37 123 22 103 112 191 77 64 175 220 92 138 162 50 114 282 216 71 6 90 32 62 60 59 103 108 20O 74 223J 152 J 70 132 . 55J 48 313 58' 56J 53 90 69J 172i 218 128" 105 41 48 56 95 92 119 3 92 5 85 92J 138^ 147 143 120 121 102 184 43J 112 57i 44 19i 125 67f 21| 31 92 119| 152 85 93 68 59 29 97 3292 3167 70 4380 250 3283 3546 6077 8805 6365 11499 2715 6235 6715 1821 3603 1144 1642 458 4870 2540 308 521 3346 7105 6203 4179 2249 2270 2298 709 1002 " 132 109 1483 232 925 1211 275 165 155 177 641 382 687 372 'i'13'7 177 162 339 368 1860 68 16 1681 10 1509 1564 76 527 691 199 1082 2861 1949 1200 1200 1562 "3840 1664 1794 2723 556 506 3263 949 247 988 342 2327 1783 1910 181 6580 1167 5-55 1498 5226 2916 378 467 198 487 404 495 250 525 478 417 614 572 607 724 362 438 576 858 132 446 259 491 257 445 560 658 538 351 257 456 228 275 % 4737 00 5887 50 2416 00 6410 00 4848^00 6765 00 3740 00 7885 on 7250 00 6020 00 8985 00 6730 00 6134 00 11104 00 6,'ilR no Bloomington Boscobel CassTille Castle Kock Clifton Ellenboro Fennimore (xlen Haven Harrison 10120 2179 3764 3933 4924 931 9645 Hazel Green 5170 1823 7770 Jamestown Liberty 4147 6777 1935 6498 on Little Grant 7242 00 4759 00 Millville 1344 00 2809 5414 00 Mount Hope 8071 00 2029 967 5445 2379 7820 361 "6599 3326 7200 00 Paris 3198 00 6923 00 Platteville 12972 00 8095 00 Smelser 6946 00 4212 00 Waterstown 3227 00 7167 00 Woodman 2825 00 4402 6861 4222 00 Total 38189 82150 56695 2316 3923 29871 2760§ 115,358 14470 46934 109356 13558 $188791 50 The vote of Grant County at the different gubernatorial elections since the admission of the State into the Union, is as follows : 1849 — Nelson Dewey, Democrat, 1,030 ; Alexander L. Collins, Whig, 1,103 ; Warren Chase, Free-Soil, 16. 1851— L. J. Farwell, Whig, 1,026 ; A. J. Upham, Democrat, 985. 1858— E. D. Holton, Abolition, 1,026 ; William A. Barstow, Democrat, 988 ; Henry S. Baird, Whig, 195. 1855 — Coles Basford, Republican, 1,581 ; William A. Barstow, Democrat, 1,145. 1857 — James B. Cross, Democrat, 1,260 ; Alexander W. Randall, Republican, 1,681. 1859— Alexander W. Randall, Republican, 2,496; ,H. C. Hobart, Democrat, 1,715. 1861 — Lewis P. Harvey, Republican, 2,907 ; Benjamin Furgeson, Democrat, 741. 1863 — James T. Lewis, Republican, 3,404; Henry L. Palmer, Democrat, 1,313. 1865 — Lucius Fairchild, Republican, 2,577 ; H. C. Hobart, Democrat, 1,131. 1867 — Lucius Fairchild, Republican, 8,093 ; J. J. Tallmadge, Democrat, 1,649. 1869 — Lucius Fairchild, Republican, 4,404 : Charles D. Robinson, Democrat, 1,476. 1871 — C. C. Washburn, Republican, 3,154 ; James R. Doolittle, Democrat, 1,971. 1873— C. C. Washburn, Republican, 2,405; William R. Taylor, 2,104; Scattering, 1. 1875 — William R. Taylor, Democrat, 2,318 ; Harrison Ludington, Republican, 3,182. HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. 549 1877 — William B. Smith, Republican, 2,630 ; James Mallory, Democrat, 1,938. 1879 — William E. Smith, Republican, 3,111 ; James E. Jenkins, Democrat, 1,703 ; Col. May, Greenback, 625. The Preddential vote, for the same period, has been as follows : 1848 — Zachary Taylor, Whig, 1,649 ; Lewis Cass, Democrat, 1,148 ; Martin Van Buren, Free-Soil, 144. 1852— Winfield Scott, Whig, 1,341 ; Franklin Pierce, Democrat, 1,379 ; John P. Hale, free-Soil. 129. 1856 — John C. Fremont, Republican, 2,809 ; James Buchanan, Democrat, 1,419 ; Millard Fillmore, American, 186. 1860 — Abraham Lincoln, Republican, 3,579 ; Stephen A. Douglass, Democrat, 1,922 ; John Breckenridge, Ultra Democrat, 33. 1864 — Abraham Lincoln, Republican, 3,247 ; George B. McClellan, Democrat, 1,561. 1868 — Ulysses S. Grant, Republican, 4,640 ; Horatio Seymour, Democrat, 2,071. 1872— Ulysses S. Grant, Republican, 4,307 ; Horace Greeley, Liberal, 2,319. 1876— Rutherford B. Hayes, Republican, 4,723 ; Samuel J. Tilden, Democrat, 3,108. 1880— James A. Garfield, 4,654 ; Winfield S. Hancock, 3,038 ; James Weaver, 179. AGRICULTURAL ASSOCIATION. November 6, 1855, a meeting was held at Beetown for the purpose of organizing a society Tfhich should be known as the Grant County Agricultural Society. Mr. J. E. Dodge was elected •Chairman, and John Dodge, Secretary of the meeting. On motion of Mr. James Prideaux, a resolution was passed averring the expediency of such an organization. A constitution was then presented and adopted, after which the following ofii- cers were elected : President, J. E. Dodge ; Vice Presidents, William Humphrey and Edmund Haralson; Secretary, John Dodge; Executive Committee, Henry Patch, Sr., George Morris, WiUiam Carter, E. Kilby and Dr. Young. The first fair under the auspices of the new society was held at Lancaster, October 7, 8, 1856. Premiums on stock and farm produce, to the amount of |69, were offered at this meeting. Since that date a fair has been held annually at Lancaster, generally during the latter part of September. The fair grounds lie about a half-mile east of the city on a high, commanding site, and, from its dryness and general location, is well adapted for this purpose. This tract was purchased by the society, and fitted up especially for exhibition purposes. The leading men of the county have taken considerable interest in the association, and its list of life-members has numbered among the roll many of the illustrious names of the county whose bearers have passed on before. The business of the association is managed by a board comprising the President, Vice Presi- dent, Secretary and Treasurer, and the Executive Committee. All the ofiBcers are chosen annu- ally on the second day of the fair. The present ofiBcers are President, L. M. Okey, of Cassville; L. J. Arthur, of Lancaster, Secretary ; Executive Committee. 550 HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. CHAPTER VI. Personal Reminiscences— James Grushong— Col. Joseph Dickson— Okris McCartney— Sam- uel Drum— Hawkins Tatlor— Ira "W. Brunson— T. M. Fullerton- J. W. Seaton— Illus- trious Dead— James Gates Peroival— Maj. John R. Coons— M. De Tantabarat/. ani> THE Deserted Village— Asa Edgekton Hough. PERSONAL REMINISCENCES. The following interesting sketches were prepared by the pioneers whose names appear at the beginning of each paper, and are descriptive of early experiences, privations and successes incident to those times : By James Grushong. It was in the spring of 1826 that I started from Missouri for the newly discovered mines near Galena. The country was then uninhabited, only few places showing evidences of the previous presence of the white man. From the lower rapids to Rock Island there were no signs of settlement. At the latter place there was a fort garrisoned with United States troops. From Rock Island^again to Galena there stretched out on either side a wilderness broken only by the numerous Indian towns which lined the west or Iowa side. Those little docks with their long piles of wood which are now so numerous along the great river's banks were then unknown; and the means of obtaining the supply of wood needed for the steamer's furnaces was as primitive as the country itself. Fifteen axes were included in the list of necessaries needed by the steamer, and when fuel run short the boat would be " laid to " alongside one of the numerous islands that dotted the bosom of this broad estuary, and fifteen pairs of stout arms would bring the ashes in crashing ruins at the feet of the choppers. These trees would then be cut into two or three lengths and rolled onto the lower deck, where they would be worked up more at leisure as the boat proceeded up the stream. On arriving at Galena, we found that present thriving city to contain only three houses, and a smelting furnace, owned and run by a man named Comstock. It was an old-fashioned log furnace, but little better than the earlier furnaces in use by the Indians. All the land was owned by the government, who stood ready to give lots to any one who would occupy. In case min- eral was found it had to be delivered to a licensed smelter, who was supposed to turn over to the government the sixteenth then demanded as rent for the land. A strong suspicion grew up among the miners in after times that these agents did not allow the government to benefit much by this tax, and as the mines became filled with the ininers from all quarters, this practice of paying government rent was more honored in the breafah than in the observance. As I have said when I first arrived at Galena, there were but few residents there ; in fact, they might almost have been counted on your fingers, but during the year a great immigration set in that soon built up the town. Just about the time of my arrival the Hard. Scrabble mines had began to show indisputable signs of heavy leads^ of ore, and accompanied by Henry W. Hodges, Thomas Shanley, Eli Per- kins and Kidge Williams, I started for these mines. After having first obtained the following permit : James Grushong is hereby permitted to dig or mine on United States land which is not leased or otherwise rightfully occupied. He is not to set fire to the prairie grass or woods, and deliver his mineral to a licensed smelter and comply with all regulations. Charles Smith, Acting Agent and Superintendent Lead Mines, Fevre Eiver. Fevre River, April 30, 1826. There were no teams in the country, or at least none that we could get, therefore we pro- cured a pirogue and loaded it with provisions, including a barrel of pickled pork and a barrel oi HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. 551 flour, and started for the Hard Scrabble. Arriving there we found two or three cabins, in one of which were John Ewin, McKnight and Steve Thrasher. Another was occupied by a French- man, who was married to a Menomonee squaw, and speaking of the Frenchman reminds me of a ioke he played on some Indian friends who had come to pay him a visit. Having first worked upon their imaginations until they were fully inoculated with the belief that the whites were conspiring to attack and massacre them, and had hid themselves in a hazel thicket near by, the Frenchman came to the miners' cabins and induced us to come over and furnish the grand finale to the plot. Accordingly, armed with a few fowling pieces, unloaded save with powder, we crept to the thicket where the Indians were lying in a tremor of fear and excitement. With a veil and a discharge of firearms we broke in upon them. Our yell was nothing to theirs, as with abound like a frightened deer, each one of the crowd broke from the covert and struck out in a bee-line for Galena, fully persuaded that their pursuers were close on their track. Some of tiiem did not stop running until they got to Galena, where they reported the other portion of the party massacred by the miners. They found out their mistake afterward, while we all had a hearty laugh over their scare. Although they learned of the trick that had been played, they were too thoroughly frightened ever to return. I remained mining with fair success at the Hard Scrabble until September, when I returned down the river. Light-draft steamers, capable of running at all times of the year, whether the river was high or low, were then unknown. The few boats running could only ply between the up-river places during the high water of spring and early fall. Consequently my compan- ions and myself secured a pirogue and started down the river. We passed canoes without num- ber, laden with corn and Indians, but they were peaceably inclined, as in fact were all the In- dians in early times, their weaknesses being whisky and tobacco. The last part of our trip we were without provisions for two days and nights, and got nothing until we reached " White's," at the head of the rapids, where we obtained a " square " meal, that tasted extremely good after our long fast. I came back in the spring accompanied by my brother, and started mining on the Coon Branch of the Fevre River, now included in La Fayette County. While here the Winnebago scare broke out. One night we were awakened about 12 o'clock by a great noise, cattle low- ing, dogs barking, and a terrible racket generally, and upon turning out in the morning, found it was settlers fleeing from the Indians. Not being particularly frightened ourselves, we re- mained where we were, and continued raising mineral, and soon after the country quieted down, with the surrender of Red Bird and We-kaw, and settlers gradually returned to their homes. When coming up the next spring I took the land route. There were eight of us in the party. We were obliged to head all the rivers, as we did not care to expose ourselves to an in- voluntary bath in attempting to ford them. Not a house was seen from the foot of the lower rapids until we reached Apple River. Previous to reaching the Apple our provisions ran low, and for a two days' stretch we were obliged to tighten our belts, as the only way of counteracting the gnawings which beset us in that portion of our anatomy, which should have been filled with something more substantial. At Apple River we found a sort of tavern kept by a landlady. Upon reaching it one of the party went in and ordered dinner for sixteen persons. The meal was prepared, and after we had filed in and taken our seats, the landlady instituted inquiries as to the whereabouts of the other eight. We told her that we thought those present could do ample justice to the preparations which had been made, and if anything was left we would in- stitute a search for the others. The landlady saw the joke, and it is needless to say that there was no reason to look for any more of the party. The meal was disposed of by those present. This season my brother and myself went on a prospecting tour up to the Pekatalic. On our return trip in the fall we passed over the present site of Lancaster, where no indications of the present village were visible, the only inhabitants being wolves, deer and other wild animals. We crossed over what is now known as Boice's Prairie, and while looking for a place to camp for ">e night, we heard a dog bark, and upon following up the sound, found a cabin inhabited by a man named Allen and his wife. Allen's father also lived with them. From the appearances 552 HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. about the house, I should think they must have come there at least a year before, although I do not recollect whether we asked them the question. The men were engaged in mining. Further on down the Platte, my brother's horse was bitten by a rattlesnake while we were following a path through the woods. We killed the snake, and feeling sure the path must lead to a cabin somewhere, I told him to take my horse, ride on, and get some sage tea and sweet milk if he could ; he was gone some time, but came back with the tea and milk. In the meanwhile the horse had swollen to an enormous size, but we dosed him with the sage tea and the milk. The tea did its work, as I felt sure it would, and by sundown the horse was able to move, and we started on for the Menomonee diggings. I did not go to the cabin where my brother got the sage, but it was situated on the Platte, and they must have been living there a year or more. In 1832, during the Black Hawk war, I was at Coon's Branch, about two miles from Hazel Green. There was a great excitement, and companies were formed for defense against the Indians. Two men were needed at Hazel Green to make out the complement necessary to draw arms and equipments. My partner and myself enlisted, but did not do any fighting, as the •company was not ordered out, and all through the- trouble we continued our work on the Branch, and raised 47,000 pounds of mineral out of a hole we only paid $40 for. The Indians were pretty thick, and frequently we would not see white men for a week. A Mr. Cottell was my partner here. I went back to Missouri again, and, in the spring of 1833, I came back. Dur- ing the winter following, I and my brother mined again on Coon Branch, and raised 40,000 of mineral. I went back and returned in 1836 to Galena, and brought up a considerable number of cattle and horses. When I got to Galena, I had about $100 in " wild-cat" money, and while fooling around there, lost my pocket book. I went to Farnsworth & Furguson, and told them I was broke, and they let me have $50. I then helped my folks, who were on the way to the Hurricane, up as far as Hazel Green. There I determined to get that money back some way, and so went to prospect for a lead. I took an auger and went out, and the first hole I dug into I raised a chunk weighing 100 pounds. We took out 15,000, and then sold it out. I struck another lead and raised considerable mineral out of it, and then let my brother have it, and he raised 60,000 out of it, and, in three months after I left Galena, I had $500 ahead. We went to the Hurricane district in 1836. I think Harvey Bonham went there in 1833. I know he was there some time before we came, as sixteen of his hogs strayed down near us, weighing about 120 pounds apiece. I bought them for $60. I had to pay $1 a bushel for corn that winter for them, and my brother thought it was a poor transaction ; but the next fall pork went up to $10 a hundred and I had 1,000 pounds to sell off from this drove, besides what we wanted for our own use. There were but few families in that section then ; but little farming had been done. People were just beginning to find out that they could raise good crops in this country. Deer, wolves and wild-cats were plenty in those days. I have seen, often, droves of from thirty to forty head of deer running through the woods. Wild bees were also numerous. Bee-trees could be found most anywhere in the woods. A bee -hunter who eame here in early times found seventy-five bee-trees in the woods west of Lancaster, between there and Beetown, which he afterward sola for a horse. Although others were not quite so lucky as this, still no one had to go long with- out honey, if they cared to look up the trees. In 1839, myself, Joe Bonham and Gen. Brown struck the Pigeon Diggings. The first hole I sunk I struck mineral in good sized chunks. I first sunk a claim on the old Bonham range. There has probably been 3,000,000 pounds of mineral taken out since. George Cox, of Lancas- ter, and a man named McMillan owned two forties, and George Jones, with a partner, struck a good lead on it, but kept it covered up for awhile. Finally, I secured a sixth interest fo'^^*jy|'' after some dickering. The lead was as good as I expected. At one time we had 300,OUU pounds of mineral on the ground that we had raised out of this lead. We raised 18,000 pounds one day with five or six hands. Mineral then averaged about $16 a thousand. Altogether a million and a half pounds were raised from this lead. Among other lodes of importance there is the Black lode, owned by Maj. Anderson, Clark and Roundtree, which turned out about HISTORY OF G^RANT COUNTY. 553 JOO 000 pounds. Bonham and McDonald struck one that turned out 500,000 ; and I struck mother that turned out 300,000. Of the early settlement in other parts of the county, I cannot say much. I know, how- ever that Tom Himer was at Cassville as early as 1824. He and some others went with some lorses up to the Selkirk settlement, and on his return down the river, he stopped at Cassville, ffld remained a short time. He lived in a cabin formerly built by a Frenchman. Himer iftei-ward came to the Hazel Green diggings. In 1836, when I was up through there. Price was keeping a store in the new settlement, ind Mr. Ramsey was working a farm a short distance out. We bought some corn of his raising It that time. A Mr. Forbes was also there keeping a tavern. In the early part of the settlement of the county, the in-comers were miners almost without sxception, but in the years along about 1840, and later, bona fide settlers began to arrive, al- though it was a long time before their work began to show. The change in the aspect of the Bountry between the time I landed from the old pirogue at Hard Scrabble and the county as it stands to-day is almost beyond belief. But all must yield to the law of progress. By Col. Joseph Dickson, in 1855. My parents were natives of Pennsylvania, and emigrated to and settled in St. Clair County, 111., in the year 1802, where I was born January 28, 1805. That county was then a frontier region and but sparsely inhabited, except a small district of country on the American Bottom, settled mostly by French people. In the year 1818, my father and family moved to within nine miles of where Springfield, the present capital of the Sts-te, was afterward located, where I assisted my father in building the first white man's log cabin in Sangabaon County, where I remained until the spring of 1827, when I emigrated with many other young adventurers to what was then called the Fever River Lead Mines, making the journey from Keokuk, on the Lower Mississippi Rapids, on foot through an entirely uninhabited wilderness, packing my provisions and blankets, in the month of March. I spent the first sumnaer in mining until the 15th of August, when I commenced improving a farm one and a half miles south of where Platteville is now situated. The next spring I plowed up twenty acres of prairie land, and planted and raised a crop of corn that season, which I think was the first field of corn raised in what is now Grant County. I continued to carry on farming until the spring of 1832, when I exchanged it for mining. The Black Hawk war commenced in the month of May, when, on the first intelligence of hostilities by the Indians, I joined a mounted company of volunteers raised at Platteville. At the organization, I was selected Orderly Sergeant in John A. Rountree's company ; and in that capacity I served one month, when, in consequence of the absence of the Captain, I was chosen to command the company, and thus served about one month. Then, by the order of Col. Dodge, 1 took command of a spy company, and continued in that capacity in front of the army during the chases to Rock River, Fort Winnebago and to the Wisconsin Heights ; and, at the latter place I, with my spy company, commenced the attack on a band of Indians who were kept in the rear of the retreating Indian army, and chased them to the main body of Indians, when we were fired at several times but without injury, and I returned to the advancing army without loss or injury to my command. After the battle of the Wisconsin Heights, and the army was supplied with provisions, we again pursued the Indian trail, and I took the lead with my company and followed to the Bad Ax River, by command of Gen. Atkinson. At the Bad Ax I discovered the evening before the battle, the trail of Black Hawk with a party of about forty Indians, who had left the main trail and gone up the river, which fact I reported to the Commanding General. On the next J""™"?! my company encountered and engaged a company of Indians at a place near to where 1 had the evening before discovered the trail of Black Hawk and his party. " During the battle at ensued, my command killed fourteen Indians, and, after a short time, say an hour's engage- ment, G-en. Dodge with his force, and Gen. Atkinson with his regular army, arrived at the place 554 HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. where I had engaged this party, consisting of about forty Indians ; and, about the time of their arrival, we had killed and dispersed the whole party. The main body of the enemy had gone down the river, after they had entered on the River bottom. I pursued with my .command, passing Gen. Henry's brigade formed on the Mississippi bottom ; I crossed the slough and en- gaged a squad of Indians, who were making preparations to cross the river, after which we were fired upon, and returned the fire of several bands or squads of Indians, before the army arrived. I and several of my men were wounded before the other troops came up. After the battle was over, I was taken with others on board of a steamer, which came alonj soon after, to Prairie du Chien, where I was properly cared for and my wounds received suitabl© attention. Since which I have spent a short period in Illinois, and the balance of the time to the present I have devoted myself to agricultural pursuits on my farm, four miles southwest of Platteville. By Oeeis McCartney. " I was born in Harford, Washington Co., N. Y., May 9, 1794 ; started West in 1817 ; got as far as Bristol, Ontario County, and went to New Connecticut in 1818 ; then bought a farm at $400, raised a crop, land title bad, lost my money and land ; then went to Delaware, Dela- ware Co., Ohio, got the ague, and left in 1819 ; drove a two-horse team for a man to Illinois — 600 miles ; stopped at Milton, Madison County, January 8, 1820 ; was in Illinois drifting about- several years ; was twice elected Sherifi^ of Schuyler County, 111., and served about three years; then resigned and came to the lead mines ; fell in with Maj. Rountree, and we came together in 1827 ; was married to Eliza Barber, near Jacksonville, November 12, 1826 ; in 1828, settled at Beetown, bought part of the Bee Lead for $500, from which Beetown took its name. This lead was found by Cyrus Alexander, Tom Crocker, Jim Meredith and Curtis Cadwell, while out looking for bees. Finding a large, hollow, upturned maple-lree, they looked under the roots, and saw a chunk of mineral which weighed 425 pounds. About the same time, Tom Cegar and Ben Stout found another lead on Bushnell's land. The Indian troubles began soon after. Id June, 1828, sold out, and removed in August to farm near Cassville, where I have stayed ever since, except during the Indian difficulties ; traded lead for a sixhorse team, hauled 100,000 mineral to Cassville ; Judge Lawyer built the first furnace, and Tom 'G. Hawley built the first house in Cassville. Arthur L. Johnson came in 1828, and built a log furnace, and put up a store in Beetown, but the mineral soon gave out, and the miners went to Mineral Point and Dodgeville. Moved temporarily to Belmont in 1829, stayed four months ; hauled rails to fence seventy-five acres ; returned to Cassville farm in fall, having raised a crop of corn. Hodges and Shanley built a log warehouse at Cassville in the year 1828. Christmas of 1830, my house was burned and all with it ; the first ball at Cassville same time. " The Indian alarms began in 1831, and in 1832 came the Black Hawk war. We all went into fort at Cassville ; sent my family to Illinois July 4, 1832, to be safe from Indians. The Indian war then lasted four months. " In 1828, Tom Cegar, Nahem Dudley and Ben Stout settled at Lancaster. William Mor- rison settled on the Morrison place that year, and H. C. Bushnell settled on what is now the Gulick place ; Hodges and Shanley built on the prairie near Lancaster in 1831. " Guy Hackett had a furnace near the double log cabin at Muscalonge, in 1828 ; he broke, and returned to Illinois and died. De Tantabar settled at Paris in 1826 or 1827. [1828 — Ed.] St. John found mineral and the den of snakes, which gave to Potosi its first name of Snake Hollow, in 1831." [Other authorities place this discovery in 1833. — Ed.] By W. Davidson. In the spring of 1828, I arrived at Galena, situated on what was then called Fevre River the Indian name of which was then said to be Ope-a Le-pee. At that time. Galena was sub- merged by the river, and presented rather a dull prospect; but I thought of an old adage, "keep a stifi" lip and a light toe nail, and you may come out yet ;" and so I have — at the middle of the horn. I then became acquainted with a few men in Galena, who afterward HISTORY OF GKANT COUNTY. 555 proved to be friends indeed. After looking around a few days and making many inquiries, . Yankee-like, I commenced digging at Scrabble — since called Hazel Green. I started a prospect hole, expecting to find a mineral lode in a few days ; but I found out that success was not so much in hard labor as in good luck ; and being a stranger, if I discovered a lode, the country was then staked off in what was called mineral lots, agreeable to the mining regulations, I would either have to fight my way through fifty claimants or be swindled out of my prospect. After a few months labor in that way, and finding nothing, I started to view what was then called Sugar Creek Diggings. T. D. Potts had then made what was considered a valuable discovery; but I thought differently, and so it turned out. The first night on our journey we reached Col. W. S. Hamilton's diggings. He had made a valuably discovery ; it is now Wiota — so named by the Colonel himself. We then started for the Blue Mounds and spent the night with Col. E. Brigham ; he had made what was then considered, as it has since proved to be, a valuable discovery. He treated us very kindly and told us " our hats were chalked. " We then went to what was called the Cole, Downing & Dudley Diggings, then supposed to be proven for four million pounds of mineral, but they did not turn off more than half that amount. Mineral was then low in price. We then went to John Messersmith's diggings ; his prospect was fine. We got there the best dinner I had met with in the country. At that time, owing to the low price of mineral, and living some distance from market, and having a large family to provide for, Mr. Messersmith was only able to secure a comfortable support for his family. Times have since changed, the old man and his boys persevered, and have been well repaid for their enterprise. We next went on to the Dodgeville diggings, and there found a town, as it was then called, with five or six cabins, and in three of them " rot-gut " whisky and poor tobacco were sold ; since then quite a village has grown into existence there. We then journeyed to what is called Mineral Point, which there went by the name of Little Shake Rag. After looking round the various diggings, I returned to Scrabble and moved my provisions, tools and furniture, consisting of blankets, spider, frying-pan, etc., into the neighborhood of Little Shake Rag; I found that . neighborhood staked off; and after spending three weeks or a month, and not getting permission to dig where I wished, I pulled up stakes and moved off. My next mining was in the neighborhood of the old Buck lead, near Galena, but meeting with the same luck as formerly, I moved into the vicinity of the Finney patch, which was discovered in the fall of 1828 by men of the name of Clark, who sold to Finney four-fifths and to one Williams the other fifth. Finney afterward swindled the men out of some $250 he was to have paid them in July, 1830. I struck a vein of mineral that yielded 97,000 pounds, and paid one-third for ground rent. This was the custom when you dug on a lot where mineral had been raised and sold. Part of that mineral I sold at f 7, and the next spring I sold the last 50,000 at |12 per 1,000. The next fall we struck a vein that turned off 600,000 of mineral that brought $18 per 1,000 ; and in the spring of 1839 I struck another vein, south of the second, that turned out 405,000. The range altogether pro- duced over two millions of mineral. The old Finney patch turned off 2,000,000 more, and good diggings there still. In May, 1832, I bought a horse and rigging, and rode as a volunteer, serving in Dodge's squadron during the Black Hawk war. During that campaign I saw more of human nature than I had before in several years. We had many difficulties to encounter, of which a majority of the present population can form but a faint conception. But to return to my occupation. I have done what no other man has done in these mines. I have worked on one mineral lot for seventeen years and worked in the ground all that time; blasting occasionally, winter and summer, and never used an air pipe. I have been well paid for my labor ; having toiled late and early — no eight hours have answered me for a day's work. After the sales of the reserved land I moved to my present residence to watch my timber and dig mineral in the winter. Unless some unforseen occurrence should take place, I expect to end my days in Wis- consin. 5-56 HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. Br Samuel Deuen. I came to Grant county on the 20th of April, 1832, passing my first night on Wisconsin' soil at Sinsinawa Mound, where some two or three cabins had been erefcted. The next morning I learned that a party of U. S. Surveyors had made rich discoveries of lead ore at Potosi, and started thither at once, having neither track nor path to follow or guide me. I crossed Big Platte River at its confluence with Little Platte, a place known as Paris, composed of a smelting establishment and a small store, owned by a Mr. DeTantabar. Proceeding on my way, I came to a place where a dozen men or so busily engaged in build- ing a cabin — the first white man's structure ever erected on the site of Potosi, and the property of Messrs. Ham and DeTantabar, the former of whom, I believe resides at Dubuque at the present time. A number of us pitched our tent and went to work. Potosi grew, and its popu- lation, mostly miners, rapidly increased. By the first of June there were upward of a hun- dred persons in the place — the square, I might almost say, of the original number I found there on the 21st of April preceding. All went on prosperously until one night about 11 o'clock, when a man rode wildly into camp bearing the news of Stillman's defeat by the Indians at Rock River. We were all badly scared, turned tail and fled, some toward Galena, some toward Jamestown, and some toward Platte. Only two men had the courage to stand their ground and risk their scalps. The next day we recovered from our fright, assembled in considerable force, and held a sort of council of war. Some were for building a fort right there in the diggings, others thought it would be rather a good thing to go to Galena. Hearing that a company was organizing at Cassville, three others and myself set out for that town at once. Where British Hollow now stands we found a cabin occupied by Terrence Gail, his wife, and three children, and at Hurricane the shanty of Messrs. Hodges and Shanley stood open to receive us. Then on we went, across the hills and far away fording Grant River and entering Beetown, then comprising only about three cabins, all told and inhabited principally by an elderly gentleman named Arthur. Had the place and its surroundings looked a little more flowery, we should have set it down as the spot where Mr. Tennyson's Arthur went to heal him of his grevious wound : " The is] and valley of ATilion, Where falls not hail, or rain, or any snow, Nor ever wind blows loudly ; but it lies Deep-meadowed, happy, fair with orchard-lawns, And bowery hollows crowned with summer's sea." At Cassville we found Capt. Price building a fort and organizing a company of soldiers. Upon telling him what we came for, he desired to know whether we would or could do any fight- ing. We said "Takeoff your coat and let's have a round." He said he guessed he'd take us anyhow. So we were mustered in at once and forthwith put on duty. Our company were known as Rangers, and were employed in "ranging" the country between Grant River and the Wisconsin, a tract which we traversed a great many times and whereon we killed eight or ten Indians and made twelve or fifteen prisoners. When the strife was over and the smoke of peace rose from all that region, which was m September, of the same year, we returned to Potosi and resumed our picks and gads and shovels as though we had not been off making history at all, but had only gone a-fishing or had been fooling around for our health, as it were. Late in the fall of 1832, reports reached us of rich and remarkable mineral discoveries at Dubuque. I was lured thither, of course, but the weather being bitter cold, and houses rather scarce, I made my way back to Potosi with as little delay as possible. In February of the next year, the Government sent soldiers to Dubuque to keep miners from working on the mineral lands there until after the ratification of a certain treaty with the Indians. This was done about that time, and work in the mines went on as usual. At the time of which I write, farming was hardly thought of in Grant County, though the attention of many was beginning to turn toward the pursuit. Several persons were breakmg HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. 557 ground for farms at Boice Prairie, preparing to get their means of sustenance at the surface of the earth instead of delving for it wearily toward the center. Corn and potatoes were about the only crops raised, though it was seriously feared that the latter could never be brought to matu- rity in a climate like this. The cultivation of wheat and oats came afterward, and proved en- couragingly successful. Oats then cost $1 a bushel, corn 75 cents. Pork and flour were shipped to us from below somewhere, the latter cost us $18 per barrel and the former $28. The first steamboat in spring was always eagerly looked for, our provisions usually running rather short before the close of those long and dreary winters. Game, however, was abundant at that time, and fortunately for us we could generally depend in part upon that source for a supply of excellent meat. Some time in the fall of 1833, 1 went to Platteville, where I found only about two or three rude structures called houses. Maj. Rountree and family were there, James R. Vineyard and family, and a Mr. Phelps. There may have been others, but if so I am unable to recall them now. It was in 1834, I think, that Mr. Aaron Boice built the first house ever erected on the present site of Lancaster. (This was built by Nahem Dudley. — Ed.) This stood near the Big Spring, and hard by the spot where now the woolen mill stands. The first store ever started in Potosi was opened there by Messrs. Wheeler & Price in the fall of 1832. Five years later, in 1837, James R. Vineyard and one or two others engaged in mercantile pursuits at British Hollow. About this time Mr. DeTantabar had a store and smelting works at Paris, a point on Platte River, frequently visited by the largest Mississippi River steamboats. In 1841, Mr. DeTantabar became involved, and failed in business. This so discouraged him that he willfully sought his own salvation by means of a rope. And from that fatal day an evil genius seemed to brood over Paris, exerting a mysterious and uncanny influence which has brought about desolation and decay, and has obliterated almost every trace of what was once a flourishing village. In 1837, the famous "Long Range " was discovered at Potosi, and flush were the times in those diggings then. There was incessant wrangling in regard to the ownership of this range, making black eyes and broken heads matters of common occurrence. A notorious char- acter known as Jim Crow was then in his prime — the best man, in fact, on the ranch, who could "lam any galoot" in the diggings. Three men were hired to shoot Jim at sight. The assas- sins went to their victim's stopping-place with the fatal weapon concealed under a cloak. They accomplished their work, were arrested and sent to Prairie du Chien for safe keeping. Some time after they were released on bail and returned to Potosi, where they devoted themselves with great assiduity to drinking, gaming and the kindred vices, proving a greater terror to the com- munity than Jim Crow had ever been. They kept right on in their wicked course until ordered to leave the country by the people of Potosi, Boice Prairie and British Hollow. They departed and after they were out of the way, Mr. Harper, a merchant at Potosi, was arrested, tried, and proved guilty, his own clerk convicting him, of loading the pistol with which Jim Crow had been murdered. He was given two days to settle his affairs and leave the country, which he did, glad to get away so easily. The same day, we sent two other men across the river with orders never to return, and Potosi breathed freely for a time. By Hawiqns Tayloe. Hearing of the discoveries made at Snake Hollow in 1832, I, with others, started for that point; we stayed one night at Gilmore, a few miles from Sinsinawa Mound. The next day all got to the mines and went into camp, and I found everybody my friend, and there never was a happier set than we miners were. We had little shanties made of logs, generally split and cov- ered with the bark, and we had bunks two stories high. Our bed and covering was a thick Mexican blanket, but what good, sound sleep did we have ! Not a trouble on our minds ; not one 01 us who was not confident of striking a lead very soon. Each had a tin cup, and we had a common coffee pot; our meat was mess pork and we made our own bread. The fare, without 558 HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. variations, was coffee, bread and meat. In one hut there were four of us, which was the rule generally. These huts were scattered for a mile along this branch. All told, there were about sixty miners in the camp, and of the whole lot there was but a single quarrelsome man, by the name of Malony, an Irishman, and his spite was against Free Williams, but Free didn't scare. In the midst of our happiness, news came to us about 6 o'clock one evening, that the Indians had defeated Stillman on Rock River, and were then making their way toward the Mississippi, and would, most likely, pass down the Platte and rob the stores of DeTantibar at his town, and Loring Wheeler, at Gibraltar, and also take in our camp. Cox, then SherifiF of the county (Iowa), had sent a messenger from Mineral Point to give us the warning. Within ten minutes of the time the news came to our camp, more than forty miners were at Maj. Anderson's camp. The Major had been an old Indian fighter, and with one accord, we went to him to be our com- mander and adviser. There were some fifteen or tyenty Irish in the camp that had come from Oalena in skiffs and a pirogue; they had brought their provisions and tools this way, and when the alarm was given they naturally went for the vessels, that were in a branch of the river about a mile from camp. Malony, the bully, got behind, and the last of the party had got out into the stream before he got to the river, but he jumped in and was barely saved from drowning. Free Williams joined Stephenson's company of dragoons and made a brave soldier. By morn- ing our party had dwindled down to thirteen ; we then went to the Platte, to DeTantibar's, and a man by the name of Cornwall, a Virginian, and I went down to Wheeler's (now, if alive, living in De Witt) ; Wheeler " had a horse and joined the dragoons." Finding that the Indians were in no hurry to come our way, we went back to the diggings. I have no record of the names, and forty-odd years is a long time to recollect, but we had with us then Maj. Anderson, a man by the name of Hillis, Ham and his nephew Thieskill, Tennesseeans ; a man by the name of Cook from Mississippi; Cornwall and Nehemiah Dudley from Vermont. Nehemiah was the ugliest man I think I ever saw, but, notwithstanding the antipathy that was then universal in the Mississippi Valley against Yankees, we all liked Dudley. I have never heard of him since I left the Mississippi, but I have often thought of him. These are all I can recollect, but I think there were eleven or thirteen of us. We built a block-house of large hewn logs, and kept a supply of provisions on hand in case of an attack by the Indians. We mined through the day and slept in our block -house at night. The block-house was on the high ground north of the ranche, and I understood some years ago that there was a Catholic Church near by, and that the old shanty that I had lived in was standing near the church. In 1828, the miners had crossed over the river, and back of Dubuque; had been very successful in finding lead, so much so that they built a smelting furnace on the island ; but the Indians complained to the Govern- ment and troops were sent who drove oif the miners, and an officer and a few men were sta- tioned across the river on the Illinois side, under the bluff, to keep the miners from trespassing on the Indians. These troops were withdrawn when the Indian war commenced, and as there were several fine leads that had been opehed in 1828, we concluded to make a raid on them while the Indians were absent, and to that end Ham, Cook, Dudley, as I recollect, made one party, and Cornwall and myself another, and we went down the river in skiffs, taking our pro- visions and tools. We all stopped with the old man Jordon, who had the ferry across the river. At that time, his ferry facilities were a flat-boat that would take one wagon and team of two horses, and half a dozen Indian canoes. Jordon's house or tavern was a double-log house with a passage in the middle, and a supply of outhouses, and was on the. side bank a few hundred yards from the river. The scenes of my after career were laid wholly in Iowa. By Mes. R. Chambers. My father, Edward P. Coombs, first came to the West from Fayette County, Penn., in the spring of 1834 ; at that time, Wisconsin was almost an unknown region. He first worked at Mineral Point, but, during the summer, looked out and bought his future home in what is now the southwest part of Lancaster, on Section 29, 1 think. That fall, he returned to Pennsylvania, bringing with him some of the products of the new country, among which was onions raised irom ^,^, A^'A^^y-^ f^ Us COD/^. HISTOEY OF GRANT COUNTY. 561 geed something that was unknown in his old home. In the spring of the following year (1835), he moved his wife and family, consisting of six children, two boys^ and four girls, to their new .home. Six weeks were occupied in the journey from Pennsylvania to what is known as Hurri- cane Grove. While they were waiting for a boat at St. Louis, the celebrated chief Black Hawk arrived at that city with a number of his followers on a steamer. On arriving at Cassville, my father left his family there while he went ahead to procure teams to transport them and their effects the remainder of the distance. He soon returned with some of his neighbors with their ox-teams, and in these they set out for the new home. Two days were occupied in making the journey of less than twenty miles, all hands staying over the night of the 1st day of May at the cabin of Silas Burt in Old Beetown. They found these early settlers very kind and hospitable. Upon arriving in the Hurricane, they went to live in the cabin of Martin Bonham until their own was erected. Young Bonham was a young, unmarried man, keeping at the time a " bachelor " establishment, and when he heard that there were girls in the family that had just arrived, he said he hardly knew which way to run, his clothes were so ragged. However, he concluded to «ome in from the field where he was, and, until the day of his death, the family found him ever a kind neighbor and friend. Little did we children know in those times of toys or playthings, one china doll dressed in silk and hung up in state was all I remember seeing, and that was, of course, too good to be used on any occasion. When our parents went to town they would bring us a treat — some green apples which were an object of much curiosity. One thing that made a lasting impression on my childish mind was a storm that occurred in the summer of 1844 or 1845, I think. It came up so suddenly that those who were any distance from home did not have time 10 get there. My brother was plowing in the field when he perceived it coming and unhitched his horse and started for the house, but was forced to abandon the attempt and seek shelter un- 4er a strawstack, from which shelter he saw the roof of the stable carried away. The rain poured in torrents, and terrific flashes of lightning and peals of thunder rent to air. It seemed as if •the wind would sweep everything before it. My married sister was alone in her home when the roof of the house was taken off, and she was left standing in the middle of the floor, and the rain pouring in torrents around her. When the storm had abated, we counted from our window thirteen trees that had been leveled, and I think the woods in that vicinity will still bear traces of the great storm. My father was by trade both a carpenter and a blacksmith, and, when he came to Wisconsin, he found employment for a share of the time in making chairs, tables, bedsteads, coffins, and, in fact, everything in this line needed by settlers in a new country. To-day, after the lapse of more than thirty years since his death, we find specimens of his handiwork. He had served for a time jn the war of 1812, and contracted a disease from which he never recovered, although he was never a pensioner. He died in March, 1849, but from the ravages of another disease than this. In 1849, began the great Californian exodus from this county. A few went out in the spring, scouts as it were of the hundreds and thousands that were to follow. The next spring, the excite- ment ran still higher ; young men were getting their traps together, loading their covered wagons, to which were hitched two, four or six horses, or oxen, as the case might be, and setting off for their five months' trip across the plains. The excitement continued for several years, until it was dreaded to see spring come, as it seemed as if every one who could would go ; at times it was doubtful what we would do for inhabitants, so great was the exodus. In the spring of 1854, the writer, being duly commissioned by J. C. Cover, the Town Superintendent, began a new career as teacher. My first school was in District No. 5, Town of Lancaster, where I had twelve pupils, and received $10.50 per month, boarding myself. Of those twelve pupils, one, Francis M. Irish, 18 dead. The remainder are, I think, all living. Six of the boys were soldiers in the war for the Union. Five returned to their homes when peace was declared. Three of the girls became teachers. ■ ,. . *"'''' f3.mily of ten children, seven are now living. My mother, eighty-one years of age, 18 living with my brother in Hurricane Grove. 562 HISTORY OF GRAI5T COUNTY. . By Iea W. Beunson. I was born in Sing Sing, N. Y., May 3, 1805; raised in Danbury, Conn. In 1827, moved' to Columbus, Ohio, where I engaged in the hatters' business — being a hatter by trader which I stopped in 1835. In the early part of 1836, left Columbus and came to Wisconsin, in com- pany with my brother Alfred, and Henry Patch, in a keel-boat, down the Ohio and up the Mississippi Rivers ; landed at Prairie du Chien. That fall, in September, I returned to Ohio, in the stage, to settle up my business ; returned to Wisconsin on horseback, in the winter. Left Columbus the latter part of January ; the mud at that time, was about knee-deep to a horse. Arriving at' Fort Wayne, snow was fifteen inches ■ at South Bend, it was again bare ground ; at Michigan City, snow was two feet deep ; at Chi- cago, it was once more bare ground. I crossed Rock River at Rockford, 111., on the ice ; stayed over night at the Twelve-Mile-Grove. The only house was a cabin, with neither chink nor daub. In the morning I started north, intending to reach Freeport and stay overnight. Came to a house when the sun was about an hour high, and inquired the way to Mineral Point; was told to go to the mill and scop overnight, which was about three miles' distance. On reaching the mill, I found it to be a saw-mill, but could find no house. I wandered about in search of a house until it commenced getting dark. I could see a dark-looking place ; thinking it was a grove — houses were then built in or near groves — I started fijr it, but on reaching the place found neither house nor road ; concluded I would be obliged to stay out all night, and started off in the northern direction, the wind being in the northeast. I kept the right cheek against the wind, so that I would keep the same course. Traveled until I reached a large creek, which, being open, and not knowing anything as to its depth, did not dare to push my horse into it, and concluded to stay overnight there. I turned my horse loose, that he might feed upon the grass above the snow, the snow being about one and one-half feet deep. I then made a path about a rod long, between two trees, and walked to and fro ; not having anything of which I could make a fire, had to keep moving. After walking some time, I began to get tired, and laid myself down, resting my head upon my saddle ; for fear of falling asleep, I took a chew of tobacco. I soon fell asleep. I dreamed I was drinking beer, and I then swallowed my tobacco, and I awoke. I felt sure had it not been for the tobacco I never would have awoke. I again took the path and again walked to and fro, and watched to see the sun rise, so as to point my compass. At daylight, I found that a gang of wolves were near at hand. Taking my bearings, I found I was on the edge of the prairie and timber land, and about six miles west of the Pecatonica. I then mounted my horse and started east; after I had gone about three miles, I found the road, and then started north. Arrived at the grist-mill and house about 11 o'clock, and after eating dinner started for Mineral Point. Toward evening, I arrived at a house, and wanted to stop overnight, but was not allowed to stay. I, however, obtained a place to remain about a mile farther on. Next night I stayed at a miner's cabin, on Peddler's Creek, now known as Linden, and the next night arrived at Henry Patch's. In the following spring, in 1837, opened a store at Cassville, in company with a man named Sellars, and remained there until a house was built at Lancaster by James Bonham, on the same lot now occupied by Burr's store ; moved my goods and started the first store in Lancaster. About the same time, Maj . Price sent out goods by George Cox, and commenced a merchandise business in a log building with frame attachment, near the big spring ; he also was Postmaster. I continued in the merchandise business until 1889. William Richards kept the first boarding-house in a log-house built by Boice, who formerly owned the land where Lancaster now stands, and sold the same to Maj. Price, who laid out the town of Lancaster. While he was keeping there,' a quarrel arose between him (Richards) and the boarders. Ihe boarders all left, and employed a Frenchman to do their cooking, and had their kitchen beside a log near where the Phelps House now stands ; had their dining-room in a small frame buildmg. HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. 563 on a lot where George Ryland's bank is standing now. Richards afterward moved back to Cass- ville on his farm. They lived in that way for two or three weeks, not a lady in the town. My brother Alfred and his wife, on their way between Platteville and Prairie du Chien, had broken his wagon, and were obliged to stay overnight, his wife being the only woman in town. In the meantime, Richards was succeeded by Capt. Reed. The first court held in the county was held in Cassville, in the first of 1837. Judge Dunn was Judge of the court ; John Fletcher was Clerk. The second court was held in the same build- ing that we used as a dining-room. The first road in Grant County [Laid out by the county. — Ed. J was laid in June, 1838 ; Commissioners, J. Allen Barber, James Bonham and myself; Jared Warner, Surveyor; was laid from Brunet's Ferry, on the Wisconsin, to Platteville. Second road in the same year from Cassville to Platteville, by the way of Hurricane Grove ; I was one of the Commissioners. The first assessment in collecting taxes was known as the " tax sale of 1838." In 1839, they found in what is called the Burlington Statute that the law had been changed, forbidding the employment of the Sheriifor Deputy Sheriff in collecting the taxes, and authorized the County Commissioners to appoint a Collector. About the 1st of December, in 1839, the County Commissioners appointed me Collector in the county, which business I commenced to perform immediately ; although cold winter and short days, I made my return in time. The next year, at election, I was elected by the people, and served three years in succession. Judge Haywood was County Treasurer ; Nelson Dewey, Clerk of County Commissioners. I made my returns to Judge Haywood. The county taxes were collected by a County Collector for eight or ten years, until the State Government came into operation and town system was adopted. The fees of the County Collector (while I was Collector") were 5 per cent for collecting and 5 per cent for advertising delinquent lands, and 25 cents for each certificate of sale. In 1840, the fees amounted to $1,400 or $1,500. The first celebration on July 4, that was held in the county (if not in the State), was held at Casaville in 1837. Maj. Anderson was President of the occasion, and I had the honor of being Vice President. [This is meant as the first public celebration. Maj. Rountree had cele- brated Independence Day in 1827, as mentioned in another place.— Ed.] T. P. Burnette deliv- ered an oration, which was re-published in the Herald a few years ago. The first Convention held in the State was held at Madison, in the summer of 1838. Maj. John H. Rountree, of Platteville, and Orris McCartney, of Cassville, and myself, went as dele- gates from Grant County, traveling there and back on horseback. Grant County, like all other new counties, was in the habit of making a non-resident land- holder pay well for the Government; they would assess non-resident land about double that of resident. I have known of land belonging to residents being assessed at $2.50 and non-residents at §5, both pieces lying side by side. People were generally free-hearted and liberal. If a traveler should come to a miner's cabm or any house and not find any one at home, and he should go in and eat what he wanted, there would be nothing thought of it. For instance: I came to Tom Parish's, who kept a tavern in what is now known as Wingville, just at nightfall. In the morning, I asked what the ' bill was." He replied, " I never charge my neighbors anvthing; " my home was over twenty- seven miles from there. In the early settlement of Wisconsin, there was a gang of desperadoes in and about Snake Hollow (now known as Potosi), who gave tone to the character of the whole country. A dis- pute arose between Samuel B. Roundtree and William Clark and their crowd on one side, and Moor and Watson on the other, respecting the right of a mineral lot. It first began with a law-suit, and then Moor and Watson gave James Crow, another hard character, what they called * lighting interest " in the lead. Roundtree and Clark were rather afraid to attack Crow them- selves; they accordingly employed three men to dispose of him. One night Jim Crow was in a grocery in the upper part of the hollow ; Evans, Cooley and Derrich came up from the lower end of the hollow on horseback, and leaving their horses at the door of the grocery, went in. 564 HISTORY OF GEANT COLHSTTY. took a drink, saw Jim Crow standing at the fire-place as they again went out the door. Evans turned, holding the door partly open; drew a pistol, fired at his victim, the ball passing through his body, and he fell dead. They jumped on their horses with a loud yell, and went down the iiollow again. They were finally captured and brought to Lancaster. The examination com- menced in the afternoon before Squire Dewey in a log building standing opposite the present site of the Mansion House barn. The building being two stories high, the examination was held up stairs, [afterward changed to down stairs — Ed]. ' The Sheriff had a guard of about twenty men stationed there on the stairs (they were under my charge and armed with rifles), with orders that no one should go up only as they were summoned. The court continued all night, and the next day about noon they were committed to jail by Squire Dewey. Not knowing that the Sherifi" would receive them without an order from Judge Dunn, I started out to Elk Grove to obtain an or.der to the Crawford County Sheriff. At the same time, Rountree's lawvers sent to a man to get a writ of habeas corpus from Judge Dunn ; we went together. I obtained the order, and the other man the writ of habeas corpus to bring the prisoner there before Judge Dunn. The prisoners were brought before Judge Dunn and were admitted to bail of $2,000 to appear at court. After that, the people were exasperated at seeing murderers running at liberty. They (the people), raised a company of about two hundred men, well armed, and gave orders to Rountree, Clark and all concerned in it to leave the country forthwith, or they should be lashed to a log and sent down the Mississippi River. When the court met again, the prisoners did not appear. A motion was made to take judgment against the bail, but Judge Dunn said that if the people arose and drove them away, the bail could not be held responsible. None of them dared make their appearance for a long time. I afterward heard that Roundtree died in a hovel in Fair Play. I believe that all engaged in the killing of Jim Crow came to some bad end. By T. M Fullebton. I arrived from Missouri, in Grant county, on Sunday morning, July 22, 1837. We slept on the bank of the Mississippi River at the mouth of Platte River the previous night. What is now Potosi was the point we were aiming to reach. The place was known throughout the mines as " Snake Hollow." Among the first discoveries of mineral was a rich deposit in a cave, on the west side of a ravine two miles in length. Several thousands of pounds of this mineral was white as chalk, and very pure, resembling chalk, except in its remarkable weight. In ex- ploring this cave, the nainers, in winter, discovered many snakes in a torpid condition; hence the name given to this locality. In 1837, a few houses had been erected at the mouth of the " hollow " and named La Fayette. Nearly a mile further north, another group of shanties was called " The Hollow," and afterward Van Buren, which was the name of the post office. About a mile further north was the "Head of the Hollow," afterward known as Jackson. These three parts were, by Legislative act, in 1839-40, called Potosi, and the post oflice so named. Southeast of La Fayette nearly a mile, opposite the mouth of the Grant River, and being the ferry landing on the Wisconsin side, began to be a village called Osceola. My destination at first was La Fayette, where I was selling a small stock of goods on commission. There was a similar establishment up in the hollow. But the inhabitants were chiefly adventurers engaged in mining, and except such things as they needed there was little call for merchandise, there being but a half-dozen or so of families in the southern part of the county. As a matter of course the society was rough, and morals were almost dispensed with. Drinking, gambling, stabbing and shooting were far too common, and " Snake Hollow' became throughout the mines notorious for its wickedness. In 1837, there was, between " The Hollow " and " The Head of the Hollow," a small log Catholic chapel, the only evidence of Christianity to be found there. A priest resided there, and his little plantation bell called his people to occasional worship. During that year, Rev. John Crummer, an Irishman, came once or twice to preach the Gospel as the Methodists under- stand it. He was the regular " circuit rider " on a circuit embracing all of Wisconsin west and HISTOKT OF GKAT^T COUNTY. 565 south of Blue Mounds. The preaching-place was a very small miner's cabin in which the family ate, slept and lived. The room did not exceed twelve by fourteen feet in size. The congregations were able to get in and room to spare. In August, 1838, the Illinois Conference sent Rev. Isaac I. Stewart to the Platteville Circuit, which embraced all of Grant and parts of other counties. During the spring of 1839, Rev. James G. Whitford, just returned from the Indian Mission at Caposia, now in Minnesota, came as Mr. Stewart's assistant. In the latter part of that year a class was formed, consisting of Thomas Clayton, Leader, Thomas J. Crock- well, Local Preachers; John Crockwell, Catherine C. Crockwell, George Medeira and wife, James R. Short and wife, and Jonah Pedlar and wife. They had been members before coming to the place. A weekly prayer-meeting was established, and preaching was had once a fortnight, all in the small residence of J. R. Short. In the conference year of 1839-40, Rev. H. W. Reed was in charge of the circuit, and Mr. Whitford continued as assistant. They had thirty-two regular preaching-places in four weeks. In December, 1889, we began a Sabbath school, the first, I think, in Grant county. We had procured a log house for meeting purposes, about fourteen by sixteen feet in size, formerly used as a drinking saloon, and the scene of several stabbing and shooting affrays. It became our chapel for several years, and was the spiritual birthplace of many sinful souls. On the 2d of January, 1840, Messrs. Reed and Whitford began special revival services, assisted sometimes by neighboring local preachers. It was my good fortune to be the first fruits of that revival. During the three weeks the meeting continued, forty-two were converted and joined the class of Methodists already organized. The awakening was general and the reformation of the place was very marked. The influence did not stop with the meeting, but continued for more than a year. During the summer of 1840 Rev. Jnmes Gallaher, an Evangelist, formerly Pastor of a Presbyterian Church in Cincinnati, Ohio, held a series of meetings, and organized a Presbyterian Church, but left them without a Pastor, and they soon began to decline. Out of the Methodist revival several went out to preach. Robert Langley, a tailor, intem- perate and profane, was reformed and converted. He subsequently became a member of the conference, did good service in the itinerant ranks, and died in the ministry at Reedsburg, August 16, 1874. William Vance was our chief infidel, being a correspondent of infidel papers and a lecturer of his neighbors. He did all he could for two weeks to hinder the revival, but finally yielded to his convictions, was converted and preached several years as an itinerant. He went South and I lost track of him. James W. Simpson went among the Chippewa Indians as a teacher, intending to be a missionary, but was thwarted in some cherished purpose, became a trader with the Indians at St. Paul, and gave up all pretensions to piety, dying some ten years ago. This writer, after fifteen months of activity in church work at Potosi, went to Iowa County in March, 1841, and became a " circuit rider," continuing, with two interruptions for a short time, to this day. Before leaving Potosi, arrangements were well on the way for building a Methodist Church, which was completed and occupied soon after. On the 10th of October, 1840, the first temperance society was organized, called the " Snake Hollow Grant County Temperance Society." The pledge adopted was : "We will neither drink nor make use of any ardent spirits or alcoholic liquors, unless for medicinal purposes in cases of sickness, believing ardent spirits are of no benefit to man in his daily pursuits of life ; we will, therefore, discountenance, and, so far as lies in our power, pro- hibit the use of them in our respective places of residence." Nineteen signatures were appended. The officers were : William G. Thompson, President ; William Drake, "Vice President ; Lansing D- Lewis, Corresponding Secretary; John H. Dodson, Recording Secretary; and Robert Langley, Treasurer. The annual meeting was held in just three months, January 11, 1841. There were then one hundred and two members. The oflBcers then elected, were Hon. James P. Cox, President; 566 HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. George Madeira, Vice President ; T. M. Fullerton, Secretary ; R. Langley, Treasurer ; C. C. Drake, T. J. Crockwell and Simon E. Lewis, Managers. Although we had no vote in the Presidential election of 1840, excitement ran high, and " Tippecanoe and Tyler, too," was a thrilling watchword. George Medeira had recently come to the place with a stock of goods. He purchased and moved his family into a small log house, but proceeded to build a good frame residence on the same lot. Into this he had just moved when the convention nominated Harrison for the Presidency. Immediately he had his carpenters en- large the door of the old log house to six feet in width. A fence board was used for a latch ex- tending clear across the door, and six inches beyond it. To this was attached a three-quarter- inch rope, going through -the door, and a block of wood four inches square, and ten inches long, fastened on the outer end of the rope. On the walls outside were stretched all the coon-skins he could procure. Then he moved his furniture and family back to the log cabin, and lived there till after election. This illustrates the feeling on one side with the "latch string always out," and the other side was equally enthusiastic. This Medeira was a very excitable man. In 1830, he lived in a miner's hut a mile or more south of Mineral Point, where, in a fit of jealousy, aggravated with liquor, he mortally stabbed a worthy young man with a penknife. He was arrested in Galena, and was the first man ever put in jail there, as stated in the weekly G-azette of that city, February 18, 1881. He was in- dicted at Mineral Point for murder, the indictment quashed on some technicality, and never renewed. While living in Potosi, he was an active and useful member of the Methodist Church, a very kind and benev.olent man. But his excitable nature sometimes led him into rash acts, causing him much sorrow, and not a little expense. When I left that village for an itinerant life, meaning to go afoot for want of means to buy a horse, he presented me with one, saddled and bridled, saying, " Take him in the name of the Lord," and accompanying me out of town on another horse, with blessings. During the first three years of my residence in Wisconsin, the frost, in September, killed all the corn and other late crops. The seed was from the South, and not acclimated. It was a universal belief that the country was "too cold for corn." No one claiming that fruit could be raised here, could obtain credit for sanity. Again, it was the general opinion that the country would never be settled, except by transient miners, because fuel and building material could never be obtained, except by importing. These current beliefs came fresh to me, when, after forty years' absence, I passed over the prairies of 1837, and found the orchards bending under their thousands of bushels of apples, the corn like the plentiful years of Egypt, and the farmers con- suming wood to get it out of the way of the plow. Shullsburg, Wis., February 23, 1881. By J. W. Seaton. It was in the month of July, in the year 1817, ^t a Northern Lake boat, "bearing Caesar and his fortunes," and a few less distinguished personages, landed in the city of Milwaukee. The shore was reached by a broad plank — uncarpeted — ^being shoved out into the sand. Down this, one by one, the passengers filed, and through the deep, burning sand, carpet^sack in haml (grip-sacks were undeveloped), for half a mile or more, the few passengers made their way to the limits of the city (it was quite a limited city then), and sought the accommodation of a first- class hotel. They found one. It consisted of a long, one-and-a-half story frame building with a porch in front, and chairs ranged thereon for the accommodation of guests. The fare was beef- steak, boiled potatoes with the jackets on, coifee, warm biscuits of a saffron hue and an alkahne flavor, all placed on the center of a long table, within reach of the most modest guest, which was " Caesar." They were disposed of with a relish, however, and perhaps went as far to satisfy the inner man as the sumptuous bills of fare which are now served from the sideboards of the New- hall and the Plankinton. Rest for the weary was provided up one flight of stairs, on beds ot straw duly separated by board partitions. Dizzy dormitories on sixth and seventh story floors were not reached by elevators on this occasion, and, when morn broke in the east, you did not HISTORY OF GRANT COUIirTY. 567 look out like an angel from mansions in the skies, to take observations of the waking world, and then descend, like a miner down a shaft, to the common level of mortals. None of these condi- tions existed. But one day and one night of this delectable, primitive city life sufficed for a lifetime and, in a two-horse hack, with a jovial companion of lesser note than the writer consid- ered himself at that time, but who has since managed to " climb the steep where Fame's high temple shines afar" — the Hon. Orsamus Cole, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court — we set out in search of green fields and fresher pastures, over farmless prairies, around the margins of charming lakes, which in their undisturbed repose, and the cool quiet shade of the old oak open- ings which lined their borders, seemed an epitome of the '' Saint's Rest " — through fenceless valley's and over the brow of treeless hills, we reach at length, on the second day out, the gallant young city of Madison, the capitol of the State. Stat umhra et preterea nihil. An unpretentious hotel situated near the foot of Lake street, wearing the modest title of " Lake House," gave us of its cheer, which was a repetition of the Milwaukee sort, with the addition of broiled prairie chicken and fried fresh fish. It enjoyed also the more exalted honor of being the headquarters of His Excellency, Gov. Henry Dodge, who was then in the zenith of his power. It was here he gave the famous reception to the German Count, displaying a hunting knife and a pair of horse pistols as the insignia of his rank and badge of his office. The city boasted of two other hotels of about the same magnitude and style of architecture as the Lake House ; the one standing near the present site of the Vilas House, kept by Robert Lansing, and the other the notorious " American," which stood on the corner to the north of the park. These, with the old capitol, which looked more like a prison house of the Dark Ages than the capitol of a civilized State in the nineteenth century, and perhaps a hundred or more private residences, environed with hazel-bushes and the primitive oak groves — no house as yet being erected west of the grounds reserved for the public park — comprised all there was of this now beautiful inland city. Even then it was an enchanting spot. Nature, in one of her most wanton moods, seemed to have lavished here her fairest charms and most seductive smiles. Lakes, groves, and undulating hills all conspired to captivate the senses, and lead the adorer to exclaim in his heart, " These are thy glorious works, Parent of Good ! Almighty! thine this everlasting frame, Thus wondrous fair ! " Here were landscapes and pictures of loveliness, unapproachable in their design, perfect in their execution, painted by the hand which had long since designed the blue canons of the skies, and painted the starry galleries of the heavens. Leaving this paradise of places, where reason and the charms of nature invited us to stay and make our fame and fortune (if such a thing were possible), we resumed once more our journey westward, and soon were approaching the lofty summits of the Blue Mound. Arriving at the old home of Ebenezer Brigham, which stf^ffa. short distance from the public highway, in all its original simplicity — a double log cabin oHjhe Southern type — we partook of a choice meal of venison and pastry, supplemented by other rare dainties of a well-spread Western table, which we have ever since held in grateful rsjmembrance. Here for the first time, I met the hero of recatonica. Gov. Henry Dodge, who, in company with Judge and Frank Dunn, was on his way to Madison, the latter to attend a session of the Supreme Court, of which the Judge, in Territorial days, was Chief Justice. The stockade near the Mound, called "Mound Fort," was still standing about a mile and a half south of Brigham's house, and could be seen from it, excited the most lively emotions in my young and enthusiastic mind. Here was one of the strongholds of the early settlers, where they had brought their wives and children, to protect them against the wily assaults of the renowned chief of the Sacs and Foxes and his followers — Black Hawk and his 'warriors. In this neighborhood the blood-thirsty savages had murdered a member of Jsrigham's family. It was in the sight of this Fort two of its inmates, who were out recon- noitering, had been surrounded by the lurking enemy, killed and horribly mutilated, in the presence of their companions, and which deed of atrocity had led to the relentless punishment 568 HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. which Gen. Dodge and his command soon after gave them at the famous battle of the Pecatonica where, out of a band of seventeen warriors, not a red-skin was left to tell the tale. Ail were killed. It was to this fort the young Hall girls, after a month's wandering and captivity, were brought in a most destitute and forlorn condition, and where they were so kindly received and treated by the ladies of the Fort. The scene of these cruelties and war-like exploits made a deep and lasting impression upon my mind at the time, as well as the wide, romantic view of the surrounding country, which these lofty summits enables the eye of the traveler to obtain. From here onward we came in contact with the old-time mode of transportation of lead across the State to the lake ports — three and four yoke of cattle attached to a heavy wagon the " prairie schooners " of early times — which made their regular monthly voyages to and from the lakes and mines — taking out their cargo of pig lead, and returning with merchandise and family stores. It was a slow but sure and profitable business. In driving these teams many a Yankee boy learned forcible expressions and expletives which he never dreamed before were in the English language. Passing through the already important and wealthy mining villages of Dodgeville, Mineral Point and of Platteville, all then flourishing places and deserving of men- tion, we reach, at last, the brow of the hill where the road descends into this ancient burg — Potosi. What a view is here again presented ! Before you, to the southward and westward, is. a prospect the most beautiful which can be imagined. It is not in your immediate presence, in> superlative languages, sublime, illimitable, immense ; it is rather quiet, impressive, peculiar. To the right and left are gentle, undulating slopes, clothed in emerald green of waving oaks, mark the northern limits of the long, deep and sinuous ravine you are about to enter. Its trailing course, as it presented itself to the early settler, winding in dark and dismal folds to the river, begot the name of " Snake Hollow," by which sobriquet it was long known among the miners. On either hand burst forth two large and never-failing springs of limpid water, which form the source of the beautiful stream called by the harsh, ill-sounding pseudonym of " Snake Hollow Branch." All the diminutive streams in the mining region which branch OMt from and supply the larger water-courses are known by this peculiar, and I may say, appropriate appella- tive. Hence we have " Rigsby Branch," "Dry Hollow Branch," "Long Branch," " Eayres' Branch," and many other branches, all tributary to the Grant and Platte Rivers, which course through the town in nearly every direction, furnishing pure and living water to almost every farm. None of them are sluggish in their movement, but go rippling and bounding down to mingle with the great Father of Waters ; and to their purifying influence more than any other causes, may we justly attribute the continued exemption of this town from malarial and other- diseases, so destructive to human life and happiness in many Western towns. The moisture with which they continually supplied the earth and air were also produc- tive of a heavy growth of forest trees which are still numerous, and which, fifty years ago, shaded nearly every rod of ground within the borders of the town with their dark, dense foliage. And it is to these huge trees, many of them the slow growth of centuries, more than the products of the mines, rich and valuable as they have been, Potosi has derived a preponderant share of its wealth and prosperity. Chopping and boating cord-wood and timber to the Dubuque market has for years been a lucrative business, and many of our prominent citizens have derived there- from a respectable independence, a fact which can be said of but very few who have delved and wasted their lives in the lead mines. But to return to the brow of the hill, where like De Soto, I gazed for the first time upon the broad, matchless and almost boundless valley of the Mississippi, where sweeps its mighty waters to the ocean. It was standing upon this elevation, looking over and beyond the little valley in my immediate presence into the vast and almost measureless valley beyond, that 1 became impressed with the greatness and grandeur of the country I had reached. There, almost at my very feet, flowed the world's most magnificent river. There, within reach of my vision, clearly defined by the shores of this mighty stream, were the eastern boundaries of an, empire yet to be. The Great West, with its vast prairies, its arid plains, its streams and mount- ains, its wooded hills and valleys, its " boundless contiguity of shade," yet uninhabited anoL HISTOEY or GRANT COUNTY. 569^ unexplored by the foot of civilized man, stretching onward and onward to the far limits of a continent, presented itself to my mind, and I shrunk into nothingness, and was ready to exclaim in the language of the Psalmist " What is man that thou art mindful of him or the Son of Man that thou visitest him." Surely, thought I, here is a region so far-reaching in its limits, so wild and weird in its aspect, so much beyond the necessities of the present civilization that centuries must elapse before the broad acres of its prairies will be needed to supply the wants of man, and generations must expire before the solitude of its woods and streams shall be broken up or re-echo to the sound of the woodman's ax. At this date, 1847, Potosi was second to no other town in the county. Her miners were pros- perous, her mechanics were profitably employed, her merchants were •doing an increasing and extensive business both in the wholesale and retail trade. Lancaster, Wingville, Beetown, the Hurricane and all surrounding points came here to purchase their supplies. Steamboats left the landing weekly, freighted with lead and brought back in return the necessaries and luxu- ries of life, as whisky, bacon, flour, staple groceries and dry goods. A printing office whence issued the Potosi Mepuhlican {whereoi your humble servant was proprietor and editor, and weekly expounded good, sound. Democratic doctrine) was here sustained and shed its benign in- fluence over the darker portions of the county ; four lawyers. Cole & Biddlecorae, the former now Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, and the latter one of the brightest intellects and most promising young men the State could boast, who since pursued his profession in St. Louis and died in Florida ; Judge Cyrus K. Lord and Hon. William Hull, both residents at the present time of La Crosse, where they still pursue their honorable profession. Judge Lord was Receiver of the Land Office at that point, holding his appointment from President Franklin Pierce, and William Hull distinguished himself in the Legislature during the term of Gov. Bashford's ad- ministration as the popular Speaker of the House ; closing his political career, he located at La Crosse and became the attorney of Commodore Davidson's Northern Line of Boats, which posi- tion he still holds. The medical profession was eminently represented by such skilled prac- titioners as Dr. Carlos M. Hewitt, now a respected citizen of Boscobel, but whose failing health has prohibited him for several years from active practice. Drs. Bannett Armstrong, George W. Bicknell and John Creighton, all of whom are now dead, and a few years later, Dr. Taylor L. Graham, who still resides and pursues his profession among us. Among the principal merchants at that period, who were engaged in active business, were Solon M. Langworthy, now of the city of Dubuque, a son of old Dr. Langworthy, an early pioneer of the mines. Donald A. McKinzie, a Scotchman by birth, boasting Highland blood, who came from St. Louis about the year 1840, entered into the lead and mercantile business and established a character for honesty and fair dealing which became proverbial. He subse- quently entered into partnership with Julius Augustine and James Garmick, doing business under the firm name of McKenzie, Augustine & Co. The firm was dissolved in the spring of 1855, Mr. McKenzie removing to Dubuque and Mr. Garmick to Dunleith, where, for a few years, they were connected with the Dubuque & Dunleith Ferry Company, Mr. McKenzie for many years being the trusted and efficient clerk of the company. The members of this firm are now all dead, Mr. Garmick having become an invalid and cripple several years before his death from a railroad accident, suffering the loss of his right arm. He was a good citizen, and an intelli- gent, worthy man. Samuel Wilson, a native of County Down, Ireland, was another leading merchant. He came to Potosi about the year 1840, from the city of Galena, where he had previously been in business, and engaged at first as a clerk in the store of D. A. McKenzie. Subsequently pur- chasing the stock of Lawther & Dyer, who removed to Dubuque, he commenced business for himself, and continued it until the summer of 1857, when his active and busy career was brought to an untimely end, and he passed from the busy walks of life to the cold and silent grave. Mr. Wilson was a fine man, correct and expert in all his business transactions, and , tae soul of honor. His memory is yet cherished by all who knew him, and none pass his mar- ole monument in our village cemetery without mentioning his manly virtues, and paying a 570 HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. tribute to his genial qualities and kindly heart. While residing in Galena, he became acquainted with and married Elizabeth Carpenter, an estimable lady, and a step-daughter of Gov. Briggs, late of Andrew, Iowa. Mrs. Wilson remained in widowhood for a number of years after the death of her husband, and then was re-married to a Col. Cobb, a gentleman who resided a short time during the war in Potosi. They soon afterward disposed of their pleasant home here, and went to reside at Farmington, Mo., the place whence the Colonel had migrated durini' the troublesome times. Both have since passed to their long repose. Dr. George M. Wilson, an only son, survives them, and is practicing medicine in Missouri. Another merchant of note was the late Simon E. Lewis, who passed from the scenes of life in July, 1874. He was probably the shrewdest, most energetic and successful of all who were here engaged in business at an early day, securing by his industry, tact and enterprise an ample fortune, which his children now enjoy. Mr. L. was born in Austria, on the Upper Danube; leaving his native country while yet a young man, to seek and carve out for himself a name and fortune in a straoge land, which the limited opportunities and over-crowded state of affairs denied to him and others like him in his own land. Landing in the New World alone and almost penniless, he makes his way westward to the then almost frontier of civilization, and takes up his residence at Bowling Green, Mo., where the natural avocation of his people leads him to engage in the mercantile business. From the beginning, he is a prosperous and rising man. Learning of the fortunes being so readily made in the Upper Lead Mines, he closes his small establishment in Bowling Green, and the spring of 1840 finds him domiciled in Potosi, selling large quantities of supplies to the miners and neighboring farmers, who were then struggling in the swaddling clothes worn by all settlers in a new country — scarcely able, to live and gain a foothold on the soil. Of course they needed credit, and Mr. Lewis soon became abundantly able and freely gave them all the credit their circumstances required. He thus secured a large and profitable trade, and became well and widely known to all the leading men of the county. About the year 1847, Mr. Lewis was joined by a younger brother, Mr. John P. Lewis, and for several years thereafter the business was conducted in the firm name of John P. Lewis & Co. Ot^ier partners succeeded, and branches of their growing business were established at Wingville, Lancaster and British Hollow. He purchased the interest of Julius Augustine in the steam saw-mill located at the mouth of the Hollow, erected by Messrs. Kin- ney & Augustine, in the year 1853, which for many years did a large and profitable business, and was a partner in the saw-mill and mercantile business, the firm being known as Kinney & Co., until a few months before his death. In the year 1857, he was elected to and held the responsible office of County Treasurer, discharging its duties in a creditable and efficient man- ner. Mr. Lewis was long known in this community, and exerted a large influence in the busi- ness circles as well as over the political and social interests of the town. His second son, George H. Lewis, succeeded him in the mercantile business. His amiable widow remains upon the homestead, while the other members of his family are Dr. John S. Lewis, of Dubuque, Iowa; Josephine McKee, the wife of John McKee, a well-known citizen of Leavenworth, Kan.; Eugene H. Lewis, a promising a young lawyer of New York City — a junior partner in the law firm of Chamberlin, Carter & Hornblower — the first-named individual being the late notorious carpet-bag Governor of Georgia, and T. G. Lewis, a student of Beloit College, Wis. Cyrena, his eldest daughter, and wife of Dr. Taylor L. Graham, died a few years since, and sleeps beside the affectionate father whom she loved so well in life, in the old Van Buren Cemetery, on the ridge west of the village. Celestine Kaltenbach was then, as now. Postmaster, which position he has held for the past forty-three years almost continuously, being the oldest Postmaster in the State. He received his first appointment from Amos Kendall, August 28, 1838, under the administration of Presi- dent Van Buren, and has discharged its onerous duties so faithfully and well, that no adminis- tration has seen fit to remove him. He is a worthy man and good citizen, besides being a prom- inent merchant of forty years' standing ; has held several offices of trust and responsibility in school, church and town. In former years, no man exercised a wider or more salutary influencq. HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. 571 over the community, and especially his own countrymen, than did Celestine Kaltenbach. He is «tiU spared in the vigor of health, and in the enjoyment of happiness, surrounded by his esti- mable wife and children, a worthy and well-preserved monument of early life in the mines. There were many others doing business here worthy of extended notice, but space forbids other than a brief reference to their names — all of whom, or nearly all, are now out of active business, have removed from the place or been gathered in by the Great Reaper. To close the list I will simply mention the names of those most familiar to my memory : Haines & HoUub, I. Gr. Ury, Langworthj & Williams, Block & Kaltenbach — the senior member of the firm being Elias Block, now a wealthy banker in San Francisco, who was succeeded in business by his brother, Hyman E. Block, who married the eldest daughter of his partner and became an active and influential citizen of the town (now a prominent commission merchant of St Louis), Mr. A. B. Southworth (a relative of the celebrated novelist, Emma D. E. N. Southworth), tinsmith and dealer in stoves. He closed business here about the year 1850. Mr. S. afterward located in San Francisco, where he accumulated a large fortune in the lumber trade. Bicknell & Arm- strong kept a drug store ; and there were the usual number of shops, saloons and other places of resort which constituted a well-regulated mining town. Samuel Vance and his brother James conducted a thriving business in general merchandise at British Hollow, where was also the old brewery and several saloons in full blast, furnishing potations to the thirsty and thrifty English miners of that village. A small store was kept by Edward Lafont at Rockville, and another by Harrison Pauley. At the German settlement. Peter Zeng and Peter Ort, brothers-in-law, sup- plied their freshly-arrived Teutonic brethren with their native beverage, and, in generous mugs, made them forget their exile and "Fatherland." Old Peter Zeng, who has now reached his fourscore years, is yet hale and hearty, and walks as sprightly as of yore. He was the first German who located in the settlement— now fifty years ago — and began the building of a town by the erection of a small log house. Others soon followed, and the settlement bids fair to be- come as famous as "fair Bingen on the Rhine." The mines were flourishing, buildings sprang •■up on every side, a church soon followed, and the sweet tones of its vesper bells soon greeted the ear and told the listening world a Christian people here had come to dwell. The old church building is now converted into a Sisters' school, while a new and more stately edifice, one of the lineat in the State, supplants the old, and rears its lofty spire amid the sunny clouds. And' Peter has lived to see this wonderful change; and now, with his "ault frau," contented and happy, blessed with plenty and surrounded by his children and grandchildren in untold num- bers, awaits the coming of that time, when, together they shall " wrap the drapery of the couch about them and lie down to pleasant dreams." In those days, dancing parties were of frequent occurrence in the settlement and were greatly enjoyed by young and old of all classes, creeds and countries. The " sound of revelry by night" and the sweet tones of the violin, with clarionet accompaniment, as executed by John Gruion, Von Bernard Marcus and his brother musicians, and as it comes gently floating down on the stream of time, is still ringing in my ears ! Oh, those delicious sounds !• "'Twas music in the sinner's ear — 'Twas life and health and peace." Nor were these gay waltzing parties without their little episodes. Rude barbarians from the surrounding neighborhood often crept in to, disturb those who had met to smile upon the pretty uerman girls and enjoy the fleeting moments as they passed. And when there was too much malt m the brew, as sometimes happened, black eyes and broken noses were the consequence. On one memorable occasion, a fracas of this kind happened at a gathering of this kind, when a tenderfoot, unused to border scenes and Western customs would have imagined the inno- cents were all about to be slaughtered. oam and Henry Redman were wild boys living in the vicinity, and when under the influ- ence of liquor, had no respect for the civilities of life. They were present, as they had often een before — dressed after a peculiar fashion of their own, wearing red flannel shirts, open at e collar, and without coat or vest. Around their loins was girt a miner's belt in which each 572 HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. carried a large hunting knife, ready to flay a deer or scalp a man as the occaaion might present. The girls "swung to their partners" and whirled in the giddy evolutions of the waltz; whil& the strong, but gentle arms which encompassed their lovely forms, were ever ready to fell with ponderous blows him who dared to supplant them in the smiles of these angelic objects of their adoration. " Love framed with mirth a gay, fantastic round:" they smiled, perspired, and told the measure of their love with laughing eye and gentle pressure of the hand, when all at once the scene was changed. Big, loud, unmentionable oaths flew thick and fast and the place became suddenly blue with the profanity of the intruders. The girls, panting, trembling, and in utter dismay, fled from the room and were as quickly followed by their more courageous but not less discomfited companions. The candles were extinguished and for the nonce darkness brooded over the scene. The Redmans had sprung a coup d'etat and were the sole possessors of the place. They whooped, hallowed, danced, and sung their ribald songs and on the light being restored, revealed them brandishing their gleaming knives in the air ; while, at intervals, with fiendish grin and lurid oaths, they would drive their glitter- ing points into the rough logs as if pinioning to the walls the victims of their hate. After a. time — when fear of sudden danger had subsided — some of the bolder of the German boys vent- ured to return and remonstrate with the outlaws — the outrage was condoned — a truce agreed upon — the Redmans were invited out to partake of a fresh glass of lager — the dance went on and once more "peace reigned in Warsaw." A brawl or a personal encounter with the roughs who frequented the dancing parties which constitutes one of the chief amusements in the early settlement of the town, was no uncommon occurrence and often ended with serious results to some of the parties engaged. But I pass to other and more important matters. Among the smelters of that day I re- member William T. Ennor, Joseph Pettey and Albert W. Emery, of British Hollow, and William Lightfoot and Thomas Pallier, of Potosi, only two of whom, Joseph Pettey and A. W. Emery are still living. The mining interest greatly declined after the discovery of gold in California, * and the five years succeeding 1849 saw the lead mines of Wisconsin almost depleted of its min- ing population. Some returned in after years to explore their abandoned diggings, but- mining as a source of wealth and employment has never regained its former importance. James Alderson, during the fifties, made the first improvementupon the old mode of mining with windlass and tub, by the appliance of steam power and machinery and going beneath the water for the shining ore. He mined at " Adney Patch " near British Hollow, and succeeded in raising large quantities of mineral. This gave a new impetus to the business and attracted capitalists, in search of profitable investments, to the mines. A company organized in Pitts- burgh, attracted thither through their agents, purchased the Alderson diggings ; ran them for a few years with moderate success, when, tiring of their bonanza they re-sold to James Alderson & Co., who, after expending many thousand dollars in machinery and sinking shafts here and at other points, abandoned their works as unprofitable. Another company called the Graham Mining Company, organized in Milwaukee, and of which Hon. J. C. Hathaway, now of Beetown, was agent, purchased from Gov. Dewey, in the sixties, a tract of mining land supposed to be rich in lead ore, known as Preston Point, and commenced mining operations and continued with varied success down to the year 1879, when they, too, suspended operations and sold their lands for a mere nominal sum, having sunk not less than f 50,000 in the enterprise. Practical miners were always of the opinion this company did not mine with that judgrdent which is the result of long acquaintance with mining operations, and hence their failure. Drifts, or tunnels, were run mto the hill, for many hundreds of yards ; the workmen tediously and expensively cutting their way through solid rock at a cost of |3 to $5 per lineal foot, to drain the main crevices of water and thus be enabled to reach and unearth the large mineral deposits there contained. They succeeded partially in removing the surface water, but never came upon any remunerative beds of ore. Their failure was a disappointment not only to themselves, but the community at large, who still believe untold wealth lies imbedded in our bluffs and hills ; and that at no very distant HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. 573 day, its sources will be reached, their treasures revealed, and the glittering ore in untold million pounds reward the skill of man. About the year 1850, or perhaps earlier, the great railroad projects leading out from the lake shore westward to the Mississippi, were being much discussed both through the public press and in business circles. The Galena & Chicago Union Railroad was the first to start the grand race for the banks of the Mississippi, which, after crossing Rock River in the year 1851, reaching Galena, where it remained a short time, in the year 1853, and was continued some- time during the year 1855. Dubuque was made the western terminus of the road mainly through the efforts of Hon. George W. Jones, then the accomplished Senator from Iowa. Milwaukee, fully awake to the importanceof railroad communication with the growing West, was making strenuous efforts to anticipate her more fortunate rival, Chicago, and reach first, with the iron horse what was regarded then as the ultama thule of trade — the banks of the Mississippi River. The unparalleled immigration to and rapid settlement of Minnesota at this time gave the Upper Mississippi an importance unequaled in the history of the world. Everything and every- body seemed to be moving toward St. Paul and intermediate points ; during the summers from 1850 down to as late as 1858, the splended steamers of the packet companies were thronged with passengers and loaded to the guards with freight all bound northward to this new country, whose salubrious climate and prolific soil have not disappointed their then most glowing anticipations. Milwaukee, young, moneyless, and sinewless as she was, bent all the energies of an indomitable will to this great task and commenced grading and laying the iron track toward the setting sun. Potosi, alive to the importance of securing the western terminus of this road, commenced a railroad project with the view of meeting the eastern road half way and escorting the iron horse to the river. Meetings were held, speeches were made, articles written and published in the columns of the Potosi Republican, Lancaster Herald and other local papers, all lauding the en- terprise and expatiating upon the benefits to be derived therefrom. By the united efforts of William R. Biddlecome and Robert M. Briggs, the members of the Legislature from the Potosi and Beetown districts, a charter was secured and the Potosi & Dodgeville Railroad Company became one of the most important institutions of the land. Briggs secured his election by promising his constituents it should be built by the way of Beetown with a double track "like two rows of brass buttons on a double-breasted vest." The books were opened and many shares of stock subscribed, but it is needless to add, the project was beaten by our more enterprising neighbors in the north part of the county, who mortgaged their farms for stock, and thus secured the location of the road in the Wisconsin Valley. By Daniei. R. Buet. I first came to the country in 1835, after having made my location at Lancaster, or near where Lancaster now is situated; in 1835, I left that point in company with Lucius Ashley for the object of finding a water-power on Grant River to be used for manufacturing lumber for the improvement of the country, and where, if required, it could be shipped by water to any point on the Mississippi. We left with a horse on the 10th of December, 1835, the snow about four inches deep. Learning that it would be difficult to obtain forage for the horse, we left it with Mr. Fitzgerald, then living some three miles from Lancaster, on the Boice Prairie, and thence proceeded through the Platte timber, and examined the Platte River. Not being satisfied with the Platte, «oncluded to examine Grant, commencing our examination at the point where now stands the Warehouse on Grant Slough, following it up to the first fall or rapid water, now Burton, where 1 subsequently built the afore-mentioned mills. We spent some two hours in searching for sec- tion hnes without success, and darkness began to settle down upon us, and having eaten our last rations at breakfast, though we had killed a fine turkey, concluded we must try to find our way back to the point where we left our horse, having been three days out traveling over a por- tion of the country never before seen by either of us, without a track or trace of civilized man to guide us. Our three days of travel had led us to almost every point of the compass, zigzag, oircuitous and of all directions. Ashley declared he had no opinion of the proper course to be 574 HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. taken and that I must pilot; accepting the proflfered berth, we commenced our journey over a country broken up by deep ravines, and covered with timber of which we had never before seen or without any guide to direct us. We had not traveled half a mile before the darkness and brush compelled a halt; breaking up some fine brush to lay my head upon for the night, the snow four inches deep and without anything to eat since morning, I laid myself down to rest for the night, leaving Ashley on guard-duty some twenty feet from me with a double-barrel rifle, and a small fire we had improvised, with instructions to awaken me at 12 o'clock to relieve him. Ic commenced snowing about this time and was quite dark. The wolves having scented our turkey and our fire, approached rather unpleasantly near with their hideous bowlings, and awakened Ash- ley's attention, if not his admiration, of their music, interesting him so deeply that he dedined to be relieved through the night. Tying a handkerchief over my face, with a heavy overcoat and other heavy clothing, I slept through very comfortably, the snow having fallen about four inches through the night and covering me to that depth. ' I was not in the least disturbed in mv sleep; with a large tree at my head, a large cudgel at my side, and a revolver in my pocket and Ashley on guard as above stated. The wolves parted company with us before morning ; as soon as the day appeared clearly, we commenced our journey for the point we had left our horse, distant, as subsequent examinations have shown to have been about ten miles; the snow continuing to fall we reached that point at 9:45 o'clock, coming out of the timber directly on a line from the point of starting from the house. I cannot describe, the force that directed my course during the time and distance of this walk of ten miles, being on a direct line turning neither to the right or left to avoid obstructions, or to accommo- date by the topography of the country, I have said I could not describe the force that directed this journey, though I have an opinion, which, without demonstration, remains only an opinion. Be pleased to allow me briefly to notice two other incidents similar, if not parallel. I drove into the Territory of Wisconsin in June, 1836, a span of horses which were used and kept at my place at Waterloo through the summer and winter of that season. In the spring of 1837, after the feed became good, while ranging on the river bottoms, about the 15th of May they disappeared; after hunting for them two days without success, I became impressed that they had left for Tecum- seh, Mich., from whence they had been driven a year before. I commenced my journey and hunt four days after they had been seen traveling, as near as I could judge, a direct course to the point named, a distance of sixteen miles, without any road, through an unsettled country; I crossed Little Platte, north of Platteville, there being a cabin at the ford, and the first one seen thus far on my route. I learned that my horses had preceded me three days, stopping but a short time and traveling East, I continued on stopping overnight at Belmont; starting early I continued my journey as near the same direction as possible, crossing the Pecatonica Kiver; about eight miles further on I met two gentlemen of whom I learned that the horses had passed their cabin one-half mile distant about four hours in advance of me, and I became hopeful and pressed on, eight miles further, I came on my horses, caught them and commenced my return well satisfied, giving me food for reflection to determine how it was possible to strike their trails, lose it again, and then again and again lose and strike it, and at last ride directly on them, passing over an unsettled country and without roads, a distance between forty and fifty miles of a wilder- ness. Again, in June, 1840, I hired this same team to Samuel Ashley to make the jour- ney to Milwaukee, returning by Chicago; on his return stopping overnight eight miles east of Freeport. In the morning the horses were missing from the stable in a manner to impress him they were stolen. He spent three days in a fruitless search through the coun- try and returned leaving all at the place named. I listened and carefully noted every circum- stance of their loss and came to the conclusion that the horses were not stolen. I left the next morning for Freeport, and reached the house he had put up at about 1 o clock the next day, examined the stable and the surrounding country ; spent an hour to determine what course to take, concluding at last to follow up a small river, as it was called then by the name of Yellow River, coming down from the west-by-south, and every mile I traveled became more impressed that I should find my horses. The first cabin that I passed in a distance of six miles, HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. 575 wafi off my route about one-fourth of a mile, and standing on an eminence. On approaching, I was impressed that I should learn something from my horses there. I rode up and meet- ing a man at the door, made th« inquiry about the horses, and if any had been seen ; he requested me to describe my horses, and when they had strayed; I did so quite minutely, and as soon through he replied, "your horses are in my stable," where I found them, took possession and returned again well satisfied. I have given you one incident, showing the rude manner of cross- ing streams under pressing and diflScult circumstances. It became necessary to communicate with the miners, who had lately settled at Snake Hollow; about the first of August, 1836, S. Ashley and myself left for that purpose, traveling the divide between Grant and the Mississippi, reaching Grant near where the ferry is now kept. The water, too deep to ford and about twelve rods wide, presented rather an unpleasant obstruction ; but the river must be crossed; we impro- vised a rude raft from a drift-pile, tied the logs together with grape vines, fastening another vine to the head of the raft, Ashley being properly seated with gun, ammunition and my clothes, I swam in and taking the grape vine between my teeth, commenced towing the raft, Ashley and his goods, he sitting as an impression figurehead to the craft, and safely and dryly landing, and in a few moments shot and killed a large buck weighing upward of 200 pounds. I must give an inci- dent in connection with an Indian of the Pottawatomie tribe. Subsequently to the first time I was visiting the place, to find section lines to enable me to locate for the mill, I was traveling on the ice of the river, and at some distance ahead I discovered a movement that imprtjssed me that it was an Indian endeavoring to keep the tree between me and himself; I had no arms but a small revolver. I soon discovered that it was an Indian with a gun ; on approaching opposite the tree he left it and came down on to the river, and walked with me about one mile; when approaching a tree near the river, he sprang upon the bank placing the tree between me and him ; I did not feel overly comfortable until I had passed out of the range of his rifle, occasionally looking over my shoulder with peculiar feelings during the time. The next October, I met him again, took him home with me, kept him overnight and treated him friendly and kindly, and in two weeks he came back with his family, hunting and spending the winter near me. I pur- chased all the meat and fowl of him at 1 cent a pound. He remained ofi" and on for three or four years ; he was sometimes threatened by the hunters if he did not leave, but always came to> me for protection. Usually having six or eight men working for me, he felt quite safe. He called himself Monamonquett. For a few of the first years of my residence at that place, it was splendid hunting and fishing ; I have often seen herds of thirty deer feeding at a time, not sixty rods from the house, and in the winter when chopping timber between Grant and the Mississippi, the deer would feed on the tops of the fallen timber, often in herds of twenty. You could meet with flocks of turkeys, from ten to forty, by traveling a short distance in the timber. There have been many large fish stories told, but never in quantity and ease of catch- ing have I ever heard anything equal to the demonstrated facts presented for the first years- of my settlement. With a seine of twenty feet in length, I have caught a wagon load in thirty minutes and some of them weighing thirty pounds ; from the ford up to the dam the river would be literally filled with fish. To throw a stone into the river at the point named, it would seldom fail of killing one or more, and by striking a spear into the water, not aiming at any, you would bring out from one to three fish. I spent twenty-two years at Waterloo, the largest portion of them were prolific with wild and exciting scenes, with pressing business bringing excitement and happiness, and, at this time, casting the vision backward over seven- ty-eight years, I consider this period of twenty-two years, the happiest portion of my life, and since removing to this place. East Dubuque, I have spent a portion of each year at that place. 1 have sold all of the 6,000 acres once owned in Grant County, with the exception of some- thing over 200 acres, and have now retired from business. 576 HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. SOME OF GRANT CODNTY'S ILLUSTRIOUS DEAD. James Gates Pebcital. This celebrated poet, whose works have giyen pleasure to so many of his fellow-creatures was born in Kensington Parish, in the town of Berlin, Conn., as he quaintly gives it, " Tues- day forenoon, September 15, 1795." The poet traced his descent, on his father's side, " to James Percival, who, about 1706, moved from Barnstable, Massachusetts Colony, to East Haddam Conn. He married the daughter of the celebrated L%ydan Pastor, John Robinson. In England the family may be directly traced to the Barons of the time of William the Conqueror." James Percival's boyhood was passed in this quiet eddy out of the busy current of worldly life, where he early became noted for his precociousness as well as for his quiet demeanor, which drew him entirely away from the usual boyish sports. "At this time, he lived," said an intimate friend, " in in a world of his own — an ideal world. He knew and cared very little respecting the real world of mankind. His cast of mind was highly imaginative." In January, 1807, James suffered a severe loss in the death of his father, and shortly after- ward, James and another brother were placed under the charge of their uncle. Rev. Seth Hart, who kept a private boarding school at Hempstead, L. I. Here he remained a year, when he was placed under the tuition of the Rev. Israel B. Woodward, of Wolcott, a town adjacent to Kensington ; from here he again returned to Hempstead, and it was during this second stay that he gave vent to his feelings in poetry. After having spent the usual three years in preparing for college, in the early autumn of 1810, he entered as a member of the Freshman Class at Yale. Upon graduating, young Percival returned to Kensington, and, after some deliberation, deter- mined to commence the study of medicine, being drawn thereto both by the example of his father and, in a secondary way, by an interest in botany. He wavered between this and the law for several years, finally returning to his first choice, and completed his studies with Dr. Ives, at New Haven. "He had already acquired a wide reputation as a prodigy of learning, and for his facility in acquiring knowledge. When it was known that he had applied for a medical degree, there was considerable excitement about his examination. No one of the Medical Board dared to ask him questions out of his own province ; and they examined him for several hours, trying, if possible, to exhaust his knowledge. But he came out triumphantly from the ordeal ; and it was said at the time that no student had ever been proved with such severe tests, and none had ever passed so brilliant an examination." After taking his degree, Percival was engaged for a time as private tutor, and as a lecturer, in the Medical College, on Anatomy. About this time he became, also, interested in the study of language, and afterward spent some time with the Indians. He then commenced the practice of his profession at Kensington, but the prevalence of an alarming and malignant fever soon after his arrival, the mortality occurring so preyed upon him that he then and there gave up his practice. In 1821, Percival launched his craft upon the uneasy and uncertain sea of letters. In this year, he published a " small, dingy-looking 18mo of 346 pages, containing the first part of his Prometheus ; " and a number of other forms. Its reception was most flattering. The title-page bore the following extract from Southey : " Go, little book ; from this, my solitude, I cast thee upon the waters — go thy ways ; And if, as I believe, thy vein be good, The world may find thee after certain days." Percival's name had already preceded him, and, in a quiet way, the whole edition was sold in a little over a year from the date of publication. A little later, while engaged as Curator of the Botanical Garden just formed by Dr. Ives, he was seized with the typhoid fever, and, upon his recovery, he accepted an invitation to accompany a botanical lecturer named Whitlow, to Charleston, S. C. Here he soon separated from his companion and remained in the city until March, 1822, when he returned to New York. During this time he published the first number ■r'S- . ^--^^. lyu, d>i>o<.<^y_ M U S C O D^ . HISTOBY OF GRANT COUNTY. 579 of his " Clio," which was issued by the Babcocks in January, 1822 ; besides this, he employed his pen in versification for the daily press. The new volume was well received and added much to the author's previous reputation. Of Percival's manners and presence at this time, the following account is given : " He is cold and diffident in his manners, yet steadfast in his feelings, frank and candid in the expres- sion of his opinions, and particularly averse to display and floisy approbation. * * * His passion for study, and the reserve and timidity of manner which characterizes him in mixed company, may naturally lead common observers to suppose he has little aptitude for social inter- course, and little delight in it. But this opinion is incorrect. * * , * jjjg range of topics extends to every department in morals, science, politics, history, taste and literature. On points on which he differs from others, he can be approached without the danger of oflfending «ven his strong sensibility. Arguments he seems to hear and weigh with much consideration, but his own opinions he maintains with great firmness. He rarely ventures mere assertions, and few, perhaps, are more uniformly in the habit of maintaining their opinions by particular facts and strenuous and elaborate reasonings. One peculiarity may be observed in his manner of con- versation, and that is, when he approaches a subject, he enters deeply into it, views it on every side, and pursues it till exhausted, if it be exhaustible." In August, 1822, the second number of " Clio " was issued from the press of his friend Con- Terse, of New Haven. In November of the same year, the second part of Prometheus was pub- lished by A. H. Maltby, of New Haven. Spreaking of this poem, the poet Whittier said, in 1830, in the New England Weekly Review : " God pity the man who does not love the poetry of Percival. He is a genius of nature's making. * * * gjg Prometheus is a noble poem. There is no affectedness about it — all is grand and darkly majestic." In February, 1823, Percival assumed the editorship of the Connecticut Herald, a weekly journal, which position he retained but for a short time. Through the earnest efibrts of personal friends, Percival received the appointment early in 1824, of Post Surgeon at West Point, but, at his own request, was soon after transferred to Boston. His connection with the Government did not last long, and, until 1835, Percival was engaged in different literary undertakings. In May of the above year, Dr. Percival and Prof. Charles W. Sheppard were appointed by Gov. Edwards, of Connecticut, to make a geological survey of the State. It was during the progress of this survey, that the Doctor was mistaken by the keeper of a country inn for a vagrant, and accosted him sharply as such. "But as the Doctor was leaving his door, a distinguished citizen of a neighboring town drove up and grasped the Doctor's hand with all possible expressions of cordiality and respect. The astonished landlord seeing that he had made a ridiculous blunder, apologized and retired." This work occupied his attention until 1842, his report even in the abridged form in which it was finally published, far surpassing anything that had been attempted in other States. The last volume of poems published by Percival was in 1843, when " The Dream of a Day " and other poems were issued. This was a 16mo of 270 pages ; this was his last poetical venture. His last published poem singularly enough was in German, and written for and published in the Wisconsin Staats Zeitung. It was entitled " Der Deutsche Patriot." Dr. Percival's love of geology had begun as early as 1815, and never abated. The attention which his report on the geological formations of Connecticut attracted, drew the public eye in his erection, and established him as an authority on this subject. " In 1853, he was engaged by the Hon. F. C. Phelps, President of the American Mining Company, to demonstrate the truth of certain theories concerning the lead mines in Illinois and Wisconsin. He succeeded in estab- lishing the very important fact that the mineral extended several hundred feet below the surface of the earth ; and it was thought that his investigations had added at least $1,000,000 to the value of that region. He also advised the use of machinery in the drainage of the mineral lands." in a letter written from Hazel Green in 1853, Dr. Percival gave the following example of the fflimng dialect of the time : 580 HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. " I was staked on a prospect, and, after prospecting several days, I struck a lead and raised a lot of bully mineral, but it was only a bunch in a chimney without any opening ; so I petered out and a sucker jumped me." After these explorations had been completed, Dr. Percival returned to the East. During the year 1853, a law had been passed by the Legislature providing for a geological survey of the State. Under this law, Mr. Edward Daniels, then a young man, had been appointed as State Geologist. But those interested in the mining interests of the State, desired that the survey should be conducted by Percival, feeling that the work if carried out by him would result in a much greater benefit to the State. Mr. Daniels also acquiesed in this opinion, and accordingly Gov. Barstow was requested to give the appointment to Percival, which was done. It is needless to say that the result justified the expectations. Among the miners, Percival was regarded as an authority whose opinions were not only not to be disputed, but were absolutely perfect and unassailable. His commission was received August 12, 1854, and Percival imme- diately commenced his work. In the introduction to his first report published in 1855, he says of this work: "I have visited during this season all the considerable diggings, from the south line of the State, to a line drawn from east to west north of Cassville, Beetown, Potosi, Platteville, Mineral Point, Yellow Stone and Exeter, and from the Mississippi to the east part of Green County, Some of the least important diggings, within these limits, may have escaped my notice, but I have endeavored to make such an exainination of those I have visited, as my limited time would allow." The report which follows was {vide a letter from Mr. Edward Hunter) written entirely with- out notes or memoranda, in a little room fitted up for the geologist at the capital, a striking illus- tration of the marvelous memory possessed by this wonderful man. The next season the Doctor continued his explorations, but, upon his return to his home at Hazel Green in December, he was attacked by an illness which brought his eventful life to a close on the morning of Friday, May 22, 1856.. He was buried according to his wish, at Hazel Green, the Rev. T. N. Benedict, of Galena, conducting the funeral services according to the form of the Episcopal worship. Those who knew Percival during his residence in Wisconsin became warmly attached to him. Col. E. A. Calkins in an address delivered before the State Historical Society, thus speaks of his appearance at this time : " The most of us that knew Dr. Percival, did not know him till he came to the West. He was then far past his prime. He walked with his head bent, his eyes cast downward, and with slow and uncertain step. Those of our citizens who often saw him will not soon forget his aspect of poverty, almost of squalor — his tattered gray coat, his patched pants (the repairs the work of his own hand) and his weather-beaten, glazed cap with ear pieces of sheepskin, the wooly side in. The frontier inhabitants of the State knew him familiarly as ■ old stone-breaker.' " Among those who knew him, however, and knowing could appreciate his great worth, Percival received every attention. Mr. Edward Hunter, Private Secretary to Gov. Barstow at that time, says : " I became comparatively intimate with him (Percival), and often when I was alone in the oflSce he would enter in his quiet and subdued manner and stand by my desk by the hour — I very seldom could induce him to sit — and, from the rich stores of his mind, on whatever subject I could get him to speak, hold me a willing captive, perfectly enchanted, until some one would dissolve the spell by entering the room, when the Doctor would drop his head, become instantly silent, and glide away." Dr. Percival's linguistic attainments were as remarkable as his other marvelous stores of knowledge. Besides reading and teaching most of the modern languages of Europe, he was a delver into Sclavonic lore, having an intimate acquaintance with no less than six of these tongues. In religious belief, the Doctor approached very near to the Unitarian standpoint. His fondness for children is mentioned by Dr. Jenckes, with whom he resided at Hazel Green, in the following words : " His affection for children, especially those he fancied, was frequently shown by his kind attention to their wants, and great solicitude for their welfare. Many a time he took them in his buwfiry and would ride two or three miles for their diversion, evidently enioyins; himseli as HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. 581 much as his little companions. His sincerity and child-like simplicity, caused their attachment to be mutual." He died as he had lived, simple, unaffected and untouched by the busy, bustling cares of the great world to whose needs and artificial wants he had ever been a stranger. His loss was widely noticed by the press, and many societies of which he was a member, together with the Wisconsin State Historical Society, united in reverent testimonials to his worth. In person, Percival was somewhat below the medium height, and rather slight and frail. His countenance was indicative of his extreme sensitiveness and timidity ; pale and almost bloodless ; the eye blue, with an un- usually large iris, which, when kindled with animation, shone with an entrancing brilliancy. The nose rather prominent and finely chiseled, though inclined slightly to Roman in outline ; while the forehead high, broad and swelling out grandly at the temples, marked the noble intellect there enthroned. Although a linguist of the first rank as a botanist and geologist, standing foremost among those of his time, Percival's name will be borne down to future ages .upon the car of the muses. As a poet Percival will always be best remembered. Maj. John R. Coons. BY J. W. SEATON. While the evidences of hopes deferred and visions ruptured were only too numerous during the early settlement of the new diggings, still all who came and went out from the mines were not failures. Many succeeded in business beyond their most sanguine expectations and others arose from the humble occupation of miners to fill the most responsible and exalted positions in the land. Many were in affluent circumstances and from the first ranks of society and came here for the purpose of extending their business and adding to their wealth. A well preserved and fine example of the latter class who engaged my respect and admira- tion, thirty years ago, was Maj. John R. Coons — a man who derived his patent of nobility from the hand of nature. He hailed from the "Blue Grass State " — the land of Henry Clay, of Prentice, the Breckenridges, the Marsballs — those men of giant intellect and universal fame, the home of heroes and some of the fairest specimens of the " gentler sex " that ever came from the hand of a Divine Creator. Springing from such a source, the Major was no exception to his race, or disparagement to his kind. His gentlemanly bearing — his pleasing conversation — his generous nature and abiding friendship — bespoke the true Kentuckian — and the truer man. He was no adventurer or common fortune-hunter, but with good business qualification, a sound constitution, and a will to encounter and overcome all difficulties, he sought to win his way by true merit and probity alone. Coming to St. Louis in 1808 while yet a boy and while it was but a small French village, his chances for an education were limited, though he became an adept in penmanship, a good calculator, and stored his mind with useful miscellaneous reading. The French, patois of the place he spoke with the glibness and familiarity of his mother tongue. At this time the old French habitues who were gathered in and around St. Louis and Caron- dolet, in their modes of living, habits, customs and social intercourse, were a peculiar j>eople, and in all things a law unto themselves. Hunting and fishing was their chief employment in summer, and the winter season was one unbroken round of gayety and fun. The sound of the festive violin filled the air; and the Creole girls, dressed in their gauzy robes of pink and white tarlatans, the sweet carnation of the rose glowing on their warm, olive cheeks, and love beaming from every nook and corner of their " soft, dark eyes," moved with angelic grace throngb the "mystic mazes of the dance" and led captive many a willing heart. The quaint gaWe roo& of their houses — their vine-covered balconies and jessamine wreathed windows that greeted the first glow of morning and around which tenderly lingered the last beam of the evening sun, reminded the elders of the sunnier skies of their once beloved France, and made the life of the younger float like an idyl set to the sweet, monotonous melody of whispering trees and the still music of the ceaseless flow of the mighty river. In heavenly scenes like these, what eared they for the grosser things of life ? The earth, air and waters yielded the supplies of nature without 582 HISTOBY OF GRANT COUNTY. coaxing or cultivation; and Eden, before the fall, was not a happier place — " Mirth, with thee I mean to live " was their motto and they forgot it not. Little dreamed these light-hearted, fun- loving Frenchmen of the great change that was so soon to be wrought in their vine-covered gardens and primitive cabins. And yet many of them are still living, to look abroad upon a vast city, its streets surging with the ever restless throng of trade and the mighty river, on whose beautiful moon-lit banks they danced the gay quadrille, converted into the mart of a continent and the highway of a nation's commerce. Gigantic steamers now moor in the place of the frail bark canoe and rough bateaux, in which the hardy voyageurs of fifty years since, pursued their dangerous travels ; the lightning-winged train usurps the paths of the patient mule across the plain, instead of peltries and robes from the mountains, bringing the exhaustless treasures of a then unknown land, and teas, spices and the golden products of Far Cathay. Such has been the change witnessed by a generation still living, and in place of the rude hamlet, a city has sprung up, rivaling in wealth, influence, potency and importance, many of the most renowned cities of the old world. While a young man dwelling here, Maj. Coons witnessed these gay scenes and the rapid changes taking place around him, and became imbued with the spirit and enterprise of its people. For a long period the American Fur Company made St. Louis one of the principal points of its extensive business ; and from here in the spring, annually went forth the long wagon trains of supplies, to the plains, the mountains, the head-waters of the majestic rivers that lave this inland city, to the remote trading-point of Santa Fe, and returned again in the fall, laden with fur, peltries, silver and the rich spoils their emissaries had gathered in. Of this wealthy and widely influential company the Major became a trusted employe, and, in the year 1827, was sent to the Upper Lead Mines and assigned to a clerkship with Gratiot, Choteaux & Co., a branch of this famous house, located at Gratiot Grove, Wis. Their business was smelting, selling goods and trading with the Indians for furs and Uncle Sam's annuities, and no doubt, at this period of uncertain values, it was found a very profitable one. Nothing occurred to interrupt their prosperous trade until the spring of 1832, when rumors of an advance of the warlike Sauk (or Sac) Indians, up the valley of the Rock River, became rife in the settlements, and soon culminated in the Black Hawk war. At this critical juncture, no one knowing the magnitude or proximity of the danger that surrounded them, the peaceful pursuits were neglected, and every precaution for safety and defense was taken. Block-houses were constructed, forts built and the women and children hustled into them, and the men organ- ized and armed, ready at a moment's warning to ward off or go in the pursuit of the wily foe. In all these preparations and forays, Maj. Coons took an active part, and, although his valorous deeds were not recorded in every bulletin from the field of battle, as were those of some others less worthy, his services were untiring and highly appreciated by his superiors. His family being removed to safer quarters, the house they occupied at Old ShuUsburg — a strongly built log house one and a half stories high — was converted into a place of defense and garrisoned with soldiers. When peace was restored, the family returned, and his eldest son, Henry (the amiable and gentlemanly Town Clerk of Potosi), well remembers playing soldier when a boy and shoot- ing out of the port-holes from the chamber. He was braver then than he is now. Several guns were left by its heroic defenders, and, in handling them afterward, one was accidentally dis- charged, the contents going through the floor and lodging in the bed beneath, luckily unoccu- pied, or Henry might have become a "poor motherless boy " for his carelessness. Maj. Coons was one of a detachment sent out by Col. Gratiot in search of the Hall girls, two beautiful young ladies who were spared at the dreadful massacre of their father's family and neighbors, on Rock River. They were taken captives by one of Black Hawk's roving bands, and a reward of $2,000 being ofi"ered for their rescue, by Gen. Atkinson, they were afterward brought in to the fort at Blue Mounds, by three Winnebago Indians, who received the reward, hut being suspected as spies, were ordered from the fort and to proceed at once north of the Wisconsin. The girls were in a most destitute and forlorn ' condition, but received the warm sympathy of the ladies in the fort, by whom they were properly clothed and soon after restored to their friends. HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. 583 Peace being finally restored by the capture of Black Hawk and the destruction of his band at the bloody battle of Bad Ax, Maj. Coons was relieved from further duty and returned to private life. He soon after obtained what was called a "smelter's grant" from the Govern- ment and removed to Dubuque, which, though not open to settlement, was fast being filled up with miners, tradesmen and adventurers. He built his furnace on the Catfish, near the present site of the Rockdale Mills. Here he enjoyed the confidence of the miners, and did a lucrative business, though paying thousands of dollars to the Government in the shape of rent. His tax rule was afterward reversed and the money refunded, but unfortunately for the Major, he did not give the matter his prompt attention, and to the extent of his loss the Government profiteth. Belmont, the once famous capital of Wisconsin, next attracted his attention, and here we find him running one of the largest dry goods stocks in the West. During his absence from home, on one occasion, his shrewd and far-sighted wife, took it into her head to visit the land office at Mineral Point, and when the Major returned he found himself the owner of some of the finest farming lands in this section of the country. The strangulation of the young city in its infancy, by the removal of the seat of government to Madison, blighted its future hopes, and determined the Major to find a place of brighter prospects and more commercial importance. That place was Potosi. And thither he came, like Joseph of old, out of the land of Egypt, with his family and his fortune. Hooper, Peck & Scales were then heavily engaged in the mercan- tile business at Galena, and with them an alliance was formed and a branch house established, under the firm name of Coons, Wooley & Co., in that part of the village of Potosi then and still known as Lafayette. Here, in 1836, the Major erected the first frame store building in Potosi, shipping the material for its construction from Cincinnati by the way of the Ohio River. It stood immediately above the residence of the late James P. Chapman, though now reduced to the menial grade of horse stable on the farm of Nick Bonn. Its internal arrangements and finish were a marvel of beauty and elegance. Piles of valuable goods adorned its shelves and counters, and its capacious cellar and wareroom were plethoric with staple groceries and choice liquors. But, alas ! for things material as well as things spiritual ! The disease of debt was already fastened upon the vitals of the parent house, and the offspring was not exempt from its taint. The credit system predicated upon the inflated, worthless currency of the Illinois banks, had collapsed. Gen. Jackson had issued his famous specie circular, and down to this rock basis all must come. No man or firm in business could withstand the wild tempest of bank- ruptcy and disaster that swept through the length and breadth of the land. All toppled and many went down. Hooper, Peck & Scales tried to weather the storm, but it was of no use. The proud firm and its dependencies were taken from their anchored foundations, twirled in the air, and dropped in one common wreck. Some of the members emerged from the ruins with a few dislocated joints and bruised limbs, but poor Maj. Coons was a cripple for life, and almost a penniless man. He never overcame the shock or recovered from the deep injuries. Quietly and unostentatiously, he pursued the even tenor of his life, gaining, as best he could, a livelihood and an education for his little family — till, wearied at last with the unequal struggle, he bent his proud form and " slept with his fathers." Well do I remember the hour and the event ; and when they told me the old man had passed from his humble home to his heavenly rest, I said within myself, It is well — a true, a warm and generous heart hath ceased to beat ; a kind, a just »nd upright soul has burst the prison bars of death, overcome the rough and rugged storms of life, and found a shelter in a happier home. "Methinks I hear the parting spirit say It is a dread, an awful thing to die." Uh . no, it cannot be. No vain regrets ; no sorrowing words e'er linger round the dying lips ; no tears bedew the eyelids of the dead. Affection, love, forgiveness, faith and hope the falter- jng voice and failing breadth alone imparts ; and on the marble cheek the smile of love and hope immortal reigns. And so he died. Twenty years — swift, fleeting, ever-hurrying years of time, nave fled since then, and still in loving hearts his memory lives embalmed. Although he sleeps mthin a lonely dell, far from the busy walks and strife of men, the wild rose blooms around his 584 HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. grave ; the feathered tribes of spring pour forth their sweetest notes, and come to build their nests amid the quiet trees ; the dews of Heaven fall gently o'er the springing grass and budding flowers ; he hears, he heeds, he knows it not ; yet, from this lonely bivouac of the dead comes forth the fragrance of a noble life, and sheds its hallowed influence around the name, the grave of John R. Coons. M. De Tantabaratz and the Deserted Village. BY J. W. SEATON. Paris, not the brilliant metropolis of France — the city of prisons and palaces — renowne for its gay boulevards and dark Rues — the mistress of fashion and the mother of communism but its liamesake on the Platte, the little waif that perished in its infancy thirty years ago It was, and still remains, a strange, sequestered spot. Its site was a point where, through pine crowned hills and widening meadow bottoms, the Big Platte joins its main tributary of the same name with the diminutive prefix. "Here, their confluent waters reflecting the dark foliage of the native trees which cover its green banks, and casting the shadows of the high, receding Bluffs far up the slope on either side, mingle in silence, and in those days formed a channel suflieiently wide and deep to float the largest craft that ever came up from the Mississippi, the distance of five miles below. This virgin purity is disturbed and the calm shadows broken by the sharp prow of a heavy boat that makes its way slowly up the placid waters of the united river. The squirrel with noisy chatter makes a scampering retreat to the safe security of a lofty tree, and from its tall tower scans with curious eye this unwonted presence. The birds flutter, astonished and amazed, to a neighboring thicket. This intrusion is unparalleled. Tou Le Jon contemplates with a smile these retreats of the animal kingdom before his pres- ence, and moves on up the river till he comes to the place of its separation. Casting off a line and making it fast to a large Cottonwood, the boat's crew go ashore, and while they are engaged in" preparing their first meal in the wood, Tou Le Jon has surveyed the ground, mapped out the place, and commenced the work of founding a city. A few months pass, a clearing has been made, streets, public squares and grand avenues have been staked' off and defined, a log shanty or two has been built and Paris on the Platte has become an historical fact. From this date, 1828, we mark its rise, progress and decline, comprising a period of barely two decades. Tou Le Jon has money, and, under the quickening influence, Paris soon grows into respectable proportions and notoriety. A smelting furnace, a store, a two-story frame hotel, a public boarding-house, built from hewn logs, with a long porch in front, were among the few noticeable buildings first erected. If some ancient surnvor of the place should chance to read this sketch, and take exceptions to its topography, I beg leave to remind him here that all history is involved more or less in doubt or obscurity, and when it depends upon oral tradi- tions for facts, a few discrepancies and achronisms are unavoidable, however much the writer may aim at accuracy and truth. There are but few living now who have carried the early his- tory and events of the mines so freshly in their memory that they can relate them with any degree of certainty, or without committing some serious mis-statements as to time, place and persons. Coming down to the year 1830, 1 find the name of De Tantabaratz, (sometimes called Detan and Detantebar for short) has usurped the place of and overshadowed all others in the history of Paris. He was the Napoleon of his time, whose single name involved the history of all others, and gives form and luster to the age in which he lived. He was a young man from St. Louis, and came as an assistant clerk in the establishment of Tou Le Jon. He had not been long there when he arose to be chief manager, and soon succeeded to the control and ownership of the whole concern. Enterprising, prompt, active, generous to a fault, and possessed of an unlimited credit both in Galena and St. Louis, he apparantly prospered, and under his sway Paris flourished and became a lively prospective city. The peculiarities and generosities of the man soon became proverbial throughout the mines, and the influx of trade, pleasure, amusements and business centered around his name. At balls and parties, horse-races and public gathermgs HISTORY OF GI^ANT COUNTY. 685 Detan was seen to put in an early appearance, and wa? a bright, particular star upon the occa- sion until (as it sometimes happened) he got a little obscured by too much wine. Then some friendly hand would put him in his little " bunk " and " nature's sweet restorer, balmy sleep," would soon make all things fair and lovely. The ladies smiled in his presence and courted his company, because they saw husband, home and family joys reflected in his countenance, and the men did the same for the more potent reason that he was a whole-souled, jolly, good fellow, from whom they could get the loan of a dollar, a suit of clothes or a mining " stake " on credit. At this time, David G. Bates was well-known throughout the mines as a wealthy, influential citizen of Galena. He was the owner of much valuable property, made advances on lead, operated a furnace, ran a store, and was regarded as one of the solid men of the place. In the usual course of business, Detan became intimately acquainted with him, and as acquaintance often ripens into confidence, the two were soon upon the most confidential business terms. Bates was a money- loaner upon occasion, and Detan often had occasion for the use of large sums of money. While everything remained smooth and promising. Bates advanced him freely. But there is a tide in the affairs of men which, if not wholly scanned, leaves them night and day on the shores of pov- erty. It was likely to be so in the case of our hero Frenchman and Bates, as a careful man began to look after him and his affairs. This led to a coolness between them, an altercation fol- lowed, and finally open hostilities. The casus belli is not apparent at this distance of time, and I will not attempt to explain it, but it was given on the part of the Frenchman, and resented by his quondam friend and backer. Bates, being a man of Southern birth and education, could only be governed in the settlement of the dispute between them by the rules governing all Southern gentlemen, laid down in the code of honor. Accordingly, he challenged De Tantabar to mortal combat. The latter readily accepted the challenge, thinking, no doubt, thereby to cancel a debt of honor and an honorable debt at one and the same time. He knew nothing, however, about the use of the chivalrous weapon, the pistol, but had handled the broadsword and was skilled in the art of its use. He had served in the Horse Guards of Napoleon in some of his later campaigns — had fought at Wagram, Austerlitz and Waterloo, and cloven the head of many a luckless grenadier. So for that matter was not afraid to fence with Harry Lorraquer, and could thrust with the deadly accurracy of a Spanish guerrilla. Being the challenged party, the choice of weapons was left to him and he chose, as may readily be supposed, his favorite one, limiting the fight to broadswords on horseback at close quarters ; the place of meeting to be on the banks of the Fevre River, somewhere near the site of the present woolen-mills. The affair soon became public, and was bruited over the whole mines. The belligerents were both men of reputed wealth and standing, and one at least a known professional in the Code Duello, therefore it created at once a widespread sensation, and a decided interest was immediately manifest on all sides. There being no penal or other law in force at this time to prevent these bloody encounters, no place of private meeting was selected and no secrecy enjoined. All was done, openly and above board. Here and there squads of men might be seen openly discussing the cause of the quarrel, the right and wrong of the issue, the knowledge each was supposed to have in the handling of weapons, the chances of either's success in winging or killing his antagonist were talked about as a matter of common sport, and each arranged himself upon the side as he hap- pened to be friend or foe. The nearest and only law ofiicial in the mines at this time was Hugh K. Colter, late Probate Judge of Grant County, and he was only a Justice of the Peace, hold- ing a commission from Gov. Lewis Cass, of Michigan, his court (if it had reached that dignity) oeing held at White Oak Springs. His business was to call a jury to settle mining claims, make collections, hold inquests on mysteriously dead men, and attend to such other matters as ■Dight afford a liberal compensation for the small amount of legal stock kept on hand. Police »M other preservers of the public peace being a figment of a more recent civilization, were J^en unknown and unneeded. Cabin doors were never locked, and petit larceny was a crime flat could not be committed, as every man was at liberty to walk in and help himself to what- ever could be found or his necessities might require. But to return to my legend. There was 586 HISTOKT OF GEANT COUNTY. no law in these days that white men were bound to respect but the law of right and justice and woe betide the man who violated its provisions or undertook to intercept its execution. Consequently the preparations for the meeting to adjust the diflSculties in this case were unin- terrupted. From the bottom of an old sea-chest, Detantabar draws forth the jeweled relic of his young valor, which he has religiously kept and guarded all these days, and as he draws the gleaming blade from the sheath, and remembers the blood which he has scrupulously wiped from its shining surface in former times, his black eye kindles, the warm red blood goes bound- ing through his veins, and once more he is anxious for the fray. On this memorable occasion, Free Williams (who does not know Free? a living archaBolog- ical monument of the mines standing in EUenboro) espouses the cause of the French; becomes the friend and adviser of Detantabar; and in this connection has given his name to posterity if not to immortality — Sic itur aatra. He immediately puts his principal in training, but after a few passes (in which Free uses an imaginary sword in shape of a walking-stick and becomes flora de combat), Free satisfys himself of Detan's ability to cope with his adversary in the com- ing struggle and rests upon his laurels. On a cold, bleak, windy morning in the month of April, in the year 1830, " two horsemen might have been seen " riding leisurely along toward the village of Galena. The mud was very deep, and, as yet, the plank road leading out to the Four Mile House had not been built ; and, for that matter, the Four Mile House. In the absence of the latter, and the lack of definite information as to the number and distance of "cool springs," the riders would frequently halt by the wayside and refresh themselves from a willow-covered flask that each in addition to the other means of defense, carried in a deep side pocket. The one of medium stature and heavy set, sparkling black eyes, aquiline nose and ruddy complexion, is none other than the hero of the coming fight — Monsieur De Tantabaratz, of Paris, Sieur le Platte. He rides his horse like one accustomed to the saddle, sitting erect and adjusting himself gracefully and easily to the movements of his animal as she moves forward at a gentle pace. The other, mounted on a sim- ilar colored animal, which he bestrides with the freedom of a moss trooper of the last century, when scouring the borders for the King's red coats, is no other than our friend Free Williams, of EUenboro. No sword was attached to his thigh, though the strict laws of duelling demand that the second should be armed in like manner to his principal. But Free was never a cavalry- man in Napoleon's army ; he had only been a scout in the Black Hawk war — and that happened' two years later — and he had not yet received his sword. In this dilemma, he did, as every brave and sensible man has done before and since, the next best thing. He armed himself with a couple of huge navy pistols which he had borrowed from an old salt, and which were now grace- fully swinging from the horn of his saddle. Behind him were fastened a pair of large saddlebags, containing — well, no matter what ; the true Missourian on horseback always carries this truly convenient receptacle of miscellaneous plunder. He can't ride without it. It would despoil the seat of his cogitations and upset the equilibrium of his quadruped. Thus mounted and equipped, the twain enter Galena, and, riding up in front of Billy Bennett's hotel, where a large crowd have already assembled, report themselves ready for business. Both dismount, and, throwing their bridles to the bystanders, enter the nearest saloon and call for Bourbon straight. Having thus in a degree fortified the inner man and lifted their spirits to an elevation above the fear of danger, they remounted their horses and rode off, accompanied by the crowd, to the field of honor, where an equal number of spectators have already collected. Leaving his principal in charge of friends, Free advances to the front. He takes in the situation at a glance, draws from the right hand holster one of his " man-killers," loaded to the guard with buckshot, swings it above his head as he brings his fiery charger to a pose upon his his hind legs, and proclaims from his stentorian lungs that the time has arrived when there must either be a fight or a foot race. Bust, the second of Bates, who is already in waiting, responds to the call and announces the presence of his principal, but protests against the barbarity of using cold steel when the pistol is the only authorized and legitimate weapon used between gentlemen upon such occasions. HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. 587 Free don't see it in that light, and takes a big oath that he will blow them all to H — (arper's Ferry) and back again if they do not immediately set up their man and let Detan hack him down like a dog. It is a- perilous moment. Bates and his friends, however, are not to be inveigled into so unequal a contest as is now clearly presented before them. They see " death in the pot" — and in the cool, quiet reserve of the Frenchman, and the glittering steel that he knows well how to wield, a disgraceful disarmament in the first encounter, ugly gaping wounds and perhaps death and the grave. To one, however brave and undaunted in the presence of danger, these thoughts, when he himself is the subject of them, produce a subduing influence. It was so now. The friends of Bates come to his rescue and solicit a conference. It is granted. The belligerents are brought together, mutual explanations follow ; the offensive language is withdrawn, and the maudlin crowd who had come to witness the fun, disappointed and cha- grined at the unexpected and pacific turn of events, like " my Uncle Toby," utter a curse on all cowards in general, and Bates and Detan in particular, then adjourn to Patrick Connor's saloon on the levee, to slake their sorrows in the Lethean draught. Having thus honorably vindicated himself in this delicate affair, in which he displayed a remarkable degree of coolness and self-possession, Detan, accompanied by his ever-faithful valet, returned triumphantly to his home on the Platte. His fame now grew brighter than ever, and wherever his name was mentioned, it was always with that due reverence that attaches to manly bearing and undisputed courage. Confidence was again fully restored in his business relations, and, for a number of years, Paris continued to grow and flourish. A catastrophe, however, was fast approaching that was to extinguish its name and fame forever. The year 1837 was one memorable in the history of the county for financial ruin and devastation. All classes were more or less involved, the business of the country, East and West, being transacted upon a credit basis. This being re- moved by the effects of the famous specie circular, and the removal of the Government deposits from the banks under the administration and bold action of Gen. Jackson, depression, failures and calamities followed in rapid succession. From this time forward, Paris began to show signs of weakness and decay. Potosi, which had first started at La Fayette, on the banks of the Grant River, had shot up like a meteor to the " Head of the Hollow," and in prosperity was was now rivaling and bidding fair to become a bigger city than Dubuque. The Sun of another Austerlitz was now about to set on another Frenchman besides Napoleon, and with a weakness that once manifested itself in the mind of the great Emperor, De Tantabaratz, knowing the des- perate condition of his affairs, and seeing no escape from the disgrace of failure and the horrors of consequent poverty, contemplated that act of self-destruction, attributed then as a disease of the French nation, but now thoroughly Americanized and fearfully prevalent in the land, which, in the summer of 1842, he carried into execution in a peculiarly sad and fearful manner. Desmoulie (called Demoole), a silvery-headed old man who had come, too, from the vine-clad hills of France, with his pockets full of Louis d' Org, was regarded as a solvent partner in the firm of De Tantabaratz, and through his means the credit of the firm was long sustained. Among others, a Galena merchant, named Hempstead, having made some heavy advances on lead, came up one day for the purpose of investigating matters, and, if possible, securing him- self from the probable contingency of loss. He broached the subject to De Tantabaratz in a manner at once opprobrious and insulting, and finally, in direct language, accused him of false- hood. The delicate feelings of the noble-minded Frenchman were deeply hurt — too deeply for resentment. He merely replied, " Mr. Hempstead, you are the first man that ever accused ine of falsehood and you shall be the last." He came to Potosi, purchased a rope and some tal- low candles at a store, passed out, and was seen no more —alive. His mysterious disappearance excited the deepest concern ; some alleged that he had ab- sconded with a fabulous sum of money and gone to France ; others, that he had been foully dealt with, while yet others charitably suggested that he had gone to St. Louis on urgent business, got on a spree, and would soon return. Time sped on, and there came no knowledge of his whereabouts. 688 HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. To the west of the present road leading from Potosi to Galena, not far from Archer's Perry, there is a deep, dark ravine extending up a mile or so in view of the bluffs that front upon the river. It is still, as it was then, a dismal, unfrequented place. God's sunlight never reaches it wo cheering ray ever penetrates within its gloomy precincts. Led by that mysterious or unseen power that brings to light the hidden crimes of human life, and often unveils the secret of the murderer's heart, a hunter, bewildered on his. way, found himself within this wild and cheerless place. As he hurries along half-alarmed and wholly bewildered, he sees, or imagines he sees, the body of a man suspended from the elbow of a deformed tree. Fully convinced that it is no phantom of the brain, he recovers his courage and advances nearer to the swinging body. Dis- solution already marred the face, yet he could not be mistaken — the form, the well-known gar- ments, so neatly folded and laid aside. It was, indeed, poor " De Tantabar." He had seen no escape from the scorn that follows blasted greatness, and here, amid the stern rocks and silent woods, he had launched his bark into the sea of eternity. From that time, an evil genius seemed to hover over the city on the Platte. Gradually it Was outstripped by its younger and enterprising rivalsj and fell into decay. To-day its deserted houses stand solitary and forsaken — a roosting-place for " bats and owls," while the fateful shades "Glimmer as funeral lamps, Amid the chills and damps Of the vast plain where Death encamps." Asa Edgekton Hough. Mr. Hough, who takes rank as one of the oldest pioneers of Grant County, was born at Lebanon, N. H., that old Granite State whose noble sons are to be found in every portion of the Union. He received a fair education, and, at an early age, entered the counting-room of Ben- jamin Dodd & Co., of Boston, at that day large merchants and extensive ship-owners. At the age of eighteen, young Hough was sent out as supercargo of one of the vessels belonging to the firm. At the age of twenty-four, he was a Master, and, in this capacity, followed the sea for two years, when he went to Washington and engaged in mercantile pursuits, which he followed with success for two years longer, when a fire not only burned up all he had, but left him many thousand dollars in debt. During his residence in Washington, he had succeeded in making friends of many of the leading statesmen of the day, among them, Clay. Webster, Calhoun, Ben- ton, Van Buren and Gen. Jackson. ' After the fire, he immediately took his family, consisting of his young wife and son, and came to St. Louis. The coi>tracts for supplying the military posts on the Upper Mississippi being then advertised, he put in bids and secured most of them for the posts of Fort Armstrong, Rock Island ; Fort Crawford, Prairie du Chien ; and Fort Snelling, then just being built. Steamboating was then a new business on the Upper Missis- sippi. Mr. Hough, however, chartered the steamer Rover, a boat of eighty or ninety tons measurement, but considered a first-class boat for that day, and, with a couple of barges, trans- ported the supplies to these forts, taking back lead from Galena. In a few months he found him- self out of debt, and with sufficient cash to again start in business, which he did in St. Louis. He remained in that city until the year 1827, when, in company with other gentle- men, he came up the river to Galena in a pirogue, and afterward started a smelting furnace at a place he named Gibralter, on the Platte, and set men at work clearing away the ground pre- paratory to the erection of a saw-mill, which he built in 1828-29 ; the first mill, probably, ever built by private persons in the present State of Wisconsin. The same year, a post office was es- tablished at and known as Gibralter, it being the only one between Galena and Prairie du Chien for many years. In 1832, Mr. Hough took part in the Black Hawk war, and was at the battle of Bad Ax. He continued in the smelting business until 1834, when he closed up this branch of his undertakings, and moved his family to his mill where he resided until 1845, the year be- fore his death, when he removed to Potosi, where he died in 1846. Mr. Hough was a man of more than ordinary intelligence. He had a passion for books, Was a close student, and became a fine scholar. He was a man of medium stature, but of com- HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. 589 manding presence, and his opinions were always listened to with respect. In business, he was a straightforward, open man. He had little patience with what are generally known as sharp traders, and abominated a falsehood. Politically, he was a Whig, and, like most Whigs of the day, became almost sick when he heard, through the old-fashioned, slow mail-coach, that Penn- sylvania had gone against Mr. Clay, and that James K. Polk was elected to the Presidency. Mr. Hough was a man of strong opinions, but of generous and charitable impulses ; a man of remarkable polish, and easy, graceful manners, he held fast to his own opinions while treating those of others with respect, and held his friends with hooks of steel. Among the latter was Gov. Duane Doty. During the years that Mr. Hough resided at his mill, he became an extensive hog and cattle breeder, and much of the fine stock in Southwestern Wisconsin can still be traced to his herds. He also was a careful student of the leading agricultural journals, and sent for seeds, and experi- mented with them, and thus introduced those most desirable in the country. He was among the first to introduce and successfully cultivate the Bowles' dent corn. At that day corn-raising in ■Grant County was looked upon as more uncertain than it is at present in Minnesota. ' When Mr. Hough came West, Dubuque, as a promising town, was unknown ; to-day, his remains rest First Lieutenant, appointed Adjutant of Second Wisconsin Voluntears, June ■■■"i 1861. 600 HISTORY OF GEANT COUNTY. William Booth, Second Lieutenant, promoted to First Lieutenant, Company C, Second Wisconsin Volunteers, February 28, 1862 ; resigned January, 1863. Sergeants. — First, Richard E. Carter, transferred to regimental band June 18, 1861. Second, George W. Gibson, appointed First Sergeant June 18, 1861 ; promoted to Second Lieutenant, February 28, 1862, vice Booth, promoted to Captain, March 28, 1862 ; wounded. Third, Frank Neavill, appointed First Sergeant February 28, 1862, vice Gibson, pro- moted ; killed at the battle of Gainesville August 28, 1862. Fourth, Levi Showalter, appointed First Sergeant August 28, 1862, vice Neavill, killed ; promoted to Second Lieutenant January 3, 1863 ; wounded. Fifth, Asa B. Griswold, appointed Sergeant Major August 18, 1861 ; died in hospital October 1*1, 1861. Corporals. — First, Thomas Barnett, Sergeant, June 18, 1861, vice Carter, transferred ; discharged September 22, 1862 ; received appointment as Second Lieutenant, in Company C, Twenty-fifth Wisconsin Volunteers. Second, Sam'l Booth, appointed Sergeant March 28, 1862, vice Kellogg, promoted; wounded. Third, Henry R. Neavill ; killed at battle of Antietam September 17, 1862. Fourth, George Holloway ; killed at battle of Antietam September 17, 1862. Fifth, George L. Hyde, discharged October 13, 1861 ; reason, gunshot wound. Sixth, Alpheus Currant, reduced to the ranks at his own request March, 1862; re-enlisted as a veteran volunteer. Seventh, Belknap Fuqua ; died in prison at Richmond of wounds received at Bull Run July 21, 1861. Eighth, Spencer M. Train, appointed Sergeant October 9, .1862, vice Liscum, promoted ; died August 25, 1863, of wounds received at Gettysburg July 1, 1863. Privates — Richard Armstrong ; Martin J. Barnhisal, died October 8, 1862, of wounds re- ceived at Gainesville August 28, 1862 ; Joseph Brown, killed in the battle of Gainesville August 28, 1862 ; John L. Bower, lost arm in the battle of Gainesville August 28, 1862, discharged October 3, 1862 ; John H. Durgess, died in the hospital at Alexandria, Va., July 22, 1862 ; George Beasley, killed in the battle of Antietam September 17, 1862; Calvin M. Brooks, wounded; Joseph Bock, discharged May 28, 1863 ; reason, gunshot wound; Matthias Baker, wounded; William E. Bouldin, wounded; Louis Budler, discharged December 3, 1862; reason, gunshot wound received at Gainesville August 28, 1862; D. L. Barton, killed at battle of Gettysburg July 1, 1863; James H. Branham, lost arm at the battle of Gainesville August 28, 1862 ; discharged December 30, 1862 ; George Booth, discharged January 17, 1863 ; Jonathan Booth, discharged May 29, 1862, disability; Frederick Burmaster, discharged Jan- uary 3, 1863 ; reason, gunshot wound received at the battle of Gainesville August 28, 1862 ; Thomas S. Brookins, transposed to the Veteran Reserved Corps March 22, 1864; Thomas D. Cox, killed at the battle of Bull Run July 21, 1861; George B. Carter, transferred to the regi- mental band June 18, 1861 ; Andrew J. Curtis, discharged January 16, 1863 ; reason, gunshot wound received at the battle of Gainesville August 28, 1862 ; William S. Crosley, promoted to Corporal September 18, 1862, appointed Sergeant July 1, 1863, transferred to the Invalid Corps December 12, 1863, died December 16, 1863; Michael Cook, promoted to CorporalJune, 1862, died September 16, 1862, of wounds received at battle of Gainesville August 28, 1862 ; James F. Chase, wounded ; George Coullard ; William Y. Cunningham, appointed Corporal Sep- tember, 1862, taken prisoner at Gettysburg July 1, 1863 ; reported dead ; John Coonce, trans- ferred to the Invalid Corps July 1, 1863 ; wounded; John Cahill, discharged January 17, 1863, reason, gunshot wound received at Gainesville August 28, 1862 ; Theodore B. Day, transferred to the Invalid Corps for reason of a gunshot wound received at the battle of Gainesville August 28, 1862; John Doyle, re-enlisted as a veteran volunteer February 22, 1864; William R. Doty, deserted while in action, July 21, 1861; Jefferson C. Dillon, promoted to Corporal August, 1863 ; appointed Sergeant December 31, 1863 ; wounded ; Daniel Eldred, re-enlisted as a veteran volunteer February 22, 1864 ; Henry Evan ; George W. Fritz, promoted to Corporal Sep- HISTOBY OF GRANT COUNTY. 601 tember 17, 1862; appointed Sergeant July 1, 1863 ; supposed to have been killed at the battle of the Wilderness Ridge May 5, 1864 ; John Fry ; William M. Foster, discharged October "25, 1862 ; reason, gunshot wound received at Gainesville August 28, 1862 ; William Frawley, wounded ; William J. Gleason ; Casper Gadient ; James Gow, appointed Color Sergeant August, 1861 ; appointed First Sergeant June 3, 1863 ; killed at the battle of Gettys- burg July 1, 1863; Richard Graves, wounded; Charles A. Garvin, wounded; transferred to the Invalid Corps ; David Gudger, promoted to Corporal January, 1863 ; killed at the battle of Gettysburg July 1, 1863 ; George B. Hyde, promoted to Corporal June, 1862 ; died September 10, 1862, of wounds received at Gainesville August 28, 1862 ; Charles Hilgers, transferred to the Invalid Corps February 15, 1864 ; reason, gunshot wound received at the battle of Gettysburg July 1, 1863 ; Benjamin F. Hyde, transferred to the Invalid Corps November 28, 1863 ; James Hughes, promoted to Corporal May, 1862 ; dis- charged January 23, 1863 ; reason, gunshot wound received at battle of Gainesville August 28, 1862 ; George T. Jones, discharged August 26, 1861, for disability ; Edward P. Kellogg, appointed Sergeant February 28, 1862, vice Gibson promoted ; appointed Second Lieutenant March 28, 1862, vice Gibson promoted ; died September 9, 1862 of wounds received at the battle of Gainesville, August 28, 1862 ; Valorous F. Kinney, discharged August 24, 1863;' reason, gunshot wound received at Gettysburg July 1, 1863; Otto Ludwig, killed at the battle of Gettysburg July 1, 1863 ; -Frank H. Liscum, appointed Corporal June 28, 1861; appointed Sergeant October 9, 1862; Second Lieutenant October 21, 1862, vice Kellogg, deceased; appointed First Lieutenant January 3, 1863, vice Booth dis- charged; wounded; Louis Fafont, died June 9, 1863, by broken neck; R. H. McKinsie, killed at the battle of Antietam September 7, 1862 ; John W. Miles, re-enlisted as veteran volunteer March 10, 1864; Charles Manning, transferred to the Invalid Corps, July 1, 1863 ; reason, gunshot wound; Henry Miller, discharged November, 21, 1861, for disability; E. K. McCord, discharged October 15, 1861, for disability ; Spencer Mead, discharged November 24, 1862 ; reason, gunshot wound received at Gainesville August 28, 1862 ; George W. Nevans, discharged March 21, 1863 ; reason, wound received at the battle of Gainesville August 28, 1862 ; Henry W. Northup, wounded ; Frank Nichols ; James H. Neavill ; F. Pittygrove, wounded ; Robert S. Pittinger, killed at the battle of Gainesville, August 28, 1862 ; "Samuel Peyton, discharged May 6, 1863; reason, wounds received at the battle of Gainesville, August 28, 1862; Alson Parody, discharged Feb. 11, 1864; reason, wounds received at Gettysburg July 1, 1863; Fritz Reckler, wounded ; William B. Reed, discharged January, 1863, for reason of wounds received at the battle of Gainesville August 28, 1862 ; John W. Raines, discharged November 30, 1862, for reason of wounds received at the battle of Gainesville August 28, 1862 ; Henry Rhode, re enlisted as veteran volunteer ; R. J. Simpson, killed at the battle of Antietam September 17, 1863 ; George A. Stephenson; David Strong, discharged March, 1862, on account of disability ; J. H. Stubbs, appointed Corporal July 1, 1863 ; Joseph Schilling, wounded ; John Schmidt, killed at the battle of Gainesville August 28, 1862 ; R. S. Stevenson, killed at the battle of Antietam September 17, 1862 ; Samuel Sprague, appointed Corporal July 1, 1863 ; wounded ; W. H. Snodgrass, appointed Corporal November, 1863 ; wounded ; John St. John, died October 8, 1862, of wounds received at the battle of Gainesville August 28, 1862; Albert W. Speas, died m hospital April 23, 1862, of small-pox ; Newton Wilcox, killed at the battle of Gainesville August 28,1862; George M. Wilson, appointed Corporal September 17, 1862 ; discharged January 6, 1863, on account of wound received at the battle of Antietam September 17, 1862 ; Philo B. Wright, appointed Corporal January, 1863 ; appointed Color Sergeant June 28, 1863 ; appointed First Sergeant, vice Gow, killed July 1, 1863 ; discharged May 25, 1864; Orlando Waldorf, appointed Corporal January, 1863, and Sergeant July 1; 1863; wounded; Welland isci''*'' ^^^^ ^^ prison at Richmond, Va., of wounds received at the battle of Bull Run July 21, lool; Francis M. Waldorf, died December 13, 1862, of typhoid fever; Albert Waldorf, died ^ovember 26, 1862, of wounds received at the battle of Gainesville August 28, 1862 ; Oscar *Vilcox, discharged November 15, 1863, for disability. 602 HISTORY OF GEAXT COUNTY. Recruits — William A. Ewing, killed at the battle of Gettysburg July 1, 1863 ; A. H. Barber, wounded at the battle of Antietam ; discharged May 15, 1863 ; John Bower, discharged December 12, 1862, for disability ; C. L. Bl^ck, discharged May 30, 1862, for disability ; E. K. Housley, died May 16, 1862, of typhoid fever ; James W. Hyde, died of wounds received at Spottsylvania Court House. In the meantime. Grant County, with an ardor' hardly equaled and never surpassed in any section of the State, was preparing her bravest and best and sending them forth to battle, by hundreds and thousands. On the day of the departure of Capt. McKee's company for Madison, the second company (Capt. Limbocker's) was presented with an elegant flag by the ladies of Platteville. This com- pany soon after left ft)r Fond du Lac, where it was mustered into the Third Regiment Wisconsin Volunteers. Still they came, and the war fever raged with unabated violence throughout the county. Every hamlet had it, every family. The only question was. How soon can we go ? Then came the President's call for more troops, and company after company was organized in such rapid succession that the historian of these late days finds it difiScult to keep up with the swift march of events at this period. The "Union Guards," which had been organized at Lancaster imme- diately after the departure of Capt. McKee's company, organized for active service and elected the following officers : Captain, J. B. Callis ; First Lieutenant, S. Woodhouse ; Second Lieu- tenant, H. F. Young. At Platteville another company had been organized under command of Capt. Nasmith ; still another had been organized at Fennimore by a combination of parts of Wingville and Fennimore companies, and Capt. Mark Finnicum elected Captain. These three companies left for Madison in August and were mustered into the Seventh Regiment Wisconsin Volunteers. Rev. Capt. Palmer's company, from Lancaster, and a second organized at Platte- ville, with Capt. C. F. Overton in command, were ordered to Milwaukee and assigned to the Tenth Regiment Wisconsin Volunteers, and went into camp at Camp Holton. The Sixth Ecgi- ment contained also a goodly number of Grant County men. So grand had been the patriotic outpouring from this county, that, by the latter part of September, 1861, "Old Grant" had furnished over one thousand men to help save the Union. July 1, 1862, another call for 300,000 troops was issued by the President. Nobly did the county respond to this call, notwithstanding that recruits had been going forward in almost a steady stream to fill up the depleted ranks of the old regiments, and that 1,447 men had already been sent out, or nearly a twentieth part of the entire population of the county. No sooner was it known that the country was in need of more defenders than every nerve was strained to fill the quota under the new call. On the night of August 9, a monster mass meeting was held at Lancaster, which was par- ticipated in by a number of the surrounding towns. Senator Virgin was chosen Chairman and ■the usual resolutions passed, among others one requesting the Supervisors of the county to raise by tax the sum of $5,000, to be used in rendering assistance to the families of enlisted men. The members of the County Board being present, assembled after the meeting, and passed the following resolution : Resolved, That this Board of Supervisors will order levied at their November session this year, » special county tax, not to exceed one and a quarter mills on the dollar of taxable property of the county, amounting to about $5,000. Said sum so raised shall be applied to assist in the support of the families of men who have volun- teered, or may hereafter volunteer, leaving no male member of their family at home over the age of eighteen, to take care of such families of volunteers, and such families being in absolute need of assistance ; also, to assist such families as have been deprived of their head (husband or father) by the accidents of war, leaving no one on whom the family can rely for support ; and in no case can such relief exceed the sum of $5 per month pay to any family- Eight companies were soon reported full or nearly so, namely : McDermott's, Farquhar- son's, Scott's, Swan's, Nash's, Harlocker's, Earnhardt's and Frank's. It was proposed to organize a Grant County regiment, but owing to the shortness of the time, this project was not carried out. Of the above companies, McDermott's was mustered into the Twentieth Regiment, at Madison, forming Company C of that organization, Harlocker's making Company I of the HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. 603 same ;' Farquharson's, Scott's, Swann's and Nash's into the Twenty-fifth, making Companies C, E H and I respectively, while the remaining companies — Earnhardt's and Frank's, with another company formed under Capt. Burdick — were mustered into the Thirty-third Regiment, forming Companies D, B and G. These full companies, together with other enlistments, brought the number of volunteers sent from Grant County up to over twenty-two hundred, or about one- fifteenth of its entire population. Hon. J. L. Pickard, State Superintendent of Public Instruction, at the commencement of recruiting under this call, had authorized Lieut. Col. Nasmith, of the Twenty-fifth Regiment, to draw on him for $100, to be used for the benefit of the sick and wounded of the first company raised in Grant County for that regiment. Capt. Swan's "Potosi Badgers" carried off the prize, being just four hours ahead of a company organized at Platteville under the^ efforts of Messrs. Scott and Smelker. In addition to the above-mentioned companies, a cavalry company had been organized by Capt. R. R. Wood, at Patch Grove, in the latter part of 1861, which company was ordered into camp at Milwaukee, where it was mustered into the Second Regiment Wisconsin Cavalry, form- ing Company A of the regiment. Still the call came for more troops, draining the country of its bone and sinew. During the dark days of 1863-64, Grant County continued to send squad after squad of recruits to fill up the ranks of the depleted regiments at the front. Nor were the boys at the front neglected. Soldiers' Aid Societies were organized in every city, village and township, the ladies, God bless them, vieing with each other in their efforts to alleviate, in such a manner as possible, the trials and privations of the county's representatives down in Dixie. Many a soldier boy's heart has jumped with joy, as boxes laden with warm clothing, pocket comforts, or delicacies to which he had long been a stranger, came fresh from the far-off Northern home, accompanied by the kind wishes and sweet sympathy of the loving hearts waiting and watching "for the return of peace." The story of women in the war can never be told, for every one of the gentler sex who, through active, untiring exertions in behalf of the brave soldier boys, has had her name high blazoned on the tablets of fame; there are hundreds, thousands of earnest workers, whose exertions were just as untiring, whose work was pursued with the same patriotic energy, yet whose deeds remain untold, and their lives unsung, and remembered only by the weary hearts whose sufferings were relieved, and their arm made stronger to strike for the Union, by the humble efforts of these unknown Sisters of Charity, whose church was their country, and whose charge included in its far-sweeping confines, every defender of the assailed Union. Again, rises the cry, echoed in every soldier's heart, "God bless the women of the war." Upon the organization of the Forty-first Regiment — one hundred day men — in 1864, Grant was represented by one company, under the command of Capt. P. J. Schlosser. This was followed soon after by two more companies, the first under the command of Capt. Likens, being mustered in as Company H, of the Forty-third; the second, Capt. C. H. Baxter, was assigned to the Forty-seventh, making Company K, of that regiment. Thus nobly did Old Grant respond to the repeated calls for National defenders. Never looking back or counting the consequences, until the once populous county began to show serious evidences of this steady drain. A single evidence of this unhesitating outpouring, is taken irora the fferald of September 6, 1864, which, speaking of the town of Paris, says: "This town polled one hundred and one votes in 1860, and spared eighty-seven volunteers previous to the 500,000 call. Under the last call, upon which the draft is pending, seventeen more have wlunteered for other towns, making one hundred and four in all. There are left in the town ■three single men and twenty-nine married men; all between the ages of twenty and forty-five. vJf those left, at least seven are unfit for duty, leaving but twenty-five able-bodied men in the town. The draft quota of that town is seven or eight, or about one-third of what is left." As it was with Paris, so it was in every section of the county. The country is in danger ! was the rallying cry, and never was it raised in vain. To-day Grant County has the proud 604 HISTORY OF GEANT COUNTY. honor of heading the list of counties of this State in the furnishing of men for the suppression of the rebellion. THE DRAFT. Following upon the heels of the President's second call for 300,000 men, in 1862, came another call for 300,000 drafted militia from those districts which could not at once raise volun- teers enough to fill their quota under both calls. The time allowed for enlistments was so short that the last call was virtually an order for a draft forthwith. The State was divided into dis- tricts coinciding with the Congressional Districts, with a Commissioner and Surgeon for each district. The Commissioner for the Third, in which was included Grant County, was Stephen 0. Paine, of Platteville, the examining Surgeon being Dr. J. W. Hyde, of Lancaster. The enrollment of those liable to draft in the different counties was placed in the hands of the Sheriff of each county ; this enrollment was to be finished by the 1st of September. The quota of Grant County up to and under these calls was 1714, or 505 above the number enlisted. Spurred by the necessity of avoiding, if possible, compulsory service, the county responded, by raising volunteers to the number of 500, over and above the quota called for, and thus put all danger of this and supposably a future draft out of the question. Speaking of this wonderful success in securing enlistments, the Herald of August 28, 1862, says: "We have already fur- nished in Grant County about 500 men above our full quota, and so gone beyond the posssibility of draft for the future. Grant County is, therefore, a safe place of refuge for those who fear a draft, just as safe as Canada, although we do not wish this statement to be taken as an invita- tion for all sneaks to make this county their asylum, we need hundreds of laborers here; our lead mines are nearly deserted ; labor must be very dear, and the profits of capital and labor heavy for some months," On the 3d of March, 1863, Congress passed the act, afterward known as the " Conscrip- tion Act," providing for the enrollment and drafting of all able-bodied males between the ages of twenty and forty-five. The States were divided into districts, over each of which was placed a Provost Marshal. Grant County, under this arrangement, came within the limits of the Third District of Wisconsin. The Marshal of this district was Captain, afterward Col. J. L. Clark, of Lancaster, whose headquarters were at Prairie du Chien. October 17, 1863, came a call for 800,000, but neither under this nor subsequent calls did the draft bear down with any degree of severity upon the county generally, although a few towns which failed to avail themselves of the opportunity offered to obtain men to fill' their quota, by paying local bounties, had to feel the sting of the dreaded draft within their borders. The status of each town in the county in January, 1865, under the calls of February 1, March 14, June 15 and December 19, 1864, was as follows : Quota. Credit. *ExceBs. Beetown 87 87 ' ... Blue River 19 19 Boseobel 70 80 10 Cassville 74 74 Clifton 61 62 1 EUenboro 34 27 —7 Fennimore 96 100 4 Glen Haven 67 69 2 Harrison 34 44 — 1 Hazel Green 160 170 10 Hickory Grove 37 39 2 Jamestown 87 88 1 Lancaster 120 ISO 10 Liberty 40 41 1 Lima 58 57 —1 ' Little Grant 36 36 Marion 27 29 2 Millville 49 47 —2: Muscoda 37 38 1 Paris 32 33 I ^^Dashea preceding figures in this coIuiuq indicate deficiencies. HISTORY or GRANT COUNTY. 605 Quota. Credit. *Excess. Patch Grove 52 59 7 Platteville 202 207 5 Potosi 166 162 —4 Smelser 90 96 6 Tafton 61 69 8 Waterloo 37 37 Wateratown 19 17 —2 Wingville 44 47 3 Wyalusing 39 42 2 County at large 2 Total 1,946 2,007 Previous to these calls, the county had furnished nearly 2,000 men to stem the tide of rebellious treason, thus making her offering, up to the 1st of January, 1865, some 4,000, and of this great number but an infinitesimal portion were conscripts, the remainder being volun- teers who had left the plow, the forge, the mine, the store, in response to the call of their threatened country. Yet the Herald, in its issue of February 21, 1865, says: ''About 510 volunteers will be raised in Grant County pending this draft. The average local bounty paid to each is about |300." It will thus be seen that "Old Grant" furnished to save the Union over 4,500 men, or about three-fifths of the male population of the county at that time, not allowing for those whose disabilities would exempt them from service. A prouder record can no county show. The muster-out rolls of Grant County Volunteers were obtained from Madison, and by order of the Board of Supervisors passed at the December session, 1866, they were ordered ' framed and hung in the court house of the county, there to serve as a reminder of the valor of "Old Grant." Grant County paid out for war purposes, $336,062.46. This large sum does not include sums paid out by private subscription. SKETCHES OF THE REGIMENTS. Third Regiment. — The Third Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry was organized at Camp Ham- ilton, Fond du Lac, in June, 1861, and was mustered into the United States service on the 29th of the same month. In this regiment was Capt. Limbocker's company. Company F, the second company organized in Grant County. It was officered as follows : Captain, G. W. Limbocker ; First Lieutenant, E. J. Bentley, Lieut. Britton having resigned soon after the organization of •the company; Second Lieutenant, E. J. Meeker. On the 12th of July, 1861, the regiment left the State for Maryland. Here they remained until the following spring, with no incidents of note happening aside from the capture of the " bogus " Legislature, in September, as it was about to convene for the purpose of passing an ordinance of secession. In the spring, the regiment was attached to the Second Brigade of Williams' division of Gen. Bank's army corps, and joined in the march up the Shenandoah Valley. In the retreat that followed soon after, the Third brought up the rear as the column passed the Potomac. The Third took a prominent part in the battle of Cedar Mountain and suffered severely. Company F lost here, killed or died of wounds — Privates, Baton W. Butler, Andrew Craig and Frank Dar- ling; wounded— Corporals, A. A. Budd and Clay A. Fisher; Privates, James Holmes, S. H. Marvin, James Kelly, George Kalb, John W. Wian, Jonas Classor, Nelson Powell and D. P. David. In the organization of the army by Gen. McClellan, Gen. Banks' troops were transferred to the Twelfth Corps. The Third, as a component part of Gordon's brigade, took part in the bat^ tie of Antietam that followed soon after. Here the regiment marched through a bit of woods, and forming in line of battle, advanced to the attack. Coming up a rise of ground, they were met with a terrible fire of grape and cannister that mowed ghastly swaths in their ranks. The regiment, however, stood its ground, and poured in its fire with deadly effect until the enemy ^"'^"- The Third commenced the action with 345 men ; when it ceased firing it numbered Dashes preceding figures in this column indicate deficiencies. 606 HISTOKl- OF GRANT COUNTY. less than 50. The losses of Company F in this engagement were : Killed or died of wounds- Privates, Thomas J. Duncan and John Olson. Wounded— Sergeants, S. Bartholomew and W. A. Beebe ; Corporals, F. W. Basford, A. Spooner and F. M. Castley ; Privates, J. G. Harsberger, John Kalb, James Murphy, Richard Nolten, George Hall, A. George, R. Fulton, Leon Beau- prey and William Holmes. After Antietam, the regiment was engaged in various duties on the Upper Potomac, until in December it joined the army at Falmouth. In the April following, the Third took part in the operations of Gen. Hooker at Chancellorsville. On the 1st of May, while on picket, the regi- ment was attacked by the enemy in force, when it took position behind a fence, which position it retained during the day. The regiment continued to take a part in the battles of the succeed- ing days, and on the withdrawal of Gen. Hooker's forces, was in the rear-guard covering the retreat. The casualties in the battles ending May 6, were, in Company F. Wounded — Sergeant, Orlando Thomas ; Corporal, Richard Medley ; Privates, Henry Parker, Nelson Powell, William Holmes, George Kalb and John Childers. On the 16th of June, the regiment rejoined the Twelfth Corps, from which they had been separated for a short time, and took part in the advance to Gettysburg. In this battle they were employed principally in skirmishing, and, with the exception of a brush on the 3d of July, they were not engaged with the enemy. Their loss in killed at this battle was Thomas Barton and William Wagner, both of Company F. The Third, after joining in the pursuit of Lee's retreating forces as far as the Rappahan- nock, was ordered to New York City, to aid in enforcing the draft, returning soon afterward. The Twelfth Corps was now transferred to the Army of the Cumberland, and arrived at Steven- son, Ala., in October, where the regiment was employed guarding railroads until the 2l8t of December, -when, the greater part having re-enlisted as veterans, under orders from the War Department, the Veteran Third left for Wisconsin four days later on a furlough. February, 1864, found them again at the front, in Tennessee, where they were joined by recruits, which increased the regimental strength to 575 men. When the Army of the Cum- berland was re-organized, the Third was placed in the Second Brigade of the First Division, under command of Gen. Ruger, their former Colonel, their army corps being the Twentieth, formed from the consolidation of the Eleventh and Twelfth. The regiment joined its brigade in Georgia May 8, and on the 15th took part in the battle of Resaca. The rebels retreated dur- ing the night, but were again met on the 25th, near Dallas, where a stubborn fight ensued, in which the Third again signally distinguished itself. The casualties in these engagements for Company F were : Killed or died of wounds — Sergt. Francis M. Costly, Capt. J. W. Hunter ; Wounded — Sergt. Samuel Bartholomew; Privates William Holmes and Philander Tucker. The Third afterward took part in the advance upon Atlanta, and accompanied Sherman on his celebrated march to the sea. They were present at Raleigh at the surrender of the rebel army, and then marched for Washington, where they participated in the grand review of Sherman's army. From here, part of the regiment, whose term of service expired before the 1st of Octo- ber, left for Madison. The remainder of the regiment was consolidated with other regiments and sent to Louisville, Ky., where they remained until the 21st of July, when they started for home, arriving in Madison the 23d. They were there paid off and mustered out. Seventh Regiment. — Immediately upon the departure of the first companies from Grant County, measures were taken to organize others. In every section of the county companies or portions of companies might be seen earnestly perfecting themselves in the duty of a soldier. Three full companies, Capt. Callis', of Lancaster, Capt. Nasmith's, of Platteville, and Capt. Finnicum's — the product of a union of the Wingville and Fennimore companies — were, by the last of July, ready for active service. The Legislature, at an extra session in May, Icol, had authorized the Governor to receive into the service two more regiments in addition to the six already organized, and under the authority of this act the Seventh and Eighth Regiments were organized, and the three Grant County companies were ordered to report at Madison, where they were mustered into the United States service as component parts of the Seventh HISTORY or GRANT COUNTY. 607 Regiment Wisconsin Volunteers — a body which has the proud, yet sad honor of having lost more men killed and wounded during the war than any other regiment from the State. This was in August. These companies formed C, F, and H Companies in the regimental organiza- tion beinor ofiGcered as follows : Company C, Captain, Samuel Nasmith ; First Lieutenant, A. R. Bushnell ; Second Lieutenant, E. A. Andrews. Company F, Captain, John B. Callis ; First Lieutenant, Samuel Woodhouse ; Second Lieutenant, Henry F. Young. Company H, Captain, Mark Finnicum ; First Lieutenant, C. M. H. Meyer ; Second Lieutenant, Robert Palmer. The regiment remained in camp until the 21st of September when they left the State for Washington. Commenting on their departure, the Journal, of current date, said : " The Seventh is almost entitled to be called a Grant County regiment, from the very large number of men contributed to it from that portion of the State. Three of the best companies are from Grant, namely: Capt. John B. Callis' company, numbering 116 men; Capt. Nasmith's, numbering 106 ; and Capt. Finnicum's, numbering 105 — in all 327 first-class, hardy, intelligent men. Besides these there are forty other volunteers from Grant County in the regiment, enlisted and given over to other companies that were not full." The Seventh everywhere en route attracted marked attention for its soldierly bearing and fine appearance, much of the praise being show- ered down upon the heads of " Old Grant's " representatives. The Seventh reached Washing- ton the 26th of September and joined the brigade then organized by Gen. Rufus King, of Wis- consin, a body afterward the pride of the Nation and known as the " Iron Brigade of the West," mention of which has been previously made under the head of Second Regiment History. They were afterward encamped at Chain Bridge, the Seventh having the post of honor as the advance regiment of the brigade. Here they remained but a short time, when the brigade, having been assigned to Gen. McDowell's division, they went into camp at Fort Tillinghast, near the Ar- lington House. In March, 1862, the Seventh, with the remainder of the brigade, took part in the advance on Manassas. Returning with the remainder of the army, the Seventh was en- gaged in minor duties, changing location frequently. They took part in the movement on Fred- ericksburg a little later. Company C being ordered over the river to guard the south end of the railroad bridge erected by the tl^nion forces. In July, the Seventh formed part of an expedition under command of Gen. Gibbon to Orange Court House. This march told terribly on all par- ticipating in it the heat being intense, companies and regiments succumbed to the torrid atmos- phere, until barely a corporal's guard would be left to a company, or a company to a regiment. Nothing of moment occurred on the march, a light skirmish with the enemy's cavalry being all the encounter in which the command was engaged. The brigade afterward took part in Gen. Pope's retreat and then moved to Sulphur Springs, and thence to Buckland Mills, and on the 28th encountered the enemy at the bloody battle of Gainesville. The brigade at the time was movmg along in easy marching order, when the presence of the enemy was announced by a shell sent from a point of woods beyond. The Second Wisconsin was ordered forward to take the battery — as it was supposed to be — but found upon nearing the woods that the enemy was in force. The Seventh was then pushed forward to the assistance of the Second and thrown into position on the right of the latter. Finding that their position was not the most eifective that could be chosen the regiment changed front and assumed a position nearer the enemy at the loot of a hill. From this the enemy made three attempts to dislodge them, being repulsed with great loss each time. All of the field ofiBcers of the regiment were wounded and carried from the field. Lieut. Col. Hamilton, remaining until the battle was over when he was obliged by the Joss of blood to go to the hospital and the command of the regiment devolved upon Capt. Callis. The report of this officer speaks as follows of this battle and that of the 30th. " The regiment was not engaged on the 29th, but on the 30th it became apparent that we must renew the attack and the decimated condition of the Seventh and Second Wisconsin Regiments suggested the pro- 98 1'^ °f consolidating the two. * * * * Our loss was heavy, but not so heavy as on the f fli ^^6 whole affair of the 28th and 30th was conducted with as much coolness on the part oi officers and men of the Seventh, Second and Sixth Wisconsin Regiments as though they were 608 HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. on an ordinary drill." The casualities in the Grant County companies for these battles was as follows : Company 0, killed, Thomas B. Sutton, Fred Nordorf.- Wounded, Corporals William P. Durley, Truman Quimby ; Privates Herman Radkil, John C. Bold, John L. Eastman. Missing, Rolland Williams, John J. Geyer, Edward Eason. Company F — killed, Sergt. Lewis W. Stevins, Corporals Edward S. McDowell and William A. Miles ; Privates Harry Kentner and Herbert Roberts. Wounded, Capt. John B. Callis, slight, Sergt. A. R. McCart- ney ; Corporals C. Giles Parker, William A. Smith and Francis A. Boynton ; Privates C. B. Bishop, George Bustis, Perry Gilbert, W. H. Miles, John Marlow, Newton McPhail, Julius B. Nickerson, Danford Rector, William R. Ray, Lyman Carrier and John Lepla. Missing, Thos. McKee, Edward F. McDonald, Henry Rupkee. Company H — killed, Luther A. Schnee and W. G. M. Scott. Wounded, Corporals Nathaniel Johnson, John Monteith and Jasper Randolph ; Privates Robert J. Cutts, John Dillon, Francis Kearney, Martin Moore, John B. Murphy, Alonzo Springer, George M. Steele, Albert M. Steele, John Schultz, Joshua Thomp- son, Lucius Eastman, Silas Streeter, Benjamin Rice, Laman Russell, Samuel K. Potts. In these battles the Seventh lost 250 men only a few were missing; "which," in the lan- guage of a correspondent writing at the time, " indicates that they stood up to the work without flinching." The battle of South Mountain followed soon after. To the "Iron Brigade" was assigned the duty in this day's fight of carrying the gap in which the enemy was posted in force. Of the part taken by the Seventh in the battle the following, condensed from the report of the com- manding ofiicer of the regiment, Capt. J. B. Callis, will give a brief but adequate account : " About 4 o'clock on the evening of September 14, the Seventh Regiment was ordered for- ward through a cprn-field, on the right of the . pike running through the gap in the mountain. A hot skirmish-fire ensued, our skirmishers driving those of the enemy until his fire was so strong that the skirmishers could go no farther. " I then received orders to advance the Seventh in line of battle. We advanced until the regiment was within less than a hundred yards of the enemy, receiving only an occasional shot, when suddenly they opened a most destructive enfilading fire from a stone wall on our left, woods on our right, and a direct fire from a stone wall in our front. This lasted for some fifteen minutes, when the Sixth double-quicked in at our right, and the Second doing the same at our left, leaving us to contend only with the direct fire in our front. We fought until our cart- ridges gave out, and were ordered to hold the ground at the point of the bayonet. The enemy advanced on us, but we made a charge upon them, when they ' skedaddled.' We held the ground until 11 o'clock at night, when we were relieved by Gen. Gorman's brigade. Our men all fought nobly and desperately. Company F was commanded by Sergt. William B. Sloat, Company I by Sergt. Prutezman, and Company B by Sergt. Weeks — afterward Captain. Great credit is due these men for the manner in which they conducted themselves as line officers. The losses of Companies C, F and H at South Mountain were as follows : Company C — killed or died of wounds. Privates Wallace Holmes and W. B. Newcomb ; wounded. Corporals W. P. Durley, John Attyer, J. L. Rewey and Edwin Wheeler; Privates D. C. Ashmere, D. H. Bryant, William Brestall, Malcolm Ray, Theodore W. Snelker and George Wells. Company F — killed or died of wounds, Privates Henry 0. Kaump, John L. Marks, George F. Halbert, J. A. Simpkens, George W. Cooley and James Clark ; wounded, Lieut. John. W. McKinsie ; Corporals P. J. Schlosser and AVilliam A. Smith ; Privates George Atkinson, Henry Black, Jacob A. Drew, Milo Dexter, George A. Henderson, Fletcher S. Kidd, Alexander Lewis, R. B. Pierce and Thomas Price. Company H — killed or died of wounds, Privates Benjamin Burton and John B. Matthews; wounded, Sergt. William L. Jacobs; Corporal James H. Brunemer; Privates John Andrews, Isaac Coates, Henry Freudner, Joseph Heathercock, Stanbury Hitch- cock, S. K. Potts, Luman Russell, John Todd, Frederick Thies, Newton B. Wood, Nicholas Heler and John Steers. The position at South Mountain was evacuated by the enemy during the night, and McClellan's troops again came up with him on the 16th, strongly posted on Antietam HISTORY or GRANT COUNTY. 609 'Creek. The part enacted by the Seventh in this bloody conflict is pictured by a correspondent of the State Journal, in a letter written some time afterward, in which he says : " Those who witnessed that fearful conflict on the plains of Antietam will remember the conspicuous part acted by the Seventh, in changing front twice while under a galling fire, and thereby saving the cele- brated Battery B, Fourth United States Artillery, belonging to the Western Brigade, from being captured. In Gen. Gibbon's report of the battle of Antietam, he says great credit is due to Capt. Callis, Acting Colonel of the Seventh, for the manner in which he maneuvered his reg- iment during the battle, and Capt. Callis, in his oflScial report, pays a well-deserved compli- ment to Capts. Richardson and Gordon for their gallantry and efficient services. Through the memorable battles of August 30, September 14, 15, 16 and 17, the Seventh valiantly sustained the reputation which our Western soldiers have so nobly gained by their power of endurance and heroic deeds." The casualties at this battle were: Company C — killed or died of wounds, Pri- vate Albert Stout ; wounded, Privates A. Erb, J. Howard, H. Rewey and W. L. McKinney ; Company F — killed or died of wounds. Privates Wesley Craig, Louis Kuntz, George F. Halbert and James A. Simpkins ; wounded, Private John Runnion. Company H — killed or died of wounds, Sergt. Samuel Montieth; wounded. Private William Salmon. In December, the Seventh formed a part of Burnside's forces in the famous attack upon Fredericksburg, but aside from light skirmishes, had no encounter with the enemy. For four days, however, they were exposed to a heavy artillery fire, more trying to the morale and stead- iness of troops than the hottest engagement. During this winter Capt. Callis, who upon the resignation of Maj. Bill, had been promoted as Major of the Seventh, was made Lieutenant Colonel, vice Hamilton resigned, Capt. Finnicum being advanced to the position of Major. .The Seventh took an active part in Hooker's campaign, and at Fitzhugh Crossing maintained their •former high reputation. Col. W. W. Robinson reported as follows to Gov. Salomen, the report bearing date of May 12: " Lieut. Col. John B. Callis and Maj. Finnicum rendered efficient assistance in crossing the river and storming the enemy's works ; their coolness, promptness and efficiency, during the seven days under fire, show them to be officers to be depended on in any position." As with officers so it was with men. Company C lest Second Lieut. W. 0. Top- ping, killed ; Company F, Private William Ross, killed, and Private William Hayden, wounded. The division remained intrenched in this position until the 2d of May, and then recrossed the river. This was done in daylight under the guns of the enemy, the Iron Brigade bring- ing up the rear, the Seventh, as usual, in the post of honor, five companies of that regiment being left to support the pickets, in retiring. In June the Seventh took part in a reconnois- sance toward Culpeper Court House. They then crossed to the north side of the Rappahan- nock, and rejoined the brigade which was then on its way, in conjunction with the rest of the army, to intercept Gen. Lee, on that great raid which came so near proving fatal to the Union cause. They met him, as is well known, at the little village of Gettysburg, where was fought July 1-3 what was undoubtedly the pivotal battle of the war. The troops on this march suf- fered much from dusty roads and hot weather, but all discomforts were forgotten when they ar- rived in the vicinity of the enemy. Gen. Reynolds' corps was ordered to move to Gettysburg on the 1st of July, Wadworth's division being in advance. Buford's cavalry was already engaged with the enemy, opposing their advance. The " Iron Brigade" led the advance of Wadsworth's division, and, entering a field a short distance to the left of Gettysburg Seminary, they advanced up the slope, the Sec- ond and Seventh in the lead. Arriving on the brow of the hill, they were confronted by a strong force of the enemy. The Seventh was with unloaded guns. The order to charge was given, and away they went, depending upon cold steel. Their rushing charge was irresistible. Backward they drove the rebels across the Run, and into their works, where they captured the greater portion of Archer's brigade. The remainder, in attempting to regain their own forces in the rear, were surrounded in a railroad cut, and captured by the Sixth Wisconsin. The peventh, with the remainder of the brigade, fell back, soon after, across Marsh Creek. Early in the afternoon, they were attacked by the enemy in force, and after stubbornly continuing the 610 HISTOEY OF GRANT COUNTY. fight until the enemy was lapping well around their flanks, they were forced to retire, leaving a number of their comrades and officers, among them Lieut. Col. Callis, on the field. They re- tired to Cemetery Hill, and took position near the top of the hill, where they threw up breast- works. In the battles of the 2d and 3d, the Seventh was supporting a battery where they were exposed to a heavy artillery fire, but did not become engaged with the enemy's infantry. The casualties in this battle were as follows : Lieut. Col. Callis, wounded severely. Killed or died of wounds : Company C, Sergeant, George W. Lean ; Private, William Hull. Wounded: Corporal, William Beazly ; Privates, Isaac McCallister, Lewis Winans, J. W. Enloe, August Erb, J. C. Bolds, James Armstrong. Company F, killed or died of wounds : Privates, Phil- lip Bennett and T. H. V. Darnell. Wounded: Second Lieutenant, A. A. Kidd; Corporals, William R. Ray, John S. Schloesser, John Blackbourn and John Bronson ; Privates, Thomas Garvey, Isaac Rayner, Danford Rector and J. N. Carrier. Company H, killed or died of wounds: Privates, John J. Mitchner and John M. Steers. Wounded: Privates, Nicholas Heber, William A. Clark, Joseph J. Clark, John McLimans, John Scfeutsz and William Tulke. Among those taken prisoners were Capt. Nat. Robbins of Company H%rho was kept a prisoner nearly to the close of^he war. The regiment numbered 302 when it went into action, and came out with 137. After the battle, the regiment started with the brigade in pursuit of the enemv. and passed on through Warrenton to Rappahannock Station, reaching Pony Mountain on Stp- tembar 17, where the brigade was presented with a very beautiful flag on this the anniversary day of Antietam. In the subsequent retrograde movement of Gen. Meade, the Seventh lost thirty men, taken prisoners. During the balance of the year, but little was accomplished. In Decem- ber, 211 of the Seventh having re-enlisted as veterans, the regiment was constituted a veteran regiment, and the men granted the usual furlough. At the opening of the campaign in May, 1864, the "Iron Brigade" broke camp on the 4th of that month and reached the Old Wilderness Tavern at dusk, encountering the enemy further on, in position. And the command was ordered to advance through a heavy growth of pine and underbrush, and, after a transient success, we~re forced back by the superior number of the enemy. The density of the woods occasioned great difiiculty in getting out, and the Wis- consin regiments, especially, suffered heavily. In this first attack upon the enemy's line, the colors of the Forty-eighth Virginia were captured by Corporal George A. Smith, of Company H, Seventh Regiment. The battle was resumed at daybreak on the succeeding day. In the grand charge which occurred at the beginning of this day's fight, the Seventh had the honor of being the only regiment that succeeded in holding, for a short time, the enemy's first line of breastworks. In the last assault upon the enemy's position, such losses occurred as to place Col. Robinson of the Seventh in command of the brigade and Lieut. Col. Finnicum in command of the regiment. On the 9th, a body of sharpshooters, which had established themselves within a short dis- tance of the Union breastworks, were driven out by a company of the Seventh. In the fighting on the 12th, the Seventh was the first regiment to relieve Hancock's Corps, then holding the first line of the enemy's intrenchments, they themselves soon after being relieved by a Michigan regiment. In the remaining battles of the Wilderness, the Seventh bore a prominent part. The casualties for this campaign were : Company C — Killed or died of wounds, Capt. Jef- ferson Newman, Sergt. George Mitchell, Privates James Armstrong, William Carpenter, S. D. Hurst, Ezekiel Parker and David H. Bryant ; wounded. Second Lieut. J. H. Holcomb, Sergt. H. Rewey, Corp. J. J. Stout, Privates D. Augustine, C. G. Bell, J. C. Bold, Fred Miller, JohnW. Robinson, Irvin C. Smelker, W. T. Tallada, Jacob Rice. W. J. Wynand, W. J. Wood and Will- iam Eustis. Company F — Killed or died of wounds, Privates Peter Francis, Henry S. Sprague and George Cormick ; wounded, Capt. H. F. Young, First Lieut. William E. Sloat, Lieut A. A. Kidd, Corps. W. R. Ray, J. C. Reamer and N. Bradbury, Privates George Atkinson, J. C- Bradley, Andrew Bishop, C. B. Bishop, Bruce Brian, Harvey Bonham, Thomas Blunt, Web- ster Cook, C. F. Chipman, James Endicott, James Evans, John Folk, Perry Gilbert, B. F. Hayden, A. M. Hutchinson, Theodore Kinney, M. McHugh, J. Rice, H. Rupke, J. S. Taylor, HISTOKT OF GRANT COUNTY. 611 L. Taylor, A. C. Morse, A. Conhor, Thomas Riley, C. Alexander and Richard Fourra. Com- pany H — Killed or died of wounds. Corps. Timothy Kelleher, Robert J. Cutts, Edward Carver and George A Smith, Privates James Andrews, S. Hitchcock, Hiram Kerney, Fred Murden, John Wright, Thomas Adams and James Fulks ; wounded, Privates Curtis Chandler, John Bowden, F. M.. Dillon, Chauncey Hitchcock, John Shultis, Mark Smith, John R. Arms, James Bishop and John McCubbin. Lieut. Col. Finnicum was also wounded at the Wilderness. On the 12th of June, the "Iron Brigade" crossed the Chickahominy and proceeded to the vicinity of Petersburg. On the 18th, they moved against the enemy's fortifications on the west side of the Norfolk & Petersburg Railroad, the Seventh on the right of the brigade. In the afternoon, they advanced against the works of the enemy, under a galling fire. Owing to the hesitancy of the line on their left, the Seventh were obliged to come to a halt within a hundred yards of the enemy's works. In the meanwhile, the regiment was without connecting line on its left, that line having found shelter in a ravine. The ground was held under these disadvan- tages for an hour and a half, during which they suffered badly from the enemy's fire. The only shelter they received was from a slight slope of the ground in front of them. The Union bat- teries were firing over the heads of the Seventh, in order to prevent the enemy from leaving his works, and, in consequence of the lowness of the object aimed at, many shells fell in close prox- imity to the regiment. With the aid of a few shovels, aided by plates and bayonets, the men endeavored to throw up a line of breastworks. Maj. Richardson ran the gantlet of fire and reported the condition of the regiment at headquarters, but his application for succor was with- out success — relief could only be afforded by a general assault. Before the impromptu works were finished, the enemy advanced to within seventy-five yards of their left flank, and, at the same time, a heavy skirmish line marched by the right flank from the rear of the rebel line on the left of the regiment and directly in their rear, being covered by a hill. Part of the Seventh opened 'fire on the left and part faced to the rear and delivered their fire on the rebel skirmish line. Thus fighting, so long as a chance remained of holding the ground, the Seventh was finally compelled to fall back to the right and rear through a terrible fire, and in the end occupy nearly the same position from which they had started in the morning. Lieut. Col. Finnicum commanding the regiment, spoke in highly complimentary terms of Maj. Richardson and the officers of the line, and paid a well-merited tribute to the dogged bravery of the whole regiment. The loss from this seemingly mistaken move was as follows : Company C — Killed or died of wounds. Privates George Will and William Howard ; wounded, Sergt. W. Beasley, Privates James Hedges, John Cavenaugh and R. M. Nixon. Company F — Killed or died of wounds, Sergt. C. G. Parker, Corporal John D. Runnion, Privates Martin Calvert and William B. Pauley ; wounded. Privates F. A. Boynton, George Eustice, Thomas Blunt, Henry P. Green, A. C. Morse, J. R. Miles, Joseph Storehouse and Orrin Weymouth. Company P — Killed or died of wounds. Second Lieut. Thomas Tanner, Corporal George Page, Private James Bishop ; wounded. First Lieut. Charles Fulks, Privates James Chapman, Livingston Wagers and Silas Streeter. On the 3d of August, Lieut. Col. Finnicum was promoted as Colonel, and Maj. Richardson as Lieutenant Colonel of the Seventh. The regiment remained in the front line on the left of Petersburg until August 18, and then mached to the Yellow House. Here, in an attack upon the Union forces by Gen. Mahone, the Seventh occupied the right of the skirmish line. The enemy succeeded in breaking the line to the left of the Seventh, and, in the fight that ensued, the regiment captured twenty-six pris- oners, being fortunate enough not to lose a single man. The Seventh rejoined the brigade on the 20th on the west side of the railroad, where breastworks were thrown up. Here they were attacked the next day by the enemy, but the onslaught was gallantly repulsed, the Seventh capturing the colors of the Sixteenth Mississippi in the melee. During the remainder of the tall and early winter, the Seventh was engaged in routine siege duties. On the 29th of Decem- ber, Lieut. Col. Richardson was promoted to the colonelcy of the regiment. February 6, the <312 HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. brigade took part in the engagement at Dabney's Mill, where the Seventh fought with their usual valor. The losses in these fights were as follows: Company C — Killed or died of wounds, Private Alvah E. Daggett ; wounded, Private W. R. Glenn. Company F — Wounded, Corporal George Atkinson. Company H — Killed or died of wounds, Private John Wanyack ; wounded, First Lieut. S. C. Alexander, Privates Thomas Howard and E. L. Riley. In the middle of February, the brigade was ordered to Baltimore, but this order, so far as it related to the Sixth and Seventh Wisconsin Regiments, was afterward countermanded, and they were re-organized as the "First Provisional Brigade," under command of Col. Kellogg, of the Sixth, On the 29th of March, the Seventh took part in the action near Boydstown Plank Road, where they ably sustained their former reputation. On the 1st of April the regiment participated in the battle of Five Forks. Quiner, speak- ing of this encounter, thus notices the action of the Seventh on that day: "In the afternoon the Seventh Regiment occupied the advanced line on the left of the brigade with the Sixth Wis- consin on the right. Companies B and E of the Seventh, were deployed as skirmishers, cover- ing the brigade front. Advancing in line of battle the enemy's advance was driven through the woods back upon their intrenchments at Five Forks. Gen. Sheridan ordered Col. Richardson to move over the enemy's works, which the gallant Colonel obeyed, wheeling to the right and charging the enemy through the open field, driving them through the woods, following their retreating columns, and again charging them through a second open field. Night coming on, the brigade fell back two miles and went into position behind the breastworks captured from the enemy. On the second, the brigade continued the advance, and found the enemy intrenched further on. The Seventh was deployed as skirmishers and ordered to cover tlie whole line of battle. Th~e enemy retreating again, the pursuit was resumed, marching by day and night, working to throw up breastworks until the 9th of April, when the Seventh had the pleasure and proud satisfaction of being in "at the death," and assisting in the capture of Gen. Lee's army at Appommattox Court House. Col. Kellogg, in his report, after complimenting regimental and line officers of the Seventh and Sixth, made special mention of the following members of the Seventh for marked valor and daring courage: Color Sergt. George W. Davis, of Company C, for gallant conduct in carrying the regimental standard into the thickest of the fight, noth- ing daunted by the iron hail or glittering steel; also, Sergt. Maj. Booth; Sergt. John Harrison, of Company B; Sergt. Hugh Evans, of Company G; Sergt. Albert O'Conner, of Company A, and Sergt. William H. Sickle, Company B- In this campaign the following losses were reported : Company C — Killed or died of wounds: Private, John Larnek. Wounded: Corporal, John W. Robinson ; Privates, Nehemiah Leech and Arch Van Allen. Company F — Killed or died of wounds: Sergeant, Isaac Ream; Corporal, Thomas Blunt; Privates, Frank Geneva and Joseph Wilkinson. Wounded : Lieutenant, Jesse M. Roberts ; Sergeant, Nathan Brad- bury; Corporal, Thomas W. Reilley; Private, Simon Heinrich. Company H — Killed or died of wounds: Private, Jacob Johnson; wounded. Corporals, William Costley and Lewis H. Thomas ; Privates, Edwin Angelo, John R. Ames, Charles Sawyer and D. A. McLinn. After Gen. Lee's surrender, the Seventh went into camp at Black and White's Station, where they remained until ordered to Washington to participate in the grand review of May 23, and remained there until the 17th of June, when they were ordered to Louisville, Ky. Here the Seventh was assigned to the First Brigade of Gen. Morrow's "Provisional Division,'' remaining until July 2, when they were mustered out and started for home, arriving at Madi- son on the 5th of the same month, where they were received by the State authorities, paid off and the regiment formally disbanded, closing the eventful history of what was, undoubtedly, one of the finest regiments in the service. By way of postscript, it might be added that Col. Rich- ardson, for gallant and meritorious services in the final operations around Petersburg, and espe- cially at Five Forks, was brevetted Brigadier General. Lieut. Col. Callis, after recovering in a measure, from his wound, and though still carrying rebel lead in his lungs, returned to the front L/\NCy^STEF^. HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. 615 and was appointed Colonel of the Seventh Veteran Reserves, and Superintendent of the War Department, where he served with distinction and honor. He was brevetted Brigadier General for distinguished and meritorious services March 13, 1865. He was afterward in command of the Northern District of Alabama, and was from there elected to serve as Representative from that district in the Fortieth Congress, where the General had the honor of introducing the first " Ku Klux bill," designed to protect the suffering freedmen from the tender mercies of these midnight marauders and assassins. Tenth Regiment. — The Tenth was organized at Camp Holton, Milwaukee, and mustered into the service of the United States October 14, 1861. The companies from Grant County in this regiment were Company F, Capt. Palmer, raised in the southern part of the county, and Coaipany I, Capt. Overton, raised at Platteville. The oflBcers of the former company were Capt. William H. Palmer, First Lieutenant; Edward D. Lowry, Second Lieutenant; Armisted C. Brown. Of the latter: Captain, C. T. Overton; First Lieutenant, Harvey H. Fairchild ; Second Lieutenant, John Small. The regiment was sent first to Kentucky after leaving the State. They were here engaged in guarding railroads for a short time, when they were assigned to Col. Sill's Brigade, Third Division. The tenth formed part of the column that moved north to Murfreesboro. On the 5th of April, the regiment resumed its march as far as Huntsville, where they remained engaged as railroad guard until the retrograde movement, caused by Bragg's invasion of Kentucky, was commenced, when the Tenth acted as rear-guard. The casualties in this cam- paign are reported as follows : Company I — killed. Privates, Thomas Denlan, G. W. Hancock and Henry Reed. Company F — Private, Thomas Helgus, died of wounds. Company I — Pri- vate, Richard White, August 23. The Tenth was soon after transferred to Col. Harris' brigade in Gen. Rosseau's division, and there took part in the battle of Chaplin Hills. Here they signalized themselves by their bravery in defending Simmons' battery, holding their ground against the enemy until supported by the Thirty-eighth Indiana. Their ammunition was exhausted, and the cartridge-boxes of the wounded and dead used, and for a Half-hour previous to the coming of their support this stubborn band of heroes held their position with bull-dog pertinacity without a cartridge. Forty-one bul- lets passed through the regimental colors, and two through the staff, and it was the Sixth Color Corporal that finally bore them in triumph off the field. The list of killed and wounded was as follows : Company F — Killed or died of wounds, Corporals, Philip L. Glover and Abner M. Dodge ; Privates, David E. Lumpkins, Mark C. Bowen, William P. Eagers, Marcus L. Gleason, Frank M. Shoemaker and Robert Jarrett. Company F — Wounded, Sergt. James Killgore ; Privates, Benjamin Bass, John Singer, Daniel Boyle, J. D. Costello, J. M. T. Lathain, D. B. Robinson, William Pierce and B. B. Taft. After taking part in Rosseau's advance near Mur- freesboro, where private R. F. Crosby, of Company F, was wounded, the regiment went into camp where it remained until June. la the re-organization of the army the Tenth was included in the First Brigade of the First Division, Fourteenth Corps, under Gen. Thomas. Under this leader, the regiment participated in the battle of Chickamauga. On the second day's fight, after numerous vicissitudes, the Tenth found themselves late in the afternoon compelled to fall back with the rest of the brigade. No rallying-point being obtainable, the Tenth Regiment made for a point where they supposed they would find the Union forces in position, but, contrary to expec- tation, ran upon the rebel line. Here they were quickly surrounded, and the entire regiment, or what remained of it, with the exception of Company G, which was guarding a supply-train, con- sisting of twelve officers and one hundred and eleven men, fell into the hands of the enemy. On the morning of the 21st, the regiment numbered three oflicers and twenty-six men, but, although obliged to surrender, the regiment had nobly sustained its reputation for bravery. The casualties reported were : Company F— Killed and died of wounds, Lieut. Robert Rennie, Sergt. P. H. Worthey ; Private Thomas M. Jewell. Company F— Wounded, Corporal S. Harklerood ; Privates, A. S. Tarcott, E. M. Donell, J. E. Strong, J. J. Crosby and B. P. Taft. Company F— Made prisoners, Sergt. Bratnober ; Corporals P. Cahill and A. Gattwells ; Privates H. Schlosser, J. 616 HISTORY OP GRANT COUNTY. J. Shoemaker, W. Pierce, E. B. Tyler and R. Langstaff. Company I, Oapt. Perry, Lieuts Fairchild and Butler ; Sergts. W. Felson, M. Colligan, W. M. Bush and D. T. Parish ; Cor- porals B. Bower, T. Curtis and C. Fish ; Privates J. H. Trevis, H. H. Winter, R. W. Ran- dall, W. Richards, D. Eastman, J. Wall, William Reines, H. Talbott, H. Shrigley and P. Grosch. The remnant of the regiment remained in camp at Chattanooga employed in guard and other duties, where it remained during the winter, with the exceptions of taking part in the assault on Mission Ridge, and a feint on Dalton, Ga. Eighty-five recruits joined the regiment in 1864 which, with Company G, and the few remaining after Chickamauga, made a small command that participated in the stirring events of that section until October 16, when the recruits and veterans were united with the Twenty-first by order of the War Department, the remainder starting north- ward and arriving at Milwaukee on the 25th of the same month, where they were mustered out of the service. Those who were taken prisoners at Chickamauga remained in rebel prisons for thirteen months, many of them falling victims to the atrocities of the prison-pens at Salisbury, Millen and Andersonville. Twenty-fifth. — This regiment was organized in September, 1862, under the call of July 1 for 300,000 additional troope. The companies assigned to this regiment rendezvoused at Camp Salomon, La Crosse, and were mustered into the United States service on the 14th of the fol- lowing month. In this regiment were the following companies from Grant County : C, E, H and I. Of these. Company C, Capt. Farquharson, was organized at Lancaster ; Company E, Capt. Scott, was organized about Platteville ; Company H, Capt. Swan, at Potosi ; and Com- pany I, Capt. Nash, in the vicinity of Sinsinawa Mound. The company commissioned oflBcers were : Company C — Captain, H. D. Farquharson ; First Lieutenant, L. S. Mason ; Second Lieutenant, Thomas Barnett. Company E — Captain, John G. Scott ; First Lieutenant, John W. Smelker ; Second Lieutenant, John M. Shaw. Company H — Captain, Ziba S. Swan ; First Lieutenant, Charles F. Olmstead; Second Lieutenant, Henry C. Wise. Company I — Captain, Robert Nash ; First Lieutenant, Daniel N. Smalley ; Second Lieutenant, John F, Richards. On rtie 19th of October, the regiment left the State for St. Paul, to assist in quelling the Indian insurrection. Capt. Nasmith, formerly of Company C, of the Seventh, had received the appointment of Lieutenant Colonel of the Twenty-fifth. Arriving at St. Paul, part of the regiment under Lieut. Col. Nasmith was sent to Sauk Cen- ter and places in that vicinity, while the remainder, under command of Col. Montgomery, was sent to New Ulm and that section of the State. Here they remained, with no incidents of a striking nature, until the latter part of November, when they received orders to return to Winona, and thence to La Crosse and Camp Randall. In February, 1863, the Twenty-fifth left the State for the South, reporting first at Cairo, and from there moving to Columbus, Ky. Here it was attached to the Sixteenth Army Corps, under Gen. Hurlburt. In April, the regi- ment was sent to resist Marmaduke's attack on Cape Girardeau, but their aid was not needed, and they returned to Columbus and their regular routine of picket duty. In the latter part of May, the Twenty-fifth proceeded down the Mississippi to Young's Point, and thence up the Yazoo River to Satartia, where they went into camp and were assigned to a brigade which was placed under the command of Col. Montgomery, in Kimball's Provisional Division. June 16, the Twenty-fifth left this position and proceeded to Snyder's BluflF, where they formed part of the force surrounding Vicksburg. Here they remained, with occasional change in the shape of short but futile expeditions against the enemy, until the 25th of July. The position occupied by the regiment was extremely unhealthy, and the sick list showed a footing of 500 men at one time, and very few of what were left were fit for duty. On July 26, the regiment left Snyder's BlufiF and moved up the Mississippi River to Helena, where it was detached from the brigade and assigned to provost guard duty. Col. Montgomery was placed in command of the post. Here almost the entire regiment was placed in the hospital. The excessive sickness which the Twenty-fifth suffered was charged to HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. 617 former rapid marching and excessive heat. At one time, only fifteen men were reported fit for duty in the whole regiment, and only two Captains^Farquharson and Gordon — the former being in command of the regiment, and the latter acting as Provost Marshal. Lieut. Col. Nasmith and Maj. Rusk were absent, sick. The former afterward succumbed to the disease which had fastened itself upon him, and died at his home in Platteville in the August following, Maj. Rusk being advanced to the Lieutenant Colonelcy. The regiment left Helena in February and moved down to Vicksburg, where they joined Gen, Sherman's Meridian expedition, and did good service in inflicting serious damage on rebel property. March 13 the Twenty-fifth — the division to which it was attached — proceeded up the Mississippi to Cairo, and thence up the Tennessee to Waterloo, Ala., from which place they marched via Florence, Athens and Mooresville, to Decatur, Ala., where they joined the other division of the Sixteenth Corps under Gen. Dodge. In May, the Twenty-fifth proceeded to Chattanooga to join the forces of Gen. Sherman. Here they, as a portion of the Sixteenth Army Corps, formed part of the Army of the Tennessee under Gen. McPherson. The Twenty- fifth took part in both advances on Resaca. In the engagement of the 13th, the regiment was in the front line as a support to a battery ; on the succeeding day, they, late in the afternoon, joined the Fifteenth Army Corps for an attack upon the enemy 's'works on the extreme left. The Twenty-fifth signalized itself that day by charging across an open plain to relieve the Thir- tieth Iowa, which had run out of ammunition. Here, despite the fact that the enemy charged fiercely three successive times, they held the crest of the hill and repulsed each attack with heavy loss to their assailants. During this encounter. Company C was absent on picket duty, but their adventures in endeavoring to find their regiment were fully as exciting to the partici- pants as adventures that have found their way into chronicles of the time. During the night the regiment threw up a slight breastwork, from behind which they engaged in skirmishes the next day. The gallant action of the Twenty-fifth on the 14th, received most flattering notice from Brig. Gen. Wood, who was in command of the Fifteenth Corps. The loss during these engagements was reported as follows : Company C — Killed or died of wounds, Private B. Seitz; wounded. Private, J. W. Tuckwood. Company E — Wounded, Privates M. Cornell, E. H. Moore, Charles Richey and Patrick Henry. Company H — Killed or died of wounds, Sergt. Thomas H. Clark ; wounded. Privates Joseph School and Bartholomew Stoll. The regiment joined in the pursuit of the enemy, and from May 27 to May 31, the casual- ties were Company I — killed, Private S. Taylor ; Company E — Wounded, Private Emory Blan- chard ; Company H, Private Dewald Garner. Still onward went the Twenty-fifth, taking part in Gen. Sherman's flank movement to drive the enemy from Allatoona. The regiment moved to the left, and took position near the Big Sandy, where it remained until June 10, when it again moved southward against the enemy's lines, between Pine and Kenesaw Mountains. Here they were occupied in throwing up defenses and skirmishing. On the 15th, five companies of the Twenty-fifth, with companies from New York and Ohio regiments, deployed as skirmishers and attacked the enemy's rifle-pits at Peach Orchard, carrying them and taking a number of prisoners. The loss was : Company I — killed, Corporal Joseph Nelson ; wounded, Corporal William Longbotham ; Privates, Wilkins, William Swansey, Henry Drink and John Loffelholtz. On the enemy retiring his lines, the Twenty-fifth, with the remainder of the division, advanced nearer Kenesaw Mountain. On the 3d of July, the army, or that portion in front of Kenesaw, began to move to the right and left. At Nickajack Creek, the Sixteenth Corps had a heavy skirmish with the enemy. On the 9th, this corps moved to the rear, and, after marching and countermarching, the brigade appeared within three miles of Atlanta, but was on the succeeding any ordered back to guard the flanks covering the trains. On the day following, July 22, they were attacked by two divisions of Wheeler's dismounted cavalry. Col. Montgomery, with Com- panies B, E, F and I, and four companies of the Sixty-second Ohio, were ordered out to ascer- tain the position of the enemy. The road up which the skirmishers advanced was bordered oii the one side by a swamp, narrow but impassable, while on the other, a deep, miry ditch presented "self. Some distance from the swamp, Company F and an Ohio company, under command of 618 HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. Lieut. Col. Rusk, met the enemy, and were driven down the road to the reserve. The enemv now advanced in strong force, and Col. Montgomery moved the reserve by the left flank, and, in attempting to pass the ditch, his horse sank in the mire and the Colonel was wounded and captured. Lieut. Col. Rusk, after holding the enemy in check for some time, was forced back and in the retreat barely escaped capture. The force was obliged, however, to fall back through the town, but finally the enemy was checked and the trains saved. The loss to Grant County companies was as follows : Company C — Wounded, Sergt. Z. Thomas ; Privates, C. C. Coates, Charles Croft, Newton Doty, Isaac 0. Murray, Charles 0. Jones, Henry Julus and Warren D. Wordon. Company E — Killed, Second Lieut. William H. Quibble ; Corporal William H. Bailey; Privates, Marion High, Ransom J. Bartle, Thomas C. Dougherty, John Grover, George Lafollet and Charles Rickey ; wounded, Sergt. B. F. Bailey ; ■ Corporal George Douglass ; Privates, George M. Thomas, Fred Stanover, Benjamin C. Durley, J. N". Clifton, W. T. Long, J. M. Rosey, Jacob Eiserman and Elias Worley. Company H — Killed, Private Howard Finley ; wounded. Privates B. Stell and Robert Crouch. Company I — Wounded, Privates S. P. Muffley, Sylvester Woody and Patrick Kees. Twenty-five men from the Twenty-fifth were also reported missing. The regiment soon after moved to the works before Atlanta, and^remained engaged in camp duty and siege work until October, participating in a few skirmishes, and losing in wounded: Company C — Corporal J. T. Wilkinson and Private D. Scribner. Company E — Corporal Edward Bentley ; Privates Jacob Eiserman, James R. Hudson and Jacob Shafer. Com- pany H — Sergt. Edward McTael. Company I — Corporal Levi Pretts and Private John Loffel- holtz. In October, the Twenty-fifth took part in the pursuit of Hood, and then returned to Atlanta, where preparations were in progress for that march which was to remain ever among the movements of the war the most prominent — " the march to the sea." Upon leaving Atlanta, on the 15th of November, the Twenty-fifth acted as train guard as far as Monticello. On the 20th, they were relieved from that duty and joined the brigade. From this point the regiment was engaged in destroying railroad, and foraging. Upon arriving at Toomsboro, they were detailed as ponton guard, the Engineer Corps being placed under command of Lieut. Col. Rask. The enemy was again encountered December 9, but retired without offering battle. On the suc- ceeding day, the regiment came upon the enemy's breastworks, but found, after advancing within several hundred yards of them, that a dirty bit of swamp lay between. They, however, held their position until relieved by the Fourteenth Army Corps the following day ; the loss was one killed, Louis Buchacher, of Company H. On they went, resting for short spells, and again taking up their line of march, skirmishing, marching, defending important positions, but always pressing forward. In this manner, they passed down through the remainder of Georgia through Savannah, which was presented as a Christmas gift to President Lincoln by Gen. Sherman, and proceeded to Beaufort, where they encamped early in January, 1865. On January 13, the march through the Carolinas commenced, and the regiment crossed the Pocotaligo on pontons and bivouacked within one mile of the fort, which the enemy evacu- ated during the night. On the Salkahatchie River the Twenty-fifth met the enemy and routed him from a tem- porary breastwork. This was on January 20. February 2, four companies, C, E, I and K, were advanced under command of Lieut. Col. Rusk, as skirmishers. The swamp through which they were obliged to advance, though not touched by rebel hands, was amply fortified by nature. Cypress limbs projected in the most unexpected places, while the treacherous miry bottom would admit the unwary skirmisher anywhere from ankle to hip. To add to the delights of soldiermg in this particular instance, the way was impeded with a species of brush which seemingly grew thorns and nothing else. One oflficer remarked in proof of the insinuating proclivities of these brush, that he went in with a handsome dress-coat, and came out in a roundabout ; the re- mainder was retained to remember him by. The objective point was a rebel battery 'on the opposite side of the main channel of the'river. The covering of the bridge having been torn up by the rebels, and timbers carefully set corner-ways, the chance of crossing seemed reduced tn the minimum, especially as the river was too deep to ford, and the enemy had trained a battery HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. 619 in position to sweep the road. In this dilemma, two trees, from whose roots the dirt had been washed away by the current, causing them to lean across the stream, were discovered by Capt. Farquharson, in command of the advance skirmish line. Obtaining an ax, a few blows on the landward side parted the retaining roots and, presto ! and an excellent bridge was provided. Over this improvised structure the whole brigade passed that night, and, flanking the rebel battery, compelled it to " pull up " to avoid capture, and the brigade passed on, driving the enemy from the high ground and opening a road for the advancing army. Among the minor incidents of the Salkahatchie troubles might be mentioned two that would bring to Grant County veterans a vivid remembrance of the scene. The rebel battery, trained as it was on the road over which the troops were passing, was doing much damage. When it occurred to an enterprising Bad- ger, named Clough, a member of Company C — who, as the skirmish line advanced, had found himself close by the dismantled bridge — that a cypress on the opposite bank afforded a pecul- iarly enviable position from which to pick of the gunners of the battery. Whether he swam the river or crawled over on the sharp-edged stringers of the bridge, was not known, but suddenly the attention of his comrades was called to the fact that Clough was across, and from cover of the cypress coolly blazing away at the "rebs." Here he remained until he had expended on the enemy 300 rounds of ammunition. As his position was only secure so long as he kept under cover of his cypress defenses, Badger's stock of ammunition was kept up by supplies from his friends " across the water," who continued to toss cartridges over until darkness prevented the marksman from doing further service, and allowed of his safe retreat. Still another serves to illustrate the fund of dry humor and promptness to act in any and all emergencies, which characterized not only these, but all members of "Sherman's boys." The General in command of the brigade. Mower, had advanced to the front of the skirmish line, anxious to ascertain if the main channel of the Salkahatchie had been reached. Its depth, as has been seen, presented an obstacle to the further advance of the army. The General, de- ceived by the appearance of the stream, held the opinion that it was fordable, a point which was disputed in an emphatic manner by the Captain in command of the skirmish line. " I think, Captain, the stream can be forded," finally replied Gen. Mower, closing the conversation. Dur- ing the discussion. Private Lowry, of Company C, Twenty-fifth Wisconsin, had been standing near. As the words passed the mouth of his General, equipped as he was, and musket in hand, Lowry sprang into the river and swam to the center of the channel. Reaching this point, he ex- tended his gun at arm's length above his head, and with the cry, " Oh, yes, General, this can be forded I " sank, gun and all, out of sight. It is needless to say that the General reversed his de- cision. At this point Company I lost Sergt. William Tomlinson, killed. On the 9th of the same month the enemy were again encountered, at South Edisto. Here the Twenty-fifth led the advance, and swinging around through a swamp threw a ponton bridge across the stream, and, advancing through mud and water, charged the enemy's works and dislodged him. At this point the men suffered severely from cold, their clothes freezing on them until, in the language of a participant, " they rattled like sheet iron," as they walked. Reaching Columbia, they served for a short time as provost guard, but were soon after ordered to Wilkes' Mills, on Juniper Creek, where they were employed in grinding corn for the division until March, when they proceeded forward. On the 15th, at South River, the regiment again was m the advance, and with other forces again charged the rebels, routed them, and secured a safe passage for the army over the river. In the attack on Goldsboro, the Twenty-fifth acted as & support to the forces charging the enemy's works, and, on March 23, they crossed the Neuse River and entered the city. Arriving at Raleigh on the 14th of April, upon the surrender of Johnston's army, the regiment joined the line moving northward, reaching Richmond May 13, and Washington on the 24th of the same month, where they participated in the grand review of oherman's army. They then went into camp at Crystal Springs, where the regiment was mus- tered out June 7, and started for Wisconsin, arriving at Madison on the 11th of the month, ^hey were then paid off and disbanded. Thirti/-third.~Thia regiment was organized at Camp Utley, Racine, in the fall of 1862. Ul. Jonathan B. Moore, formerly Sheriff of Grant County, had been appointed to the com- 620 HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. mand of the regiment and Horatio A. Virgin received a commission as Major in the same. This action of the Governor was viewed with the greatest approbation, being considered as a recogni- tion of Grant County's services which had previous ty this time been entirely ignored, but two field ofiicers having been allowed to this county — Lieut. Col. McKee and Lieut. Col. Nasraith— which had sent out over two full regiments. In the Thirty-third went three companies from Grant. Frank's, Earnhart's and Burdick's. Besides these full companies. Company A, Capt. Moore, was made up in a great measure-of Grant County men that had been enlisted by George B. Carter, who went out with the company as First Lieutenant. The other companies in regimental organization became Companies B, D and G, with offi- cers as follows: Company B, Captain, George R. Frank; First Lieutenant, George Haw; Second Lieutenant, Andrew Burchard. Company D, Captain, William S. Barnhart; First Lieutenant, Uriah F. Briggs ; Second Lieutenant, Noble L. Warner. Company G, Captain, Frank B. Burdick ; First Lieutenant, George E. Harrington ; Second Lieutenant, EUiot N. Liscom. The regiment was mustered into the United States service October 18, 1862. Leaving the State the succeeding month, they proceeded down the Mississippi to Memphis, where they were assigned to a brigade in Gen. Lawman's division. Gen. Sherman's wing of the "Army of the Tennessee." Col. Moore was here placed in command of the brigade, the command of the reg- iment falling upon Lieut. Col. Lovell. After participating in the movement toward Jackson, Miss., the regiment returned to Memphis, where it was transferred to the Fourth Division, at the request of Gen. Lawman, who had been ordered to take command of that branch of the army. This division was afterward transferred to Gen. Hurlburt's Sixteenth Army Corps. In April, 1863, the regiment formed part of the force that marched on Coldwater. Company B had one wounded on this expedition, Sergt. Bliss, other companies escaping unscathed. On the 25th of May they took position in the lines investing Vicksburg. On the 30th of June. Company D, forty men under Capt. Warner, supported by Company F and two companies from an Illinois regiment, moved forward under a heavy fire from the enemy's main works, and took possession of the rebel rifle-pits under one of their strong forts. Capt. Warner soon after stormed the top of the hill, drove the enemy back and took possession of the pits. They after- ward were obliged to fall back, being exposed to enfilading fire at short range, but the position was again re-taken the next evening. Capts. Warner and Carter with eighty men from the Thirty-third, and assisted by an Illinois regiment, obtained a position so near the enemy, that making a sudden charge they took the rebels by surprise and the hill-top was soon secured in such shape as to resist all attempts of the enemy to dislodge the gallant Thirty-third. This point was afterward relinquished by other troops, but again re-taken by Companies C and H supported by companies A. D, E. The casualities during the siege were : Company B — Killed or died of wounds, Private Absalom Barger ; wounded, Privates Samuel Armstrong and Peter Fillmore. Company D— wounded. Private George H. Farman. The Thirty-third, after the surrender of Vicksburg, took part in the second attack upon Jackson and the " Meridian expedition " of Gen. Sherman. On the 9th of March, 1864, they joined the "Red River Expedition " and took part in the numerous encounters of that march. After the battle of Pleasant Hill, special mention was made of Sergt. Ewbaiiik, of Company D, who, with his platoon, rendered eifective service at this fight. At the battle of Simmsport Eugene M. Clayman, of Company B, was killed. Soon after they reached the mouth of the river and proceeded up the Mississippi to Vicksburg. During this campaign, Maj. Virgin was in command of the regiment. Col. Moore being in command of the division. The 22d of June the regiment accompanied Gen. Smith on his march into Mississippi. At the bloody battle of Tupelo, the Thirty-third held the extreme right of the front line and especially distinguished itself for conspicuous gallantry. The losses during this expedition were as follows : Company G Killed or died of wounds. Private James Coleman. Wounded, Privates W. W. Bruce and August Jacob. Company D — Wounded, Corporals Lewis Billings and Ira W. Tracy ; Privates Horatio HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. 621 G. Atwood, Rufus J. Allen and George H. Farman. During the fall the regiment was en- gaged in a wearisome campaign in Arkansas and on the 30th of November, having been ordered to Nashville to re-enforce Gen. Thomas, they arrived at that city. The record of the regiment from this time is comprised principally of uninteresting movements and a few minor skirmishes, until in March, 1865, they joined in the attack upon Spanish Fort. The fort was evacuated by the enemy on the night of April 8, and on the morning of the 9th the Thirty-third entered the fort, being the first regiment to do so. There they captured two Napoleon guns and a num- ber of prisoners. Following is given a list of casualities around Mobile: Company D — Killed or died of wounds, Corporal M. C. Pember. Wounded, Sergts. John Leighton and James Delevan; Privates D. S. Barlow, John Martin and Richard Lander. Company B — wounded. Private John Andrews. After the surrender of the city of Mobile, the Thirty-third moved to Montgomery, Ala., and did guard and picket duty until they were ordered to Vicksburg to be mustered out, at which place they arrived on July 31. Here the regiment was mustered out and started for Madison, where in August it was formally disbanded. At this time the State Journal speaking of this regiment said: " Few of our regiments have seen more or severer service than the Thirty-third, and its record is untarnished by any cowardly or dishonorable action.'" Forty-first. — The Forty-first Infantry was organized at Madison, and mustered into the Uni- ted States service at Camp Randall, under the call for one hundred day troops. In this regi- ment Grrant County was represented by one field officer, Maj. D. Gray Purman, and Company A., Capt. Schlosser. The officers of this company were : Captain, Peter J. Schlosser ; First Lieutenant, John Grindell ; Second Lieutenant, George L. Hyde. The Forty-first left the State June 16, 1864, and proceeded to Memphis, where, in conjunction with the Thirty-ninth, also one hundred day men, it was assigned to the Third Brigade, and was placed on picket and guard duty, relieving the veteran regiments, who were then sent to the front. Here the Forty- first remained until their time of service expired, meeting the enemy in force but once, when, in August, Forrest's cavalry made a dash into Memphis. On this occasion, though taken by sur- prise, the regiment behaved with great coolness and bravery. Their term of service having expired, they returned home, and were m ustered out of serv- ice in September. Their services, with that of the other hundred day troops, was handsomely acknowledged by President Lincoln, who, in addition, directed the War Department to cause a certificate of their services to be delivered to officers and men. These certificates were gotten up in handsome shape on parchment, and afterward distributed through the State Adjutant Gen- eral's office. Forty-Third. — This regiment was recruited under the call of July, 1864, and left the State lor Nashville, Tenn., in October of the same year. Company H, of this regiment was from Grant County, being officered as follows: Captain, William W. Likens, First Lieutenant, ■lilijah Lyon ; Second Lieutenant, Thomas 0. Russell. Arriving at Nashville, the regiment, under orders, proceeded by rail to Johnsonville, on the Tennessee River, where it encamped, on October 15. This place was an important depot for supplies, and was the terminus of the mil- itary railroad from Nashville. At the time, this important point was menaced by the approach of the forces under Gen. Hood. The enemy, on the 4th of November, posted themselves on the opposite bank of the Tennessee and opened fire, but came no nearer. The Forty-third re- mained at Johnsonville until November 30, and then marched by way of Waverly, through an almost unbroken wilderness, to Clarksville, on the Cumberland River, where it arrived on the «n of December. Remaining until the 28th, they moved up the Cumberland River to Nash- ville. On the 1st of January they left Nashville, and moved to Dechard, Tenn., by rail, where SIX companies went into camp, and four companies, under command of Maj. Brightman, were oteched to guard Elk River bridge. Here they remained engaged in provost and guard duty on the line of the Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad. In the beginning of June they re- ined to Nashville, and were mustered out of the service, soon after returning to Milwaukee, 'Here they were disbanded. 622 HISTORY OP GEANT COUNTY. Forty-Fourth. — The Forty-fourth Regiment of Wisconsin Volunteers was organized under the call of July, 1,864, and a portion of the companies belonging to the regiment were sent for- ward during early fall to reenforce Gen. Thomas at Nashville. The remaining companies joined their comrades at that point, in February, 1865, where the regiment was first formally organ- ized. Grant County was represented in this regiment by Company K, officered as follows : Captain, William H. Beebe ; First Lieutenant, Arch. W. Bell ; Second Lieutenant, William H. Peckham. This company was organized in the vicinity of Platteville. The regiment, after its organization, was employed in post and guard duty at Nashville. They remained here until March, when they proceeded to Eastport, Miss., and after remaining a short time, returned to Nashville, and on the 3d of April proceeded to Paducah, Ky., where they were employed in picket duty until the 28th of August. They were then mustered out of the service. The regi- ment left Paducah on the 30th of the month, and on the 2d of September, arrived at Madison, where they were paid oif and disbanded. Forty-seventh. — In this regiment was Capt. Baxter's company, organized in Grant County, its ofiBcers being as follows: Captain, Charles H. Baxter; First Lieutenant, John Grindell; . Second Lieutenant, Edwin Bliss. The company made Company K of the regimental organiza- tion. The regiment left the State in February, 1865, and proceeded to Louisville. Soon after they were ordered to Nashville, and thence to Tullahoma, at the junction of the McMinnville & Manchester Railroad with the Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad. Here they were employed in guard duty until the latter part of August, when they returned to Nashville, where they were mustered out, and returned to Wisconsin, arriving at Madison on the 8th of September, where they were paid off and disbanded. Fiftieth. — This regiment was recruited and organized under the superintendence of Col. John G. Clark, of Lancaster. Col. Clark had gone out early in the war as Quartermaster of the Fifth, serving with honor to himself and benefit to his regiment. Upon the passage of the conscription act in 1868, Quartermaster Clark had been appointed Provost Marshal of the Third Wisconsin District, as stated heretofore, with headquarters at Prairie du Chien. At this post he remained until the beginning of 1865, when he received a commission as Colonel of the Fiftieth Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry. This regiment was made up from different portions of the State, Grant County sending a portion of Company H, the officers being as follows : Captain, Charles H. Cox; First Lieutenant, John C. Cover; Second Lieutenant, Jerome White. Besides this company, there were many others of Grant County's representatives scattered through the regiment. The Fiftieth left the State by companies in the latter part of March and the beginning of April, 1865, and proceeded to St. Louis, where they went into quarters at Benton Barracks. The regiment was afterward divided over the State of Missouri, engaged in guard and picket duty. Col. Clark was placed in command of the district about Jefferson City, with headquarters finally at that place. From here the regiment was sent to Kansas City, and from there to Fort Leavenworth. There the Fiftieth assisted in quelling a mutiny which broke out in the Sixth Virginia, and spread through other regiments clamoring to be mustered out. For their action at this time the following complimentary acknowledgment was transmitted to the commanding officer by Brig. Gen. Stalbrand, commanding the division: " With the most unqualified pleasure, I accord to yourself and your regiment the well-deserved merit of full and unalloyed subordination, the steadiness and devotion to duty so unmistakably exhibited by your command, tells the observing that care and skill in his functions have been exercised by the commander. May you , long have the pleasure of controlling and perfecting an organization so promising." During the succeeding fall, the regiment was ordered to Fort Rice, Dakota Territory, where Col. Clark was placed in command of the post. The Fifti'eth remained here until the summer of the succeeding year, when they were ordered to Madison, and mustered out June 14, 1866. Second Cavalry — During the fall of 1861, a company for the cavalry was organized in and about Patch Grove, by Rev. R. R. Wood. They were ordered to rendezvous at Milwaukee, and accordingly on Monday, December 23, they took their departure for that city. Previous HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. 623. to their departure, the company was presented with two flags, after which, in the evening, they were entertained at a concert given by the local talent of Patch Grove. The next morning the command was up bright and early and took up their line of march for Bridgeport, where they took the cars for their place of destination. They went into quarters at Camp- Washburn, and were afterward mustered into the United States service as Company C, Second Wisconsin Cav- alry. On the 24th of March, the regiment left the State for St. Louis. Company C was officered as follows : Captain, Reuben R. Wood ; First Lieutenant, Myron W. Wood ; Second Lieutenant, Daniel L. Riley. Upon the arrival of the regiment in St. Louis, they went into quarters at Benton Barracks, where they drew their horses and were fully equipped for the field. On the 15th of May, the first battalion left St. Louis and proceeded to Jefferson City, followed on the 19th by the second and third battalions. In June following, the regiment was divided, the first battalion remaining in Missouri, while the second and third battalions took up their line of march for Batesville, on the White River, Arkansas, where they joined the forces of Gen. Curtis. There the two battalions were assigned to a brigade, of which Col. Washburn had been placed in command. On the 14th, the regiment was assigned to escort duty to a train loaded with provisions for Gen. Curtis' army, which left Springfield on the 14th. On the 16th, Col. Washburn joined them with a battalion of the Tenth Illinois Cavalry. The train extended ten miles in length, and the utmost vigilance was needed to prevent capture from the heavy force of rebels who hung upon its flanks. But the train was brought through to Augusta without the loss of a man, and having in their possession 150 prisoners, which they had taken on the march. On June 5, 1862, Col. Washburn was appointed Brigadier General. On the 8th of July, the Second Cavalry took part in the battle of Cotton Plant, destroying two ferry-boats and taking several prisoners. They then moved on to Helena, where they, remained until January, 1863, engaged in scouting and other duties. The Second while at this point, in November, took part in a raid into Mississippi, striking the enemy's communications in the rear of Abbeville, and compelling him to retreat from his position in the front of Gen. Grant's forces. Early in February, 1863. the Second and Third Battalions received orders to report to Maj, Gen. Hamilton, Department Commander at Memphis. Here they remained until April, when they were engaged in the action at Coldwater, doing good service. After this battle, a detach- ment of Company C was sent forward under the command of Lieut. Riley, to ascertain the whereabouts of Gen. Smith, who was to co-operate with Col. Bryant's force, but returned with- out finding him. Soon after, it was ascertained that a large number of horses and mules on their way south for the rebel army, were to cross the Coldwater. Lieut. Riley was allowed the privilege of attempting their capture. This he successfully accomplished, bringing back, beside sixty or seventy head of horses and mules, much miscellaneous property. On the 18th of June, the regiment reported to Gen. Washburn, at Snyder's Bluff, on the Yazoo River, where they were employed in scouting up to July 4. After making several minor changes, they were, on ith, assigned to Gen. Sherman's expedition en route for Jackson, Miss. During the second day of the march, they had a sharp brush with the enemy. Arriving at Jackson, they formed part of the force dispatched to Canton ; near that place they encountered the enemy, but during the night, he retreated without venturing anything further than a smart skirmish. The 26th found them again in camp near Vicksburg. During the winter of 1863-64, the Second Cavalry remained encamped at Red Bone Church. In March, 1874, the veterans of the regiment were allowed a furlough, and returned to Wisconsin, returning in May. In September, the first bat- talion, which, up to this time, had been engaged in guard and scouting duty in Missouri, rejoined the remainder of the regiment at Vicksburg. On the 2d of December, 1864, Lieut. Col. Dale with 250 men of the Second Cavalry, encountered a heavy force of the enemy on the Vicksburg road near Yazoo City. After a short encounter, the enemy appeared in such force as to flank the little command, and, after twice beating back his charges, the Second was obliged to retire. Ihe casualties in Company C were as follows : Wounded : Privates, A. M, Parker and Rich- Ma Ladd. Twenty-seven of the command were taken prisoners. Later in the month, the regi- 624 HISTOKY OF GEANT COUXTY. ment was engaged near Memphis in scouting. In April they were assigned to the duty of pro- tecting citizens from the attacks of bushwhackers and returned rebel soldiers, and remained so engaged until June, when they were ordered to report to Gen. Sheridan, at Alexandria, La. On the 3d of July, such of the officers and men whose terms expired on or before the 1st of October, 1865, were mustered out. The remainder of the regiment proceeded to Hampstead, Texas, remaining at that place until October, when they commenced their march to Austin. At that point, on the 15th of the month they were mustered out. They then started for home, marching on foot to Brennan, one hundred miles, and reached Madison on December 11, 1865, where they were paid off and the regiment disbanded. ROSTEE OF VOLUI^TEERS. AS TAKEN FKOM THE ADJUTANT GENERAL'S BOOKS, MADISON, WIS. TOWN OF LANCASTER. Second Infantry — Co. B — Peter Schildgen. Co. C — James Gilligan, William Foster, John Frey, Asa Grisvf old, Alson Parody, Jonathan Boolh, Joseph Brown, Frank Liscum, David Strong, Theodore Day, C. H. MoCord, B. F. Hyde, George B. Hyde, William B. Reed, John Doyle, Hamilton Barber, J. Walter Hyde, John Raines, George Beasby, John Willis, Andrew J. Curtis, James Gow, Da- vid Gudger, George L. Hyde, J.Dillon, Thomas Cox. Co. G — Dan O'Brien, Peter Stilgren. Tkird Infantry— Co. F— R. F. MoGonegal. Co. K— \Yilliam Hubbell. Fifth Infantry — Sergeant Major, Richard Carter; Quar- termaster, John G. Clark. Co. I — Janet Spencer, Charles Langridge. Sixth Infantry— Go. C— Charles E. White. Seventh Infantry — Co. C — William Powers. Co. F — Benjamin Hayden, Eugene Sloat, George Halbert, Charles Living, John Folks, Justus Pointer, Henry Ruppe, James Tralver, Peter Cameron, Peter Schlosser, John Sohlosser, John Johnson, Andrew Meeker, Capt. J. B. Callis. Co. H — John Draggs, James Andews ; Chaplain, S. W. Eaton. Ninth Infantry — Co. E — Frederick Kuhn. Tenth Infantry— Co. F — William Rothchild, Thomas HoUistcr, Capt. W. H. Palmer, Milton Showalter, James Strong, Victor E. Strong, Henry Northey, H. G. Tabler, John Singer, Dan Doyle, Robert Richardson, J. S. Cum- mins, Ed. D. Lowry, C. C. Morse, Alexander Pollock. Tioelfth Infantry — Co. K — William A. Curry. Fifteenth Infantry — Lieut. Col. David McKee. Sixteenth Infantry — Co. C — John Salmon. Eighteenth Infantry — Co. A — John Sturgeon, James Sturgeon, Frank Wilkinson. Nineteenth Infantry — Co. I — Robert F. Banta. Twentieth Infantry — Co. C — Mirza Skinner, S. W. Rogers, A. H. Blackman, Jacob Harmess. Co. 1 — Bufus M. Day. Twenty-fifth Infantry — Co. D — Daniel Decker, Lucien Parce, William Kritzer, Capt. H. D. Farquharson, Peter Henkle, John T. Wilkinson, John 11. Wellstampt, John H. Dougherty, A. Van Allen, Peter Leser, Joel Breese, George B. Sprague, Robert E. Hyde, John D. Tobler, John Woolstenholme, John Barnett, C. H. Baxter, George M. Francis, L. A. Brethapt, William H. Croft, David Schriner, Herman Cook, Dan F. Pierce, J. Allen Barber, Henry J. Hayden, James Hayden, J. N. Sprague, Nathan I Shoemaker, Joseph Morrison, Robert Irvln, Alexander Irvin, Albert Burks, Burton Sumner. Co. H — J. Pitt- man Cox, William Waddell, Isaac Greenwood, Oscar Lisharness, Anton Knapp, Dewall Garner. Thirty-third Infantry — Co. A — First Lieut. George B. Carter, Col. J. B. Moore. Second Cavalry — Co. C — Thomas Shanley, Samuel Kaley, Myron W. Wood. Co. F — Alfred Bonham, Jacob White, Jr., Chauncey Pierce, James Richardson. Sixth Battery — Henry S. Keene. Unknown — John Pollock, Iowa ; A. H. Blackman. TOWN or PLATTETILLE. Second Infantry— Co. C— E. Kimball McCord. Third Infantry — Co. F— John Kolb, George Kolb, Da- vid May, A. L. Burk, E. J. Bentley, Harmon Herman, James Hammond, Franklin Russiell, Irwin O'Harro, Jus- tice D. Babcock. Seventh Infantry — Co. C— J. H. Holcomb, George Pfilyewinesyer, L. T. M. Crist, Samuel Nasmith, Allen R. Bushnell, Joseph McCord, Charles P. Odamd, William Carlile, Theodore Smelker, William Brittan, Rodolph Henry, Frederick Nodorf, John Beth, William Spees, John Howard, Jasper Rewery, Henry Rewery, George Mitchell, W. W. Davis, Albert Gillis, E. A. Andrews. Ninth Infantry — Co. unknown — Joseph Minehart. Tenth Infantry— Co. I— William 0. Butler, C. T. Over- ton, Andrew Bryan, Seth Steele Charles McManas.Ncal McPhial, John Kaump, Sylvester Gilham, Frederick Grosch, George Zeigler, John Waster, Frederick Clideo, John Smale, George Schad, William Richards, William Kimes, Jacob Tanoeler, Albert Bruno, William Smith. Fifteenth lUinoie Infantry — Warren Armstrong. Sixteenth Infantry— Co. unknown— William R. Park, Hospital Steward; George W. Eastman, Surgeon. Twentieth Infantry— Co. F— Henry Smith, John Pame, John Hooper. Twenty-fifth Infantry-Co. E— Samuel Griffith, Samuel Basye, Isaac W. Basye, John Black, Joseph D. Alford, William Eldens, William L. Estabrook, J. U. Armstrong, A. F. Putnam, John G. Scott, John M. Shaw, John W. Smelker, Marion High, John Gilham, Orlando McQues- tean, George Newcomb, Frank Jeradoe, Sylvanus Stone, William Bachelor, Charles Bromley, Alonzo Bromley, James Overton, John Grow, William Gribble, Jacob Shuister, Jacob Iseman, Montville Cornett, Frederick Bachelor, Sylvanus Stone, James McCoy, Jeruel Blanch- HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. 625 ard, Elijah Blanchard, George L. Hallell, Charles Riohey, Joseph Amphlet, Lewis Wannemaker. Thirty-third Infantry — Co. A — William Brill, Huron ThomM, Hudson Thomas, Henry J. Trabee. Second Cavilry — Co. unknown — Horatio H. A'irgin. Third Cavalry — Co. G — Nathan Janney, Richard Bee- gill, William Long, Frederick Miller, Frederick Fost, William Carl, William Jones, Frank Rowe, Warner Wood, Thomas D. Drinkall. TOWN OF POTOSI. Second Infantry — Co. C — Richard Armstrong, William Booth, Samuel Booth, James Brauhan, Mat Baker, George Burton, Alford Bonham, Riley Dotey, Henry Evans, William Ewing, Belknap Fuquay. Charles Hilgers, George Booth, George Jones, Valores Kinney. Henry Neavill, Frank Neavill James Neavill, Frank Nichols, John St. John, Joseph Shilling, Samuel Sprague, George Wil- son. Co. F — Henry Acker. Co. I — Lewis Laffo. Third Infantry — Co. F — George Cornick, John Kern, Robert Thorp. Co. F— John Thorp. Sixth Infantry — Co. C — William Drueu. Seventh Infantry— Co. F — James Ayers, James Booth, Philip Bennett, Ben Brannan, Wesley Craig, George Bus- ies, William Foreinley, H. Harris, Alexander Ivey, Thomas Kee, John Leppla, Melvton McPhail, Chauncey Pierce, Henry Repked, John Eunnion, John Sepia, Westly Craig, George Eustace. Xinth Infantry— Go. A — Conrad Brunke, William Ly- indecker, Henry Myer, Henry Schutger. Tenth Infantry— Co, F — Nelson Ayers, William Ayers, James Ayers, William Branstated, Josiah W. Dailey, Theodore Hilger, Robert Jarrett, Ambrose Jarrett, Rob- ert LongstafF, John McGuire, John Means, Charles H. Piatt, Robert Roach, D. E. Wilson, Ervin Wright, Robert Jarrett. Sixteenth Infantry— Co. G— Theodore Mackey. Nineteenth Infantry— Co. I— William Thorp. Twentieth Infantry— Co. F— William Booth, Solomon Peck. Twenty-fifth Infantry— Co. H— J. J. Aldrich, John Al- linson, J. A. Burton, Theodore Bellon, G. Brown, Dan Baucker, John Bradbury, Charles H. Bilderback. T.B. Bil- derback.FredCurtais, Thos. Clark, John D. Cinfield, James T. Clark, Jesse P. Cardey, Lewis Crow, George B. Campbell, Ii-a Cook, M. F. Crouch, Henry R. Campbell, John Druen, Jesse Dailey, Frank I. Feldhad, James Foreinley, D. Garner, William A. Hewitt, Michael Hurst, John Hail, James Hudsmith, William H. Haywood, Alfred Kinney, K. H. Kindrick, Samuel W. Lowery, J. D. Long, Henry Lowry, .Austin LisTierness, Simon Langstaff, Harrison Marquith, A. W, McPhail, John Meid, Thomas McDon- „„;, ."'^'' Nicholes, Charles J. Olmstead, C. C. Osborn "illiam Patterson, Z. U. Polander, Henry Russel. James ttichardson, Philip Roesch, Michael Roberts, Charles Kazent, Jacob Stockly, James Sprague, Jasper Schmilz, Uopold Seeing, James Savage, B. Stohl, Jasper Turner, Vaincy Twinning, Newton Turner, Russel Turner, Caleb iaylor, George b. Utt, David Utt, Joseph Walker, Will- wm t. Woodruff, William AValker, John Zimmerman. *«onrf Cavalry— Co. C—Tslelvin Grigsley, Horatio Irish, Charles 0' Mara. Segment unknown— FTuncia Barron, Joseph Duncan. TOWN OF BEETOWN. Second Infantry -Co. C -James Hughes, Michael Cook, veorge HoUoway, George Sephenson, Levi Showalter, R. o- Stephenson, Samuel Peyton, Richard Graves. Third Infantry— Co. F— William Aldrich. Sixth Infantry — Co. C — Charles Guier, Charles White, Harley Sprague, Albert Sprague, Herman Gantner, John H. Ishmeal, Norton Eversall, Henry Preston, Evan Ellis, John Fry, Alexander Tully, William H. Druen, William Hiokok, C. F. Babcock. Co. unknown — Homer Lilly. Seventh Infantry — Co. A — Levi W. Woods. Co. F — Lorenzo Taylor, Henry Hudson, Griffin Hickok, Thomas Price, Thomas Kee, Lewis Stephens, George Cooley, Jesse Roberts, Webster Cook, Simon Woodhouse, Joseph Stone- house, William HoUoway, John Cahill, John Blackbun, George Adkinson, Nathan Bradberry, William N. Miles, James Taylor, Samuel Woodhouse, William Adkinson. Tenth Infantry — Co. F — Reuben T. Crasley, Benajah Bass, Adolphus Turcott, Magnis Beal, Pierce Cahill, Gor- ham Alexander, Jacob Rama, Charles H. Piatt, Abraham Dodge. Twelfth Infantry — Co. C — Edward Guier. Twentieth Infantry — Co. I — Thomas Bintliff, Richard Pafford, Henry Bass, George Day, George Beagle, Joshua Beagle, Thomas Reyna, Lester Wagner, Thomas Click, John Wise, Louis Wise, William Woodwortb, Edward Hutohcroft, Enos Woodruff, John Rockefeller, Reuben S' Morse, Joseph Huey, Benjamin Budworth, William Wad. die, Richard Ishmael, Henry Zimmerman, Stephen W. Peyton, George Johnson, Lewellen Arthur, David Arthur, Egbert Spragne, Miner Johnson. Co. unknown — Josiah Peck. Twenty-fifth Infantry — Co. D — Francis Keyes, Peter Henkle. Co. H — John Bapcisle, George Brown, Howard Finley, James Finley, Jesse Shipton, Philip Knapp, Ben- ton Dainall, Oliver P. Gardner. Thirty-third Infantry — Co. D — Horace Atwood, John Leighton, Benjamin Lewis. Second Cavalry — Co. C — William Davis, John L. Tay- lor, Edward Stonehouse, Edward F. Fay, William Thro- pell, James F. Holloway, Wash A. HoUuway, George H. Pond, William Hicks, Joseph Chambers, Jesse Miles, Jr., Henry L. Miles, Marvin L. Pratt, Joseph L. Langton, .John Conner, John Showalter, J.W. Cothran, Alfred Bon- ham, Alvin L. Cook, Jesse Stephens. Regiment unknown — Rinehart Eversall, Jefferson Ved- der, Horace June, Thomas Adkins, Abraham Adkins, Freedom Jackson, Rice Dimock. TOWN OF BOSCOHEL. Second Infantry — Co. C — Wieland Weibel, Spencer Mead, George Fritz, J. H. Stubbs, Henry Parker, S. M. Train, Z. Z. Dowd, F. Buermester, E. C. Miller, Casper Gardent, C. K. Dean, Payson Kellogg, John Bowers, Jr., John Bowers, Thomas Barnett, George Gibson. Co. G — James F. Russell. Third Infantry — Co. F — L D. Babcock, Thomas Dowd, Henry Allen, Atlas Budd, S. Viall, James Cook, James A. Murphy, Leon Beaupray, C. C. Stone. Seventh Infantry — Co. C — John Morgan, Alexander Grace, John Fritz. Co. H — Adam C. Rogers, Nathaniel Johnson, Warren Trumbel, Martin Moore, Jefferson Coates, Isaac Coats. Ninth Infantry — Co. E — William Gehoke, Peter Shrei- uer. Tenth Infantry— Co. F— Philip S. Glover. Co. G— Rob- ert Casey. Eleventh Infantry — Co. H — William A. Delap. Twelfth Irifamry— Co. B— William H. H. Rogers. Co. K — Benjamin Martin. Seventeenth Infantry — Co. I — Henry Closson. 626 •HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. Eighteenth Infantry — Co. A. — James Armstrong, Frank Wilkinson. Twentieth Infantry — Co. C — John Jenkins, Henry Craig Harvey Clark, Benjamin Sanburn, George Williams, H. A. Taylor, Gardner Martin, Charles dt. John, Drenyon Smith, William Shipley, Eli Marble, Joseph Duchame, Noah Watkins, Thomas J. Watkins, Jacob M. Laughlin, Charles Bergler, Charles B. Stephens, E. Spiedel, John Hammonds, John Powell, Henry Fish, Henry Carver, Abram Haughtaling, Boon Eldridge, Henry Stone, Hart- ley Mars, W. L. Nash, James Farley, Peter Cosgrove, I. N. Egbert, Jas. Russell, Joseph Shipley, James Featherly, Stephen Watkins, V. Kratochwill, Twenty-fourth Infantry — -Co. A — John Horner, William Gill. Twenty-fifth Infantry — Co. E — F. I. Eastman. Thirty-third Infantry — Co. B — Capt. George R. Frank, George Haw, Lewis Cobb, Jonathan Walker, B. D. Bat- ten, Robert Allen, William Whaler, I. Van Allen. Co. G— Lewis Melton, S. I. Davis, Capt. F. B. Burdick, Chris- topher Brown, Lewis Reichel, Henry Ray, B. Closson, Abner Clark, E. H. Liscum. First Cavalry — Co. L — Lewis Pennock, A. Devoe, John Sturgeon, Radliif Toothman, Thomas McCormick, McGraiu. Isaac Hayden. Third Cavalry— Co. F— R. Odell, Edward Barber, Thomas Louiston, George Hendricks, L C. Briggs, T. G. Closson, Henry W. Clark, Isaac Woodward, Henry Judy, Reuben Savercoal, Jerome Douglass, Andrew McCord, James McCord, William Garity. Co. H — Sidney S. Smith, Frederick Smith. Co. M — Perry Swartz, Martin L. Closson, Williard S. Closson, Stephen Partlow, Leroy Rodgers, Edgar Barber, S. I. Curtis, Samuel Closson. Milwaukee Caaafry— George Anderson, Michael Ritchie, Frank Endres. Regiment unknown — .Joseph Rever. TOWN OP HAZEL GREEN. Second Infantry — Co. I — Henry Curry, William Po- losh. Third Infantry — Co. F — Amos Wentworth. Co. I — Charles B. Chipman, Allen Tompson, William Freeborn, Anton C. Dudley. Sixth Infantry — Co. D — Lorenzo Preston. Seventh Infantry — Co. C — Rowland Williams, E. W. Prentiss, George Erbel, William H. Cadwell, H. Brient, W. 0. Topping, Louis Wynes, Eliza Wilham, Freeman Quimby, L. Nye, August F. Erp, Alouzo Richards. Co. G — William Wynen. Co. unknown — Jacob Riel. Ninth Infantry — Co. E — August Baker, Jacob Baker, August Grubby, ' William Brooker, Adam Brant, Michael Smith. Tenth Infantry — Co.F — Samuel Osborne, Martin Skiner, Whenton Knowling, William Terwarther, Solomon Hath- eral, John Ralph, Joseph Hurst, James Kilgore, A. M. Dodge, Augjst Bratnober, William Pearie. Co. I — Georgo Pease, Samuel Eastman, Owalle Eastman , David Eastman, Francis Tompson, William Lidle, John K. Johns, James Faunt, Bernhard White, Arwood Butler, Henry Willey. Sixteenth Infantry — Co. I-J. C. Langhran, William Grib- ble, Edwin Richards, John Oats, John Isley, Presley Crowder, H. Howard, William -Morlea, James Williams, Charles B. Hall, W. H. H. Townsend, William Bruer, William Hosking, Edwin Richards, 0. W. Bennett, John Spensley, D. G. Perman. Twenty-fifth Infantry — Co. I— Peter Hamblook, N. E. Shearman, C. A. Rose, Frederik Rafstark, Robert Ash- more, William Went, Thomas Morrftne, Joseph Thomlhose Robert Osborne, John Stephens, William A. Suncork' Philip Waltz. Ryan Ouards — Illinois Volunteers — Arthur Doyle, Will- iam Burns, John Burns, Mathew. Illinois Infantry — Co. Unknown — James Freeborne Charles Newton, Terry Doyle, John Merry, Chapmaii Thesworth, Joseph D. Young, Christy Eeley, Edward Warne. Regiment unknown — Luis Hoeg, William Preston. John- son Augustine, Andrew Brant ; Thomas Sumersides, Iowa ; James Hefron. Thomas Hefrom, Mineral Point ; Frederik Bransess, Bhilip Sisson. TOWN or JAMESTOWN. Third Infantry — Co. I — A. Dunham, 0. Bugbee, Henry C. Sadler, John F. Lane, Eb Allen, W. S. Buck, Daniel McDaniel, E. T. Sprague, Frank Kittoe, Cady Folts, Rich- ard Folts, Moses Sweat, Co. G — Freeman Ingersol, Ira E. Smith. ' Seventh Infantry — Co. C — Edward Mackey, William Bristol, Wm. J. R. Atchiuson, Harrison Elliott, Jacob Elliott, G. W. Sain. Ninth Infantry — Co. C — John Richards, Adam Brant. Tenth Infantry^Co. I — Hiram Shrigly, Harrison Tal- bot, Martin Collogan, Joseph Boss, William Nelson. Sixteenth Infantry — Co. I — Presley Crowder, John Long, George Long, Smith Scribner, Joseph Baker, H. F. Willey, Morgan J. Smith, John Wigle. Twentieth Infantry — Co. F — David Brown, Henry Em- erson, George L. Daigh, Lawrence Williams, Du.ane Chappie, John ilalone, Patrick Burk. Twenty-fifth Infantry — Co. E — M. F. Beazley, Peter Brown, Charles Richards, Ransom Folts, Peter Finne- gan, Hugh Wiley, Edward Thurtell, Samuel B. Cook, JO' seph Van Devon, Alizusius Kirchberg, William H. Sad dler, Adam Long, Thomas Burns, William Maxwell, Will iam S. Tomilson, George Allison, Charles Blanchard, William D. Elliott, Thomas J. Elliott, A. W. Maxwell Simon P. Muffley, George W. Sevens, H. A. Harney, Lawrence Smearpook, B. Van Der Ryt, John H. Fenley, S. Freeman, George Lathrop, A.Lathrop, FrankLathrop, George R. Clark, Moses Murish, Joseph Nelson, James M. Elliott. Names of Persons Unlisted out of the State. — Silas Lane George Pregler, Andrew Guler.L. H. Carley, Thomas Allen, M. W. Johnson, Chester Cole, Michael James, Frank Johnson, Thomas J. Williams, Antoine Smear- pook, J. R. Hutchinson, John J. Smith, Frank Gilham. Regiment unknown — Co. unknown — James Fry. TOWN OF MUSCODA. Second Infantry~Go. C — William Cunningham, Spen- cer Train, Casper Gavlient. Third Infantry— Co. F — Thomas. Farnsworth, Stephen Gray, Luther Fillon. Co. unknown— P. M. Hanscom. Fifth Infantry— Co. H — George Wilsey. Seventh Infantry — Co. D — Samuel Richmond, Frank Bull, Jacob Young, Francis Fagant, John Kheinbacker. Co. H— Francis Carver, Edward Carver, William Salmon. Eighth Infantry — Co. E — Nelson Wood. Fourteenth Infantry — Co. K— Ferdinand St. John, Theodore St. John, James Blair, John F. Hill, Anton Kernels, Jules Postell, John Price. , Ninit'.enth Infantry— Co. I— George Carver, Samuel Salmon, Benjamin Salmon, A. A. Fuqua, Calvin Wood, HISTORY OF GRA"NrT COUNTY. 627 Henry Schermerhorn, George Farnsworth, J. J. Ostran- der E. C. Miller, Levi Wilson, George Gasser, Michael Remy, William Cave, Daniel Husteol. Tamtieth Infantry — Co. C — Edgar Haakius, H. H. Manlove, Lauren Thurber. Thirty-third Infantry — Co. A — Franklin Ward, Thomas Stewart, John Salmon, David Hess, George Miller, An- toine Deenslan, 0. C. Denny, Charles Gasaett, George O'Brien, Francis Hanneman, Byron Wright, Benjamin Miller, R. A. Campbell, William Bull, Eli Campbell and George Wright. Third Cavalry — Co. M — Henry M. Taylor, Jay Thomp- son, Carroll Kiroher. Dillon's Battery — Frank Parish, Albert Elston. TOWN OF GLEN HAVEN. Second Infantry — Co. A — Joseph Miller, Gustavus Kietchman, Harman Greener, Frank Leeman. Co. C — Thomas Brookins. Sixth Infantry — Co. H — Leonard Nettleton. Seventh Infantry — Co. F — John Schosher, Alphonso Kidd, John Dolphin, George Henderson, Fred Garner, Johtt Marks, Levi Sigsby. Co. K — Motg Miller. Tenth Infantry — Co. F — William Ayers. Fourteenth Infantry — Co. unknown — Eobert Taylor. Twentieth Infantry — Co. I — George Johnson, John Kaufman, Alex. Ramsey. Twenty-fifth Infantry — Co. D — Isaac Murry, John Kill, William Henderson. Co. E— J. C. Rice. Co. H— Dan Buckhagen, John C. Smith. Thirty-third Infantry — Co. D — Thomas Hawks, Samuel VVymer, Peter Voight, Henry Young, James Charles- worth, William Chase, James Gault, William Scott, L. Weaks, Oriel Shattuck, Henry Wildman, Joseph Brook- ins, A. R. Ewbank, William Barr, George Chase, James Delleware, N. L. Earner, Frank Door, William Parker, Martin Edwards, James McDonald. Second' Cavalry — Co. C — William Murry, J. Carr, Jo. Meyers, Lash Jamison, Lee Pember, John Corner, George Hutohcroft, William Hutohoroft, Ross Irish, John Hutohcroft, Joseph Parkins. loaa Regiment — Philip Oifman, F. Saunders, August Gottie, Jackson Bronstak, William Dewey. George Gould. Itlimis Reyiment — Alphonso Gould. Regiment unknown — Washington Selleck. TOWN OF HAKRISON. Second Infantry— Go. C— William Huron, William Sw- ing. Third Infantry— Go. H— David M. Henry. Seventh Infantry— Co. C— Elijah D. Bushnell, James H. Jones, John VoUenveider, William Tallada. Co. F — Henry A. Kaump, Henry Miles, L. D. Culver, Franklin Dean, Isaac Reamer, Nathan Bradberry, Collins Chap- man. Tenth Infantry— Co. I— John Broadly, George C. Travis, John H. Travis, Robert Wilson, Stephen Tallada, James Tallada, Charles S. Morris, Calamus Fish, H. H. Winter, David Borkholder, Lewis C. Wilson, William Hawk. Slevinth Infantry— Co. D— Robert J. Wilson. I^elfth Infantry— Co. I— Elza Rouse, John Muscingall. noentieth Infantry— Co. F— Solomon Peak. . Twenty.fifth Infantry— Co. E— Samuel Vannatta, Will- iam A. Wilson, Samuel B. Vannatta, Morgan B. Van- natta, James H. Massey, William Harris, James D. Bailey, William H. Bailey, Benjamin F. Bailey, William C. Miller, John F. Kaump, A. H. Jones, Myron Barstow, C. P. Wilson, N. W. Winter, Hiram Eastlick, George Hurlbut. Co. H — Samuel E. Crocker, John Toulouse, Joseph Toulouse, Henry C. Brock, Marcellus P. Brock, James Hudsmith, James Savage, Jr., William A. Kaump, Hiaam McFall, Edwin McFall, Thomas McMahon, Jr., William McMahon, Charles Wunderlin, James Chester, Morris Cavanaugh, William H. Wilson, William McKee, John Likens, Jeremiah Brown, Thomas H. Wellook. Co. I — John Peake, John Louthain, Leander Knox. TOWN OF SMELSEK. Third Infantry — Co. F — Tom Collins, David Ashmore, William Holmes, James Holmes. Co. I — William F. Brandon, William Doyle. Fifth Infantry— Co. I— Joel A. Fish. Seventh Infantry — Co. C — George Beasly, Thomas Mc- Kinney, Fred Dunham, Ezekiel Parker, Edward Eason, L. M. Alltiyer, William Mead, George Fortney, Wallace Holmes. Tenth Infantry — Co. I — Benjamin Wayne, Hiram Shrigley, Frank Shoemaker, David Parish, Joseph Holmes, Thomas P. Derlin, I. W. Thompson. Twentieth Infantry — Co unknown — James Graham, Joseph Fortney, William Fortney, Abel Harper, John Todd, Garven Hart, William Sap, Anson Ingler, Fulton Holmes. Twenty-fifth Infantry — Co. E — Thomas Doherty, .Jacob Doherty, Samuel Stone, George Newcom, William Harris, Silas Parker, Francis Kane. Co. I — Augustus Copair, William Tomilson, Larry Caspar, Alonzo Hale, George Thomas, Thomas Wayne, B. H. Kineston, Austin Sallee, William Wilkins, Nadab Eastman, John Kiser, John Wynn, Dan Butler, John Lantermann, William Miller, P. 0. Thompson, Albert Carroll, Andrew Medcalf, Sam- uel Catts, Robert Nash, Daniel Smalley, Albert Brandon, William Grouse, Barrone Gilham, James Carroll, Levi Pretts, I. R. Wilkinson, Erasmus Witherbee, I. N. Cabe- nis, Frank Brock, John Peck, G. C. Palmer, John Der- vigier, Theo. Shoemaker, Perry Martin, Robert McRay- nob, William Clark, John Heil, Ira Patterson and J. C. Derlin. Third Cavalry — Co. G — John Runnels, Alben Ottwell, John Ramels, Elijah Butler, Edward Twedell, William Dederic. Fifth Iowa Cavalry — Co. E — J. M. Sliker, John Bran- don, I. W. G. Woods, Nicholas Hoffman. Fifth Battery — George White. Regiment unknown — Michael Donohoo, Henry Todd. TOWN OF MILLVIILE. Second Infantry — Co. C — J. W. Jones, Lewis Pennock, Charles Garvin, Daniel Garvin, Daniel Eldridge, Isaac W. Beavill, John Coon, John Vantassel, Andrew Bur- nett. Third Infantry — Co. F — Daniel Snider, John G. Harsh- berger, John Brauprey. Fifth Infantry — Co. I — Aaron Case. Seventh Infantry — Co.. F — C. B. Bishop, E. S. Mac- Dowell, James Simkins, A. A. Kidd, Albert Gould, William Turnbee, F. S. Kidd, Warren Whittiney, J. W. MacKenzie, George Folomsbee. Co. H — John Turnbee, John Murphey. Ninth Infantry — Co. E — John Shipney. 6-28 HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. Eleventh Infantry — Co. H — David Washburn, Orson Washburn, Robert Crubaugh, John M. Church, C. W. Grinnery, J. H. Mumphord, J. H. Delap, Steven Rice. Twelfth Infantry — Co. K — John Royen. Twentieth Infantry — Co. C — A. K. Bliss, Alvan S. Richards, A'. E. Bliss, John Tylor, E. M. D. Wright, Gardner W. Taylor. Co. I — Capt. William Harlocker, Alexander Parland, William Chisholm, John Chisholm, .Tohn White, Stewart Tulocls, William Whiteside, James A. Whiteside, A. Carolton, Edward Bitter, John Cru- baugh, Boylstou Oysley, Patrick Borcks, Parks Stone, James Snell, Jacob Lent, William White, Alonzo Lester, John Stack, John Cull, Peter Keating, John Harekin, Charles Seward, Benjamin Babcock, Wesley Smith, Hares Gould, Melleu Nye, Theodore Clark, Daniel Parker. Twenty-fifth Infantry — Co. D — Benjamin Turnbie, Ed- gar Walker, Marshall Bishop, George H. Washburn, S. P. Simkins, George Foster, Webster Nice, Wesley Nice, John Hor^efall, Edward I. Kidd, Theodore F. Hart. Thirty-third Infantry — Co. B — Richard Rands, Henry W. Rouse. Third Cavalry — Co. M — Joseph Darnel. Fifth Cavalry — Co. 6 — Andrew Adams, Ardilas Adams, Wilson Lowery, Charles Millbrock, Abner Laribee, Cecil Drake, Chancey Bangs, Perry Swarts, George Anderson, mail carrier, Philo Huntly. Illinois Volunteers — Regiment unknown — Veraldo A. Ballou, Sandervana A. Ballou. TOW.\ OF OASSVILLE. Second Infantry — Co. C — Joseph Bock, John Burgess, F. M. Waldrof. Sixth Infantry— Co. C— B. B. Morris, J. H. Ishmael, Henry Oviatt, August Muller, Cornelius Okey, William Nicholson, Edwin Fields, Linn Cook. Co. K — J. D. Harp. Sevinth Infantry — Co F — A R. McCartney, James Clark, William Ray. Kinth Infan'.ry — Co. I — Henry Muench, Henry Petre, Michael Sauer. Tmth Infantry — Co. F— C. Brown. Twelfth Illinois Infantry — Co. unknown — Henry Kop- pen, L. Esser, Mathias Shlier. Twenty-fifth Infantry — Co. D — William .\rnold, Jere- miah Womsley, Amos Gardner, Patrick Maloney, Eugene Forbes, Peter Schmitz, Peter Weif, John Engler, Gustnv Candler, Thomas Groeser, Jasper Fulbright, Thomas Lawrence, John Rasch, Warren Craig, Joseph Craig, Eli Totman, Jacob Truax, Joseph Barrows, L. S. Mason, Henry larned, William Ramsey, B. Seitz, William Craig. Thirty-third Infantry — Co. D — Peter Voight. Co. G — Moses Vansickle, Alfred Dertrick, John Orstcheid. Engineering Regiment Iowa Volunteers — J. J. Purdle Alfred Craig, . McBride. TOWN OP CLIFTON. First Infantry — Co. K — George Hide. Third Infantry— Cj. F— William C. Brown, Frank Bashford. Fifth Infantry — Co. unknown — Adam Noon. Seventh Infantry— Co. H — J. T. Eastman, Alex. Pres- ton, L. E. Eastman, Leanord Harvey, Emerson Gibbs, John Smith, Nathaniel Johnson, C. M. H. Myers, Syl- vester Wagers, Livingston Wagers, Henry Kelogg, Frank Kerney, Jasper Randolph, William Randolph, Robert Monteith, William Smith, Alonzo Bussell, James Mann Frederick Tiece. Co. K — Alonzo Springer. Tenth Infantry — Co. F — Dolerwin Harkelrode, Timothy Lathen, Thomas Fry, Jacob Wagoner, Robert Hodgson. I Co. I — Grant Andrews, Peter Bennor. I Twelfth Infantry — Co. K — James A. Watt, George R. I Pile, I. Henry Hoar. j Sixteenth Infantry — Co. E — Jacob Gundlach, Frederick ! Gundlach. I Twentieth Infantry — Co. unknown — Levi Key, .Tames I Hovie, L. D. Eastman, P. A. Brown, La Fayetie Brown, Henry Jones, B. F. Washburn, Eben A. Kise. I Twenty-fifth Infardry — Co. D — Newton Warrimaker, i James Hudson, Andrew Stout. F. A. Bartlett, Nathaniel i Cloud, J. D. C. Clifton, Charles Cotes. Thirty-third Infantry — Co. A — W. Carroll Glenn, Ed- ward Jameson, Richard Betty, Enos Hadlock. Second Cavalry — Co. E — F-. A. Washburn, G. W. Washburn. Co. unknown — Mark Dickson. Regiment unknown — Albert Foster. TOWN OF ELLENBOBO. Second Infantry — Co. C — R. Harrison McKinsey, Mar^ tin J. Barnhisel, Albert Speise, Marion Costly. Third Infantry — Co. F — Thomas Duncan, Charles H. Pauley, Philander Tucker. Seventh Infantry — Co. F — George W. Cowan, Leicester Day, Lewis Speise, John Bradley, George Atkinson, William Atkinson, Richard Huftill, Joseph Costly, Edgar Moses, James H. Ellis, Lyman Carrier, Judson Carrier, Henry Bodiner, Milo Dexter. Co. H — Alonzo Springer, Benjamin Burton. Tenth Infantry — Co. F — A. V. Knapp, Hiram Rober- son, Lenard Fry, Thomas Fry, Mark Bowen, Cyrus Bowen. Co. I — William Hervey. Twentieth Infantry — Co. C — George Smirl, Richard Mott, Charles Boyle. Tirenty-fi'th Infantry — Co. D — James Roberts, Zacha- riah Thomas, Henry Simons, George Barnhisel. Co. H — William Ellis, Alva Haney, Leopold Sing, Ariel Bar- stow, Thomas Wilkinson, Charles B. Kilo, Pauson Bartle, Wm. Bodine, Warren Hall, Abner Fry, Nelson Beckwith. Thirty-third Infantry — Co. A— F. F. Vaughn, Orin Vaughn, .Tames McKnight. Second Cavalry — Co. C — Owen Warren. Third Cavalry— Co. G— Nelson Hall, Dudley Hall. Kigiment i^nknown — Joseph Burton, John Fry, Andrew McKnighl, John Dalin, Walker S. Clark. TOWN OF FENNIMORE. Second Infantry — Co. C — William S. Paroda. Third Infantry — Co. F — Henry Gallop. Seventh Infantry — Co. H — David Smith, John Jenkins, W. II. H. Long, James Brummer, Francis Dillon, John Dillon, Theodore Calvin, Washington Russell, Edward Angels, Robert Palmer, Henry, Owen Meghan, Francis Howland. Twefth Infantry — Co. K — Andrew Palmer, John T. Brunnimer, Francis Tracy, George Dempsey, George Munn, Salmon C. Peckham. Twen'ieth Infantry — Co. C — John Medermott, Patrick Ford, Henry Stort, Soloman Sturt, George Robinson, Pollin Striith, James Batten, Alonzo Rod, John W. Mc- Rergold. William McRergold, Thomas Car, James V. Trapp, Epbraim Wright, Mervin Melmans, Jackson Mc- Donald. HISTOKY OF GRANT COUNTY. 629 i^^,»sj.j- Infantry— Co. D— James Randolph, Bennett, Capt. Ferguson, Thomas Boise, William May, David May, Sampson Adklns, Robert Car, John Tuck- wood, Joseph Cape, Charles Sandleback, James Shales, Daniel Decker. Thirty-third Infantry— Go. B— Edwin Pike, William Hough, Samuel Armstrong, Ira Wheeler, Charles Clark, Mathew Burchard, Charles M. Owen, Stephen Howard, Luther Hitchcock, Truman Richard, Bethene. Third Cavnlry— Go. D— Capt. Wood, M. Cook, John Ferris, William Boise, John Hale, E. W. Dean. TOWN OP HICKORY GKOVE. Third Infantry — Co. F — James Kelty, Brainard Hop- kins, Harvey Sennett, Thomas Bartow, Nelson Powell, Edward F. Fish, Clay Fisher, Asa Thompson, Joseph Countryman. Twelfth Infantry — Co. K — William Wheeler, Charles Carver, Isaac Walker, La Fayette Miller. Eighteenth Infantry — Co. K — Jacob Ostrander. Twentieth Infantry — Co. C— Norman B. Clark, George W. Smith, Lewis Kellogg, George Lyon, John Fish, A. M. McKinney, George W. MoKinney, Joseph Miller. Thirty-third Infantry— Go. B — Albert Mothers, John Dillon, William W. Thompson, William Farmer, John Kelly, William Brock, Alexander Brock, John Brock, rhiUp Welcher, Charles G. Rouse, Albert H. McLaugh- , lin, Calvin P. Brainard, Jacob Sennett, Charles Walker, Isaac Purington, William Bradley, Horace Ostrander, Jonathan Meeker, Lewis Thomas, John Nicholas, John M. Powell, Hugh Mathews. TOWN OF LIBERTY. Second Infantry — Co. C — C. L. Black. Third Infantry — Co. I — William Wagner, Robeit Mo- Cormick, Ffth Infantry — Co. I — James Kit dinger. Seventh Infantry — -Co. F — James W. Black, Henry K. Black. Co. H — S. Burns, Samuel Shaw, John Monteith, Samuel Monteith, Robert Monteith, Chairles Falks, Will- iam H. Falks, John Todd, John Shultz. Tenth Infantry— Go. F — Harlow H. Bowen, Alonzo B. Coates, Jacob Doutzler. Twelfth Infantry — Co. A — Patrick McCormick. Twentieth Infantry — Co. C — Thomas Mathes. Twenty-fifth Infantry — Co. D — Lorenzo Latham, John Mour, Charles Julius, Henry Julius, Henry Greebe, Lucien Peirce. Thirtii-third Infantry — Co. A — Henry Cwinsel, Orion VauRhn, Charley Pinkinhinar, Armald Good. Illinois Infantry — Henry R. Roberts. Higiment unknown — William Densler. TOWN OP LIMA. Third Infantry— Go. P -Robert Medlev, Addison Medley, Robert H. Graham. Seventh Infantry— Go C— Hosea Mundon, David Sink, Jefferson Newman, William Hull. Tenth Infantry— Co. F— Robert Hodgson. Co. I— Hiram Medley, Albert McClurg, Ariel Klingansmith, Adam Woods. William Shaffer, David Winebrenner. anenJA Infantry— Co. E— Abraham Barrett, William trade, Samuel Kirkpatrick, Joseph Parrish. Twentieth Infantry— Co. unknown.— Lewis Utt. ,^"*!>'fifi^ Infanlry—Co. E— Elias Worley, Martin Sylvester Stone, Henry Johnson, James W. Thompson, George Morrison, George M. Thomas, S. L. Basye, I. N. Basye, Frederick Mero, E. T. McKee, Isaao M. Clifton. 1 Thirty-third Infantry — Co. A — ^Edwin Richards, Will- iam Mundow, Joel Hubbard, Alford Fields, John Moore. Third Cavalry — Co. G — Richard H. Jones, Byron Graham, Elijah Hooks, Alfred Medley, Allen Carpenter. TOWN OF LITTLE GRANT. Sixth Infantry — Co. K — Henry Oviatt. Sevtnth Infonlry — Co. F — Henry Walrath, Albert C. Morse. Co. I — Patrick Rooney, Martin Leser. Co. K — - B. W. Oviatt, George Allen. Tenth Infantry — Co. F — William Pendleton, Joseph Pendleton. Seventeenth Infantry — Co. I — Nicholas Miller. Twentieth Infantry — Co. A — Milton H. Wayne, James H. Underwood, George N. Brackett, Amos E. Morse. Co. I — James Woodhouse, Thomas F. Shoyd, Charles H, Cooley, N. R. JlcCallister, Thomas Dewing, Albert M. Barnum, John V. Barnes, John Cauffman, Geo. Simton. Twenty-fifth Infantry — Co. D — Leander Gordon, Francis Bidwell, James Pritchell, Joshua Pritchell, John Dewalt. Second Cavalry — Co. .C. — John Misner, Jacob Schri- ner, Patrick Wood. Third Cavalry — Simon Marvin, Zelora E. Blackman. Regiment unknown — Samuel Pendleton, James H. Un- derwood. TOWN OF MARION. Seventh Infantry — Co. H — William Wallace, Silas Streeter. Jerome Gillett, Frederik Lamb. Benjamin E. Rice, William L. Jacebs, David C. Smith, George A. Smith, Eli Hitchcock, Stanbury Hitchcock. Twelfth Infantry— Co. K— William M. Blancherd, George TuflSy, Thomas H. TuHly, Jerome Mead, Reuben Ricks. J. B. Ricks, Hiram Ostrander, Hiram Sohofield, Osten Fisher. Twentieth Infantry— Go. G — Leander Pittenger, John Gulliford, William GuUiford, Nicholas J. Francisco, Walter R. Lull, Edward B. Smith, Madison Ward, David E. Ackeson, Jesse A. Ferrel, John V. Francee, Nathan B. Eldridge. Twenty-fifth Infantry — Co. E — Emry Blanchard, Jona- than Bailey. Co. D — Elijah Grooms. Thirty-third Infantry — Co. B — James D. Haven, Oliver A. Rue, William Quigley, Thomas Quigley, J. F. Chase, Almond Mead, Emanuel Beek, John Van Allen, Lucius Hitchcock. Second Cavalry — Co. C — Robert S. Pittenger, Robert J. Simpson. Third Cavalry — Co. E — Moses Montgomery, William H. Montgomery, Yanaga A. Montgomery, David Winkler, George W. Crandall, Frank Crandall, Stephen Partlow, John Peter Miller, John R. Pittinger. TOWN OF PARIS. Seventh Infantry — Co. C — George Beazley, William Beazley, John Haney, Lewis A. Williams, Perry Durley, Thomas Sutton, Benjamin Boomer, William Richards. Ninth Iowa Infantry — Co. B — Isam Taylor, Spaiilding Works, George Sprickler. Co. E — Joseph Greibe, John H. Helbing, Christopher Lange. Tenth Infantry — Co. I — Edward Peddington, Charles Dickey, Randolph Jones, William Taylor, Washington Moore, Harrison Talbort, James Sutton, Thomas Carter, Twentieth Infantry — Co. F — Thomas J Taylor. 630 HISTOEY or GRANT COUNTY. Tuienly-fifth Infantry — Co. E — Levi Duckett, Elisha J, Marvel, Reuben Beasley, Arasmus Williams, Benjamin Durley, Sylvester Simpkins, Abram Shinoe, Benjamin F. Saltzman, Francis Kane, .Joseph Simpkins, 0. Perry Hi- man, Benjamin Bailey. Co. I — M. V. Mitts, M. V. Hoi n- beck, William J. Reavis, Lewis Shinoe, James McPher- I son, B. B. MeDaniel, John Lange, Joseph Montag, Fetus Maring, Henry Wookershauser, Cyrus Hornbeek, John Leffelholz, William Langbotham, G. W. Lauthain, John Lauthain, Aaron Moore, Mordeoai Fenley, John Jeffry, John Simpkins, Justus Padden, Lee Knox, Peter Brown, Jova Patterson. Co. H — William H. Long, William 'Botts, John Witherow. Second Iowa Cavalry — Marion Dickey. Unknown — George Sutton, Iowa ; John Botts, Illinois. TOWN or PATCH GROVE. Second Infantry — Co. C — Louis Bideler, William Snod- ,grass. Fourth Infantry — Co. G — -James Albee. Sixth Infantry — Co. C — Alex. Johnson, Lucius Fitch, Oharles Adams, Stephen Vesper, John Richards, Lyman Sheldon, Chauncey Green. Seventh Infantry— Go. F — James Lewis. Tenth Infantry — Co F— Charles Millbrook. Eteventh Infantry — Co. H — James R, Lum, Cyrus Alex- ander. Twentieth Infantry — Co. I — Cyrus Vesper, A. P. Hall, John Cull, Francis Vanaudsdall, Cornelius Vanausdall, Bowen Nye, David Raler, John Bideler, James C. Snod- grass. Reason Weaver, Washington Weaver, William Quick, John Hevicin, Luther Brown. Twentieth Infantry — Co. I — William Moore, Jr., John B. Clifton, S. B. Dobbins, John Brock. Twenty-fifth Infantry — Co. D — Willis Ashley, Warren Alexander. Thirty-first Infantry — Co. A — William Hickling, Michael Bartby. Thirty-third Infantry— Go. D — Walter Lewis, Frank Schell, Scott Barnett, William B. Garside, Marcus Fitch, Alfred Fitch. Fifty-seventh Infantry- — Co. unknown — Orrin Walker, Illinois. First Cavalry^-Go. D — Andrew Barnett. Second Cavalry — Co. C — John McDuffy, George Blakes- ■ley, William Patterson, Ed Woods, John 0. Neal, Ed Wiseman, Pat Peasley, Peter Huston, Luoian Lamberton, William Bryant, Daniel Riley, Andrew Ambuhl, John Davis, Charles Millbrook, David Wiseman. Fifth Cavalry — Co. G— Patrick Bartley, William Woffen- -den, Calvin Ladd, David Beard, Daniel Taylor, Ruther- ford Jackson. Regiment Unknown— Da,\id Miller, Danford Rector, Giles Parker, Philip Brothers, Frank Brothers, Thomas Alexander, Alex Lewis, William Day, Harry Kentner, Horace Painter, Patrick Boyle. TOWN ON TAFTON. Second Infantry— Co. C— Philo B. Wright, Henry Nor- throp, William Snodgrass, William Crosley, George Kev- ins, Abraham Dodge, Jonathan Paul, Thomas Brookins. Fifth Infantry — ^Co. G — John Phexton, Jacob Shriner. Sixth Infantry — Co. C — Luke Parsons, Sylvester Russell, Lyman U. Halford, George W. Northrop, Thomas Bud- worth, Homer Lillie, Lyman Sheldon, Jack Richards, William Russell. Seventh Infantry — Co. F — L. G. Parsons, George H. Smith, Perry Gilbert. Lewis Runtry, Albert C. Morse, John D. Overton, Thomas Price, Bradford H. Tripp, Henry C. Wolrath, William A. Smith, John Harvel, Rich- ard Bettis. Co. K — L. J. McFarland, Dan Wilcox, Jer- emiah Ryon, Austus Munson, James Dunham. Tenth Infantry — Co. F — Homer Lewis, Elisha Lewis, D. C. Lumpkins, Isaac Crosby, Dennis Ryon, Albert Tal- mage. Twentieth Infantry — Co. I — James Brackett, Isaac Bud- worth, Amos Morse, Philetus Philbrick. Twenty-fifth Infantry — Co. D — Edwin St. John. Twenty-sixth Infantry — Co. F — George H. Mount. Thirty-first Infantry — Co. A — William J. Shipley, Eu- gene Briggs. Thirty-third Infantry — Co. D — George Hollis, William V. Chase, Richard R. Sander, George W. Chase, Charles Severs, Ira W.Tracy, Charles L. Bingham, William Lyon, William S, Earnhart, J. Wesley Sargent, William Har- vey, Robert Nichols, E. L. Hudson, Norman Lord, Lucius Billings, U. F. Briggs, William H. Holford, William M. Thornton, Merrit Pember, Samuel Fink, Thomas C. Bil- lings, Luman Cobb, Henry Andrews, James E. Hagerty, Joseph Engles, Denisou Lord, William Scott, James R. Burton, John Beck with, L. H. Lumpkins, J. Edward Con- nell, William S. Orr, James H. Blake, Archibald E. Miokle, Robert H. Pine, Amariah C. Lyman, ^ Homer Beardsley, James Mack, William A. Pine, John Orr, George W. Bowers, Charles Hudson, George H. Farnam. Second Cavalry — Co. C — Isaac N. Sander, Ransom McApes, George Cornish, Roswell Irish, Lee Pember, Abraham Morse, Leonard Millard, Joseph Martin, Henry Deeder, Henry Wills, John Misner, Duam Hamilton, Ez- kiel Billings. TOWN OF BLUE KIVER Seventh Infantry — Co. H — Benjamin Moore, R. J. Cntls, Joseph Bates. Twelfth Infantry— Go. K— D. R. Sylvester, Nathaniel Winship, Aaron Nash, Jr., W. E. Markham. Twenty-seventh Infantry— Co. G — Luke Noris, John Aiel. Thirty-third Infantry— Co. B— John Brock, William Brock, John Williams, Miles Gurnsey, Absolom Bargar. Co. E — George Miller, Benjamin Miller. Second Cavalry — Co. unknown — Steward Cragg. TOWN OF WATERLOO. Second Infantry— Co. C— William J. Gleason, Omar Willcox, Isaac N. Willcox, Albert Waldorp, Orlando Wal- dorp, Charles Manning, Volvis Henny. Sixth Infantry— Co. C— Daniel M. Woodman, Willard Gilmore. Seventh Infantry— Co. F— James Lick, James Garner, Richman Pierce, Westly Sargent, Jesse Shipton, 0. I. Foot, Jesse M. Cook, Thomas Hee, F. A. Boington. Co. H— Chester Garner, Fred Garner, Charles Woodman, Johannas Anderson, Edward Flarharity, Andrew Clark. Ninth Infantry — Co. E — John Stram. Tenth Infantry— Go. I— Henry Reed, Morgan Reed, Edward McDonalds. Twenty-fifth Infantry— Co. C— John A. Garner, Will- iam H, Garner, Martin Seaman, Charles Fields, David Flarharity, William Fisher, Newton M. Doty, Willis A. Shery. Co. H— Alford Henny, E. B. Wise, Henry C. Wise, Ira E. Cook, Michael F. Crock, John Foster, John -/^^lcASTEf^. HISTOEY OF GRANT COUNTY. 633 Webb, Andrew JaokBon, Henry Lowry, John Aldridge, Bath StoU, Daniel Wise, Thomas Rogers. Second Cavalry — Co. C — Linzey Hee. Rigiment unknovm^Ljnn B. Cook, Sanford A. Silmore, John Williams. TOWN OF WATEBSTOWN. Third Infantry — Co. F — Elhern W. BuUer, Jas. Kelty. Seventh Infantry— Co. I — Holsey Curry, Thornto Curry, Benjamin Updike, James Jones, Robert Jones, Jerome Gillet. Tieelfth Infantry— Co. K — Albert Sampson. Fourteenth Infantry — Co. K — Wiley Waters, Daniel Waters, Adam Wiltrow. Fifteenth Infantry — Co. H — H. C. Gray. Twentieth Infantry — Co. C — Amos Farley, Benjamin Farley. Thirty-third Infantry — Co. A — Luther Brimer. Co. B — George Brimer, Samuel W. Clark, Charles F. Clark, Simeon Rives, William T. Scott, Peter Fillmore, Monter- ville Hammond, Porte Willcox. Third Cavalry — Co. unknown. — William J. Clark, As- bery Burrus. Regiment unknown — Addison Reed, William Reed, Willis Hudson. TOWN OF WINGVILLE. Tnird Infantry — Co. F — John T. Gaston, Orlando Thomas, Samuel Bartholomew, Thomas Laird, Richard Notion. Seventh Infantry — Co. H — Luther A. Schnee, Tanner Thomas, Newton Wood, John C. Bowden, Thomas How- ard, James Howard, W. G. W. Scott, Charles F. Taylor, James Thomas, S. K. Potts, Christopher White, James Mann, Grandison Newell. Tenth Infantry — Co. I — David Burton, James Smith. Twelfth Infantry— Co. K— Edward Wood. .. Twentieth Infantry — Co. F — George W. Schnee, John T. Kendrick, Edward F. Devoe, Joseph F. Gaston, John Bell, Henry Smith, J. G. De Witt, Francis Chausaa, Louis Huff. Twenty-fifth Infantry — Co. E — Albert R. Taylor. Thirty-third Infantry — Co. B — James Pittulo, Cyrus Wright, Absalom Barquar, James Williams. Mrst Cavalry — Co. L — Amos Devoe, John Faulkner. .Second Ouvalry — Co. F — Christopher C. Price, Alex- ander Moore. Regiment unknown — James Elder. TOWN OF WYALUSING. Third Infantry — Co. F — Algernon S. Hill. Mfth Infantry — Co. F — Samuel J. Briggs. Seventh Infantry — Co. F — Adelbert Staley, John Harvil. Eighth Infantry — Co. F — Milton Jacobs, Francis Thurs- ton, David Shrake, Wellington Forshey, Adney GrifBn, Blake Griifin, John Elder, Joseph M. Flint, Ferdinand Barnes, William Woolford, .John Earl. Tenth Infantry — Co. F — Amos L. Gotwola. Twentieth Infantry — Co. I — John Brock. Thirty-first Infantry — Co. A — William G. Johnson, William Ault, Jacob Shrake, Milton Jacobs, Leroy Jacobs, Richard D. Bull. Thirty-third Infantry — Co. D— John J. Trahn, Jonas Laird, John Grandroth, Lucius Sutter, Royal Cranston, Peter Trahn, John M. Sifford, Elmer S. Grain, Rufus J. Allen, Joseph Flint, Allen J. Barnes, Henry C. Jackson, Joseph H. Clark, George H. Trine, James M. Sutton, Nathan 0. Calkins, Earl Cranston, Jacob M. Beer, John Morrow, Thomas B. Magwigan, Julius M. Thurston, Will- iam Ferguson, Denison Lard. Second Cavalry — Co. C — Duthan B. Snody, Thomas Quinn, James Johnson, James M. GuUey, E. D. Gulick. Fifth Cavalry — Co. G — Philo Huntley, Wilson Lowery, Abner Laribee. GRANT COUNTY SOLDIERS MONUMENT. Hardly had the heroes of old Grant commenced that baptism of blood through which the national life was to be saved, than thoughtful hearts at home began to take into considera- tion the ways and means for procuring some memorial of these services, which should keep green for coming ages the names of those who had given their lives for their country's good, and that those who remained might forever enjoy the blessings of that Union which their fathers had founded. In a communication addressed to the Crrant County Herald, and published in that paper September 16, 1862, Mr. George R. Laughton, of Platteville, proposed that steps be at once taken for the erection of a monument to the heroic dead of Grant County. This was the first Itnown instance wherein anything of the kind had been proposed in any State of the Union. The first plan contemplated a single shaft of white marble, fifteen to seventeen feet high, four to SIX feet square at the base, and surmounted by eagle, flag and other military emblems. The project met, as might have been supposed, with universal approval. Committees were ap- pointed to collect money for this object, and numerous subscriptions were taken. The first cost of the monument was estimated at about $2,500. At the meeting of the Board of Supervisors, in January, 1863, P. Hoy t, Potosi ; A. Burr, Uncaster ; J. Basford, Tafton; Cole & Seaton, Boscobel, and G. R. Laughton, Platteville, "ere recognized as a committee for receiving subscriptions, and the Board, at this meeting, granted them permission to erect the proposed memorial upon any portion of the court house which they might select for that purpose. By February, 1863, the amounts pledged 634 HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. had reached the sum of |700. The work for the succeeding two years progressed but slowly. The exigencies of the war demanded the popular attention, and money, for the time being, was diverted to the payment of bounties, rather than the building of monuments. Not that the sub- ject was any less dear to the public heart, but it was first necessary to determine the fact as to as to whether we were to have a nation. In April, 1866, the monument received a fresh impetus, when, at a special session of the County Board, the following action was taken : " It is hereby ordered and determined by the Board of Supervisors of Grant County that George R. Laughton, Philetus Hoyt, Luther Bas- ford and Addison Burr be, and they are hereby, appointed a committee to superintend the erec- tion of the soldiers' monument, to be erected at Lancaster, and to expend for that purpose any moneys that may hereafter be appropriated by the County of Grant for that purpose, under the provisions of an act of the Legislature of 1866. The said committee are authorized and empow- ered to make any and all needful contracts necessary for the erection and completion of said monument, at the expense of Grant County." Previous to this date, a contract had been made with S. D. Wright, of Whitewater, to fur- nish the monument — the shaft and marble columns to be of Vermont white marble, with pedes- tals and sub-base of Joliet stone, the price being f 5,000. It being found, however, that it would be almost, if not quite, impossible to raise this amount by private subscription, an appeal was made to the County Board, which at once responded as above. At another meeting, held July 9, 1866, the Board appropriated the sum of $4,469.63 to be paid to S. D. Wright, the contractor for the monument, and $3,200 of the county orders were afterward issued at the same meeting, to the said Wright, $3,000 payable May 1, 1867. At the meeting of the Board in November, 1866, $800 was appropriated for the purpose of completing the soldiers' monu- ment, and at the same time it was " Ordered, that Addison Burr, Esq., have the charge and care of the monument and grounds adjacent thereto, and that he be, and is hereby, authorized to take all necessary means, legal or otherwise, to protect the same from being marred or otherwise defaced. At the same time, July 4, 1867, was set as the day for the formal dedication of the same, committees appointed, and invitations ordered issued. About the same time, the monu- ment arrived, and was set up on the site chosen in the northeast portion of the court house square. The whole cost of the monument, according to the report made by the committee appointed by the board to that body was $6,486.37, to which was added for evergreens and grading $70.70, making a total of $6,557.07. Of this amount, $1,319.57 was raised by private sub- scription, and the remainder, $5,237.50 was paid by the county through a tax ordered for that purpose, as stated heretofore. The monument stands in the northeast corner of the court house square, and consists of a center square obelisk, of white marble, with base and sub-base, the whole surmounted by a sculptured eagle perched on a globe, and holding a laurel wreath in his beak. This central shaft is five feet square at the base, and twenty-six feet in height. On the east side, surrounded by a wreath, is the inscription : " Dedicated to the memory of the brave soldiers of Grant County, who fell in defense of universal liberty, in the great rebellion of A. D. 1861. This marble contains their names, the many bloody battle-fields of the South contain their ashes, their memory is forever enshrined in the memory of their countrymen." Above this are cannon, flags and an anchor. On the north side, is the following inscription : " We hereby resolve that these honored dead shall not have died in vain ; that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth, and that the government of the people shall not perish from the earth." Over this is the anchor of hope resting on the Bible, garlanded. On the west side, beneath an inverted sword, is the insciption : " Go, .stranger, to your country tell For her we fought; we're buried where we fell." HISTORY or GEAKT COUNTY. 635 On the South side, beneath a hand holding a chain and several shackles, is the following from the emancipation proclamation : " I do hereby declare that all persons held as slaves are and henceforth shall be free." Around this central obelisk, at a suitable distance, are square marble cenotaphs, each sur- mounted by a fine capital, on which is carved a marble cannon, pointing outward, as if to defend the memory of the dead warriors from all aspersions, and on these tablets are inscribed the names of 750 men, including aill from this county, in some sixty organizations of this and other States, served as soldiers of the Republic, and died in battle or from disease or wounds received while in the Union service. The largest number, about 160, are from the Twenty-fifth, a great por- tion of which regiment was recruited in this county. The whole is inclosed by a fence of chaia hung on marble posts, set in a stone wall inclosing a well-kept grass plot. On the day of the dedication, the columns were dedicated with wreaths of evergreens and flowers, and several of the old banners under which the veterans had fought. July 4, 1867, the monument was formally dedicated, with appropriate ceremonies. Lan- caster was filled to overflowing with citizens from every part of the County, who came to assist in this tribute of love and respect for the memory of the county's fallen heroes. After an eloquent speech by the Hon. Matt H. Carpenter, that eloquent giant, whose loss Wisconsin mourns. Gov. Fairchild stepped forward and delivered the following dedicatory Mt Friends — We are here to-day, this day sacred as the anniversary of our national birth, dearer than ever before, charged with a solemn duty. We are here to dedicate this monument to the memory of friends and comrades who gave their lives for the nation's life. Dying for the nation, those departed heroes died for each of us, that the priceless legacy which our fathers handed down to us might be transmitted undiminished to coming generations. Hundreds of you within the sound of my voice were the immediate comrades upon the iield of those to whose memory this tablet is erected; they were your brothers-in-arms during the long, weary years of a bloody war, through which you passed; with you they shared in the glory of triumph; with you they shared the bitterness of defeat. Many of you dampened with your own blood the same fields where they went down to death, thus cementing the brotherly love which has bound you to one another. What we say and do here to-day, will, when a few short years shall have passed, be scarcely remembered ; buit the deeds which this monument is to commemorate will last until history is dead and the works of man is forgotten. Your children will recount these deeds to their children's children, and thus they will be perpetuated forever, serv- ing to stir those who shall come after us, and inherit the legacy of freedom now perfect, to" valorous love of country. To lose friends by death is the greatest of all human afflictions, and we mourn for them, refusing to be com- forted until time has healed somewhat the wounds and softened our sorrow. These soldiers were happy, while on earth, in -the possession of friends almost without number. There were father, mother, brother, sister, and per- haps wife and children. Father, mother, would you call back your son to life, the son you loved so dearly? Sister, brother, would you summon again to your side the companion of your childhood? AVife, children, would you bring bim you loved so fondly from his glorious grave, if that bringing back from death would undo all he has done for his country? Would you again see our Republic standing upon a volcano whose fires burned bright and dangerous beneath? Could you stop the life-blood swiftly flowing from father, brother, husband, son, would you do so if to stop that current were to seal our nation's doom? I see the answer in your faces. No, you would not. You now know that he lived not in vain, died not in vain. He left his impress upon the pnge of history ; a bloody page it was, but one which will affect the world for good to the latest generation. To those who passed through the fiery ordeal, shoulder to shoulder with these dead comrades, and, though maimed and stricken, were by a kind Providence permitted to return to their homes, I ask the same question. Would yuu cripples, whom I see before me, recall the lost leg or arm — would you who suffer with no hope of cure in this world, recall your lost health if such recalling would in the least imperil your beloved country ? Would you not rather sacrifice that other good leg or arm ? Would you not rather again brave the dangers of war with shattered health ? Would you not rather let your blood flow like water— flow even to death? The flash of each veteran's eye gives the answer. Let the trump and drum sound the call to arms for the defense of freedom, and the men of this vast assemblage would "fall in" without a murmur, and again march forth to battle. The drum and trumpet will not sound that call, my friends. The victory has been won, and well won. The fruits of that victory are now being garnered up in freedjm's storehouse, and, thank God, the people have willed thai none shall be lost. Many of the names I read upon this monument were those of my intimate comrades in the field. Jlany of wem I knew intimately and loved dearly. I have called those names often from the muster-roll of their regiment. Iney have been honorably mustered out of this earthly service. Their work is done : their memory and the result of their valor only remains to us. They have been mustered into that other service whose terms run throughout aU eternity. Let us hope that their names are borne upon the muster-rolls of heaven. 636 HISTORY OF GBAKT COUNTY. " Ye dead lieroeB. Yon, &ithful herald's blazon 'd stone, With mournful pride s^all tell, When many a Tanquished age hath flown, The story how ye fell ; Nor wreck, nor change, nor winter's blight, Nor time's remorseless doom, Shall mar one ray of glory's light That gilds your deathless tomb." In the name of the people of GrAnt County, who have erected this marble pile in honor of their services and in commemoration of their death ; in the name of the State of Wisconsin, whose sons they were ; in the name of our country, for whose preservation they fought and died, and whose gratitude is all their earthly reward ; and In the name of the Great Creator of the Universe, to whom all hearts, nations and people of right belong, and to whom only the greatness of their sacrifices is fully known, we dedicate this monument to the memory of those whose names are inscribed thereon. At the close of Gov. Fairchild's address, the dedication ceremony took place. A com- pany of the Grand Army of the Republic, under the command of Sergt. Maj. J. Alford, with reversed arms, and bearing the drooping banner of the Twenty-fifth, which some of them had borne on the bloody field, marched slowly around the monument. An ode composed for the occasion by A. W. Barber, was then sung by the vast assemblage, and this was followed by a funeral salute of musketry, after which the services closed with an appropriate and touching prayer by the Rev. Mr. Eaton, of Lancaster, who served for three years faithfully, and with honor as Chaplain of the Seventh Wisconsin, in the Iron Brigade. Previous to the dedication. Contractor Wright had sent one of his workmen from White- water, who added several names to the long list already inscribed on the roll of honor. Below is given this roll in its entirety : Second Regiment. — Co. A — William E. Chase, John Humphrey. Co. B — Charles C. Bushee. Co. C — Thomas D. Cox, Joseph Brown, David Gudger, James Walter Hyde, Kobert J. Simpson, George W. Holloway, John Schmidt, Sergt. Frank Neavil, R. S. Stevenson, Ephraim R. Housley, Belknap Fiiqua, M. J. Barnhisel, William T. Crossley, George N. Fritz, Lewis La Fonta, Newton Wilcox, Francis M . Waldorf, Albert W. Spease, Philander H. Philbrick, James Gow, Sergt. Maj. Asa B. Griswold, George B. Hyde, George Beasley, Robert S. Pittinger, R. H. MoKinney, Daniel Burton, Henry R. Neavil, John H. Burgess, Otto W. Ludwig, S. M. Train, William Cunningham, Michael Cook, Lieut. E. P. Kellogg, John St. John, Weiland Weibel, Albert Waldorf, William R. Ewing, Isaac H. McDonald. Co. G— John P. Schildgen. Third Regiment. — Co. F — F. JI. Costley, John T. Gaston, Theodore F. Schnee, Sergt. Ethan W. Butler, Henry W. Gallop, Andrew Craig, Thomas Duncan, John Olesou, Christian Munson, George Sinnott, Thomas Barton, Ezekiel Parker, John Manion, Richard Nolton, William Waguer, Robert S. Allen. Co. I — Lieut. A. N. Reed, Richard Folts, Giles L. Harrison, Lewis Hoag. Co. K — William H. Hubbell. Fourth Regiment. — Co D — Julius M. Jones. Co. Unknown — John Gard. Fifth Regiment. — Co. D — Charles Kuemmerle. Co. I — Thomas Adkins, Aaron Case. Co. H — Sergt. Frank A. Moore. , Sixth Regiment. — Co. A — Ignatz Winkler. Co. C — Sylvester Russell, Ferdinand Eversal, Albert P. Sprague, Alexander TuUey, Homer Lillie, Cuyler Babcock. Lyman SheMon, Stephen S. Vesper, William Hickok. Co. D — John Fry. Co. H — John H. Adams. Co. K — Leonard Nettleton, William Holloway, Anthony Frembgen. Go. Un- known — George W. Earle, William Tisdale. Seventh Regiment. — Co. C — Capt Jeff. Newman, Lieut. W. 0. Topping, Sergt. William Beazley, Sergt. 6. W. Sain, Corp. Edward Easen, Corp. Henry Inman, Corp. G. W. Beazley, Corp. George Will, Corp. Jacob Rice, William P. Lamb, Thomas B. Sutton, John L. Eastman, George Mitchell, Alonzo Russell, David H. Bryant, William H. Hull, W. B. Newcome, Hiram Hamilton, William Howarth, Wallace Holmes, George W. Fortner, Henry Cook, Madison Bay, David H. Link, L. D. Herst, William Calvert, Fulton Holmes, John Danner, Alfred Stout, Jacob H. Eihl, Eze- kiel M. Parker, James Armstrong, John F. Haney, W. T. McKinney, John C. Palmer, James Sutton. Co. D — John Remberger, Francis M. Bull. Samuel Richmond. Co. F — Sergt. Calvin G. Parker, Sergt. Isaac C. Reamer, Corp. W. N. Miles, Corp. T. W. Blunt, Newton McFail, Herbert Roberts, James H. Ellis, George F. Halbert, Thomas H. B. Darnelle, Philip Bennetts, George W. Cooley, James Gilligan, O'Harrisen Kentner, Louis Kuntz, John J. Schloesser, Orlando W. Atwood, John L. Marks, Robert Blakesley, James A. Simpkins, Henry L. Sprague, James A Clark, Edward S. McDowell, Warren W. Whitney, Joseph Wilkinson, Lewis C. Spease, Lewis W. Stephens, Adelbert Stately, Henry A. Komp, Martin Calvert, James A. Evans, William B. Pauley, John Leaupla, Lorenzo Taylor, John 6. Bun- yan, Wesley Craig, George Cornique, George W. Eagle. Co. H— Jerome Gillott, Eli Hitchcock, Stanbury Hitchcock, Millard A. Hudson, Jacob Johnson, John F. Mitohner, Martin Moore, John B. Matthews, T. D. Mundon, William Miller, John Schultz, Luther Schnee, Harlan Pike, Lieut. T. W. Thomas, Corp. Tim. Kelleher, George Page, Hiram Kearney, Edward Carver, George A. Smith, James Andrews, Joseph F. Pryor, Robert Allen, Thomas Adams, Ben- jamin Burton, Alfred Church, James Bishop, George W. Dillon, Lucius Eastman, James Fulks, Weber F. Gates, Alonzo Springer, John Turnby, Sumter West, John Wanyack, John Wright, William Smith, Stephen Howard, Hugh Kerney, W. G. M. Scott, John M. Steers. Co. K— George Simonds, Elisha H. Oviatt, Corp. C. R. Garner, Lysander J. Mc- Farlane, Fred J. Garner. Eighth Regiment. — Co. F — Wellington K. Forshay, Adney Griffin, Joseph Flint, William Walford. HISTORY OF GRANT COUKTY. 637 Ninth Regiment. — Co. K — Joseph Miller, Herman Greener, August Matchin. Oo. E — Jacob Becker. Tenth Regiment. — Co. F — Sergt. R. Northey, Sergt. Harlow H. Bowan, Corp. Abram M. Dodge, Corp. Philip L. Glover, 0. M. Painter, William K. Ayers, W. W. Parker, Robert Jarrett, William Freworthy, Gorham Alexander, Cjrus Bowen, Leroy W. Williams. Co. G — F. M. Shoemaker, Theodore Hilgers, Robert Langstaff, Thomas M. Jewell, Adolphus Turcott. Co. I^Frederick Grosch, Frederick Kleider, David Winnebrenner, Adam Wood. Co. F — Marcus C. Bowen, Marcus L. Gleason, David C. JiUmpkin. Co. I — William Nichols, Frederick Shaffer; Albert Mc- Clurg, Hiram Shrigley, Thomas Durlin, Orville D. Eastman, John T. Hudson, Henry Reed, Benjamin F. Bowmer, George W. Moore, George Schad, Joseph E. Holmes, Ames Ray, Richard White, George Schaffer, Edward Pidding- ton, George A. Shaffer. Co. K — James Crawford. Eleventh Regiment. — Co. H — David I. Washburn, Orrison Washburn. Co. D — D. W. Shaw. Twelfth Regiment. — Co. K — Lieut. Almon E. Chandler, Lieut. Isaac W. Walker, F. W. Tracey, Sylvester R. Walker, Edgar Wood, Andrew F. Palmer, Andrew Erickson, Samuel Howard, Caleb B. Clark, Jr., Andrew J. Bur- nett, Charles H. Thompson, La Fayette Miller, Charles S. Taylor, Salmon C. Peckham, Henry R. ;\Iunn, William W. Blanchard. Fourteenth Regiment. — Co. K — Ferdinand St. .John, J. F. Hill, John Blower. Fifteenth Regiment. — Lieut. Col. David McKee. Sixteenth Regiment. — Co. B — Sergt. Henry T. Williams. Co. I — Joseph Baker, John C. Long, Frederick Ound- lack, James Williams, H. C. Howard. Nineteenth Regiment. — Co. I — Samuel Solomon, A. A. Fuqua. Twentieth R'giment. — Co. A — G. N. Bracket, John A. Williams, Robert Taylor. Co. C — Capt. John McDermott, Robert Graham, George W. Robinson, Ephraim Wright, Walter K. Lull, Henry Craig, Gardner Martin, Jefferson T. Watkins, Noah W. Watkins, Andrew J. McDonald, John Powell, George Williams, Charles Farley, John G. Tyler, Benjamin Farley, Alonzo N. Root, Gilbert Lyons, Reuben Norton, Elias Lowrey. Co. I — Edward Hutchcroft, Alex- ander Porland, Cyrus W. Vesper, G. W. Weaver, Milieu Nye. Co. F^William Ware, Abel Harper, W. W. Fortney, Joseph Gaston, B. F. Washburn, David Brown, Henry Hacklhan, Emmett F. Holmes, John Bell, Lemuel Eistman, Levi Ray. Co. I— Lieut. Thomas Bintliff, Corp. W. H. Whiteside, Corp. E. A. Sprague, Thomas Dewing, Cornelius Vanausdall, Lyman B. Helm, Thomas Click, David H. Cayler, John H. Beitler, Ira Dehart, William Turnby, S. W. Peyton, Henry Zimmerman, Joseph Huey, Lesler Wagner, Benjamin Babcock, Jr. Twenty-firit Regiment. — Co. £ — Levi Chase. Twenty-fourth Regiment. — Co. A — William Gill. Twenty-fifth Regiment. — Lieut. Col. Samuel J. Nasmith. Co. A — Sampson B.. Vance. Co. B — La Payette Hoyt. Co. C — Sergt. John Knight, John H. Dougherty, Henry J. Hayden. John D. Tobler, George Barnheiscl, Marshall B. Bishop, William E. Craig, David Flauhearty, Henry Grebe, Thomas Grosser, John W. Halferty, William A. Hender- son, Alexander Irwin, Robert Irwin, Charles Julius, Lorenzo Lotham, Thomas Liwrence, James Lick, John Mauer, Lncien Faroe, Daniel F. Pierce, James M. Prichett, James W. Roberts, Blasius Seitz, Quincey Twining, John H. Wellethump, S. P. Simpkins, William Kreitzer, William R. Warden, Edwin G. St. John, Peter Wriss, Ruel Ever, Charles Field, Allen Fennel, C. R. Potter, Benjamin Rouse, James Bradley Co. E — A. B. Taylor, George Morrison, Frederick Hero, W. H. H. Bailey, Sylvanus Stone, Thomas Dougherty, John F. Kaump, M. B. H. Vanatta, Leonard Stephens. John C. Kiel, Jacob Shuster, Nelson J. Beckwith. Nathaniel Cloud, Ransom J. Bartle, Charles M. Kiel, Warren S. Hall, Elizer A. Fosket, George La FoUette, Joseph Simpkins, John Simpkins, John B. Armstrong, Theodore Bellow, Michael Meyer, John Aldrich, James Sprague, Walter Groshong, Capt. John G. Scott, Lieut. William H. Gribble, Isaac N. Basye, Samuel L. Basye, Myron Barstow, De Witt C. Clifton, Elijah Blanchard, M. P. Beazeley, James Over- ton, Jonathan Bailey, Abraham Shinoe, Frederick T. Bacheler, Silas W. Parker, John C. Black, Hiram Chambers, -Marion Heigh, Samuel Stone. Co. F — Nathan Shoemaker. Co. H — Daniel Weiss, Howard Finley, John Webb. William Botts, Lieut. Henry Wise, Austin Lisherness, Henry Brock, James Chester, John Allison, Friend B. Bilder- baok, Frederick Curtains, William Walker, Samuel W. Lowrey, John P,eter Casper, Mathias Webber, Frank Feld- hear, James Richardson. William Woodruff, Thomas Clark, Lieut. Charles Olmstead, Corp. A. McFail, John Brad- bury, James Hudsmith, Jeremiah Brown, Charles H. Bilderback, Michael Hurst, Jasper Turner, Thomas McDonald, Louis Bohaget, Andrew Jackson, John A. Foster, Alvah Haney. Co. I — Jasper N. Cabannis, Granville C. Palmer, Robert M. Reynolds, Joseph C. Durlin, Norman C. Sherman, William Leas, Morgan V. Mitts, GeorgaiW. Lauthian, Charles Richards, Joseph Nelson, Capt. Robert Nash, Sergt. W. S. Tomlinson, Lewis Shenoe, Willi|m H. Sincox, John R. Wilkinson, Theodore P. Shoemaker, Thomas T. Wayne, Albert Carroll, Robert Osborne, Jan^es D MoPher- son, Mordecai Finley, Bazzle MoDaniel, John H. Finley. Samuel A. Taylor, Samuel B. Cook, Moses Murriah, John W. Sevens, Philo F. Sisson, Edward Thurtle, Theodore Reifsteck, Thomas Burns, John Lauterman, Majrtin Stillwell, L. Sohmerbaugh, William H. Sadler, Joseph Vonderam. Co. K— Eli Totman, Thomas McDonald, Willis Ashley. Twenty-seventh Regiment.— Co. G— Corp. Luke Morris, John Aid, Michael Connally. Thirtieth Regiment.— Go. B— R. M. De Lap. Thirty-first Regiment.— Co. Ai— William G. Johnson. Thiriy-ihird Regiment. — Co. A — Corp. Freeman F. Vaugh, George C. Richards, Francis Hanneman. Co. B — William Campbell, Thomas Quigley, James Pettill, George W. Tuckwood, Addison Wilcox, William Brock, Joseph wver, Eugene McLyman, John Van Allen, Edgar F. Wood, Stephen Howard, Seth Catlin, Absalom Barger, Charles ^1. Uvren, William Hough, Addison D. Allen, Joseph Cape, Almond Mead, Joseph W. Sanborne, William Whales, Simeon Reeves, Henry Rouse. Co. D— Sergt. John Layton, Walter M. Helm. Joseph Engle, Edward Smith, Thomas nmchcroft^ John A. Orr, Lucius F. Billings, Merritt C. Pember, George W. Bower, James H. Blake, Joseph Flint, s^rt w°?i ^^^' ■*'^*° ■^- ^*™«3, Marcus E. Fitch, Earl Cranston, William Barr, William J. Scott, William B. Gar- tV!! "H"™ Hj. Scott, J. W. Sargent, Thomas C. Billings, Ira W. Tracey, Charles L. Bingham, George Hallis, Jonah 638 HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. Thirty-sixth Regiment. — Co. B — Sergt. Anthony Haney, Walter Vanvickle, George Hoadley, Lewis H. Arnold. Thirty-sfventh Regiment. — Co. F — George Cass, John Greewaloh. Co. H — Dudley D. McCloud. Thirty-eighth Regiment — Co. B — Matthew Hunter. Forty-first Regiment — Co. A — Lieut. George L. Hyde, Henry A. Hyde, Frank A. Reed, William Halferty. Co. 1 — John Noel, Leander Kimball. Forty-second Regiment. — Co. D — Jeremiah Wamsley, George Stone, Thomas Thompson, Nathaniel Head, Jacob 0. Richardson. Co. K — John N. Shepard. Co. D — Horace Jewell. Forty-third Regiment — Co. A — Capt. E. D. Lowrey, Jacob Becker. Co. B — Corp. Frank Melvin, James Barrett, ©udley Lillie, Thomas Haw, William B. Wilkinson, Andrew Hudson, Richard W. Taylor. Co. C — Austin Nye, Mar- quis Barker, Thomas B. Harvil. Co. H — Sergt. J. A. Gammon, Isaac Davis, Andrew Lewis, Levi Potter, Enoch Briggs. Corp. George W. Likens, Thomas Dolan, Louis Mickenham, Abel Reynolds, Ezra Atwood. Forty-fourth Regiment. — Co. K — Thomas Blover, George C. Comp, William Hotop, Ch. Hinman. Co. H — Eli J. Hardy. Forty-seventh Regiment. — Co. C — W. M. Withington. Co. F — Elias Long. Co. G — William Manley, Welling B. Bolly, Henry Smith, Leavitt J. Merrill. Co. I — William Cook. Co. K — Sergt. Robert Fitzgerald, Geo. W. Heasley. Forty-ninth Regiment.^Co. F — ^Marahall MoElwaine, Horace H. Hampton, Frederick Eich. Fiftieth Regiment. — (Colored U. S. Infantry.) — ^Charles Shepard. First Cavalry. — Co. B — Anson P. Rice. Co. C — John Werley, William Werley. Co. D — Lars Jamson. Co. F — Peter Pickhartz, Andrew Barrett, Daniel T. Brown Co. I — Isaac N. Hayden. Second Cavalry. — Co. C — Lieut. J. Showalter, Sergt. Alfred M. Bonham, James W. Jones, George H. Pond, Roswell G. Irish, George B. Blakesley, James N. Shanley, William Greansy, W. G. Murray, Samuel B. Runnion, Jonas Fuller, William Hicks, Francis L. Pember, Henry J. Schlosser, William J. Cooper, Linzey Kee, Isaac Reaville, James Johnson, John Campbell, E. W. Dean. Edward Stone, Horatio R. Palmer. Philip Braudlin, Joshua Davis, John W. Dougherty, Charles Kuntz, Orson Cook, Henry K. Wells, Linn B. Cook, James F. Holloway, John Strau, Isaac N. Sander, Edmond D. Gulick, John Farris, Charles C. Campbell, John E. McKee, John McCormick, Peter E. Huson, Martin V. Stewart, John MuUaly, John L. Mcintosh. Co. F — George W. Washburn. Third Cavalry — Co. G — James A. Otwell. Co. M — Robert Odell, James H. Clark, Abel L. Tyler, Nathan Jan- ney, Sydney M. Smith, Andrew C. McCord. Fourth Cavalry — Co. H — Louis Home. Fifth United Slates Cavalry. — Spencer Vail. Fourth Iowa Cavalry — Co. G — Marcellus Brock. Fifth Iowa Cavalry — Co. E — Lieut. Andrew Guler, Frank Gilliham. Seventh Iowa Cavalry. — Co. E — Ira Patterson. Eighth Iowa Cavalry. — Co. G — William Mitchell. Fourth Missouri Cavalry. — Co. M — Abner H Larrabee. Co. F — David Beard, Wilson Lowrey. Second Kansas Cavalry. — Co. E — Marion M. Harper. First Kansas Regiment. — Co. B — John Fairall. Twelfth Illinois Infantry — Co. F — Silas Lane. Fourteenth Illinois Regiment. — Co. I. — Charles Palmer Ninetieth Illinois Regiment. — Co. B — Michael F. Donahoe, John Byrne. One-Hundredth Illinois Infantry. — Co. G— Sergt. Benj. F. Gridley. One-Hundred and Twenty-fourth Illinois Infantry. — Co. E— William A. Butler. Third Iowa Infantry. — Co. C — Robert Beard, William A. Armstrong. Fortieth Ohio Regiment. — Co, F — William Miller. First Heavy Artillery. — Co. A — Richard Calvert. Co. C — Cornelius Johnson. Twinty-first Artillery. — David W. Garvin. Fourth Artillery. — Co. F — Addison Medley. Dubuque City Battery — Theodore Jackson. Navy Joseph Bond (company and regiment not given), Peter Saxson, Charles Taylor, Charles Pitsley. The following names were added previous to the dedication : William P. Shipley, Co. C, Twentieth Regiment ; Eyman W. Sheldon, Co. C, Sixth Regiment ; A. J. Watts, Co. K, Twelfth Regiment ; Anthony Hill, Co. B, Forty- second Regiment; Henry Schmidt, Co H, Forty-ninth Regiment. CHAPTER YIII. LANCASTER. Geooraphical— First Settlers— The County Seat— Early BuIldings— First Court— The First Postmaster- First Fire— The Villa&e Grows— The War Period— Towk and Til- lage Government- Official Roster— Lancaster Press— Schools— Religious— Cemetery —Masonic Orders- I. O. O. F.— Fire Company— Business Interest— Storms. geographical. Within the confines of Lancaster are embraced Townships 4 and 5 north, of Range 3 west of the Fourth Principal Meridian. It is bounded on the north by the west half of Fennimore town, which, with Lancaster, forms the only double town in the county; on the east by Liberty and Ellenboro; on the south by Potosi, and on the west by Beetown and Little Grant. It includes within its borders some of the best farming land in the county, the wealth of the town being rather on the surface than beneath, as has been the case in many other towns. The site of the present city of Lancaster was originally, before the advent of the white man, a beautifully-rounded knoll, covered with low brush at intervals, through which forest trees, singly or in groves, spread their sheltering branches. At the foot of this knoll bubbled forth a limpid spring, clear as tlie purest crystal, into whose sandy depths, in all probability, many a dusky face had looked, and upon its glittering surface had reflected back the swarthy countenance, hideous with war paint, or stained with the dust and heat of the chase. Past this spring poured a brawling brook, fed by this and lesser neighboring fountains. Here, quietly sleeping away the summer day, it witnessed, in the year of our Lord 1828, the commencement of a new era in its life, as the white man settled upon the banks near its golden bed and began the erection of a habitation. FIRST SETTLERS. These new-comers were Nahem Dudley, Tom Sogar and Ben Stout, who, in thus locating, became unconsciously the firs^ settlers of Lancaster. There is no evidence to show that Segar and Stout remained longer than to assist their comrade in the erection of his cabin, or perhaps a short time thereafter, and then departed for other sections where "mineral," then the "par- ticular vanity" of early settlers, was to be discovered in better quantity than there were any signs of its being found here. Dudley remained a year or two and sold out to Aaron Boice. He then went to mining in different sections, finally settling near Beetown, where he gave his name to a cave, supposably discovered by him, and thence to the " Dudley Cave Range," a range wellknown to miners. Dudley died in 1815 at Muscalunge. In this same year, namely, 1828, William L. Morrison moved into the township and located on what afterward became the northwest quarter of the northeast quarter of Section 36, where he tesided for many years. Henry C. jJUshnell and family also came to the hollow now known by his name and located near the upper spring on the site occupied by Mr. Weaver. Here he erected a modest cabin of rough, unhewn ^gs, chinked and mud plastered, a portion of which remained until a late date. During the ^lack Hawk troubles, these settlers took refuge in the block-houses at Cassville and Prairie du Uien, but upon the settlement of the diflBculty and defeat of Black Hawk, they returned to oeir deserted homes, and again took up their work of reducing the wilderness to subjection, and placing it under the dominion of man. Aaron Boice, who gave his name to the fertile prairie stretching away to the southward 640 HI8T0KY or GRANT COUNTY. engaged in working a farm near Cassville. Although classed as a farmer, his domain would hardly be envied by the masters of the soil of the present day. At that time, the richness of Grant County soil still remained an unknown. quantity, and Boice was well contented with a few acres. A portion of his "farm " occupied the spot afterward chosen as a site for a courthouse, and there are those yet living who have seen the diiferent crops, corn, wheat, and even the pun- gent onion, growing luxuriantly on the very spot where justice is now dispensed and litigants wrangle. In November, 1834, Boice entered his "claim," which, in surveyor's parlance, was the east half of the southeast quarter of Section 3, Town 4 north, of Range 3 west of the Fourth Principal Meridian. In August, 1836, Maj. G. M. Price entered the west half of the south- east quarter of the same section, which, together, formed the site of the village of Lancaster later en. In the meantime the country about this central point had been slowly receiving new acqui- sitions until at the opening of 1836 there were, besides those already mentioned, Henry Hodges and Thomas Shanley, who had come to the country at an early date, finally settling about three miles southwest of what afterward became the village, in 1831. Here Shanley erected a large double cabin, which served for many years as a shelter and place of refuge for many a new emi- grant, until he could erect a habitation for the family that accompanied him. No two names are better known in the early history of this section than the two given above. They came origi- nally from Missouri and left their mark upon the early institutions of the county. Mr. Shanley also served as a Representative in the three sessions of the first Territorial Legislature for the western portion of Iowa County, in which the present territory of Grant was then included. In the Hurricane neighborhood were Joseph, Martin, and Harvey Bonham, who came in 1834. Lawson and Ruvel Morrell had also settled in this section early in the thirties. North of Boiee's Henry Wood had located ; while on what is now familiarly known as " Boice Prairie," a num- ber of settlers had already made their appearance, including Edmund and Elijah Harelson, who came in 1832 or 1833 ; Colter Salmon and James Boice, a Mr. Warfield, and Mr. Joseph Mc- Kinney, who came in the spring of 183.5. West of the present city, between Lancaster and Little Grant, James Bonham had located. Dr. A. M. Morrow had also, in 1835, entered a quarter-section of land southwest of town. This is the site now known as the " Rhodes place." In the same year, Abram Miller had located on Pigeon Creek, where he erected the second mill in the county, and Edward Coombs located a homestead in the Hurricane. In the above category is comprised, in all probability, the names of all the settlers at that time in what afterward became Lancaster. THE COUNTY SEAT. At the first session of the Territorial Legislature — as has been noted elsewhere — the pres- ent county of Grant was formed, and Commissioners appointed to locate the county seat. Anticipatory to such action on the part of the Legislature, Maj. Price had purchased from Aaron Boice the land entered by him, and commenced preparations for laying out a town. In opposition to this move on the part of Maj. Price, Edmund Harelson and Maj. J. H. Roun- tree, who had entered a goodly amount of land in the south of the township, platted and laid out a town just north of the town line, and near the present stone schoolhouse, rather east of that building, and near a large spring, which has since disappeared. The town was named, several lots were sold, so promising did the prospects appear, but they were taken back after- ward and the money refunded. Finding this would not do, another attempt was made to have the county seat located on the claim entered by Thomas Elliott, who had settled east of the present city, in 1836 (his name was omitted in the list of settlers). This was claimed as the geographical center of the county. Long and earnest the battle of towns raged, until finally Maj. Price carried the day and the present site was chosen, to the disgust of disappointed aspi- rants. Surveyors were set at work, the village platted, and the plat recorded in May, 1837. In this plat, recorded in the old volume of deeds, the present public square is laid out, with the following acknowledgment : HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. 641 1, Orris McCartney, Justice of the Peace, of Grant County, do hereby certify that G. M. Price has acknowledged the ftbove plat, and all the publick ground set forth in the above plat, shall and still remain as such, and I want the same recorded as such. Orbis McCabtnet, This May Ist, 1837. Justice of the Peace, Lancaster, W. T. The only building at that time in the newly baptized seat of justice was the cabin of Aaron Boice. He soon after left for Texas, where, it was rumored, he met his death at the hands of the Indians in that section. The name Lancaster was chosen for the new town by a relative of Maj. Price, who had emigrated from Lancaster, Penn., and wishing to retain a re- membrance of the Eastern land far away, induced his relative to adopt this name. EARLY BUILDINGS. Immediately after the selection of this as the county seat, work was commenced upon the court house, which was finished the succeeding year A log store was erected during the year — 1837 — and occupied by Mr. Ira Brunson, with a stoek of goods such as is usually kept in a frontier establishment. A log building with a frame annex was put up by Maj. Price about eight rods northwest of the "big spring," and into this he moved a stock of goods similar to that included in the store owned by Mr. Brunson, and put the same in charge of George Cox and John S. Fletcher. As mortals must eat to live, Mr. Richards had opened a boarding house yclept in the all-covering language of the day " Tavern ;" and here the hungry gathered for a time until boarders and landlord fell out, and an opposition house was started by the former. A lachrymose Frenchman by the name of James Jetty, was engaged to do the cooking, his kitchen being located under the lee of a log lying where the Phelps House now stands, the dining-room being a frame building lately erected by George Cox, and afterward used as a court house. Under this regime they remained for some time, the greatest objection being that Jetty would occasionally "weep into the soup-kettle." The spell was broken by the arrival of Capt. Robert Reed and his wife, who took the Boice cabin, vacated by Richards, and in the language of a later writer "initiated the emigrants into the mysteries of pudding and blackberry pies." Reed was a character in his way, " Old Human Nature " was the sobriquet bestowed on him by his intimates and accepted by the subject of it. He was social and hospitable, with a true English face, brown and ruddy, with ample room for a large mouth, which made sad rav- ages over the moon-like countenance. He was afterward made Sheriff, and then moved to Clay- ton County, Iowa, where he died some years ago. Among, other new-comers this year, were J. Allen Barber and Richard Ranes and wife, who afterward became Mrs. Berks. The latter couple occupied a log dwelling where Nathan's store now stands. FIRST COURT. In the fall of this year the first term of court ever held in Lanca&ter was held in the frame structure erected by George H. Cox, and which stood nearly on the site now occupied by the bank building. Here Judge Dunn dispensed justice and gave the law to the assembled multi- tudes. Early in the spring of 1838, Harvey Pepper and wife moved into the village from the Pig- eon, and in the fall put up an addition to the frame structure used the year before for a court house and opened a boarding house. This, for the time being was the Palais Royal of Lancaster. ur. Hill, who had married a daughter of Capt. Reed, moved from Beetown to Lancaster and built a small frame house on the corner, where Jetty had wept and served the delicacies of the season, beside the now historical log. Among other arrivals this year were Nelson Dewey, who arrived from Cassville in the spring, and T. M. Barber. ,j ^^'^^^ buildings erected during 1838 were a two-story frame on the southwest corner of Maple and Monroe streets, the site being now occupied by the store of W. P. Green ; a two-story log house was also built opposite the present Mansion House stables, and in this build- 'Dg was held the examination of the murderers of "Jim Crow" that year. Mention of this murder 19 maila \r. Uo ^.,^v.». »i„,.., „^a u ; i l jj i 4.i,„4. ii ^..„_4. „ j 642 HISTORY OF GEANT COUNTY. quite a furor in the little town, which was filled with people from the surrounding country. So dense was the crowd in attendance that Squire Dewey, before whom the examination took place, thought best to move down stairs, as a precautionary measure. Justice Bunham was associated with Justice Dewey, and the building was guarded with armed men under command of Ira Brunson. The following year, 1839, was marked by no incidents of note ; but few new arrivals were noticed. John P. Tower, or " Dick " Tower, as he was then known, came and erected a build- ing on the northeast corner of Maple and Monroe streets, on the site now occupied by the resi- dence of Gen. J. B. Callis. This building was opened as an inn, Mr. Scott being the first landlord. Ellison McGee also put up a small log house, where the frame dwelling occupied by Mrs. Reed now stands. Upon their retirement from the excitements of hotel life, Capt. Reed and wife had taken up their residence with Dr. Hill. One morning, as the family were break- fasting, a bolt of lightning struck the house at one end, and passing down through the room, where they were sitting, demolished the clock standing on the mantle-piece, throwing the glass in every direction, cutting the inmates, but doing no other damage. Capt. Reed was, at the time of the shock, holding out his cup for more cofiee, when the concussion of the air took both cup and cofiee-pot from the hands of the holders, and swept them out through the open door, landing them in the garden, in a bed of peas. The Captain, not to be discomfited in such a manner, secured the coffee-pot, and had the satisfaction of enjoying a second cup of the brown nectar. This was the first accident that happened to the inhabitants of the little town. In 1840, Harvey Pepper erected a brick building, in which he kept a hotel. Daniel Ban- fill was the builder, he having returned to Lancaster early in the year from the Bast. Daniel McAuley also had a log house in which he resided, and which stood on the spot now occupied by Webber's shoe store. Among the new arrivals were Martin Teal and Samuel Tompkins. Price's store had been discontinued, owing to a lack of customers, and the stock owned by Ira Brunson was sold to Harvey Pepper, who thus combined the trades of landlord and store- keeper. To this he added that of Sheriif, having been elected some time previously. THE FIRST POSTMASTER of the new town had been George H. Cox, who was appointed in 1838. The oflSce was handed over to John S. Fletcher the following year, who held the office until some time during 1840. He carried the mail in his hat, the post office being the point where John Fletcher happened for the moment to be resting. This moveable office might have proved somewhat of an inconven- ience to the citizens, had it not been for Fletcher's well-known indolence, which prevented him from moving oftener than circumstances actually compelled him. As for making any returns to the authorities at Washington, that was not to be thought of for a moment. The manual labor was too great. This dereliction was duly noticed by the postal authorities, and warnings repeat- edly sent that a new leaf must be turned over in the way of' running the office. Fletcher stood this indirect attack for some time, and then gathering up all the way bills that had been accu- mulating for the time he had held the office, sent them to Postmaster General Kendall, with the request that as he had plenty of time he might "make out his bill," and send it to Fletcher, " and he would pay it." The latter was not troubled with any more mail matter. In 1841, the only thing in the way of improvements was the erection of a two-story frame building on the present site of the Phelps House. This was built by Daniel BanfiU, and opened by him as a hotel as soon as it was finished, his family having arrived during the year. The memory of "Old Ban " was long held in grateful remembrance by the hungry multitudes who were wont to crowd the portals of the old hotel. He moved afterward to Potosi, where he build another hotel, that still retains his name, and in which he died some years later. He was a model landlord and a worthy representative of the advancing civilization. In 1842, James M. Otis, who had arrived in the young town, opened a store in the Morrell building, on the corner of Maple and Monroe streets. During this year genial Harvey Pepper paid the debt of nature, being cut ofi" in his prime. He was, as we have seen, one of the first HISTORY or GRANT COUNTY. 643 settlers in Lancaster, and filled a large place in the earlier vistas of the new town. " He was " in the language of the writer already quoted, " a man obliging, talkative and active, but one who took the world easy," and who, in the hurly-burly of his busy life, " hardly knew when he was called upon to hang a man,- whether he was acting in the capacity of SheriflF or landlord, and when he called a witness to come into Court, to the third repetition of the name, would add, "come into your dinner," instead of " come into Court." He will be long remembered by the older settlers for his kindness and unselfish interest in the welfare of guests and neighbors. He left a wife and several children, Mrs. Pepper afterward marrying Mr. L. 0. Shrader, and has ever since resided in Lancaster. The hotel was continued for some time under other pro- prietors, but was soon sold to James M. Otis, who converted it into a store. Upon Mr. Pepper's death, Mr. Scott, who had been keeping the house on the corner of Maple and Monroe streets, took charge of Mr. Pepper's house, and Mr. Benjamin Forbes, who had lately arrived from Cassville, took the house vacated by Mr. Scott. THE VILLAGE GROWS. The year 1843 saw numerous changes and improvements. James M. Otis opened an exten- sive stock of merchandise in his new store, the first general and complete stock that had been opened. In these early times the bulk of the goods were brought across the country from Mil- waukee by teams. Heavy goods, such as hardware and the like, was generally purchased in St. Louis, and brought up the river as far as Potosi, from which point it was hauled by teams to Lancaster. Grroceries were also sometimes purchased at the same place, but all dry goods and fancy articles came from ISJilwaukee. The country, in the meantime, had been settling up round about Lancaster, but owing to the superior attractions offered at Potosi and , Platteville, these points for many years had ob- sorbed all the trade ; but the entering wedge was drove this year, which soon opened the chan- nel, and this trade began gradually to return to its legitimate center. T. M. Barber, together with James Ward, opened a second store during the year, in the building formerly occupied by Mr. Otis. Early in the spring the Herald was started in the Boice cabin, and began its task of open- ing the road for advancing civilization. Quite a wave of excitement was created by the removal of Mr. James Otis from the Post- mastership this year. Otis had proved a most efficient Postmaster, but, unlike those at the present day, when such affairs are managed much better, he was not in accord with the Admin- istration. Notice had been sent by the Territorial Delegate to the citizens to recommend some one for the place, and a petition asking for the re-appointment of Otis was returned ; but, in spite of all efforts, Ben Forbes was commissioned and took charge of the oSice late in the year. Messrs. J. Allen Barber and Nelson Dewey had opened a law office and commenced a part- nership at this date, which, in after times, became historical. As an evidence of the rapidity with which news traveled in those days, an early issue of the Herald states that, " Our express papers from New York, Philadelphia and Boston fre- quently reach us in nine days." The name of L. 0. Shrader appears this year appended to legal notices as Clerk of the Court, he having arrived somewhat earlier. In the " Hurricane " neighborhood, C. M. Hewitt and Darius Banbridge had assumed charge of the health of that section, and hoisted their shingle as duly qualified physicians. In September of this year, however. Dr. Hewitt removed to Potosi. The Herald also notices this year an excellent crop of wheat raised on the farm of Judge Dunn, at Elk Grove. The variety was "red chaff," and the yield over forty bushels to the acre. iJuring the year, a tri-weekly stage line was started between Lancaster and Platteville by n. Messmore. ,. I^ecember, Barber & Ward removed their stock of goods into a new frame building «J44 HISTORY OF GRANT COUKTY. month, Mr. A. Crosby opened a tailor-shop in a building standing a few rods north of the pres- ent Mansion House. Among other arrivals this year was that of J. T. Mills, the well known Judge, whose fame is as wide-spread as the State. As he himself says, the accommodations were not palatial, his lodgings being in " the south wing of John Fletcher's house, which room was located over a pond of water." This year appears to have been a starting-point for Lancaster in the race for prominence. The succeeding one of 1844 was marked with but few incidents of note. Dr. M. Wainright came in May and located his office opposite the Lancaster House ; here he also kept a small stock of drugs. Another line of stages, making weekly trips, and plying between Platteville and Cassville, gave Lancaster additional connective facilities, east and west. The card of James M. Goodhue, afterward widely known as editor of the Herald and other papers, appears in the columns of the former paper in May. The year 1845 shows something of the march of improvement. In August, Barber & Ward moved into their new store, near the corner of Maple and Monroe streets. George H. Cox also erected the building, at present known as the Mansion House, during the season. In November, William Hodge opened a tailor-shop in the rear of Otis' store. Early in the year. Dr. Cowles had located in the new town, having his office at Banfield's Hotel. FIRST FIRE. During the month of December, the first fire known to the young town occurred. Just before the holidays, the hotel run by Mr. Ben Forbes, standing on ^le corner now occupied by Gen. Callis' residence, caught fire and burned to the ground. So swift was its destruction, that many of the boarders were obliged to leap from the second-story windows upon beds previously thrown out upon the ground. The colored woman, who served as cook and general assistant, had been doing " an ironing " during the forepart of the night, and it was supposed that a defect in the flue allowed some sparks to escape in the attic of the building, where were stored a winter's supply of provisions and sundries, lately brought from Galena ; among these supplies were several bundles of brooms, and it is supposed that these furnished the material which started the destructive blaze. Certain it is that the fire caught in the attic, and soon the whole building was in ruins. But very little was saved, aside from clothing. After this fire, Mr. Forbes removed to Iowa, where he had a land claim, and soon after opened another hotel in an adjoining village, in which business he was engaged at the time of his death, that occurred many years later. The succeeding year, 1846, witnessed a few additions to the population and business houses of Lancaster. John Alcorn came during the summer prepared by his trade, he being a carpen- ter and joiner, to house all other new-comers comfortably, while A. S. Berryhill opened a much- needed institution — a saddler-shop — in the building adjoining the storeroom of Mr. James Otis. Dr. Wood also made his appearance this year, locating on the site where Dr. T. M. Barber s residence now stands. J. M. Ward succeeded Ben C. Forbes as Postmaster. John M. Otis opened a store in November, and the following month John Boright opened a blacksmith and wagon shop ; his shop and house were on the lot south of Judge Mills, now owned by Mr. John Wright, and on which his ice-house now stands. The following year, W. W. Kendall and D. T. Parker purchased the stock of merchandise of T. M. Barber, continuing in trade at the same stand. Thomas Scott started a saddler's shop in June, just east of the store of James M. Otis. Drs. Wood and Rickey also formed a partnership which continued until the following year. Mr. T. M. Barber succeeded James M. Ward in charge of the post office, the latter takmg his departure, and some years later became Superintendent of the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad. Up to the beginning of 1848, but three stores of any moment were to be found in Lancas- ter. Potosi, on the contrary, was not only well supplied, but did an extensive jobbing business, while Beetown had several stores carrying extensive stocks. The result of this weighting the HISTOEY OF GRANT COUNTY. 645 wheel of traffic so to one side was shown in the fact that the majority of the trading was done at these places ; even those living within a few miles of Lancaster preferred to go where they could have a larger stock to select from. Again, transportation facilities were such that mer- chants were unable to take the produce brought in by the farmers and handle it successfully, owing to difficulties in transportation. Added to all this, there was the remaining disadvantage of the credit system. Through several years a constant stream of intimations to pay up is poured forth through the columns of the Herald, though Lancaster merchants were by no means the only sufferers from this lack of promptitude on the part of debtors. In the fall of this year, Andrew Barnett purchased BanfiU's hotel, having previously kept what is now known as the Lancaster House. Extensive additions have been made to the house since that time. The original nucleus of this building was a long, rambling shell built by Ben C. Forbes for a bowling alley. In the year 1848, the town of Lancaster included within its limits 496 males and 437 females, or 933 in all. From the proportion it will be surmised that bachelors were scarce in those times. The Herald of May 20, 1848, says : " Lancaster contains more capital than almost any village of its size. Every habitable roof covers one or more families. Our chief want is tenements for families who wish to move into town. If buildings could be had, our pop- ulation would be doubled in a few months. Many buildings are in process of construction, but not half as many as are now required. All our house-builders are employed and more are wanted." A new Baptist Church had also been commenced this year — the same one that is now standing — while stores and dwellings, says the chronicle, were ready to be built as soon as the brick could be burned. The year also marked the advent of Lancaster's first circus, with its motley garbs and tinsel wonders. During the summer, the partnership heretofore existing between Drs. Wood and Rickey had been dissolved, and the latter opened a drug store, north of the court house, soon after. The improvements made throughout the village were of a nature to justify the fondest hopes of those deeply interested in the prosperity of the burg that now seemed advancing with rapid strides on the high road to prosperity. The year 1848 closed, as has been seen, with clear skies and a promise of renewed prosperity. These auspicious omens continued during the opening of the succeeding year, but, as spring advanced, came rumors from the far-off West of discoveries which rivaled the world-renowned dreams of the "Arabian Nights." The seat of the golden god had been discovered by advent- urous prospectors, and the East was moving west to pay homage at his throne, bowing them- selves as slaves, trusting to his generosity to unearth the glittering treasure that lay hidden in "the deep places " to the aching, thirsting eyes of these frantic followers. This, however, was but the first wave of the on-coming tide that was later to engulf the many thousands in the mad rush for wealth, to be flung back, bruised, bleeding and poverty-cursed, to drag out a lingering existence in penury and want. A strong wave of immigration set in this year toward Lancaster and its surrounding coun- try, which more than compensated for the gold worshipers who left for the gleaming sands of Uhfornia. • Mr. T. M. Barber having finished his new brick store (the same now occupied by ivey & Webb), moved in a stock of goods in the early part of the year and opened the " Ready- pay Store." John M. Otis also moved his stock back to the old brick store on the corner. Kendall & Parker still continued to occupy their old stand, the latter attending besides to the duties connected with the Postmastership ; and in June Dr. Wood moved his stock of drugs into a building one door east of the above firm. The Herald, in the same month, noticing the posi- tion and advantages of the village, called attention to the fact they had "no shoemaker," with M added hint that a mechanic of that kind would have a paying monopoly. The hint was taken, ana the following month P. Darcey announced himself as prepared to furnish soles to such as stood m need thereof : his sbnn stood inst, hBvnnd "tlip snlnnn " Amnnor nthnr fihanarfis this 64S HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. year, William McAuley took the " Grant County House," Charles Blanford started in business as a blacksmith opposite the Telegraph House, and John M. Coombs opened a gunshop on Cherry street, south of the " Grant County House." In November, the much-wished-for but hardly expected telegraph line was put in running order and an office opened, with Jo Barnett as operator. This office was located in the Tele- graph House, and the'line was continued in operation until the following year when it succumbed to a lack of business ; assessments became too heavy and dividends too light, and Lancaster was again without communication with the outside world. A history of this line, however, is given else- where. If the year 1850 was to be given a distinctive appellation, it would be " the year of cas- ualties." The earlier part, however, gave no sign of the events that were to mark the later part of the season. During the spring, the wants of the ladies of Lancaster were recognized, by the opening of a millinery store by Mrs. Rynerson. A slightly increased outflow toward the Western Slope was noticeable, as the fever of spec- ulation increased in height, giving premonition of the greater outpouring that was to come. In June that much-dreaded disease, the small-pox, made its appearance in the county, causing a feeling of apprehension at Lancaster ; but the village happily passed by the outskirts of the danger, no cases appearing within its confines. During this same month, the Wisconsin House passed into the hands of Myron Tuttle. A new addition was made to Lancaster's indus- tries by the opening of a carriage and wagon manufactory by Charles Ashley. John M. Otis left for Wyoming during the summer, and later in the year, Kendall & Parker having dissolved partnership, Dwight Parker, in November, removed his stock to the store formerly occupied by Otis, on the corner of Maple and Madison streets. The yield of grain and farm produce this year had been most abundant, when rumors — at first whispered with bated breath, then repeated in a louder key — told of the approach of tliat ravaging monster, cholera, whose ghostly feet were swiftly covering the distance that intervened between his stronghold at the South and the new country lying further up along the " Father of Waters." Towns in nearly every section were being depopulated, the inhabitants fleeing in every direction to escape the chill fingers of the fierce monster. Lancaster, after taking all the precautions possible, silently, and almost breathlessly, awaited the verdict which at length came, and the village was safe — for this year at least. During the month of August, a heavy thunder- storm passed over the town and seriously damaged one or two buildings. A shaft of lightning struck the spire of the Baptist Church, and, passing down through and on the timbers, reached a ladder which had been left against the building, and then followed this to the ground. The steeple was badly shattered, and many panes of glass broken in the building. The residence of Dr. Roberts, corner of Adams and Cherry streets, was also touched by the erratic and destruc- tive fluid. Mrs. Roberts was alone with her children at the time, but fortunately they escaped unhurt, the building itself being but little injured. In December, the Grant County House passed into the hands of Reuben- Thomas. Among the early sports of the new country, which at times afforded much amusement, was bear and dog fights. The modus operandi of the aflfair was to chain brain to a stout post with a chain a few rods in length, and then gather in all the dogs possible, when the performance would at once begin. The victory; however, was invariably with bruin, as one cuff from his unwieldly paw was generally enough for the fiercest canine, who thereafter was only too glad to keep out of reach of the muscular boxer. The entertainment continued so long as dogs could be found to continue the show. A performance of this kind was advertised for Christmas Day of this year, and resulted as usual, after which followed the inevitable resort to the hotel bar for liquid refreshment, but, in the language of one of the early settlers, "the whisky was better then than now," and only the best of humor was the result of these bacchanalian revivals. Notwithstanding the fact that Lancaster, with other towns of the county, was beginning to suffer considerably from the constantly increiising exodus to California, quite a little advance- ment was made during the year 1851. The Methodist and Congregational denominations com- HISTOIiY OP GRANT COUNTY. 647 menced the erection of places of worship, both of which were dedicated before the close of the year although the Congregational Church was not completed until later. In addition to this, the Baptist Church was completed, it having remained in an unfinished state up to this time, Among the business changes was the association of Mr. John Alcorn as a partner of T. M. Bar- ber in the "Ready-Pay Store," while early in the year Mr. R. H. Finkland had opened a cabinet-shop north of the court house. As soon as the weather would admit, the usual spring emigration to California commenced. T. M. Barber, J. B. Callis, Robert Allenworth and Wells Huston, with a number of others from the surrounding country, started on the six months' trip that was to land them in the region of the glittering phantom. Heavy storms prevailed during the month of June; the house of J. R. Shipley was struck by hghtning, and so heavy were the rains at times, that "every street had a mill privilege on it." During the summer, F. P. Liscum & Co. commenced a general merchandise business in the store formerly occupied by N. W. Kendall. In the month of October, the Wisconsin House passed into the hands of Myron W. Wood, who retained it for many years. Two subjects made their appearance this year that continued to exert a disturbing influence upon Lancaster thought and aspirations, at intervals, for many years after. The first of these was the division of the county, which excited a somewhat bitter debate, but eflded in smoke. The second, which became a chronic disease in this section, was the railroad fever that raged with much severity during the latter part of the year. Nothing, however, came of it, as has been noted in another portion of this work, and the year closed leaving Lancaster in much the same position as at its opening, aside from the few public buildings noticed above. The year 1802 witnessed the height of the California fever. As early as January, Charles Ashley commenced advertising teams to take passengers through to the Western Slope for $125. The inflated stories of the untold wealth only awaiting the coming of the adventurer to yield itself a willing captive to his pick and shovel, were doing their work; farms were disposed of by the frantic enthusiasts ; in other cases, mortgaged, in order to furnish their owners with means to reach the wonderful El Dorado. Monday*and Tuesday, April 12 and 13, was the day set for the departure of the emigrants, and about fifty persons gathered in the streets of the vil- lage to embark in the long voyage. They were accompanied by their friends, and amid the cheers of the crowd, they weighed anchor and set sail, some to remain in the land of promise, a few to secure that wealth so bountifully promised, the majority to wander back by twos and threes, to again take up the old life where they had dropped it for the delusive yellow demon. The wolves had become so troublesome of late years, notwithstanding the settlement of the country, that the settlers found it necessary to organize hunts for the purpose of exterminating these pests; so bold had they become, that it was no uncommon sight to witness two or three of these long-legged denizens of the forest come quietly down the hill to the east of town — now covered with dwellings — and, after refreshing themselves at the "big spring," and performing a duett or trio, as tfie case might be, for the benefit of the citizens of the village, saunter back to their bushy retreat. And still the tide of emigration continued to ebb and flow. The Herald of May 19, took occasion to say, editorially, that "In the last week or two we notice a good many strange faces about Lancaster. A shoemaker, blacksmith and wagon-maker have just set up m business. Boss carpenters are equal to the demand — in their own opinion — but a few more ought to come in for sake of competition." The want, at this time, appeared to be a tailor, barber, chairmaker and saddler. In this month, another fire occurred in the village, the burned building being a barn belonging to Gov. Dewey; the cause of the fire was unknown. Notwithstanding the fact that the attention of Grant County settlers was being turned more and more to the tilling of the soil, it is noted that "more than 2,000 barrels of flour had been brought to Potosi from other States within the year, to feed the people of Grant County." JJnnng the latter part of the year, the returning tide of lucky and disappointed gold-seekers began to show itself in occasional arrivals, and by this time many had come in looking for homes, giving the town quite a motley appearance. In July, Dr. Ladd, Prof. Sweet, C. C. vflllQS and iT. Tj PipVn.n^ mot. n+. flno ATa<-Vir\*1iQ+ nKn*»/»l^ anA fwrm-nirForl fnvtw foanVtoi^a inf*^ q 648 HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. "Normal school" for instruction in teaching; corresponding to the teachers' institutes held at the present day, during the summer ; Lancaster High School was also started through the efforts of some of the leading citizens. Guyler K. Thomas added another to the list of Lancaster business houses, by opening a hardware store on the south side of Maple street, just east of the Herald oflSce. That journal, later in the year, commenting on the business of the town, informs all whom it may concern: "We want a drug store in the village. A room can now be had, and the opening is excellent for drugs, paints, dyes and notions." Early in the winter, Lancaster was visited with the small-pox, but through energetic measures at once taken to stamp it out, it made but little progress, aftid the alarm felt at the first reports speedily subsided. An inventory of the business houses of Lancaster, in 1853, would have shown the following : Dwight T. Parker, who occupied a store on the site at present occupied by Howe & Baxter ; Alcorn & Barber, in the brick store now occupied by Ivey & Webb ; Gr. Maiben, in the build- ing now used by John P. Lewis ; T. P. Liscum & Co., who occupied a frame building standing about where the store of William Baxter now stands. The hotels were four in number — Ban- fill's, located on the present site of the Phelps House ; the Lancaster House, at that time com- prising the north portion of the present building; the Mansion House, and the Wisconsin House, kept by Myron W. Wood, which building is now occupied by Mr. McCoy as a residence. These, with the log building on the corner of Madison and Maple streets, used as an office by Barber & Lowry, the small frame building standing on the present site of Johnson's brick, and used by the Herald as an ofiice, together with some twenty or thirty frame and log structures used as residences, comprised the village of Lancaster as it was at this time. During the year T. M. Barber sold out his interest in the Ready-Pay Store to Mr. Benner, and he in turn dis- posed of it to Mr. Alcorn, leaving the latter as sole proprietor. During the month of September, the neighborhood to the west of the village was intensely ■excited over the reported loss of a little three-year-old daughter of Mr. Bark. When last seen she had been seen playing around an open well, and fears were at first entertained that she had fallen into it, but as search developed the fact that this surmise was untrue, the male inhabitants ■of the neighborhood turned out en masse to search for the lost child. After a two days' search she was found sitting in the shade of a tree on a high bluff, only a half mile from the house. The population of Lancaster Township at this time was, according to the Herald, " about one thousand, one-third of that number being residents of the village." The principal wants at this time were " a drug store and a saddler shop." The next year, 1854, — shows no incidents especially noticeable. The tide of emigra- tion had been stopped and had already begun to return upon itself. The citizens of the village had begun to awake the necessity of seeing that Lancaster was well supplied with workers in every kind of industry, which induced the Herald to say in its issue of June 26 : " The country demands all branches of trade to be kept well supplied so they can give all their patronage to Lancaster, or else go elsewhere. It is one of the best locations in the State for a ■cooper ; there are several merchant mills within reasonable bounds ; also plenty of walnut, cherry, maple and pine lumber for building, as well as blue limestone. Brick within one mile of town." For the working of this lumber product there were at that time two saw-mills within the town limits. The year witnessed a second small-pox scare, which for a time stagnated trade and created somewhat of a panic in the village ; but, happily, it yielded to the energetic treat- ment meted out to it. Several deaths occurred from the loathsome disease, but at no time did it approach an epidemic. During the month of June the dread cholera fiend had again made its appearance, and the two first cases proved fatal ; other cases made their appearance afterward. The excitement was intense ; the streets of the village were deserted, so great was the fear of this fearful scourge felt by the inhabitants of the surrounding country ; eight or ten deaths occurred in rapid succession. The only physician of the town was prostrated under the burden of care and work. When everything seemed so dark, succor and relief arrived through the action of two public-spirited citizens — Judge McGonigal and J. Allen Barber. The former had been through the cholera season of 1850 at Wingville, and became aware of the potent influ- HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. 651 ence of certain remedies in coercing the cholera demon into silence. Starting at the first house tiiey met in which the dread disease was working its fearful work, they rolled up their sleeves and commenced operations. Right manfully did they contest the possession of the young life with the demon, and at length were granted the happiness of knowing that their efibrts were not in vain ; the regime of king cholera was broken, others coming to their assistance as nurses. This Spartan band continued their labors without abatement until the plague was stayed, and the village could once more breathe freely. Among new-comers in business were George Ryland & Co., who opened a store of general merchandise in the post-ofBce building, north of the court house. The first-named member of this firm had arrived in Lancaster some time before. S. Hyde & Co. also started a blacksmith- ing establishment in the latter part of the year. The year 1855 marked many improvements in the village, and showed it had about recov- ered from the set-back caused by the western exodus some years before. Early in January the contract for building a new schoolhouse was let to Thomas Walker for $2,375, the building to be of brick and two stories high. In the same month, James Black started in business in the old "Telegraph House." Heretofore much trouble had been experienced in securing land in the village and immediately adjoining. T^\\.e Herald, commenting on this early in the year, said: " Soon after Lancaster was made a county seat, speculators entered all the good lands in the vicinity, and held them at prices beyond the reach of the incoming emigrants. In 1854, they became alarmed and sold at from $4 to $10 per acre. In 1855, all lands in the vicinity are owned by actual residents. This spirit of speculation," adds the Herald, "left Lancaster behind in mercantile and business interests, and it must take some time to come up. Last year many wanted to build in Lancaster as well as in the vicinity, but it was impossible to procure material and workmen, hence it was deferred to another season. It is to be regretted that this prospective demand for building was not seen as clearly a year or two ago as at present, as then Lancaster would be in a fair way to add to her population and wealth fourfold by next fall." In May, F. P. Liscum resigned the Postmastership, and G. W. Ryland was appointed in his place. Many new business firms are announced this year, among them that of Messrs. Howe & Baxter, who purchased Alcorn's store, enlarged the stock and commenced business in July. During the preceding month a movement had been made looking to the organization of a stock company with a capital of $8,000, to build a steam mill in Lancaster. The population of Lancaster June 1, this year, was 275 families; 846 white males, 768 white females, 6 colored males, 2 colored females, 2 insane (females), 86 bachelors, and 364 persons of foreign birth. Total population 1,614 white and 8 colored — 1,622 in all. "This," it is added, "does not include those who board in families." In August, Colter & Bradshaw opened the much-needed drug store, and the succeeding month J. B. Callis and John Pepper commenced a general merchandise business in the store occupied in early times by T. M. Bar- ber, on the corner of Monroe and Madison streets. Among the improvements mentioned this year was a residence erected by Judge Colter, a store erected by Dwight Parker, and a large warehouse put up by Mr. Ryland. In December, Daniel Banfill sold the Mansion House to 1j- a. Hyde, who had lately arrived from Vermont, and who remained proprietor of this famous hostelry until his death. The high rate at which property was held around the court house caused the town "to move down toward Judge Colter's spring," the business center at this time being in the neighborhood of the newly erected Methodist Church. The emigration had con- sisted this year principally of men with families, who came looking for homes, although the greater part of this emigration went to the country around rather than remaining in the village ineyear 1856 was in the main a repetition of the preceding year. In February, a destruc- ive fire occurred, by which the store occupied by Callis & Pepper was entirely destroyed. The ^re was supposed to have originated in a room over the store used as an office and bedroom . 652 HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. immediately with tlie work of clearing away the ruins and the erection of a new building on the same site, which was ready for occupancy in April. The new schoolhouse was also finished early in the year. Mr. George H. Cox was appointed Postmaster in August. A steam saw- mill was among the new additions to Lancaster business enterprises this year, erected by Messrs. Griswold & Meyer in the fall, the intention being to add to it the machinery nec- essary for the manufacture of flour after awhile. In November, the railroad through the northeastern portion of the county was completed and opened for traffic. A tri-weekly stage line, operated by. Elliot A. Liscum, gave Lancaster a connection with this "iron highway" at Boscobel. Late in the fall, the small-pox again made its appearance, and three deaths from this disease occurred in a very short time. It did not, however, succeed in obtaining a general hold on the community, and the excitement over its appearance soon subsided. There were numerous accessions to the population of the village during the year, and the country in the immediate vicinity was benefited by the overflow. The succeeding year, 1857, witnessed that great upheaval of values known as the "panic of '57," which reduced so many from affluence to beggary, and blotted out forever many a well-known business. As to the causes which led to this convulsion, it is not necessary, neither does it come within the province of this article to speak. Lancaster, in common with nearly all towns in the lead region, suffered but little from the unsettlement of values which was the prevailing character of the fatal year. The causes of Lancaster's exemption from any bad effects of this year are assignable, undoubtedly, to several causes : First, the only money known in the lead district was gold and silver. At quite an early date, when the stability of the numerous "wild-cat" banks, then for the first time show- ing themselves, began to be questioned, the miners had determined to take nothing in payment for mineral but "hard money," and as it afterward appeared, this measure, more than anything else, was the most effective barrier against the wave of bankruptcy and ruin that swept over the land. Then the Territory now embraced in the present State of Minnesota was receiving its first influx of emigrants, who had to be supplied, as well as their stock, with food, and where would they be so apt to go for these supplies as to the country lying nearest to them, thus keeping up prices and furnishing the farmers of Grant County with an excellent market for their surplus beef, pork and grain during the panic year, and the seasons just succeeding it. By the time this source of revenue began to fall off, owing to the fact that the new settlers were now in position, not only to provide food for themselves but furnish a surplus for export, pros- perity was again reaching its golden wings over the country, and the balance of trade was thus sustained to the manifest benefit of Lancaster, which was thus relieved from the serious setbacks that characterized the history of many other towns at this period. In the years succeeding 1857, and previous to the war, an apathy appears to have settled over Lancaster, but few houses were erected, and emigration was at a stand-still. The only thing that remained in a state of activity were the wolves, which had again become extremely troublesome. During the month of January, Mr. W. T. Patton, a resident of Ellenboro, while returning home from Lancaster one evening, in the latter part of the month, was met on the road by five large wolves, who seemed bent on attack. Mr. Patton happened to have in his hand an ax handle, which he had purchased at Lancaster, and with this, and by putting on a bold front, he was able to beat off the four-footed desperadoes and continued on his way, con- gratulating himself on his narrow escape. In I860, the log house known in local parlance as the "block-house," and one of the most interesting relics of the first settlement of the village, was demolished to make room for the advance of modern improvements, which in this case was exemplified by a large and commodious frame structure, erected by IMr. Addison Burr. The old building had witnessed many turns of the Lancastrian kaleidoscope. First serving as a store, the earliest to open in the village, it was afterward the center of legal lore and judicial learning as the office of Barber & Dewey, for many years the only law firm in the new town. The senior member of this noted firm continued to occupy it as an office until its demolition. Could th* log walls have spi.ken, many a weird tale would they have told. HISTOKY OF GRAKT COUNTY. 65S THE WAR PERIOD. The beginning of the war opened up a new era for Lancaster. The spirit of speculation which it engendered and the rise in the price of farm products, soon put farmers in an easier position than they had known for many years. As the development and prosperity of any place is dependent in a great measure on the prosperity of the farming community in its imme- diate vicinity, so Lancaster at once felt the effect of this expansion, and began in its turn to expand in size and mercantile importance. Despite the fact that seemingly every energy was being strained to send troops into the field, many buildings were erected, and many of the finest structures of which the city now boasts, date from the period during or just anterior to the war. When white-winged Peace once more settled over the land, and the bone and sinew which had been drained from all occupations to supply food for the demon-like destructibles in the field had been returned to its legitimate channels, the high tide of prosperity seemed to have come. During this period, Lancaster advanced with rapid strides. Id March, 1872, a disastrous fire destroyed what was known as " Callis Corner," and at one time threatened to sweep the street. The fire was discovered about 10 P. M., in the roof of a building used partly as a barber-shop by Max Nobis, and was supposed to have started from a defective flue. The loss footed up some $6,000 on stock, besides the buildings. The dis- aster was but temporary ; new and handsomer buildings took the place of those destroyed, and, the corner once more resumed its old-time business popularity. A serious drawback to Lancas- ter's advancement with the same rapidity that characterized other sections, was a lack of rail- road facilities. Many were the schemes proposed to obviate and remove this stumbling-block, and finally, in 1879, the advent of the narrow-guage road placed the city in easy communication ■with the outside world, and allowed Lancaster merchants to compete with the business men of other towns with some show of success, and without having to pay extensive transportation fees. As the terminus of the road, the city to day enjoys exceptional privileges, more than equal to the drawback under which it labored in earlier times. Lancaster of to-day contains six stores, doing an extensive merchandising business, three hardware stores, two drug stores, two jewelry stores, two furniture stores, three general stores, one tailor shop, four hotels, one news room, two millinery establishments, three confectionery and notion stores, one bakery, two barber- shops, four blacksmith-shops, two wagon manufactories one woolen-mill and two livery stables. It is steadily growing, the growth being not of the mushroom order, "which to-day is, and to- morrow is cast into the fire," but one that has a solid basis of need, and which will undoubtedly mcrease in the same steady ratio as the years roll on. The population of the city, according to the last census, was 1,044, but the actual population already has gone much beyond this limit. As the center of a rich and productive country, Lancaster's future is extremely promising. TOWN AND VILLAGE GOVERNMENT. Lancaster was first organized into a town at the special session of the County Board in 1848, the first election being held at the court house in the spring of 1849. This commence- ment of township government is thus quaintly narrated in the old record : Be it remembered that at a general town election, for the election of county oflBcers, had at the court house in the township of Lancaster, in the county of Grant, in the State of Wiscon- sm (being the first election for such township or town oflBcers in said town), there being no Supervisor of said township to preside as moderator at said town meeting ; and the hour for opening of the polls having arrived, the moderator stated to the said town meeting the business to be transacted, and the order in which business would be entertained as follows : First — the election of three Supervisors, one of whom to be designated as Chairman ; sec- ond—one Town Clerk ; third — one Treasurer ; fourth — one Assessor ; fifih — one Superintend- ent of Common Schools ; sixth — four Justices of the Peace ; seventh — to elect from one to three Constables, as the meeting may determine ; also to elect one Overseer of Roads for each 654 HISTOKY OF GRANT COUNTY. To adopt rules and regulations for ascertaining the sufficiency o^ all fence in such town, and for determining the time and manner in which cattle, horses, sheep or swine shall be per- mitted to run on highways; and for impounding cattle. To determine the amount of money to be raised for the support of schools, for the con- tingent expenses of such town, for the support of roads and bridges in said town, and also for the support of the poor in said town for the ensuing year. To take measure and give directions for the exercise of the corporate powers of said town. Then, on motion. It was unanimously voted that all officers of said town, required by law to be chosen by ballot, be named in one ballot; and the offices to which such persons are intended to be chosen designated upon one ballot. On motion. It was also unanimously voted by said town meeting that there shall be elected for said town three Constables. After which the said town meeting agreed to go into an election for town officers as the law requires. The first meeting of the Town Board was held May 1, 1849. The township organization answered all purposes until 1836, when a majority of the citi- zens demanding the incorporation of Lancaster as a village, Hon. J. Allen Barber, then member of the Assembly, drew up a charter, which passed both Houses of the Legislature, and Lancaster took upon itself village honors. The incorporated village embraced one and a half miles square of territory. This charter continued in existence until 1869, when it was repealed, and one more ample in its powers granted by the Legislature of that year in its place. Under this charter the village remained until, by an act of the Legislature of 1878, Lancaster was incorporated as a city. The charter under which the incorporation was eflfected, provides for one Mayor, four Alderman, who together constitute the Common Council ; one Police Justice " and such other elective officers, except President and Trustees, as it is now lawfully provided such village shall elect." Elections were to be held the first Monday of May in each year. The powers and duties of Aldermen and Mayor were to be the same as those before per- formed by the President and Trustees of the village, except that the Police Justice, in addition to his jurisdiction in cases arising under the charter, should have the same jurisdiction as other Justices. The relations between the city and the township of Lancaster were the same as those heretofore existing between the village and the township, namely, that the city should belong to the township as part and parcel thereof, except for municipal purposes. The first election under the new charter was held May 6, 1878. Below is given a roster of the town, village and city officers from the formation of the township up to the present time. OFFICIAL EOSTER. 1849 — Supervisors, J. Allen Barber, Chairman, N. M. Bonham, Abner Dyer ; Town Clerk, Joseph C. Cover ; Treasurer, Arthur W. Worth ; Assessor, Charles Blanford ; Superintendent of Schools, H. H. Lewis; Constables, Dexter Ward,^ James Haire and William Walker; Jus- tices of the Peace, Philo J. Adams, Francis H. Bonham, H. S. Liscum, W. T. Decker. Philo J. Adams and F. H. Bonham were drawn for the long term. 1850 — Supervisors, J. Allen Barber, Chairman, Abner Dyer, Thomas Shanley ; Clerk, Stepl en Mahood ; Treasurer, Charles Blanford ; Assessor, Jesse Miles, Sr. ; Superintendent of Schools, John D. Wood ; Justices of the Peace, John S. Fletcher, Andrew Barnett ; Consta- bles, Dexter Ward, S. A. Quincy, William Walker. 1851 — Supervisors, William N. Reed, Chairman, Thomas Shanley, Thomas Weir ; Clerk, John D. Wood ; Treasurer, Philo J. Adams ; Assessor, Stephen Mahood ; Superintendent of Schools, J. C. Cover; Justices of the Peace, Andrew Barnett, H. S. Liscum; Constables. Dexter Ward, James N. Borah, G. B. McCord. 1852 — Supervisors, James Barnett, Chairman, Joseph Bonham, John B. Gillespie; Clerk, F. P. Liscum ; Treasurer, Frederick B. Phelps ; Assessor, Stephen Mahood ; Superintendent HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. 656 of Schools, Robert Chilcfren ; Justices of the Peace, F. H. Bonham, Hugh R. Colter, Stephen Mahood — to fill vacancy ; Constables, Patrick Dancey, Dexter Ward, Lewis Laughlin. 1851 — Supervisors, Nelson Dewey, Chairman, Joseph Bonham, Abner Dyer ; Clerk, Stephen Mahood ; Treasurer, John B. Callis ; Assessor, H. S. Liscom ; Superintendent of Schools, J. C. Cover ; Justices of the Peace, Stephen Mahood, Dexter Ward ; Constables, W. H. Foster — only one Constable elected this year. 1855 — Supervisors, J. Allen Barber, Chairman, Philip Kelts, Edmund Harelson ; Clerk, Stephen Mahood ; Treasurer, John B. Callis ; Superintendent of Schools, William A. Holmes ; Assessor, Andrew Barnett ; Justices of the Peace, Joseph Bonham, George. W. Luse ; Consta- bles, Jared Barnett, Elliot H. Liscum. Two Constables were elected this year. 1856 — Supervisors, J. Allen Barber, Chairman, Edmund Harelson, Philip Kelts ; Clerk, Stephen Mahood; Treasurer, John B. Callis ; Assessor, William N. Reed ; Superintendent of Schools, J. C. Cover ; Justices of the Peace, Wood R. Beach, Stephen Mahood, Francis H. Bonham — elected to fill vacancy ; Constables, Elliot H. Liscum, John Pepper. Stephen Ma- hood being afterward unable to serve as Town Clerk, by reason of sickness, William E. Carter was appointed by the Board in his place. I VILLAGE OFFICERS. 1856— President, J. Allen Barber; Trustees, John G. Clark, M. M. Ziegler and D. T. Parker ; Treasurer, M. M. Wood ; Marshal, Dexter Ward ; Assessor, George Howe ; Clerk, appointed by the Board of Trustees, William E. Carter. 1857 — President, J. H. Hyde ; Trustees, D. H. Budd, Charles Langridge and James Bar- nett ; Treasurer, George W. Ryland ; Assessor, Stephen Mahood ; Marshal, W. H. S. Palmer ; Clerk, William E. Carter. 1858 — President, L. 0. Shrader; Trustees, John B. Callis, Charles Langridge, 0. B. Phelps ; Treasurer, George W. Ryland ; Assessor, Stephen Mahood ; Marshal, John Pepper. 0. B. Phelps refused to qualify as Trustee, and E. G. Beckwith was elected in his place. Clerk, William E. Carter. He was removed for non-attendance in September, and L. J. WooUey appointed in his place. 1859 — President, J. C. Holloway ; Trustees, Charles Langridge, William Alcorn and George W. Ryland; Treasurer, D. H. Budd; Assessor, Stephen Mahood; Marshal, John B. Callis; Clerk, L. J. Woolley. 1860 — President, J. Allen Barber; Trustees, George H. Cox, Anthony Crosby and L. A. Hyde ; Treasurer, M. M. Ziegler ; Assessor, Hiram Baxter ; Marshal, John B. Callis ; Clerk, L. 0. Shrader. 1861— President, J. Allen Barber; Trustees, George H. Cox, F. P. Liscum, Joseph Bar- nett; Treasurer, D. H. Budd; Marshal, John B. Callis; Assessor, William McGonigal ; Clerk, L. 0. Shrader. 1862 — President, J. Allen Barber; Trustees, Harrison Redding, George H. Cox and George W,' Ryland; Treasurer, D. H. Budd; Assessor, W.N. Reed; Marshal, Thomas Gow ; Clerk, J. W. Blanding. There is a break in the records from the above date to 1867, during which there is no trace of the officers elected. 1867— President, J. C. Cover; Trustees, J. H. Hyde, J. W. Blanding and A. J. Fox; Clerk, Joseph Bock. 1868— President, J. W. Blanding ; Trustees, H. J. Fox, Fred B. Phelps, J. W. Angell ; Ireasurer, John P. Lewis ; Assessor, William H. Foster ; Marshal, David Cutshaw ; Clerk, Joseph Bock. 1869— President, P. H. Parsons ; Trustees, Lewis Holloway, William Alcorn, V. F. Kin- ney, H. Reading. [From this date, and under the new charter, the Treasurer, Marshal and !;!! ^®^t Wointed by the board, and the President also performed the duties of Police Jus- 656 HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. 1870— President, George W. Ryland ; Trustees, Henry Fox, Johh B. Turley, Lewis Hol- loway, Henry Muesse ;, Treasurer, D. H. Budd ; Marshal, Dexter Ward ; Clerk, A. P. Thomp- son ; Street Commissioner, George Harton. 1871 — President, George W. Ryland ; Trustees, Henry Fox, Henry Muesse, Lewis Hol- loway, W". M. Powers; Treasurer, D. H. Budd; Marshal, Dexter Ward; Clerk, David Schreiner ; Street Commissioner, Joseph Joey. 1872— President, Henry Muesse ; Trustees, R. E. Murphy, M. M. Zeigler, W. W. Robe, R. S. Hoskins ; Treasurer, D. H. Budd ; Marshal, Philip Kelts ; Clerk, P. H. Parsons ; Street Commissioner, H. B. Fisher. 1873 — President, William McGonigal ; Trustees, Lewi.s HoUoway, C. H. Baxter, W. W. Robe, H. B. Fisher; Treasurer, D. H. Budd; Clerk, A. R. McCartney; Street Commissioner, William Richardson ; Marshal, Charles Bennetts. 1874— President, A. Burr ; Trustees, P. H. Parsons, C. H. Baxter, V. F. Kinney, H. B. Fisher ; Treasurer, D. H. Budd ; Marshal, Thomas R. Chesebro ; Clerk, R. E. McCoy ; Street ■Commissioner, Franklin Halbert. 1875 — President, J. Allen Barber ; Trustees, Franklin Halbert, Lewis Holloway, John Schreiner, Henry Muesse; Supervisor, George Clementson; Treasurer, Richard Meyer; Clerk, A. Michaels ; Street Commissioner and Marshal, S. Mitchell. 1876 — President, J. Allen Barber; Trustees, John Schreiner, John Woolsenholme, Henry Muesse, Frank Halbert; Supervisor, George Clementson; Treasurer, Richard Meyer; Clerk, A. Michaelis ; Marshal, S. Mitchell ; Street Commissioner, Franklin Halbert. 1877 — President, J. Allen Barber; Trustees, David Schreiner, W. H. Haines, John Os- wald, William Richardson ; Supervisor, George Clementson ; Treasurer, Richard Meyer ; Clerk, A. Michaelis ; Street Commissioner, John Oswald ; Marshal, S. Mitchell. CITY OFFICERS. 1878 — Mayor, A. R. Bushnell ; Aldermen, James Woodhouse, George D. Utt, James Kil- feourn, Joseph Nathan ; Justice of the Peace, James A. Jones ; Supervisor, George Clementson. (Clerk, Treasurer and Marshal appointed). Clerk, Aug. Michaelis; Treasurer, Richard Meyer; Marshal, S. Mitchell. 1879 — Mayor, George Clementson ; Aldermen, F. B. Phelps, A. H. Barber, Henry Muesse, Alexander Ivey ; Police Justice, A. L. Burke ; Supervisor, George Clementson ; Clerk, Charles Orton ; Treasurer, Richard Meyer ; Marshal, H. P. Green. 1880— Mayor, John B. Clark; Aldermen, Lewis Holloway, W. T. Orton, William P. Stone, Herman Buchner ; Clerk, Aug. Michaelis ; Treasurer, Richard Meyer ; Marshal, George •Griffin. 1881 — Mayor, John B. Clark; Aldermen, William P. Stone, Herman Buchner; W. F. Orton, Lewis Holloway. The two last named declined to qualify; John P. Lewis and John Street were appointed by the remaining members of the Council, in accordance with a pro- vision of the city charter. Treasurer, Richard Meyer ; Clerk, Aug. Michaelis ; Marshal, S. Mitchell. LANCASTER PRESS. Grant County Herald. — This paper was started early in the spring of 1843, the first number being issued March 18, of that year. The causes which led to its inception and subse- quent birth were those usual to enterprises of this nature in newly settled regions, namely, a desire to keep the world informed of the existence of such a place as Grant County, and a grow- ing demand for a ready means for giving notice to the different parties interested in the numer- ous cases of litigatijn continually arising. Therefore, early in the year above named Messrs. J. Allen Barber, Nelson Dewey and Daniel BanBll joined together and purchased a press and type in Dubuque, brought it to Lancaster, and as given above, the first number of the Grrant County Herald was issued, the first issue being printed in an "annex " to the old Boice cabin. This HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. 657 building had witnessed before this, many changes in Lancaster history and its rough-hewn walls had in turn resounded to the ring of the pioneer's genial laugh, the soft whispers of womanly voices, and, later on, to the merry rattle of knives and forks as under the regimes of Richard's and Capt. Reed, the founders of Lancaster had proved themselves valiant " trencher men." Now its cobwebbed ceilings were to resound to the click of the mysterious types and the soft rumble of the hand press, as the bed traveled back and forth to transfer to the white paper the condensed intelligence that had been gathered in the forms beneath the powerful platen. The first to furnish shelter, the old cabin was now to be the entrepot for the little sheet that was, in another decade or two, to wield an influence equal to that of any journal in the State. The first issue contained the brains of Lenhart 0. Schrader and the muscular power of C. Mallet and Thomas Keeling, the former being the editor and the latter compositors. Mallet and Keeling were both of French descent and much inclined to interviews with the flow- ing bowl, but by their acquaintance with the " types " were thus unconsciously immortalized as the issuers of the first copy of the Herald. A stock company had been formed, in fact the three gentlemen above named as the pur- chasers of the press and material, were merely acting as agents for their associates, Messrs. Price, McCartney & Rountree, all together making the Herald Company. The paper was shortly after its birth transferred to C. Mallet & Co., who were allowed to gradually buy up all the stock paying for the same in advertising. The editorship of the paper passed into the hands of H. A. Wiltse, one of the brightest lights of the galaxy, who through their labors in this po- sition, have enthroned the Herald as one of the household gods of this and adjoining sections. Under his management the paper began to assume something of importance, and its columns became a valuable repository of lore — mineral, agricultural and statistical — which makes the early files of this paper particularly valuable to him who would cultivate an ■ intimate acquaintance with the resources and developments of this early period. October 21, 1843, Mallet retired from the paper, having disposed of his interest to J. D. Spaulding, Mr. Wiltse remaining in the editorial chair. The paper remained as it had been from the commencement, a five-column folio. In April, 1844, Mr. Wiltse severed his connection with the Herald and took up his former duties as surveyor, removing in time, to the State of Iowa, where he entered the Sur- veyor General's ofiice at Dubuque. He was afterward made Surveyor General, but resigned the position to commence the practice of law, in which profession he rose to a high rank before his death, which occufred a few years ago. During the year and a half following Mr. Wiltse's retirement the rapier-like wit and subtle reasoning of J. T. Mills is mingled with the scathing sarcasm and flashing arguments of James M. Goodhue. Mr. Spaulding, more ambitious than his predecessors, aimed to make the Herald a State paper, and changed the name from the Grant County Herald to the Wisconsin Herald, and at the commencement of 1845 he added one column to its size, making it a six instead of a five column folio. In August of this year, James M. Goodhue, whose genius had shone forth so conspicuously during the past months, was associated with Spaulding in the publication of the paper, and took his seat in the editorial chair. In expressing his purposes on taking the helm, Goodhue said : " To be useful the press must be unshackled. * * * The press is the great fountain through which mind is ever pouring forth freshness, vitality and power. It is with such views of this subject that the edi- tors of the Herald call upon their patrons to sustain them in a full, fair, untrammelled expres- sion of thoughts and opinions. Our opinions will not always coincide with those of all our readers. Men do not all think by the rule of three. * * * * The editor who pens every paragraph in constant fear of ' stop my paper ' is a mere ' toad under a harrow.' We have no fears of this kind for we well know the intelligence of our readers, and that if we write honestly, fearlessly and vigorously, they will pardon us if we do not always write wisely." In a later '88ue, notice is given that at the commencement of a new volume a change will be made in " plan, purpose and character of the paper," looking toward an active partisanship, the Herald having heretofore remained neutral on the principal absorbing questions of the day. The shadows thus cast DeiOre. WArP "TfinATirO^ KtT -fi^nv TTAQVO rtf .flnc^l,iv\» .^f^i4-n%.in1ci i\n n\i Una f\V •af\\\n\\ TXTQC 1-lT.QfTnaTlf 658 HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. with life and thought. Ever given to the Donnybrook Fair maxim of " When you see a head hit it," Goodhue allowed no chance to escape, whereby he could apply his peculiar gifts. No wrong to go unscathed, or chicanary to pursue its course unmasked ; brilliant but erratic, his course was not such as was likely to advance the financial side of the balance, however high might go the admiration for the brilliant talents displayed weekly through the columns of the young journal. At the end of August, Goodhue had become sole proprietor of the Herald and so continued until the spring of 1849. He then sold out to J. L. Marsh and took the old press, which had been replaced by one of a more improved pattern, and removed to St. Paul, where he founded the St. Paul Pioneer. To this old press quite a history is attached. It was origi- nally purchased for the Dubuque Visitor, the first paper published in Iowa ; then brought to Lancaster, it served, as has been seen, to "work off" the Serald; then served to give the first impressions to the first paper in the Territory of Minnesota, and was again sold, in 1858, to start afresh upon its wanderings, after twenty-two years of service. It went to Dakota and was used to print the Dakota Democrat, the first paper printed in that Territory, where it re- mained in active service until the Sioux outbreak of 1862, when the outfit, including the old Smith press, was captured by the United States troops from the Indians in a running fight, but the old press had done its last work. It was so broken up as to be no further use. Goodhue's St. Paul venture was first christened the Epistle of St. Paul, but the name being objected to by some of the proprietor's friends, it was changed to the St. Paul Pioneer, and thus remained until consolidated with the Press a few years ago, forming the Pioneer-Presa of to-day. Mr. Goodhue, afterward christened Colonel, continued as publisher of the Pioneer until August, 1852, when he passed on before to the other world. The Grant County Herald, then published by J. 0. Coyer, at this time gave the following estimate of this remarkable man : " Col. Goodhue was a lawyer by profession, but soon after his arrival in Wisconsin, he pur- chased an interest in the Herald, after which he gave up the practice of law. Here in Lancas- ter, he commenced his editorial career, and here, during a three-years' experience, he perfected his extraordinary talents, and laid the plans which ultimately secured for him unbounded noteri- ety. In a pecuniary sense, he was remarkably successful ; having commenced without a dollar, he amassed a fair fortune within the few years of his editorial career. He united, in person, all the elements necessary to success in life. His intellectual countenance, when roused, be- trayed that bitter sarcasm which distinguished him as a writer ; but when»composed, as strongly exhibited the wit that beamed through his humorous articles. The world was the seminary of his learning from which he gleaned the myriads of thoughts and expressions never before enter- tained or uttered by living mortal. Col. Goodhue will be a loss to the editorial fraternity, for he dared to lead in what the majority have not nerve to do — in exposing the errors of the many, the recklessness of the great, and the crimes of the high. All evil-doers were chastised alike, for he had no mercy to spare for any." Goodhue was succeeded in the proprietorship of the Herald by J. L. Marsh, who, being of a conservative, quiet temperament, trimmed his sails more carefully to the difi"erent winds, and so managed to keep his craft afloat and with provisions enough to carry the crew so long as they remained aboard. He remained at the helm until June 19, 1851, when he was succeeded by the firm of Cover & Shrader. The retiring editor afterward founded the Independent Ameri- can, at Platteville, and, after numerous newspaper adventures, settled in Sheboygan, Wis., hav- ing first purchased the Sheboygan Herald, which he continued to edit many years. Mr. Marsh is at present Postmaster in Sheboygan. When the new firm came into power, the subscription list numbered 261 names, but, owing to "certain unpopular sentiments held by the editor," the list fell to forty names in a short time ; but others rallied to the support of the paper, and, two years later, the Herald had 600 subscribers. The firm of Cover & Shrader continued as pub- lishers of the Grant County Herald until January 1, 1853. At that date, Mr. Shrader retired from the partnership, his place being filled by Mr. Goldsmith. The Herald now began to make rapid strides toward the golden shores of prosperity. The editors were fully alive to the needs HISTOEY OF GKANT COUNTY. 659 of the county, and, by ably written and timely articles, aimed to attract a goodly share of the western tide of immigration into this southwestern corner of tbe State. Speaking of their aims and purposes in this and other lines of thought, the Herald of July 3, 1854, says : " Our pur- poses from the first have been just three ; no more, no less. To tell our readers what they ought to be told ; to tell them what they want to be told ; and, thirdly, to make money. We care little for party measures or professions, since the thing professed ever fails of success however warm and numerous its advocates. We are tired of professions — men we have confi- dence in ; therefore, we shall be the advocate of men, since good men rarely ever profess much, but act out what they believe right, regardless of party or party favors. ' Men, not measures ' is our political rule of faith, and if men generally adhered to it, we'll be bound their will be oftener respected in the legislative halls and councils." As the firm became later on inter- ested in other ventures, the editorship devolved more and more upon Mr. J. C. Cover, and hardly could the mantle of responsibility have fallen on better shoulders. Under his hand, the Herald became the exponent of the most advanced ideas of political thought. In fact, J. C. Cover, J. Allen Barber and Judge Mills are charged with " having made Grant Gounty radical in politics." Certainly the first-named of the triumvirate did his share, and history shows that the other triumvirs were not behind in the good work. In 1859, Mr. Goldsmith withdrew from the partnership, leaving Mr. Cover as sole proprietor. The Herald had already increased in strength until it was "a power in the land and" a welcome visitor to the numerous homes in Grant County, many of which had been established through the means of articles setting forth the beauties and wealth of this southwestern portion of the State. At the beginning of the new volume in the above year, the editor gave forth another article of editorial faith, by giving notice that, " we shall not intentionally, nor for bad motives, advocate a wrong, even though such wrong be popular and sanctioned by party, church or friends." In the stormy days just preceding and during the opening of the war, the position of the Herald could not be mistaken. Its clear, ringing editorials, gave signs of the true metal underneath, as its editor worked night, and day, by pen, tongue and example, to uphold the Nation, in those dark days of uncertainty. It was the Herald that chronicled the names of Grant's representatives as they came pouring forth to do battle for the Union. It was the Herald that, through the forethought and kindness of its ruling spirit, reached them far down in Dixie, bringing tidings of friends and home, and it was the Herald that bore, only too often, the tale of woe to the suffering and stricken parents, sisters and brothers, of the news of the son and brother's martyrdom on the altar of his country. To those that came back, the old familiar journal was more a necessity than ever. What wonder then that its subscription lists assumed plethoric proportions, or that its interest was not bounded by mere county lines, but reached out even into the whole State. March 5, 1867, John Cover was associated with Mr. Cover. Sr. as assistant editor of the Eerald, and in June of the same year the proprietor gave evidence of his willingness to keep abreast of the march of modern improvements and demands, by increasing the Herald to an eight-column folio, and putting in a power press, which gave increased facilities for expedi- tious printing and handling of the steadily increasing issue. No further changes were made until December 29, 1868, when notice was given, editorially, that henceforth the business por- tion of the Herald would be transferred to John Cover, who, on January 1, would lease the paper for an indefinite period ; the editorial columns remaining in charge of Mr. J. C. Cover. Jnly 27, 1869, the former assumed editorial, as well as business control of the paper. Upon as- suming control, the new editor says : " No changes will be made in the aims and politics of the Eerald. It will be our aim to publish an useful paper, in which the sentiments are radical and progressive, not only in politics but in all things — a paper devoted to the public interests and general good." In the previous issue the retiring editor, Mr. J. C. Cover, had severed the editorial link which, for the past few months, served to bind him to that journal, which he could with right claim as the child of his own intellectuality, the offspring of his active brain. In his valedictory, Mr. Cover referred to the past as follows: "With the present number of the Herald (•}nSPa ntir- llr^^^■r^1•\a^ nnnno/iflnv. 4'T,»«»«,Ul, a„ nv,;„„ ™i :,.„ vi:.,^: ^i j !■-_ . i.:_- !,..■. _.:xi. i.i,:„ 662 HISTORY OF OEANT COUNTY. SCHOOLS. The first school in Lancaster was started in 1841, the old cabin first occupied by G. M. Price as a store being used as the schoolhouse. The school was started by some of the early settlers, and was supported mainly by voluntary contributions. The teacher was Miss Jane Ayers, then from Rockville, now Mrs. Trethuie, and for many years a resident of Lancaster. This first educational venture continued through the period of several terms. After its discontinuance, Francis Rigeaud opened a school in the northwest room of the court house, and a second school was taught in a building situated in Bushnell Hollow. Rigeaud was an old French soldier, and continued his embryo academy until the erection of the first schoolhouse in 1843. Under the laws, as then existing, the County Commissioners had power to lay ofF or subdivide their districts into school districts. This had been done 'in the district in which Lancaster was con- tained. The first attempts to furnish educational facilities for Lancaster youth had only shown the need for some regularly organized school, therefore, J. Allen Barber, Nelson Dewey and Daniel Banfill, as a School Board, proceeded with the erection of a schoolhouse for this district. The movement at first met with considerable opposition, and many were the volleys fired at the heads of the devoted trio. The building once completed, however, and its necessity being more generally recognized, the assailants were turned into admirers, and praise took the place of invec- tive. The name of the first monarch who mounted the rude throne in this institution of learn- ing has faded away into the mystic region of forgetfulness. Soon, however, the rule and rod passed into the hands of J. T. Mills, then a new-comer into the village. Having been educated at an institution of learning in Illinois and graduated under the eye of Dr. Edward Beecher, the new teacher was thought to be well enough versed in " readin', writin' and cipherin','' to undertake the task of bringing up the young Westerners in the educational way in which they should go. He was possessed, moreover, of something better than this, a qualification of which his patrons were unaware, namely, an understanding which could reach out beyond the narrow boundaries limited by set rules and render light the dark places, making easy the way by remov- ing the hideous bugbears and puzzling intricacies which beset education in early times. It was soon found that the young teacher was the right man in the right place. So well had he suc- ceed that he was unanimously chosen for a second term, and J. C. Cover was associated with him in the growing school. As tradition hath it, '' Mills was to do the teaching and Cover the licking." Then for the first time the old system and the new met, and, as might have been for- seen (as never yet was one body known to travel in the same orbit simultaneously with another), the two systems gave forth a jarring sound which threatened annihilation of the whole educational plan. Each was a master of his system, and each thought his the best. Harmony was restored by an agreement that each should teach a week about, and, under this arrangement, those inter- ested had a chance to compare both systems, ending at length in a victory of the new fa th over the old. This building continued the seat of learning in Lancaster for many years, alternated with " select schools," which were started under first one teacher and then another. Lancaster be- came, in fact, divided into two hostile camps, one favoring the ordinary public school system as in vogue among the Eastern States, and the opposing hosts wishing the educational privileges transferred to an " academy " or " high school." In 1852, the latter class proved their faith by their works, and started a school in the Con- gregational Church, under the supervision of Mr. Demarist, who came well recommended as an educator. The Trustees of this institution were Daniel R. Burt, Nelson Dewey, J. Allen Bar- ber and J. T. Mills. This school continued with varying success under different teachers until the advent of Mr. Page, now Judge Page, of Austin, Minn., whose attempted assassination some time ago created such a furor throughout that and adjoining States. Under Mr. Page, the school reached the acme of its power and influence. The gentleman, while enforcing a strict discipline that reduced the pupil almost to a mere machine, moving at the command of its mas- ter, forced his scholars along the road of learning at a pace hitherto unknown in educational annals. So successful were his efforts that early in 1858 a meeting was held in the office oi HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. 663 Barber & Lowry for the purpose of considering the proposition of building an academy. The decision was in the aflirmative, stock was placed at $10 per share, and $1,200 were subscribed and one-quarter paid within a week. The building was to be 25x40 feet in size, two stories high, with accommodations for 125 scholars. Is was completed and opened in August, 1858, Mr. Page being the Principal. This gentleman soon after took his departure, owing to disagreements which arose between him and some of his principal patrons, and the " Institute " was continued until the completion of the present school building in 1870, when that, with its graded system, took the place of the former, and the " Institute " was discontinued. The building was trans- formed into a dwelling-house and remains standing, used for that purpose, on the corner of Oak and Monroe streets. In the meantime, the advocates of the common-school system had not remained idle. The old sohoolhouse in the north part of the village had been outgrown, and at a meeting of the citizens of the village, held at the schoolhouse October 24, 1854, it was determined, though not without some opposition, to build a new school building, the structure to be of brick, two stories high, 26x46 feet. The site selected was the present school lot in the south part of the village. The old schoolhouse, which had witnessed the' regimes of J. T. Mills, J. C. Covei", John G. Clark and other instructors of the young idea, when the salary amounted to the munificent sum of $10 per month, and the privilege of " boarding 'round," was condemned to be sold, and sold it was to ,a Mr. Palmer lor $3U5, and by him converted into a dwelling-house ; it was later on purchased by Judge McGonigal, and is still in use as a portion of the Judge's resi- dence. The new schoolhouse was built by Messrs. Sherman & Walker, and finished in the early part of 1856. It was 50x35 feet in size, two stories high, and intended to furnish accommoda- tion for 250 to 300 scholars. The upper and lower rooms were well lighted, desks well arranged, and in all respects what well-ordered school-rooms should be. The cost of building and plat was $3,000. This building was in turn outgrown, and in 1868, a larger and more imposing house was erected at a cost of about $15,000. It was already completed, and but a few days were to elapse before it was to be teeming with life. June 13, 1868, a terrible gale swept over Lancaster, and among the first fruits of its fury was the new schoolhouse, which was tumbled into a heap of ruins. The cause of its succumbing so' quickly to the gale was attributed, in a great measure, to defective construction. However, the damage had been done, and the only thing remaining was to remedy it as speedily and in the best manner possible. Opinion was divided as to the best course to pursue. The district was already encumbered with a heavy debt, the result of erecting the wrecked building, and under the circumstances many thought it best to purchase the old Congregational Church, then for sale, and fit it up for school purposes. The opponents of this way of thinking argued that it would be better to go on as they had begun, and erect a building which would be suflicient for many years to come, besides being an orna- ment to the town. At a meeting held for the purpose of deciding the question, the latter class was found to be in the majority. Contracts were accordingly let, after plans and specifications prepared by the building committee which had been appointed, and the present school building was the result. Its valuation, vide report of County Superintendent of 1880, is $20,800. The school combines both a graded and high school, the latter being erected at a school meeting held July, 1875. The high school proper employs the services of the Principal and one assistaiit. ihe graded department comprises four distinct grades — primary, second primary, intermediate and grammar grades. The whole number of teachers employed, including the Principal, is six. The present Principal is Prof. R. L. Reed, receiving a salary of $1,000 per annum. School matters are under the control of a school board of three members, one member being elected every year, and holding office for three years. The present board comprises Capt. A. R. Bush- nell, Moderator ; Mr. James A. Jones, Treasurer ; and Mr. John P. Lewis, Clerk. In regard to school attendance, Lancaster Township, according to the report quoted above, stands second '1 the county, Platteville ranking as first. 6U4 HISTOKY or GRANT COUNTY. RELIGIOUS. Methodist Church. — The first religious services ever held within the present limits of Lan- caster, were undoubtedly held by itinerant preachers of this denomination. Judge J. T. Mills speaks of witnessing a service held in a cabin in Bushnell Hollow, northwest of town, the audience consisting of a half-dozen miners or wandering adventurers, the date being shortly after the platting of the village. This fugitive service may possibly have been followed by oth- ers, but the first notice of Methodism in a regular form in Lancaster, is found in the report of a Quarterly Conference held at Fennimore early in 1849, the church being at that time evidently connected with Fennimore. The first Quarterly Conference held in Lancaster was convened October 21, 1849, Rev. Elmore Yocum being the Presiding Elder, and Rev. Benjamin Close the preacher in charge. A resolution was moved and carried to build a parsonage at Lancaster- Benjamin Close, Benjamin E. Quincey and Martin Teal being appointed as a building committee. The first Board of Trustees elected comprised the following names : James Henderson, Charles W. Long, A. E. Kilby, Joseph McKinney. This movement appears to have resulted in noth- ing, as in 1850, is found notice of another eff'ort to go on with this building. Rev. Mr. Close remained until the fall of 1850, when he was succeeded by Rev. J. W. Putnam, who, however, left before his year was up, Rev. Henry Wood taking his place January 18, 1851, for a few months. During this winter, efforts were made to commence the erection of a church buildin^r, and successfully, as the new church was commenced and completed the same year, and Novem- ber 16, was dedicated to the worship of God. The house was 42x26 feet in size on the ground floor, and cost $800. At this time a debt of $400 still remained unpaid. Mr. Brooks, of Lawrence University, Appleton, Wis., was present on the occasion to take part in the services, and assumed the responsibility of lifting this load. The first collection made amounted to |50 ; another was immediately ordered, resulting in the raising of $350, or enough in addition to the first to pay the whole debt, leaving the church without any embarrassing load of this kind to carry. In addition to this amount, $100 of " Telegraph stock" was subscribed. This pioneer church stood on the corner of Maple and Adams streets, and was used by the congregation until the completion of their present church in 1877. It still remains in the old position, being used at present as a carriage repository. In March, 1851, Rev. A. H. Walters had succeeded Rev. Mr. Wood, remaining until 1852, when Rev. M. Osborne took charge of the young society. A glimpse of early Method- ism as it appeared at this period, is given somewhat later by one who was acquainted with its workings, evidently Mr. Osborne. He says: "My first visit to Lancaster was in 1852. At that early period, the new church building was just completed, through the efforts of my pre- decessor. My field of missionary labor embraced Lancaster, Boice Prairie, Little Grant, Shanley's, Waterloo and a part of Fennimore. At all of these, save the home appointments, we had no church buildings, and we held our regular church services in log and frame school- houses, which would be often filled to overflowing by settlers from half a score of miles about. " Such home-like welcomes as we had then will never be forgotten, and the names of such men as Kilby, Quincey, McKinney, Kitts, Loney, Guilliford and others, cannot be recalled with- out pleasure. During 1854-55, my field of labor was Patch Grove, where our regular preach- ing places were Patch Grove, Millville, Blake's Prairie, Mount Hope — then known as White- sides — and Wyalusing. Henry Patch then kept the Patch Grove House. The Methodist parsonage. Dr. Chamber's, Col. Finn's, J. G. Ury's, Osborne's, Branson's and one or two other families, constituted what was then called Patch Grove Village. Bloomington was not then heard of, with other villages now in existence. At Montfort one found a vast territory of country uninhabited, but a very paradise among the desirable places this side of heaven. At that time there was no farm house directly on tlie National road from Wingville west to Fenni- more Grove, though on either side the Dinsdales and others had settled and were opening farms. South of Wingville, midway between it and Clifton, stood the house of G. Bunker, visible for miles around, and ensconsed in the valleys wore the homes of Keith, Taylor and others. HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. 665 " Clifton was considered the Goshen of the surrounding country. Ministers and others found a warm welcome at such homes as J. F. Brown's, Clayton's, Clifton's, Shipley's, How- del's and Bosye's. The old ' rock church ' — one of the first erected in Grant County — was a fine structure for the times. Mineral was found in considerable abundance near the church, but the most extensive mining was done in and near Wingville, which consisted of a dilapi- dated church on the hill, a small parsonage, stores kept by Clayborne Chandler, S. D. Green, Jenks. Bell & Thomas, and one or two others. The Stephens House and Ledbetter Hotel were the only places of entertainment. East of Wingville for ten miles, there were no farms directly on the main road, if Parmalay's is excepted, whose house was in a beautiful grove nearly half a mile from the road. Comfort, Armfield, Lincoln and others had settled on their prairie farms, and were just beginning a new life in the beautiful country." To these and others of that ilk was the early itinerant indebted for that bounteous encertainment which was ever ready whenever he might appear. In 1852, Rev. W. M. Osborne filled the pulpit, followed in October, 1853, by the Rev. John Hooper. In 1854, Rev. A. H. Walters was returned and remained two years, when Rev. E. Tasker assumed the pastorate, remaining until July, 1858. At that time he was succeeded by the Rev. C. P. Hackney, who served as Pastor one year and a half, delivering his charge over to the Rev. R. R. Wood, in December, 1859. The growth of the church in the meantime had been slow, but not marked by fluctuations that showed later on. Rev. Mr. Wood was fol- lowed in 1861 by Rev. Matthew Dinsdale, who remained until September, 1862. At the con- ference that year. Rev. R. Dudgeon was appointed to succeed Mr. Dinsdale, and remained one year. In 1863, Rev. E. Buck came, remaining the conference year. The ultra opinions held by this gentleman on the great issues then being put to the test of battle, caused a sad falling oS" in the church membership, a blow which was felt for many years afterward. Mr. Buck was suc- ceeded by Rev. C. Cook, who remained in charge of the congregation until 1868, when he was followed by the Rev. James Simms. His pastorate extended over the three years next ensuing. The conference of 1871 returned Rev. Anthony D. Dexter to the charge. He was succeeded in 1874 by the Rev. A. W. Cummings. During the pastorate of this gentleman, the present church building was erected, a substantial and com/modious structure, standing on the corner of Cherry and Monroe streets. The building was ready for dedication late in 1877, but, with a spirit worthy of imitation, the society decided not to formally dedicate the building until the debt then resting upon it was paid, and the church as a consequence remains undedicated up to the present time, although but a very small portion of the original debt remains. Mr. Cum- mings was succeeded by the Rev. G. W. L. Brown, who remained until 1879, when he was suc- ceeded by the Rev. C. Cook, the present Pastor. The present officiary of the church is as follows : Pastor, C. Cook ; Trustees, James Woodhouse, R. L. Hoskins, Stephen Vivian, J. E. McKinney, John Willis, B. E. Quincey, Alexander Ivey ; Secretary and Treasurer, Alexander Ivey. Congregational Ohurch. — This church was organized in the court house on the 21st day of May, 1843, by Rev. J. L. Stevens. The membership was, at this date, limited to seven. Judge Mills and wife, Mrs. Rebecca Mills, Mr. Daniel McAuley and wife, Mr. Dexter Ward and wife and Miss Mary Ward. Of these early members, Judge Mills, Mr. and Mrs. Ward and Miss Mary Ward, now married and living elsewhere, remain. When first organized, the church was "resbyterian, but was changed some years later to a Congregational Church. Mr. Stevens remained for some time in charge of the little flock, meetings being held in the court house, and oitener in a vacant log cabin, then standing in Bushnell Hollow. In this structure, the first prayer meeting was held, and the Sunday school organized. Upon the erection of the school- house in 1843, this was used as a place of worship on the Sabbath Day until the erection of the first church. The first regularly established minister was Rev. R. Carver, who came in 1844, and remained as Pastor until December, 1845. He was succeeded by Rev. 0. Littlejohn, who remained as spiritual head of the church from August, 1845, until January, 1847, when he was 666 HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. succeeded by Rev. S. Eaton. The first election of Trustees of the new society took place in 1850. J. T. Mills was chosen Clerk of the board, but aside from this, not much is known of this early body, as the earlier records of the church were lost through some dereliction on the part of those having them in charge. But in this same year, subscriptions were solicited for the purpose of erecting a new church ; at this time, Sunday school was held in the old schoolhouse, a portion of which is now used as a dwelling by Judge McGonigal. Owing to the absence of the Pastor, work on the new edifice was not begun until the following season, when it was inclosed and plastered, and with the aid of seats temporarily obtained from a church at Potosi, and a pulpit furnished by the Platteville Church, the building was fitted for occupancy as a place of worship, and consecrated December 2, 1851. This church was situated on Lots 1 and 2 of Block 29, on the corner of Cherry and Adams streets. It was a modest structure forty feet in length by thirty in width, and cost $700 ; the builder was E. B. Tenniy. The interior was completed at a later period, and an addition of twenty feet was made to the front of the build- ing in 1860. This place of worship was retained until the erection of the present edifice occupied by the society. In 1862, Rev. Mr. Eaton was commissioned Chaplain of the Seventh Wisconsin Regiment, which was composed in a great measure of Grant County representatives. Mr. Eaton went at once to the front, where the regiment was engaged in watching and fighting the rebels. From this time on, he remained at his post until the close of the war, and many a wounded soldier boy has reason to bless the Chaplain of the Seventh Wisconsin ; so faithful was the rev- erend gentleman in his work, that he was heartily spoken of by oflBcers and men as " the best Chaplain in the army." During his absence, the pulpit was filled by the Rev. Mr. Maiben. In 1871, it was decided to erect a new and more commodious structure, better fitted for the growing needs of the society, and, August 19 of that year, the corner stone of the new building was laid with imposing ceremonies. Under this block, on which was to rise the imposing pile, was deposited a history of the Congregational Church in Wisconsin, in two volumes, last issues of the county papers, cereals and seeds, and a sketch of the history of the church. After the ceremonies were over, the group was photographed by Vanderwall. The site selected for the edifice was that known as the Dewey lot, on the corner of Madison and Cherry streets. It was not until 1873 that the building was ready for occupancy. On Sunday, July 17 of this year, the church was formally dedicated to the worship of Cirod. Rev. C. H. Richards, of Madison, delivered the sermon, the remainder of the exercises being conducted by the resident Pastors of the Congregational and Methodist Churches. Previous to the formal dedication, an appeal was made to the audience for subscriptions to pay off' the debt of several thousand dollars that still remained, and |2,000 was thus obtained. The contractors and builders were Messrs. Alcorn & Muesse, the plans and specifications being furnished by C. W. Shinn, of Springfield, 111., and the cost of the building was $12,650. The edifice is of the style known as the pointed gothic, and is 50x85 feet outside ; height to cornice, twenty-two feet, with height to upper ceil- ing, thirty-two feet. The main spire is TOO feet in height, ornamented with beltings of cut stone. The auditorium is 40x80 feet, from which is taken a "social room," 20x40 feet. This room is separated from the auditorium proper by sliding partitions and doors, which are so arranged that they can be lowered to the basement when occasion requires, thus throwing the whole together in one room. Over this "social room" is a gallery of the same dimensions as the room itself. Admittance is gained by tWD entrances on the east side of the building,^ and one on the north. In addition to these, there is an entrance direct into the Pastor's retiring room. The interior is very tastefully decorated in a cool gray, slightly bordering on the blue, while the roof is checked off" into large squares by the timbers supporting it, that are thus called into play as a portion of the decoration ; these are grained in a dark oak, while the squares show a gray tone somewhat warmer in color than the side walls. The general effect is quiet but • • • HISTOET OF GBANT COUKTY. 669 pleasing. The pulpit stands in an arched recess, on either hand of which are other and smaller jrcliea — that to the right of the pulpit being used for the choir, the congregation being thus able to "face the music" without the trouble that is necessary so to do in many churches. An im- mense chandelier, with numerous side lights — ^both the present of Gen. J. B. Callis — furnishes the light necessary when occasion requires, while the room is well warmed by two furnaces in the basement. Upon the completion of the new church, the old building was sold to Mr. E. H. Borah for 0, and was raised, another story added underneath, and now serves as a dwelling and shop. A debt of a few thousand dollars still remained, but, through the active exertions of the church members, together with aid furnished by outside parties, the debt was lifted, and, Decem- ber 26, 1879, the society stood free from debt and in possession of a church edifice such as they might well view with pride. The present officiary of the church is as follows : Pastor, Rev. S. Eaton ; Deacons, Mr. George Howe and J. H. Jones; Trustees, J. H. Jones, George Howe, S. H. Parnsworth, B. White, Charles H. Baxter ; Secretary, T. A. Burr ; Treasurer, J. H. Howe. Baptist Church. — In accordance with a notice previously given, a meeting was held at the court house November 29, 1844, for the purpose of forming a Baptist Church. D. Ban- bridge was appointed Moderator, and J. Miles Clerk, after which it was resolved " that we form ourselves into a church, to be designated as the Baptist Church of Lancaster. The resolution was carried unanimously, and signed by George McFarlin, Martha McFarlin, Israel Miles, Evan Miles, Reuben Miles, Isaac F. Miles, Caroline Woods, Mehala Miles, Jesse Miles and Sarah Miles. At a subsequent meeting, held !ffovember 16, 1844, the members of the young body "agreed to meet the citizens of Lancaster to deliberate on the subject of building a house of worship." Jesse Miles, William N. Reed and Evan Miles were the first Church Trustees, elected November 19. At a meeting, held December 14, William Reed was elected Church Clerk, and the Trustees appointed a committee to confer with the citizens, to co-operate with them in building a Baptist Church. The first Deacon was George McFarlin, elected April 15, 1845, and in August of the same year Jesse Miles, William Paddock and William N. Reed were appointed as a committee to purchase Lots 4 and 5 of Block 22, for a site for the proposed church. Up to February, 1846, Elder Miles had served as Pastor of the little body, but at that time a call was extended to Rev. Mr. Chapin to serve as Pastor for one year, and he accepting, commenced his work in June. The Baptist organization at this time, being the strongest in the place, the citizens had offered to co-operate with the congregation in erecting a; church, deeming it necessary that the village should contain at least one house of worship, and by the beginning of 1847, $900 had been subscribed. A building society had been formed, and Nelson Dewey, Alfred Miles, J. C. Cover, H. L. Liscum and James M. Otis elected Trustees. As such they also acted as a Building Committee, and July, 1847, there being $1,015 available, the contract was let to Jacob Gow for building the foundation, the price to be paid being $188. This work was finished by the spring of 1848, when the contract for the erection of the church building was let to James M. Otis for $1,100, the building to be finished by Fovember the same year, this was not done, however, and it was several years before the house was ready for occupancy. Ihe pubhc services of the society were held in the meantime in the court house, and occasion- % in the schoolhouse in the north part of town. Mr. Chapin remained until 1851, when he was succeeded by Rev. D. Matlock, who remained until 1853. July 4, 1852, the church was ready for occupancy and was dedicated upon that day. Upon Mr. Matlock's resignation, a call was extended to Rev. E. M. Lewis, which was accepted, and tie comnienced his pastorate in July, 1854, remaining until early in the summer of 1856. The church then remained without a Pastor until January, 1858, when Rev. B. B. Hatch came for a short period, extending to November of the same year. His successor was Rev. D. Matlock, who took charge of the congregation for the second time in 1862. Mr. Matlock's pastorate extended over a period of two years, when the church was again left pastorless. In 1869, Rev. 670 HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. Wade accepted the charge of the society for a short time, but resigned in December of the same year. Since the departure of Mr. Wade, the church has been without any regular Pastor. Oc- casional services have been held upon the occasion of visits from outside clergymen, but, owing to the deterioration of the church, through emigration and death, there can hardly be said to be an organized body at present existing. During 1868, repairs were made upon the church, which placed it in good order, but to-day it stands quiet and alone gazing out upon the west, a me- morial of the early days of Lancaster. Its ultimate fate is uncertain, but, as one of the oldest structures still remaining in the city, it should, and doubtless will, be preserved, as a relic of the olden times. Emanuel Episcopal Church. — About the year 1852, Mrs. Horner, wife of the celebrated Prof. Horner, the anatomist, of Philadelphia, sent the sum of $602 to Lancaster to aid in the erection of an Episcopal Church at this place. The cause of the good lady's thus interesting herself in the matter was, presumably, owing to the fact that her daughter had removed about that time to Lancaster Township with her husband, Mr. William Horner, and was then living here. March 27, 1852, at a meeting held in the office of Messrs. Barber & Lowry, the parish was formally organized under the name of " Westwood Parish," and Wardens and Vestry elected as follows: Senior Warden, Nelson Dewey; Junior Warden, William Horner; Vestry- men — John Welsh, Alexander Calder, Samuel Rowden, Andrew Barnett, J. Allen Barber, Dwight T. Parker. D. T. Parker was chosen Treasurer, and J. Allen Barber, Secretary. It not being deemed advisable at that time to proceed with the erection of a church edifice, the money then on hand was let upon good security, and for a period of six years, the new church existed only in the hopes of a few ardent churchmen. August 2, 1858, a meeting of the Wardens and Vestrymen of " Westwood Parish" was held at the office of Barber & Lowry, and after ascertaining the amount of money then at their disposal — which had in the interval accumulated to $954.32 — decided to proceed with the erec- tion of the proposed church. J. Allen Barber, Samuel Rowden and Alexander Calder were, by resolution, constituted a building committee, and empowered to let the contract for the new edi- fice. Rev. Bbenezer Williams, at this time officiating at Wingville, preached occasionally for a time in the church when finished, and services were also held by Bishop Kemper and others. Services had, also, previous to the erection of the new building, been held in the little school- house, in the north part of the village. From causes at this late date unknown, the movement suffisred another relapse, and it was not until May 8, 1865, that the parish was organized on a stable foundation. Its name was then changed, at the suggestion of Mrs. Lewis Hoyt, a lady who took a deep interest in the infant parish, to "Emanuel Parish." This organization was effected by Charles H. Rice. The first Wardens and Vestry of the Emanuel Parish were : Senior Warden, H. B. Fisher; Junior Warden, Richard Meyer; Vestrymen — Thomas Lan- gridge, J. Thornton, James F. Rhodes, Samuel F. Clise, William Carter, Sr., William Pitt Dewey, J. H. Hyde, Allen R. Bushnell. Mr. Rice remained but a short time. In 1866, Rev. Francis Moore assumed the rectorship of the parish, under whose ministration the young church made a rapid and vigorous advancement. In October, 1868, Mr. Moore left for Missouri. For an interval of four years, the church was without a Rector. October, 1872, Rev. Mr. Moore returned to the parish, remaining until June 16, 1873. Upon his departure, the parish remained without a Pastor until 1875. In August of that year, a call was extended to the Rev. S. S. Burleson, which was accepted in October, and on the first Sunday in Advent, the reverend gentleman assumed pastoral charge. The succeeding year, the present rectory was built, being ready for occupancy in December. Rev. Mr. Burleson remained until the spring of 1880, being the first Rector whose duties had been confined to Lancaster. His resignation had been tendered in October, but circumstances prevented his departure until the spring of 1880, as above men- tioned. During the summer of the same year, a call was extended to the Rev. Lewis Cloak, the present Rector, who took charge of the Parish August 15. The present officiary of the church is as follows : Senior Warden, Thomas Langridge ; Junior Warden, Charles Langridge, Sr. ; Vestrymen— Dr. James Brown, Mr. H. B. Fisher, Henry Muesse, P. H. Parsons, James F. Rhodes, G. D. Streeter. Mr. P. H. Parson is also Secretary and Treasurer. HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. 671 St. Clement's Catholic Church. — This congregation was originally under the charge of the Pastor of Potosi Parish as a mission. The present church was erected in 1859, under the snperintendence and through the efiForts of Rev. Father Gibson, then Pastor at Potosi. The first resident Pastor at Lancaster was the Rev. Father Thomas Hodnett, who came in 1870. He remained until October, 1873, when he was succeeded by the Rev. Father R. J. Scott. In 1876, Rev. Father Hugo Victor took charge of the parish, remaining uniil April 10, 1877, when he was transferred to other fields of labor, being followed in the pastorate by the Rev. Father Peter Schwieger, the present priest in charge. The parish was first known as St. Bar- tholomew, but there being one parish of that name in this section, it was changed by the Bishop to St. Clement's, which name it at present retains. CEMETERY. The first burial-place in Lancaster was a plat of ground just south of the Episcopal Church, this in time passing into a quasi private depository for the dead. In August, 1855, a meeting was held for the purpose of taking steps toward purchasing land for cemetery purposes. Judge McGonigal was chosen Chairman and J. Allen Barber Secretary. The name chosen for the organization was the " Lancaster Cemetery Association." The management was intrusted to three trustees, the first board comprising J. Allen Barber, Ovid B. Phelps and Myron W. Wood. Five acres of land were purchased south of town, on the site now occupied by Mr. Charles Langridge. The drainage facilities were, however, soon found to be inadequate to keep water from settling in the graves, which forced an abandonment of the proposed plan, and the movement dissolved in thin air. A year or two later — the deed bearing date of October, 1857 —William McGonigal, Theodore Barber, George Howe and James Barnett purchased an acre of ground southeast of the village, on the farm owned by J. Allen Barber. In May, 1863, these original owners deeded the land to the Trustees of the village of Lancaster for a ceme- tery; additions were made at difierent times to the first purchase, until now there are included in the cemetery limits about five acres, which is laid out into burial lots, and from its sightly and beautiful location forms one of the most pleasing "cities of the dead" in the county. Upon the merging of the village into a city the property passed into the hands of the city government, the Council having full control of it at present. MASONIC ORDERS. Lancaster Lodge, U. D., was organized in the year 1847, with the following list of officers : E. P. Wood, Master; H. R. Colter, S. W.; J. K. Rickey, J. W.; J. S. Fletcher, Sec; James McKinzie, Treas.; John Barnett, S. D.; B. Bunton, J. D.; Jacob Gow, Tiler. On the 10th of December, 1848, the charter was granted by the Grand Lodge, Lancaster Lodge taking rank as No. 20 in the list of lodges in the State. In the year 1853, so many members had departed for California, that the lodge had to suspend work, and the charter was surrendered to the Grand Lodge, June 16, 1853. On the 13th of June, 1855, the charter was restored by order of the Grand Lodge, and Lancaster Lodge, No. 20, was re-organized and her officers installed by G. M. H. M. Billings, since which time the Lodge has regularly continued its work. The following order was made by the Grand Lodge restoring the charter : I hereby certify that at a grand annual communicatioa of the Grand Lodge of Wisconsin, on the 13th day of June, 1855, the following resolution was adopted : . ,J'!'°'"f' '•'''»' 'he charter of Lancaster Lodge, No. 20, together with the jewels and furniture of said Lodge, be restored to said Lodge, Wlsco I I'^ncaster Lodge, No. 20, shall resume iis rank and priority according to its number on the registry ol the Grand Lodge of Certified by me, June 15, 1855, at Milwaukee. William R. Smith, Grand Secretary of the Grand Lodge of Wisconsin. The present officers are as follows : R. B. Showalter, W. M.; T. F. Baldwin, S. W.; C. ^ Langridge, J. W.; Joseph Bock, Sec; J. P. Lewis, Treas.; George E. Budd, S. I).; A. E. 'iyde, J. D.; J. B. Bradbury, Tiler. The lodge membership is sixty-one. (^rant Chapter, No. 27, R. A. M., was instituted February 27, 1866, and at present num- 672 HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. bers thirty-five members, with the following list of officers : George E. Budd, H. P.; William McGonigal, K.; J. G. Clark, S.; John P. Lewis, R. A. C; T. F. Baldwin, C. H. I. 0. 0. p. Mississippi Valley Lodge, N'o. 86. — Under a dispensation from the Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of the State of Wisconsin, Mississippi Valley Lodge, No. 86, I. 0. 0. F. was in- stituted November 28, 1855, by Bro. J. W. Van Orman, District Department Grand Master ; the following brothers constituting the charter members ; C. S. Babcock, G. W. Ryland, Rich- ard Drane, John Pepper, Joel Manning. Bro. A. H. Walters was initiated the same evening, and appointed Chaplain of the lodge. Babcock was elected and installed N. G.; Ryland, V. G.; Drane, R. Sec; Pepper, Per. Sec, and Manning, Treasurer. Bro. Babcock having oifended against the laws of the order, was, on March 25, 1857, for good cause, expelled from the order, and at the January session of 1871 of the Grand Lodge of Wisconsin, upon apphca- tion of Mississippi Valley Lodge, the name of Babcock was expunged from the charter of the latter lodge, and the charter re-issued with the name of Bro. Alcorn substituted as a charter member in the place of Babcock. The lodge after its beginning increased and prospered in membership, so that in 1862 it had some thirty-eight members. At the breaking-out of the war, the younger members and some of the older ones responded to their country's call, and went forth to fight its battles. During that long struggle, the lodge almost ceased to exist, but after the termination of the war, the lodge was revived and placed upon a firm basis, and has since been in good working order. Up to 1880, there had been received into the lodge 132 members, of which 106 were admitted by initiation, twenty-four by card, and two as ancient members. The lodge membership at that date was forty-six. Of the dead, but not forgotten, there are five : Edward Coumbe, died September 26, 1856 ; S. F. Clise, February 16, 1868 ; Simon E. Lewis, May 14, 1874 ; J. C. Cover, died at sea, July 4, 1872 ; Thomas Wier, February 12, 1879. In August, 1869, six members of the Mis- sissippi Valley Lodge withdrew by card to institute a German branch of the order. Of the charter members, but two remain, Messrs. Ryland and Alcorn. Bro. Drane is land commis- sioner of a Southwestern railroad, and resides in St. Joe, Mo. Bro. Pepper resides at Boscobel, and Bro. Manning is dead. The lodge is in a strong and prosperous condition, and with long years of usefulness before it. Hoffnung Lodge, No. 17^. — This lodge was organized in 1869. Several of the German members of the Mississippi Valley Lodge upon returning from the celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the I. 0. 0. F. at Dubuque, in April, of that year, conceived the idea of organ- izing a German Lodge at Lancaster. These three members, J. A. Boerner, Charles Heinze and Anton Schmitt, were joined in their plan by Messrs. Joseph and Jacob Nathan and Louis Gelbach. These six accordingly made application to their lodge for cards of withdrawal, which ^ were granted them. Under a dispensation from the Grand Lodge of Wisconsin, the above-named as charter members, instituted HoflFnung Lodge, No. 172, November 4, 1869. The name of the lodge — Hope — in the language of the lodge historian, " was chosen because they had nothing in sight to encourage their undertaking but the hope that good men would join them." This hope might not seem unreasonable, in view of the fact that the population in the neighborhood of Lancaster has a large German element in its composition, but the new lodge remained for some time seemingly at a standstill. The same historian says, " Many a long evening these men sat in a hall decorated with regalia and surrounded by furniture belonging to their mother lodge. On the 20th of January, 1870, a charter was granted to the Hoffnung Lodge by the Grand Lodge of Wisconsin. On tho first term, April 1, 1870, Hoffnung Lodge consisted of thirteen members with $25.15 in the treasury. " This," says the historian, " was not very encouraging, but they had faith in their cause, and, in a few years, they saw that their labor and persever- ance rewarded with unexpected success." On July 1, 1879, Hoffnung Lodge had eighty-nme names on its list of membership, eight of these were admitted by card, and eighty-one regularly admitted. During the existence of the lodge to that time, eight members had withdrawn by HISTORY or GRANT COUNTY. 673 card one had died, and sixteen had left in other ways, leaving the lodge possessed at that time of sixty-three members of good standing. Both lodges occupy a fine hall in Alcorn's Block on Maple street, which was inaugurated with impressive ceremonies. FIRE COMPANY. Several heavy fires that had occurred in Lancaster and surrounding towns aroused the citi- zens to the danger constantly threatening the village, unprovided as they then were with no means of quenching the ravages of the fire fiend should he show himself. The feeling pro- gressed so far that in the early summer of 1873, a hand engine, the present one, was purchased. A fire company was organized July 24, the same year, Mr. L. Holloway being elected Foreman, Robert Brooker, First Assistant, and John M. Hurley, Second Assistant. The company, when thoroughly organized, numbered between forty and fifty members. A feeling of apathy having showed itself among the citizens in regard to the requirements of the company, the latter, in the apring of 1880, dissolved by consent, and turned the engine, apparatus and uniforms over to the city, leaving Lancaster plus an engine and minus a company, in which state fire matters have remained since. BUSINESS INTEEESTS. Lancaster Woolen Mill. — This institution at present comprises in itself all the manufact- uring interests to which Lancaster is now heir. In 1865, Douglas Oliver had erected at North Andover, in the town of Glen Haven, a flouring mill. To the machinery necessary for that busi- ness; he soon afterward added one set of machinery for the manufacture of woolen cloth. The business not being of a nature to warrant his continuing in that location, he gave up his mill and came to Lancaster, where he interested many of the leading citizens of this village in the subject of woolen goods to such an extent that a stock company was formed for the prosecution of that branch of industry. In the spring of 1868, grounds were purchased, including the "big spring" in the lower and east portion of the village and work commenced. In July of the same year, the buildings were finished and much of the machinery put in, including that which had. formerly been used in Oliver's mill at North Andover. To this was added another "set" of the latest and most improved pattern, and early in the fall some of the machinery was started. A few first-class hands were brought from New England, under whose tuition were placed girls for instruction in the mysteries of cloth-making. The cost of the mill was about P0,000, it being calculated for forty operatives and with a capacity for using about 100,000 pounds of wool. June 20, 1869, a quorum of the stockholders met at the ofl5ce of J. Allen Barber and adopted articles of association under the name of the Lancaster Woolen Mill Company. J. C. Holloway, Addison Burr, D. Oliver, Henry Fox and Jacob Nathan were elected as a board of directors for the ensuing year. Addison Burr was elected President, George W. Ryland, Treas- urer, and Richard Meyer, Secretary. The first superintendent of the mill was a man named Fuller, who, however, was discharged after a few months' trial. He turned out to be a deceiving illusion, his talents being decidedly phantom-like in their nature. After his dismissal, the company concluded to take the running of the mill into their own hands. Henry Fox was placed in charge, and the books and accounts were intrusted to the charge of T. A. Burr. In this manner the mill was operated for some- thmg over a year, when it was found that assessments rather than dividends was the rule, and difficulties ensued which resulted in the sale of the property under a mortgage. It was bid in by some of the heaviest stockholders, and then rented to Messrs. Gledhill and Walker, who re- Joined possession about a twelvemonth, and then gave it up. Messrs. J. C. Holloway and Mr. Wise then hired the premises, and was run by these gentleman in partnership about six months, when Mr. Clise retired, and Mr. Holloway continued the mill in operation to the end of the year. ' •' ^ The mill remained idle from this date until its purchase by its present owners, Street Bros., Jaarshall & Co., in May, 1880. The mill was thoroughly overhauled by this firm, and new and 674 HISTOEY or GRANT COUNTY. improved machinery introduced, until it was placed on a par with the best mills in the State. The advent of railroad facilities has done much to solve the problem as to whether the venture will ultimately prove a success, the scale inclining under the present management to the winning side. In the absence of all other manufacturing interests, Lancaster has to hope for a success- ful pursuit of this branch of industry within its limits. Bank. — December, 1861, Messrs. Ryland & HoUoway commenced a private banking and ex- change business, on the corner of Maple and Madison streets. May, 1871, the business was re- moved to its present quarters, in a plain but commodious brick building, on Maple street, be- tween Madison and Monroe streets. The bank capital at this time was f 10,000. In January, 1875, the junior member of the firm withdrew, Mr. Ryland continuing the business alone. No further change was made until October, 1880, when Mr. Richard Meyer and Mr. Meyer, Jr., were united with Mr. Ryland in business. The capital of the bank was increased to $20,000, the firm name being George W. Ryland & Co. As a means of furnishing the citizens of Lan- caster and vicinity with a ready and secure agent in financial transactions, the benefits of the institution have been felt from the first. The senior members of the present firm are well known as gentlemen of unimpeachable business integrity and financial ability; the junior member af- fable and business-like to all, has already established himself in the good graces of the bank's patrons. The bank stands to-day among the foremost of such institutions in the county, and is extending its business relations in fast-widening circles throughout central Grant. STOEMS. Lancaster and the vicinity has been visited early and late by several severe storms, which have done more or less damage. The most important of these destroyers was the hurricane of 1824, which gave the name to the strip of country southeast of Lancaster, nothing of any distinct- ness is known, as at that period the western portion was uninhabited, with the exception of a white man named Hamer, who claimed to have witnessed the commencement of the whirlwind at Cassville, where he was living at the time. But wherever may have been its starting-point, whether witnessed or unwitnessed by mortal eyes, the fact that there had a hurricane passed through this section was plainly evident to the early settlers in that region. The great forest giants were tossed and thrown about as with a Titan's hand — piled tier upon tier in inextricable confusion — so that it was many years before the country could be brought under the dominion of man, and even to this day signs of the great storm may be found by the close observer. The storm of 1868, which visited Lancaster, while it did not reach the power and fury of either its predecessor or the terrible fury of 1876, was still the means of doing considerable damage. It was, however, more in the nature of a high wind blowing steady, but with great violence. The public school building had just been completed at a cost of $15,000, and a few days more would have been filled with childish life. Fortunately, this dreaded sacrifice was not added to the damage done. As it was, the roof of the building was torn ofiF, and the walls parted in a dozen places, making a total wreck of what had been but a few moments before a beautiful and imposing structure. Other buildings in the city were unroofed, and much damage done, but nothing to compare with the destruction of the first-named property. OHAPTEK IX. PLATTEVILLE. Location— Early Settlement— Ej est Marriage- First Election— Eirst Post Office- Indian Trotibles— Eiest Church and ScHOOLHotrsE- An Early Tragedy- Patriotism in 1836— Hard Times— The California Fever— Town Officers- The City of Platteville —Making the Village— First Brick Building— Small-pox Epidemic— The Bevans Lead— Platteville in 1850— During War Times— The Present Condition— Official RosTEE— The Fire Department- Educational— The Post Office- The Peess— Banks— Secret Societies— Other Sooieties—Manufactories—Elevator— Religious. location. Platteville is one of the southeasterly towns of Grant County, as also one of the more highly cultivated and prosperous, with abundant resources, both vegetable and mineral ; is bounded on the north by the town of Lima, on the east by La Fayette County, on the south by Smelser, and on the west by Harrison, and contains a total of 23,040 acres of land, fairly divided into prairie and timber. It is well watered by Little Platte River and its branches, Block-House Creek and other streams furnishing superior water-power, which has been success- fully employed in operating mills, etc. The Galena & Southwestern and Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroads, enter the township from opposite points, and converging at the city of Platteville afford ample facilities for communicating with all points immediate and remote, and are of incalculable value to farmers, merchants and the world at large as mediums of exchange and mutual benefits. ,, EARLY SETTLEMENT. The first settlement made in this township — indeed, in the county — for the settlement of what subsequently became Grant County was commenced on the present site of Platteville City —was begun in the spring of 1827. Fifty and four years ago the foundations of a new empire had been laid in the almost undiscovered lands of the Northwest, which have since blossomed mto a more than perfect realization of what was hoped for by its founders. These were com- posed of men who were the natural architects of success ; not men who, like chameleons, only reflect and have no positive coloring of their own ; but as Saul among his brethren stood head and shoulders above them, so stood these pioneers as compared with succeeding generations. Many of them are dead, but their works live after them. Rest well, grand old men who have dropped like grains of " good corn " and lie " warm in your earthly beds !" In November, 1827, John H. Kountree, still a prominent and distinguished resident of the township, accompanied by Maj. J. B. Campbell and two men named William Ruby and John McWilliams, made his advent into future Platteville, attracted thither by the opportunities he had ascertained only awaited the hand of industry and enterprise to pluck without resistance, rhe previous spring it might be interpolated. Mr. Rountree had satisfied himself of these facts and began negotiating for the purchase of a claim owned by one Emanuel Medcalf, who ^covered its value some time before while prospecting for mineral. After several attempts to «ffect its purchase which had failed to culminate, Messrs. Rountree and Campbell accomplished their object, paying for the title $3,600 ; contingently upon its equaling moderate expectations, rt J*' ^^^ period indicated, came into the territory to test its value and identify themselves with the development of this portion of the "lead mines." These adventurous comers knew that, 'fith patient watch and untiring diligence they would reap a generous reward, and having wected a sod cabin twelve feet square on the branch about two hundred yards southeast of Mr. Kountree's present mansion, corner of Pine and Lydia streets, began working the claim as the 676 HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. breath of advancing winter made them to realize that the fall with all its glories had vanished, to be laid in the great storehouse of the past. Through storm and sunshine, when the icy air swept down the valley of the branch chilling all before its way, these four men toiled on from early to late hoping and thinking that, with the dawn of spring, their labors, their enterprise and their patience would be rewarded. So hoped and thought Columbus as he lay at anchor among the drifting seaweed and waited for the dawn of day. Nor was he disappointed, nor were the toilers in the lead discovered by Emanuel Medcalf, doomed to failure. Before the wandering snow flakes, sweet and silent messengers from a sinless region, had ceased to fall and kiss the earth's brown breast with their soft white lips, the toilers had laid up a hundred-fold of the treasure gathered with the " pick and gad." In truth, the results which attended the efforts of this quartette who first came to Platteville Township are said to have been of the most gener- ous character. But there was no furnace nearer than Gratiot's Grove or Galena in which the raw material could be rendered a marketable commodity, and until one was built the mineral was slacked up awaiting its completion. During the inhospital winter of 1827-28, there were but few arrivals of men who became settlers. A limited number of huts, of the most primitive description and conveniences, skirted the incline, upon which the Gates House has since been erected, put up by an invoice of careless, quixotic, wandering miners, who tarried but long enough to prospect, yet not sufficiently long to realize, and went hence in search of more inviting if less hospitable scenes. That is, when the ice and snow, in which the hills and vales were wrapped, yielded place to the sunlight and affection of returning spring. With the arrival of that season, Messrs. Rountree and Campbell began the building of a rude log furnace, and hurried the same so effectually that its completion was an- nounced before summer. It was located in the Rountree tract, in sight of the habitation of these gentlemen, on a line between Mr. Rountree's present residence and Virgin's mill. They also put up what, for those times, was known as a commodious and pretentious domicile, on their tract, now opposite the foot of Oak street. It was a single story double log house, with a long hallway running down the middle, and adapted to the uses of a caravansary, for the accommo- dation of men employed by the parties operating the mine. Here came that spring Fred- erick Holman and family, accompanied by James R. Vineyard. Mr. Holman's family con- sisted of himself, wife and four children. He became landlord of the boarding-house, and Mrs. Holman was the second lady, it is believed, who came into the township, Mrs. Medcalf and Mrs. Lewis, her daughter, being the first of the opposite sex to locate in these comparatively un- known wilds of the time mentioned. The same spring a Mr. Jones escorted his wife and three young ladies of venturesome temperament into the Territory, and, putting up a log cabin near where Mr. Potter now lives on Water street, were enrolled as among the pioneer residents of the vicinity. Jacob Hoosier settled one mile south of the present city, where he still lives. There were some others came in about this time, though the number was exceedingly limited, and could be expressed without exhaustive numerical faculties. Among these were Joseph H. Dixon, who, with a younger brother, settled on a tract of land about one and a half miles south of the subsequent city, and made the first attempts of farming undertaken in the township, if not in the county. They plowed up ten acres of prairie, sowed it to corn, cultivated the latter until it grew yellow in the sunlight, when it was sold to J. H. Rountree, and sufficient was re- alized unto the producers to enable them to repeat their experiment with increased profit. The old farm, it is said, on which these early labors were expended, has passed through a varied ex- perience, and is still made to pay tribute to the necessities of mankind. Col. Dixon died a number of years ago, since when his widow become Mrs. Enoch Robinson, and a resident of the southwestern portion of the town, where she still remains. This year was rather noted in connection with great endeavors besides those mentioned. On March 30, Mr. Rountree established the first store in the town.. It was located near where he lived, and contained the usual stock of- dry goods, groceries and provisions, obtained in St. Louis and shipped to their final destination via Galena. The business was tra;isacted on a credit basis, and the distinction between meum and tuum in the obligations thus imposed was as HISTORY or GRANT COUNTY. 677 defined and sacredly observed as in portions of the country where sustained by the majesty of the law. In October, 1827, the settlement was called Platte River and continued under that title until April 7,1828, when the name was changed to Lebanon, by which it was known until May 20, of the same year, when Platteville was substituted and still obtains. From records beyond dispute it appears that the following were residents of the vicinage at that date, in addition to those named: A. and W. Daugherty, Samuel Kirkpatrick, A. L. Orden, Alexander Willard, B. B. Lawless, John Wellmaker, Waller Rowen, William Morrison, Joseph Brammer, M. M. Woodbridge, Jesse Harrison, Benjamin James, Frederick Reamer, Isaac Yoakum, Thomas Densen, Israel Mitchell, Robert Roper, James R. Vineyard and William B. Vineyard. FIRST MARRIAGE. In September, 1828, occurred the first marriage in the town, the contracting parties being James R. Vineyard and Miss Mary Jones. A minister from Galena oflSciated, but be- yond the ceremony there was nothing to interest or entertain the contracted social world estab- lished at that day in this vicinity. Previous to this event, and on August 7, 1828, Maj, Rountree was married, at Galena, to Miss Mary Grace Mitchell. FIRST ELECTION. The same fall an election was held in Platteville, the voters depositing their ballots for State ofiBcers of Illinois. During its progress, a squad of men residing at Elk Grove and Benton visited the polls for the purpose of exercising their prerogative as citizens and, what is not an unusual circumstance upon similar occasions to-day, became pugnaciously inebriated. The re- sult was a row, which ended in a drawn battle, with the manor born, as it were, retaining possession of the field. The improvements this year were limited to those already mentioned, namely, the furnace, Holman's boarding-house, Rountree's cabin and store house, Jones' cabin and one other, inhab- ited by miners. The Finney patch and Meeker diggings were discovered and worked, and the furnace which began operations in May, smelted mineral for miners working within a radius of twelve miles. Prairie fires in the spring and fall were the only sources of excitement, the In- dians having ceased to be the cause of apprehension or amusement. A scattering few belonging to the Winnebago tribe wandered aimlessly and harmlessly about the country and pitched a camp upon the banks of the Little Platte in the vicinity of which they hunted and fished, or enjoyed their dolce far niente, afar from the haunts of semi-civilization. Churches and schools were blessings that had thus far failed to materialize. Possibly some peripatetic Wesleyan or Calvinist, who combined both professions, may have "joined issue" with ignorance and sin, but according to the most authentic, at the same time reliable, reports, the bliss of the former re- mained undisturbed and the latter's presence unrebuked. The winter of 1828-29 was mild and open, and work was prosecuted without interruption. A moderate degree of prosperity had accompanied the eflForts of those who were employed the previous years, and continued in service during those succeeding, and, as a consequence, there were fewer of the trials incident to hardships indigenous to a new country than in other portions of the lead mines less remote from the humanizing as also tempting influences here wanting. Early in the spring, Pierre Teller, with his family, settled two miles southwest of the present city, and he was followed by others during the same year. Among these, were included William and Daniel Richards, the former with his family, and establishing homes in the vicinity of Teller's settlement. Thomas Cruson, William Davidson, Thomas Hugill, probably E. M. Orn, oenjamin Good, Benjamin Green, all with domestic dependents, and the usual run of sucker miners came into the township in this year. The former named remained, but the suckers following the iiabits of their finny namesakes, returned whence they came with the frost. This year, a man named Meredeth became involved in a fracas with miners in the southwestern portion of the township, and received injuries which caused his death, said to be the first death happening in 678 HIBTOKT OF GRANT COUNTY. the township. The fact, however, is a mooted question, that distinguished honor being by some awarded to a young man who resided in a miner's hut near the Teller cabin. He was taken sick, it is said, with one of the malarial diseases peculiar to the times and place, and before another spring's violets colored the withered grass of the prairies, a mound was raised in the old cemetery near Virgin's Mill, another soul was beside the still waters. His name was not pre- served, and, with his fame, is denied to posterity. FIRST POST OFFICE. The most prominent events described as of record in 1829 was the agricultural beginnings made by Scott Kirkpatrick, and the opening of a post office at Rountree's store. Kirkpatriok came here in 1828, and procuring land east of the village site, plowed up ten acres and planted it in corn. The postal facilities were established at Platteville, so named, as already stated, bv Mr. Rountree in 1828, Platte River being the derivation, and that gentleman appointed the Government official. This he did until October, when further honors were buckled upon his back, and he was obliged to divide his duties as Postmaster with those of Justice of the Peace, he being the first who served in either capacity in the township. There were mineral discov- eries made this year also, chiefly in the vicinity of those already developed. The year 1830 was marked by no event worthy of preservation on tablets of stone or memory. Nothing is remembered to have occurred calculated to electrify the world or paralyze the nation, save and except the birth of a daughter to James Vineyard and wife, which cheerful episode is claimed as the first to take place in the town. The young lady was christened Jane, and successfully passing through the ages of childhood, youth and felicitous maidenhood, was married in 1851, and removed to California with her husband, where Iris, of the ancients, clipped the golden lock of life that the spirit thus disencumbered might plume its wings for flight to the beautiful shore. The population in 1830 would not exceed forty, it is said, in the township. There were but two farms — one opened by Dixon, and the other by Kirkpatrick — but purchased that year by Mr. Rountree for a consideration of $150. Mining and smelting was carried on with remunerative results, and provisions and other necessaries could be obtained only at St. Louis. As yet mills and other conveniences of life, which succeeding years com- pelled the development of, were unknown factors in the sum of human experience in the wilder- ness. As the year advanced, the absence of many features, which subsequently contributed to the prosperity of the mines, was seriously felt, and produced an eifect upon the community which, if not entirely cheerless, was not altogether rose-colored. With the winter came com- paratively hard times, depreciation in the price of mineral, scarcity of supplies, and few if any accessions to the population. This condition of afiairs was continued into 1832, when the num- ber of inhabitants is quoted as at no time having exceeded a hundred, including women and children. In the spring of the latter year, a Methodist minister named Robinson, attached to the Indiana Conference, made a visit to Platteville, and formed a class composed of J. H. Rountree and wife, William B. Vineyard and wife, who settled in the country a few weeks pre- vious, and a very few others, from which sprang the Methodist Church, one of the most flourish- ing and the oldest religious organizations in either the present city or county. During the war, services were irregular ; but in the fall, the Rev. John T. Mitchell succeeded Mr. Robinson, and formed a circuit made up of Platteville, Mineral Point, Galena and Gratiot's Grove. INDIAN TROUBLES. Early in April, 1832, news reached Platteville that the Indians had commenced hostilities, and were camped on Rock River, near Dixon, preparing for a campaign of extermination against the whites. As all are aware, this was the prelude to the Black Hawk war. Gen. Dodge, made requisitions upon all the settlements for troops, in response to which one company was organ- ized at Platteville by J. H. Rountree, who commanded, composed of the following: George Robison and J. P. Cox, Lieutenants ; J. H. Dixon, Cleland McMurry, Hiram Wells, Thomas Brooks, William Davidson, Irwin O'Hara, Frederick Holman, John Henderson, Allen Carpen- HISTOKY OF GRANT COUNTY. 679 ter, James Hopkins, A. Rasdell, William Dean, Charles Lewis, John Van Wagoner, W. H. Farmer, Edward James, Verni Dawson, George Rosamire, Thomas Fitzpatrick, William Car- penter, Missouri Dixon, J. B. Lavine, D. McGraws, B. H. Duncan, John Barns, James Kaney, J. Sturtevant, Thomas Ion, Abram Travis and Daniel McMullen, Privates. This company was mustered into the service, and, after brief halts at Blue Mounds and Mineral Point, participated in the battles of Wisconsin Heights and Bad Ax, after which it was disbanded. For the purpose of more effectually furnishing a defense for those remaining behind, a stockade and block-house was erected. The combination was located on the property of Mr. Roun- tree, diagonally opposite the present site of the Gates House, and abundantly fulfilled its ■object. The stockade was circular in form, about 100 feet in diameter, and the block-house full twenty feet square. A squad of volunteers, under the command of Capt. Irvin O'Hara, manned its defenses, and defied the " wily foe," which, happily for those who composed it, remained at a ■distance from the outer walls of the fortress. With the close of hostilities, the people resumed the arts of peace. Swords were turned into plows and picks, and spears into pruning hooks, •and through their agency was the attempt once more made to woo and win that fickle dame, called Fortune. The outlook was far from encouraging. When the war opened, as has already been hmted, lead and other products, upon the sale of which the people depended for support, was low, and the necessaries of life correspondingly high. Apprehension of the Indians and tounden fears of the future impelled a number to resign their possessions and citizenship and seek more congenial localities. There was no work of moment begun or concluded this year. The causes of progress and civilization, touched by the hand of an enemy, had shrunk before the advance of war and become the burial places of bright hopes, high ambitions and dead affec- tions, over which bitter disappointments, unyielding griefs and sorrowful memories were erected as monuments. In 1833, but very few, who had left the town, returned, and still fewer came to identify themselves with its success. FIRST CHURCH AND SCHOOLHOUSE. In the spring of this or the following year, a building was erected on Section 16, to be used as a school and church. It was of logs, small and without ornament or finish, but the first in the township or county, and second in the State, especially for school purposes, the buildings at Prairie du Chien and Winnebago having preceded it a few months. The year 1834 ushered in better times. With what proved to be the dawn of happier days, the pioneers closed the eyes •of the dead past, straightened its rigid limbs, and drawing the white sheet of oblivion over the pale corpse, left it to desolation and forgetfulness. The storm had passed away, the sun of promise shone out with glorious brightness, and the fierce winds of discouragement were hushed, ■while a rainbow of surpassing beauty sprang from the clouds and arched above the horizon of the future. In October, the land office was opened at Mineral Point, and occasioned no incon- siderable interest to be manifested in all sections of the country affected by its location. Very many hastened to the Point from Platteville, and large purchases were made by those who had anticipated the event, and entered lands during prior years. In adjoining counties trouble was experienced between settlers and new-comers, the latter largely made up of speculators and adventurers, growing out of disputes involving the question of title to lands claimed by actual settlers, but purchased as an investment by those who visited the sales on speculative business. In the town of Platteville, there was a commendable absence of this feature of pioneer life. No nerce discussions succeeded the purchase of land within its territory, no " wars or rumors of wars ' besieged vendees, and no judicial arbitrament was nec6ssaryto define or quiet a title. Not- withstanding the inducements offered for immigration to the town, the arrivals for this and many subsequent years were by no means as large as were anticipated or deserved. Yet many came in, through whose brawn, industry and enterprise, mines were made to pay tribute to the wealth of the country, wild wastes transformed into productive farms, and puny settlements to extend their limits and graduate into towns and cities. When Themistocles was asked to play upon a musical, instrument, he replied, " I cannot fiddle, but I can make a wilderness a great city," and 680 HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. the men of whom mention is made as the architects of civilization in Platteville, were counter- parts of Themistocles. The settlers who came in during 1834 were in part made up of Henry Snowden, Richard Waller, Robert Chapman, Benjamin Farmer, T. R. Hugill, Miles Vineyard, Lorenzo Bevans, Richard Huntington, Robert Bonson, Richard Bonson, Samuel Moore and some others, not to omit mention of the arrival of a delegation of Cornish miners who came also this year, some of whose names are cited in the above list. The year, while not one of boundless prosperity, had, nevertheless, attended the town with a complement of encouragement, and with little to mourn as it paused upon the threshold of departure to contemplate its career, passed silently on the tide of time to the kingdom of obscurity. What was true in 1835 in regard to the accession of inhabitants, the acquisition of wealth, the improvement of the town and the employment of auxiliaries to the promotion of any of these agencies as means to the development and building-up of the country, applies also to the years that followed in its wake for almost a decade. A saw-mill, begun by Mr. Rountree the year previous, was finished and commenced operations in 1836. It was located on Section 9, and was the first of its kind established in the town. Richard Huntington opened a farm on Section 24, which is now occupied by his son ; a man by the name of Carpenter also cultivated property lying in Section 12. Hon. Edward Eastabrook came in this year and located, as also did Robert Myers, J. Chalders, Thomas Lewis, Edward Hugill, D. Crockett, Thomas Rowe, James Bonson, George Snowden, Miss Ann Snowden (now Mrs. Samuel Moore), and probably a few others, nearly all bringing their families with them. AN EARLY TRAGEDY. During the summer, a tragedy occurred on the farm of Benjamin Good, located in the northeastern portion of the town, which occasioned more than a passing excitement. It seems that an adopted son of Mr. Good was in the timber searching for cattle which had strayed away, when he was accosted by a lad of his own age and challenged to fight. While the alterca- tion was in progress the former was assaulted and received injuries which resulted fatally within a week. The young murderer, whose name cannot be ascertained, was apprehended and taken to Mineral Point, where he was locked up. While thus in the toils, he succeeded by strategy in eluding the vigilance of the bains' during the day, and could nowhere be found, although a vig- orous search was instituted. It was afterward learned that upon his enlargement he dropped into an abandoned mineral, hole near the jail, where he remained until after sundown, and, emerging therefrom in the darkness of the night, made his way through the country to Southera Illinois. No effort was made to procure his return, and, when last heard from, he was a resi- dent of "Egypt." PATRIOTISM IN 1886. Residents of the town celebrated the anniversary of American independence in 1836, with ceremonials both tempting and patriotic, in a grove on the edge of the village. Here a stand was erected, from which either S. 0. Paine or Lorenzo Bevans orated ; the Declaration was read, and the company feasted on the barbacued carcass of an ox, with the attendant vegetable and inebriating condiments. With the conclusion of the exercises and after the dinner had been discussed, a minor number of the celebrants, bubbling. over with their love of the ardent, forgot country, the battle of Lexington and associations suggested by the day, and became vociferously intoxicated. Some of them mounted the festal board, along which they pranced furiously, send- ing the dishes in one direction, the crowd in another, and creating a commotion that can only be compared to an Indian stampede. After prolonging this token of their appreciation until its variety lost its spice, the chief actors retired behind the scenes to recuperate, and the audience, encouraged at the prospect, resumed their more appropriate enjoyments. HARD TIMES. In 1837, as will be remembered, a financial panic swept over the country and left its mark upon the commercial world so pronouncedly that its effects were experienced for years afterward. HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. 681 The residents of Platteville, while only remotely affected by the visitation, were sensibly aware of its presence by the absence of mediums of exchange, and the high price at which commodities were held. There were few provisions, cereals or vegetables then raised in the town or county, and the people dependent upon foreign sources of supply were in nearly every instance compelled to pay cash for their purchases. To do this was not always possible ; lead was low, and in little demand, and the consequence was that some hardships and privations, though no suffering, was experienced. There were no improvements to speak of, of a private character, completed or even projected that year. In February, the county was organized, but this advance accomplished no change for the better. There was but one schoolhouse, and the educational opportunities were limited to about three months during the year. Among the cheerful evidences that the citizens still lived was the building and dedication of the first church edifice in this portion of the State. It was of frame, and considered for the times a pattern of architectural perfection and elegant accommodations ; occupying a prominent point of observation on Main street, it was the cynosure of admiration for citizens, and inquiry by strangers for many years. After serving its purposes for a continued period, the old church was removed to give place to a brick block, now in part occupied by Sanford & Chase, and the Rev. Wellington Weigley, who preached the dedicatory sermon, long since become a resident of Chicago, where he abandoned the " cloth," and pleads for the forgiveness of sinners for the more lucrative returns incident to an appearance before tem- poral courts with pleas in abatement and avoidance. There was nothing beyond the ordinary rules of life occurring during the ensuing years (until the Mexican war) deserving of special mention. There were occasional arrivals of immi- grants, who came into the promised land eloquent with hope and happiness, and laid broad the foundations upon which superstructures of prosperity and felicity have since been erected. There were occasional departures, too. Some wandered off to the more distant frontier ; while on some, Death daguerreotyped a smile as he gave life to another angel. Up to 1840, the trust and confidence of man, in these regions remote from business centers, and in the honor and in- tegrity of his neighbor, was as complete and unchangeable as the deductions of a mathematical problem. A man's word was, in those days, his certificate of character, and honesty a vital ele- ment in his composition. There were few cases of felony, and tribunals for the adjudication of criminal presentations were not esteemed as indispensable branches of government. By that year, schools had found abiding-places in the townghip, and the Gospel was "preached to the multitude." Postal and traveling facilities had advanced in a wonderful ratio during the thirteen years of the township's occupation, and communication was enjoyed with friends and the pub- lic at intervals remarked for their brevity. Stages then ran from Galena to Madison via Platte- ville, Mineral Point, etc., conducted by Frink & Walker, and afforded accommodations comfort- able if not luxurious. By that year, the lands in the town were all taken up and owned, mostly by occupants. Indeed, the sum of human happiness, as compared with what it had been in the earlier days of the venture, was an aggregation of features that defied discord and affliction. After this period, accessions to the population included representatives of a tyye of civilization found in thickly inhabited districts, where good and bad are commingled indiscriminately. As a result, to express it in the language of one who was prominently identified with the body politic at the time, " there was more hustling than before, and miners, instead of leaving their mineral scattered about indifferently, never dared to leave any out after dark." Mining remained in the van of occupations until the discovery of gold in California. Agriculture was not so much em- ployed as a means of livelihood even after that date. It required continued labor, and content with small returns, to become a farmer in those days. The improvements in farm machinery, which have since contributed so effectively to the breaking-up of the prairies, the cultivation of the soil and harvesting of the products were unknown quantities at the time of which mention is here made. Since that period, however, as is universally known, the population has become numerous, the absence of the unknown quantities supplied, and the wastes and " barrens " been made to blossom as the rose. On the breaking-out of the Mexican war, tl e town had become an important and wealthy constituent of Grant CounN;y, in all respects mentioned, as also politically. In that behalf, it 682 HISTOK^i' OF GEANT COUNTY. •was about evenly divided between Whigs and Federalists, with a preponderance in favor of the former. In June, 1846, Gov. Dodge issued his proclamation, directing the enlistment of one regiment of infantry for service in Mexico, to which, however, no response is on record as hav- ing been made by Platteville residents. Wirom Knowlton, of the city, raised a company, of which he was appointed Captain, with Joseph Morrill and Charles Brisbois as Lieutenants. It was composed of men hailing from all parts of the county, and was ordered to Fort Crawford to do duty in place of regulars who had been transferred across the Rio Grande ; but beyond a few comparatively insignificant skirmishes with impertinent Indians, no brows were bound with vic- torious wreaths, or bruised arms hung up for monuments to the prowess and patriotism of volun- teers from Platteville. With the success of the Americans, Peace followed, and spreading its spotless wings over the scenes of war and desolation, inspired the victorious forces with ambitions appropriate and deserving of education. THE CALIFORNIA FEVER. About this time, gold was discovered in California, and there are very many still living, who not only remember and participated in the excitement that greeted the news, but were drafted into the army of argonauts which marched thither. The miners employed in digging throughout the township with one accord abandoned their " leads," eager to be piloted over the prairie, across the desert and through the canon, that they might snuff the salt air of the Western Ocean, and drag up the hidden wealth reserved for soldiers of fortune beneath the soil of a land that was kissed by her sparkling waters. The miners were not alone in their determination either. Representatives from every profession and occupation joined the column hastening from the Atlantic to the Pacific, leaving the marks of their bivouacs on the way in graves and skele- tons, and " blazing " trees on the route, which gaided the advance of succeeding years in the contest for supremacy between civilization and barbarism. Yet the community survived the inroads made upon its resources — the township prospered — sleeping quietly under its great trees, and smiling with an air of perfect content upon those who abandoned its advantages in their pursuit of wealth, so few of whom wrested their object from its secret hiding-places. Among those who went out to seek fortune in that far-oif region were Curtis Barker, James R. Vineyard, William B. Vineyard, Thomas Cruson, Dr. John Bevans, W. B. Bevans, C. D. Bevans, R. T. Verran, Jackson Basye, William Gross, Joseph Fink, Edmund T. Locke, Octa- vius HoUman, John Hollman, Fisher Bayley, T. J. Colburn, Adolphus Holliday, D. and M. Comstock, Charles Wright, E. M. Orn, Michael and John Stephens (twins, still living at an advanced age), T. Stephens, Henry Eastman, C. and T. Eastman, Robert Snowden, Milo Jones, Benjamin Green, James Moore and a large number of others, whose identity has been forgotten. Of those who went out, about sixty per cent returned, while a large proportion removed on the Pacific Coasts, and the remainder either died en route or subsequent to their arrival. When the excitement, consequent upon the prevalence of the gold fever was at its height, the township was organized under and by notice of an act of the Legislature, and placed under a form of municipal government adapted thereto. For the past thirty years, the township has made steady progress in all directions that would either mold the intelligence of citizens, or master the development of material resources. Yet in the haste to become prosperous, the pioneers and their descendants realized the fact that " man lives not by bread alone," and subscribed to the support of schools and churches, the base of civilization and democracy, for the education of the soul and mind. Including the city of Platteville, there is a total of twelve churches in the township, enjoying a generous support, and wielding an extended influence. It also sustains six schools, exclusive of three in the city, for which an annual tax of about three mills is assessed, producing an income of nearly $1,100, expended in their support. Up to 1850 say, the mines, as has been already stated, were vigorously and successfully worked. Two blast furnaces were required to prepare the mineral for market, and these were constantly employed. With the departure of gold seekers, mining diminished rapidly, and has never resumed its former promi- nence. One furnace was abandoned and fell into decay, while that run by Straw & Spensley HISTOEY OF GRANT COUNTY. 683 is only worked about half-time. The mines in the Davidson estate, and those discovered three years ago on the Bobbins property, principally furnishing the raw material. Agriculturally, the town made steady advance, though with not that gratifying progress which began in 1861, and continued until 1865, when all the arable land within its limits was taken up and cultivated with profit. When the war between the sections became an established fact, when the unity of the Fed- eral compact was assailed, and dissolution, anarchy and ruin impended, the town sent among the first of Wisconsin soldiers into the field to repel the enemy and maintain the laws. Through the contest her citizens responded to each levy made upon them for men and money, until before justice was satisfied, before mercy was content, 500 soldiers and $25,000 were contributed and subscribed, that the star-lit folds of the National ensign should float aloft for the " Bonnie Blue Flag." After the war, the soldier died, the citizen was born again, and the heart that throbbed with the hot fever of battle, beat as gently as when in boyhood's happy day ; the child gazed into the near heaven of eyes, that were long since palsied by death. The half-century, through the good and evil of which the town has lived, is filled with reminiscences to the manor born that rush upon the soul as a mighty torrent, over which a cloud has burst. They see the country a trackless wilderness, filled with danger, disease and death. They see the savage foe that once inhabited the wooded fastnesses, rioting in the ruin of settlers' homes with barbaric joy. They see him put to flight, dispersed, wiped out, and in his stead appears the videttes of civilization, the advance of that grand army of pioneers that joined issue with the prairies and the forests, and prevailed against them. They see the relics of another race and another age dissolve from view as bubbles upon the water. Huts and cabins give place to commodious mansions, forests to smiling fields. The prairies have become farms whereon the waving grain grows yellow in the sunlight, and the voice of the reapers is heard as they harvest the crop, before the noiseless spow wanders downward from the veiled heavens and wraps in folds of white the autumn leaves and stocks. But few remain of those who came in the flush of youth and health and hope to battle with the foes of life and happiness in a new country. Some, long before the morning of life had reached its meridian, fell by the wayside and were heard of no more ; some had almost reached the haven of their hopes, but, like a ship dashed against an unknown breaker, went down to death and left no record of their departure. Many of them died poor, none of them died rich, but all have left behind them a legacy of noble lives. Lessons of patience in suffering, hopes in adversity and confidence and trust, where no sunbeams lighted up their pathway. All of them failed to win, with charming endeavors, the fickle goddess. Fortune, but all of them conquered in the battle of life, and stepped forth from the ranks of men. Christians and heroes. TOWN OFFICERS. 1849 — Benjamin C. Eastman, Chairman ; George W. Lakin and J. N. Jones, Supervisors. 1850 — John H. Bountree, Chairman ; Stephen 0. Paine and John H. Durley, Super- visors. 1851 — Charles W. Wright, Chairman ; Joel Potter and James Durley, Supervisors. 1852 — Charles W. Wright, Chairman ; Titus Hayes and N. W. Bass, Supervisors. 1853 — H. Hurlbut, Chairman ; H. Hutchins and Edward Eastabrook, Supervisors. 1854 — John H. Bountree, Chairman ; H. Hutchins and Thomas Chapman, Supervisors, 1855 — J. H. Bountree, Chairman ; N. H. Virgin and Joseph Bobinson, Supervisors. 1856 — John H. Bountree, Chairman ; J. F. Kirkpatrick and George J. Coates, Super- visors. 1857 — N. H. Virgin, Chairman ; J. F. Kirkpatrick and John Stephens, Supervisors. 1858 — Samuel Moore, Chairman ; S. 0. Paine and John Stephens, Supervisors. 1859 — Julius Augustine, Chairman ; J. F. Kirkpatrick and John Stephens, Supervisors. 1860 — Allen B. Bushnell, Chairman; George B. Laughton and Calvin Russell, Super- 684 HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. 1861 — Edward M. Hoyt, Chairman ; John Huntington and Henry C. Lane, Supervisors. 1862 — John H. Rountree, Chairman ; Thomas Chapman and Isaac Hodges, Supervisors. 1863 — John F. Kirkpatrick, Chairman ; Thomas Robinson and Henry C. Miller, Super- visors. 1864 — Isaac Hodges, Chairman ; Calvin Russell and Thomas Chapman, Supervisors. 1865 — Isaac Hodges, Chairman ; Joseph Robinson and Carston Hinners, Supervisors. 1866 — Isaac Hodges, Chairman ; Peter Pitts and Carston Hinners, Supervisors. 1867-68 — Isaac Hodges, Chairman ; J. F. Kirkpatrick and Peter Pitts, Supervisors. 1869 — Isaac Hodges, Chairman ; Peter Pitts and Carston Hinners, Supervisors. 1870-71 — N. W. Bass, Chairman ; Robert Neely and Christian Grusse, Supervisors. 1872 — N. W. Bass, ChairVnan ; Robert Neely and H. S. Rountree, Supervisors. 1873 — N. W. Bass, Chairman ; Christian Grusse and Francis Rowe, Sr., Supervisors. 1874 to 1879, inclusive — N. W. Bass, Chairman ; Peter Pitts and Thomas Chapman, Su- pervisors. 1880 — John McArthur, Chairman ; George C. Huntington and William Pruessing, Su- pervisors. 1881 — John McArthur, Chairman; Frank E. Huntington and William Pruessing, Super- visors. Olerks.—R. Hodgson, 1849 ; Thomas Eastman, 1850-51 ; B. F. Wyne, 1852-57 : A. R. Bushnell, 1858; B. F. Wyne, 1859-64; Milton Graham, 1865-66; Charles W. Hill, 1867-68; W. H. Beebe, 1869; Joel C. Squires, 1870; E. A. Andrews, 1871; J. C. Squires, 1872-73 ; R. J. Huntington, 1874 ; C. W. Hill, 1875-79 ; W. R. Laughton, 1880-81. Superintendent of Schools. — J. L. Pickard, 1849 ; Samuel F. Cleveland, 1850 ; J. J. Pel- atour, 1851 ; Titus Hayes, 1852 ; Hanmer Robbins, 1858 ; Thomas Perry, 1854-55 ; Han- mer Robbins, 1856-61. No return for 1862 or subsequently. Asuessors.—S. F. Cleveland, 1849 ; Robert Neely, 1850 ; Thomas Hugill, 1851 ; Thomas Chapman, 1852 ; George R. Laughton, 1853 ; H. Hurlbut, 1854 ; H. G. Stiles, 1855 ; J. B. Penn, 1856-58 ; Thomas Render, 1859 : J. W. Rewey, 1860 ; J. B. Penn, 1861-62 ; Henry G. Stiles, 1863-64-65 ; J. H. Evans, 1866-67 ; A. J. McCarn, one year ; Thomas Chapman, two years; and 0. A. Boynton, three years from 1868; A. J. McCarn declining to serve, C. T. Overton appointed in his stead; James Durley, 1869-70 ; Thomas Jenkins, 1871-72-73-74- 75 ; E. Vanderbie, 1876-77-78-79 ; Thomas Jenkins, Jr., 1880-81. Treasurer and Collector. — William H. Zenor, 1849 ; A. C. Inman, 1850-51 ; Jonathan B. Moore, 1852 ; William Butler, 1853 ; J. Miner, 1854 ; Leonard Coates, 1855 : Thomas Chapman, 1856-57; F. E. Palmer, 1858; Frederick Hollman, 1859; E. T. Mears, 1860; Judson H. Holcomb, 1861; L. M. Devendorf, 1862 ; Engel Vanderbie, 1863-64; J. H. Hol- comb, 1865 ; John Grindell, 1866 ; Joseph Meinhart, 1867 ; Henry Rewey, 1868 ; Herman Buchner, 1869-70 ; R. Longhenry, 1871-72-73 ; J. H. Holcomb, 1874-75-76 ; C. G. Doels, 1877-88 ; H. C. Lane, 1879 ; J. N. McGranahan, 1880 ; J. H. Holcomb, 1881. Justices of the Peace. — Bennett Atwood, A. C. Inman, S. 0. Paine and Harrison Bell, 1849 ; S. 0. Paine and A. C. Inman, 1850 ; W. H. Chapman and J. W. Vanorman, 1851 ; S. 0. Paine and C. C. Clinton, 1852 ; W. H. Chapman and B. F. Wyne, 1853 ; F. Hollman and J. W. Vanorman, 1854; B. F. Wyne and I. S. Clark, 1855; no return for 1856 ; B. F. Wyne, H. G. Stiles and W. H. Chapman, 1857 ; A. R. Bushnell and N. Goodrich, 1858 ; B. F. Wyne and W. H. Chapman, 1859"; Allen R. Bushnell and N. Goodrich, 1860; B.F. Wyne, E. A. Andrews and Frederick Hollman, 1861 ; F. Hollman, J. H. Evans and W. H. Chap- man, 1862 ; B. F. Wyne and John D. Wood, 1863 ; F. Hollman and W. H. Chapin, 1864 ; Milton Graham and B. F. Wyne, 1865 ; Frederick Hollman and John Bender, 1866 ; B. F. Wvne and C. W. Hill, 1867 ; E. A. Andrews and A. W. Bell, 1868 ; B. F. Wyne and S. 0. Payne, 1869 ; Joel C. Squires and E. A. Andrews, 1870 ; B. F. Wyne and Augustus Michae- ies, 1871 ; C. Hiners and J. C. Squires, E. Vanderbie to fill vacancy, 1872 ; B. F. Wyne ■and W. H. Beebe, 1873 ; R. J. Huntington and C. W. Hill, 1874 ; B. F. Wyne and W. H. pl^tteVille. HISTORY or GRANT COUNTY. 687 Beebe 1875 ; C. W. Hill and R. J. Huntington, 1876 ; B. F. Wvne and Charles Weitenhiller, 1877;' C. G. Marshall and C. W. Hill, 1878,; B. F. Wyne and 0. Weitenhiller, 1879; W. R. Laughton and Thomas Jenkins, Jr., 1880 ; Dennis J. Gardner and Charles Weitenhiller, 1881. Gomtables.—J. B. Moore, 1849 to 1852 inclusive ; T. R. Hugill, 1853 to 1856 inclusive ; William Butler, 1857 ; B. W. Covell and Hudson Thomas, 1858 ; Hudson Thomas and T. R, Hugill, 1859 ; A. K. Young and J. H. Holcomb, 1860 ; J. H. Holcomb and T. R. Hugill, 1861 ; A. K. Young and C. W. Hill, 1862 ; C. W. Hill and J. W. Rewey, 1863 : J. W. Rewey and E. G. Beckwith, 1864 ; E. Stephens and W. P. Durley, 1865 ; W. P. Durley and John Williams, 1866 ; A. K. Young and T. W. Smelker, 1867 ; T. W. Smelker, Henry Neihls and P. D. Hendershott, 1868 ; H. Neihls, P. D. Hendershott and G. D. Streeter, 1869 ; H. Nehls, Thomas Gardner and S. J. Hutchins, 1870 ; T. R. Hugill, P. D. Hendershott and J. Alford, 1871 ; T. R. Hugill and Thomas Gardner, 1872 ; T. R. Hugill and J. H. Holcomb, 1873 ; James Dodge, Joseph Meinhardt and N. Bradbury, 1874 ; N. Bradbury and S. B. Spencer, 1875 ; John Cavanaugh, John T. Davidson and James Hammond, 1876 ; John Gavanaugh, J. L. Rewey and John P. Sampson, 1877 ; John Cavanaugh, J. L. Rewey and S. C. Stephens, 1878-79 ; J. L. Rewey, W. H. Bishop and E. J. Bentley, 1880 ; John Fawcett, E. J. Bentley and W. H. Bishop, 1881. Sealer of Weights and Measures. — John N. Jones, 1850 ; Samuel Moore, 1855 ; Edwin McHoyt, 1860 ; A. J. McCarn, 1861-62 ; James Dodge, 1863 ; H. M. Gribble, 1864 ; F. R. Chase, 1865 ; A. J. McCarn, 1866-67 ; Samuel Stern, 1868 ; N. Messersmith, 1869 ; Thomas White, 1870 ; A. J. McCarn, 1871-72 ; J. H. Evans, 1873 ; no returns for 1874 ; E. H. Doscher, 1875; F. R. Chase, 1876, 1877 and 1878; E. H. Doscher, 1879. Town Agent.—N. W. Bass, 1874, 1875, 1876, 1877 and 1878. CITY OF PLATTEVILLE. The city of Platteville is situated in the heart of the lead mining region, surrounded by a beautiful and fertile agricultural country. The city is irregularly laid out, yet with considerable taste, though it bears the appearance, as is claimed by some writers on the subject, of having sprung up of its own accord. Its irregular character is accounted for in part by the fact that in early days it was a mining settlement, and in surveying the streets it was necessary to respect the rights of miners who owned mineral shafts on its present site, which were subsequently filled up. MAKING THE VILLAGE. In 1885, Maj. J. H. Rountree, to whom the present generation is indebted for the growth and prosperity that for a half a century has attended Grant County, Platteville Township and city, caused the survey of the southeastern portion of the present city. Thomas Hugill ran the hnes and laid off nineteen lots. At the conclusion of his work, operations were suspended, to be resumed when the entire city was surveyed and platted, and lots became accessible to purchase. At that day there were no improvements of any kind on the present site. The little cabin «f Miles M. Vineyard occupied a limited portion on the slope south by east of where ™ Gates House now is, and the improvements made by Mr. Rountree on his farm. Richard Waller owned a cabin near Hawley's factory of to-day ; the Rountree furnace on Mineral street ; the schoolhouse and church on Section 16 ; and miners' cabins located at large in the direction w the mill subsequently erected by N. H. Virgin and others, embraced the improvements made withm sight of the prospective village.' Upon the completion of the survey, Maj. Rountree put up a frame store at the corner where the post office now is, the lumber for which was obtained •" McKee's mill in the southeast corner of Harrison Township. That fall a grocery was estab- 'Shed on Grocery street by William Miller, whose stock in *rade was made up of bibulous com- pounds. Robert Chapman erected a blacksmith-shop on the corner of Main and Oak streets, one or two small cabins sprang up near the Branch. These were all the improvements 688 HISTOEY OF GRANT COUNTY. completed before winter. Among the citizens who were then or afterward became prominent were Maj. Rountree, J. R. Vineyard, W. Vineyard, M. M. Vineyard, Samuel Moore, Henry Snowden, Richard Waller, Joseph Chalders, J. W. Woodcock, W. W. Barstow, Robert Chap, man, Irving O'Hara, William Martin, Thomas Lewis and John Wiley. In this year occurred the first marriage celebrated in the future city, being that of George Rosemeyer and Fanny Jones, Maj. Rountree, in his capacity of Justice of the Peace, officiat- ing. There was no merry-making, the usual incident to modern weddings ; the happy couple took no note of such formalities, but subsided into practical life, without the attendant concomi- tants of wine, cake, etc. The spring of 1836 was without features of importance ; if there was any of more than passing consequence, they have escaped without having been placed on record. Early in the spring, Maj. Rountree built a hotel, the first in the town, on the corner opposite the post office, where it was known for many years as the " Blundell House," of which William Blundell was the landlord. It afterward became the Adams House, and, during the small-pox epidemic, of 1843, was the scene of a number of fatal cases. The same season, James W. Woodcock opened a grocery on Grocery street ; one or two log residences were located on Mineral street ;: James Eastabrook made him a home on Market street ; Samuel Mitchell came into the set- tlement and put up a frame house on Main street, where 0. C. Griswold now lives ; the Rev. James Mitchell erected a residence on Main street, where John Grendell now resides ; and these constituted the buildings which found an abiding-place during this year. John Barstow was the village carpenter ; Samuel Moore and Robert Chapman, the village blacksmiths ; Drs. Locey and John Bevans diagnosed diseases and prescribed remedies ; the Rev. James Mitchell divided his time between commercial pursuits and preaching the Gospel, and is said to have been not only eloquent and persuasive, but capable of sustaining his position in arguments, to which the exciting times occasionally gave birth, when he was almost overwhelmingly convincing. On one occasion, the threat of a citizen to shoot him on sight was brought to his notice a short time before it was necessary for him to enter the pulpit. Thereupon he procured a pair of dueling pistols, and, placing them along side the cushion on the reading desk, promul- gated his knowledge of the fate reserved for his acceptance, and that he was prepared to join issue without unnecessary delay. There was a notable absence of lawyers up to this time, and for some years after. The inhabitants usually settled their disputes by arbitration or according to more effective modes of action. In the first place, they were, as a rule, composed of men who rarely failed to requite their promises and discharge their obligations. Theft was almost unknown, and refusals to abide by the terms of a contract were of exceptional infrequency. As illustrative of this, the following is related : During the forties, a citizenof the town, who was working a lead in the vicinity, failed to realize his hopes before his exchequer became exhausted, and, in a con- dition of mind pardonably discouraging, he visited the store of Samuel Moore, and related his grievances to the proprietor. The lead was there ; he knew it, and if he could obtain the means to enable him to prosecute his search to a finality, he would be richly rewarded. " Well, what do you want?" interrogated Mr. Moore. " I want powder, fuse ; my tools are worn out, and my family is in want of necessaries,' he replied. "You can have them," responded Mr. Moore, and availing himself of the accommodation, resumed work. In about thirty days he " struck it big," and the first thing he did after mak- ing a sale was to liquidate the liability he had been permitted by Mr. Moore to undertake. Nor was this all. Some months after, his benefactor was on the eve of visiting St. Louis to lay in his stock, when the successful miner called, and after inquiring as to his financial needs, insisted upon Mr. Moore's acceptance of a large sum of money, to be taken out in trade. Of such material was the early citizens of Platteville composed. The supplies of groceries and edibles were then obtained at St. Louis ; those of dry goods and notioHs at New York. The former came by boat to Galena, thence .overland to Platteville. The latter, however, were shipped to their destination via New Orleans, thence to St. Louis and home. HISTORY OF GEANT COUNTY. 689 The amusements were of the most primitive and limited character, being made up of dances, Bociables and card-playing ; and although the games of poker, seven-up and whist were never without patrons, gambling was as a rule rarely indulged. Occasionally a " sport " would put in an appearance, and hiring a saloon for a certain period, set up his game and gather in what he was able to bet on faro, roulette and other ventures. But as stated, gambling was not of so uni- versal a character as in the mining regions elsewhere. In the spring of 1837, the population of the future city was estimated at about 200, includ- ing women and children. The Methodist Church, on Main street, the first exclusively church edifice erected in the city, was commenced this season. Benjamin and Sanford Farmer built and opened a saloon this year on the corner of Main and Third streets ; Sylvester Gridiey put up a store and residence on the present site of I. Hodges' bank, and these, with a few cabins and tents scattered about the city at long intervals, comprehended the list of improvements. During 1838- 39, the village seems to have progressed but indifferently. The hard times, failure of banks in Illinois, scarcity of money and other causes, combined to delay either emigration or the ex- pression of enterprise. But some came in and identified themselves with the town, and though the outlook was far from cheerful they remained, and, taking the tide of affairs at its ebb, rolled on to glory and fortune. While material interests may have lagged, the same cannot be said of those relating to religious and educational affairs. Schools had been established, the academy had been incorporat- ed, and a subscription made for the erection of a building, and in these and some other respects ^steady advance is said to have been witnessed. The early pioneers, though as a rule unedu- cated, evidenced a commendable interest in the cause of learning, and a determination to supply their descendants with that to which themselves had been comparative strangers. To the influ- ences exerted at this early day was the superior reputation of Platteville as an educational cen- ter to be attributed, for twenty-five years ago, it was known all over the State, and so pronounced was the reputation it had acquired in that behalf in 1866, that the city was made the point for the location of a State Normal School, which is now one of the most prominent and highly prized of the Normal Schools in the country. The fall of 1838 is represented to have been unprecedentedly dry. In consequence of this steamboats found it extremely difficult to pass the rapids on the Mississippi River, and the inhabitants of Platteville could only obtain their supplies of coffee, whisky, sugar and tobacco at great cost. In the year, 1839, the Northern Badger, the first paper in the city, was estab- lished. The paper was a stock concern, and owed its origin to Maj. Rountree, who procured the press and type in St. Louis. In the following year the Academy was organized; in 1842, A. M. Dixon was employed as principal at an annual compensation of $500, and he, it is said, gave the cause of education its first enthusiastic impulse. The first lawyer to settle profession- ally in Platteville came also in 1889. He was Wirom Knowlton, who was converted during the small-pox epidemic of 1848, and expecting to die caused his coffin to be made by one of the carpenters, and handsomely trimmed and stuffed, so that no delay might prevent the immediate interment of his remains. But he survived an attack of the disease, commanded a company during the Mexican war, and lived for many years, notwithstanding the premonitory admoni- 'lons which, as he supposed, enveloped him with the pustules. Of the remaining counselors, advocates and lawyers who flourished here in early days, B. C. Eastman, Lorenzo Bevans and George W. Lakin came in 1840 ; James M. Goodhue, afterward publisher of the Herald and ot. Paul Pioneer, delayed his arrival until 1842, while S. 0. Paine and C. K. Lord came still later. The early physicians, it may here be observed, were Drs. Bevans, Russell and Basye, of 'he regular school, and J. C. Campbell, who killed or cured with lobelia and steam. •'^liis, practically, was the condition of affairs with the dawn of 1840. For the reasons ™ed, the growth of the city had been backward, and the improvements, both in point of num- 618 and quality, were of the most limitefl and inexpensive character. Main street, as com- Pfedwith its present prosperity, bore the appearance of .desertion. True, buildings, or rather 630 HISTORY or GRANT COUNTY. cabins, lined that thoroughfare, but no more equaled the number or graceful attractions of those at present enrolled than an oleaginous Numidian is to be compared to the Phryne of Praxiteles. Among the merchants -who were present, prominent and prosperous at the beginning of this decade were O'Hara & Hopper, on Grocery street, the third door from the corner of Main ; J. S. and S. Bass, on Mineral street, opposite the City Park, Sylvester Grridley, where Hodges bank now is ; L. W. Link, French & Baker, and D. & N. Kendall, all on Grocery street. The Platteville Hotel was built this year by "William Martin, and Dr. Deffenbacher's present resi- dence, corner of Mineral and Bonson street, materialized. But as already hinted, building was confined to very few undertakings. This rule prevailed also during the year 1841. Notwith- standing that the village was duly incorporated that year, and enjoyed the services of such dis- tinguished ministers as the Revs. James and Samuel Mitchell, B. T. Kavanagh, Rufus Spaulding and Elder Weed; the lawyers, doctors and merchants have already been mentioned, but it should not be omitted that Ezra Adams, John Bevans and French & Mitton kept hotels; Messrs. C. K. Lord, Durley and Colter officiated as Justices of the Peace, while O'Hara & Hopper, Carson & Morrison, the Vineyards and David Seeley were smelters. Among the residents of that day who have since become famous, was Mrs. E. D. E. N. Southworth, the authoress, who resided with her husband on Second street in the city. The couple had come into the country some months previous, but failing to secure a living, had been furnished with means by his relatives to return whence he came ; but he was indisposed to do this, and with the fund subscribed to procure his departure, together with some further assist- ance from other sources, he established himself as a tinner in the old log schoolhouse. Success attended his efforts, when he moved on to Second street, invented a patent lamp, made consid- -erable money, with which he removed to New York, where he deserted his wife, who had recourse to the "pen," and wrote "The Deserted Wife " and other tales, while he wandered amid the vine-clad hills and sunny vales of California. In time he returned to learn that she was "famous," wealthy, and a resident of Boston, which rejoiced his soul exceedingly (as he was impecunious) and hastening to her domicile he made overtures for a reconciliation, but this accom- plished no results, and he went back to California where he died. In 1842, James and Samuel Moore, Isaac Hodges, E. Bayley and John Kemler were added to the commercial responsibilities of the town. On the night of January 29, 1843, occurred the first fire which visited the village. Late in 1842, John H. Nichols, a resident of Southport, on Lake Michigan, consigned a stock of goods to Platteville, and opened a store in the frame house of Maj. Rountree, where the post office now is. George Laughton, still a resident of the city, was placed in charge and slept in the store. Between 1 and 2 o'clock on the morning in question, Mr, Laughton was aroused by the cry of fire, and narrowly escaped destruction with the premises. An examination into the ■causes of the conflagration, induced the belief that it was the work of an incendiary, and the indignation consequent upon this supposition created the most intense excitement. On the fol- lowing day a public meeting was convened in the village, at which resolutions condemnatory of the alleged act were adopted, and threats of lynching the supposedly guilty party indulged. This calamity was prevented, however, and the circumstance was, in time, lost sight of in the whirl of events. This was a year of notable events. On February 4, James Paul, accompanied by a half- breed, made a trip to Ontonagon, a distance of 300 miles, over a comparati\^ly trackless wilder- ness for the purpose of claiming what has since become celebrated in the history of the copper regions, as " Copper Rock," located in Michigan on the shores of Lake Superior. James R- Vineyard, James Hammonds and Grosevenor proceeded thither also, by the lake route, and the little company collected from Platteville held the fort until dispossessed of their possession by the United States forces, and for a valuable consideration. The winter was remarkably prolonged and severe, succeeded by a spring both unprece- dented and alarming. It was changeable and complex as the variations of a kaleidescope. On the 22d of February, the mercury in the thermometer was frozen, and blizzard blasts ranged < HISTORY or GBAJS^T COUNTY. 691 over the prairies, down this street and then down that, tweaking noses and pulling ears, and completely paralyzing the business and other interests of the community. In April, the snow disappeared, and was succeeded by falls of rain and peals of thunder, the like of which had never been previously experienced. During one of these storms, a wedding party was overtaken on the ridge, near the present residence of Hanmer Robbins. Thinking to secure protection, the prospective bride and groom, with their guests, took refuge beneath the wagon, and nar- rowly escaped drowning. They succeeded in reaching the Platteville Hotel, however, where the services of a Justice were procured, the twain consolidated, and the storm was forgotten in the festivities which followed. In those days " charivaris " were vouchsafed newly married men and women, which were provocative of emphatic profanity in some cases, and often taxed the patience of performers. The last of these happened about 1843 or 1844, when a Mr. Shinn was married to the sister of Dr. Clark. The bridal couple went to Dubuque on their wedding trip, and while absent ar- rangements were completed for greeting their return with a vociferous welcome. They man- aged to avoid the preliminaries concluded upon, and gain the bride's home by a back way, be- fore the minstrels were aware of their presence in the village. When this fact was brought to the knowledge of the artists engaged, they became furious, and proceeding to the residence of those immediately interested, where they set up such an orchestra of discordant arrangements that the entire town was attracted to the scene. But Shinn and the madame refused to be ad- monished by these hints, and laughed at the efforts of their persecutors. The latter determined to conquer, redoubled their efforts, and prolonged the contest until, at the expiration of a fort- night, the bride and groom admitted defeat, and paid for the price of their capitulation a gen- erous supper. FIEST BRICK BUILDING. In the summer of 1843, Maj. Rountree erected the first brick building in the village. The brick were molded and burned on the west side of the Lancaster road, a short distance from the town. The lime was manufactured in the vicinity, and the sand procured at Platte River. The building still stands, being now occupied in part by Mr. Wyne as a bookstore, and in part by the post oflSce. The Fourth of July was celebrated this year with impressive ceremonials, at the old acad- emy. George R. Laughton read the Declaration, and Jonathan M. Goodhue orated. The crowd was large, and the exercises rapturously applauded by all present except a lank, lean and hungry looking farmer named Fillebrown, who protested against the reader of the " Charter of American Liberties," because he was a Briton. But the protest was suppressed, and not al- lowed to diminish from the pleasures of the day, which were concluded with a picnic at Plattfe Mound. SMALL-POX EPIDEMIC. In December following, the small-pox broke out in the village, and, before the physicians were able to agree as to the exact nature of the malady, an epidemic succeeded. It was believed to have been imported hither from Milwaukee by a merchant of Platteville, whose clothing had become impregnated with the seeds of disease while in the former city. A son of James McKer- nan, who resided with his parents at the corner of Second and Mineral streets, was the first case, and died before remedies could be prescribed for his convalescence. Miles M. Vineyard was among the next cases, and he, too, died. He resided at' the Platteville Hotel, and, after his death, the coffin was brought down stairs into the hall of that house, when Mrs. Vineyard, tlie widow, insisted it should be opened. This was done, nothwithstanding the protests of those present, and the virulence of the disease dates from this point, it is claimed. During this period, the doctors in the village were debating the facts in the cases daily oc- cumng, and, being divided in opinion, but little progress was made toward its treatment. Dexter tastle insisted that it was the unmistakable confluent small-pox ; Dr. Basye, that it was vario- loid; Dr. Clark, that it was a new type of eruption, while Drs. Bevans and Campbell remained undecided in the premises. While they were discussing the facts, however, the disease spread 692 HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. with discouraging rapidity and remediless violence. The city became panic-stricken, and to add to the gloom and distress which hung like palls above its prospects, was quarantined against by surrounding municipalities. At this point, the citizens convened, and, determining to take charge of affairs themselves, directed that all within the town limits should be vaccinated, and inaugu- rated other measures for the public welfare, including the appointment of a committee composed of A. S. Bennett, "Doc " Simmons, George R. Laughton, James McKernay and two others, whose names are forgotten. Their duties were to visit and care for the sick, bury the dead, etc., and were fortunate in discharging the same without becoming subjects for the physician or under- taker. The population of the village at that time was about five hundred, of whom two hundred and twenty-six were attacked, and of these eleven per cent, at least, fell victims ; whole families were swept ofiF, and the survivors of the terrible experience recall its scenes with feelings of hor- ror. The epidemic prevailed during December, 1843, and January and February, 1844. Some time after the disease had abated, Mr. I. Hodges and G. R. Laughton engaged Dexfcer Palmer to drive them to Galena. They arrived at their destination late in the afternoon, when they put up at the American Hotel, of which A. Rossette was proprietor. During the evening, David Seeley and J. Allen Barber began to joke them at the danger that was entailed to the town by their presence, and created the most wide-spread and indignant excitement. When the Plattevillians retired, the ladies in the hotel attended upon Mr. Rossette in a body and demanded their expulsion. This summary process was postponed until morning, when Mr. Hodges, upon descending to the first floor, was confronted by the Boniface with a request to " March right on, Mr. Hodges; you don't owe me anything, but please vacate at once." The gentleman ad- dressed appreciated the situation of affairs, and, rousing Mr. Laughton from his morning nap, both procured breakfast at a cellar restaurant, which was hurriedly eaten, after which the team and driver were placed in readiness, and the party slid out of town in time to avoid the vengeance of a mob, which had gathered in the meantime and threatened dire results. With the opening of spring, emigrants and " suckers " came in together and prepared to remain as long as the climate continued genial. The canvass held for appointment to ofiBce this year was quite exciting, and many a hand-to-hand contest resulted as the outgrowth of differ- ences of opinion. W^illiam B. Vineyard was recommended for Sheriff against E. S. Baker, and their friends were not only ardent and aggressive, but inclined to be pugnacious, in which latter particular the candidates themselves were not averse to taking a hand. After a heated struggle, during which James R. Vineyard and Wilson engaged in a struggle for physical supremacy, neither prevailing, however. Baker secured the prize, and his friends proceeded to Platte Mound, under the leadership of Hanmer Robbins, and announced the result to the residents of Lancas- ter by an immense bonfire. THE BEVANS LEAD. In July of this year, Lorenzo Bevans discovered a lead in Maj. Rountree's land south of the present site of the stone schoolhouse, which not only enriched himself, but profitted the gen- eral public. The history of Mr. Bevans' labors, in what proved to be a lucky find, is tinged with a color of romance rarely experienced without the pages of fiction. It seems that he had been working the lead for some months, meeting with returns the reverse of encouraging, but still confident of the existence of large quantities of mineral. He finally became absolutely im- poverished, without means to procure the necessaries of life for his family, or material indispen- sable to the prosecution of his labors. These latter were supplied by a generous-minded mer- chant, as also the means to hire an assistant for a limited period. On the day he tapped his " bonanza," he had paid the hired man until noon, which exhausted his exchequer, but sug- gested that he remain until evening and receive his pay out of the proceeds of the day's labor. The " hand" consented, and after their noon lunch the twain re-commenced work in the shaft with redoubled energy — the one in the desperate hope of realizing his cherished object ; the other by the knowledge that his rewards would be measured by the quantity of mineral his industry would aid him in bringing to the surface. While pegging away, along about 2 o'clock on the afternoon of a sultry day in July, Mr. Bevans suddenly thrust his pick into the clay HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. 693 bank, which lined the avenue wherein he was at work, which being withdrawn, developed such positive evidence of the existence of wealth as to cause him to labor with increased diligence, conscious that he had at last reached the acme of his ambitions. A few strokes of the pick and shovels of clay, encrusted with ore, cast one side, at length displayed a vein of mineral, in com- parison with which all previously discovered in the vicinity had been insignificant rather than inferior. Further labors served to dissolve all doubts regarding the enormous value of the lead. His patience, perseverance ,and abiding faith in his judgment had been more than requited. Within one hour after the first discovery of lead was made, many tons of mineral were raised, and the embryo city was alive with excitement. Nearly every one became cognizant of the facts, and nearly every one hurried to the scene, bent on ascertaining for himself and herself, for the multitude was made up of men, women and children, the truth concerning the things whereof they had been informed. Before an hour had elapsed, Mr. Bevans was ofiered $50 for an interest in his mine, which was soon increased to treble that amount, bat both offers were refused. During the afternoon, Hanmer Robbins sought to purchase a share in the venture for |500, which was declined, and when the men ceased operations at evening, that gentleman was intent on buying a moiety for the consideration of $1,000, without results. Upward of two millions pounds of ore were taken from the lead which was discharged in 1845, not before the fortunate discoverer had become rich, as also his friends and the merchants in the village from its profits. This discovery gave an impetus to mining, and many were the attempts made to duplicate Bevans' experience. The population of the town, which was quoted at 800 in 1844, visibly appreciated in 1845, by the influx of miners, attracted thither by news of his luck. But no other discoveries of importance succeeded their coming, and the number of inhabitants dwindled proportionately, leaving as a residuum only the best classes, whose efforts aided in the substan- tial growth of the vicinity, and the development of its resources. In 1845, the brick block of E. Bayley on Main street was erected, the two brick school- houses in North and South Platteville commenced, and the brick Methodist Church decided upon. It was begun late in that year or early in 1846, and completed before the spring of 1847. Morally and educationally, the village surpassed expectations or comparison with sur- rounding towns. The academy built four years previous was conducted in a manner that attracted a generous patronage, and schools for the education of youth of more callow experience than those for whose improvement the academy was designed were springing up in various localities. Commercially, too, the village evidenced a spirit of progress, both permanent and gratifying, and through succeding years has maintained a prominence special and deserved. Considerable of the uncertain classes, here to-day and there to morrow, had given place to a class of people who are invaluable to progressive communities. Farming in the surrounding country was revived and carried forward with increased vigor. This condition of afi'airs con- tinued until flattering, reports from the Lake Superior copper mines, combined with the Mexican War, served to drain the village of many of its more enterprising citizens. July 4, 1847, was observed by a dinner in the public square, to which the patriotic, as also the liberally disposed toward the Presbyterian Church, then in progress of building, were invited and came in large numbers. On October 30, of the same year, a concert was given in the church edifice to defray the cost of pews and the purchase of an aeolian for the same religious society. As an item of interest to those who attended, the programme is submitted as follows : Voluntary ; Hymn, tune, '• Josiah," from the " Sacred Harmony;" Overture, from the French Boreldieu ; Anthem, "Blessed are they that dwell in Thy house ;" song, " The Irish Emigrant's Lament," Mr. Laugh- ton; quartet, "The Wild Rose," Miss E. Wiley, Miss M. Durley, J. W. Stewart and J. jJurley; song, " There's a good time coming, boys," Ben C. Eastman, Esq.; Quartet, " Sweet the hour when free from labor," Misses M. and H. Durley, and Messrs. Colburn and East- ^^^'> song, "And they lifted up their voice and wept again," E. W. Prentiss, of Hazel Green; &^% "He who trusts in ladies fair," Messrs. Prentice, Stewart, Colburn and J^C. Eastman; 694 HISTORY OF GEANT COUNTY. Hymn, tune, "Palestine;" duet, "Now at moonlight's fairy hour," Miss M. Durley and Mr. Prentiss ; Anthem, "Jerusalem, my glorious home." Part second was made up of solos by J. C. Eastman, E. W. Prentiss and Mr. Stewart ; duet by Miss Wiley and Mr. Prentiss ; quartets by Mrs. Bancroft, Misses Durley and Wiley, and Messrs. T. Eastman, Covell, Stewart and Durley, in addition to hymnals and instru- mental music on the aeolian. The concert netted $120, and provided means for the purposes mentioned. The Mexican war came on about this period, but few residents of Platteville or vicinity being persuaded to enlist. It is estimated that from twelve to fifteen recruits were obtained in this township, in no comparison with the number who went to California two years later, which is said to have been upward of 200, and whose departure unquestionably retarded the growth of the city, diminished the volume of business for many years, and worked an injury to material prospects scarcely short of permanent. PLATTEVILLE IN 1850. In 1850, the population of the city is stated as nearly 1,500, an increase of nearly 100 per cent in about four years. There were three churches, the Methodist, Primitive Methodist and Congregational, and quite a number of merchants, prominent among whom were I. Hodges, Moore & Lane, E. Bayley, John Kemler, Mrs. Gridley and Dennis Clark. This year, the Hon. Benjamin C. Eastman was elected to Congress, the first and only Congressman Platteville ever furnished. The ensuing five years were dull, without any enlivening features to ripple the current of daily events. Along in 1855, however, business began to revive, a great many •people came in from the Bast and large amounts of money were invested in public lands. Buildings, too, were erected, and the Clinton House, erected at the corner of Main and Oak streets in 1846, ceased to be among the more prominent structures of that thoroughfare, Prior to the panic of 1857, farming began to revive and attracted the attention of husbandmen at the East and in Europe ; as a consequent, Ohio, Pennsylvania and New York furnished a large number of settlers, while Germany sent hither representatives of Teutonic thrift and industry, who have aided in the building up of the city, for most of them settled in the city and have be- come among its most substantial residents. The panic above referred to produced an effect in Platteville similar to that experienced all over the country. Times were hard and money scarce, notwithstanding which there were but few failures among the commercial circles. The campaign preceding the war was characterized by the absence of that rancor and fierce partisanship to be observed in some parts of the country, and previous to the commencement of actual hostilities, though there may have existed a difference of opinion as to where blame for the trouble rested, when the firing upon Fort Sumter inaugurated the trouble, there was no one who held back his tribute and support from the cause. DURING WAR TIMES. Meetings were held all through the war for the purpose of encouraging enlistments and raising funds, and from the first meeting convened opposite the Tyler House, in April, 1861, which was addressed by Maj. Rountree, N. H. Virgin, Hanmer Robbins and W. B. Carter^ and when the first recruit, Billy Britton, enlisted, to the day when Lee surrendered, there was no holding back nor absence of patriotism on the part of citizens to promote success. After the war, the village grew gradually, and improvements succeeded the rude structures improvised in the early days of the settlement for business and residence purposes. In 1849, the precinct of Platteville was changed into the town of Platteville, with Benjamin 0. Eastman Chairman; railroad enterprises were projected upon numerous occasions, having Platteville for their base of operations or objective point, but all proved failures, and nothing more than spec- ulation was indulged by enterprising citizens until 1867. In that year, individuals subscribed stock to the amount of $50,000, which was supplemented by subscriptions to the extent of $60,000, made by the town for the construction of a railroad from Calamine. In 1869, the town subscribed $60,000 additional stock, for which bonds were issued, payable in twenty HISTOBY OF GRANT COUNTY. 695 annual installments, with interest at the rate of 7 per cent per annum. The following year, the road was completed, and has since been in operation. THE PRESENT CONDITION. In 1872, Platteville subscribed $32,000 to aid in building the narrow-gauge railroad, which has also been an outlet for the city and adjacent country since, and with these facilities the means of communication with distant points have been reliable and uninterrupted. The city has been visited by two destructive conflagrations, one on the night of June 10, 1870, in which the Tyler House, Hodges' bank burned, involving a loss of $12,000 ; the other two years later, when the balance of the property contiguous to the site of the fire in 1872, was burned, entailing damages estimated at $12,000. Both blocks, however, have been re- built, and a reliable fire organization has been substituted for the " bucket brigade," providing security against a repetition of these calamities. On March 4, 1880, an act providing for the chartering of the city of Platteville was approved, and to-day the city, with a population of 2,685, distances her rivals throughout the county in her religious, educational, social and commercial interests and enterprises. By act of the Legislature approved February 19, 1871, all that part of Section 15, in Township No. 3, of Range No. 1 west of the Fourth Principal Meridian, in the county of Grant, was appropriated to and thereafter known and distinguished as the town of Platteville. The roster is incomplete, owing to the absence of records. March 4, 1880, the city was duly incorporated, and the following oflScers elected, who are still in service. OFFICIAL KOSTER. Mayor, H. J. Traber, 1880-81 ; Aldermen, R. W. Laughton, G. W. Eastman, T. Jenkins, Jr., W. Meyer, Sr., N. Bevers and F. Libert, 1880-81 ; Clerk and Police Justice, W. R. Laughton, 1880-81; Treasurer, W. S. Northrop, 1880-81; Supervisor, Hanmer Robbins, 1880-81 ; Surveyor, J. C. Squires, 1880-81 ; Weigher, 0. A. Boynton, 1880-81 ; Street Com- missioner, Curtis Barker, 1880-81 ; Marshal, J. L. Rewey, 1880-81. The oflScers under village organization and previous were as follows : 1845 — Samuel Moore, President. 1846 — Samuel Moore, President; Henry Snowden, J. H. Watts, William G. Spencer, S, N. Jones and Robert Chapman, Trustees. 1847 — The board of the previous year held over. 1848 — G. W. Lakin, President; S. Hawley, P. Stone, Thomas Stephens, N. Hutchins, H. C. Lane and Joel Potter, Trustees. 1849— S. 0. Paine, President; N. Hutchins, N. Messersmith, T. Stephens, G. Hawley, H. C. Lane and H. Bell, Trustees. 1850 — S. 0. Paine, President; J. M. Alford, N. Messersmith, James Durley, E. J. Madi- son, P. B. McEntire and D. W. Clark, Trustees. 1851 — A. C. Inman, President ; H. Hurlbut, P. B. McEntire, Noah Hutchins, James Durley, Nicholas Messersmith and D. W. Clark, Trustees. Leonard Coates elected President, September 22, 1851, vice A. C. Inman, deceased. 1852 — Leonard Coates, President; Isaac Hodges, J. Pickard, William Grindell, John Kemler, H. C. Lane and N. Goodrich, Trustees. 1858 — John Bevans, President ; Joel Potter, William Grindell, H. Hurlbut, R. Snowden, Isaac Hodges and John Kemler, Trustees. 1854— John Bevans, President ; H. C. Lane, E. Vanderbie, H. Bell, G. Hawley, J. T. Kirkpatrick and J. S. Marsh, Trustees. 1855— Samuel Moore, President; J. M. Alford, J. T. Hancock, Calvin Russell, Elijah Jsayley, Daniel Richards and William Butler, Trustees. 1856 — Noah Hutchins, President ; Frederick HoUman, George Hammons, Bennet Atwood, "■ H. Stowell, Daniel Richards and Nehemiah Goodrich, Trustees. 696 HISTOKY OF GRANT COUNTY. 1857— N. H. Virgin, President ; 0. A. Boynton, William Grindell, F. Frederick, Thomas Bender, John Kemler and Noah Hutchins, Trustees. 1858— Samuel Mitchell, President ; Leonard Coates, J. Potter, Jacob Cramer, B. F. Chase, W. V. Murphy and James Kelly, Trustees. 1859—0. A. Boynton, President; Samuel Block, William Grindell, James (J. Wright, Jacob Cramer, John Smelker and Samuel Nasmith, Trustees. 1860 — Nelson Dewey, President ; Samuel Block, Samuel Nasmith, George S. Hammond, Henry Spink, Joel Potter and Henry A. Miller, Trustees 1861— Nelson Dewey, President ; Samuel Nasmith, Joel Potter, John H. Rountree, W. Gr. Babcock, Jacob Cramer and F. Frederick, Trustees. 1862— John H. Rountree, President; Joel Potter, W. G. Babcock, E. Vanderbie, S. Block, N. Stork and L. Coates, Trustees. 1863 — Noah Hutchins, President ; J. F. Kirkpatrick, Henry C. Miller, Leonard Coates, Engel Vanderbie, William Grindell and L. L. Goodell, Trustees. 1864 — John H. Rountree, President ; Lonard Coates, Charles G. Marshal, William Grin- dell, E. Vanderbie, Joel Potter and Nicholas Stark, Trustees. 1865— S. 0. Paine, President ; N. Hutchins, E. Vanderbie, R. Straw, N. Stark, W. Par- mell and S. M. Devendorf, Trustees. 1866 — S. 0. Paine, President ; N. Hutchins, E. Vanderbie, Joel Potter, James V. Holl- man, Richard Straw and Henry Hoyt, Trustees. 1867 — J. H. Rountree, President; J. V. HoUman, Conrad Ketler, J. B. Penn, J. W. Smelker, Alexander Butler and H. Spink, Trustees. 1868 — E. Vanderbie, President ; N. Hutchins, Joseph Minehardt, John Kemler, Richard Straw, Michael Stephens and Samuel Block, Trustees. 1869— E. Vanderbie, President; S. M. Devendorf, Joel Potter, F. R. Chase, Richard Straw, A. Ketler, J. Minehardt, Trustees. 1870 — J. H. Evans, President ; F. R. Chase, Curtis Barker, John Huntington, Joseph Minehardt, Conrad Ketler and J. B. Penn, Trustees. 1871 — J. B. Penn, President; A. W. Bell, J. Huntington, C. Witenheller, Thomas Jen- kins, Samuel Block and John Kemler, Trustees. 1872 — N. H. Virgin, President ; C. Ketler, J. Kemler, L. J. Washburn, T. Jenkins, E. Bayley and R. Shaw, Trustees. 1873— N. H. Virgin, President; J. Kemler, C. Ketler, T. Jenkins, L. J. Washburn, J. B. Penn and R. Straw, Trustees. 1874 — N. H. Virgin, President ; Thomas Jenkins, N. Hutchins, Conrad Ketler, C. Hen- ners, J. B. Penn and R. Straw, Trustees. ' 1875 — N. H. Virgin, President ; Thomas Jenkins, J. B. Penn, C. Henners, C. Ketler, R. Straw and N. Hutchins, Trustees. Treasurers— Robert Chapman, 1845, 1846, 1847 ; Isaac Hodges, 1848, 1849, 1850, 1851; Samuel Moore, 1852 ; Leonard Coates, 1853 ; R. W. Stevenson, 1854 ; Manville Comstock, 1855 ; H. A. Chase, 1856 ; William Butler, 1857-; E. W. Covill, 1858 ; J. F. Kirkpatrick, 1859 ; Samuel Block, 1860. Clerks.— J. L. Marsh, 1845, 1846, 1847; J. C. Eastman, 1848; William Zenor, 1849; R. Hodgson, 1850 ; Thomas Eastman, 1851 ; J. W. Van Orman, 1852, 1853 ; B. F. Wyne, 1854; James Durley, 1855; B. F. Wyne, 1856, 1857, 1858, 1859, 1860, 1861, 1862. Oollectors.—A. C. Inman, 1848 ; R. Hodgson, 1849 ; A. C. Inman, 1850 ; no returns for 1851 or 1852; T. R. Chesebro, 1853; R. W. Stevenson, 1854; H. Bell, 1855; H. A. Chase, 1856-57 ; E. W. Covill, 1858 ; J. F. Kirkpatrick, 1859 ; Samuel Block, 1860. Assessors.— A. M. Holliday, 1848-49 ; A. C. Inman, 1850 ; J. C. Campbell, William V. Murphy and Abel Conner, 1851 ; S. F. Cleveland, John Bayley and Isaac Richards, 1852 ; J. S. Clark, 0. A. Boynton and W. D. Mitchell, 1853; C. T. Overton, 1854; H. Bell, 1855; George W. Henry, 1856-57 ; William H. Howard, 1858 ; B. F. Wyne, 1869 ; B. F. Wyne, 1860. HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. 697 Constables. — A. C. Inman, 1848 ; William Zenor, 1849; J. B. Moore, 1850; Richard Hodgson, 1851; Thomas Chesebro, 1862; T. R. Hugill, 1853; R. W. Stevenson, 1854; no returns for 1855 ; H. A. Chase, 1856 ; William Butler, 1857 ; E. W. Covill, 1858 ; P. D. Hendershot, 1859 ; A. R. Young, 1860. Marshals.— A. G. Inman, 1846-47 ; J. Grumley, 1848 ; no returns for 1849, 1850, 1851, 1852, 1853 or 1854 ; Manville Comstock, 1855 ; H. A. Chase, 1856 ; William Butler, 1857 ; E. W. Covill, 1858 ; P. D. Hendershot, 1859 ; A. R. Young, 1860. Supervisors.— J. H. Evans, 1870-71 ; J. H. Rountree, 1872 ; E. Bayley, 1873, 1874 and 1875. .—J. H. Parnell, 1874. THE FIRE DEPARTMENT. Previous to the extended and disastrous conflagration, which swept over a portion of the ■city on the night of April 15, 1874, the elements were stayed by more primitive means than those which have since obtained. That event, however, impressed citizens with the necessity for adequate means of protection, and, soon after its occurrence, a paper signed by sixty business men, called for a meeting to convene at Thomas Hall with a view to organized action. The meeting was largely attended, with Gideon Hawley presiding, and A. W. Bell acting as Secre- tary. The inadequate means at command to cope with fire was fully discussed, and various plans suggested to remedy the evil. Finally, Messrs. H. H. Virgin, A. L. Brown, W. H. Beebe. H. J. Traber and James S. Hammond, were appointed a committee for the purpose ot taking the steps necessary to organize a hook and ladder company. On the 6th of May following, this committee met at the office of the town clerk, and drew upon an application to the Town Board, which was numerously signed for the formation of the organization. This was submitted on the following day, and notice was served upon the appli- cants to meet at the Town Clerk's office on the 18th of the same month for organization. At that meeting, A. L. Brown occupied the chair ; W. H. Beebe officiated as Secretary, and the company was organized by the election of the following officers : H. J. Traber, Foreman ; H. H. Virgin and John Grindell, Assistants ; A. W. Bell, Secretary, and Thomas Shepherd, Treasurer. The truck was built by Alexander Butler, of Platteville, and cost $300. It is nearly twenty-four feet in length, supplied with windlasses, spring bells, etc., and securely mounted. The company also has the tackle, apparel and furniture indispensable to its line of business, is composed of seventy men, and officered as follows : H. J. Traber, Foreman ; F. W. Newton and John Spink, Assistants ; J. F. Funston, Secretary, and Thomas Shepherd, Treasurer. Mound City Engine Company No. 1. — Soon after the organization of the hook and ladder company was completed, many citizens, realizing that the interests at stake were not entirely covered by the efforts thus far put forth, proposed the establishment of an engine company, and proceeded to efifect arrangements looking to that end. In the fall, these efforts produced results, and secured the organization of the Mound City Engine Company with thirty members, and John Grindell as Foremaii. Immediately, the organization crystallized into shape, the company purchased a " chemical " in Chicago, of power and excellence, and have since been prepared to cope with the most formidable of enemies to prosperity and happiness. The present officers are James McCoy, Foreman ; H. S. "Vaughn and Horace Chase, Assistants ; W. Grindell, Treas- urer ; J. Maloney, Secretary. In the meantime, the fire department was regularly established as one of the departments «f the city, and the following officers elected : Alexander Butler, Chief; H. J. Traber and H. ^- Chase, Assistants ; John Grindell, Treasurer, and W. J. Funston, Secretary. The department at present is composed of 140 men, embracing the best element of the city, on the alert for danger, and ever ready to encounter its suppression, free from the evils incident to more metropolitan organizations, and receiving, as it deserves, the confidence and support oi a community for the protection of whose property " the boys " have volunteered. The present HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. officers are Alexander Butler, Chief; H. J. Traber and J. B. McCoy, Assistants ; E. F. Newton, Treasurer, and Max Stickle, Secretary. The department own property valued at $3,000. Elections are held annually, and meet- ings convene monthly. The Mound Qity Engine Band, made up of members of the Mound City Engine Com- pany, was organized February 15, 1880, with twelve members and the following oflBcers : Augus- tus Schmidt, President and Leader ; W. F. Grindell, Secretary and Treasurer. Since that date, some changes have occurred in the personnel of the organization, which is constituted at present as follows : A. Schmidt, President and Leader ; W. F. Grindell, Secre- tary ; David Grindell, Treasurer ; H. Cowduroy, B Cornet ; A. Martin, Baritone ; C. Mans- field, Second Tenor; George Alcock, First Alto; M. Stevens, Second Alto; William Mann and Oscar Henning, Bass ; M. Rose and C. B. Goldwood, Drums. Meetings are held three times each week, and the society owns property valued at $300. The Platteville Hook and Ladder Band. — As the name indicates, the composition of this musical society are representatives of the Hook and Ladder Company of the city of Platteville. It was organized in June, 1879, with H. C. King as President and Leader ; E. J. Bentley, Treasurer, and W. J. Funston, Secretary, with a full complement of performers. The association at present consists of H. C. King, President and Performer on B Flat Cornet Solo ; Eugene Spencer, Leader ; Lyman Spencer, Treasurer and Alto ; J. H. Parnell, Secretary and Tenor ; George Hutchins and A. Grindell, First and Second Alto ; B. C. East- man, Clarionet ; A. Martin, Trombone ; William Topps, B Flat Cornet ; Elmer Thomas, Bass ; James Hammond and James Washburn, Drums. The society meets twice each week, and estimates the value of their property at $525. EDUCATIONAL. The reader is already familiar with the opposition manifested by the Indians to the occupa- tion of the lead mines by the whites. This opposition first evidenced itself as early as 1822, when the hostilities of the savages prevented operations in that region. Then came the Winne- bago war, followed by the Black Hawk war, in which the red man was practically annihilated, and peace, with its blessings, first began to be a source of profit and enjoyment. In the meantime, prominent villages were located and built up near valuable openings in the mines, and a number of the most useful citizens had arrived with the miners, all of whom employed their best efforts to the establishment of that system of education which has since so successfully obtained. Among these were Gov. Dodge, who urged the adoption of a public school system ; Hon. John H. Rountree, who aided materially in opening the first schools in the south- western portion of the State, including Platteville Academy, now a State Normal School ; Gen. Charles Bracken, who first introduced a bill in the Territorial Legislature to create a common school fund ; and Col. Daniel M. Parkinson, who was Chairman of the Assembly committee which made the earliest inquiries into the expediency of establishing common schools in the State. In Mineral Point, in July, 1830, was built the first schoolhouse in the lead district. It was constructed of logs, and, when not occupied by the school, furnished accommodations for a Justice's Court and church. The second school in the Mineral District was built in June, 1834, on the east side of Sec- tion 16, now a part of the city of Platteville. It was built by subscription, through the efforts of Maj. Rountree and others. It was of hewn logs, one story high, 18x20 feet in dimensions, and presided over by Samuel Huntington, a pioneer teacher, who drifted into the country from no one knows where, and disappeared no one knows how. Here came the children of pioneer families for miles around, including those of the Rountree, Reily, Snowden, Waller, Vineyard, Holman and Ohalders families, about twenty-five all told, and here the preceptor divided his time between the cause of education and search for mineral. He was about forty years of age, eccen- tric, exacting, but not severe, and though he taught about two years, at $3 per capita per HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. 699 quarter the parents of those in attendance ■were accustomed to argue themselves into the con- clusion that his efforts would have proved more satisfactory had he paid more attention to in- struction, and less to the discovery of "rich leads." The school was discontinued at this point upon his departure, and resumed in a house to the rear of the present Deffenbacher lot, north of Mineral street, where Dr. A. T. Locey gathered about forty pupils, who were taught in the main by his sister, Miss Locey. In May, 1837, Hanmer Robbins opened a school in a log house south of the present Congregational Church site. His pupils embraced among others, H. S. and Ellen Rountree, Miss Locey, two daughters of Thomas Render, a son and daughter of Richard Waller, and Henry Snowden, the children of James Durley, the children of James Vineyard, and others, about sixty all told. The branches taught were the ordinary elementary studies. The same was paid for at the rate of $4.50 for a term of sixteen weeks, and success attended his efforts. He remained here, and in the Methodist Church, until the spring of 1839. In February of that year, Maj. Rountree, who was a member of the Territorial Council, introduced a bill providing for the incorporation of the " Platteville Academy." The bill was passed, and A. M. Dixon came hither from Bond County, 111., to take charge. Some say the institution was opened in the basement of the Methodist Church, under the care of Mr. Dixon, where it remained until its removal to the building erected for academic purposes, in 1841, in the northern part of the city. Others insist that he began teaching in his private residence, still standing at the corner of Main and Court streets, when he was assisted by his wife, which was attended by the children of Henry Snowden, Maj. Rountree, J. R. and W. B. Vine- yard, N. H. Virgin, J. B. McCord, Robert Dixon, a sister of Samuel Moore, and others. At all events, the academy was established in the basement of the Methodist Church until the lim- ited quarters there necessitated its removal. In about 1841, John Myers, assisted by a man named Byerly and others, prepared the frame for the new academy building, and during that year completed the structure. It was 40x60, two stories high, containing two school apart- ments, and was presided over by Prof. Carrier, when it was completed and furnished. School was taught there until about 1853, when the stone edifice was finished and occupied. The basement of the Methodist Church continued to furnish room for educational purposes after the removal of the academy, the Rev. Mr. Nolon and possibly some other educators oflSciat- ing as Principals for some years. In 1845, when it was decided to erect the brick Methodist Church on the site of the present edifice of that denomination, Maj. Rountree made some changes in the interior arrangements which permitted its utilization for school purposes, and and Prof. Carrier was placed at the head. In 1845-46 Miss Annette L. Godell taught in the basement of the church, and a Mr. Burk, who subsequently went to California, occupied the au- ditorium in a similar capacity. In 1846, the brick schoolhouse still standing on Pine street was built, and is recurred to as the first building erected in this section of the county as a common school. The same year, it is thought, the north brick school was built and similarly appropri- ated, and these were the only edifices for the purposes indicated which had been erected up to the date of the admission of Wisconsin as a State. ' With the adoption of the constitution the several counties in the State, as is well known, were divided into school districts and provision made for their support. Up to this time the cause of education was committed to the care of private corporations and individuals. No one was obliged to countenance schools nor contribute to their support and but for the presence of an enlightened public sentiment in that behalf this civilizing influence would not have accom- plished the results cited. For in addition to the efforts made by Maj. Rountree and others, children's education in place of being neglected was provided for. Instead of allowing them to run wild in the sunshine, they were gathered into impromptu kindergartens and taught the pri- mary principles by Mrs. H. A. Nixon, Miss Julia Bevans and others. The admission of the State added an impetus to material interests and gave birth to measures for advancing the State, educating the youth and developing sources of information and wealth which have obtained so satisfactorily since. Prominent among these was the increased provision made for and the in- 700 HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. creased interest manifested in the education of the youth of both sexes. The academy became an object of special and specific interest, and its curriculum was sought to be availed of by stu- dents from nearly every point to which it was accessible, while the common schools in the pres- ent city designated severally as districts number four and five, were crowded for room. Mr. Magoon had in the meantime succeeded Prof. Carrier as Principal of the academy, and the latter had in turn yielded place to J. L. Pickard. Under the administration of that gentleman, the need of additional room became so pressing that the academy directory decided upon the building of the stone premises now in part occupied by the Normal School. Land was procured, contracts made, and other arrangements completed, early in 1852, and on the 5th of July of that year the corner-stone of the edifice was laid with appropriate ceremonies. Maj. J. H. Rountree presided and had charge of the arrangements, the address being deliv- ered by W. R. Biddlecome. The box inclosed in the stone contained a copy of the charter and subscription book, names of the Trustees and building committee, a history of the academy, a copy of the Independent American, and a map of Wisconsin. Work on the building was pros- ecuted with vigor, and its completion for occupation reached early during the following year. For nearly fifteen years this building was occupied as the Platteville Academy, and under the administrations of J. L. Pickard, A. K. Johnson and George M. Guernsey, became the Alma Mater of an alumni both numerous, progressive and of extended reputatation. In 1866, it was transferred to the State for normal school purposes, and has since been and will doubtless continue to remain in that capacity for decades to come. The city, as above stated, was divided into two districts when the constitution was adopted, which lasted until about 1857, when the same were consolidated. In the spring of the latter year it was decided to erect another schoolhouse, and a discussion occurred between the citizens of North and South Platteville regarding its location. The committee after almost endless examination, inquiry and debate, decided to purchase a lot of Maj. Rountree, at the east end of Main street, and contracted for the building of what has since been known as the " stone schoolhouse." The foundations were laid the same year, and the walls run up, but it remained unoccupied until 1860, when only the first stories were rendered inhabitable. The result of this decision of the committee was to again divide the city into two districts, and inspire the erection of a second schoolhouse of brick, on Rountree, near the corner of Rebecca street. Both were completed and furnished in 1863, at a total cost of $12,000, and have since furnished the necessary accommodations for the education of Platteville youth. The stone schoolhouse contains five departments — two primary, two intermediate, and high, requiring the services of five teachers, enjoying an average daily attendance of three hundred pupils, and requiring an annual outlay of $2,600. The brick or North District Schoolhouse has four departments, furnishing employment to four teachers, by whom an average daily attendance of two hundred and twenty-five pupils is taught, at an annual cost of $2,000. The schools are under the supervision of a County Superintendent and School Board, consisting of one Dire(Jtor, Treasurer and Clerk for each district. The terms are co-incident with those of the Normal School, and examinations for promotion are held at the close of each. The ofiicers of the North District School are William Meyer, Director ; H. C. Sanford, Treas- urer, and J. H. Holcomb, Clerk. Of the South District, L. N. Washburn, Director; William Grindell, Treasurer, and B. F. Wyne, Clerk. It may be of interest to the reader to add that the old frame academy building subse- quently became a Presbyterian Church, in which the Rev. Mr. Bradford expounded the doctrine for some time ; the old South Brick Schoolhouse still stands, adjoining the residence of Alex- ander Butler, southwest of the Masonic Hall, and the old North Brick Schoolhouse, corner of Lewis and Third streets, was, until his death, the homestead of the late E. Vanderbie. The Methodist Church and schoolhouse still survives the rush of worlds also, on the very spot of its origin, to the rear of the brick block on Main street, in part occupied by Sanford & Chase. HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. 701 The Normal School. — The Normal School system first came to Wisconsin during its Ter- ritorial existence from the East, and found expression in the Constitutional Convention of 1846. The subject was, however, but superficially referred to, and not until two years later did the idea crystallize into shape. In the constitution of that year, an article was incorporated pro- vided for the creation of " a separate fund called the school-fund, the interest of which, and all other revenues derived from the school lands " to be applied " to the support and maintenance of common schools in each school district, and the purchase of suitable libraries and apparatus therefor." The residue to be appropriated to the support and maintenance of academies and Normal schools, with suitable libraries, apparatus, etc. In January, 1849, the Regents of the State University established a Normal department, but the ordinance providing therefor re- mained inoperative, owing to a lack of funds. Various efforts were made during succeeding years by those friendly to the cause of education to adopt means by which Normal schools might become established, without results. In 185J, the Hon. J. Allen Barber introduced a bill into the Senate to " create and establish a literature fund from the proceeds of the sale of swamp lands." At the same session, a bill was introduced into the House by the Hon. L. J. Evans "to establish a Normal School and Teachers' Institute." Both bills were referred to a special committee which reported a substitute providing " That the income of 25 per cent of the pro- ceeds arising from the sale of swamp and overflowed lands should be appropriated to Normal Institutes and Academies under the supervision and direction of a Board of Regents of Normal Schools appointed in pursuance of a provision of that act." The act passed and became a law, from whence sprang the present Normal school system in Wisconsin. In 1865, the Legislature adopted an act providing a much more liberal endowment for Normal instruction and devoting it distinctively to the establishment and support of Normal schools. The swamp lands and swamp land funds were divided into equal parts, one of which constituted the Normal School Fund. Upon the passage of the act, proposals were invited for extending aid in the establish- ment of these schools, and different localities began at once to press their claims. In July of the year in which this act was passed, the trustees of the academy of Platteville convened and decided to ofiFer the academy building grounds to the State for Normal school purposes for a consideration of $25,000, the State to assume an indebtedness of $4,000 which was due from the corporation. On the 19th of August following, a meeting of the citizens of Platteville was held for the purpose of examining into the merits of the undertaking, and ascertaining what induce- ments could be offered the Regency to establish the school in this city. The subject was thoroughly discussed by those in attendance, but no conclusion reached prior to adjournment. On the 26th of the same month, another meeting was held at which N. H. Virgin presided, and the Board of Trustees of the Academy was authorized to offer the academy property for Normal school purposes at a fixed price, the citizens of Platteville assuming all liabilities, except the amount due the State, and three days later, a resolution was adopted providing for the levy of a tax to liquidate the liabilities proposed to be assessed. In September of the same year, the Board of Normal Regents met at Madison and appointed a committee consisting of C. C. Sholes, J. G. McMynn and W. E. Smith to visit and examine the various sites proff'ered for the venture, and at this point those interested were obliged to contain themselves in patience until a report could be submitted. For many weeks occupied by this committee in an inspection of the advantages and induce- ments offered by rival municipalities for the location of the school, Plattevillians were fed on hope and faith, a rather unsatisfactory diet ; but all that was reserved to their disposal. Finally, on the 29th of November, the committee reached this city, and met the citizens on the evening of that day in the hall of the academy. The Hon. Hanmer Robbins was chairman of the meet- ing, and the subject which had convened the assemblage was exhaustively debated by those in attendance. Nothing was deqjfied upon, however. Through that year, and the opening month of 1866, there was little to encourage, less to enthuse the hopes of those who had by patient watch and constant effort endeavored to secure the assignment of the business in hand to Platte- ville. On the 2.3d of February, 1866, a meeting was held in Platteville, at which G. K. Shaw 702 HISTORY OF GEANT COUNTY. presided, and it was resolved to petition the Legislature to pass an act directing the Town Clerk to insert on the town tax roll a sum sufficient to meet the outstanding obligations of the academy and leave a surplus of $5,000 to be appropriated by the Board of Regents of the Normal School for building purposes. Five days later, the board voted to locate the schools at Platteville and Whitewater. On the 2d of May following, the transfer of titles to sites, etc., were completed, and the building committee was instructed to proceed with building the necessary improvements. According to announcement, the school opened on Tuesday, October 9, 1866, the exercises being attended by a large number of ladies and gentlemen of Platteville and the surrounding country, old students of the academy and others. The ceremonies were opened with prayer by the Rev. Mr. Mather, after which Prof. C. H. Allen was then introduced, and made a few earnest remarks on the responsibility he had assumed as Principal, and his hopes for the success of his labors. Hon. J. L. Pickard followed in an address full of feeling, and abounding in practical observations. At the conclusion of his remarks, occurred a most pleasing and gratify- ing episode. A covered stand was brought forward, and Mr. W. E. Carter, addressing Hon. Hanmer Robbins, presented him with an elegant set of silver service, consisting of a coffee urn, castor and cake basket, as a slight testimonial of the appreciation of citizens for his services in procuring the location of the Normal School at Platteville. The recipient returned thanks in an appropriate speech, in which he complimented the people of Platteville upon their labors in the same behalf, without which he could have accom- plished nothing. After the singing of the doxology by the Glee Club, and benediction by the Rev. Mr. Pond, the meeting was adjourned until evening, when the exercises concluded with a re-union supper. The regular course was commenced on the following .day, under the administration of Prof. Charles H. Allen as Principal, assisted by Jacob Wernli, George M. Guernsey, Professor of Mathematics; Fanny S. Joslyn, Instructor in History, Geography and Physiology; Esther M. Sprague, Prineipal of the Model Department, with Henry Triganowan, Janitor. During this term, 60 pupils were enrolled in the Normal Department ; 14, in the Prepara- tory Class, and 38 in the Model School ; and, during the year first following, there were in at- tendance, for some part of the year, 219 students, exclusive of the Model School. This unexpectedly large attendance necessitated the increase of accommodations, and, before the dawn of 1867, a new wing of dimensions sufficiently commodious to supply the existing de- mands was commenced. Its completion, however, was delayed until 1868, when the finishing touches were added, and the whole turned over to the school authorities. The cost of the im- provement was $20,000, and the dedication occurred on the 10th of September, 1868, at which an address was delivered by State Superintendent Craig, followed with speeches by the Hon. J. H. Rountree, the Hon. Hanmer Robbins, the Rev. Messrs. Parmelee and Pond, Mr. J. C. Cover, Prof. Allen, and Gen. Grant. At that time, the buildings consisted of one main stone •edifice, three stories high, fronting forty feet to the south, and seventy feet to the north ; west of this was a building, also of stone, two stories high and 40x60, connected with the main build- ing by a stone corridor 32x40, and three stories high. They were of a blue limestone, based well, substantially built, well lighted and ventilated, and thoroughly heated. The course prescribed by the board is designed to meet the wants of those teachers, who, possessing the necessary scholastic acquirements, yet feel the need of professional training. It consists of a rapid review of the various subjects taught in common schools, with lectures upon the best methods of teaching the same ; upon the organization, classification and government of schools ; and upon the school law. The elementary course is to fit students to become teachers in the common schools of the State, and consists of a thorough drill in the studies pursued, ex- perimental lectures on methods of instruction and practice in the Model School. The advanced course is designed to fit teachers for the higher departments of graded schools in the State. These ideas were embodied in the course begun at Platteville, and, in June, 1869, that school graduated its first class, the first of a Normal school in Wisconsin, and was composed of Lewis Funk, Melvin Grigsby, Andrew J. Hutton, Richard H. Jones, James Roit, Edward H. C\ ■V :>. '..^^.^y-^C/C^y^-^-^^ ^^^' '.^j PLATTEVILLE, HISTORY OF GBAKT COUNTY. 705 Sprague, Ella Marshall and Alvena E. Schroeder. The school remained under the care of Prof. Allen until July, 1870, when he resigned, and Edwin A. Charlton became his successor, and •changes were made in the other departments, as also in the courses of study adopted in 1868. This latter was further altered at the annual meeting in July, 1874, when two courses of study were decided upon to be known as the '"Elementary Course," requiring two years to complete, and the "Advanced Course," requiring four years to complete. In 1873, it again became necessary to increase the accommodation facilities, and a two-story stone addition 26x40, occupying the west front of the corridor, was completed and occupied. This improvement was made at a cost of $2,200. From the inauguration of the system, the character of the common schools has been elevated and improved in every particular, to which the influence of the Normal School may be made to reach. The course of study pursued by Normal pupils makes them acquainted with the subject of school economy, and, to some extent, qualifies them to suggest and make such improvements in «ohool appliances as may increase the possibilities of effective work. In short, the Normal School has become an educational center, from which is disseminated information bearing upon the con- ditions that make a good school possible. In addition to improving the school accommodations, it gives more stability to the profession of teaching, and, in every way, contributes to the means of education available to the student in a degree both gratifying and liberal. As is known, the Platteville Normal School is accessible to candidates from all parts of the State. Each Assembly District in the State is entitled to eight representatives, and, in case vacancies exist in the representation to which each Assembly District is entitled, such vacancy may be filled by the President and Board of Regents. The candidate is nominated by the County or City Superintendent, must be of sound bodily health and of good moral character, and sustain a satisfactory examination in the branches required by law for a third-grade certificate. These preliminaries being complied with he becomes a student, and, upon the completion of the pre- scribed course, is entitled to a diploma and the privileges of teaching. The Normal School at Platteville is to-day considered one of the most valuable adjuncts to the science of education to be found in the West. Improvements are constantly projected and completed, and, at the opening of the fall term, a kindergarten will have been provided, for which an addition to the Main street front was finished during the summer, at a cost of $20,000. The corps of teachers embraces among the most accomplished and experienced, the discipline is superior, and all things combine to render it all that is claimed. Since the organization, 684 ladies and 574 gentlemen have been enrolled in the Normal Department; 959 ladies and 1,036 gentlemen in the Training Department; and a total of 172 of both sexes have graduated. Prof. Charlton remained as Principal until 1879, when he was succeeded by D. McGregor, who has since directed its affairs. The school is divided into six departments : Kindergarten, Primary, Intermediate, Grammar, Preparatory and Normal, requiring a regular force of thirteen teachers and an expenditure of about $14,000 for its support. The scholastic year is divided into three ' terms, the first beginning on the first Tuesday of September and continuing sixteen weeks, the second term commencing on the first Tuesday in January and lasting twelve weeks, and the third commencing on the second Tuesday in April and expiring in June. The present class consists of 475 students, and the value of the school property is quoted at?65,O0O. THE POST OFFICE. On March 10, 1829, William T. Barry, Postmaster General of the United States, appointed ™a)' Rountree Postmaster at Platteville, and on October 10, of the same year, opened the office '" * liouse within the grounds then and since occupied by this gentleman for residence purposes, ihere were no mail carriers in those days, and it was only when the Postmaster, or some of his servants visited Galena, that letters were obtained and transported to their addressed in Platte- ville and vicinity. In 1831, the mail was carried from Galena to Prairie du Chien, in a wagon w 706 HISTORY or GRANT COUNTY. via Platteville, twice each week, and was succeeded in 1832 by mail from Platteville to Mineral Point at stated periods. This continued until 1870, when the advent of railroads placed Platte- ville in more immediate and frequent communication with the outside world. In 1835, theoflBce was removed from the residence of Maj. Rountree to his store, corner of Third and Main streets, the Major discharging the duties of his position until 1838, when he was elected to the Territorial Council and resigned, to be succeeded by N. W. Kendall, who located the oiSce in his store on Grocery street. He was followed by Sylvester Gridley, who was appointed about 1841, and had the oflBce in his store, where Hodges' Bank now is. Thomas Eastman was the next recipient of executive confidence, serving the public in premises near the present site of Wright's drug store until about 1849. At that time. Dr. James Russell accepted the trust, in a building near Sickles' cigar store. Dr. G-. W. Eastman was the next incumbent. The office under his administration being where Hooper's drug store now is, and whence H. Hulburt, Dr. Eastman's successor, removed it to Rountree's Block, corner of Main and Bonson streets. In 1857 Maj. Rountree was appointed, remaining in office until 1861, when he was relieved by James Kelly, who in turn yielded precedence to B. F. Wyne in 1865. That gen- tleman is still in charge. During the earlier portion of his term of office he occupied the present site of Sickles' cigar store, but in 1879 he moved it to the corner of Main and Third streets, where it still remains, in the first brick building erected in Platteville, and on the same corner to which it had been moved from Maj. Rountree's residence forty-four years previous. THE PRESS. Grant County Witness. — The history of journalism in Grant County found expression first in Platteville, at which point the publication of the Northern Badger was commenced on Friday July 30, 1840. The paper was a folio of twenty colums, printed in brevier and con- taining a large amount of general information. For many seasons previous, the absence of a newspaper had been noted. It was a matter of surprise that a section of the country with soil, climate, mineral wealth, and other features of excellence rarely paralleled should have so long remained without a press to make known its advantages and sustain its interests. Thomas East- man, the editor and publisher, designed it to be a concise review of passing events. The politi- cal complexion of the paper would take the hue of all parties, and the useful and agreeable- would be so united as to insure for it a welcome reception in the family circle. The first num- bers contained Congressional and Legislative proceedings ; news from different portions of the country and county ; a brief epitome of local intelligence, including the announcements that Dr. A. Hill, of La Fayette, Thomas P. Burnett, Dr. Crockwell, Miles Hollingsworth, Gyrus K. Lord and Samuel Lewis were candidates for the Territorial Legislature ; Darius Bainbridge, Stewart McKee, of Platte Mills, Robert Langley, of Van Buren, and Norman McLeod for County Commissioners ; Ira W. Brunson for the office of Collector of taxes, and William Mc- Auley for the office of Treasurer. Under the caption of " The Broken Head," the Badger is " happy to hear from high authority that William Rogers is entirely out of danger, and able to walk out ; he could even attend to his labors, but his medical attendant deems labor too early as yet. The legal proceedings, however, are going on, and should the person aggrieved think proper to prosecute the action, in the name of the people, or try a civil suit for damages, the case must come before a jury. If we might offer a word of advice, we would say, keep the case out of court. We have understood, however, that a gentleman of great legal ability has been spoken of as likely to be retained for the defense. Should the case take such a direction, it is probable that our young but highly gifted townsman, B. C. Eastman, will have an opportunity of entering the forensic arena with a veteran adversary in a highly interesting suit. That he will be retained in the pending trial, we infer from the very deep impression he has made on the public mind by his efforts in the preliminary investigation before the Justice's Court." The local department also contained an editorial brevity on ' Our Southern Boundary," a notice of "Dr. Burhaus' lectures on the Science of Phrenology," the Illinois election returns, Indiana and Missouri election news, and other notes and comments of great interest and moment to HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. 707 readers of those days. The advertisements comprehended the Sheriff's ^'■venditioni exponas, by Harvey Pepper, Sheriff; B. Roulette, lime dealer; Miss Longsden, pianoforte teacher ; S. McKee, lumber dealer ; J. Reynard, tailor ; Ben C. Eastman, attorney at law ; W. G. Spencer, boot and shoe maker ; one or two guardians' notices, and the markets. The miscellanies were made up of a dolorous poem in iambics, under the title " Requiem." and beginning, " I see thee still," running through four verses ; " Washington's Ancestors ; Aaron Burr; Steam Navi- gation ; A Brave Soldier and Shin-Plasters." The fourth page was also devoted to advertising the prospectuses of the Northern Badger, the Philadelphia Saturday Courier and Brother Jonathan, "the largest and most beautiful newspaper in America," in addition to the arrival of the mails in Platteville, and New York prices current. Such, imperfectly, is a description of the first newspaper published in Grant County. It was conceived and brought forth in Platteville, where its infancy was rocked, and where it grew in strength and character under the influences of encouragement and genial surroundings. According to all accounts, for the records are missing, it had run the gantlet of a cheerful experience, had put off its swaddling clothes, and become garbed in apparel, mechanically speak- ing, of the latest and most improved design, when it sickened, and before the remedies usually provided upon occasions of a similarly critical period could produce an effect, stiffened in death. But as the ''form " of the journalistic infant lay at its home in the village of Platteville, where it had begun life with such bright promises for the future, its senses closed to the world whence it was passing. A new dispensation, metaphorically speaking, opened the door of the apartment, and, gliding to its bedside, pressed its lips upon the pallid brow, over which the death damp was gathering, and as silently passed out to take up the '■ stick " and " rule " of its predecessor, and furnish the world and all that therein is with news and notes, under the name of the Independent American and General Advertiser. This was commenced as the indirect successor to the Badger, early in the year 1845. J. L. Marsh, at present a member of the Fourth Estate at Sheboygan, directing its policy, molding its education, furnishing its mental and substantial resources, and doing all things needful for its advancement and independence. The Wisconsin Whig, however, was the immediate successor to the Badger, lasting but a short time, and was followed by the Wisconsin Register, equally short lived. In appearance, the American and Advertiser, typographically speaking, was a decided improvement over that of the Badger. The print was clear, the paper of a superior quality, and very much that had been wanting in the latter was supplied. Every policy that could in any way contribute to the welfare of the Northwest or development of its resources was advocat- ed by Mr. Marsh, and a system of internal improvements for more accessible communication with other portions of the country was urged upon the attention of his readers. The enter- prise and spirit of Plattevillians was commended, and such allocutions as the editor promulgated, designed for the encouragement of those who, by their labors and examples, sought to build up the town and its vicinage, thereby promoting the growth and importance of the communities con- tiguous thereto, fell not upon stony ground. About this time, the system of telegraphy, which has since so universally obtained, was just coming into experimental use, and this, too, was availed of to add to the quantity of information furnished. Mr. Marsh conducted the paper alone until January 14, 1848, when E. F. Bayley became associated, and the firm was afterward known as " Marsh & Bayley." This arrangement created, no change was observed from the course previously pursued. Every exertion was made to render the American worthy of pat- ronage, which was as liberally extended as under the former regime. These gentlemen remained in charge until 1849, when the paper suspended, and so continued until September 13, 1851, when J. L. Marsh resumed its publication, in outward appearance entirely changed, but the same in principle as when he first launched his journalistic bark upon the tide of time — inde- pendent. Typographically, the new issue was a superior specimen of mechanical art, and from his office, in the third story of Moore & Hodges' block, the editor was accustomed to commune with his constituency in a manner both frank and dignified. On the 17th of September, 1852, was 'i08 HISTOKY OF (JRANT COUNTY. commenced the seventh volume of the journal, still under the editorship of J. L. Marsh, and with increased facilities for consulting the wants of advertisers and subscribers. This and the succeeding volume were edited by Mr. Marsh, but with the opening of the ninth volume, Har- lon M. Page greets the reader as editor, and Page & Chatterton, proprietors. Under their administration, the Independent American, while not presuming to rival cotemporary dailies, in the extent and variety of foreign and general intelligence, furnished to its readers, in a con- densed form, a summary of the world's news. To this was added, for the benefit o^ farmers and business men, an accurate report of the markets and matters of interest to the commercial and agricultural communities from whom its support was obtained. In politics, the paper re- mained independent. The firm of Page & Chatterton remained as the published owners of the paper until January 11, 1856, when H. M. Page succeeded to the partnership, and discharged the duties incident thereto, in conjunction with those of editor. This move, it appears, had been for some time in contemplation prior to its being consummated. The expenses of publish- ing a paper in those days were heavy, and the tight times which are known to have existed about this time greatly augmented an outlay that was disproportioned to the income. These consid- erations prompted the centering of the responsibilities, which were undertaken by Mr. Page, who promised to maintain the standard of excellence which had been attained as the result of the efforts of himself and Mr. Chatterton. Mr. Page remained in the harness, so to speak, until October 30, 1857, enduring many trials, experiencing few triumphs, when he laid down the editorial pen, and in a few plain words, expressed his reasons for suspending the further publi- cation of the American. A period of nearly two years elapsed before further effort was made to establish a weekly journal in Platteville, but on the 26th of May, 1859, the Q-rant County TFiiwess was issued, and has since been attended with a success reasonably gratifying. The venture was first undertaken by Israel Sanderson, who announced his reasons for starting a paper, and the character that the same would bear before the public. It would bear testimony of occurring facts ; labor to advance the principles set forth in the National and State Repub- lican platforms ; protest against the authority of Congress to give legal existence to slavery in the Territories ; maintain the doctrine asserted by the Supreme Court of Wisconsin on the question of State Rights, and advocate the right and reprove the wrong wherever seen. The paper waa a seven-column folio, neat in its make-up, containing choice selections of miscellaneous reading, crisp editorials, brief and to the point localisms, and a large number of advertisements. The first eight numbers of the Witness were issued from Lancaster, but on July 14, following its es- tablishment, the oflSce was removed to Platteville, as the prospect of self-supporting was consid- ered more gratifying at the latter point than at Lancaster. A year's experience established the truth of this conclusion. By hard labor and close attention to business, a corresponding liber- ality on the part of the public was begot, and the fact that a paper could be sustained in Platte- ville was settled beyond a peradventure. For upward of three years, Mr. Sanderson realized this experience. At the expiration of that period, or on May 8, 1862, he entered into an arrangement with George K. Shaw and Daniel E. Bockius, of Galena, who assumed the management himself, acting as assistant publisher, rendering, as occasion required, such assistance as was deemed necessary. The firm was afterward known as " Shaw & Bockius." During the period when Mr. Sanderson catered to the intellectual appetite of his readers, the Witness never failed weekly to visit the homes of subscribers, bringing entertainment and instruction. This, too, at times when business interests had been subjected to great hardships, and suffered therefrom. But the paper passed successfully through these crises, and at the date of its transfer was yield- ing fair profits to its publishers. Under such auspices, and with such advantages, did Messrs. Shaw & Bockius commence the race with cotemporaries. It was at the most excitmg period of the war, but the policy of these gentlemen was such as to commend their efforts to a generous patronage, which was continued during their joint and several management of the enterprise. The partnerhip lasted until November 5, 1863, when the name of Daniel E. Bockius disappeared from the editorial page. On the 31st of December of the same year, Mr. HISTOEY OF GRAKT COUNTY. 709 Shaw sold out his interest to F. S. Houghawont, who assumed charge on the following day, and began its publication after completing a number of improvements, etc. His lease of authority, however, was short-lived, for with the issue of April 7, 1864, Mr. Houghawont closed his connec- tion with the Witness, which reverted to George K. Shaw, from whom the former obtained title in December previous. The new lease of life obtained under the tutorship of Mr. Shaw was both prolonged and mutually beneficial. For upward of five years he had control of its editorial columns, making the paper a respectable and flourishing institution, especially during the gloomy years of the war, and when business stagnation held out no inducements to perse- vere in the walks of professional life. Mr. Shaw did persevere, however ; and by his efforts contributed to swell the population and recsources of the county until February 28, 1867. At that date, a sale of the Witness was effected to M. P. Rindlaub, for three years previous editor of the Herald, at Lancaster ; an experienced newspaper man, a practical printer and a gentle- maa fully appreciating the expectations borne of the successions. For some time prior to his assuming control, the Witness had abandoned its independent policy, and came out Republican in politics of the strictest sect. The innovation thus established was adopted by Mr. Rindlaub^ and in his views of the situation as set forth in the editorial columns, the syllabus of his pred- ecessor was intensified rather than diminished. In the campaign of 1868, he supported Gran-t for President, and contributed in a marked degree toward the molding of public opinion in that direction in Grant County- In the winter of 1871-72, Mr. Rindlaub enlarged the Witness to its present size, procured a new dress, and completed other improvements, which have been annually added to from time to time, as the necessity occurred, until to-day the paper, which began with so little pretension nearly twenty- five years ago, ranks second to no journal in the State in its influence and character ; not alone as the formulator of public opinion and the conservator of public morality, but also as a dignified witness of passing events and the unpre- judiced advocate of equal rights to all men. Ber Correspondent — A German weekly issued on Thursdays, and enjoying a rapidly increasing prosperity. In the fall of 1879, Herman Melster, an enterprising and ambitious journalist, previous to that date connected with the Herald and Seebote, of Milwaukee, con- ceived the idea of establishing a German paper in Wisconsin, outside the territory tributary to Milwaukee, as the source of all that is good, true and beautiful in knowledge and art. He canvassed the State with care, and finally 'deciding upon Platteville as a point furnishing the most available advantages for the establishment of a German paper, located here and, on Octo- ber 19 of that year, in conjunction with Ferdinand Remshogue, issued the first number of Der Correspondent. The paper was then, and still is, a folio of eight columns to the page, well printed, attractively made up, and presenting all the features of excellence necessary to success. The partnership continued until December 18, 1880, when it was dissolved, Mr. Rems- hogue retiring, since which period Mr. Melster has conducted the enterprise without assistance, and is succeeding beyond his most sanguine expectations. The Correspondent is the only paper printed in the tongue of the "Faderland" in South- western Wisconsin, and is steadily becoming a power in the community as the formulator of pub- lic opinion and conservator of the sentiment of equal and exact justice to all men. Politically, It )s independent, strictly so, without preference for or prejudice toward either of the contesting parties, and, while this is strictly true, the pronralgation of an opinion through the columns ci the Correspondent, from its office on Grocery street, has not been altogether unproductive of results in the politics of the city. The present circulation is stated at 600, and the value of the enterprise at $1,000. BANKS. I- Bodges' Bank — Organized in 1846 by I. Hodges and L. McCarn, who commenced business in premises on Main street now occupied by the store of D. Wilson. The firm re- mained here until the spring of 1870, when the building was materially damaged by fire, and they removed to the building at present used as the post office, corner of Main and Third 710 HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. Streets. The same fall, they erected the commodious brick building on the opposite corner of the same thoroughfares, where the business has since been carried on. In March, 1873, Mr. McCarn died, when the firm was re-organized with I. Hodges and 0. S. Griswold ; this contin- ued until January 1, 1880, when Mr. Griswold retired, since which date Mr. Hodges has ope- rated alone. The business is that of general banking and exchange, and aggregates $2,000,000 annu- ally. W. S. Northrop ^ Co. — Composed of W. S. Northrop and George W. Eastman, bankers and dealers in exchange, Government securities, etc.; was organized April 1, 1880, and are en- gaged in a large and rapidly increasing business, amounting to $1,500,000 per year, principally with the farmers of the township and merchants in the city of Platteville. SECRET SOCIETIES. Melody Lodge, No. '2, A., F. ^ A. M. — The second lodge of Masons established in the present State of Wisconsin was organized on the 15th of February, 1843, with the following members and oflficers: John Bevans ; B. T. Kavanaugh, W. M.; Hugh R. Colter, S. W.; W. C. Fillebrown, J. W.; Servis W. Link, Secretary; J. H. Rountree, ^^asurer; Rufus Spauld- ing, S. D.; John W. Wiley, J. D., and David Rich, Tiler. The organization was completed, and for nearly a year the lodge worked under a dispen- sation granted by the Grand Lodge of the State of Missouri. Meetings were convened at first in the hall of the old academy building, but this was only for a short time. The same year, a log building erected by Samuel Moore and brother, on the east side of the public square, was purchased and reconstructed so as to serve the purposes of a Masonic temple. The building still stands, occupying the southwest corner of Block 44, at the corner of Mineral and Bonson streets. Almost from the start, the lodge prospered; in point of membership and influence, it was rapidly becoming a power in the community, as also of the craft. As a result, the "temple" improvised out of the unpretentious log cabin became of too contracted dimensions and limited resources, and in the winter of 1846, the question of constructing a hall was agitated. This agitation was continuous and earnest, culminating in a decision to erect a building that has since been utilized as the meeting-place for both Masons and Odd Fellows. Samuel Moore, W. G. Spencer and Joel C. Squires were appointed a building committee ; a lot was selected at the corner of Court and Pine streets, contracts were concluded with H. R. Beebe, and the corner- stone was laid with impressive and appropriate ceremonies about June 24, 1846. ' From this time forward, work was diligently prosecuted under the superintendence of Samuel Moore, and during the same year the building was completed and dedicated. It is of brick, 24x40, the hall being 24x32, handsomely finished and ornamented, costing a total of $2,200. The upper floor has been used by the Masons, while the first story has been appropriated to the occupation of Odd Fellows, a German Society and other fraternities. The Lodge worked under the dispensation and charter obtained from the Grand Lodge of Missouri, until January 17, 1844, when it was re- organized, and a charter issued by the Grand Lodge of Wisconsin, with the following officers: Benjamin C. Eastman, W. M.; Lewis W. Link, S. W., and Bennett Atwood, J. W., under the jurisdiction of which it has since worked. The present membership is about ninety-one, making a total of 308 persons admitted to the lodge, either by initiation or otherwise since its organization. The value of lodge property is quoted at $4,000, and the present ofiicers are Duncan McGregor, W. M.; W. B. Wyne, S. W.; J. B. McCoy, J. W.; J. H. Evans, Treasurer; A. L. Brown, Secretary; J. McGrana- han, S. D.; A. 0. Hawley, J D.; I. M. Gear, Tiler. Washington Chapter, No. £, R. A. M.—On or about the 14th of August, 1844, a dispen- sation was received from the General Grand Chapter of the United States, directed to B. T. Kavanaugh, Moses Meeker, Marcus Wainwright, Ephraim F. Ogden, Thomas C. Legate, William R. Smith, Eleazer Smith, Hugh R. Colter and Charles Knight. The dispensation was to con- HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. 711 tinue in force for a brief period, and under its authority B. F. Kavanaugh became High Priest, Moses Meeker, King, with Marcus Wainwright, Scribe. On September 13, 1844, the Greneral Grand Chapter of the United States issued a charter, and, on February 13, 1850, delegates from Milwaukee Chapter, No. 1, Washington Chapter, No. 2, and Southport Chapter, No. 8, convened at Madison for the purpose of organizing a Grand Chapter of Wisconsin, authority for the same having been granted by the Grand Chapter of the United States. A session of several weeks was held in completing arrangements. The meetings of the chapter, from its organization in the first instance to the present time, have been held in Masonic Hall, at Platteville, on the second Tuesday of each month. The chapter is at present in a highly prosperous condition, having a membership of seventy- five of the craft and the following officers : John Grindell, High Priest ; J. H. Evans, King ; and H. H. Virgin, Scribe. Lilly of the Mound Lodge, I. 0. 0. F. — One of the oldest lodges in the Northwest, and the sixth in order .of precedence in the State, was incorporated January 6, 1846, under a dis- pensation granted by the Grand Lodge of the United States to the following petitioners : Ed- ward Symmes, J. L. Marsh, A. M. Holliday, J. W. Basye, H. L. Bevans and A. S. Bennett. The lodge was instituted by John G. Potts, and all the above-named gentlemen, constituent members, are deceased, except J. L. Marsh, of Sheboygan. Meetings were convened in the lower story of Masonic Hall, corner of Court House and Pine streets, where, during the period the lodge was working under the dispensation, forty-eignt candidates were admitted to member- ship, and the following served as pioneer officers: J. W. Basye, N. G.; E. Symmes, V. G.; A. M. Holliday, R. S.; J. L. Marsh, P. S.; I. Hodges, Treas. On the 1st of February, 1848, a charter was granted by the Grand Lodge of the State, to R. Chapman, N. H. Virgin, R. Milton, John N. Jones, A. M. Holliday and Noah Hutchins, with the following officers : N. H. Virgin, N. G.; A. M. Holliday, V. G.; J. N. Jones, R. S.; Robert Milton, P. S., and N. Hutchins, Treas. The society remained in the Masonic Hall until 1858, when it procured accommodations in the third story of James Kellogg's building, corner of Main and Pine streets, which were fitted up and furnished at a cost of $1,800, and have since been occupied. The present membership is stated as numbering fifty-five of the craft ; the value of lodge property at $1,200; and the officers to be William Grindell, N. G.; J. L. Nye, V. G.; Philip Eden, R. S.; H. J. Traber, P. S.; and Charles G. Marshall, Treas. Meetings are held weekly, on Friday evenings. Platteville Uncampment, No. 47, I. 0. 0. F. — was instituted December 6, 1871, under a dispensation granted upon application of Patriarchs B. F. Chase, John Grindell, J. L. Nye, Alexander Butler, B. F. Dugdale, J. M. Guernsey, S. M. Tracy and E. M. Wilson. The first officers were : William Grindell, C. P. ; C. H. Nye, H. P. ; F. R. Chase, S. W. ; S. M. Tracy, Scribe ; and Alexander Butler, Treasurer. The present membership is twenty, and the encampment has a capital of say $200 ; with the following officers : H. H. Wright, C. P. ; William Grindell, H. P. ; T. D. Bass, S. W. ; Joseph Weston, Scribe ; and C. G. Marshall, Treasurer. Meetings are held semi-monthly, on the first and third Mondays. Badger Lodge, No. 6, A. 0. N. W. — was organized April 16, 1877, with the subjoined mem- bers and officers : W. H. Beebe, G. D. Streeter, B. R. Frederick, A. T. Davidson, H. J. Tra- cer, J. H. Parnell, T. J. Hooper, J. C. Hooper, H. H. Virgin, A. F. Buss, J. T. Munger, H. D. Thiele and G. C. Handy; H. H. Virgin, P. M. W. ; G. T. Streeter, M. W.; H. J. Traber, Overseer ; J. C. Hooper, Foreman ; H. D. Thiele, Financier ; W. H. Beeber, Recorder. "he lodge now has thirty-seven members, with the following officers, and meets every Thurs- % evening in lower Masonic Hall, corner of Pine and Court House streets : Edward Frederick, ^- M. W. ; H. J. Traber, M. W. ; J. T. Davidson, Overseer ; Stephen Alger, Foreman ; W. <^owduroy. Financier ; A. J. Buss, Recorder ; and John H. Parnell, Guide. 712 HISTOEY or GKANT COUNTY. OTHBK SOCIETIES. The Young Men's Library Association. — A society for social and intellectual improvement composed of the young men and older residents of the city of Platteville, was organized early in the year 1868, and has attained a liberal growth and prosperity. By an act of the Legislature approved February 22, of the same year, A. J. McCarn, John E. Gurley, Richard Carter, Charles H. Allen, A. W. Bell, W. H. Bebee, George B. Carter, J. H. Evans, M. P. Rinlaab, George W. Eastman, Frank A. Hawley, Fay R. Chase, and W. E. Carter, were declared to be a body corporate under the title above designated, with the privileges and immunities appertain- ing thereto. Immediately upon the passage of the act of incorporation, the association duly or- ganized by the election of W. E. Carter as President, A. J. McCarn, Treasurer, and J. H. Jones, Secretary ; 110 shares of stock were disposed of and paid for, a library room was estab- lished at the residence of E. W. Thomas ; Miss Thomas was appointed Librarian and the colla- tion of books and articles of interest to the literary inclined commenced. This labor has been prosecuted with such vigor and so advantageously that at present the associa,tion control a total of 1,300 volumes, the selections embracing the choicest productions of the best authors of fiction, history, philosophy, poetry and the arts, in addition to standard authorities and reference books on these subjects. In addition to these advantages the association has recently provided an annual course of lectures on various subjects, and by this and other means been enabled to contribute to the education and edification of an appreciative and intelligent constituency. The labors of the members have not been without results, as is evidenced by the support extended their efforts and the society promises to fully realize the most sanguine expectations of its founders. Meetings are held annually on the fourth Monday in January, and the present officers are : J. V. HoUman, President; E. J. Buck and D. McGregor, Vice Presidents; 0. F. Griswold, Treasurer and W. B. Wyne, Secretary, with F. A. Chase, M. Sickle, H. J. Traber and W. S. Northrop, Board of Directors. The Young Men's Catholic Association of Platteville — An association of recent date, composed of the younger members of St. Mary's Church, with the object of promoting literary tastes, Christian virtues and total abstinence from intoxicating drinks. It was organized April 3, 1881, with a membership of fifty, and the following officers, who are still serving, elected r J. C. Cleary, President ; J. V. Gardner, Vice President ; John J. Barden, Secretary, and E. Schlater, Treasurer, with the Rev. W. G. Miller as Spiritual Director. Meetings are held alternate Sabbath evenings in the rooms of the Reform Club, the exer- cises consisting of debates, essays and brochures of a literary character. The Platteville Reform Chub. — On the 29th of July, 1877, a movement in behalf of tem- perance reform was inaugurated at the Congregational Church in Platteville, under the manage- ment of Jacob H. Hoffstiller, of Sterling, 111., and H. W. Rowell, of Rockford, in the same State, both zealous agitators in the cause and reformed inebriates. From this sprang the present club, which was organized August 7 following, at a meeting held for that purpose, at which a committee consisting of W. H. Deffenbacher, J. D. Alford, Silas W. Traber, William Jones and Silas W. Streeter was appointed, by whom a constitution and by-laws were prepared, and the same adopted at a subsequent meeting, when the following officers were elected : A. L. Brown, President ; Charles Potter, Vice President ; J. H. Robertson, Secretary ; B. A. Jacobs, Treas- urer, and J. W. Smelker, Chaplain ; George B. Carter, Bryon O'Neil and William Martin, Executive Committee ; G. D. Streeter, E. J. Bentley and R. J. Huntington, Grievance Com- mittee. At present, the membership of the club is stated at 200. Meetings are convened weeklyf and the following are the officers : A. L. Brown, President ; L. J. Washburn, Vice President; J. A. Calason, Secretary ; J. P. Sampson, Treasurer, and S. Haw, Chaplain ; James Dyer, John Cavanaugh and William Cox, Executive Committee. Platteville Loan and Building Association. — An association, for the purpose of affording members an opportunity for the safe investment of their savings, facilitate the acquisition of HISTORY or GRANT COUNTY. 713 homes, and for other purposes specified in the charter. It was incorporated under the laws of Wisconsin in May, 1876, by Alexander Butler, H. J. Traber, Hanmer Bobbins, W. H. Beebe and A. W. Bell. The officers elected at the first meeting were Hanmer Bobbins, President ; E. F. Newton, Vice President; C. W. Hill, Secretary, and H. J. Traber, Treasurer. To become a member ownership of stock is necessary, paid for in monthly installments, and thus far 500 shares have been issued. At present, the association possesses a membership of 200 ; controls $16,000 invested in first mortgages on real estate, and has $536 in cash. Meetings are convened annually on the third Wednesday in May for the election of officers, and monthly on the third Wednesday for the transaction of routine business. The present officers are Hanmer Bobbins, President ; E. F. Newton, Vice President ; G. M. Guernsey, Secretary, and H. J. Traber, Treasurer. Legal Benevolent Society. — An association of Germans organized in March, 1867, as the name would indicate, for benevolent purposes, by Conrad Sender, Hans Spalth, Henry C. Miller, Ernst Johnson, Christian Fosz, Christian Peterson and Henry Fosz. The initiation fee was placed at $8, and the annual dues at $6. Members receive $4 per week during sickness, and upon their death in addition to $40 for funeral expenses, the widow was paid $4 per month for herself, and $1 each for children under fourteen years of age for the same length of time. But these regulations have since been changed, the widow or family of deceased now receiving 1500 in lieu of monthly allowances. At first the society held meetings in a hall in Bountree's building on Main street ; but of late years their convocations have assembled in the Masonic Hall. The charter officers were Hans Spalth, Baron ; Ernst Johnson, Vice Baron ; Conrad Sander, Treasurer, and Henry C. Miller, Secretary. The present officers are Conrad Sander, Baron ; Christain Fosz, Vice President ; Jacob Karman, Treasurer, and Henry Meilhopf, MANUFACTORIKS. Laflin ^ Rand Powder Company. — The manufacture of gunpowder was commenced in a primitive way during the reign of Edward III, of England, about 1345, but not thoroughly established until the reign of Queen Elizabeth, when the improved art was brought from Flanders by Evelyns. Some authors contend, however, that Bartholobus Schwartz discovered this explo- sive in the year 1320, and that it was used by the Venetians during a war with the Genoese in the years immediately succeeding. George Evelyn, grandfather of the celebrated Sir John, had mills at Long Dulton, near Kingston, in Surrey, and at Leigh Place, near Godstone, in the same county, and these seem to have been the first of any importance in the British kingdom. The manufacture of gunpowder in the United States is nearly as old as the Constitution, and is chiefly confined to the Northern and Middle States. In the fall of 1848, F. A. Stowell and E. H. Stowell, accompanied by D. Marble, wandered West from the " stern and rock-bound coast" of Maine, in search of fortune and its inseparable companion happiness, believed to be hidden with the fountain of youth among the hills and vales, landscaped on the hither side of the AUeghenies. They visited Platteville, and after examining the advantages of a position with a view to that end, decided to locate a powder-mill. After some negotiation, the property for- merly known as " Griffith's saw-mill," on the Little Platte, about one and a half miles northwest oi the present city, was purchased as a site, upon which buildings were erected, and the mill fe>rly put in operation during the summer of 1849. The improvements completed by these gen- tlemen were, from all accounts, of rather limited capacity, sufficient, however, to perform the work necessary, and nothing beyond the daily routine is supposed to have occurred until the summer of the year following. One day in July, J. B. Marble, who was employed in the packing-house, contracted an engagement with Dr. Hayes and the Misses Vineyard for an afternoon's ride, and proceeded to the mills for the purpose of concluding some work upon which he had been employed prior to his accepting the invitation. The day is represented to have been the exact counterpart of a day in April. The sun shone brilliantly at times ; at times obscured by clouds from which a passing shower would be distilled, lasting but an instant, when they would once 714 HISTOEY OF GRANT COUNTY. more open as the gates of paradise, amid which the god of day, smiling through tears, was revealed, and causing the foliage of trees that lined the village streets to sparkle in regal mag- nificence. Suddenly, and without any premonitory sign, a dull, smothered, as it were half- suppressed report, like the mutterings of distant thunder, was heard, and the residents, for miles around, instinctively knew that an accident had happened at the mills. A multitude of citizens hurried to the scene, and realized the truth of their apprehensions in the destruction of the pack- ing-house, the debris of which was scattered far and wide, as also were the remains of the unfort- unate victim, who was within the walls of the structure, when the accident occurred. A few frag- ments of his mutilated anatomy were gathered together and decently interred ; the premises were rebuilt, and business resumed by the surviving partners. They remained in charge until the fall of 1854 ; neither accident nor incident happening during that period to disturb the usual current of events ; when E. Bayley purchased a half-interest in the venture, the success of which had by this time become assured. He retained the control of his moiety until the following spring, when a sale was affected, and the firm was known as Stowell, Turck & Co., being composed of E. and F. Stowell, and Solomon and John Turck. Some years later, Dwight Laflin, S. H. Laflin, P. Laflin and Solomon A. Smith purchased control ; and, in January, 1867, the Lafiin k Smith Powder Company succeeded to the ownership. This continued until 1869, when the Smith Powder Company and the Laflin Powder Company consolidated, and the establishment has since been conducted as the Laflin & Rand Powder Company, being composed of the Laflin brothers, A. T. Rand, Sol A. Smith, Jr., the Smith heirs, and S. and J. Turck, with A. T. Rand, as President ; Edward Greene, Secretary and Treasurer ; and E. F. Newton, Superintendent. The company now own a tract of 175 acres, of low, seemingly unreclaimed land, rather thickly overgrown with trees and tangled vines, one of those neglected spots where everything has so long been permitted to have its own way that even a bold cultivation might well pause before it in despair. A rank vegetation overspreads the valley, for the place is a valley of awful possibilities, in savage exuberance, defiant almost of human efforts to accomplish its subjugation. Trees innumerable cluster along the banks of the Little Platte, which creeps its way sluggishly to the Father of Waters. Occasional oaks and sycamores display their superiority, while here and there green foliage of a cedar or pine crowds its way upward into the sunlight, rejoicing in its privilege and in its thrift. Bushes flourish in impenetrable masses underneath, while over- head vines are interlaced and clamber from tree to tree in vigorous luxuriance, reveling in the enjoyment of weaving their fantastic draperies undisturbed. Scattered about the valley with an air of carelessness, as it were, but really with an eye to security, are the buildings wherein the destructive combustible is "incorporated, pressed, corned, dried," and made ready for market. The buildings are low, unpretentious structures, built as cheaply as comports with durability and convenience, partially of brick and partially of frame, and bearing the impress of the busi- ness for which they have been erected in the sooty stains traced upon their sides. At a distance from these are the furnaces for the manufacture of coal ; near by is the superintendent's office, past whicTi a roadway meanders to the river, over the hills, out into the sunlight, to the city. Near the banks of the river stands the engine house, and equi-distant between the cylinder mills is a stone building where the steam is distributed to run the machinery, dry the powder, and for other purposes. Taken altogether, the place, if failing to present an altogether forsaken appearance, would hardly be selected as the scene of a picnic or hustings. The gunpowder manufactured by this company contains 75 per cent of niter, 14 per cent of charcoal and 11 per cent of brimstone, and the preparation and mixing of these ingredients' require a knowledge, judgment and caution almost equal to that employed in the presentation of an intricate chancery plea. The charcoal is distilled from willow and what is known as the " Quaking Aspen," which is readily obtained in the vicinity, stripped of its bark and corded up to undergo a process of seasoning. This requires several months, and the supply constantly on hand can be easily measured. When the seasoning is concluded, immense quantities of it are taken to the furnaces and stacked within the retorts, each 12x14, constructed of brick, with apertures in the side, through which the steam and smoke escape. The fires are then lighted. HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. 715 and the mass is left to burn slowly until it is sufficiently baked, when the drafts are closed and sealed, and the "grist" remains until it is required at the mills. The refinery is of frame, 20x30, containing the constituent parts of powder, i. e., charcoal, niter and brimstone, and is also used for weighing the same and tempering the saltpeter. This latter, as is well known, is peculiarly susceptible to moisture, and until this dampness is elimin- ated, the essential feature of gunpowder cannot be ground, or incorporated with the charcoal and sulphur. To overcome such an immeasurable impediment, an adjoining building is supplied with a furnace, upon which rests a huge iron pan 6x12, capable of accommodating one thousand pounds of niter. In this the latter is placed, where it is stirred and manipulated for a certain length of time, when every particle of saltpeter is cleansed and dried ready for weighing. These preliminaries having been disposed of, the component parts are carefully weighed in canvas bags, placed on a car, which moves noiselessly over a narrow-guage railroad track to the cylinder rooms, distant fully a quarter of a mile from the furnaces and refinery. The cylinder mills are two in number, each one-story frames, 20x30, and are really the most dangerous points that can be encountered by a visitor to the works. Each of these mills contain ten cylinders 2|x7, and containing sufficient power in the composition for the destruc- tion of a city. In these cylinders the incorporation or thorough pulverization and mixture of the ingredients is accomplished. The manner of doing this is as follows : Each of the cylin- ders is charged with four hundred pounds of the composition and set in motion, revolving at the rate of fourteen revolutions per minute, and running from forty to fifty hours. The com- position is crushed by means of two hundred and fifty pounds of copper bullets, which, falling from side to side with the composition at each revolution of the cylinder, resolves it into dust fine as flour. By the old process of "crushing," wheels were employed, and two hours only were occupied in its incorporation. But if left ten minutes longer than long enough, the rollers, instead of traveling over the mass as they should, were apt to push it along in front until at last the iron roller would strike the iron bed, when there is a noise and the mill "went up." The process in use by the Laflin & Rand Company avoids this imminent danger ; and, while, as the Superintendent observed, danger at the works was measured by the proximity of objects and the curious to the cylinder mills, the same is by no means as unavoidable as formerly. When the composition has been ground up and thoroughly incorporated as described, it is removed from the cylinders and placed in tubs preparatory to removal to the pressing rooms, distant about one thousand feet. Cars are the means of conveyance employed, not only here, but in com- munication with the graining, drying and packing departments. The powder, when taken, from the cylinders, is exceedingly fine, of a uniform dark-gray color, and free from glittering particles of sulphur, or specks of any sort. The pressing room is also of frame, of dimensions similar to the cylinder mills, furnished with an hydrostatic press of great strength and power. Here the crushed powder is pressed into cakes in the following manner : The operator takes a copper sheet about two feet square and a piece of canvas of the same size, a quantity of powder about an inch in depth, shaped and measured by a wooden frame, is laid upon the canvas, then another canvas and another copper, and so on, the process being repeated until a mountain of powder sandwiches at least three feet m height is produced, when the operator, finishing with a copper sheet, pushes the frame upon which this pile rests carefully until it stands directly beneath a screw of the hydrostatic press which is set in motion, and so continues until resistance of the mass beneath exceeds the power brought to bear upon it, when the press becomes motionless ; in a few moments, however, the settling of the powder relieves the pressure, when the power again becomes preponderant, and the screw makes another turn or two with a slow, grinding, painful sound, suggestive of the instruments torture the Inquisition gave birth to. This alternation of rest and motion continues for about two oours, when, every particle of resistance having been crushed out, the power is relieved by reversing the motion of the press and sliding the frame back to its first position. The copper sheet is raised Irom the top, the canvas stripped away, and the first layer of powder taken out in a thin, solid cake, echnically known as press-cake. The operation of pressing preserves the powder and prevents 716 HI8TOKY OF GEANT COUNTY. its deterioration. The power of gunpowder, assert works on the subject, depends upon the rapid evolution of certain gases from it while in course of combustion, and the effort of these gases to escape from the gun-chamber where they are combined is what carries the ball to its mark ; the more rapid the combustion, the greater evolution of gas at a given instant, and mill- cake powder burns as much more rapidly than pressed powder as shavings do than a block of wood. From the press-room the cake is taken to the graining house. The graining house is at the usual distance from the remaining buildings, and is suppUed with ten cylinders with a capacity of twenty-five kegs of powder each. Upon the cake reach- ing this department, it is subjected to a grinding process, being run through cog-wheels sup- plied for that purpose, which, with the cylinders, are propelled by water-power. From between these cog-wheels, the powder falls upon a horizontal wire screen, to which a constant lateral motion is imparted, so that the finer particles are shaken through upon an apron which carries them in one direction, while the coarser ones remaining upon the screen are thrown off and sub- mitted to another crushing process. They are then placed in the cylinders, which are revolved in a moderately swift manner, resulting in a certain degree of polish to the powder, the abrasion of the sharp corners and edges of the grains fitting it for closer packing, and more direct contact when fired. It is then run through a separator to size and graduate the grain, placed in barrels and wheeled to the drying room on the extreme point of the semi-circle in the form of which the buildings are ranged. The drying room is of brick, 20x40, where the powder receives its finishing touches, and from the excessive heat necessary to that end, the explosive does not seem half as dangerous a substance, after all, as most people think. Here it is arranged in wooden trays, with paste- board bottoms, ranged in layers eight or ten feet high, and for seventy hours undergoes a sea- soning process, through the agency of hot air generated by a furnace located some yards dis- tant. By this means the last particle of moisture is eliminated, the saltpeter and sulphur are reduced to fusion, and the grain is protected from attracting moisture, even in a very humid at- mosphere. In addition, the strength of the combustible is increased and its energy improved. When the drying is completed, 'the powder is run into kegs, labeled, conveyed to the magazine, a mile off, in covered wagons, where it is kept in stock, as a marketable commodity. Accidents. — In so critical an enterprise, a description of which, imperfect though it may be, is submitted, the public will appreciate the fact that accidents are not altogether unavoida- ble. That they have not been more numerous and disastrous, is due almost entirely to the care taken and diligence exercised for their prevention. The workmen are men of experience and judgment, and not only their comfort but their safety demands the caution characteristic of their service. For example, every particle of powder must be removed from their person and cloth- ing before running the chance of ordinary life at home, and every one of them takes a thorough bath, and changes every article of clothing, before leaving the mills at night. Their working clothes never leave the mills at all, and their home-clothes never come any further than the wash-house. Their shoes are without iron pegs, the " tools " used are selected because of their safety, and all things combine to render the hazardous undertaking as devoid of danger as pos- sible. Yet in spite of these attempts at prevention, accidents have occurred. The first has already been noticed, and the second occurred on the night of Monday, No- vember 7, 1870. This occurred in the cylinder mill. Materials for about 200 kegs of powder were in the cylinders, and with the exception of the water-wheel and a portion of the flume, not a vestige of the building or machinery was left. The charred fragments were thrown in every direction, and many of the copper balls in the cylinders were found a mile away. In one of ■the workshops a clock was hanging against the side of the building, secured by an iron strip. The explosion caused it to tilt forward, and stop at the hour the explosion is supposed to have occurred — a quarter past 10. The damage sustained was estimated at $5,000. There was no loss of life. _ On Friday morning, February 8, 1877, the coining mill blew up instantly, killing Mr. John Stout, who was therein at work. At the time there was in the neighborhood of 260 HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. 717 kegs of powder in the department, a great deal of it, however, in cakes and slightly damp. No one knows how the powder ignited, as there was no fire about the building. E. F. Newton, Superintendent of the works, and David Griffin, foreman of the mills, were on the ground, but cannot account for the calamity. They first saw a light flash through the windows and cracks of the mill, followed by a succession of explosions, a few seconds later. The sides of the building were blown out, the roof distributed around promiscuously, but, strange to say, the machinery remained standing just as it belonged, and continued operations until the water gate was shut down. The body of Mr. Stout was found outside of the mill, partly lying in the water, with every particle of clothing stripped from him, except his stockings and boots. His hair was singed off, his ears shriveled up, and the general appearance of the body as though it had been roasted. Loss to building and materials quoted at $3,000. On November 8, 1877, the press mill blew up, and James N. McGranahan, who was wash- ing in the bath house, narrowly escaped death by plunging into the mill-race. As it was, how- ever, he sustained serious injuries, but recovered and resumed labors at the mill. The loss to the company by this explosion was $2,000. On Monday evening, September 16, 1878, the most serious explosion of any that had pre- viously been experienced, occurred. It was so loud and startling that many citizens of Platteville thought it had occurred on their own premises. They were not long in determining the cause, for soon a dense black cloud of smoke rose up over the powder mills. Hundreds of citizens, and also many from the surrounding country, flocked to the scene of the explosion. The dry and packing house, containing 900 kegs or about 22,500 pounds of powder was found to be a total wreck ; scarcely a stone or a piece of timber of which it was constructed, including the foundation, was to be found on the place where it had stood. All the buildings belonging to the company were more or less injured, and the wash-house, house for drying lumber, keg factory, coining mill, old keg factory, old sorting room and store room were completely destroyed. One of the cylinder mills was considerably damaged, also the press and saltpeter houses. The coin- ing mill, standing at least 200 yards from the dry-house, was nearly as badly damaged as it was at the time it exploded, and Mr. Stout was killed. The wash-house stood about 300 feet from the dry-house, and was knocked to pieces. Here is where Mr. James McGranahan, the same who was so badly injured when the press exploded the previous winter, was at this time. He was stripped, taking his usual bath after his day's work. His cries were heard, and those who happened to be in the vicinity rushed to his rescue. He was so completely buried in the debris that it was with difficulty he was taken out. He was very badly cut upon the head and shoul- ders, and sustained bad wounds on the thigh. Daniel Schaffer, in company with some other workmen, were at work near the coining mill. While the building was all knocked to pieces none of them were injured. Mr. Tappes was with his team near the charcoal towers. The horses were stunned so that they fell down and the wagon was upset. Jacob Kramer was in the old store house, and is somewhat injured about the shoulder. Henry Dobson, the engineer, was in his house just across the Platte, about 200 yards from the dry-house. His wife had just awakened him to eat his supper, previous to taking his place at the engine for the night, and he was seated at the table when the explosion took place. He was thrown completely out of the chair to the floor. His wife was in the next room and she was thrown to the floor. The house was badly riddled, the windows being all blown out and the plastering knocked from the walls and ceiling. One large rock, weighing about one hundred pounds, was thrown so that it entered the side of the house, just below the window, and, striking the floor, bounding so that it wen out at the other side oif the house near the ceiling, and dropping about fifty feet from the house, ihe bedstead was broken, and the chair which had been vacated a moment before by Mrs. Dob- son was shivered to pieces. George Dobson was in a building a few rods from his father's resi- dence painting kegs. The side of the building was blown out, and the paint-keg tipped over on nim, completely covering the side of his face. The trees for several hundred yards were stripped 01 their leaves, and one tree which stood more than one hundred yards from the building was Wown up. Daniel Schafl"er lived in the large white house on the hill, not more than 400 yards 718 HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY". from the scene of the explosion, and the windows and doors were nearly all blown out. Some of the furniture was moved and much of the plastering iinocked off. A number of window panes were broken in Mr. Oolman's house, also in Mr. Gollmer's house. The chimney on B. A. Jacob's house, nearly half a mile from the mills, was knocked down. A telegram was received the same evening from Warren, forty miles distant, inquiring whether the powder mills had not exploded, the shock, no doubt, being heard and felt at that place. The cause of the explo- sion is not known. Mr. Smith, who works in the packing house, had left it just an hour before, and stated that everything was all right when he left. The loss to the property was $10,000. Just previous to the explosion, J. L. Rewey, in company with Mr. Frank Newton, the superintendent (to whom the writer hereby tenders his acknowledgments for courtesy and a safe conduct), had been inspecting the works and were resting at the oflSce. "There," observed Mr. Newton, "you've seen all there is to a powder- mill except an explosion, but if you desire one I've only to know it to ring up the curtain." Before Mr. Rewey was able to respond, the explosion occurred, but, aside from a severe shock, he escaped injury. The investment is regarded as representing a valuation of $25,000. A superintendent and sixteen men are necessary to the proper conduct of the mills, requiring an expenditure of $1,000 per month for wages alone, and forty thousand pounds of powder are turned out in the same period. The present oflScers are : Solomon Turck, President ; A. W. Higgins, Secretary ; Edward Greene, Treasurer; R. H. Collier, manager of this department, and E. F. Newton, superin- tendent. The company have also works at Kingston, Newbury and Schaghticoke, New York ; Wayne, N. J., and at Pottsville, Scran ton and Carbondale, Penn. Alexander Butler's Carriage and Wagon Factory — Is located at the corner of Pine and Third streets, and an establishment wielding an important influence in the prosperity of the city. Prior to 1850, a mechanic named Mahaifey carried on a wagon-maker and repair shop in a small frame building near the site of the present brick structure. How long he had been there at the date of which mention is made, or the extent of business transacted by him, is not only not of record, but beyond the memory of the proverbial oldest inhabitant. Along in 1851 or 1852, Calvin Russell purchased Mahaifey's investment and good will and succeeded to the business. During his ownership, he erected the frame building now occupied as a paint-shop, opposite the brick structure, employed eight hands and worked up a prosperous trade, his manufacture, it is said, consisting of two hundred vehicles annually. In 1863, Alexander Butler, who had been for some years in the employ of Mr. Russell, purchased his employer's interest, and has since managed the enterprise. After six years of diligent enterprise, Mr. Butler found the premises transferred to him as too small to accommodate the demands of his increasing business, and, in August, 1869, he contracted for the edifice, which at present is devoted to the manufacture of stock. It is of^ brick, forty feet square, two stories high, and furnished with machinery and appliances adapted to the line of business carried on within its limits. It cost a total of $3,000, and fully meets the requirements its erection was intended to provide. Mr. Butler is largely engaged in manufacturing running gear of all descriptions, as also in repairing, and when run- ning to its full capacity his manufactory requires the services of ten hands, turns out 175 vehi- cles annually and does business to the amount of $25,000 per year. Hawley '^ Son Carriage Factory. — The present flourishing business conducted by these gentlemen originated with the senior partner nearly forty years ago, when, as a member of the firm of Lane & Hawley, he began the business of framing wagons and sleighs on Main street, in the village of Plattevillc, where P. D. Hendershot's harness-shop now is. As can readily be imagined, elegance of design and finish in those days yielded precedence to strength and dura- bility, and the fact that settlers and miners, as also those who " teamed " over the unbroken prairies or almost impassable roads, realized their demands in that behalf, is to be found in the success which is said to have attended their efforts. The firm continued in existence until the spring of 1847, when P. B. McEntire purchased the interest of Mr. Lane, and was substituted HISTOKY OF GRANT COUNTY. 71!> in his stead in the management of the concern. When the negotiations in this behalf were con- cluded as cited, the improvements of the firm, which have since their erection supplied every demand, were contracted for, and in the following year became a part and parcel of improve- ments then made in the growing and prosperous village. The main building is of brick, 24x30 feet two stories high, and, with the additions made in 1859-69, presents an appearance both attractive and convenient. In 1855, Mr. Hawley acquired title to McEntire's moiety by pur- chase, and for twelve years carried on the business solus. In 1867, F. A. Hawley was admitted to an interest, the facilities for manufacture were increased, and business appreciated proportion- ately- The latter is still a partner in the enterprise, and, in 1871, took charge of a branch house established during that year at McGregor, Iowa, at an expense of $12,000. The manu- facture of the firm embraces every description of wheeled conveyance, from a light trotting wagon to a mineral "float," and when operated to its full limit furnishes employment to thirty-three hands, and enjoys a trade represented as worth $30,000 per annum, in all sections of this por- tion of the State. Genesee Mill was built in the spring of 1857, by N. H. Virgin, and is located on the Little Platte, two miles from the city, by the road hence to Lancaster. Joseph Teasdale was associated with Mr. Virgin in the undertaking, and the premises were of the same dimensions, capacity and power, as the mill on Rountree's Branch, save that it was supplied with three runs of stone. In 1864, Julius Augustine purchased the interest of Mr. Virgin in the premises for $7,500, conducting it until 1869, during which interim he became sole owner. In the latter year, he sold to Stephen Carhart for f 10,000, who run the mill a year, when it passed into the control of Burley Jacobs. That gentleman completed some improvements, and managed the concern until 1879, when it was sold under foreclosure proceedings, J. C. HoUoway being the vendee. Since this transfer, the establishment has been operated at intervals, but is now idle, and is for sale. Virgin's Flour Mills — Located on the road from Plattcville to Galena, and in sight of the former city, were established in the fall of 1838 by the organization of a firm for that purpose, composed of J. H. Rountree, N. H. Virgin and Neeley Gray. Previous to that year, the in- habitants of the country comprehended within the limits of Platteville Township and the terri- tory contiguous thereto were, in a large measure, dependent upon the product of a mill of lim- ited capacity, at a distance of seven miles from Platteville settlement, operated by Stewart McKee. In the spring of 1839, Rountree, Virgin & Gray began the building of their mill with materials hewed out in the woods the previous winter. But slow progress was made during the summer and fall, and work probably suspended during the winter. At all events, the structure was not completed until the spring of 1840, and operations were postponed until fall, it being late in September before they began grinding corn. The building then was of frame, 36x40, three stories high, and supplied with two runs of stone driven by an overshot water-wheel. The capacity was 150 bushels every twenty-four hours. In 1843, Mr. Rountree withdrew, and the firm became Virgin & Gray, and so continued until 1849, when Mr. Gray retired and Mr. Vir- gm succeeded to the entire ownership. The old mill served the purposes for which it was erected for nearly a quarter of a century, or until 1863, when it was razed and the present edi- fice erected in its stead. It is of the same dimensions, power and capacity as its predecessor, owned and operated by N. H. Virgin, and cost, with improvements made upon the original de- sign, a matter of $10,000. The mill is worked continuously, requiring the services of two men, with an extended trade throughout Platteville and adjacent townships, and is valued at $25,000. The McKe.e Mills — An old landmark which flourished when the genial climate, fertile sou, virgin forests, lovely streams and majestic hills of Grant County first furnished a rich and varied feast to the enterprising settler who came to avail himself of such privileges. In 1833, otewart McKee, an energetic Irishman, visited the present city of Platteville, designing to locate a mill site and establish a residence. His trade was that of a millwright, in which capac- ity he was employed by the Gratiots and others of St. Louis and vicinity. Immediately prior to his advent into Grant County, he erected a mill at Shoal Creek, 111., for the Rev. Sanjuel 720 HISTORY or GRANT COUNTY. Mitchell, father-in-law of Maj. Rountree, and upon his arrival in Platteville was aided by that gentleman in selecting a mill site on the Little Platte, at a point in what is now Harrison Town- ship, about five miles southwest of the city. This being accomplished, McKee " put his shoulder to the wheel," and, before the season of winter had come with its mantle of spotless white, erected a saw-mill of limited dimensions and measured capacity, and began operations. At the time of which mention is made, settlers who had fled before the advance of Black Hawk into the wilder- ness, and emigrants who were attracted hither by the promise held out in the lead mines, as also in the waste of prairie lands, began to " come in," and McKee was kept constantly busy in supplying the demand for lumber from all portions of the Territory. The frame " shanty " and cabin, the " chinks" of which were filled with "mother earth," have long since given place to the luxurious farmhouse or the elegant villa, from a design by architects of national repute ; the people who gave them birth alone remain. They have won the heritage they to-day enjoy, and cultivating it with industry and wisdom, yet find time to legislate for the common weal and pro- tect the common interests. The men of the type of McKee, who first settled in what crystal- lized into Grant County, are familiar to posterity as examples of virtue and ambition worthy of emulation. Men who, in war and peace, have been prominent, who have attained distinction in the camp and council, and whose reputations, too universal for appropriation by county or State, have long since become national. In 1834, the existence of McKee's mill had been disseminated to the furtherest inhabited point of Iowa Territory, and his services were employed day and night to supply the wants of miners, farmers, builders and all others who began or contemplated improvements. Among the works that this mill furnished material for was the old capitol building at Belmont, the first frame building erected in Platteville, and those which followed in its wake. In 1836, Mr. McKee increased the capacity of the mill and supplied it with a "corn-cracker," and added the manufacture of "grits" and corn meal to that of lumber. About this time, he leased the property for one year to Adams & Co., which firm did an immense business, but, at the expiration of that period, re- sumed control and maintained the same until 1858. During his early residence, the health of Mrs. McKee was precarious, and she returned to St. Louis to die. Prior to 1840, he married the Widow Deselhorst, of Elk Grove, but, it is re- ported, separated from her, and in after years made another matrimonial venture with happier results. In 1 868, or thereabouts, he discontinued his connection with the mill, which he disposed of to George Marshall, and returned to St. Louis, but subsequently removed on to a farm near Belleville, 111., where he died, it is believed, ten years ago. His family, as editors, army officers, ■and in other lines of life, have acquired a reputation throughout the West, and the name in Grant County will ever be associated with the old mill on the Little Platte. The last one to operate the undertaking is believed to have been a man named Zimmers, •as lessee. But this was many years ago. Since then, the mill has gone on its pilgrimage to oblivion. Those who founded and supported it — very many of them, indeed — with tired lids and weary frames, have floated calmly out on the ocean of rest. The youth of to-day, standing in the Louvre, can gaze upon the Venus of Milo with feelings of rapture, but the old settler looks back on the old mill as the wanderer recurs to pleasant pastures and sweet waters, and while they live, that pilgrimage will never reach its destination. The ruins still survive the hand of Time, being located on lands owned by R. Wilmers, in Section 24, and, though cov- ered with the growth of rank vegetation and rapidly obscuring from sight, will always be remembered and referred to as "an old landmark " worthy of a better fate. Bass' Mill is located on the Little Platte, about three miles from the city in a south- westerly direction, where it was built by N. W. Bass in the fall of 1847. It is of frame, 30x40, two and one-half stories high, and was erected at a cost estimated at $4,500. In the day of its building, mills that would furnish the luxury of bolted flour to consumers were limited in num- ber throughout this portion of the State. McKee's corn-cracker on the Platte further south still afibrded accommodations, but the Bass mill was, comparatively speaking, a "new dispensa- /^^^ PL>\TTEV1LLE. ^^^^^^^^^ HISTOEY or GRANT COUNTY. 723 tion" to farmers and producers in Grant County. The machinery, which has since been •exchanged for that more modern, was brought from New Orleans, and was cumbersome, inele- gant and imperfect, though the culmination of mechanical skill for the times in which it was constructed. Mr. Bass operated the mills for many years, and the two runs of stone with which the premises are equipped furnished the immediate necessity, at least, with their supplies of flour and meal. In time, it came into the possession of Henry Pearce, who directed its interests for a season, when the mill was returned to its founder, who still owns it, though the same is rented and operated by F, C. Folts. During the fall of 1880, the old machinery was removed and that of the latest and most improved pattern substituted and other changes completed, which have enhanced the value of the property. The present capacity is estimated at 160 bushels of grain per diem. J. Oheever's Mill. — Located on the old Potosi road, though within the limits of the city of Platteville, was commenced by Mr. Cheever, in September, 1859, and completed during the following May. Originally it was 32x18 and two stories high, but in 1865, an addition 14x32, and in 1866, a further addition 8x82 was completed, making the improvements commodious and convenient, and costing, altogether, between $3,000 and $4,000. As first furnished, the mill was supplied with two runs of stone, but at present, its capacity in that connection is reduced one-half, and will now grind fifty bushels of wheat or corn daily. In April, 1881, the premises which include the mill proper and forty-three acres of ground were sold to H. B. Phillips, of Independence, Iowa, for $2,000, since which date, the vendee has operated them. Platteville Woolen Mills. — This property, which is located at some distance from the city, was originally owned by Fairchild & Davis, and was, with a saw-mill, burned early in the sixties, and re-erected in 1865, by N. W. Bass, who has been a resident of Grant County since 1865, and owns 378 acres of ground in connection with the mill. The premises are of frame, supported by a stone foundation, and are supplied with every requirement of the business. The manufacture includes all grades of woolens, blankets, flan- nels, etc., and disposes of his product through agents in the surrounding country. Eight hands are employed in the manufacture at weekly wages of not less than $100 ; his annual sales aggregate $25,000, and the investment represents a valuation of $15,000. Snowden'g Foundry and Machine Shop — Located on Second street, between Rountree and Cedar streets, where it was erected in 1849, by R. & G. Snowden, and is claimed as the pioneer foundry of this portion of the Northwest, there being nothing of the kind at Dubuque, and but one of extremely limited resources then carried on at Galena. There was need of such an establishment in Platteville at the time, and this need was supplied by the Snowden Broth- ers in the building of their business headquarters. The premises are of brick, 25x36, one story high, and, though apparently of measured capacities, has been found equal to every requirement. The business comprehends the building of steam engines, water-wheels, both turbine and over- shot, mining and other pumps, patterns, mill, house and general building castings, etc., and furnishes employment to five hands when worked to its exfreme limit. The trade now is con- fined to Grant and adjoining counties, being principally of a local character, but notwithstand- ing, this is valued at $12,000. In former times and before mechanical enterprises found ex- pression in neighboring towns and cities, the " Snowden Foundry " was known from Milwaukee to bt. Paul, and its capacity taxed to the utmost, but since then, new dispensations have come in and taken root, its business, as stated, is of a local nature. R. Straw ^ Co., Furnace. — One of the oldest furnaces in ■ the county is located on the Uubuque road, in the southwestern portion of the city, and is in constant operation. It was nrst built in the spring of 1838, by Leonard Coates and James Vineyard, who were prominently Identified with the early settlement of Platteville, and closely allied with the several improve- raents in the present city each successive season gave birth to. The furnace was 20x40 in dimensions, supplied with one shaft and capable of smelting two " shifts " of mineral per day. '^24 HISTOEY OP GRANT COUNTY. It was constantly resorted to by miners, and its fires, like those in the temple of Vesta, were never permitted to become extinguished — that is, precious seldom. Coates & Vineyard carried on the business of smelting at this furnace for about four years, when they disposed of their re- spective interests to O'Hara & Hopper, for a consideration of |4,000, and relinquished the pursuit of wealth by that route. The vendees took possession and conducted operations until say, 1846, at the expiration of which period they in turn sold to Leonard Coates, Robert Chapman and Henry Snowden, the latter, however, never becoming actively interested. These gentlemen made some radical improvements in the building, and increased its capacity by the erection of a second shaft, at a cost of $1,500. The new firm, with these increased facilities for the convenience of miners and the public, attracted a large patronage, and in the four years during which they had charge, did an immense business. In 1848, Mr. Coates assumed entire ownership and charge of the venture, which he ran until 1851, when the title to the premises became vested in Straw, Spensley & Staley, who paid $1,800 for the privilege. Later the junior partner met his death by accident, and Straw & Spensley succeeded to his interest, becom- ing sole owners, so remaining up to the present time. The furnace, is at present operated, possesses a capacity for two shifts, or sixty pigs of lead, each weighing seventy-two pounds, and requires the services of two men to conduct successfully. The weekly yield is three hundred and fifty pigs of lead, which are consigned to Chicago, and the value of the investment, with improvements and appurtenances, is estimated at $5,000. Richard! s Machine Shop. — Located at the east end of Mineral street, where it is conducted by John and David Rickard, the manufacture embracing machinery and the line of articles usual to the business. The firm began operation about 1860, on Furnace, near Mineral street, under the name of Rickard & Son, when they engaged in jobbing, the building of engines, saw machines, fan blowers, turning lathes, etc., and there continued until 1874. In that year, the name of the firm was changed to the present style, and the foundry was removed to its present locality. When running to its full capacity, the firm employs four hands, at a weekly compensation of about. $60, and does business annually estimated at $2,500. Lately it has been engaged in the manufact- ure of the Gratiot Patent Heater, invented by a resident of Platteville, and designed to draw the moisture of wheat from the kernel to the surface, rendering the flour less liable to deterioration, and enhancing the value of the bran. The firm turn out an average of fifteen of these machinea weekly. The Platteville Brick Yard. — Located in the northeast part of the city, where it was established by W. & J. Grindell during the summer of 1874, who have since conducted the busi- ness. At the time designated, these gentlemen leased three acres of ground and began the manufacture of brick of the ordinary and superior grades. So great grew the demand for their product that they were obliged to increase their facilities with succeeding seasons, until the bus- iness has grown to be one of the larger and more prominent in the city and vicinity. The sea- son properly begins on the 1st of May, and closes about the Ist of October. During that period, a total of not less than three-quarters of a million of brick are molded, seasoned, burned and made ready for market, requiring the services of sixteen men, at a weekly compen- sation of $150, and producing an annual net return of $2,500. The yard is supplied with the most improved machinery employed, and every care is taken to make the article offered for sale, particularly the pressed qualities, of an order that shall procure an extended patronage. The custom of the firm is principally to be found in Platteville, but the ensuing season facilities will be completed for influencing a more extended trade. The investment represents a valuation of $4,500. Platteville Butter Tub Manufactory — Was established by A. Potter in March, 1870, at its present location on Elm street, between Main and Pine, where he employed six hands, and placed 24,000 tubs on the market annually. Since that date, rival manufactories have been opened in various parts of the West, dividing the trade and diminishing the volume of busmesa disposed of by Mr. Potter. At present he employs but two hands, and his custom is princi- pally made up of buyers resident in Grant County. HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. 725 The PlatteviUe Brewery — Was first built by Dennis Centliver about 1868, who maintained the ownership of the property until 1871, when it came into the possession of John Kemler through ioreclosure proceedings. Almost as soon as title had been vested in the purchaser, and in September of the same year, the premises were destroyed by fire, entailing serious loss. In 1872, the building proper was rebuilt. It is of stone, fifty-six feet square, two stories high, and supplied with every convenience required for the preparation of malt liquors. Attached to the main building is a one-story stone ice-house 26x56, and within the brewery property a two- story and basement barn 20x30, also a brick dwelling of the same dimensions, two stories high, the improvements thus made costing in the aggregate $25,000. In the fall of 1875, the premises were sold to Richard Briscoe and H. F. Rehmsted, who managed the enterprise until 1878. During that year, Briscoe failed to execute certain provi- sions contained in the bill of sale, when Mr. Kemler was placed in charge as Receiver, and ulti- mately resumed the ownership of a moiety in the property, which is valued at about $20,000. When run to its full capacity, eight men are employed, at a monthly compensation of P50. At present the establishment turns out 1,600 barrels of beer per annum. ELEVATORS. P. 0. Hawley ^ Co., Eletator — Also located opposite the depot of the Milwaukee & St. Paul Road depot was erected in 1870 by G. Hawley, and first operated by the firm of Hawley & Benedict. At the expiration of two years the firm name was changed to Hawley, Benedict & Co. This firm maintained possession one year, and were succeeded by Hawley & Shepherd, and they in turn by Hawley & Miles. In 1879, A. C. & H. G. Hawley became the owners, and have since conducted the business under the firm name above cited. Their consignments are not less than 150 car loads of grain per annum ; also handling salt, hides, pelts, etc. The firm does a large business, and operates the elevators at Lancaster, Fennimore and Liv- ingston in addition to those at PlatteviUe. Moore s Elevator — Opposite the depot of the Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway was erected by S. Moore in 1870, and is constantly occupied. The building is of frame, 40x50, three stories high, with a capacity for 15,000 bushels of grain, and cost $4,000. At present it is occupied by Thomas Shepherd, lessee, whose business aggregates $20,000 annually. N. S. Virgin ^ Son, Elevators — At the west end of Main street, opposite the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway depot, was erected in 1870 to supply a growing demand for accommodations incident to the transportation of grain and other commodities. It is of frame, 36x48, and forty feet high ; cost $5,000, and possesses a capacity for 15,000 bushels of grain. The value of business annually transacted is quoted at $25,000. RELIGIOUS. PlatteviUe M. E. Church. — According to all accounts, there could have been no appoint- ment or circuit that would have reached PlatteviUe prior to 1827. In the fall of 1828, John Dew was sent from the Illinois Conference to Galena. But how far into the surrounding coun- try he extended his services there is no means of determining. In 1829, the Galena mission was in the care of the Rev. Benjamin Stephenson ; in 1830 and 1831, under that of the Rev. Smith L. Robinson, and, in 1832, under that of the Rev. John L. Mitchell. For these four years Peter Cartwright was the Presiding Elder, but never visited this part of his district. It is believed, however, that in the spring of 1832, Maj. J. H. Rountree and wife and W. B. Vineyard and wife met in the log cabin which stood at the lower end of Maj. Rountree's grounds, and organized the first Methodist class established in PlatteviUe Township. The name of the Pastor who addressed this limited assemblage during the spring was Rev. Smith L. Robin- son; but, upon the breaking-out of the Black Hawk war, services were suspended, and this Pastor ^hohad been assigned to duty in the lead mines returned whence he came. At that time the tndiana Conference embraced Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Michigan and Minnesota Territory, and tile circuit riders assigned to duty in this section supplied the lead mines on both sides of the 726 HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. Mississippi River. Early in the fall of 1832, the Rev. John T. Mitchell, was sent to fill the ap- pointment made vacant by the retirement of the Pastor referred to, and services were held at occasional intervals in the log hut, and so continued for some months. He was returned the following year, accompanied by the Rev. Barton Randall, and meetings were resumed. When the log schoolhouse and church, erected on Section 16, was completed, services were held there, the Rountree, Coleman, Snowden, Vineyard, Waller, Orn and Hugill families, etc., constituting the congregation, presided over by the Revs. Hooper Crews, Lorenzo Bevans, Jamss Mitchell, J. Hadley and other divines. During the winter of 1836-37, the village made rapid strides in wealth and population, the congregation increased in membership, and the necessity of a more commodious house of worship became imperative. In response to these demands, a house, which had been erected for residence purposes near the present site of the Congregational Church, was secured and adapted to religious uses. In the spring of the latter year, the Pastor succeeded in raising a fund of $1,200, designed for the erection of an edifice to be known as the Methodist Church, and work on the same was commenced in May or June. By September, it was com- pleted, and, before the close of fall, its dedication celebrated, the Rev. Wellington Wigley preach- ing the sermon. The church was of frame, of architectural proportions, 30x40 in dimensions, with a seating capacity of three hundred. The basement was devoted to educational purposes, and also formed the location of the first academy in Wisconsin. For upward of ten years, the Word of God was preached in this building, which sheltered all who applied during its existence as a church. To-day it is an adjunct, a property-room, to the brick block on Main street, occu- pied in part by Sanford k Chase. Its original cost was $2,600. Along in 1846, the society began the erection of a brick church at the corner of Main and Chestnut streets. The building of this house of worship, as also its arrangement and accommodations, was conducted under the supervision of the Rev. Samuel Mitchell, and was complete in all its details. In dimensions, it is 40x50, one story high, decorated with a handsome and lofty steeple, in which a " curfew bell " rang out its notes of warning on each recurring Sabbath and feast day; chimes for the quick and a requiem for the dead of the growing town. During its life of thirty years many were en- rolled as members, of whom the world was not worthy, many who might otherwise have been strewn with the wrecks of men who have been driven upon the rocks. In 1877, the question of erecting a new edifice was again mooted, and decided in the affirmative. The Rev. G. W. Case, Pastor in charge, Maj. J. H. Rountree and Capt. John Grindell were appointed a building committee, and empowered to procure plans and contract for the same. In pursuance of such authority the committee visited Oregon, 111., and after a thorough investigation into the merits of designs submitted, decided to adopt that of a church there located, the plans being altered to eonform to improvements suggested by those immediately interested in securing a house of wor- ship in all particulars appropriate. The old house was demolished, the congregation meanwhile (until the lecture-room was completed) attending services holden in the stone schoolhouse, and, in July, 1877, the corner-stone of the new edifice was laid, the Rev. Messrs. Benson and Knox officiating. That fall the lecture-room was prepared for divine service, and the building roofed. In the winter and through the ensuing summer, work was carried on in the auditorium so that a completion was reached in the fall of 1878, and, on Thanksgiving Day of that year, the dedica- tion was had, the Rev. Dr. Hatfield, of Chicago, preaching the sermon. The building is of brick, with a frontage of sixty feet on Main street, and ninety feet on Chestnut street. It is in the Queen Anne style of architecture, with two towers, one of which is about seventy and the other about one hundred and forty feet from the pavement to the final end. The walls of the audito- rium are wainscotted in alternate panels of white and gray, the ceilings painted in artistic designs, and handsomely decorated. The woodwork is appropriately finished in a manner both neat and plain, and the capacity of the church is estimated at one thousand. The building is practically fire-proof, every precaution having been taken in the plans to avoid liability to conflagrations; is lighted by gas manufactured on the premises, and heated by furnace, which renders the temper- ature equable and pleasant. In one of the towers is located a clock manufactured by the Ameri- can Clock Company, at a cost of $1,025 ; and the structure, built with a view to strength, beauty, HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. 7:i7 conrenience and perfect adaptation to the purposes intended, will be a monument to the taste and liberality of the congregation in the generations to come. The interior is lighted by six memorial windojfs as follows : One at the southern front to the memory of Mrs. Mary Grace Rountree, by the family of the lady ; two at the eastern front, one being a token of affection to the Rev. Samuel Mitchell and wife Eleanor, contributed by J. H. Rountree, J. S. and the Rev, J. F. Mitchell, of Ohio, and John T. Hancock, of Dubuque ; the other to Frederick V. Holman and wife, the donation of James Holman, son of decedents ; a memorial to Mr. and Mrs. David Cook, also to Mrs. Hannah Howdell and Mr. and Mrs. John McMurty. The two latter fronting to the west. The following is an imperfect list of the Presiding Elders and ministers who have officiated on the Platteville Circuit since 1840 : H. W. Reid, Presiding Elder ; Pastor to be supplied ; 1841— H. W. Reid, Presiding Elder ; Solomon Stebbins ; 1842 — B. F. Kavanaugh, Presiding Elder ; Charles N. Wayar, Rufus J. Harvey ; 1843 — B. F. Kavanaugh, Presiding Elder ; no supply stated; 1844 — B. F. Kavanaugh, Presiding Elder ; J. G. Whitford ; 1845 — Henry Sum- mer, Presiding Elder ; N. P. Heath ; 1846-47 — Henry Summer, Presiding Elder. In 1848, the Wisconsin Conference was organized, and in 1852 the Platteville District Henry Summer was Presiding Elder, and in 1849 Henry Yocum succeeded, remaining in posi- tion during 1&50 and 1851 ; 1853— Samuel C. Thomas, Presiding Elder ; W. Wilcox ; 1854— Samuel C. Thomas, Presiding Elder ; to be supplied ; 1855 — Eli C. Jones, Presiding Elder ; J. M. Stagg; 1856-57 — Eli C. Jones, Presiding Elder; James Lawson ; 1858 — Eli C. Jones, Presiding Elder; Enoch Tasker ; 1859-61— W. Wilcox, Presiding Elder; E. Tasker, J. Aspenwall, Edwin Buck ; 1862-65 — J. C. Aspenwall, Presiding Elder; Edwin Buck, James Lawson; 1866-69— Enoch Tasker, Presiding Elder ; P. S. Mather, John Knibbs; 1870-7:^— William Haw, Presiding Elder ; John Knibbs, W. H. Palmer ; 1874-77— P. S. Mather, Pre- siding Elder ; A. D. Dexter, G. W. Case ; 1878-80— William Hamilton, Presiding Elder : G. W. Case, Henry Goodsell. The present congregation is stated at about 200, and the value of church property at 816,000, Primitive Methodist Church — Was organized in Platteville, as near as can be determined, during the year 1847, through the efforts and earnestness of the Rev. Mr. Lazembee, a pious member of the church, aided by the following, who constituted the original society in Platte- ville : John Trenary, Henry Snowden and family, Mark Waters and wife, John Chapman, Mrs. Verran, John Clayton, Mrs. Mary Bronson and a limited number possibly, at present forgotten. Services at first were attended at ShuUsburg, and it was not until the building of a church edi- fice, located then, as now, near the corner of Cedar and Second streets, was completed, that the same were established in this city. Between 1850 and 1860, th§ society increased rapidly in numbers, and compelled the enlargement of the premises, which are now about thirty-five feet square, built of brick, one story high, and capable of comfortably accommodating a congregation of 200 worshipers. The society at present embraces about 100 members, owns property, includ- ing a parsonage, estimated to be worth $2,000 ; and has supported the following Pastors : The Revs. Frederick Dobson, John Sharpe, Charles Dawson, Charles Doughty, George Wells, Henry Lees, Christopher Hendra, Joseph Hewett, John Harrington and James Arnold, the present officiant. The German Methodist Church — Was organized in the year 1848, under the pastorship of the Rev. H. Whithorne. During the following year, a frame edifice for public worship was erected near the corner of Cedar and Second streets, at a cost of $500, the lot having been J^nrf**^ ^^ ^^"'" •^°"'^''''®^- I"^ 1862, the premises were sold to the Christian denomination for J500, and a new church built at the corner of Furnace and House streets, costing $3,300, Mclusive of the price of the lot, for which L. Coates was paid $500, where servicas have since wn held. The constituent members were John Spink, Rebecca Spink, A. H. Spink. Meta ^ink, John F. Nehls, E. F. Nehls, IsTicholas Nehls, Anna Nehls and Henning Nehls, Minnie "fillers, Dietrich Boldt and Helena Boldt, Henning Rige, Nicholas Niehaus and some others. 728 HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. The present congregation numbers 126 communicants. The church property is valued at $6,000, and the following pastors have officiated: The Revs. John Braener, F. Hemz, L. Kunz, Henry Voshall, C. Schuler, John L. Schaefer, R. Fregenbaum, F. Rinder, Charles Weinreich, E. Felzner, P. Hellwey, F. Fischer, C. Hess, F. Schmidt, J. Schmidt and C. C. Miller. Th£ Platteville Free Methodist Church — Originally a part of the Mount Valley Confer- ence, was organized as a separate charge in June, 1871, by the Rev. Lewis Bailey, assisted by the Rev. G. C. Caffee, who were the founders of the society in Platteville. The pioneer mem- bers included William Hart and wife, Mrs. Lininger, Lizzie Capels, John Capels and some few others, whose names have either been omitted on the roll of membership, or are forgotten by those identified with the primary efforts undertaken by those mentioned to secure the establish- ment of the sect in this vicinity. At first services were held in the usual place of resort for congregations without local habitations — the schoolhouse — and were there conducted for the period of about one year. In 1872, however, means were provided for the purpose, and a com- modious frame church edifice was erected on Cedar street, between Hickory and Chestnut streets, which has since been occupied. It contains accommodations for 300 worshipers, and cost, furnished, a total of $1,000. Since the date when the society first manifested its presence in Platteville, it has increased by annual accessions until to-day. The congregation numbers 150 communicants, with church property valued at not less than $1,000, and is considered as in a gratifying and flourishing condition. The following Pastors have officiated since the society was organized : The Revs. C. E. Coffee, C. E. Harroun, James Scott, John Murray, E. Z. Thwing, L. Whitney and D. M. Sinclair, at present in charge. Trinity Episcopal Qhurch. — For some years prior to 1862, the limited number of Episco- palians residing in Platteville and the vicinity were dependent upon services at Lancaster and other points, or upon the offices of transient ministers of that faith. This unsatisfactory condi- tion of affairs lasted without interruption or variation until the year above indicated, when the Rev. L. C. Millette visited Platteville, where he established a mission and laid the foundations of the present prosperous parish. At that time there were but two adult communicants of the faith in the village — George R. Laughton, who has lived to see the charge of which he was in part the custodian appreciate from small beginnings, in wealth and influence, and Miss Wilhel- mina Hooper, who long since took on the pale seal of the master of mortality and became pre- cious dust beneath the turf. These three Christians were the nucleus about which gathered a congregation measured in numbers, but not in ardor or diligence, assembling weekly in school- houses and the residences of members of the flock for worship and communion. This continued for about one year, when the rock schoolhouse was secured for their occupation, and members convened there until the church at the corner of Chestnut and Market streets was taken posses- sion of. The initiatory steps looking to the erection of this edifice were taken as early as 1863 by Mr. H. Kimball, whose endeavors to procure subscriptions in that behalf within the parish not proving satisfactory, went East and raised the necessary funds. In the same year, the Rev. Mr. Millette yielded possession of the charge to the Rev. C. H. Rice, who remained until No- vember, 1864, subsequent to which date the congregation was, in a measure, limited in its regu- lar services, owing to the inability to secure a permanent incumbent. In 1865, the building of the church was commenced and prosecuted without delay until its completion was accomplished in 1868. The Rev. Frances Moore succeeded to the vacancy created by the resignation of the Rev. Mr. Rice, and exercised a large degree of influence in building up the church and promot- ing the cause in which he labored. Up to 1867, a debt of $12,000 prevented the consecration of the church. This debt, however, was liquidated on Easter Sunday of that year, and in August following the services of consecration were formally celebrated, the Rt. Rev. William E. Armitage preaching the dedicatory sermon. Soon after, the church was again left without a Rector, and no settled services were enjoyed until June 24, 1868, when the Rev. S. W. Frisbe accepted a call and took charge of the parish, which was finally organized and admitted into union with Convention under his administration. RISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. 729 From this last-named date the career of Trinity has been such as to gratify its constituency and commend its labors. The services have been continuous and uninterrupted and the congre- gation increasing and select. The church edifice is an architectural ornament to the city, and attracts admiration for its symmetry, absence of ornamentation and appropriate furnishings. It is of brick, fashioned after old gothic styles, 40x70, one story high, surmounted by a hand- somely proportioned steeple, and cost, complete, not less than $15,000. It possesses a seating capacity of 250, and enjoys a weekly attendance of nearly that number. In 1871, the congre- gation erected a parsonage costing $1,800, and with the church property represents a present valuation of $12,000. The following Rectors have served since the Rev. S. W. Frisbe retired : The Rev. James S. McGowan, from July, 1869, to July, 1873 ; C. A. Canfield, from February 23, 1874, to July, 1876 ; and Samuel D. Pulford (the present incumbent) from November 7, 1876. The Oongregational Qhurch of Platteville. — This is one of the oldest religious orgainza- tions in ths State, having been established over forty years ago. It was organized under the Presbyterian form of government, August 17, 1839, and consisted of nine members. During that year, the congregation was without stated preaching and destitute of any convenient place of worship. In August, 1840, the Rev. Solomon Chaffee began supplying the pulpit alternate Sabbaths with the Mineral Point Presbyterian Church. About the same time, the Rev. James Gallaher, a well-known evangelist, labored for a short time with the church, and under his administration about thirty were added to the membership. During the autumn and winter of 1840-41, arrangements were made for the erection of a building to serve as a place of worship, and also as an academy. A school was at once opened in the second story, the first story being occupied as a place of worship. The Rev. A. M. Dixon succeeded the Rev. Mr. Chaffee, and supplied the pulpit from the close of the latter's labors until November, 1842, when the Rev. E. G. Bradford accepted an invitation to labor with the church. His labors ceased early in 1S44. In the summer of that year, the Rev. J. D. Stevens was installed as Pastor, and con- tinued his labors for nearly three" years. During this year, arrangements of a preliminary char- acter were completed for the erection of a permanent church edifice. The two lots upon which the present house stands were purchased, and, in 1845, the second home of the church was com- menced. This was so far completed as to be dedicated to the worship of God December 20, 1846. In the summer of 1847, the Rev. John Lewis accepted a call of the church, and, on September 1, commenced his long and successful pastorate. In July, 1849 (the way having been prepared by a special act of the State Legislature), the church, by a unanimous vote, changed Its name and form of government from Presbyterian to Congregational. Three seasons of very general revivals — in the years 1849, 1851 and 1855 — were enjoyed, and contributed largely to the growth of the church and success of the cause — ^this, too, notwithstanding the ministry of Mr. Lewis was interrupted by ill health. So pronounced did this become, that, in October, 1858, he felt obliged to resign his pastorate, which the church declined to accept, but consented to a recess of one year, hoping that at the expiration of that period he would be able to resume nis labors. During his absence, the pulpit was supplied by the Rev. D. W. Pickard. The Pas- tor a health continued to decline, and, in 1860, he again tendered his resignation, which, with great regret, was accepted by the church. Five months later, he died, sending from his death- bed this last message to his people : " Remember the words that I spoke unto you while I was yet with you." During 1860, the Rev. Charles Jones occupied the pulpit, occasional supplies only being obtained until October, 1861, when a call was extended to the Rev. J. E. Pond, who accepted, and began his labors in December following. In 1868, the second church building Was taken down and the present commodious, symmetrical, durable and handsomely finished cburch of brick was completed, after plans prepared by George Nettleton, of Janesville, at a cost of $11,000. This house was dedicated July 19, 1869, the Rev. Dr. Whiting, of Dubuque, preaching the dedicatory sermon from Exodus, xxv, 3 : "Let them make me a sanctuary, that 1 may dwell among them." At the close of the sermon, the debt was taken in hand, and in less 'ban an hour's time, through the efforts of the Pastor and others, was liquidated. In the after- 730 HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. noon, Dr. Whiting preached upon the strength and beauty which are in God's sanctuary, and with earnest prayer, the congregation uniting, the house was set apart to the sacred services of God. The church, under Mr. Pond's ministry, enjoyed a steady and uniform prosperity, and continued until 1872, when he tendered his resignation, which was accepted in September of that year. In November following, the church invited Rev. A. P. Johnson, of Woodstock, 111., to act as Pastor for six months. The relationship has been maintained ever since that time to the present date. Upward of 700 names have been enrolled upon the register of the church, out of which number nine have entered the Gospel ministry, as follows : Alvin M. Dixon, Truman M. Douglas, Arthur D. Laughlin, Robert L. McCord, John D. McCord, David Mitchell, Samuel Mitchell, Daniel W. Pickard and Adrian Van Vliet. The church now numbers 228 members, and owns property (including a parsonage purchased in 1880 for |1,800) representing a valua- tion of $13,000. St. Mary's Catholic Ohurch. — There seems to have been no effort to establish the Catholic sect in Platteville until about the year 1842, although there were a few scattering members of the church in Platteville and vicinity, principally composed of miners. In the fall of 1842, the Rev. James Causse undertook to establish a mission, and said mass in the houses of John Morrison, Bernhard McKerney and John Micka. So successful were the efforts he put forth that a church was commenced the same year, and completed in the spring of 1843, but its dedi- cation was postponed until 1844, in the meantime mass being said and services held in the- houses of communicants, principal among which, in addition to those cited, were David Gard- ner, Edward Dorsey and Frank Fies. The church was of frame, 24x36. and its erection, was. promoted by contributions from many non-Catholic residents, Mr. John H. Rountree donating the lot. The leading members of the congregation that season were : John Micka and family, Bernhard McKerney and family, John Morrison and family, Edward Dorsey, David Gardner,, Michael Maher, Peter Carroll, Frank Fies, Patrick Bannagan, Anthony Hallagan, Mr. Drou- lette, Phillip Reilly, Mrs. Pitts, Patrick McMahon, Cornelius and Joseph Schutner, Casper Hermann, the McGovern brothers, the Henessey brothers, Owen Gallagher, James McLaughlin,. James Savage, Patrick O'Malley and some others. The church was a mission attached to 'Po- tosi and Mineral Point for some years, but finally became an independent parish. In the sum- mer of 1870, it was decided to build a new edifice, and in the spring of 1871, the foundations were commenced. May 13 of that year the corner-stone was laid with appropriate ceremonies, the Rev. P. H. Albricht preaching the sermon. On November 21, following, the dedication occurred, the Rt. Rev. Bishop Henni oificiating, since when it has been occupied as a house of worship. The building is 40x80, of brick, with a capacity for 400 auditors, and cost $10,000. The present congregation numbers 100 families. The property, including the cemetery and parsonage, is valued at $12,000, and the following prelates have had charge of the Parish : The Revs. James Causse, Father Doherty, Francis de Vivaldi, Martin Hobbes, M. W. Gibson, P.. A. Vorssen, Charles Exel, Joseph Prasch, M. J. Joerger, Philip Albricht, J. M. Cleary, J. Gruemer and W. Miller at present officiating. The Church of Christ. — Located at the corner of Cedar and Second streets, and owned by the society known as Disciples of Christ, which was first organized in Platteville under the labors of J. P. Lancaster during the year 1847. The society was then composed of James Campbell, M. D., wife and mother, William Tibboot and wife, J. W. Smelker and wife, Mr. Whitaker and wife, Mr. Chatfield and wife, L. H. Wannemaker and wife, and some others, these latter being added to the congregation between the years 1847 and 1854. In 1865, the present church edifice was purchased for $500, the congregation previous to that date worshiping at various accessible points, including the houses of members, stone schoolhouse, etc. The present value of church property is stated at $600, and the following ministers have served since the organization: The Rev. J. P. Lancaster, Calvin Smith, Mr. Dixon, Charles Levan, John Sweeney, William Sweeney, Henry Exley, E. C. T. Bennett, C. J. Mortimer, Mr. Searls and Mr. Monroe. J. W. Smelker has been acting Elder, and John Robertson acting Deacon, since 1865. HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. 731 The German Evangelical Lutheran Church of Platteville. — The German population of Platteville became numerous at an early day. Most of them were Lutherans, and in the absence of a church attended services at the German Presbyterian Church. In 1855, H. Martens, A. Groath, Messrs. Knebs, Gilbert, Johnson, Mehren and others extended a call to the Rev. S. Fritschel, which was accepted, and services regularly held thereafter until the completion of the church edifice, in the brick schoolhouse. In 1856, a meeting of the congre- gation was held to make arrangements for the erection of a house of worship, at which Henry Carl donated two lots on " Dutch Hill," upon which the building was put, the same being ded- icated in the spring of 1857, the Rev. Mr. Grossmann, of Iowa, oflBciating. The building is of brick, 30x50, with a capacity for one hundred and fifty worshipers, and cost $2,800. In the spring of 1857, the Pastor in charge accepted a call to Detroit, and was succeeded by the Rev. Mr. Burk. That gentleman, however, rendered himself unpopular by his advocacy of the " private confession of sins" and the use of a form of absolution which gave universal offense. For these reasons, a part of the congregation withdrew its support and absented itself until the arrival of the Rev. C. Starck, who was substituted for the Rev. Burk. This trouble caused a division of the church, eight families who supported the latter gen- tleman withdrawing and erecting a church edifice, on the lot opposite the old church. In the spring of 1859, the congregation procured the erection of a parsonage, and, in 1862, the Rev. Dr. Neumann was elected to the pastorate, occasioned by the resignation of Dr. Starck, who moved to La Crosse, and remained until 1868, when he retired, and after three months, during which the church was without a minister, the Rev. Dr. Bartlett was installed. He remained only six months, when, developing signs of insanity, which subsequently mani- fested themselves so pronouncedly as to require the restraint of the victim, he, too, was retired, and the Rev. Mr. Thiele took his place. From September, 1869, till July, 1870, the church was closed, but during the latter month once more opened under the pastorship of the Rev. Mr. Reiohenbecker, who remained until the spring of 1876, being a man of the greatest energy and supported by a strong party. At this date some trouble was experienced, and the church united with the Evangelical Lutheran Church of America. The Rev. Mr. Severingham, Presi- dent of the Wartburg Synod, arriving in Chicago in March of that year, came to Platteville, re-organized the congregation, and influenced the selection of the Rev. J. Salinger, a member of the Lutheran Synod of Canada, who responded, and remained in charge four years, going hence to Washington. The Rev. C. Starck was elected his successor, and returned to a field of labor he occupied acceptably twenty-one years previous. In the twenty-five years during which the church has obtained in Platteville, 826 persons have been baptized, 882 confirmed, 161 couples married, and 166 funerals have occurred. The sacrament has Ijeen administered to 8,760 members during that period, and the congregation has contributed a total of $20,000 for church purposes. St. PauV i Evangelical Lutheran Church — Was first organized April! 7, 1876, by the Rev. E. Naltz, then Vicar of the Wisconsin Synod, who held services in the rock schoolhouse on Main street. The congregation, up to that date, had been identified with the German Lutheran Church of Platteville, in which a difference of opinion was caused, on account of what was con- sidered by some the support of inconsistent doctrines. This caused a separation of the congre- gation, the dissenters establishing the present society. A constitution was adopted, which was signed by about thirty-five members, and the following Trustees were elected : R. Barzmann, W, Goeke, J. H. Wiese, N. Besers, A. Beutz and F. Goeke. On May 14, 1876, it was resolved to erect a church edifice, and work thereon was commenced immediately. So vigorously was the same prosecuted, that its completion was reached early in the ensuing fall, followed by the dedi- Wtion, which occurred October 14, of the same year, when services were conducted by the Revs. Ungredt and Stregenmeier. The edifice is located on Broad street, is of frame 60x36, sixteen feet high, handsomely finished and cost $4,000. Previous to this and in July, the con- gregation was incorporated, and the Rev. L. Jaeger was ordained Pastor. He remained in charge until August, 1878, when failing health compelled his resignation, and he was succeeded '?32 HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. by the Rev. E. Hoyer, who is now in charge. The congregation at present numbers sixty voters, and the value of church property is quoted at upward of $4,000. A portion of the building is occupied as a parish school, which enjoys an average attend- ance of fifty-five scholars, but the congregation has in contemplation the erection of a parson- age and schoolhouse during the present year. German Presbyterian Chureh — Located at the corner of Green and Cedar streets, was organized during 1850 as the German Evangelical Church of Platteville, but subsequently received the title by which it is now known. The original members were, in part, as follows : J. J. Brodbeck, Augusta Brodbeck, Maria Brucker, John Valentine Carl, Maria M. Carl, C. N. Doscher and family, Catharine M. Fert, John P. Kolb and family, Valentine Eitz and family, Heinrich Landsberg, Christian Schlegel and family, and others, and the same year the present church edifice was erected with the Rev. John Bantly as Pastor. The church has, from its foundation, constantly held up the Bible as the standard of truth, and advocated the lessons taught in the Heidelberg and Westminster Catechisms. At present, the church is in a flourish- ing condition, with a numerous congregation, and owning property valued at several thousand dollars. The following Pastors have occupied its pulpit since the resignation of the Rev. Mr. Bantly : The Revs. Jacob Schwarz, John Van Derlass, John Fechudy, John Grab, and Joseph Wittenberger, at present officiating.' The Platteville Cemetery Association. — Every day comes the sad intelligence that some loved one has put oflF the mortal life and gone to dwell in the realms of everlasting bliss. Every day a flower is plucked from some sunny home, a jewel snatched from some treasure of love. Every day from the summer fields of life a harvester disappears ; every day a sentinel falls at his post, and his funeral train winds like a wintry shadow along the street. A young girl, per- haps, pure as the bridal wreath that clasps her forehead, is stricken down at the altar, and from the aisles of the temple is borne to the slumberer's gardens. A strong man clothed in the garb of victory falls to dust as the psean sounds from his lips. An aged patriarch bowed down with years and pain sinks into his dreamless sleep as he looks out upon the horizon of the future for the coming of the angel host. Each day some pearl drops from the jeweled thread of friend- ship ; some lyre to which we have listened with ecstatic pleasure is hushed forever. But wise is he who mourns not the pearl and music lost, for life with him shall pass away gently as an eastern shadow from the hills, and death prove a triumph and a gain. The first cemetery of, Platteville was laid out on land donated by Maj. Rountree and N. H. Virgin, south of the Virgin mill, on a line between Sections 15 and 16. The first burial was that of a young man whose name is forgotten, who died in a miner's cabin, on the Rountree branch, as early as 1829. Here for many years were the dead of Platteville laid. The gentle babe, sinless as an angel ; the ambitious youth, hopeful and generous, whose path was hemmed with flowers ; some aged soldier whose cheerful cry in the sieges and struggles of the past was missed from the bivouac of life, was laid to rest here. During the small-pox epidemic of 1843, the soil of this primitive graveyard was flung upon the form of him or her who had been touched by the icy breath of Azrael the dark-winged, and dreamed no more save in the strength of that promise, " Ye shall live again." In time, the four acres set apart for sacred purposes became occupied with the bodies of those who have gone before, and in about 1850 the grounds were deeded to the village upon the condition that the municipality should care for it forever. It is handsomely laid out, and bears upon it the impress of care and affection in the monu- ments that have been erected to commemorate departed worth, in the flowers that deck the hil- locks there, in the visitations of friends to the graves of those who shall be awakened at the first call of the herald angels to the flush of that summer which is eternal in the balm-breathing gardens of God. On September 15, 1855, the present Platteville Cemetery Association was organized by William Butler, John Lewis, Henry C. Lane, Isaac S. Clark, Homer Perry, N. Messersmith, James Kelley, William Woods, J. L. Pickard, J. Alford, Homer Page, N. Goodrich, James Durley and P. D. Hendershot. At a subsequent meeting, John Lewis was elected President, HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. 733 V. P. Eastman, Treasurer, and I. S. Clark, Secretary, with the following Board of Trustees : N. Goodrich and J. L. Pickard, one year ; H. C. Lane ahd H. Perry to serve two years, and J. Lewis and William Butler, three years. A tract of land comprehending ten acres was obtained fln Section 16, west of the city, and landscaped and laid out in lots, drives, avenues and walks, the same handsomely adorned, and presenting a rare picture of art and nature exquisitely com- bined. Here, since the organization of this association, have occurred the burials of those who • died in Platteville and vicinity. The present oflScers are J. H. Bevans, J. H. McArthur, F. R. Chase, G. M. Gurnsey, W. H. Behn and H. C. Lane, Board of Trustees, with F. R. Chase, President, J. H. McArthur, Secretary, and J. M. Gurnsey, Treasurer. OHAPTEE X. HAZEL GREEN. Location— Settlement— " Habd Scrabble "—Fiest White Woman— The First Log House- First Agriculturists- Establishment of the Village— Early Events— The Village IN 1850— Dr. James G. Peboival— An Era of Peosperity— Village Roster— The Storm- Cloud Eueoclydon— The Schools— The Post Office— Churches— Hzael Green Ceme- tery—Secret Societies— The Hazel Green Banb— Lightcap's Mill. LOCATION. The only municipal corporation of importance and influence in the town of Hazel Green owes its settlement, building up, progress and wealth to the lead mines, the early source of all advancement and centralization of resources in this portion of the country. Old men still live in this quiet inland village, which has been the scene of so much of in- terest and so much of horror, who recall the day when the present site was a trackless plain. Old men, whose thin soft hair is white as snow, and whose cheeks are furrowed with care-writ- ten lines, recur to the days long since mingled with thoughts of the dim gone-by, as dreams canopied o'er with the golden gleams and shimmering glows of happy memories. They reflect upon the scenes which came and vanished like a wreath of mist at eve, during the earlier days of their experience, before youth yielded place to manhood, and perchance mourned their depart- ure, for youth is an age that is too precious to last ; time will not row back for them, and to- day they look away to that opposite shore, in the fond belief that these dreams may be once more realized in the beyond. The seeds of success which were sown in those days grew down the aisles of the future, and have shed a beautiful light upon age. Loved faces will greet the transition to the home above, sweet words will welcome their coming, and the fruition of child- hood's dreams and prayers will circle old age with their halos of splendor, when those that are left have run their race, and the world for them is rolled up like a scroll. SETTLEMENT. The earliest settlements made in present Hazel Geeen were efiected at the lead mines, in the vicinity of the village, and reference to them must be superficially indulged, prefatory to a history of the settlement made in the village itself. As early as 1825, it is thought, miners had begun their explorations in its immediate neighborhood, and discovered evidences of wealth which settled their doubts as to remaining. As a rule, they were of that class of men of un- settled, indecisive character, disposefi to roam and romance, rather than to remain at any desig- nated point. To some of them the pseudonym of "sucker" was applied, as indicative of their inclination to come hither in the spring and remain until the frosts of November chilled their energies, when they departed and were heard of no more in this section. Others, after meeting with but measured success, became discouraged, and sought encouragement elsewhere, and others, though meeting with success, yielded to nomadic characteristics, and vanished as silently and mysteriously as they had made their advent. HAKD scrabble. In those days, the territory surrounding present Hazel Green was known as " Hard Scrab- ble," and arose from what is represented to have been a desperate contest for the possession of a mine, not unfreqiient at the time of which mention is here made. This took place, it is said, in 1825, at a point on the Branch, some distance beyond the Catholic Church erected in 1846, HISTOBY OF GRANT COUNTY. 735 between James Hardy and Moses Meeker, in which the former was victorious. Those convers- ant with the melee denominated it the Hardy Scrape, whence it degenerated into " Hard Scrab- ble," under which it became famous throughout the lead mines, and was so known officially until 1838, when a post office was located at the present village, and a name appropriate, as also more in harmony with the surroundings, given to the infant settlement. Hard Scrabble, however, is still applied by many who flourished when the township was known as such, and decline to be governed by the changed order of affairs. FIRST WHITE WOMAN. During 1825 or 1826, a Mr. Adney came in from the East, and settled upon a claim in Section 13. His daughter, who married Mr. Dixon, of Platteville, in early days, is said to have been the first female to appear in this vicinity. William Billings also name with Mr. Adney. The latter remained some time, and, in 1827, disposed of his claim to a Mr. Floyd, who, in turn, sold to Lewis Curtis. This gentleman brought his family here in 1828. Previous to that year, the Wolcott and Townsend families became residents. In 1826 or 1827, Christian Ebersold settled near the village, and, during 1828 or 1829, erected THE FIRST LOG HOUSE on the site of Hazel Green. The logs were obtained from land now owned by Mrs. Andrews, and hauled to their place of delivery by Mr. Curtis. The house was near the present residence of John Gribble ; it was sixteen feet square, and built by Wolcott, Townsend and Billings. The country was prairie, except occasional patches of hazel bush, and the cost of the premises can be imagined when the difficulty of procuring lumber, or rather timber, is measured. However, the house was completed, and stood for many years the mark and model of its time. Between this year and 1830, comparatively few settlers, to be considered under the head of permanent, were identified with the body politic. In addition to those already mentioned, there were others who came to stay, and did remain until the murder of Lovell and Maxley at Sinsinawa Mound, in 1832, created an epidemic of terror among the large proportion, who fled to Galena. Among those who came in was Gen. G. W. Jones, now a resident of Dubuque ; Mr. Gregoire, his brother-in-law ; William Bernhouse, Capt. Charles McCoy, Oliver and Heile Rice and some others, who settled at points distant from, as also contiguous to, the village. FIRST AGRICULTURISTS. In 1881, the price of mineral depreciated to a ruinous extent, and materially diminished the number engaged in mining. As a rule, some interest began to be manifested in agricultural pursuits, and this year the Curtis brothers, whose father, as has been stated, had entered a claim of 160 acres of land in Section 13, began the cultivation of forty acres of the tract. They run, or claim to, the first furrow in Hazel Green Township, and planted wheat, corn and oats. The crop was disposed of — the wheat for seed and the corn and oats at Galena. From 1830 to 1838, the arrivals included Jefferson Crawford, who became one of the most prominent and prosperous mine operators, W. E. Dudley, John Cottle, Orville Cottle, John Ed- wards, Robert Young, J. M. Chandler, Hiram Weatherbee, Otis B. Peck, Allen Preston, John Hinch, Kibbe and the thousand and one miners, smelters, traders, adventurers and oi polloi, whose footprints in the sands of the times have been obliterated by the current of weightier matters incident to building up and developing a new country. The Black Hawk war produced an effect upon Hard Scrabble and its surroundings, similar to that experienced elsewhere in other sections, the prosperity of which was embarrassed by its ex- istence. Large numbers of the inhabitants removed to Galena, and but a minimum proportion 01 these returned when the brows of the soldiers were bound with victorious wreaths, and their arms were hung up as monuments to their prowess and achievements. A company composed of miners and settlers was enlisted and commanded by Capt. Charles McCoy. A log fort was built around the Ebersol mansion, garrisoned by this company, which, after a brief stay there, '^36 HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. however, proceeded to Galena, leaving the prospective village without defense. But happily the savages neglected Hazel Green in their route to the Rock River, and beyond the murders at Sinsinawa Mound, above referred to, no levies either upon the lives or property of settlers were undertaken. After the war and return of those who had gone out in pursuit of the enemy or places of safety returned, others came on their first trip to the lead mines, and interests for a time dead were wakened into new life. Hiel and Oliver Rice opened a farm be- tween Hazel Green and the Mound ; P. P. Patterson, a farm on Section 14, and P. P. Stone a similar venture north of the State line. Mining was prosecuted with renewed diligence, and many of the leads discovered during this period became sources of infinite profit to subsequent owners. In fact it might be said that the labors employed, enterprise of settlers, and gratifying results which attended the undertakings inaugurated in the years immediately succeeding the victory at Bad Ax are in a very great measure prime factors in all successes which have since been attained hereabouts. At an earlier day, roads had been improvised out of the Indian trails from Hazel Green to Galena and Platteville, and as there were no mills in the vicinity, or de- positories for the sale of edibles, those who were prevented from " raising " their own " hog and hominy " obtained these indispensables at one of the settlements mentioned, neither of which, however, were as advanced in the scale of populousness or thrift as they have since become. ESTABLISHMENT OF THE VILLAGE. Early in the year 1838, the preliminary steps toward the establishing of the present village, by the location of a post ofiice, of which Jefferson Crawford was made Postmaster, and named Hazel Green at the suggestion of Capt. McCoy. Soon after, Samuel C. Wiltse surveyed lands located in the upper part of town belonging to R. R. Young and Allen Preston, and laid it off into village lots. This was followed by the survey of a tract in lower town, owned by John Ed- wards, which was similarly platted. EARLY EVENTS. At that time, the improvements in the established village were limited in number, and of the most unpretentious description. Beyond the houses previously erected by Christian Eber- sold and John Edwards, and the saloon of Otis B. Peck, in one of the latter's tenements, there was nothing to indicate the existence even of a settlement. Miners' cabins occupied the ravine near the village, but were not within its corporate limits. This year, however, some building was commenced and completed, but no very general system of improvements was undertaken. Preston & Chandler erected a frame house on the present site of the Crawford Block, and occu- pied the premises as a saloon and bowling alley. It was known as the " Light House," and is said to have been the scene of many an occurrence calculated to excite the mirthful if not the intellectual. Allen Preston, one of the proprietors, also erected a frame residence adjoining. Ezra Dorman came into the village this year from Jamestown, and built a frame store north of the Edwards' House. R. R. Young erected a story and a half frame on the ground now occu- pied by the " Empire House." He opened it as a hotel, the first in the village, and it still does duty as part of the Empire. Thenceforward, but little advance was made, either in the additions to the population or attractions of the surroundings. Mining continued to be the chief occupation, and little was done in any of the channels of business but with special refer- ence to this industry. In 1843, the population is estimated to have been about 200, and the buildings barely sufficient for the accommodation of this number. There was no physician in the vicinity — no churches — and clergymen and schoolmasters were unknown factors of the period. But from this date on, until the discoveries of gold in California, the village built up rapidly. The stores in 1843 were but two in number, maintained by Orville B. Cottle and Ezra Dorman respectively. William Brubaker carried on a blacksmith-shop opposite the Edwards homestead, and there were some other trifling ventures, which totalized the manufact- uring and commercial interests of the place. In 1844, the prominent arrivals included Louis Rood, George Babcock and Alden Adams, the latter being the founder and landlord of the Empire House at a subsequent date. Dr. Brid- HISTOKY OF GRANT COUNTY. 737 den, the first physician to settle in the village, came this year, and built a house in the lower town. James A. Jones, now a resident of Lancaster, was enrolled among the citizens of Hazel Green, in 184:4. A man named Rand was also enumerated on the census list, and became a resident of lower town, when he built a residence near that of Dr. Bridden. Peter Brown and Robert Frazer (the latter the inventor of Frazer's axle grease), erected the building on Main street, now occupied by Hon. H. D. York, and opened a store for the sale of miscellanies within its walls. In addition to these, a large number of Cornish miners arrived from England, and settled upon the branch, where they labored until the discovery of gold, on the Pacific Coast, when they joined in the tide of emigration. which tended in that direction. From 1844 until 1855, the mines are represented to have been more vigorously worked and productive of greater yields than at any time before or since. As a result, money was plenty, times flourishing, and gambling and drinking universal. A schoolhouse was built in 1844, a one-story frame, on East Main street, where it stood until blown down in the tornado of 1876. At the house of John Hinch occasional services were had by the Catholics, and this was the only attempt made to cultivate the religious element up to that period, although the Rev. S. Barnes, who came in 1843, and resided in a house adjoining Gribble's store, made efforts to obtain a hearing at long intervals. Sometimes an itinerant would pass this way and tarry for a season ; but it was not until two years later that an edifice, especially dedicated to the worship of God, was provided. Upon one occasion, a colporteur of the Mormon faith made his appearance in the village, and, being unable to obtain other quarters, took possession of the " Light House " bar-room, and began an exhortation, using one of the tables ordinarily devoted to poker and " old sledge " as a pulpit. There was quite a company present at the time engaged in their favorite amusement, many of whom abandoned their games and became listeners. The congregation, improvised from this crowd in the pursuit of fortune, included, among others. Col. Streeter, a huge Mississippi "sport," probably "Patch Eye John, Bloody Kentuck and Bullet Neck Green," a trinity of adventurers, who had been thus designated in the mines, all of whom not only paid the most respectful attention themselves, but enforced a proper degree of decorum among the motley crowd, while the Mormon expatiated upon the faith professed by Joseph Smith and his followers. After the benediction had been pronounced. Col. Streeter observed that the laborer was worthy of his hire, and proceeded to take up a collection. Those present generally responded, and the Colonel handed the Mormon the results, with the suggestion that " it was a bigger Jack pot than had been staked during the day." An old settler and prominent citizen, who first landed in Hazel Green in these flush times, arrived on Sunday, and was impressed by what he saw that the place was the residence of very many men bad as the emigrant from Bitter Creek, whose exploits have become the subject of a poetic fiction. After procuring a boarding-house, he relates, he sauntered down town, intent on seeing the sights, and brought up opposite the "Light House," but just as he was decided upon entering, his progress was embargoed by the forcible exit of a "Bloody Kentuck," minus one sleeve of an overcoat, which garment was, with its wearer, in a condition of almost hopeless destruction. It appears that him of the euphonious nomenclature had been detected while en- deavoring to cheat at cards, and ejected from the house without regard for comfort or elegance. While there was a promiscuous crowd, composed of nearly all nationalities and nearly every feature of character, collected at Hazel Green as elsewhere in the mines, there seems to have been less of crime than one would suppose. There was considerable trouble among those who lived by their wits, but the pistol was hardly ever resorted to, and bloodshed was limited to that following a knock-down, drag-out affair, such as are indigenous to every newly-settled region where men are often measured by their excesses rather than the absence of them. In 1845, the Empire House was built. Ezra Dorman put up a store, and John Gribble, who came in 1840, a residence, both in Lower Town. Lewis Rood laid out the north end of the village into lots, and called it "Rood's Addition." He also erected two houses in that portion of the town, both of which still stand, owned by John Triganza. About this time, the Jiichards Brothers erected the stone house in the lower portion of the village, which was blown ^738 HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. down during the tornado of 1876, burying an entire family beneath the ruins. School was still ■carried on In the frame house erected the previous year and occupied on Sundays by the Method- ists, the Presbyterians, under the care of a Rev. Mr. Lewis, worshiping in the Empire House, ■and the Catholics still celebrating mass at the house of Mr. Hinch. The following year, the Catholics and Presbyterians began the building of church edifices, and John Edwards completed the first brick residence in the village or vicinity. It was located on his farm at the edge of the village, and still stands a monument to the enterprise of its founder. Building this year is said ■to have. been quite general, the improvements being made up of stores and residences. Daniel Brewster opened a store opposite the "Light House" and built a residence on the site now occu- pied with the dwelling of Mrs. Allison ; the Rev. Robert Langley built where Roberts' wagon- shop now is ; William Warner, the present residence of Dr. J. L. Jenckes. The Wisconsin House, opposite the Empire, was put up in 1846 ; it, too, still stands, the private residence for many years of the late Jefferson Crawford, and now in possession of his heirs. In 1847, the old stone store razeed in the tornado was built by .John Edwards, and, until its destruction, was the abiding place of Masonic and other secret orders. Nearly all the resi- dences which were erected in Rood's Addition went up about this time, and Lewisburg, a town of great ambition, but slender prospects, was beginning to come into notice. This projected municipality was surveyed and platted in 1846 by Henry C. Wiltse, on the Curtis farm, a mile north of Hazel Green, and named after Lewis Curtis, who will be remembered as an arrival here in 1827. It was thought that the enterprise might, in time, either neutralize the influence •and importance of Hazel Green, or become a valuable addition to that place. Lots were laid •out, streets designated and named, and other improvements proposed, but they were never real- ized, nor were the ambitions of its founders ; the village that was to be failed to attract visitors ; investments were never made ; plans in embryo were never born, and the undertaking fell through, the land "being once more utilized for agricultural rather than speculative purposes. Notwithstanding the Mexican war excitement influenced many residents of Hazel Green, including, among others, Amon Miller, James Kilgore, John Zenssler, Thomas Sheridan, Thomas Hitchcock, Orville Cottle, and a number whose names have been forgotten, to enlist, the growth •of the village was not retarded, arid improvements were continued, so that in 1849, when the ■California fever broke out all over the country, and raged with epidemic violence in the " lead mines," Hazel Green was decidedly flourishing, pretentious in appearance, and comparatively populous. With the announcement of the existence of wealth across the continent, the bone and sinew of this section lent a willing ear to the reports, and, having realized a confirmation of what they heard, girded up their portables and joined the army of miners which crossed the .plains, and became pioneers in the new El Dorado. The force which was recruited in Hazel Green included Joseph Harris, J. S. Williams, James Wells, James Blight, Thomas Edwards, Joseph Johns, James Johns, Peter Skinner, Bennett Andrew, James Gleason and others. All •of these mentioned succeeded in their object and returned independent. THE VILLAGE IN 1850. In 1850, the village contained a population estimated at 600; there were eight stores within its corporate limits, four hotels, four churches, one school, and other evidences of enlight- enment and enterprise. From the beginning of this decade until 1853, the town is represented -as being " dead." The levies made upon its population had affected that class of citizens who contribute to the cultivation of systems and education of classes as agencies for the development and promotion of latent wealth. These departures limited the town's prosperity, retarded its growth, and unquestionably resolving it into a comparatively quiescent corporation. The first era in the life of the town, it may be said, was closed in 1850, and, for three years, the pros- pects of a revival were far from enticing, but at the expiration of that period, combinations and •circumstances conspired to give a new lease of life, and the last stage of prosperity, it is said, was decidedly more gratifying than the first. Those who had gone to California returned with substantial results of their labors, and became ambitious to excel in agricultural pursuits, as ^^^ /. f^^^-i^t^ \A JS CO D/>, HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. 741 they had succeeded in mining. As a consequence, investments were made in lands in the vicinity •of the village, and some of the most productive farms of to-day were first opened at that time. In addition to this, discoveries made of new mines, and prospective enterprises contemplated by corporations at the East, gave an impetus to that industry. Among these was the American Mining Company, which had been largely engaged in operating in the vicinity of Sinsinawa Mound. Early in 1853, the company commissioned its Western representative, William War- ner, to investigate the mineral resources of Hazel Green Township, and if the same were found to be as it was believed they were, the company designed entering upon a lease of about 1,500 acres belonging to Jefferson Crawford and Abigail Curtis, erect two engines, each of 250 horse- power, and thoroughly drain the lands, preparatory to mining to an extent not previously thought of. Mr. Warner, accordingly, visited Hazel Green, accompanied by James G. Perci- val, the poet, author and geologist, and began the discharge of his duties, Mr. Percival being employed to demonstrate certain theories upon mining. After several months' devotion to the subject, Dr. Percival closed his labors with an able and elaborate report, favorable to deep mining, and to the use of machinery to be operated in the drainage of mineral lands in this locality. This paper is said to have been a most valuable contribution to science, and of great practical utility to the mining interests of the State. DK. JAMES G. PERCIVAL. The occasion is here taken to relate briefly of Dr. Percival's residence in Hazel Green, whose death in the hospitable home of Dr. Jenckes, with whom he resided, elicited very general and extended notices from the press of this country and Europe. At the bar, in the pulpit and amid the walks of philosophy and science, tributes were paid to his genius, his virtues and his literary fame. Previous to the labors 'of Mr. Percival for the American Mining Company, the Legislature of Wisconsin adopted a law providing for the geological and mineralogical survey of the State, at an annual expense of not more than $2,500, and to commence in the lead mining district. Under this law Edward Daniels was appointed State Geologist by Gov. Farwell, and began the discharge of the trust while Mr. Percival was investigating for the mining company. Upon the completion of his labors, many of those interested in mining felt anxious that the State geo- logical survey should be conducted by that gentleman, believing that if made by one so compe- tent and so eminent in his profession it would be of great practical benefit to the public. A request to this effect was therefore preferred to Gov. Barstow by the prominent citizens and land-owners of the State, and Dr. Percival was appointed, and entered upon the discharge of his duties August 12, 1854. An acquaintance, admirer and friend of the dead poet, speaking of his life and habits at this period, says : " He entered upon his new field of labor in the mines with much zeal and pleas- ure, which seemed to increase with the prosecution of his researches, whether viewing the rocky bluff of a stream or examining the debris from some mineral range, with the view of deducing some facts connected with industrial science for the benefit of mining. His ardor and earnest- ness m the discharge of his duties were intense, and hardly ever until the fading hours admon- ished him the day for toil was ended would he turn his steps homeward. This unflagging devo- tion to the love of work and the consequent exposure therefrom probably was the leading cause of his last illness. However eccentric or forbidding Dr. Percival appeared to outside observers, in the private social circle he was full of cheer and mirth, his utterances often sparkling with wit and wisdom. " There were occasional intervals of a few days that an unpleasant restraint seemed to rest upon him — probably produced by ill-health — at other times his intellectual powers would, apparently, exercise free scope in the domain of thought, then (if he felt communicative) to sit in his presence and ' drink at the fountain ' was an inspiring pleasure that few men have ever been able to impart. The true and beautiful were real existences with him. Nothing short of a clear and correct knowledge of everything worthy of investigation would satisfy him. 742 HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. " Whether botanizing a flower or placing a piece of rock in its proper geological order, the utmost care and accuracy was exercised. Neither was his intellectual greatness and power con- fined to geology and poetry, but embraced a variety of subjects. We relate the following inci- dent as an illustration : During the earlier years of Thomas H. Benton's Senatorial career, while addressing the Senate upon a measure of importance, he eloquently portrayed the future of his country, predicting that at no very remote time a railroad would span the Continent, built as a necessity for the wants of the millions yet to people the vast area west of the Mississippi. Upon reading that speech, Percival (at his home in New Haven) opened a drawer and took there- from a previously written article upon the feasibility of a highway across the Rocky Mountains, and the duty of the Government to construct it, expressing the strongest conviction that the topography of the country was feasible for a railroad that would erelong be needed to facilitate the commerce of the country. He at once forwarded the document to the Missouri Senator, who, after reading it, arose in the Senate and paid Percival a handsome compliment, at the same time asking permission to have it read to the Senate, which was granted ; but in those days even Senators deemed such projects Utopian, visionary. " Percival's knowledge of the geography and topography of the country was characterized by the same thoroughness that entered into other fields of study and research. " It is a matter of fact, recorded in his biography, we think, that he wrote no poetry for a number of years previous to coming West. But the Muse had not departed — was only held in reserve — as the following incident will testify. While surveying the mining land near Sinsinawa Mound for the American Mining Company, in the year 1853, Percival was lodging for the time at one of the early-built hotels in Fairplay in which the sleeping apartments were partitioned with boards with a narrow hall extending the entire length of the building. In those days the boarders, mostly miners, were not governed by any rules of custom for time of repose, but were in the habit of wending their way up the stair-case and along the dark hall at all hours of night. The noise was quite annoying to the Doctor. Wishing in some way to enter his protest against such disorder and confusion, he took a pencil and slip of paper from his pocket, and, while waiting for breakfast, wrote a caustic poem in Greek, which, during the day he read to two or three of his friends, also its translation in English. While not very severe on the landlord, the house and boarders were neatly ' done up.' Another anecdote illustrating his character : After writing a preliminary report of his survey of the Hazel Green Lead Mines to the President of the American Mining Company, he submitted it through the general agent of said company, William Warner, Esq. Mr. W., who was a highly educated gentleman, suggested a change of a single word, substituting another that he deemed the better. Percival insisted upon the cor- rectness of the word as he had used it. Remonstrance proved unavailing. The definitions of words and their proper use in sentences were to him positive things, and, after writing an important document, he could not admit it contained mistakes. " While prosecuting his researches he was taken ill, and what was at first thought to be a mild attack of intermittent, resulted, after many days, in defiance of medical skill, in his death. He died on the 2d of May, 1856, in the second story front room of Dr. Jenckes' residence. Hazel Green, surrounded by kind friends, who tenderly and affectionately ministered to his tem- poral wants, and closed his eyes forever at the dawn of the day,, as the sun was just rising and threw a flood of golden light over the scene. He was buried on the following Sabbath in the village churchyard, where his grave can be seen to-day without ' storied urn ' to detail the virtues of him who sleeps beneath the sod, the sleep of sanctified rest. But the memory of his worth, like moonbeams on the stormy sea, has doubtless lighted up many a darkened heart, and lent to the gloom surrounding a checkered life a beauty so sad, so sweet, that one would not, if he could, dispel the darkness which enshrouds it." AN BRA OF PROSPERITY. The efl^ect of these undertakings was such that improvements in the village were frequent and of an expensive character. Faherty's Block, Crawford's Block, Dr. McBreen's and other HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. 74S commodious and handsome residences which dot the village landscape to-day were put up daring this era of prosperity and promise. Suddenly, it might be said, the mining company abaadoned operations. Investments by that corporation elsewhere failing to realize compelled their sus- pension, and permanently prevented the consummation of their projects at Hazel Green. The result was that the promise held out to the village through their efforts was only in part fulfilled. The hope of becoming a city gradually began to fade, and until the panic of 1857 was resolved into complete disappointment. During the war. Hazel Green furnished her full quota, and until 1876 nothing occurred to disturb the serenity of this quiet hamlet, or inspire the residents with feelings of other than content that the lines of their lives had been cast in so pleasant a place. VILLAGE KOSTER. 1869 — J. M. Chandler, President ; Joseph Clementson, R. D. Roberts, Charles Sehabackec, J. L. Crawford, B. Cornelison and William Allen, Trustees. 1870 — Joseph Clementson, President ; Conrad Genz, Henry Magor, W. R. Jackson, Josiali Thomas, James Johns and Jacob Steppee, Trustees. 1871 — George Brodrick, President ; Solomon Hotteral, Matthew Thompson, J. BL Grib- ble, J. Fi Walsh, John Kohl and Philip Sullivan, Trustees. 1872 — George Brodrick, President ; Washington Nolond, William Allen, James Johns, J. F. Walsh, T. W. Summersides and Edward O'Neil, Trustees. 1873 — George Brodrick, President ; T. W. Summersides, Edward O'Neil, Joseph Clem- entson, J. F. Walsh, Arthur Gribble and Horace Curtis, Trustees. 1874 — George Brodrick, President; Edward Thompson, Edward O'Neil, J. F. Walsh, Charles Schabacker, B. Cornelison and W. R. Jackson, Trustees. 1875 — Joseph Clementson, President ; Edward Thompson, Edward O'Neil, Henry Magot, Conrad Genz, Charles Schabacker and J. R. Fisk, Trustees. 1876 — Joseph Clementson, President ; John Looney, Edward Thompson, J. F. Eastman, Josiah Thomas and J. R. Fisk, Trustees. 1877 — Mathew Thompson, President ; Ellis Wynne, James McBrien, Henry Magor, Will- iam R. Jackson, Christian Andrew and George Brodrick, Trustees. 1878 — Mathew Thompson, President; Ellis Wynne, W. R. Jackson, John Gribble, James McBrien, Thomas Andrew and Philip Sullivan, Trustees. 1879 — George Brodrick, President ; John Cox, W. R. Jackson, J. Johns, William Chand- ler, Richard Williams and C. Andrew, Trustees. 1880 — George Brodrick, President; Richard Williams, Jefferson Crawford, John Cox, William Harvey, James' Gribble and Edward Thompson, Trustees. 1881 — Re-organized under the statutes of 1880 — Josiah Thomas, Police Justice ;■ Edward O'Neil, Justice of the Peace. Clerh.— John Chandler, 1869-80. Marshals.— Wima.ui Chandler, 1869 ; T. W. Seals, 1870 ; William Chandler, 1871-74; Thomas Anthony, 1875 ; John Treganza, 1876 ; John Treganza, Jr., 1877-78 ; F. M. Chand- ler, 1879-80. Treasurers.— Renrj Magor, 1869 ; J. L. Crawford, 1870 ; Solomon Hatheral, 1871 ; T. W. Summersides, 1872-73; Edward O'Neil, 1874-75; Josiah Thomas, 1876; William R. Jackson, 1877-79 ; John Birkett, 1880. Justices of the Peace. — J. F. Eastman, 1877 ; Josiah Thomas, 1881. THE STOKM CLOUD EUROCLYDON. On the 10th of March, 1876, the village was visited by a tornado, one of the most terrific ana destructive, both as to life and property, the annals of calamity record. It at least worked the most terrible havoc ever enacted by the elements in Grant County. Fire and water here have have never caused such fearful devastation. There is no place in Grant County where we or water could so suddenly destroy life and property as the winds did on that Friday in the 744 HISTOEY or GRANT COUNTY. village of Hazel Green. It is rare indeed that an earthquake or the eruption of a volcano so swiftly and so completely obliterates collective habitations of men. Great earthquakes usually give warning, and people can get out of their houses and away where they may not be crushed by falling rocks or timbers. One may flee from the flowing lava of a volcano, but before such a tornado one is ready to exclaim like the Psalmist concerning Deity, " Whither shall I go from thy spirit, or flee from thy presence?" There is no place of escape and safety. We are accus- tomed to think of our homes and lives as safer than those of people who inhabit districts where earthquakes and volcanic fires are of frequent occurrence, but the visitor to such scenes as Hazel Green once presented, if he has to run the gantlet of some one of these destructive causes, will choose any of them in preference to the tornado. This much we have said by way of attempt to prepare the mind of the reader to realize the power of the wjnd to destroy. Every one knows that the wind can blow down fences or upset houses, but it is difficult for one to believe, who has never seen, that it can lift heavy timbers, large animals, and even large rocks, and carry them about as it does feathers. On a gusty day, when the streets are dry, we see the wind filling the air with dust, leaves and dry dirt, but one who has never seen cannot easily imagine that it will plow up a pasture until every foot of the ground is turned up and black as field fresh plowed, and spatters of soft mud from the size of a drop of rain up to the size of your hat are taken from all over its surface and dashed down in other places like rain and hail. This was done by the Hazel Green tornado before it reached the village. How it does is some- thing of a mystery. Such storms are whirls. They are the same as little whirlwinds we fre- quently see in summer, making traveling spirals of the road dust, and which have strength, perhaps, to carry your hat ; but the tornado compared with these is as the elephant to the ant. It performs marvelous little feats as well as great ones. It will take brittle sticks that with your hands you could not push through a card board without breaking, and drive them eight or ten inches into the hard earth. It will drive sticks and boards three to four feet into the ground where with an ax or mall you could not drive them a foot without battering them to chips. This, it does on the principle that will carry a tallow candle through a thick board when shot from a gun. But we must more particularly describe the Hazel Green tornado and its path. C. Andrews^! W. Fiddick^ J. ClementBon ^ Jno. Plude ^ Mrs. Farley^ I. 0. O.F.and_!_ Masons* Hall Jt P. M. Church jr Shabacker's & Shop S ±, J. Edwards J. Looney^ ^ L, Eastman ^ MtB. Richard &J. Jackson ^ Mrs. Hobbie a Clementson's =■ Shop Dr. Eittoe^i & B.Thompson . Thompson's Shop ^ M. Thompson ^Mrs. Berryman [The above diagram will serve a purpose, though inaccurate. The up and down streets should point a little to northwest and southeast. The cross street is the one named Sixth street on the county map.] On Friday, March 10, between 4 and 5 o'clock in the afternoon, many persons in the vil- lage saw the storm coming. A dark and threatening cloud was seen due west, over Sinsinawa Mound. At first it appeared to course toward the southeast. About three miles southwest of Hazel Green this cloud met with another, which had been approaching toward the northeast. HISTOKY OF GRANT COUNTY. 745 The two combined soon appeared to reach from earth to heaven, and the thick black clouds were seen to roll in and out of each other like the black smoke from a smoke-stack, supposing that to be as large as a mountain. The roar of the storm could be distinctly heard. Mr. J. S. Crawford described the sound as of a mighty grinding of timbers. To Mr. Magor the sound was like a heavy storm on the sea-shore. If one can imagine an instrument that works some- thing like a syringe, as large as the circle of the tornado, and which, as it travels, sucks up trees, houses and patches of earth, whirling them around with the velocity of a discharged can- non ball, he may imagine the noise made by the tornado. As it advanced it cut down every- thing in its way. Ponderous bodies were sucked up hundreds of feet into the air. If you fill a funnel with water and let the water run out of it while in a circular motion, a hole will be formed down through 'the middle of the water, through which the air passes upward. The whirling motion of a tornado acts in the same way. It tends to create a vacuum in its center, and at that point could lift very heavy bodies. This tornado cut a path about 150 yards wide, its path being as curtly marked along its edges as the track of a reaper in a field of grain. Many who saw it coming fled to their cellars, and some were saved in that way. Near the vil- lage it twisted a grove of small timber into witlies. It took a northeasterly course through the south half of the town. A line drawn from James Edwards' house to Chris. Andrews' will de- fine the northwest edge of the track, and a line from just south of the Masonic Hall to Mrs. Berryman's house will define its southeast edge to those acquainted in the village. Within these limits everything was destroyed. John Fink's house was the first in the track. It was up- rooted and its occupants not injured. The Masonic and Odd Fellows' Hall, a large building with stone walls two feet thick, was pulled down to heaps of stones. No vestige of its north wall remained, aud the heap of stones left no appearance of ever having had any arrangement of man. Parts of the other walls were left standing. The inside of the building was utterly wrecked ; much of it, including the lodge furniture, was carried away. Next north of this building was Mrs. Farley's. It was carried away bodily, with all its contents, from over the heads of two occupants. They had retreated to the cellar and were not hurt. The next house north was owned by Mr. Schabacker, and occupied by Fred. Plude. The house was torn en- tirely away, and a child of Mrs. Plude's had an arm broken. Next north of this was Mr. Joseph Clementson's residence. Its room was carried away and the frame pulled to pieces, though left partly standing. Mrs. Clementsou and daughter were in it and escaped uninjured. Mr. William Fiddick's house next north was carried away entirely, hurting only a child, whose head was severely cut. Going back to the south side of the swath of destruction, and on the east side of West street, the large smith shop which stood within the junction of the two streets was razed to the ground. Next north of it was the stone residence of Mrs. Richards. It was a very heavy and strong structure, the walls nearly two feet thick. The roof was lifted off, the partitions torn to pieces, and the heavy rock gables fell inside. The walls up to the gables were left standing, but warped out of shape. Eight persons were in a room in the north end of the building. Four of them were instantly killed, namely : Mrs. Elizabeth Richards, her daughter Lizzie, aged about about 15, Mrs. T. H. Edwards, daughter-in-law of Mrs. Richards, and a child of Mrs. Edwards. They were killed by the heavy gable falling upon them. They were on the side of the room away from the wall, but the floor gave way on that side, and its joists resting against the end wall, allowed the rocks to fall upon the bodies, crushing some of them to shapeless masses. Mrs- Thomas Magor and child, and two others, were in the room, and, protected by the slanting floor, were unhurt. Some of them crouched under a piano, which also aflbrded some protection. Johnson Richards, aged 18, was in a hay loft back of the house, and was killed. Thomas Magor was in the same stable below, and had his face badly cut. The stable was shattered to pieces, and a trotting horse owned by Thomas Magor killed. Across an alley north of the Mchards House was that of L. S. Eastman. It was a frame house, and most of it was blown pff the floors, the rest shaken to destruction. The family were all in it and received no in- jury. The next house north was James Edwards'. It was entirely demolished and its inmates '^i^ HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. aot seriously hurt. On the west side of the next street east — Main street — John Looney's Imise is first in the order we follow. It was lifted entire, and dashed down in a direction the Deverse ©•f that of the storm. Mrs. Looney was found lying on the wrecked iloor of Mr. Bast- man's hoose, which was thirty or forty yards west of Mr. Looney's. She died within two hours. 6harle» Sehabacker's smith shop, a lq;rge, new and very strong building, next north, was dashed rofrBgroeats. The men at work in it escaped. The Primitive Methodist Church was the next building north. It was pulled into sections and dashed to the ground. Ketnrniimg south to the east side of this street, Mrs. Berryman's house was the first nearly destroyed'; its roof was blown off. North of it was Matthew Thompson's large two-story house. It was lifted! off its foundation and turned nearly quartering around, where it lodged against trees. The roof was carried away and the house was otherwise badly damaged. Of the four pe^ons injit, one was hurt — not badly. Edward Thompson's furniture store stood just north. It was a large building, well filled with furniture. The building and contents were all blown away asehaff — some fragments being found miles distant. The work-shop back of it was totally destroyed; Edward Thompson's house, the next north, a large, new building, was lifted from its foundation, not even a floor left, and scattered to the winds in splinters. A son and daugh- ter, Edward' and Emma, were carried a square's distance and injured, but not dangerously. Kext north of this was Joseph Clementson's carriage-shop ; it was formerly the Congregational (Jbnreh, and was- large and strong. There were new buggies and carriages in it that had never been on the road. The building and contents, down to the floor, were all swept away. Mr. Glementson was in it. He was found lying with a heavy timber resting on his body, and his right leg brok«n below the knee. Mr. Mason was in the shop and was injured some on the Sead. Mrs. Hobbie's house comes next ; it was a good two-story house. The east wing was torn away and' destroyed, and the main building was banged up until nearly a wreck, by other tirobeis driven against it. The next north was Joseph Jackson's house. It was blown entirely oS the floor and dashed to pieces against Mrs. Hobbie's house. Seven persons were in it. Among them:, none were reported injured except Mrs. Jackson, who was seriously hurt. One son, Alfred, aged 14, was in Mrs. Hobbie's barn milking her cow, which he had engaged to do while she was in Lancaster attending court. The unfortunate boy there found instant death. Northeast from Mr. Jackson's house, on the cross street. Christian Andrew's house was un- joofed. East of the last-named row of dwellings, there were no others until we come to Dr. Kittoe's, some 200 yards distant. It stood there for awhile a picture of ruin. The falling and whirling timbers from other buildings are driven into it from every direction. It was unroofed and shivered and had the appearance of being ready to fall to fragments. It was partially protected by trees, and served the good purpose of saving his family from injury. A hundred feet east of his house stood his barn, in which he had two horses and a couple of tons of hay. The whole establishment was lifted sixty or seventy feet up and carried northwest about 150 feet, where the building came down in fragments. The horses were thrown about 100 feet further in. the same direction, and found dead. Thence on, the storm had an open field until it reaebed the cemetery. Mr. R. G. Magor's fine brick residence was barely out of its range. He looked upon the black and mountainous besom of destruction as it approached, and must have thought what an. infinitely little creature man is with all his boasted inventions and power to destroy. A mile further, in Scrabble Hollow, Mr. Brewer's house was in the track of the whirl- wind. He saw it coming, and thoughtfully took his family into a root-house, made in the side of a hill. In a few minutes, his house was among the other splinters and timbers whirling in through the air. Another mile further and the residence of Thomas Allen was in its path. The house was carried backward 100 yards and dashed to pieces. Mr. Allen was fatally injured. He lived barely long enough to inquire concerning his family, of those who found him. A son, William, was killed. Mrs. Allen was dangerously hurt. James Allen had an arm broken and was otherwise injured. Hannah Allen was badly bruised. Here ends the most heart-rending part of this horror. We worry and work our lives away over property, and when it comes in compariaon with life, it is nothing. Some will even laugh that they have es- HISTOEY OF GKAKT COUNTY. 747 caped with their lives. So in Hazel Green may be seen people whose all of worldly goods were in an instant picked up and made like kindling-wood, even their papers, their money and cloth- ing lost in the wanton winds, yet these same people were happy as any you will meet ; but those who lost near and dear relatives were sad indeed. Some seemed to feel that even the good God had signified a determination to tear from them all upon which the heart places affection. Besides 'the buildings named as totally destroyed, there were many other barns, stables and outbuildings blown away. With the houses went also the furniture and clothing. Along the track of the destroyer for miles the fields were covered with splinters, boards, scantlings, shingles, carpets, bedding, clothing, lace curtains, window blinds and shutters, bottoms of chairs and other pieces of furniture, rims, spokes and other pieces of buggy wheels, pieces of coffins, tin gutters and everything conceivable as material or contents of a house. The houses were so eflFectually torn to pieces that it cannot be told to what house pieces found belonged. Trees that were not themselves injured wfere full of the evidences of destruction. Up in their branches were many articles of apparel, and beds and carpets. Among the debris in and near the village, were dead horses, cattle, hogs, cats and chickens. It is estimated that over fifty head of horses and cattle were killed. There were also many other houses damaged. Scant- lings and boards were driven into thfe roofs and sides of houses out of the whirlwind's path with such force that they would go through like an arrow through paper. The houses standing were smeared with mud until they looked like the ground. Many fences were down ; windows were broken. With the storm was very little rain. The black cloud was composed of mud and dirt. Great trees, some of which were solid oaks eighteen inches in diameter, were twisted off and went sailing through the air. In this account we have aimed to exaggerate nothing. Distances are guessed at, and some may be too great, others too small. As to the havoc, if any reader saw it, after reading this account he will say we have not half done it justice. No one can fully believe in such stories without seeing for himself. The scene at the residence of T. H. Edwards, where lay the remains of five persons, two, the wife and infant child of Mr. Edwards; his mother, Mrs. Richards, and his half-brother and half-sister, Johnson Richards and Lizzie Richards, is described as having been most horrible. Mrs. R. and daughter lay side by side, covered with a sheet red with their life's blood. On the opposite side of the room were the mother, Mrs. Edwards, and her child, both still in the embrace of death. To the left of the door, and upon a couch, reposed the lifeless body of Johnson Richards, whose face scarcely bore the imprint of death. The scene was the most heart-rending ever witnessed. The agonized husband, father, son and bi^other was the picture of despair, and while looking upon the fa,ce8 of those near and dear, whose lips were sealed to him forever, the trembling frame, falling tears and deep-drawn sighs spoke in tones that could not be misunderstood, of the agony which filled his heart. In another house near by, lay the remains of young Jackson, and still farther away, Allen and boy, the prop and idol of the family. Providence never visited a village with a worse affliction, and strong, indeed, must he be in the faith who could fold his hands resignedly, and exclaim, "He doeth all things well." A public meeting of the citizens was held at Crawford's Hall about 9 o'clock in the even- ing of the same day, to take into consideration the overwhelming disaster which had overtaken the village, and to devise ways and means of relieving the distressed. Mr. John L. Crawford was called to the chair, and Mr. Robert Hayes elected Secretary. On motion, a police committee was appointed, and the following-named gentlemen selected to draw up a detailed statement of the losses occasioned by the whirlwind: Rev. Lawson, John L. Crawford, John Muifeet, Robert Hayes and Thomas Anthony. On motion, the following aid committee was selected by the chair: John Muffeet, John Cox, William Jeffrey, William Allen and Edward O'Neill. The following is a correct list of the dead and wounded : Killed — Mrs. E. Richards, Johnson Richards, aged eighteen years: Lizzie Richards, aged sixteen ; Mrs. T. H. Edwards and child, Alfred Jackson, aged fourteen ; Thomas Allen and son, and Mrs. John Loony. 748 HISTORY Or GRANT COUNTY. Injured — Joseph Glementson, leg broken; Edward Thompson, hip injured; child of Fred- erick Plude, arm broken ; Amanda Morcom, head cut ; Thomas Magor, badly cut about the face ; Mrs. Tregoning, arm injured ; Joseph Mason, slight injury on the head ; child of William Fiddick, head cut; Dora Thompson, arm injured; Mrs. Joseph Jackson, injured badly; Mrs. Fairly, leg injured; Mrs. James Edwards, face hurt; James Treganza, injured slightly; Frank Thompson, head and arm bruised; Miss Eliza Rodda, badly injured. The total losses are as follows : J. F. Eastman, bam J400 Chris. Nolte, barn 200 Dr. Kittoe, house and barn 2,000' Mrs. E. Richards, house and barn 2,500 Richards estate, stone building 2,000' Total $7,100- The partial losses : J. Treganza. house and barn JISO- Richard Tregonniug, house and barn 250 Primitive Church parsonage 100 James Austin, dwelling lOO' Charles Schabacker, dwelling 100 Joseph Johns, dwelling 200 Mrs. NecoUins, dwelling 100 Dr. Egloff, dweUing 100 John Gribble, barn 200 M. Chandler, dwelling Arthur Gribble. dwelling W. Allen, dwelling 100 Mrs. Fairley, dwelling 1.000 Fred Plude, dwelling 600 Joseph Clemenson, dwelling and shop 4,000 William Fiddick, dwelling 600 George Wasley, dwelling 600 Levi Eastman, dwelling 1,500 James Mason, picture gallery 250 Mrs. Oats, dwelling 750 Mattie Thompson, dwelling 2,500 M. & E. Thompson, furniture-shop 4,000 Edward Thompson, dwelling 2,000 John Looney, dwelling ; 1,000 Charles Sohabacks, blacksmith-shop 2,000 Primitive Church '. 2,000 Joseph Jackson, dwelling 1,600 Kit Andrews, dwelling 700 Mrs. Hobbie, dwelling 1,200 Mrs. McClay, dwelling 100 Henry Drink, dwelling 100 Total 127,000 Making a total loss of $36,000. Incidents. — Only two of Mr. Edward Thompson's family were in the house, a son and daugh- ter. The family was in the central part of the dwelling, into which they repaired at the approach of the storm. As the house commenced swaying, the crockery was sliding from the shelves, and the young man, while preventing its falling, was, with the young lady, in an instant whirled through the north window, and both carried over an orchard in a circuit of 200 yards in a south- easterly direction, landing against the fragments of Dr. Kittoe's dwelling. Both were severely bruised,, but recovered. Mr. Thompson left his furniture room and clung to a tree ; soon apprehending great danger, he abandoned the tree for another. Upon this attempt, he was dashed forcibly ajgainst the tree, breaking the upper part of his hip-bone, and otherwise receiv- ing internal injuries. He was confined to his bed, but was able in a few days to be around. A little son of Thomas Magor, three years old, had hold of his grandmother's hand (Mrs. Richards, who was killed). In an instant he was thrown under the piano, where it afterward HISTOKY or GRA^TT COUNTY. 745> appeared the large family dog had secreted himself for safety. In a moment's time the space was completely filled with mortar and rubbish. The dog soon dug his way out, the little fellow crawling through the same aperture in a decidedly cool manner, although nearly suffocated. Willie Fiddick, about ten years old, was thrown from the rear room of the house (where the entire family were) into the street. Upon recovery, and seeing no home to go to, inquired lustilv of every passer by, " Where are my folks ?" He was so begrimed and blackened no one recognized him. Soon his father came along, and Willie made the same inquiry. His father asked him his name, neither recognizing the other. The faces of all the victims of the tornado were smeared with a material akin to stove blacking, and about as difiScult to remove. Mrs. Tregoning was in a small barn milking. The barn and cow were lifted and carried out of sight, leaving the lady and her pail all safe. Mr. Brewer, whose family occupied the old Furnace House across the Scrabble Branch, had just reached home from the Diggings. Seeing the danger, he rapidly crowded his children and wife into an outer root-house. As he reached the doorway of the root-house, his dwelling entirely disappeared in the whirlwind, breaking it into ten thousand fragments. Mr. B. had been using nitro-glycerine four or five years, and, as he remarked to the writer of this some months before, lived almost constantly with thoughts of danger. To this probably may be attrib- uted the safety of his large family. Scores of incidents might be related in connection with this calamity. Many families that lived, outside the path of the cyclone feared its approach, and, in fright and amazement, performed ludicrous things. The shattered fragments and rubbish were soon cleared away and the village has somewhat regained its former appearance. Could the solemn pageant of the Sabbath morning following the disaster, whose line of cofiBns and weeping mourners, be obliterated from memory, cheerfulness and hope would brighten all. IMPRESSIONS AFTER VIEWING THE DESOLATION AT HAZEL OREEM. The head must bow. A spirit fleet, with accent sweet, Whispered to me (I know not how), In mildest strain, but language plain. The head must bow. The wisest sage, hoary with age, The king in power, at the appointed hour. Is not set free from heaven's decree. The head must bow. Parental years of life appear To those above in strongest love. With sorrowing pain we yield their gain ; They hold the prize beyond the skies. The head must bow. The youth amazed and trembling gazed ; The affrighted maid the scene surveyed. The loving wife with feeble strife, The babe caressed upon the breast, Yield the last breath in the storm of death. The head must bow. What hopes and fears — what joys and tears — What scenes of life in doubtful strife In the dark shade are forever laid. The head must bow. But in quick time another clime. Another shore with no tempest roar. All shall behold — the young and old. The head must bow. "750 HI8T0KY OF GRANT COUNTY. Oh 1 glorious day, no sunset ray Shall fall upon thy horizon ; But in bright spheres, bereft of tears, Those gone before to the shining shore Shall greet above, with hearts of love. The happy throng in gleeful song, After the head shall bow. Hazel Gbzen, Wis. The funerals of the victims took place on the Sunday following, and for many months thereafter the entire community was in mourning. THE SCHOOLS. The cause of education found an early and, it may be added, substantial support in the village of Hazel Green. Not only have public places of learning been liberally sustained, but private enterprises extended a gratifying support. In the fall of 1843, John Smith, at present engaged as mail contractor between Hazel Green and Cuba City, opened a school in a frame house on Lower Main street, built and furnished by public subscription. His roster of pupils was made up of scholars from all parts of the present township, and the course of study such as found favor from its simplicity forty years ago. Mr. Smith remained in charge during the winter, but as soon as spring warned miners and farmers of the necessity for them to be up and doing, a vacation followed, and no summer schbol was taught. The following fall, a Mr.. Bingham wielded the ferrule, and impressed " students " with the important relations borne by reading, writing and arithmetic to their civilization, remain- ing in charge until after the holidays, when he resigued, the vacancy thus created being filled by the appointment of H. D. York, still a resident of the village. Mrs. Jane Clark taught the summer school, and was succeeded by James A. Jones, now of Lancaster, who oflSciated two years in the capacity of pedagogue, when he gave place to Leroy Lockwood. In 1849, the county was divided into townships, and school districts organized. At that time, there were two schools in operation in the village ; one on Lower Main street, already mentioned, and one in the frame building immediately north of the Crawford residence. H. D. York was appointed Town Superintendent, and every means that would promote the plans agreed upon were adopted. As a result, success has been one of the important features of the system in Hazel Green, which to-day is unsurpassed by that utilized in any other portion of the county. These buildings supplied all demands until 1853, when enlarged facilities became necessary, and the present brick structure was erected. It is two stories high, 40x70, containing four departments, and cost $6,000. In March, 1856, the Hazel Green Collegiate Institute was established by the Rev. J. Lough- ron, A. M., and for several years it occupied an enviable reputation among the educational interests of the Northwest. The design of the institute was to secure the advantages of a thor- ough training, and to give ladies and gentlemen desiring to teach an opportunity of special improvement. The institute was graded, and included primary, academic (two grades), collegi- ate and seminary, requiring seven years to complete. Dr. Loughron opened his institute in the Crawford Block, in the fall of 1856, assisted by I. H. Miller, Professor of Mathematics ; Mrs. Mary L. Culver, engaged in the academic department; Miss Almira A. Culver, in the prepara- tory school ; and Miss Delia C. Sanford, Teacher of Music; and that year 129 students of both sexes matriculated. The succeeding year opened auspiciously, but the panic and sequent evils prevented a full enjoyment of the hopes ventured in behalf of the institute, which was continued until the war broke out, when it was suspended, and has never been revived. The present school employs four teachers, and is under the direction of a Board of Directors, consisting of George Broderick, Richard Pearce and John Cox. The course ranges from pri- mary to high, requiring six years to complete, and requires an annual expenditure of $2,000 to carry on. HISTORY OF GEANT COUNTY. 751 THE POST OFFICE. The post office at Hazel Green is among the oldest in the county, having been established when there was no mail service, and when letters were received at the office as the convenience of carriers consented. It was first opened in 1838, with Jefferson Chandler, as Postmaster, "holding court," and conducting his official duties at Cottle's store in the lower town. Mr. Crawford, it is thought, remained in charge for nearly eight years, when Allen Preston was appointed his successor, and a tri-weekly mail was run from Galena to Mineral Point, via Hazel Green, Platteville, etc. The office was, during this and the administration of Dr. Mills, maintained in the Wisconsin House. James Jones was the next Postmaster, followed by .T. M. Chandler, who was appointed in 1852, and retired in 1861 ; until 1855, the office was in a building near Johnson Stephen's store ; in that year it was removed to Crawford's Block, where it has since remained. .Jeffer- son Crawford succeeded Mr. Chandler, serving until his death, when his place was filled by J. L. Crawford, decedent's son, who remained in charge until 1866. Josiah Thomas was appointed to the trust in that year, and is still in charge. CHURCHES. St. Francis' Catholic Ohurch. — In about 1845, the Rev. Father Samuel Mozzuchelli, identified with the cause of religion and morality throughout the lead mines for years previous, as also subsequent to that date, held the first Catholic services in the immediate vicinity of Hazel Green, at Hinch's house, below the village site, where a mission had been established. The congregation was composed of the families of M. Heffron, Sylvester Bryon, Patrick Mur- phy, Michael Flynn, John Fraerty, J. V. Donohoo, Charles and Timothy Breen, Patrick Bryan, Thomas Nean and some others, chiefly composed of miners. For over a year the society wor- shiped thus, meanwhile making arrangements for the erection of a church edifice, which cul- minated in 1846, when the brick church still standing and occupied at the north end of Main street was commenced. For one year labor was employed without any cessation, and, in 1847, its completion was reached and dedication celebrated under the auspices of Bishop Henni, of Milwaukee. The building, as stated, is of brick, 30x50, one story high, with a capacity of seating a congregation of 250, and cost a total of about $1,500, the principal portion of which was raised by subscription among residents of Hazel Green Township and vicinity. The Rev. Samuel Mozzuchelli remained as Pastor until his removal to Beetown, assisted by the Rev. Francis Mozzuchelli, a nephew, and succeded in building up a congregation estimated at not less than 300 communicants. In 1851, St. Rose Church was built in Smelser Township, which had the effect, it is thought, of diminishing the number of attendants, and in some degree weakening the influence exerted by St. Francis. Be this as it may, however, when Father Mazzuchelli retired, the church became a mission belonging to the Mound, and services were conducted by prelates resident at Sinsinawa. This was continued until about 1866, when the Dominicans «eased their labors here and the Rev. Father Prendergast was assigned to the charge. From that date up to June, 1880, the parish remained several, presided over at intervals by the Rev. Fathers Berkhauser, James Staley, Ambrun, Cleary, Cliber, AUbright, Zara and J. F. O'Neill, the latter dissolving his connection with the church at the time above indicated, since when it has been again a mission. At present, the church property — which includes a parsonage built in 1869, and cemetery grounds purchased in 1874 — is valued at $3,000 ; the congregation numbers thirty families. Christ Church. — An Episcopal Mission formally located in 1875, though services had been held in Hazel Green as early as 1856, when the Rev. T. N. Benedict, Rector of Grace Church, Galena, visited the village and conducted. In the fall of 1875, Dr. Kirby Kiltoe, a pioneer resident of the town, appealed to Bishop *-. R. Welles, D. D., to organize a society in Hazel Green. In response to this application. ■^Sa HISTORY or URANT COUNTY. the Rev. C. H. Canfield, the minister in charge of the parish of Platteville, visited Hazel Green on alternate Tuesdays, and preached, Dr. Keltoe officiating in a diaconate capacity on Sundays. The 5th of March, 1876, witnessed the final meeting of the congregation, for on the succeeding Friday came that terrible visitation, the tornado, which created such havoc and destruction throughout one portion, at least, of this quiet village. Dr. Kiltoe removed to Dar- lington, the members, so to speak, of the society separated, and, from the date last mentioned, until 1878, no services of the Episcopal faith were held in Hazel Green. In June of that year, the Rev. George H. Drewe, a graduate of the University of Oxford, England, was sent to the village and resumed work in the cause, Crawford Hall and the German Presbyterian Church furnishing accommodations for the purposes of an auditorium. In October of the same year, a building, which had previously been occupied as a bowling alley, was rented and adapted to church uses at a cost of $500, wherein regular services were held by Dr. Drewe, and where, a year later, Bishop Welles administered the rite of confirmation to twelve candidates. During 1879, the Pastor and congregation made strenuous efforts to procure the subscrip- tion of a fund for building the present edifice, and before the close of that annual had completed arrangements for so doing. The church was finished early in 1880, and dedicated on St. Matthew's Day, Right Rev. Bishop Welles officiating. It is of frame, 40x24, handsomely arranged and finished in pine, elaborately furnished, and possesses capacity for seating one hundred and fifty worshipers. Its cost was estimated at $800. The Rev. George H. Drewe is Pastor, and the congregation num- bers fourteen communicants. The Primitive Methodist Church. — Previous to 1861, the congregation which that year became attached to the Rocky Ford Circuit of the Primitive Methodist sect was identified with and a portion of the Methodist Episcopal Church of Hazel Green. Ruling in the general work of the church, however, caused dissatisfaction therein, and culminated in separation, which found expression in the establishment of the society under consideration. The members who withdrew were Thomas Andrews, Samuel Andrews, Robert Andrews, Christopher An- drews, John Cox, John Martin, George Broderick, William Berryman, Peter Trenartha, An- drew Pierce, Joseph Johns, James Johns, James T. Taylor, Thomas Stillman, Richard Tregon- ning, and some others. Upon the completion of their organization, the society purchased the edifice which had been erected by the Christian denomination some years previous, and called the Rev. Henry Lees as Pastor. Here they worshiped until the tornado of 1876, which put a period to their local habitation, and for a season they were without an edifice. The premises were rebuilt, how- ever, without delay, and have since furnished ample accommodations. The church is -30x45, occupying the old site. Will seat three hundred and fifty, and cost $1,500. The Pastors who have officiated have been the Revs. Charles Dawson, Joseph Hewitt, James Alderson, Jasper P. Sparrow, John Hernden, John Johns, W. J. C. Bond, J. Harring- ton and Thomas Jarvis, the present incumbent. The congregation numbers eighty, and church property is valued at $2,000. Methodist Episcopal Church. — This society was organized in 1845, by people of various denominations in the vicinity who were without a regular place of worship, but their names, together with that of the Pastor, are lost to posterity, the records of the church having been lost in the tornado of 1876. The first place of worship was in the old schoolhouse below the present residence of Edward Williams, which was retained until 1849. In that year, through the labors and contributions of the Rev. John Williams, Robert Langley and others, the pres- ent church edifice was built at a cost variously estimated at from $1,300 to $2,000. Here the Rev. Frank Smith labored zealously for the promotion and elevation of the church, the first of a line of servants of God who have shed a luster upon the course and worked the salvation of the multitude. In 1856, so generous had become the congregation in point of numbers, that it was found necessary to enlarge the. auditorium of the church, which was accomplished the same year by the HISTORY OF (iRANT COUNTY. 753 addition of a twenty-foot building to the original premises, at a cost of $800, making the edi- fice 30x66, sufiSciently commodious to comfortably seat a congregation of three hundred and sixty. Since that date, the church has answered the purposes for which it was built, to the fullest extent. The present congregation numbers 200. The church property is valued at $1,700, and the following ministers have served since 1860: The Revs. J. I. Williams, P. S. Mathers, M. Dinsdale, John Knibbs, A. W. Cummings, William Sturgis, P. E. Knox, W. Hall, J. Lawson, A. J. Davis and S. S. Benedict. The G-erman Presbyterian Ghureh. — This society was organized about 1862, when a meeting of German Calvinists was held in the schoolhouse at the lower end of town. Here the congregation worshiped until 1854, when the present church edifice east of the Episcopal Church was built and dedicated, the sermon being preached by the Rev. John Bently. The church is 24x36, of frame, with a capacity of about two hundred, and cost $500. From its organization the society has prospered, and is, to-day, attended by a large congre- gation exclusive of members. The present communicants include forty persons ; the church property is valued at $500, and the following Pastors have served since its foundation : The Revs. John Bently, James Renskers, Jacob J. Schwartz, John Van Derloss, Bernard Van Der- los, Gottfried Moer, John Levier, Jacob Stark, Joseph Steinhardt, Mitchell Biddle and Joseph Weittenberger, the present incumbent. HAZEL GREEN CEMETERY was laid out in the early days of the village, on lands donated by Preston & Young about the year 1844. The first adult buried there is reported to have been Lewis Curtis, one of the oldest settlers in the township. His funeral took place May 31, 1845, the Rev. Avatus Kent, of Galena, officiaing, and the pall-bearers being John Edwards, Hiram Weatherbee, Jefferson Crawford, P. P. Patterson, Capt. De Selhorst, of Elk Grove, and James Gilman, of James- town, since which solemn event many of those who attended have, too, been laid beneath the daisies. Plague, pestilence and the tornado have each swept through the ranks of life since that day, and stricken down the loved of earth. The grounds, while by no means demonstrative, are calculated to attract by the simplicity of the surroundings, the quiet ornamentation of the grounds, and the severe style of the entab- lature, realizing to its fullest extent the immortal picture traced by Thomas Gray. Many indeed, since the sod of that pioneer was first turned in this sacred spot, have been touched by the Master of mortality and laid within its reverent precincts, who, with the fore- fathers of the hamlet, sleep and await alike the hour when time, uniting with eternity, shall summon them to plead before that bar whence there is no appeal. Among the distinguished dead who lie buried there is James Gates Percival. He is sleep- ing in the lot of his friend and patron. Dr. Jenckes, and visitors to Hazel Green are pointed out the grave of the author, the scholar, the poet and the Christian. He went the way of all fiesh , at an age when men of his mold could not be easily spared, and created a vacancy that has never been filled. But he left behind him the memory of generous deeds, and a goodness of heart that can never be forgotten by acquaintances and friends who recognized his possession of those qualities which render mankind more charitable, more considerate and more sympathetic to those ■ffho fall by the wayside in the checkered aisles of life. He needs no other monument. In 1852, a re-survey of the cemetery was had, and an addition of three acres made, which was divided into 165 lots, nearly all of which are owned in the village. The grounds were for- merly in charge of a committee, but this has been abandoned, and now a sexton only is consid- ered indispensable in their management. " Can storied urn or animated bust, Back to its mansion call the fleeting breath ? Can honor's voice provoke the silent dust? Or flattery soothe the dull, cold ear of death? ' "754 HISTOKY OF GRANT COUNTY. SECRET SOCIETIES. Sinsinawa Lodge, No. 16, I. 0. 0. ^.— Was first chartered May 4, 1847, with the follow, ing membership : N. Hennip, William Brunt, E. W. Prentiss, G. E. Skinner, Charles G. Goff, Sylvanus Jessup and W. H. Snttle. The meetings were held in lodge room in what was known as the " old Rock Store," which was occupied by the craft conjointly with the Masonic frater- nity until its destruction by the tornado in 1876. By this calamity the society lost everything, including its charter, records, regalia, etc., and was assisted in its efforts to re-organize by sister lodges throughout the State. This was finally accomplished, including the issue of a new charter, and in conjunction with the Masons, they purchased the Crosby store of George Brod- erick for $2,500, where they have since met. The present oflBcers are : George Birkett, N. G.; James H. Mills, V. G.; J. H. Gribble and J. H. Cox, Secretaries ; and John Birkett, Treasurer. The present membership is fifty-five ; meetings are held weekly on Saturday nights, and the lodge property is valued at $3,000. Hazel Grreen Lodge, No. 43, A., F. ^ A. M. — This lodge was organized under a dispensa- tion granted December 1, 1852. On June 14 of the following year, a charter was granted with P. H. Sain, W. M. ; L. D. Phillips, S. W.; James Ormiston, J. W.; T. W. Nash, Treasurer ; John O'Connor, Secretary ; B. Wilcox, William Dinwiddie and D. Styles, charter members. The lodge met in the old stone store until its destruction by the tornado in 1876, when they became part occupants of the Crosby store purchased of George Broderick, in company with the Odd Fellows, where they have since convened. The present officers are : John Birkett, W. M.; Edward Thompson, S. W.; John Williams, J. W.; James Edwards, S. D.; W. T. Andrews, J. D.; Thomas Nash, Secretary; R. D. Rob- erts, Treasurer ; and John Kohl, Tiler. The present membership is 56, and meetings are held on Friday evenings, on or before the full moon. Rechabite Lodge, No. 53, I. 0. Gr. T. — Was first organized October 10, 1860, and is to-day one of the most prosperous and successful temperance societies in the Northwest. The organiza- tion was effected under and by virtue of the provisions of a charter granted to Miss Lizzie Shy- ham, Mrs. Frances Shabacker, Charles Shabacker, D. G. Purman, F. A. Thompson, M. J. Skinner, John R. Ralph, F. C. Frebil, Chester Cole and Robert Dobson. Of these D. G. Pur- man was W. C. T.; Miss Lizzie Shelham, W. 0. T.; Mrs. Frances Shabacker, Treasurer; M. J. Skinner and F. A. Thompson, Secretaries ; F. C. Frebil, Chaplain ; and John R. Ralph, Marshal. Meetings were held in the old stone store, and so continued until 1876, when the destruction of that rendezvous of Templars, Masons and Odd Fellows compelled the securement of other quarters, and Stone's store was procured, which has since been occupied. The present membership is stated at 100. The present officers are : William Fern, W. C. T.; Miss Jennie Cox, W. V. T.; John Fern, Treasurer ; Edward Thompson, Miss Ruba York and Miss Minnie Thomas, Secretaries ; the Rev. T. S. Benedict, Chaplain ; Frank Fern, Mar- shal ; and Josiah Thomas, Representative to the Grand Lodge. Meetings are convened weekly, and the value of lodge property is estimated at |300. THE HAZEL GREEN BAND was organized August 25, 1880, and has attained a degree of prominence and favor rarely accorded associations of similar objects and experience. The officers then, as now, as also the members, were J. J. Crawford, President and Leader ; George Mills, Treasurer, and E. D. F. Morcom, Secretary. J. J. Crawford, F. G. Thompson, William Andrews, Thomas Williams, Jefferson Crawford, Roy Williams, John H. Thomas, Thomas Simmons, Christian Andrews, E. D. F. Morcom and Frank Fern. Frank Thompson, Jefferson Crawford and Edward O'Neill, Band Committee. HISTORY OF GRANT COUKTY. 755 The property of the organization is valued at $250, and meetings are held semi-weekly for practice. LIGHTCAP'S MILL, located about two miles west of Hazel Green, is one of the most extensive establishments of the kind in Grant County. The mill is of stone, the main building 32x54, and four stories high, with an addition 40x18, one story high. The undertaking was commenced in May, 1847, when the digging of the race was begun and completed in March, 1848, at a cost of $11,000. The mill proper contains three run of buhrs, with a capacity for grinding forty barrels of flour per day, and is valued, with the land immediately contiguous, at $30,000. CHAPTEE XL POTOSI. Location— Origin of the Village— The Settlement or the Village— Willis St John— The Postmaster— FiEST Bieth— Eakly Life in the Mines— Mitkdees-Potosi Receives its Name— A Duel— Incoeporation of the Village— The Early Mining Interests— The Schools— The Press— The Village Post Office— Religious— Business Enterprises- Societies— Cemetbeies— Adjoining Settlements— Dutch Hollow— British Hollow— rocktille. location. Preliminary reference to the early settlement and progress of Potosi Village must neces- sarily be made to the town of which the village is to-day the prime factor. The town of Potosi is bounded on the north by Lancaster, on the east by the towns of Harrison and Paris, •on the south by the Mississippi River, and the west, partly by that highway, and partly by Waterloo. It is centrally located in Grant County, with an area comprising 34,109 acres, of an assessed valuation, in 1880, of $362,887. ORIGIN OF THE VILLAGE. Section 34 upon which the village is located was donated by an act of Congress, approved June 15, 1844, to the State, for the purpose of improving Grant River. This was further pro- vided for by subsequent legislation, and Nelson Dewey, Henry L. Massey and James B. Free- man were appointed Commissioners to survey the same. The survey was completed by James E. Freeman and Henry L. Wiltse (the latter subsequently becoming Surveyor General in the Land Office at Dubuque), the sub division appropriated into in and out lots, the former contain- ing two and one-half acres each, while the latter were each sixty-six feet front, by 120 feet deep. The survey was completed and filed in the office of the Register of Deeds of Grant County, June 19, 1845, and deeds issued to purchasers by Gov. Henry Dodge, attested by John Oatlin, Secretary of State, the proceeds being used in the construction of a canal from the Mississippi to the Grant River. The work has remained uncompleted, however, owing to the exhaustion ■of the fund, and has never been of much practical utility to the town, save for tugs and wood- boats, and some other purposes during high water. The lower part of the village, comprising the section whereon Hail's brewery is now situ- ated, called Van Buren, with Lafayette still southward on the left bank of Grant River, previous to the building up of Potosi proper, were the principal business portions of the town. The former place is known as the "Van Buren Entry," having been originally entered by Joseph Wooley and Robert Templeton prior to 1849. It was reserved from sale for a time by the Gov- ernment on account of being mineral lands ; , but, as the story goes, witnesses were hired to go -over it blindfolded, then taken to the land-office and sworn that they had been all over the ground and could see no mineral. This may or may not be true, but the sections were never of any great moment as mining ground, and the Government lost nothing in the sale of these rough -and broken points. The surface of the town, it may be said, is mostly of a rough, broken character, being trav- ersed by many deep ravines or hollows, which debouch into the valleys of the Grant and Platte rivers. The best arable land constitutes the southern part of Boice Prairie. The soil is a rich gray loam, well adapted to the growth of corn, as also the principal cereals, and being embedded upon a substratum of clay, retains its moisture for a great length of time in dry seasons. Along the bluffs of the Mississippi, and upon the farms which reach out to the borders of Grant and BOSCOBEL . HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. 759 Platte Rivers, a new industry is rapidly obtaining in the cultivation of the grape, and wine of native manufacture bids fair to take the place of New England hard cider and beer of Bavarian hops. The earliest settlement is believed to have taken place a brief space of time anterior to the Black Hawk war. Those who came in those days were men of heroic mold, and stood out from the common race of mortals like the inscription over the door of John Knox's residence at Neth- erbow. Some came into this section before the war — " Cast ashore from Pleasure's boistering surge, And left to rot and molder in the winds and rains of heaven." But all who came and went out from the mines were not failures. Many succeeded in business beyond their most sanguine expectations, and others arose from the humble occupation of miners to fill the most responsible and exalted positions in the land. Many were in affluent circumstances and from the first ranks of society, and came here for the purpose of extending their business and adding to their wealth. In early days, as all are aware, before the cry of war and blood rang out upon the frontier scenes of this yet undeveloped territory, the surveyors surveying in Wisconsin discovered lead on a branch about two miles from the Mississippi River where Potosi is located. The excitement in Galena was then very great for what was called the new discovery, and a party that had got acquainted started at once for^the new El Dorado. Of the party was Sam Druen, as good a fellow as one ever knew, subsequently rich and living at Beetown. Druen's case fully illustrated that a stone lying still will gather moss, and no man is worthier than Sam to have moss all over him of the richest kind. THE SETTLEMENT OF THE VILLAGE was not delayed beyond the close of the war, when its ravines and uplands were covered with unbroken forests of oak trees, interspersed here and there with groves of the stately elm on the bottoms and along the margin of the streams, spreading out their huge branches, aifording a delicious shade to the sturdy pioneer and his way-worn family. A few sporadic members of the birch, maple, cottonwood and other deciduous trees were found scattered here and there, while upon the summits and steep acclivities of the bluffs were to be seen a few stray wanderers from the perennial tribes, waving their dark green cones above the castellated rocks like the plumes of giant sentinels upon the battlements of Nature's walls. Beneath these solitary shades, and guarded by these lone naiad sentinels of the wood and stream, slept in tumuli and grassy mounds a strange and long-forgotten race of warriors. Here in the gray dawn of the world's existence, long before the light of its present civilization had reached this land, had dwelt a race of Anaks, possessed of a knowledge of the arts and sciences, played their brief part in the drama of human life, then laid them down in their last sleep, slumbering on till the wave of oblivion had passed over them, and blotted from the records of earth every evidence of their existence, save these green mounds and moldering bones beneath. But the Mound-Builders, who, though the earliest settlers, are left quietly reposing in the bosom of mother earth, " to dumb forgetfulness a prey." Next " in the course of human events " comes the red man of the forest, who is passed by, however, as a thief and a wanderer, and finally came into the country the progenitors of those who are here to-day. In the summer of 1832, days after peace followed in the wake of the victory at Bad Ax, Willis St. John and Isaac Whitaker, the latter accompanied by his wife, the first white woman in Potosi Village or township. Two adventurous pioneersmen made their way hither, and, discovering the mineral cave in Snake Hollow, whence the latter took its name, decided to remain and pursue their way to glory and to fortune. It should, however, be observed that mineral had been discovered by hunters in 1829, when ' lioat" was found in the roots of a tree that had been blown down by the wind on the hill opposite the new Catholic Church ; also that a hut had been erected in the same year at the mouth of the Hollow by Tom Hymer. But owing to Indian troubles and other exigencies, 760 HISTOKl' OF GRANT COUIJTY. no permanent establishment was established in the vicinity of Potosi Village until the advent of St. John and Whitaker. Speaking of WILLIS ST. JOHN, an important factor in the sum of events in Potosi, the Hon. J. W. Seaton, says : " He was a man of athletic build, of fine form, and though advanced in years and broken in health at the time I knew him, the indomitable energy of his nature was unquenched, and would show itself in the strong sententious language that expressed the independence of his thoughts and the energy of that will which laughed at the difficulties that subdue and conquer weaker minds. Of his early life and personal history previous to his entrance to the mines, I am uninformed. He was among the very first that reached 'Snake Hollow,' as the Potosi mines were then called, and, by a lucky turn in Fortune's wheel, he was one of the first she smiled upon, and the place where she opened up her glittering treasures to his wondering gaze is still known as 'St. John's cave." It is said to have turned out a million of mineral, but that is a 'big pile,' and some allowance must be made for the authority of the story and the number of times it has been told. At all events it proved a valuable lode, and has been profitably worked down to a recent date. Its site is near the summit of the bluff opposite the place where the Catholic Church now stands. On the opposite side of the road, he built what was known as an 'ash furnace,' and did his own smelting. He was soon enabled to purchase real estate and other valuable property, and was long esteemed for his great generosity, kindness and manly traits of character. The Methodist preachers, who follow in the wake of civilization, soon found him out, and they never lacked for their favorite dish — yellow-legged chicken — while his roost was full. They taught him, too, their favorite texts, 'God loveth the cheerful giver,' 'Oast your bread upon the water,' etc., and St. John was the man ever ready to practice all good precepts. Through his instrumentality the Methodist Episcopal Church at Van Buren was built, and the quarterly dues of the local preachers and Elders were promptly met ; and all went smoothly on till there came a crisis in the monetary affairs of the State Bank of Illinois. This, with other reverses of fortune, crushed the old man with its accumulated weight of trouble, and he never rose again. I have often listened to his sad story, which he would repeat with thrilling effect, and wondered at the mysterious Providence that could thus cast him off. He felt keenly the loss of the property that once gave him influence and position, but more keenly the cold shoulder and averted looks of those whom he had once befriended. Poverty, with all its depri- vations, he could endure, but the neglect of those who should have given him succor in the hour of need, galled his high spirit and made him curse the race of man. He was warm and genial in his friendships, but bitter in his hates and scathing in his imprecations. For years the shadow of his once strong frame might have been seen moving slowly and sadly about our streets — a wronged and ruined man — emaciated by disease and only awaiting the end he knew was drawing nigh. ' One morn I missed him on the 'cuatom'd hill, Nor up the lawn nor at the wood was he.' " St. John was at rest. The spirit of a good and just man had returned to God who gave it." That year 1832, Whitaker and his wife lived in a cabin he built on the present Lewis farm. There was then no Potosi; the only objective point to speculators and the "spring run" was Oceola, some miles distant from Snake Hollow. During that and subsequent years the number and prominence of arrivals was both limited and of a pro forma character ; among the first were Ruel Morrill and Sam Druen, already mentioned, and some others unknown to the pres- ent generation. In the spring of 1835, the miners began to flock in with regularity and charming frequency to those who were ambitious for their aid and muscular prowess. Among these were Joe Wooley, Bob Templeton, W. T. Ennor, Bill Clark, Myron Harper (who became one of the first merchants in the settlement, and kept a store on the present site of Joe Schneider's residence in Potosi), John Lyons and family, David Gillispie and family, William Woods, Theodore Barber, (now of Lancaster), William Gary, S. B. Chase, HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. 761 )avid Goodrich and some few others who located at what subsequently became Van Buren, hich then for the first time put in its appearance as the rival of Osceola. The latter had Bceived as accessions during 1832-33, Elisha Brock, Tarleton T. Brock, Judge J. P. Cox, 'eleg Hull, Mrs. Floyd, Terrence Coyle, Peter Coyle, etc. The latter was a noted character 1 his day, and founded the first store, which followed Van Buren in the direction of Potosi. le also arose to the dignity of a Justice of the Peace, and upon one occasion his court was onored by the presence of two distinguished barristers, the Hon. William Hull and Judge iord. The defendant let fall some observation which suggested a lack of respect to His Honor, rhen the latter pulled his nose and afterward greased it with a burning candle, remarking that e would teach him to respect the court. Coyle was a keen, shrewd and intelligent man. He ubsequently went to the Missouri mines, and died at Neosho. The discovery of the cave, it might be said indeed soon peopled the ridges and hollows with liners intent upon their search for the precious ore. Many were successful — fortunes were oade and spent in a day's race with time — and the towns succeeding weeks gave birth to were- luilded by the magic of the mines. THE POSTMASTER. In the fall of 1835," C. Kaltenbach, who has been Postmaster at Potosi continuously for brty-four years, came to the village with his wife, and settled permanently on the site of Hail's irewery. In the following winter, or early the succeeding spring, occurred the first death, hat of a miner, whose name is forgotten, but who was buried at the mouth of the Hollow. That ipring, the vicinity of Potosi for miles around was peopled with miners. Life was, at best, in hose days, nothing if not rapid, eccentric, strange, of a capacity for unlimited results, if unlimited jpportunities could be afforded. Men and women and youths, fresh from the kindly influence ind sacred association of home, came in, wrestled for a brief season and were heard of no more, )r went back to the Lares and Penates of their lives, armored and cuirassed for struggles with joverty and oppression. FIRST BIRTH. On December 20, 1835, Mary, a daughter, was born to C. and Louise Kaltenbach — the Srst birth in the future village. She grew to young ladyhood, when she became Mrs. Hyman Block, and going with her husband to St. Louis, still is a prosperous resident of that city. EARLY LIFE IN THE MINES. The spring of 1836 opened auspiciously, and brought with it many additions to the popu- lation of Van Buren and La Fayette, the rival of that municipality. James F. Chapman and his family came in that season, as also did Bray ton Bushee, with his family. The former took possession of the log house erected by Peleg Hull, while the latter secured quarters at another home equally hospitable. Among the others who came this year were George Maderie, Simp- son and Tyre Oldham, John and Ira Dodson, all of whom united their fortunes with those of the Tillage of Van Buren. In addition to these, Andrew J. Green, Anthony G. Street, a " sport," James Threlfeld, Patrick McKenny, Thomas Mudd, Richard Wilmers, William Casey, Alexan- to Walker, Alexander Polkenhorn, Owen McLaughlin and others identified themselves with "'her portions of the vicinage. Long Range and other very prominent leads were discovered ™&t year, and life bore its most cheerful colors. The old Bell tavern was elevated into P'PPJ'i^nce this year, being built by Mrs. Fulton, and conducted by a man named Kibbe, a 'Mftless character, who abandoned his wife and "slid off"' to escape others to whom he had ontessed obligations. It was a story and a half log, containing a " big" fire-place, and sur- oantedby a "big" bell that discoursed most eloquently. These were the beginning of flush ■nesin the mines, and these flush times were not infrequently the causes of wild lives of dissi- pation, and tnnriTT fl-nw, tVinrv, .l^^nar^A^A i-^ ,.,o„i. „ v, J , A J„„*l, 762 HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. dollars ; their successors millions. They were the occupants of a cabin at the head of the Hol- low, relates an observer of their ways, wherein upon one day Thomas Moore was found in his straw bunk stretched in the arms of death. A deal table, a chair, and the garments worn by deceased, hanging by his side, bespoke at once the poverty and wants of the aged friends. A little company of associates gathered at the cabin, upon a Sabbath Day in early spring, a few brief words closed the ceremonies at the grave, and his poor companion returned to his cheerless cabin, where after spending a few days in mourning for " Master Moore," he two wearied of his lonely life, and laying down upon his pallet of straw a generous spirit, but one who had been afforded generous opportunities, fled to the mansions of rest. In 1837, Osceola was practically dead, and Van Buren and La Fayette left to battle each other alone. The arrivals were the most numerous of any that had succeeded the foundings of corporate existence in this vicinity. Work was carried on with gratifying results in the mines, but improvements were not of a character correspondingly felicitous. W, A. Coons, John Van Dyke, Joseph Hall and others were among the prominent arrivals. John R. Coons established the firm afterward known as Coons, Wooley & Co., at La Fayette ; Cook & Brenneman opened a store at the same place, as also did Brayton Bushee and Millechop & Co.; David T. Ander- son and H. C. Green pleaded law; C. D. Crockwell, M. D., and Allen Hill, M. D., mixed pills, and the daily lives of men of influence and men of brawn were made up of cock-fighting, horse- racing, dog-baiting and hunting ducks. This continued through the season or until the panic of that year became an established fact, and dissipated the remembrance of days that were gone in pleasure, and profitless. The next year the largest and most elegant commercial establishments that had been raised up to that time were built in La Fayette, which was at this period the land- ing-place for steamboats upon which the lead from neighboring mines was shipped to market. Van Buren, however, had the post office. These houses included stores by Bushee, Coons, Wooley & Co., Millichops & Co., Snaer & Long's Hotel, Mr. Craigs store-house. Coons' dwell- ing and other places of note which have long since yielded to the inevitable. Big lodes were discovered, too, that year, and during the winter dealers ran out of whisky. MURDERS. In addition to these experiences two murders occurred. James Short was murdered by a man named Gardner, and his body thrown over the bluff where it was discovered weeks after by Crows, secured and buried. The murderer was apprehended at Jacksonville, 111., three year after, and hanged for the murder of one Miles, confessing on the scaffold that he had "crooked" Jimmy Short. The other murder was that of Jim Crow and caused the most intense excitement. POTOSI RECEIVES ITS NAME. Cabins were accumulating at Van Buren, La Fayette, and at the head of the hollow since known as Potosi. In 1839, a meeting was held at the former place to procure the consolidation of these three places, and the concentration of business at one of them. The convention is repre- sented as having been largely attended, and the question lucidly discussed. But after a free and frequent canvass of the situation, the head of the hollow bore off the palm of victory, and was named Potosi. Another authority insists that this is all unworthy of belief or reputation. He states that the town of Potosi followed the moves made by miners toward Dutch Hollow, and one of the first to appreciate the necessity for change was Owen McLaughlin, in whose saloon Jim Crow danced his final bar. Immigration in 1839 was immense; coming chiefly from Missouri and Illinois. Among these < were S. E. Lewis, J. D. Merrit, William Hewitt, Robert Porter, Henry Webster, William ) McDaniel, Ezra Hall, Hiram Hallowell, Isaac Martin, William Hosmer, William Kinney, Alfred k Kinney, witli their families ; Samuel Yenawine, Thomas Harrison, Thomas Smith, Myron Pat- « terson, C. C. Drake, Cornelius 'Kennedy, a Revolutionary soldier and the first pedagogue in the (• village; Briar Davis, Charles Davis, Newton Morris and some others. The improvements included storehouses by J. F. Chapman and S. B. Lewis ; a dwelling by J. D. Merritt. The HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. 763 Methodist Church, etc., and the village began to bear the appearance of life and activity it soon after bore for a period of nearly ten years. In 1840, after it became evident that the movement made to establish Potosi would not fail of accomplishment, buildings went up rapidly, and improvements were projected and concluded by way of intimating earnestness in the cause with few delays. Woods & Massey opened a store in the building adjoining that in which Jim Crow was shot, and the succeeding year Langworthy & Massey erected a frame building for commercial purposes, which is still standing. In 1841, brick was substituted in some cases for frame in Potosi, when Solon M. Langworthy built a resi- dence of that material, now owned and occupied by George Kinney. During that year the present Banfil House was commenced by Cox & Groshong, but its completion was delayed until 1842, when it was in part occupied by Buchanan's saloon, and, in part, by the boarding-house of James Hudson. At this period there were two stores remaining in La Fayette, those of Brayton Bushee and D. A. McKenzie, and that of George Maderie in Van Buren, the balance of the commercial world having located at Potosi and represented by Langworthy & Massey, S. B. Lewis & Co., Lawther & Dyer, I. G. Ury and Mr. Brenneman. The improvements in both the former places ceased, while those in Potosi continued though with less frequency than during the year previous. In 1841, James White, who came to the region in 1836, erected a stone house for blacksmithing purposes, which was this year, i. e., 1842, re- modeled and made a residence of. John Simplot built a brick house on Main street, now used as a harness-shop, and some other building was commenced and completed in 1843, when the Wisconsin House, now the residence of the Hon. J. W. Seaton, the brick building now used as the post oflSce was erected by Henderson & Bell, and Dr. Hewett's brick dwelling, were added to the architectural features of the village. A DUEL. About this time an exciting and fatal duel was fought by residents of Potosi, which is brieily referred to here because of its local significance. One evening in the month of February, 1845, Charles Latimer, an Englishman of brilliant but erratic character, was seated in Clark & Wood's Saloon in a condition of inebriety, which found expression in a song the sentiment of which was that the " lion was the king of beasts," whether haired or feathered. The saloon was filled with the usual number of customers at the time, many of whom were admirers of the " noble bird," who took immediate umbrage at the affront offered. Col. White, a Kentuckian by birth, and a man of accomplished education and manners, demanded an apology which was refused, when the Colonel challenged Latimer, who accepted, the terms being rifles at a hundred yards, on the Mis- sissippi, opposite Weld's Landing, at 6 o'clock on the following morning. The meeting was had as arranged, Latimer attended by Deacon Kaltenback, and White by a Kentuckian named Glouster, but as the principals were placed, Sam Morris, an acting Constable, James F. Chap- man, Justice of the Peace, and Maj. John R. Coons, accompanied by others, appeared upon the scene and negotiated a settlement without an exchange of shots. The party returned to Potosi, where Latimer drank himself into, a condition of mind where revenge became the predominant motive. The succeeding morning, he appeared on the street with two revolvers, one only of which was loaded, and perceiving Glouster, the friend of Col. White, opened fire. The weapon happened to be the one that was loaded only with powder, and Glouster demanded a " square deal," alleging he was unarmed. "Go and arm yourself then," replied Latimer, " for, by God, one of us must die." This the prospective victim did, and returned to discover his intended murderer whittling a stick with his bowie knife. Latimer rushed upon Glouster, who retreated until his further progress was stayed, when he warned the Englishman to halt, and failing, fired upon him when the latter fell dead in the arms of Samuel Wilson, his friend, who had during the morning made unsuccessful efforts to dissuade him from his purpose. Glouster surrendered himself to the authorities, was tried and acquitted on the ground that he acted in self-defense, and removed to Chicago, where he subsequently died. 764 HISTORY OF GI INCORPORATION OF THE VILLAGE. During 1845, Potosi became an incorporated village. At that time it contained three churches — Catholic, Methodist and Presbyterian — the two latter of brick, the former of frame, well sustained schools, St. Mathew's Female Seminary, under the direction of the Sisters of Charity of the Blessed Virgin ; a male academy, in connection with the Catholic Church, under the direction of James Ryan, formerly Professor of JMathematics at St. Vincent's Academy, Cape Girardeau, 2 lawyers, 3 magistrates, 3 physicians, 2 drug stores, 8 dry goods stores, 3 taverns, 1 watchmaker, 2 saddlers, 1 stove merchant, 1 fanning-mill maker, 1 chairmaker, 4 cabinet-maker's shops, 2 wagon-makers' shops, 2 bakers, 2 copper and tinsmiths, 2 milliners and dressmakers, 1 tan-yard, 2 tailors, 3 blacksmiths, 2 butchers, 1 dentist, 25 joiners, 12 masons, 1 confectionery, 6 groceries, a Masonic Lodge and Odd Fellows' Lodge, 1 painter, 1 livery stable, 2 brick -yards, 1 barber and 4 lead furnaces. The population was estimated at about 1,300, including 292 children between the ages of four and sixteen years, and a total vote of 400. THE EARLY MINING INTERESTS. The furnaces were run night and day, and were begun as early as 1834, when Willis St- John established a "log contrivance" in the hollow opposite the cave. This was followed by the furnace erected by Wooly, Ham & Spensley, on Rigsby's Branch. The same firm built the first blast furnace on the site of that erected at this time on Rigsby's Branch in 1837, which, in 1845, was owned and operated by Petty, Lightfoot & Pallisier. The French furnace erected by Francis Cholvin, in 1839, and the Snowden furnace, were also worked at the time mentioned. At this time, the prominent residents in the village included the Hons. William Hull, T. J. Emmerson and C. K. Lord, Dr. G. N. Bicknell and family, Edwin Bicknell and family. Miss Bmeline Fisher, subsequently prominently identified with educational interests. Dr. Ben- nett Armstrong, D. A. McKinzey, Samuel Wilson, Samuel Vance, William Lightfoot, T. and J. Pallisier, Joel Peddler, Martin Ennor, William McCulloch, L. D. Lewis, Thomas J. Kerling, A. B. Southworth, John P. Lewis, Levi Brown, Celestine Kaltenbach, James Wolfolk, Allen Wolfolk, John Swale, C. Smith, T. D. Connor, C. G. Hanscomb, T. W. Lakin, John Sweeney, Connors Sweeney, with many others. In 1839, the village was visited by an epidemic of malarial fever, which carried off a large number, and again, in 1852, by the cholera. This latter experience is said to have been both extensive and fatal beyond the epidemic of 1839, and many a man who had led desperate charges across the treacherous days of that year, went down in the contest of 1852. Fear inspired all, and, notwithstanding the constant presence of that foe to health and care and humanity, many survived the calamitous occurrence through the Samaritan agencies employed for its alleviation. Men and women went about, it is said, with their lives in hand, ready to offer help — the conso- lations of prayer — to aid convalescence or shun for the tomb one who had made a pillow of his trials, and laid down to that eternal rest. , During the epidemic not less than thirty lives were lost out of a materially diminished number by removals, to an extent readily appreciated when it is told that every one who was able to do so left Potosi during previous years for California, and when the epidemic threatened, those left behind sought safety elsewhere. From 1845 to 1850, little if any building was done, and beyond the erection of the Hen- derson Block, a handsome three-story brick edifice, put up in 1847, or thereabouts, no improve- ments of other than a transitory character were undertaken. Yet business, it seemed, increased, and everything accessible to predicate an opinion upon lent to the conclusion that Potosi had but scarcely entered upon the first quarter of success. Commercial transactions involving millions annually lent themselves to promote a healthy growth ; mining, with appar- ently inexhaustible resources, was as popular as it seemed twenty years previous. The prom- ise of more than successful rivalship to Dubuque, on the western shore of the Father of Waters, was hourly being realized. Farming, too, contributed to swell the universal prosper- HISTORY or GRANT COUNTY. 765 tv of the country, and the causes of education and morality had been substituted for the liperfect systems of law and order which had obtained in years gone by. But while this outward semblance of the landscape was cheering, there was that behind he glitter and color of finish indicating the life of the village, so to speak, as a finished poem. Converted from a sort of wild life on the edge of a wilderness to a musical, rythmical arrange- Qent, with apparently endless sources of variety, it was soon to become as a tale that is told, and levoid of interest. The cause of this was due almost entirely to the California gold mines, fhich attracted the millions from the eastern confines of the Rocky Mountains, who toiled hrough sunshine and shadow, to attain their wish in other lands, and revel in pleasures of ither climes. To very many, like the Prophet of old, the sight of the promised land was lenied them. Many laid down and died as its limits were revealed to their excited and fevered ;aze. Some few reached the El Dorado of their hopes, a very few were successful, and all were lisappointed. When the news reached Potosi of the existence of these rich deposits, it found a popula- ion made up of promiscuous nationalities and characteristics. The largest proportion of them lad been identified with mining and mining interests almost from their birth, and with the mnouncement that hidden wealth accessible to the quality of skill which furnished a comforta- )le living here awaited their undertakings, a panic was created in the Potosi mines, the like of Yhioh cannot be conceived. Age forgot it^ crutch, labor its task, and all who were able to juckle on their sandals preparatory to flight thither did so, and left. After the first rush had ipent its force, the village began a new lease of existence, and began once more to prosper. At Ms juncture, cheering accounts reached those left behind of the prosperity of those who had ;one, and a second exodus occurred which completely paralyzed trade and business, from the jffects of which recovery is not visible to-day. Thence forward, Potosi lost the coign of rantage she had held for nearly twenty years. Dubuque observing the advantage that might iccrue by the exercise of enterprise, undertook a manifestation of that element, and has since become what it was thought Potosi ultimately would be, previous to the California fever. From 1855 to 1860, nothing was lacking to attract patronage to Snake Hollow, but with- out results. Then the war broke out, and a passing excitement usurped the place of complete quiescence, which existed. Potosi responded to such calls as were made upon her resources by the authorities, watched the chances of success, mourned defeat, rejoiced at victory, and wel- 3omed the return of those who went out to fight from her households. Then came silence once more. Last year an unusual activity was taken in business, and considerable enterprise was manifested by her citizens. A number of improvements were completed, and considerable Wding concluded, and the citizens and those who visit this vale of pleasure and quiet wherein the lines of Potosi's life are laid, contemplate a future for the village that is not without promise. The incorporation of the village was repealed early during the fifties, and the Clerk's book bs disappeared, hence no official record of the village could be obtained. THE SCHOOLS. The minds of citizens were exercised at an early day on the subject of education, and no pains were spared to provide this element of civilization for the youth of both sexes after the "■eightier matters of the law had been taken care of. Had this been wanting, however, the wvent at an early day of some settlers who appreciated the force of that argument, the premises m conclusion of which is "we must educate ; we must educate" would have prevailed to pre- fent laches in this behalf. ■'■ he first school of which there is any record of having been opened was that commenced "1 loda in a log cabin at La Fayette, when Cornelius Kennedy, a Revolutionary soldier and a j^wtinet educator, began the art with a limited number of scholars, composed in part of H. B. W)on8, Samuel Coons, John Coons, Mary Coons, George Langley, Amanda Bushee, William • Jorbes, Harriet Forbes and John Long. Mr. Kennedy taught the requisite number of 766 HISTOEY OF GRANT COUNTY. terms for which he engaged and retired from active service, so far as can be ascertained, with the good wishes of all immediately interested. In 1839, a pedagogue named Eayers came into the country from the East and introduced himself as a candidate for public favor and patronage as "a school teacher." He opened for instruction in a miner's cabin under the hill at Van Buren and succeeded in maintaining order, as also in the propagation, for some months. Early in 1840, C. C. Drake dismounted from the stage and took up the birch as a public educator in Van Buren, where he remained, it is thought, for the period of six months, when he removed to the Bull's tavern in La Fayette, in which historic premises he concluded his noviate as a teacher within the vicinity of Potosi. His absence was supplied meanwhile by a Mr. Johnson, in whose care and under whose direction a school was prepared for in a house that was built for and occupied, at one time during its probably checkered experience, as Clark & Wood's saloon. Following Drake came 0. S. D. Crockwell in the old log Methodist Church, who in turn yielded place to Miss Emeline Fisher. The next school heard of was located in an unpretentious log cabin of limited dimensions at the head of the hollow, which was presided over by Edward Story and his successors with varying results until 1846, when the brick school house in the hollow was completed at a cost of $1,500 ; and a brother of Angus Cameron, the present Senator of Wisconsin in the Congress of the United States, accepted charge of the trust. Along about 1845, the Sisters of Charity of the Blessed Virgin opened a school in the Catholic parsonage adjoining the church of that denomination, and for several years afforded superior facilities to an average daily attendance of scholars quoted at about 56. In 1847, the Hon. J. W. Seaton, who has since resided in Potosi, came here and identified himself prominently with the material interests of the home of his adoption, making that of furnishing the most complete system of education available at the time an important feature. The same year he was placed in charge of the brick school and for two years directed ita success and prosperity with unswerving fidelity. He retired in 1849 to enter upon the dis- charge of his duties as an attorney, and the schools have since endeavored to maintain the high order of scholarship, discipline and excellence which he established. Up to the building of the brick schoolhouse in 1846, it is thought the schools taught in Potosi were those of a private character, and carried on under private auspices and by private subscriptions. With that event, however, this system no longer generally obtained, and was succeeded by the system provided for by legislative enactment. The little brick did excellent service, it is said, from the days when rugged youth inhaled the dreamy air of idleness within its walls, to those when village Hampdens and future legis- lators and statesmen first comprehended the rule of three behind its portals. But schools, like men, arrive at an age when their usefulness is past, and, like men, they are cast aside as the phantom of an hour, to sparkle in the sunlight of a more prosperous candidate. This was the experience of the little old brick, which was vacated in 1867, when the new schoolhouse on North East street was completed and publicly dedicated to the cause for which the inconveniences of its honored but cramped predecessor necessitated its building. The new house is of brick, two stories high, of convenient dimensions, containing three departments, and cost a total of $7,500. In the departments of primary, intermediate and high, requiring three years to complete, a student can obtain an education that will fit him or her for any position in life where modest merit always commands an audience. The school year consists of two terms, attended by monthly and terminal examinations, enjoys an average daily attendance of 160 pupils, and requires an annual outlay of $1,300 in the liquidation of obligations thus incurred. It is under the control of three teachers, who are jointly and severally responsible to a Board of Trustees, at present composed of John A. Nevill, E. S. Rockwell and W. H. Hunt. HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. 76' THE PRESS. 2%e Potosi Republican. — During the month of May, 1847, the absence of a weekly pape in the then thriving village was supplied by the issue of the Republican. It was a folio, witl seven columns to the page, politically Democratic, and conceived and brought forth at a timi when its'necessity was sufficiently apparent to justify the venture. Its success is said to hav been instant and general, but the sequel of its birth was not equal to the promise that even imported. The paper, it is said, was ably edited by the Hon. J. M. Denton, by Seaton & McKee, bi Seaton & Paul, and others, and with the exodus of miners and others to California — a perioc running through the years 1849-52, interest in the enterprise began to wane, and after endur ing a checkered experience until 1855, when it was overtaken by the calamity of suspension and disappeared from view. Potosi Signal — Was established by David & Robert MoKee, sons of Stewart McKee, wh( built the McKee Mills, and the first number issued on the 13th of July, 1852, from an office ii the Langworthy building. The founders procured their material at St. Louis, whence came th( printers and other auxiliaries indispensable to a newspaper office. It was edited by the McKe( Brothers for a brief period, then by McKee & Seaton, and by others, and still enjoys the repu tation of having been the brightest, spiciest, newsiest paper ever published in the lead mines After a year, the experiment was found to be a losing one, when the publication of the Signa was abandoned, the materials removed to Shullsburg, and the ShuUsburg Chronicle quickeuec into life. As with the Republican, no files remain of the Signal accessible to examination. THE VILLAGE POST OFFICE. This usual and indispensable adjunct to village life has enjoyed a continued and happj existence, having been established for nearly half a century and free from the official and othei annoyances peculiar to public service. Its history is brief, and can be told without exhaustive verbiage. The office was established in 1837, half way between the Head of the Hollow anc Van Buren, where it remained nine months, under the administration of Peter Coyle. At th( expiration of that period, Celestine Kaltenbach was appointed, and removed the office to Van Buren. He has now been in the service for forty-three years, and has followed the drifting changes of the tide from Van Buren to La Fayette, to Potosi with his charge, and is at present located in one of the brick buildings erected on Main street in 1843, where he will remain unti] his terms of office are finished, and his record is certified to the Great Master. KELIGIOUS. The Methodist Ohuroh was established in 1839, and after thirty years' labors yielded tc the inevitable about ten years ago. In 1839, a class was formed in La Fayette, composed 6i Thomas Clayton, leader ; with Thomas J. Crockwell, John Crockwell, Catharine C. Crockwell. George Maderie and wife, James R. Short and wife, and John Peddler and wife, as members. Weekly prayer meeting was established, and semi-monthly preaching enjoyed for some time in the small residence of J. R. Short. Finally, a log meeting-house was erected, and served its purpose until 1845. During that year a brick structure erected for Mormon purposes, in the Hollow, was purchased and removed up town, where it was occupied for five years. In 1850, the edifice now known as a Temperance Hall was built, and up to early in the seventies was known as the Methodist Church. At that period, however, or rather in 1877, the cause of Wesleyanism in Potosi, which had for some years previous been on the wane, failed to rally, and yielded up the ghost. The church was sold, and the sect has no existence now. St. Thomas' Catholic Church. — The first Catholic society organized in Potosi bears date some time in the year 1837. Early in that season Celestine Kaltenbach and family, Peter Coyle and family, Michael Lawler and family, John Tobin and family, and some few others, ■^68 HISTOEY OF GRAjnt uuujnii. communicants or the Churcli of Rome, established a beginning and heard mass in tlie residences of the several members. This was continued until 1838, when a small, inconvenient log church, on the site of the present church, was completed at a cost of $500, and taken possession of and used without formal consecration. For a period the congregation was compelled to depend upon the services of missionary evangelists, but upon the completion of the church as mentioned, the Rev. Father Caussi was ordered hither, where he remained until 1852 in the discharge of his sacred ofiBces. During his administration the capacity of the edifice was sorely taxed, so large became his parish ; and in 1847 the present handsomely proportioned and furnished brick church was built, a large and commodious brick parsonage adjoining having been finished in 1845. The church is 36x56, surmounted by a stately steeple, and cost, with the parsonage, a total of $11,000. The church was solemnly dedicated to the service of God by the Rt. Rev. Bishop Henni, Bishop of the Diocese, and has since been so appropriated. After the Rev. Father Caussi re- signed his pastorate, he was succeeded by the following prelates, though the church is now dependent upon mission services : Father Gibson, the Rev. Joseph Albert, Father Nurts, Thomas Hodnet, William Bernard, and J. C. Devine, who died in the service in 1880. The church property is valued at $10,000, and the congregation about one hundred families. The First Congregational Qhurch. — This society was organized as the first Presbyterian Church of Potosi, on December 20, 1840, and under the direction of the Rev. S. Chaffee. Owing to some unexplained and unexplainable, not less lamentable fact, no record of the success or failure of these Calvinists is preserved, and hence the historian is denied the pleasure of such presentation. The last Pastors who served were the Rev. James P\ Mitchell, who came Septem- ber 1, 1872, and resigned August, 1874 ; the Rev. N. Mayne from November, 1874, until 1875. He was followed by the Rev. D. W. Gilmor, under whose pastorate, and, on Tuesday, February 29, 1876, the church was formally changed from Presbyterian with forty-four members. Mr. Gilmor was retained until August, 1872, working with success in his chosen labor, when he resigned to accept a call elsewhere. On the 19th of October of the same year, the Rev. J. A. Ball took charge, and is still in the service. The present congregation numbers forty-seven communicants, and the church property represents a valuation of $2,000. It is proper to add that the Waterloo Church is an ofl'shoot of the Potosi Congregational Church, having been organized June 14, 1875, with sixteen members, and yet prospers. BUSINESS ENTERPBISES. Potosi Flouring Mills. — The solitary manufacturing establishment in the village was estab- lished August 19, 1879, by C. Peacock and G. G. Bonus and is proving a valuable investment. Kaltenbach's building opposite the Banfil House was reconstructed by these gentlemen and stocked with machinery, including four run of buhrs, one set of crushers, two separators, etc., together with an engine of forty horse power, at a total cost of $5,000. The capacity of the mill is fifty barrels of flour per diem and one bushel of feed per minute. The firm manufactures all grades of flour, as also patent and fancy patent and do a business of $45,000 per year. The Potosi Brewery — Located one mile west of the village, was erected in 1855 by Gabriel Hail, who came to America from Memmingin, Bavaria, and was a well known and influential citizen of Potosi for the period of a quarter of a century. The premises are of stone, two stories high, and furnished with cellars, coolers and equipments for the manufacture of beer unsurpassed in the West. The brewery costs $10,000, and has, since the death of its founder, been operated by the heirs. When running to its full capacity, eight men are employed at a weekly compensation of $50, and the annual business is estimated at $10,000. SOCIETIES. Mendota Lodge, A. 0. M. — A temperance organization chartered on the 9th of June, 1877, by the Grand Lodge of Wisconsin, and organized by Grand Sachem Morrell, with twenty members and the following officers : H. G. Green, Sachem ; Mrs. D. Banfill, Queen ; William Oibson, Prophet; Mrs. George Lewis, Priestess; E. J. Bilderback, Writer; Mrs. Eliza Kendrick, Treasurer, and William Mains, Guide. Meetings were held at regular intervals up to 1878 in Lower Masonic Hall ; during that year the order purchased the vacant Methodist Church for f 225, and have convened since that event in the hall last designated. The present members number 25. Meetings are held weekly on Saturday nights, and the present officers are : John A. Nevill, Sachem ; Mrs. David Burch, Queen ; Rev. J. A. Ball, Prophet ; Mrs. D. Banfill, Priestess ; Mrs. George Lewis, Treasurer ; Willis Rockwell, Writer ; Miss Lottie Goodrich, Guide. Lodge property is valued at $500. Warren Lodge, No. 4-, F. ^- A. M. — The records of this lodge show that the first meeting of the order held in Potosi was on the 20th of October, 1844, to take into consideration the pro- priety of organizing a subordinate lodge. Enos G. Wood was chosen Chairman, and J. D. Spaulding, Secretary. The first regular communication was designated " Warren Lodge of Ancient York Masons," and was held in a room or place over Coons & Wooley's store in La Fayette, on the 2d of May, 1844. It was held under a dispensation from the Grand Lodge of the Territory, signed by B. F. Kavanaugh, Grand Master, attested by Ben C. Eastman, Grand Scribe. The following officers were appointed : Bro. Enos P. Wood, W. M.; Bro. Marcus Wain- wright, S. W.; Simon E. Lewis, J. W. The by-laws of Melody Lodge, No. 2, were adopted for their government, and the following subordinate officers elected : Bro. Thomas J. Taylor, Treas.; Bro. George Maderie, Sec; Bro. S. B. Keene, S. D.; Bro. D. W. Hall, J. D.; Bros. Samuel Alexander and Myron Patterson, Stewards ; and Bro. John R. Seaton, Tiler. The fol- lowing are the names of brethren present in addition to the officers elect : William H. Wood, H. R. Coulter and John R. Spaulding. Terrence Clark and Thomas Palliser were the first candidates for admission, and were received under a dispensation from the Grand Lodge. The lodge continued working under this dispensation until January 10, 1845, when it was fully organized under a charter from the Grand Lodge of the State, and on the 24th of the same month, the first regular officers of the lodge were installed by Grand Master B. T. Kavan- augh, and Asa E. Hough, Acting Deputv Grand Marshal, as follows: George W. Bicknell, W. M.; H. R. Coulter, S. W.; George Maderie, J. W.; Thomas Palliser, Treas.; William H. Wood, Sec; Simon E. Lewis, S. D.; D. W. Hall, J. D.; J. H. Barnett, Tiler. At this com- munication Bros. Robert Templeton and D. A. McKenzie were passed to the degree of Fellowcrafts. During the year 1845, Bros. Joseph Petty, James F. Chapman, Lewis Reynolds, Gendower M. Price, Jos^h Woolley, Cyrus K. Lord, William McDaniel, and many other well-known citizens of the county, made application for admission to the lodge, and were raised to the sub- lime degree of Master Masons. In June, of the same year, a contract was made with the I. 0. 0. F. for an undivided half mterest of their hall, and thereafter the lodge held its monthly meetings in the building which they still occupy. Of the charter members, and those who were connected with the lodge during the first year, none are now living, if we except Joseph Petty, the present Superintendent of the County Poor Farm, and Judge C. K. Lord, of La Crosse. All have taken their last dimit of earthly things, and gone, as we cherish the hope, to become true and faithful communicants of the Celes- tial Lodge above. Only a few members of Warren Lodge were engaged in the recent war, as most of them were of that age, at the commencement of the rebellion, when the infirmities of human life forbid 770 HISTOEY OF GRANT COUNTY. active military service, notwithstanding their loyalty and devotion to the cause of the Union was ever manifest by their good words and works ; and while the young men fought the battles of their country, the old men contributed, with open heart and hand, to the support of their poor, distressed brethren, their widows and orphans. Three of its present membership were in the military service, viz.: John Liken (since dead), John D. Canheld and Robert H. Kendrick, the latter of whom has served several terms as Master of the Lodge since the close of the war. Mr. Kendrick enlisted as a private in Company H, Twenty-fifth Regiment Wisconsin Volunteers, August 12, li^62, and was elected Second Corporal. The company left immediately for the regiment, which was ordered to Minnesota to quell the Indian disturbances. After scouting two or three months on the frontiers, they pre- pared to go into winter quarters, building log and sod cabins, and supplying themselves with potatoes and other vegetables from the abandoned farms of the settlers. They had scarcely got in their winter's supplies, however, when they were ordered to report at Madison, and from there were ordered South in the vicinity of Vicksburg. Midsummer of the next year found them on the Yazoo Bottoms, where all were soon taken sick and many died. On the death of First Lieutenant Wise, Mr. K. was promoted to the office made vacant, and served in this capacity until the close of the war. He was captured by the enemy at Atlanta, Ga., on the 22d of July, 1864, and taken to Macon, where he remained a close prisoner for two months. From here he was removed to Charleston, S. C, where he was kept in close confinement two months longer. While here, in company with five hundred other officers who were prisoners, he was placed under the fire of Foster's guns to prevent our fleet from shelling the city. He was next removed to Columbia and placed in a State asylum, called by our boys " Camp Sorghum," to commemo- rate the fact that all the prisoners were fed on corn meal and sorghum molasses ; thence they were taken to " Camp Bacon " (so-called from another memorable fact that it was the first place they had tasted bacon in four months), at Charlotte, N. C. On the 5th of March, 1865, he was exchanged, and returned home the mere wreck and shadow of a man. Mr. Kendrick was a true and faithful soldier, as he is a man and Mason. The present membership is forty. The present officers are : William Honnsel, W. M. ; James Bradbury, S. W.; John Chester, J. W.; George Kinney, Treas.; J. W. Seaton, Sec; R. H. Kendrick, S. D.; Lafe Casbey, J. D., and William Palliser, Tiler. CEMETERIES. There are three cemeteries in the vicinity of Potosi, two belonging to the Catholic Church and one known as the Protestant cemetery. All are held sacred in the eyes of the world, all contain the loved emblems of mortality, who, if the teachings of inspiration are accepted as the true faith, wait for those that are left behind, on the shores of the beautiful river. They are appropriately laid out, handsomely orna- mented with shrubberies and flowers, and evince a taste in their picturesqueness and surround- ings, at once happy and appropriate. ADJOINING SETTLEMENTS. Supplementary, and it might be added tributary to Potosi Village, are points of settlement contiguous thereto, though their race with prosperity was decided years ago. Among these are Dutch Hollow, a mile to the east of Potosi, British Hollow and Rockville to the northeast, dis- tant a mile and a half and three miles respectively. DUTCH HOLLOW. This is a pleasant settlement largely composed of Germans, as it nomenclature would indi- cate, containing a number of residences, a school and St. Andrew's Church. In 1845, a Catholic society was established in this vicinity, which was the germ of the present large congregation. The society was organized by Father Andrew Tusch, to whose dili- gence and labors the subsequent success observable was mainly due. HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. 77 In 1846, with the aid of his congregation, and subscriptions obtained from the piously inclinec he erected a brick church edifice, and for thirty years worshiped with his people therein. I 1851, Father Tusch resigned his pastorate, and was succeeded by Father Nicholas Thiele. I 1876, the erection of the present edifice was commenced, and labor expended thereon until it completion. The building is of brick, 48x110, and surmounted by a steeple 135 feet from th ground. It is one of the most commodious and elegant houses of worship of any denomins tion in the county, and cost a total of $25,000 before its dedication, which occurred in 1877. Dutch Hollow is the scene of no inconsiderable thrift, peculiar to the character of th inhabitants, and is a pleasing spot for business or residence purposes. BRITISH HOLLOW. British Hollow was among the earliest settlements in the county, and where Thomas Hyme erected his cabin within its present precincts in 1827. Subsequently there was a large influ of emigration of miners, who developed the wealth of the region, and contributed to whateve of prosperity that has survived its flush of youth, so to speak. The village proper was brought first into prominence through the efforts and enterprise c J. R. Vineyard, James Lancaster, Edward Thwaites, R. Urvine and others, and while contain ing several stores, a hotel, etc., has lost its prestige as a town these many years. It is supplie with a school and Methodist Church, which, with business transacted annually of but limite proportions, are the chief points of interest to residents and strangers. The Methodist Episcopal Church — Is a handsome frame, about 25x30 in dimensions, wit a capacity for 200, and was built in 1859, at a cost of $600. It is attached to the Georgetow: Circuit, and services are held there semi-monthly, under the pastorate of the Rev. T. J. Lewis The congregation is estimated to number about forty. The system of schools in use here is the same as that established throughout the countj The school edifice, however, is one of the most commodious, architecturally handsome and othei wise attractive in this portion of the State. The main building is composed of stone, 27x3f completely furnished, and was erected in 1868, at a cost of $1,200. The addition is also of ston« 21x30 and was erected as a primary department in 1875, costing an amount similar to tha paid for the main building. The course of instruction is complete, with a view to affording desirable opportunities fo the acquisition of an education. It enjoys an average daily attendance of thirty, and $400 i expended annually in its support. ROCKVILLE. This village, situated three and a half miles from Potosi, nine miles from Lancaster, an ten miles from Platteville was located about 1850, when the post office was removed hither froi Pin Hook. The early settlers in this vicinity include the Hon. A. W. Emery, who came to the vicinit in 1832 ; Jacob Dawson, in about 1840 ; Samual Druen in about 1830 ; D. C. Phillips, th discoverer and operator of "Phillip's Range," in 1844; Joel Stephens, and Birch and Cheste in 1845 ; Thomas Carthew, Edward Ivy, Andrew Jackson, James Jackson, Hudd Smith an Bradley in 1847, and some others. The village was, in those days, the center of a minin region of vast resources, and to-day is made up of one store, a tavern, school, two churches an about one dozen residences. The School — Was erected in 1872, at a cost of $2,600. It is of frame 26x36, and contain a primary and grammar department, giving employment to two teachers, and have an averag attendance of eighty pupils. It is under the control of a Board of Directors, consisting of John Carthew, Joseph Walkt and Samuel Stephens, and requires an annual expenditure of $600. The Methodist Episcopal Church — Was erected in 1854, is attached to the Georgetown Ci: cuit, and enjoys a liberal attendance upon days when services are held by the Rev. T. J. Lewii 772 HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. German Presbyterian Ohureh — Was organized by the Germans and Americans about 1850. The organization as thus constituted, continued for a number of years, when a separation occurred, the Germans affecting a separate organization. The church is of brick, of limited dimensions, and handsomely situated on the brow of a hill. The congregation at present num- bers forty-three members, the church property is valued at $1,000, and the following Pastors have served since its foundation : The Revs. John BeuUy, J. Liesfeld, J. Burk and A. 0. Stark.. Rockwell Lodge, No. 356, I. 0. Gr. T. — Was organized February 22, 1881, with twenty members and the following officers: J. C. Emery, W. C. T. ; Miss Ellen Carthew, W. V. T. ; Miss Mary A. Kitto, W. C. ; T. H. Carthew, W. S. ; Miss Julia Curnow, W. A. S. ; Miss Maggie L. Phillips, W. F. S. ; Miss Abbie Dawton, W. T. ; John Druan, W. M. The present membership is stated at thirty-seven ; meetings are convened weekly on Saturday evenings, and the present officers are B. F. Likens, W. C. T. ; Miss Ellen Carthew, W. V. T. ; T. H. Car- thew, W. R. S. ; Miss Maggie L. Phillips, W. F. S. ; Miss Maty A. Kitto, W. C. ; .Miss Abbie Dawton, W. T- ; John Druan, W. M. St. Andrew's Qatholic Benevolent Society was organized February il8, 1875, by the Rev. N. A. Thill. The first officers were : William Mechler, President ; Anton Zeller, Vice Presi- dent ; Theo. Mikesch, Secretary; John P. Friesen, Treasurer; W. Schmitz, Marshal; C. Si- mon, Assistant Marshal. Present officers are: H. B. Uppena, President; B. Marino, Vice President; Rev. J. A. Dries, Secretary ; B. H. Uppena, Treasurer ; William Schmitz, Marshal ; William jVIechler, Banner-bearer. The society is in a prosperous condition. CHAPTER Xir. BOSOOBEL. Eaely Settlement— The Fikst Fike— The Wae— Municipal Matters— Town Officeks— Vil- lage Officers- City Officers— Fire Department— Wisconsin River Bridge— Artesian Well— Schools — Post Office— The Press — Churches— Hotels — Masonic Orders — I. O. O. P.— A. 0. U. W.— Temperance Organizations— Cemetery— Boscobel Agricultural and Driving Association— Band— Manufacturers— Brick Yards— Elevators— Trout Pond. early settlement. The ancient Norman nobility of England were wont to refer to the peers and nobles created by Edward IV and his predecessor as the " new men." The same appellation might have been applied to this city by some of the old settled towns of the county ; but, to carry the applica- tion further, as the "new men" of " Merrie England," despite the sneers and contemptuous frowns of their older brethren, continued to grow and flourish, until, among the " bows and bills " of Barnet, the older chivalry went down under the flashing swords, amid the cries " make way for the new men," so the " new village " has not only distanced the majority of its competitors, but has, as it rose higher in reputation, population and business prosperity, witnessed the decay and almost living death of those which at its birth were themselves flourishing and prosperous towns. The first actual resident in the present town, at least so far as known, was one Thomas Sanders, who came to this portion of the county from Galena, 111., in 1846, and built him a hut on what is now Block 6, of Boscobel proper. This he occupied with a partner named Asa Wood, and together they engaged in getting out logs on the river bottom adjoining, which they afterward rafted down the river to the mills below. The name of Sanders is kept prominently before the citizens of the town by the little stream that careers and gurgles through the city, furnishing a constant supply of living water. The first actual settler is not so easily ascertained. Among those here at an early date were John Newberry and a widow lady named Powell. The former occupied the place afterward purchased in 1878 by Mr. W. McCord, while Mrs. Powell had located on the southwest quarter of Section 35. In 1847, a settler by the name of Waynes came in, but, as there is no record of him later, it is probable he did not remain very long. In March, 1848, Mr. McCord and family came and located on their present farm. The succeed- ing spring Joshua Brindley arrived with his family and settled a short distance from McCord. He, two years later, bought the claim of Charles Bailey, on Section 35, half a mile southeast of the town, upon which he moved, within the limits embraced in the present city. A. E. Hall had a claim, situated near the site of the present depot, and was the first actual settler on the site of the present city. At this time, and for a half-score of years later, what afterward became Boscobel was a part of Marion, and was a wild plain, given over mainly to the forest denizens and their aborig- inal companions, whenever the latter saw fit to wander in this direction. Even as late as 1855 and 1856, deer, in droves of a dozen or more, would cross the river and stray, with wondering 6yes, to the edge of the new settlement, probably puzzling over this unwonted activity, ready to fly upon the slightest provocation to the shaded hillside coverts. This north country was at that time hovering between the two poles of prosperity and semi-oblivion. The problem of its future existence was finally solved, as has been many others, by those linked bands of iron and steel, which have, for the past half-century, solved so many of a similar nature. The Milwaukee & Mississippi Kailroad, as first designed, would have left Boscobel nameless and undisturbed to nght out alone its destiny. But the guiding spirits of the enterprise saw fit to change their plans, and the future of Boscobel was assured. T74 . HISTORY OV GRANT COUNTY. In 1853, previous to the advent of the road, the following families were living in the limits of the present town : A. E. Hall, Joshua Brindley, Mrs. S. Powell, W. McCord, all living on land as given above; Matt Ward, on Section 34, southwest quarter ; Mark and William Bailey, on the northeast quarter of Section 35 ; George W. Crandall, on the southeast quarter of Sec- tion 36 ; Mrs. Craig, on the southwest quarter of Section 24, and Abner Petty on the south half of Section 13. The greater portion of the land in this vicinity was then Government property, which after- ward, under the graduation established by th^ Government, became subject to entry at 50 cents per acre. The roads were few, little traveled, and in that condition so peculiar to all new coun- tries, which renders the life of the traveler anything but comfortable as he progresses over them. A saw-mill of limited capacity, erected by Mr. Bull, was in existence, located on Crooked Creek — a stream whose erratic wanderings suggested its distinctive title — three-fourths of a mile below McCord's; but of grist-mills there were none within the proverbial " Sabbath-day's jour- ney." As a means of crossing the river a ferry had been established, operated by M. Woodard and D. Thompson, opposite Section 14, to Georgetown, now without ferry or building, and those not caring to avail themselves of this means were obliged to traverse eight miles of sandy, snaggy roads in reaching Boydtown. The land on which the city stands was purchased in 1854, by C. K. Dean, Adam E. Ray, Henry M. Ray and E. H. Brodhead, and the station located the same year. At this time the site was occupied by a beautiful grove of oak trees. A party of railroad magnates, with their friends, came over the road on a tour of inspection, during the year, and took carriages from Muscoda, proceeding by these conveyances to Prairie du Chien, returning in the same manner. Among the party was Gen. Rufus King, then editor of the Milwaukee Sentinel. Upon his re- turn, Mr. King referred in the most flattering terms to the new station, speaking of it as Bos- <;obel, the name being said to have its derivation from the words ''bosc," wood, and "belle," beautiful. However this may be, the name, once given was accepted, and retained to the present day. In this year, Dr. Blanchard and Moors Rice figure among the prominent additions to the population of the embryo town, and the year immediately succeeding, C. K. Dean, John Mor- timer and William S. Coates, with their families, settled in what was to be their future home. In the latter part of this year, the near approach of the railroad drew attention to the town, and several parties came in to stay, among them Mr. John Ruka, who put up a board shanty and built a blacksmith-shop, where he practiced his trade, just west of the present residence of Dr. Carley. James Dickerson had already put up a small frame building, in which a limited stock of goods served to dignify the institution by the name of store. Mr. Dickerson had been omitted among the early arrivals, as had also Mr. Horace Watkins, who came probably as early as 1855 and took up a claim on the river bottom, on which his dwelling is still standing. Boscobel was platted early in 1856, and the lots put on sale this year. The site, now so densely populated, was originally a portion of farms owned by Joshua Brindley and A. E. Hall, and did duty as a corn-field, the street now known as Wisconsin avenue having been laid out through it in 1856. Even up to the very settlement of the town, the golden ears hung thick in the fields. Among the arrivals for 1856 were Dr. J. 0. Beals, who dealt out quinine and blue pills to the inhabitants ; J. C. Stevenson, Charles Contoit, Elder Moorehouse (who opened a small, very small, drug store), J. R. Muffley, and others, whose names have drifted away into the great Lethean sea. The advent of the snorting, puffing, sizzling iron horse, as the old year was wrapping itself in its furry mantle of snow, gave Boscobel a heavy impetus which soon developed its good results by the rapid influx which characterized the following years. The first agent of the company at this point was John Mortimer. By 1858, village lots that a few years before had been wild prairie land, purchasable at 50 cents per acre, were selling readily at $100 and |200 each. The town, as originally projected, would have occupied the ground northwest of the railroad track, but, with the usual perversity ' During the summer of 1869, No. 1 Engine House was erected. On the first floor of this structure, Engine No. 1 and the hook and ladder trucks — -each in separate apartments — find lodgment. The upper story is used as a city hall, while the basement serves for the purpose of a city "bastile." Rough and Ready, No. 2. — In accordance with a call issued by G. W. Cowan and J. W. 'Vatson, a meeting was held September 8, 1870, for the organization of a second engine com- pany. Eighteen names were attached to the company's rolls, the officers being : Foreman, G. 782 HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. W. Cowan ; First Assistant Foreman, J. W. Watson ; Second Assistant Foreman, A. M. McKinney ; Treasurier, Austin Dexter ; Secretary, John Classon. The name chosen for the company was " Rough and Ready Engine Company, No. 2." October 30, 1876, a hose com- pany was organized from the members of the organization, A. M. McKinney being elected Capiain and John Ricks, Assistant. The present officers are : Foreman, Thomas Crinklow ; First Assistant Foreman, Charles Ricks ; Second Assistant Foreman, T. Cliff ; Secretary, S. Bartholomew. No. 2's engine house was erected in the fall of 1870, soon after the organization, of the company, upon Lot 4, of Block 30, being just north of Mr. Cowan's machine shop. In 1879, it was removed to its present location on Superior street. The department was formally organized as such under an ordinance passed in January, 1874, creating and regulating this branch of the city government. Mr. G. W. Cowan was elected the first Chief Engineer under this ordinance, serving two years, when he was followed by Gustavo Meyer, who served a few months, when he was elected Mayor, and T. N. Hubbell was elected to fill the vacancy. He was re-elected, serving until 1879, when he took the Mayor's chair, and was succeeded by T. M. Wells, the present Chief. Although residing in comparatively a small city, the fire department of Boscobel have ample facilities for proving their efficiency and the metal of which they were made. The result has been most satisfactory, but few towns in the State being possessed of a better organized or more willing band of fire-fighters. In April. 1858, the inhabitants of the then growing village first formed the acquaintance of the red destroyer, who made his first visitation upon Barnett's Hotel, standing on the present site of the Carrier House. The work was thorough, the house proving a total loss. The next fire of any importance was the burning of the house of Mr. Frank Lewis, in 1863. The village then had a rest from any disastrous blazes until 1868, when, ere the year had come to an end, three fires had told the inhabitants that they were yet at the mercy of the destroyer. By the first of these, the Catlin House, together with its barns, was burned. At this fire, the old No. 2 engine was used for the first time. A few months later, Ziegelmair & Biederman's brewery burned to the ground. These fires were succeeded by the conflagration of January, 1869, mentioned in another place, which resulted in the organization of an efficient fire department. The next great fire came with the burning of the depot August 30, 1870, when", besides this building. Palmer's ware- house, with a large amount of grain, was licked up by the flames. Several other buildings nar- rowly escaped destruction, being saved only through the strenuous exertions of the department. From this date, although often called out by small blazes, and once to quell the flames at Ziegelmair's brewery, the city was visited by no very damaging fire until July 7, 1877, when McSpaden's elevator took fire, and, despite all exertions of the firemen, burned to the ground. September 22 of the same year, the Heim stave factory went up in smoke. ' * The following year, "Thompson's Corner," Oak street and Wisconsin avenue, was visited by the touch of the fire fiend, and two buildings, with their contents, totally destroyed. During 1880, a large barn and contents, belonging to Parker, Hilderbrand & Co., was consumed. The last ravages of the fire fiend showed themselves January -7, 1881, when the Central House, located in the center of the city, caught fire from causes unknown, and before the fire was under control the house had been completely gutted. Owing to the severe cold weather, the water froze in the couplings and rendered the engines, after a short time, perfectly useless. This closes the list of conflagrations up to the present time. The fire department, at present, consists of about 100 men ; they having, vide the last report of the Chief Engineer, 1,000 feet of hose, for which they have two hose carts. Two engines, both hand, and a hook and ladder truck, well supplied with saving appurtenances, com- plete the outfit. WISCONSIN RIVER BRIDGE. Among the many improvements which Boscobel views with a just pride, none occupy so prominent a place in the minds of the city's inhabitants as the bridge spanning the Wisconsin HISTORY or GRANT COUNTY. 783 opposite this city and connecting the trade of that adjoining section with the commercial inter- ests of this place. The situation of Boscobel upon the extreme northern edge of the county, and lying adjacent to a large and growing section of country in Crawford County, forced upon Boscobers citizens at an early date the necessity of providing a ready means of crossing the river, in order to attract trade from that direction. The war-trumpet had hardly ceased to sound before plans were on foot looking to a consummation of this object. In 1868, a long roadway leading across what is known as "the slew" was built, consisting of earthwork and piling. A good avenue was thus furnished to the river, the crossing of which was eifected by means of a ferry. This, however, was seen to be but an imperfect solution of the problem. Constant agitation soon brought the minds of the tax-payers to a feeling that nothing but a bridge would suffice. In 1871, a commissioner was appointed to confer with towns on the other side of the river to see what could be done, but nothing seems to have come of the conference. The stubborn fact was finally forced upon the then village that if a bridge was to be built, Bos- cobel would have to build it. In order, however, to build the wished-for bridge, it was necessary to have money, and to raise this most effectually and easily, bonds were necessary. Only cities could assume bonded indebtedness, hence Boscobel must become a city. Accordingly, in 1873, the appropriate charter was granted by the Legislature, and at the same time an act was passed granting the new city authority to build a bridge across the Wisconsin and providing for the issuing of bonds, in payment of the same. Bonds were afterward issued to the amount of $30,000, and the con- tract for a good substantial structure across the river let to a Mr. Pertell, of Milwaukee, for the sum of $22,000, work being soon after commenced. This was a heavy debt for a city of some- thing over 1,000 iphabitants to assume, but true grit and business shrewdness were back of the movement. Not only was the contract price absorbed in the erection, but extras to the amount of between $3,000 and $4,000 were allowed. The cost of the original "dump" had been $12,000, making the total cost of the structure and avenues nearly $38,000. The bonds in payment for the bridge were for five, ten and fifteen years. The five-year bonds were promptly met and accruing interest paid as soon as due. The revenues, which became from the first an important feature, furnished each year a respectable sum to be used in payment of interest or bonds. The Dial o{ April 10, 1874, speaking of the completion of the structure, says: "The new bridge across the Wisconsin River at this place is now completed, although the time allowed in the contract has some time yet to run. It is 700 feet in length, and is supported by close piling covered with plank and filled with rock. Huge ice-breakers protect it from damage in the spring. Near the north end is the draw, which is 150 feet in length. Its capacity is 78,000 pounds to the moving foot, though to break it would require six times that weight. The lumber used on this bridge is from Green Bay, while the iron is from Pittsburgh. The total cost of the structure is $26,000 in city bonds, issued through the First National Bank of this city. In re- gard to toll, we copy a section of the law authorizing the city of Boscobel to bridge the Wis- consin River : "Section 4. All funds arising from tolls or from the use of said bridge shall be paid over to the Treasurer of the city of Boscobel, at least once in each month, and shall be kept by him separate and apart from all other funds, and shall not be paid out except upon orders drawn upon that specific fund. The funds arising from the toll or the use of such bridge, after paying for the care and maintenance thereof, shall be applied as follows : First, to pay the interest upon said city bonds, and thereafter to redeem said bonds as fast as said funds will allow." The bridge is 655 feet in length, comprising draw 150 feet, covered bridge 405 feet, and approaches 100 feet. During 1879-80, much of the piling across "the slew" was replaced with earth and a substantial bridge put in over this stagnant arm of the river, leaving this portion of the work 477 feet in length. The " dump " proper is 2,025 feet in length, making all told 4,157 leet as the total length of the bridge and approaches. These last improvements cost the city about $6,500, making the whole cost foot up in the neighborhood of $45,000, exclusive of in- terest paid on the bridge bonds, which in itself amounts to no inconsiderable sum. The result in a business point of view has been eminently satisfactory. "^84 HISTORY OF GEANT COUNTY. ARTESIAN WELL. Desiring to reach a spot from which a constant supply of living, sparkling water could be safely counted on at all times, an association was organized to attempt the consummation of this wish through the means of an artesian well. The organization took on the semblance of a stock company, with shares at $10 each. In 1876, work was commenced, and carried forward during this year and the succeeding one, when, at a depth of nearly 1,000 feet, a flinty rock was struck that put a stop to further operations, water, at the close of the work, coming to within fourteen feet of the surface. In 1881, the stockholders turned the ground over to the city, upon the condition that it should be devoted to park purposes. SCHOOLS. The original and earliest seat of educational interests in this section was a log building standing near Bull's saw-mill, and, in fact, forming one of the mill annexes, serving as a school- room during the day, and a lodging place at night. The ruler best remembered in this little kingdom was a female pedagogue, by name Lucinda Beaudine. The educational advantages offered were of the most limited kind, owing to numerous causes, prominent among which were the somnolent qualities developed by the lady. These qualities were the result of too much of what was known in olden times as " sparkia'." Girls, it is explained by one of the early attendants at this pioneer school, were scarce in those times, and Lucinda was, as a consequence, in great demand, first with one of the country beaux and then another. Midnight vigils and early rising are certain in time to produce a greater or less degree of somnolence, and the present was no exception to the rule. Therefore, while Miss Beaudine slumbered, 'her young pupils availed themselves of the opportunity afforded, and indulged their propensities for immoderate bathing or other congenial pursuits, until the sharp rat-a-tat on the door-casing told that a spirit of wakefulness obtained in the school-room, when a resumption of duties would follow. How long this school was continued is not known, probably only for a short time, as early in 1851, a small frame building, originally intended for a dwelling-house, standing near the present resi- dence of Mr. Bachmann, was made to do duty as a seat of learning under the rule of Mrs. Ed Rogers, who, in consequence of certain diflSculties with Mr. Rogers, had separated from him, and took up the role of teacher to provide the necessities of life. If the tales told of the different modes by which this " pedagoguess " enforced dicipline in her little realm are true, her rule ought, in the interests of humanity, to have been a short one. The school was, however, soon after transferred to an old log structure, standing on a hill near Dennis' Mill, which also had been built for a dwelling ; but, at the time at which we have arrived, was used promiscuously as a schoolhouse and church. Upon its vacancy by the educa- tional and religious interests, the building was diverted to its original purpose, and occupied by Jacob Ostrander as a residence. The first building erected for the sole purpose of being used for school purposes was a log structure put up in 1852 or 1853, still remembered by those who came in at an early date, and standing near the present cemetery gates, as one authority has it, or included within the outer limits of the fair ground, according to the evidence of another. While the exact spot hallowed by its presence may not be exactly ascertainable, it is sufficient for present purposes that the building was there, and takes rank as the first regularly built schoolhouse in this section. Here Mrs. Richards, Miss Ann Partlow, Mr. John Dougherty and others held rule until the erection of other buildings in the village better adapted for the use intended. The first school building to be erected in the present city was the one familiarly known as the " Belfry School," which was put up in 1858 or 1859. The first " wielder of the birch " in this structure was a Mr. Glazier, followed by Major Frank. A few years after, the front portion of the present " High School" building was erected, which formed the entire school establish- ment until 1867, when the old Methodist Church was purchased, at a cost of $800, and used as a primary schoolhouse. In 1876 and 1877, other additions were made to the building by ex- tending the high school building to double its original length and erecting a small frame struct- HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. 785 lire, similar in size to the original primary building. And the buildings, as thus remodeled and added to, form the present school buildings of the district. Boscobel town and city are included in one district, which also takes in a slice from the northern portion of the town of Marion. The amount raised annually for school purposes ap- proximates $3,000. The school is graded into seven departments, namely. First, Second and Third Primary; First and Second Intermediate, Grammar grades and High School. The . grades below the high school have each one teacher. The high school is under the immediate charge of the Principal, who has one assistant. This higher branch was established under the high school law of 1875, Prof. John Brindley being the first Principal. The first class grad- uated the following year, the graduating exercises being held in Ruka's Hall, June 22, 1876. The class numbered eight, and the following programme was presented : Music. Prayer by Dr. Stoddart. Essay, "Sunshine and Shadow," Laura B, Pepper. Essay, "Electricity," Kate M. Sarles. Music. Essay, "Mental Culture," Alice A. Simpkins. Oration, "The Men we Need," Herbert L. Partridge. Essay, " Tears," Alice Carrier. Music. Essay, " Past, Pres- ent and Future," Lillian A. Limbocker. Essay, " Deeds not Words," Jennie Chandler. Ora- tion, " Young America," Fred Carley. Music. Presentation of Diplomas. Benediction. The number of pupils in attendance in all departments was, a few years ago, as high 700, but, from various causes, this number has been greatly scaled down since that time. The schools are under the charge of a School Board consisting of three members, those at present serving in that capacity being T. J. Brooks, Director; G. W. Parker, Treasurer; T. Kronshage, Clerk. The graduating class for 1881 consisted of six, this being the third class which has been grad- uated since the organization of the High School Department. POST OFFICE. The first official distributor of Uncle Sam's mail matter known to Boscobel was Mr. James M. Dickerson, who was duly commissioned as Postmaster in 1855, the office being established at his store, then situated near the present site of N. B. Miller's premises on Block 34. For the two years succeeding, Mr. Dickerson continued to act in this capacity. He was followed in 1867, by Mr. 0. P. Knowlton. The latter was continued in the position of Postmaster during Buchanan's administration. May 1, 1861, Mr. J. M. Dickerson was again commissioned as Postmaster, the office then being located in the building now used by F. G. Eisfelder. He continued to fill the office from this time until his death, in November, 1875, in a manner that gave universal satisfaction. After the decease of Mr. Dickerson, Mrs. Dickerson was contin- ued as Postmistress, her commission bearing date from January, 1876. Early in 1880, the office passed into the hands of William E. De Lap, the present Postmaster, who was commis- sioned January 13 cf that year. This branch of governmental economy has, from the first, evinced a decidedly roving and unsettled propensity, that prevented it from remaining at rest any great period of time. Judg- ing from the list of places enumerated, it must be as free from moss as the "rolling stone " of the old proverb. Prominent among the sites occupied, besides those already enumerated, were McSpaden's block, Ruka's building, the "Rock" building (now occupied by J. T. Shipley), not to mention several other less prominent places. In March, 1 881, the ofiiee was removed to the commodious and comfortable room in Bobel's block, where it is at present located. BOSCOBEL PRESS. The earliest record of a newspaper in Boscobel is in 1859. In December of that year, George W. Limbocher and A. J. Partridge established the Boscobel Democrat, as editors and proprietors. In politics, it advocated the principles of the party whose name it bore, although It Was not " peculiarly a Democratic paper," but as the publishers said in their introductory : "6 do not believe in little country papers dabbling in politics. The citizens of Grant County want a good, local paper, and such it will be our aim to make the Democrat." The prospectus of the Boscobel Democrat contained the following : " Five years ago, the place where Boscobel 786 HISTORY OP GRANT COUNTY. now stands, was but little better than a howling wilderness. At that time, there were but three houses within a circuit of three miles. The bear and deer ranged free. Now we have a number of taverns, stores and artisan shops of nearly every trade, which go to make up a prosperous and thriving village." The paper had a hard time of it until May, 1860, when it was an- nounced that it would be suspended temporarily, and resume publication at Lancaster. The proprietors chabged their minds, however, and disposed of the materials in the oflSce to Messrs. J. P. Hubbard and S. P. Dempsey who established the Boscobel Express. The Express was a six-column paper, Republican in politics. Adversity followed this enterprise, and within a year and one month, Mr. Hubbard retired from the concern, Mr. Horace Norton succeeding, the firm name then becoming Norton & Dempsey. In the issue of the Express for December 26, 1861, an announcement appeared that Mr. Dempsey had retired, and Mr. Norton would continue the paper. The last number of the Boscobel Express was published January 2, 1862. December 18, 1862, L. R. Train issued a four-column half sheet called the Boscobellian, and on December 27, 1862, appeared the National Broad Axe, by L. R. Train, a seven-column folio, Republican in politics and bearing as its platform " The Star Spangled Banner." Con- forming himself to the feeling of the times, the editor of the Broad Axe in his first issue said : " The Broad Axe will be a champion of law and order. The law of the hell-hounds of seces- sion is FORCE, which breeds disorder." This was issued as a specimen number, and from Jan- uary 8, 1863, the paper was issued regularly. In the following April, Mr. L. M. Andrews became associated in the Broad Axe, and the firm name was Train & Andrews, which firm con- tinued until March 10, 1864, when N. B. Moody purchased Andrews' intetest. August 10, 1864, Mr. Train retired from the paper, and Mr. Moody assumed sole control of the same. On the 24th day of the same month, Mr. Moody enlisted, and, on leaving for the front, left the paper with S. S. Train, who attended to the business until December 21, 1865, when he be- came sole proprietor. From a lack support, the Broad Axe closed its existence May 31, 1866. Boscobel Argus. — Mr. 0. Lahman commenced the publication of the Argus February 24, 1863. The sheet was a seven-column folio. Democratic in politics. The paper had a precarious career of about nine months, when like many others, it had to succumb to the inevitable. The Appeal was first published January 1, 1867, W. H. Bennett editor and proprietor. First started as a six-column folio. Republican in politics, and enlarged to seven columns January 29, 1868, with "patent insides." On October 24, 1868, Mr. Bennett retired from the Appeal, being succeeded by the Appeal Printing Company. In February, 1869, the name of the paper was changed to the Boscobel Journal, the Journal Printing Company publishers, ilnd W. H. H. Beadle as editor. Beadle withdrew April 24, 1869, and was succeeded by Mr. T. W. Bishop, December 14, 1869, who continued the publication of the Journal antil August, 1870, when the material of the ofiice was purchased by R. B. Rice and T. W. Bishop and removed to Lancaster. Upon the suspension of the Journal, Boscobel was left without a newspaper until December 25, 1872, when the Boscobel Dial was issued by Messrs. Walworth & Son, C. B. Walworth publisher. The Dial Y/a,s a seven-column folio. Republican in politics, published on the auxiliary plan. Walworth & Son continued the Dial until January 2, 1874, when Mr. C. Burton purchased the business and carried it on until September 10, 1875, when it passed into the hands of the present proprietor Capt. H. D. Farguharson. The Dial was enlarged to an eight-column folio, December 24, 1875. CHURCHES. Congregational Church. — This church was organized August 2, 1857, in the old Milwau- kee & Mississippi depot, through the efforts of Rev. A. A. Overton. The following persons were united by letter in its organization : Moses Rice, John Tyler, A. D. Allen, William Beals, Clarisa P. Rice, Myra A. Rice, Lucy Al. Rice, Marcia Carley and Betsey Kellogg. At this meeting, Moses Rice was appointed as a delegate to the Congregational Convention of the State, The earlier meetings of the congregation were held at the depot. The church grew stronger with years, and August 5, 1860, notice having been previously given according to the statute of the State, the church met and elected the following persons as Trustees : Hezekiah Kelloggr HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. 787 for the term of throe years ; Job Leffley, for two years, and James Lucas for one year. The gentlemen forming the first Board of Trustees for the young society. Up to the middle of the year 1863, the congregation were without a church home. With this fact in view, their Pastor, the Rev. Mr. Overton, assisted by some of the members, pro- ceeded with the work of soliciting subscriptions for the purpose of erecting a house of worship. So far, and with such success had their labors progressed, that by 1863, enough was in hand to warrant a commencement. The lots on which the church was afterward erected were donated to the society by Mr. John Mortimer. The church — the same with some enlargements is still standing — was first opened for public worship July 12, 1863, the sermon on this day being delivered by the Rev. D. Cleary, of Beloit. The new edifice was not dedicated until in Jan- uary, 1864, when the dedicatory sermon was by the Rev. Mr. Taylor, of Madison. From the founding of the church until this time, Rev. Mr. Overton had ministered to the spiritual wants of the congregation, devoting one-half of his time to Boscobel, and the remaining portion to Avoca. Mr. Overton was succeeded by Rev. Mr. Melvin. This Pastor was the first engaged exclusively by the church, whose growing needs demanded the whole time of a Pastor. Mr. Melvin remained one year, when he was succeeded by Rev. B. King, who took up his labors with the church in 1864, and continued as Pastor until 1866. For the year succeeding his departure, the congregation was without a spiritual guide. In 1867, the deficiency was sup- plied, and Rev. William Stoddart, Sr., commenced his labors with the congregation in the rela- tion of Pastor, a connection that remained unbroken during thirteen years. The church, as originally built, was 40x32, but as years rolled on, it was found too small for the growing needs of the society, and in 1867 or 1868, was enlarged to its present size, 60x32, twenty feet having been added to the rear. In July, 1879, during the prevalence of a heavy thunder shower, the church was struck by lightning, and damaged to the extent of about $200. The repairing of the damages inflicted caused an interval of nearly six months to intervene ere regular church services could again be holden in the building. Dr. Stoddart severed his con- nection as Pastor of the congregation in 1880. The same year. Rev. E. C. Steckel received an invitation to assume Pastoral charge of the church, which invitation was accepted, and his labors have continued up the present date. At different times in the history of the church, a burden of debt has seemed to paralyze for a time the energies of all, but these incumbrances have been successfully and successively re- moved, and to-day, the church stands free from all debt. In connection with the church, there 19 a flourishing Sunday school of over two hundred scholars, divided into twenty-three classes. The school has a membership in the Home Missionary Society, and enjoys the enviable pleasure of being out of debt and having money in the treasury. The present value of the church property is $2,000. The officiary being as follows: Beacons, J. R. Muffley and J. B. Ricks ; Clerk and Treasurer, Mrs. L. G. Armstrong ; Pastor. E. C. Steckel. The total number of members received into the church since its organization is 202, of which eighteen have passed over the shining river to the world beyond, and fifty-seven nave been given letters to other churches, leaving a present membership of about one hundred and twenty active members. Methodist Episeopal Church. — Early in the year 1855, the few members of this faith then residing in Boscobel or contiguous sections gathered together at the residence of Mr. James M. Dickerson, where they listened to the principles of Christianity as they were inculcated by the aev. Mr. Buck, the minister who at that time included Boscobel in his circuit. The following year, the little class held their meetings in the depot. Upon the organization of the Congrega- tional congregation in 1857, the two societies used the depot on alternate Sundays. In the meantime, the Rev. Mr. McMullen had succeeded Mr. Buck. During the pastorate of Rev. Mr. Irish, a year later, the Methodist society held services in the old log schoolhouse, standing near the present cemetery. Rev. C. Cook followed Mr. Irish as Pastor of the young church, preach- ing a few times in the old schoolhouse, when the church building in process of erection was completed, and the society was no longer homeless. This was in 1861. Among the earlier 788 HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. members of the church were Mrs. Susan Dickerson, who was prominently connected with the church from its organization until the time of her death ; A. Ransom, Eliza Ransom, George Hall and Mrs. Hall, "Father" Irish and Mrs. Irish. This house of worship was used for the six years next succeeding, when the necessity of a larger church was forced prominently upon the minds of the members, and steps were accordingly taken to erect a structure in accordance with the needs of the society. A church edifice, 30x60, was erected during 1867, at a cost of about $3,000. Of this amount some $1,000 was raised by subscription, while the old church building was sold to the city for school purposes, the con- sideration being $800. Other sources furnished additional sums, so that upon the dedication of the structure, the debt had been scaled down to $350. In the meantime. Rev. Mr. Cook had been succeeded by other Pastors — Rev. Z. S. Hurd being the Pastor at the time the new church was completed, and remained in charge one year. The church records are sadly lacking in statistical matter, there being an entire absence of anything in the shape of records for several years, but the following list of Pastors is in the main correct from Mr. Hurd's pastorate, following whom came Rev. Mr. Buck for eighteen months ; Rev. Mr. Cooley, several months ; Rev. C. P. Hackney, three years ; W. W. Wheaton, one year ; A. W. Cummings, one year ; J. C. Aspen- Wall, one year; W. H. Oheynoweth, one year; George W. Nuzam, two years; George Haigh, who remained a tew months ; John Allison, one year and eight months ; and the present Pastor, who has been in charge one year. During its existence, the church has sufiFered much from removals of members, but at pres- ent has a membership of sixty, is free from debt and in a prosperous condition. Connected with the church work is a flourishing Sunday school, numbering sixty scholars. The present church ofiiciary is as follows : Pastor, T. M. Evans ; Trustees, Joel Cramer, G. A. Christ, H. Hum- mel and M. D. Tillotson. The estimated value of the church property is $2,000. Baptist Church. — The organization of this church was effected in 1869, with a membership of seven, as follows : J. Flint, Alethed Flint, Deacon, and Mrs. Bailey, Lewis Cobb, Mrs- Carpenter and Clara Jones. During the succeeding year, a protracted meeting held in Pitt- man's Hall, by Elder Phillips, added quite a number to the young organization. Soon after. Rev. Mr. Prouty was invited to the pastorate, and commenced his labors. During Rev. Prouty's pastorate, the church still standing on Mary street was built at a cost of about $1,500. Of this amount, $500 had been contributed by the Missionary Society located in New York, and an equal amount had been raised by subscription. A debt of about $500 was therefore left hanging over the congregation, which continued clinging to the organization. Rev. Prouty's pastorate extended over a period of seven years. Upon his departure, the Missionary Society of Chicago sent out Rev. Mr. Rermott to take charge of the little flock. This gentleman remained about a year and a half, during which period, by strenuous exertions, the incumbrances on the church property were lifted, and the congregation stood forth free from debt. At present, the church is without a Pastor. The membership is in the neighborhood of forty, the present Trustees being 0. A. Rice, Frank Davidson and L. J. Woolley. From its organization, the church has kept up with punctual regularity its weekly prayer-meetings and covenant meetings once a month. A flourishing Sunday school furnishes a means of inculcating Christian doctrines to the younger members of the church, and testifies to the interest taken in church matters by old and young alike. Lutheran Church. — Through the efforts of Rev. E. Wachtel and other prominent members of the Lutheran faith in Boscobel, the Lutheran congregation was organized February 23, 1867. The original members were as follows : Leo Anschutz, John Ruka, Louis Ruka, G. Guentzel, Phillip Hirchmann, John C. Kruel, George A. Kruel, Adam Kruel, John Sanger, Fritz Scheinpfluge, John Martin, John Boldt and William Seaman. The first ofiicers of the society were : President, J. C. Kruel ; Secretary, Leo Anschutz ; Treasurer, G. Guentzel. Phillip Hirchmann was elected Elder. Steps were immediately taken for the erection of a house of worship, and a building, 24x40 feet, standing on the corner of Mary and Church streets, was soon after completed at a cost of $1,300. One lot of the ground occupied by the church pro- HISTOKY OF GRANT COUNTY. 789 perty was donated to the society by Dwight T. Parker, Sr., the remaining lot was afterward purchased of Mrs. Dwight T. Parker. A parsonage was also erected at a cost of $1,500 ; and, in 1880, a small school building was added at a cost of $250, making the value of the church property at present about $3,000. Rev. Wachtel remained as Pastor only a few months, and was succeeded later by Rev. John List, whose pastorate extended over the succeeding four years. Rev. Hirchmann took charge of the congregation upon the retirement of Rev. List and remained one year; when he was followed by Rev. Helbig, who began his work with this congregation in 1874, continuing six years, endearing himself to the church, and doing a good work for the Master. His successor was the Rev. Muchmann, who still continues to serve in the pastoral office. The present officiary of the church is : Pastor, Rev. Muchmann ; Trustees, G. Guentzel, John Boldt, Ed Weideranders. The membership is 126. QathoUe Ohurch. — The first meetings of this society were held in an old log cabin situated just north of the railroad. From this time on, services were held at various houses until 1872, when the church now standing was erected. The cost of this building was to be in the neigh- borhood of $2,300, had the original plans been carried out. The church, however, was never completed as originally provided. The lots on which the building stands were obtained from the late deceased Hon. J. Allen Barber. The first Pastor to officiate in the new church was Rev. Father Cleary, who remained in charge of the church for a short time. His successors have been Rev. Fathers McMahon, Stelle, and the present Pastor, Father Schroudenbach. The exact dates of the arrivals and departures of the different Pastors is non-obtainable, owing to a deficiency in the records. Owing to general financial difficulties, the organization has been seriously handicapped in their work, but it is hoped that the future will be brighter than the past. HOTELS. The first institution having for its avowed object the sustenance of the inner man was opened by one Curtis, in the year 1856. The site of this first hotel was the second story of a warehouse building put up by Florence Liscum that year. The lower floor was meant for ordinary warehouse purposes. This for the time being was the only " hotel " of which the new settle- ment could boast, and continued to furnish food to the hungry and rest to the weary traveler for some six months, when " mine host " Curtis retired to the walks of private life. Succeeding this crude attempt came the Barnett House in the latter part of 1856, where, under the regime of " Andy " Barnett, most genial of landlord?, the stranger was taken in and cared for in a manner that soon raised the reputation of this caravansary to the highest rounds of the ladder of famous county inns. In April, 1858, this house caught fire, and, despite all exertions, burned to the ground. For the time being, the Philbrick House, occupying the building still standing on the corner of Wisconsin avenue and La Belle street, and kept by a widow lady of the above name, caught the diverted channel of boarders and guests who had formerly made the " Barnett " their headquarters, and did a thriving business until the completion of the new building, erected upon the ruins of the burned hotel. The new structure was somewhat enlarged in size, and was opened again in 1859 by Mr. Barnett & Son, the latter selling out to Mr. John Pepper. They disposed of it, after a short time to other parties, the business finally falling into the hands of Mr. James Barnett, under whose regime the " Barnett " acquired a reputation that was State rather than local. After Mr. Barnett's retirement, the caravansary passed through different hands until it finally came under the supervision of Mr. Carrier, by whom the building was raised and one story added underneath, the name at the same time being changed to the " Carrier House," by which appellation it was known for many years. The house is at present in the hands of Mrs. J. A. Betts, and ranks among the first of Boscobel's hotels. , Prominent among the hotels of a later date, is the Central, which was erected in 1873 by Mr. A. Bobel, and opened the same year by Mr. James Barnett, who continued as landlord for the succeeding five years, when Mr. Bobel himself took the house, and ran it until January 7, 1881, when it was destroyed by fire, the interior being completely gutted, only the huge stone T^"!ill^46. The log house is still standing occupied by others. The next settler was Mr. Ira D. Brunson, who settled upon his present farm in 1841, and the year following Mr. Whitesides located upon the military road and opened a stopping-place that was favorably known to travelers in that section for many years. Mount Hope was originally an integral part of Patch Grove, and it was not until 1865, that it was erected into its present town limits, when, at an adjourned meeting, held in January of that year, the division was made that placed Mount Hope among the towns of the county. Thj present village was commenced in 1856. William Whitesides, Thomas Taylor and William Harlocker were the founders, the two first-named gentlemen giving 20 acres, and the last named 12 acres of land, for the purpose of making a town. This land was donated to the Trustees of the Brunson Institute, in order that, through the sale of lots, enough money could be raised to «rect an educational institution bearing the above name. Subscriptions were also taken, and work immediately begun upon the foundation. The land on which the building site had been originally selected was found to be mortgaged when considerable advancement had been made. But, upon this discovery, a new site was chosen and work went on slowly. The first house in the village was erected by W. H. Gilliard, in 1856. Mr. Gilliard also •erected a blacksmith-shop the same year. The first trading done in thenew burg was by Jona- than Heberlin, who opened a small stock in his house during the fall of 1857. Soon afterward, another trading establishment was started by Herman Clark. The village progressed but slowly «ntil war times ; the only houses previous to that date being the residences of Mr. Gilliard, Heberlin, Dr. Clark and Bluford Stone. During the years of the war, the basement story of the institute had been built, and, in the jears just succeeding the great struggle, the remainder of the building was erected. Hardly had it been completed when in some unaccountable manner it took fire and burned down, at once dashing the hopes of its projectors to the ground. The building had been insured by the ladies' society for $1,800. Such part of the money as was left after paying debts and expenses was afterward given by the Trustees to the district to assist in erecting a high school building, which was done, and Mount Hope now rejoices in a most excellent school. Merchants had grad- ■ually come in ; Humphrey & Whitesides being among the first. A. B. Linn followed soon after. About 1867, Oswald, Nathan & Co., commenced business and continued for some time. In May ■of this year the town was platted and laid out. A peculiar and distinguishing trait in this village is the. strict adherence to temperance prin- ciples, which has marked its policy from the start, there having never been a saloon opened with- in its borders. Upon the retirement of Oswald, Nathan & Co., their store building was sold to the society of Odd Fellows, who occupy the upper hall as a place of meeting. The store is occu- pied at present by Mr. R. G. Humphrey as a general merchandise store. Besides Mr. Hum- phrey's, there are two other stores run by Mr. A. B. Linn and Mr. J. B. Fox. Besides these business establishments, the village contains one steam saw-mill, two blacksmith-shops, one shoe- maker and one carriage-maker. One physician. Dr. Sloat, attends to the health of the commu- nity. The town contains six school districts with five schoolhouses. The first town meeting was held at the schoolhouse in the village, April 4, 1865, at which time the first town oSicers were elected. The first meeting of the Town Board was held April 1-3, 1865. Below is given a complete roster of the town ofiicers from that date up to the present: HISTOKY OF GRANT COUNTY. 853 OFFICERS. 1866 — Supervisors, Ira W. Brunson, Chairman ; Warren Courtwright, George Rouse ! Clerk, J. B. Linn ; Treasurer, Theodore Taylor ; Assessor, J. B. Linn ; Justices, J. B. Linni Allen Garvin, S. L. Stratton. 1866 — Supervisors, George Rouse, Chairman ; Warren Courtwright, Samuel Braudt ; Clerk, C. A. Garvin ; Treasurer, Theodore Taylor ; Assessor, Michael McNainee ; Justices, William Harlocker, Michael McNaimee, S. L. Stratton, B. F. Loomis ; Constables, Richard Keating and Amos Hazen. 1867 — Supervisors, Ezra Abraham, Chairman ; S. Braudt, L. A. Townsend ; Clerk, Charles Seward ; Treasurer, Theodore Taylor ; Assessor, J. A. Kingsley ; Justices, Johnson Casler and D. D. Snider ; Constables, A. Hazen, R. E. Rouse, James Whiteside. 1868 — Supervisors, Ezra Abraham, Chairman ; Reuben Cooley, L. A. Townsend ; Clerk, Charles Soward ; Treasurer, Theodore Taylor ; Assessor, William Harlocker ; Justices, C. F. Falley, George Evans and B. L. Loomis ; Constables, H. Harlocker, R. E. Rouse. 1869 — Supervisors, Israel Miles, Chairman ; Westley Crow, R. Cooley ; Clerk, A. J. Smith; Treasurer, Theodore Taylor; Assessor, M. McNaimee ; Justices, M. McNaimee, D. Wea- ver, B. L. Loomis ; Constables, H. H. Harlocker, R. Keating, A. L. Stratton. 1870 — Supervisors, I. Miles, Chairman ; R. Cooley, W. Crow ; Clerk, C. W. Grimesey ; Treasurer, Theodore Taylor ; Assessor, M. McNaimee ; Justices, J. B. Fox, E. Abraham, B. L. Loomis ; Constables, J. H. Clark, R. Keating. 1871 — Supervisors, E. Abraham, Chairman ; J. Casler, R. Cooley ; Clerk. C. W. Grimesey ; Treasurer, J. J. Oswald ; Assessor, J. G. White ; Justices, B. L. Loomis, M. McNaimee, J. C. Williams ; Constables, J. H. Clark, A. Hazen, A. L. Stratton. 1872 — Supervisors, E. Abraham, Chairman ; R. Cooley, J. Casler ; Clerk, J. C. Williams ; Treasurer, J. J. Oswald ; Assessor, I. Miles ; Justices, J. C. Williams, I. Miles, D. D. Snider ; Constables, J. H. Clark, William Weaver. 1873 — Supervisrrs, R. Cooley, Chairman ; W. Crow, E. Y. Ousley ; Clerk, C. Storm ; Treasurer, B. L. Loomis ; Assessor, D. W. Grimesey ; Justices, I. Miles, John Taylor ; Con- stable, William Keating. 1874 — Supervisors, R. G. Humphrey, Chairman ; W. Crow, J. Scanlan ; Clerk, C. Storm ; Treasurer, P. L. Loomis ; Assessor, J. G. White ; Justices of the Pea6e, I. Miles, John Tay- lor; Constable, William Keating. 1876 — Supervisors, D. D. Snider, Chairman ; R. M. Day, J. Casler ; Clerk, C. Storm ; Treasurer, B. L. Loomis ; Assessor, William Chisholm ; Justices of the Peace, B. L. Loomis, C. Storm, I. W. Brunson ; Constables, J. H. Clark, William Keating. 1876 — Supervisors, D. D, Snider, Chairman ; R. M. Day, J. Casler ; Clerk, William Tay- lor ; Treasurer, B. L. Loomis ; Assessor, William Chisholm ; Justices of the Peace, John Tay- lor, Ira W. Brunson ; Constables, William Keating, John Lawless. 1877 — Supervisors, E. Abraham, Chairman ; John McKichan, R. Cooley ; Clerk, A. H. Mumford ; Treasurer, B. L. Loomis ; Assessor, William Chisholm ; Justices of the Peace, R. G. Humphrey, B. L. Loomis ; Constable, James Clark. 1878 — Supervisors, E. Abraham, Chairman ; J. McKichan, R. M. Day ; Clerk, William E- Sloat ; Treasurer, B. L. I/oomis ; Assessor, William Chisholm ; Justices of the Peace, I. W. Brunson, J. A. Walsh ; Constables, R. Cooley, A. B. Linn, Charles Crow, W. L. Taylor. 1879 — Supervisors, I. W. Brunson, Chairman ; E. Abraham, J. G. Harschberger ; Clerk, William E. Sloat ; Treasurer, B. L. Loomis ; Assessor, William Mulrooney ; Justices of the Peace, B. L. Loomis, R. G. Humphrey ; Constables, Ora Loomis, G. Lambert. 1880— W. A. Gilliard, Chairman; J. McKichan, George Whitesides ; Clerk, W. L. Tay- lor ; Treasurer, B. L. Loomis ; Assessor. William Mulrooney ; Justices of the Peace, I. W. Brunson, J. Scanlan ; Constables, Ora Loomis, D. B. Brunson. 1881 — Supervisors, John McKichan, Chairman ; George Whiteside, J. W. Alexander ; 854 HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. Clerk, W. B. Sloat ; Treasurer, J. J. Harschberger ; Assessor, William Mulrooney ; Justices, of the Peace, B. L. Loorais, R. G. Humphrey, I. W". Brunson, J. Scanlan ; Constables, D. B. Brunson, G. W. Gilliard, J. L. Loomis, William Calkin. PATCH GROVE. This town, as at present constituted, embraces portions of Townships 5 and 6, Range 5 west, and is in area somewhat less than a Congressional township. It is surrounded by the towns of Miilville, Mt. Hope, Little Grant. Bloomington and Wyalusing. Patch Grove, when first apportioned off as a township, contained much more territory, as will be seen by the following taken from the records of the Board of Supervisors for the extra session of 1848, when it was enacted that " all that district of country in Grant County embraced in Townships 6 and 7 north, of Range 4 west ; also Townships 5, 6 and 7 north, of Range 5 west ; also Townships 5 and 6 north, of Range 6; also fractional Townships 5 and 6 north, of Range 7 west of the Fourth Principal Meridian, shall constitute a separate township, to be called Patch Grove." This territory has since been changed and divided, until it has assumed its present shape and propor- tions. The first settler in the original township of Patch Grove was Page Blake, from whom the prairie stretching away to the north and west took its name, and mention of whom has been made in the Bloomington history, as well as other places in this work. The first settlers in the present township were Moses Hicklin and John Thompson. The former had been living at Cassville, and at the termination of the Black Hawk war moved out onto the prairie, where he located a claim, on which he resided up to the time of his death. John Thompson was formerly a soldier stationed at Prairie du Chien. He left the army at the close of tbis struggle, and came to settle upon this broad, fertile prairie. In 1835, Charles Blunt came, and afterward set- tled on Section 17. At that time the only houses between Blunt and Wingville were Hicklin's, Thompson's and the cabin of Ben Forbes, who was located on the farm at present occupied by James Davis. In 1836, Mr. Henry Patch arrived in company with Messrs. Alfred and Ira Brunson. The former remained and first settled in a small log cabin by the' spring, just west of the present village. The next year he commenced the erection of that famous double cabin which has fur- nished shelter for so many weary heads and tired feet. This stood on the west half of the southwest quarter of Section 4, Town 5, Range 5, and was finished the same year, although not occupied until the year following. Around the house were a few trees, and the place became known as Patch's Grove, and as such was erected into a post ofiice about the time it was occu- pied by Patch, he himself being the first Postmaster. Previous to this time, the settlers on the prairie had been obliged to go to Prairie du Chien for mail. Ephraim Hall also settled on the Forbes claim about this time, the latter having returned to Cassville. William and. James Humphrey followed in 1838, the former locating on his present place. John Scott was also numbered among the early comers. In 1842, Enos P. Finn, now a resident of Bloomington, moved from his first location, near the site of that village, and took up a cabin near Hall's. Up to this time, there had been no signs or evidences of establishing a village. Patch's was simply a stopping-place for those traveling through the country on business or pleasure, there being but very few of the latter, however. Kind and genial, the soul of honesty and honor, "Uncle Henry" served as a general depositary, both of news and valuables. His hearty wel- come to the sojourner within his gates was of a kind to make him at once at home, certain that in this kindly landlord he could put all faith and trust. Hon. Henry Merrill, in his remi- niscences, thus speaks of an early visit paid to " Uncle Henry:" " After visiting Mineral Point. I called on my friend, N. Goodie, at Elk Grove, and then rode on to the furnace of Tom Parish, a very genial man. Spending a short time with him, I pushed on, and it became very dark, and traveling on an Indian trail so dark I could not see it, but let my horse take his own course. Finally, I brought up to a fence, and following it I came to a house where I was to stay, at Patch's Grove. I got into very good quarters, Mr. Patch HISXORY OF GRANT COUNTY. ^55 being very sociable, as most people were in those days, for they were glad to get the news, as probably they had no mails oftener than once a month (Patch Grove at this time depended on Prairie du Chien for mail. — Ed.), and neighbors being few and far between. After conversing a long time, he wanted to know what State I came from, for, he said, he could generally tell, but in my case he could not make it out. When I told liim I was from New York, he said he thought so, as that was the only State that puzzled him. The next morning, I followed a road to a ferry across the Wisconsin, and then pushed on three miles to Fort Crawford." The first house built in the present village of Patch Grove was erected by Mr. Enos P. Finn in 1843. It was a frame structure afterward used as a tavern by James Forshay, and kept as such by him for many years. It is still standing in the south part of the village, west of the Wisconsin House, a well-worn relic whose sunken lines and weather-beaten walls carry the memory back through the long vista, to the time when the present populous prairies were an abode for wolves and foxes. The land on which the west half of the village stands was entered by Robert C. Orr, and by him was sold to Enos P. Finn ; this was the east half of the north- east quarter of Section 4 ; among the articles of dicker in the trade is mentioned an " old gray mare," which was transferred to Mr. Orr; whether she proved afterward " the better horse," is not stated. This land was laid out into village lots by Mr. Finn, but the plot was never recorded. The first shop in the new village was a smithy built by Francis Brady, who started in business on the ground now occupied by the Wisconsin House, soon after the laying out of the town The first store was started by I. G. Ury, who purchased a lot and erected a building on the ground now occupied by the store of J. J. Humphrey, in 1848. Mr. Luther Brown, who came soon after the laying out of the town, thus speaks of the young settlement: " When I came to Patch Grove in 1846, there were then living in the town Henry Patch, Charles Blunt, Hiram Brunson, Joshua Bidwell, J. M. Dickenson, S. H. Goodman, John Thompson, Moses Hicklin, James and William Humphrey, James and Alexander Paul. George and David Ballen- tine, George Pike, Hugh Garside, John Wilson, Henry Adams, Thomas Nagle, E. P. Finn and Francis Brady. In those early times, when we wanted 'store goods,' we went to Beetown, a drive of ten miles across the unbroken prairies." To the names of those who came in at a com- paratively early date must he added that of Dr. Chambers, the first physician in the town, who came in 1842. Among the early trials of the settlers in this section was the long distances which they were obliged to traverse in order to get to mill. At first, Galena was the nearest point where the early pioneer could get his " grist " ground, and the erection of Burt's Mill, with its facili- ties for manufacturing a certain kind of flour was mentioned as a subject of thanksgiving, albeit the distance tn be traversed to reach this new mill aggregated forty miles, taking the early set- tler from three to four days to accomplish the journey there and back. This mill and Virgin's, at Platteville, was the mealy Mecca of pioneers for many years. Finally, as years passed, the erection of mills nearer, obviated this necessity of long drives and wasted time. The post ofiice was established in 1888, in Patch's new cabin, that gentleman being the first Postmaster. The office was first known as Patch's Grove. After a time, the spirit of modern improvement took possession of the inhabitants, and the name was changed to Urskine, but, owing to the immense trouble caused by the change, the original name was resumed again, and as such it has remained up to the present date. These were the days when letters coming over three hundred miles were charged up to the receiver at the rate of 25 cents per letter. " Uncle Henry " remained in charge of the office for many years, and was succeeded by Mr. Paul. The office was moved for the convenience of the villagers, from Mr. Patch's double cabin to the store of I. G. Ury, soon after the latter started in business. A second store was opened about 18-50 by the Green Bros. & Fay, of Prairie du Chien, and Smith Brown placed in charge. This new business place stood on the opposite corner to Ury's establishment, on the site now occupied by the store of Robert Collier. The new village went for a time, among those acquainted with its existence, by the euphoni- ous name of " Finn town," but the eternal fitness of things was better observed by afterward 856 HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. bestowing upon it the distinctive appellation applied to the post office, namely, Patch's Grove, or as it is now known, Patch Grove. Scattering houses began to tell of incoming residents, and in 1857, Coddington and Thomas started a third store. The same year, Mr. Ury retired from business, disposing of his stock to Mr. A. Paul. About this time, the village was at the zenith of its prosperity. During the year 1855, Volney Osborn had erected several houses on the land east of the main street. These filled up rapidly, and besides the stores already mentioned, the town was possessed of one boot and shoe shop, run by Robert Collier, the present enterprising merchant, several blacksmith shops, and three saloons. Business was brisk, and everything seemed to denote an excellent future for the village. During 1859, Volney Osborn surveyed and platted the land owned by him on the east side of the principal street. This is the first recorded plat of Patch Grove, and is marked on the maps as the "original village," although the first commencement was some years earlier. The surveyor's work was done by L. P. Stringham, and the plat recorded June 4, 1859. A few years later, much of the village property fell into the hands of minor heirs, rendering it impossible to get a perfect title, thus preventing those who wished to locate in Patch Grove from carrying out their original intention. This, with other causes, operated against the prosperity of this village, and to the advantage of its young rival a few miles to the southward ; since this time, the older buildings have been replaced by newer and finer structures, but as said before, the business portion of the town has not been enlarged. At present, the village contains four general merchandise stores, being Alexander Paul's, at the north side of the village, where Mr. Paul a few years ago erected a large and commodious brick store ; J. J. Humphreys occupying the site of the store erected by I. G. Ury in 1848, which store was burned down ; Robert Collier's, situated on the site of Fay's former store, and that of Hope & Woodhouse, near the center of the village. Besides these establishments, there are two wagon- shops, two blacksmith-shops, one shoemaker's shop, a harness-shop, and a few scattering shops, and an excellent hotel, the Wisconsin House. A steam fiouring-mill was started in 1872. by Messrs. Paul, Scott and Hicklin. Owing to the almost total failure of the wheat crop in the immediate vicinity caused by the ravages of the chinch-bug. the mill did not prove the success it otherwise might have been. It is at pres- ent leased to Mr. Fred. Claur, who runs it as a custom mill. The first school taught in the township of Patch Grove was taught by Miss Almira Brun- son in the newly erected cabin of Mr. Henry Patch, in 1838. It was a private school, and had an attendance of about fifteen scholars. It did not continue long, as the house was soon, taken for a family residence, and used as such until within the past year. It still stands there on the old site, a monument to the hardy pioneers of long ago. The second school and the first "free school" was taught a few years later by Mrs. Roxina Blunt, in her house, two miles southwest of the present village, twelve or fifteen scholars being in attendance. The first school building was built of logs and ornamented with a sod chimney, and stood in a ravine northeast of town. It was built by private subscription and served for several years as the fountain of learning, to whose flowery banks the youth of the neighborhood were brought to imbibe that mystic knowl- edge of " readin', writin' and cipherin' " considered indispensable. The first teacher to hold sway in this rude institution of learning was Miss Minerva Warner, and among those who fol- lowed her were Miss Nancy Durley, of Platteville, and Miss Danley, of Prairie du Chien. In 1844, a new schoolhouse was erected on the northeast corner of Mr. Bradley's farm, now owned by Mr. McNamara, where it remained until 1848, when it was moved into the village, which had then begun to assume something of importance. The old schoolhouse still remains, although long since deserted for newer quarters, standing in a decayed condition opposite the store of Mr. Alexander Paul, at the north end of the village. Patch G-rove Academy. — This institution of learning was started in 1861, the building being erected by private subscription. This was about the period that marked the decay of the "Tafton Seminary," and it was hoped by the incorporators of the new enterprise to transfer the prestige which had marked the old seminary to the younger, and at the same time give the youth HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. 857 of the neighborhood such educational advantages as would obviate the necessity of sending them away from home to finish their education. The academy was a fine looking two-story brick structure, standing on a slight rise of ground on the west side of the village, up which a pleasant lane led to the- school-grounds. The first Board of Trustees comprised the following: A. Paul, William Humphrey, J. Warner, Thomas Nagle, G. Forshay, James Paul, Henry Patch, S. S. Bradley, John Woffenden. The first principal was William B. Clark, at present engaged in the banking business at Bloomington. He had as assistant Mrs. Newcomb, while the musical de- partment was under the charge of Miss Newcomb. Under Mr. Clark's administration, the school seemed in a fair way to fulfill all the expectations of its friends and patrons, but upon the departure of this gentleman, the school speedily began to show signs of degeneracy, and in a short time afterward the academy as such was numbered among the things that were. A few years ago, the building was leased by the district, and since that time has been run in conjunc- tion with the school building erected near it by the district as a graded school, the latter con- taining the primary department with one teacher, while the intermediate and grammar grades are confined to the academy building, presided over by the principal and one assistant. This arrangement furnishes ample accommodation for all the children in the district with educational advantages equal to the best. As has been seen, the town of Patch Grove was created by the Board of Supervisors at the special session held in 1848, and included, besides the present township of Patch Grove, the present township of Mount Hope, Woodman, Millville, Wyaiusing, and the greater part of the present township of Bloomington. The first township election was held at the old schoolhouse, noticed as still standing in the north part of the village, April 3, 1849. At the town meeting held the same day Hiram Bronson was elected Moderator or Chairman, and Thomas Nagle, Clerk. By-laws were passed for the government of the new township regulating the running at large of stock and care of fences ; also laws regulating the marking of stock. The Town Clerk was also ordered to provide himself with books for recording the town business, marks of stock, etc. The ofiicers elected at this date were: Supervisors — Jared Warner, Chairman, George Ballentine and J. C. Orr ; Treasurer, James Humphrey; Clerk, Thomas Nagle; Superin- tendent of Schools, C. C. Drake ; Assessor, Austin Lord ; Justices of the Peace, William Kidd, Jr., Daniel Andrews, James H. Newbury, A. A. Franklin ; Constables, J. P. Stewart Alfred Drake, H. Lord. At the town meeting, George Pike, C. P. Smith, E. P. Finn, Thomas Na- gle, Hiram Delap and William Whitesides were elected as Road Overseers, while William White- sides, Moses Hicklin, Norman Washburn, John Lawless and Homer Lord, were appointed to the office of Fence Viewers. May 8, the Justices held a meeting and balloted for the long and short term. William Kidd, Jr., and James H. Newbury, each were retained for the long term, Daniel Andrews and Amos A. Franklin being obliged to remain content with a short term as dispensers of justice. The first meeting of the Board of Supervisors, for the town, was held May 12, 1849, when the town was divided into seven road districts and nine school districts. September 27, 1852, the population of the township had so increased that it was found necessary to create three polling- places, which was done as follows : The first to be the usual polling-place, " the schoolhouse near the residence of J. M. Dickinson, in the village,"' with one at the schoolhouse in the village of Millville, and "one at the 'red schoolhouse,' so called, in what is called the Orr settlement in the south part of town." The boundaries of Patch Grove were somewhat curtailed in 1853, by the erection of Mill- ville Township on the north ; and more so the succeeding year, by the creation of Wyaiusing on the west. Another readjustment of boundaries was rendered necessary in 1859, by the creation of the town of Lander — now Bloomington — by the County Board, since which time Patch Grove has remained at its present dimensions. Following is a roster of the town officers from 1850 up to the present time : 1850 — Supervisors, Jared Warner, Chairman, George Ballentine, Joseph C. Orr; Clerk, Thomas D. Nagle ; Treasurer, James Humphrey ; Assessor, James Murphy ; Superintendent 858 HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. of Common Schools, C. C. Drake; Justices of the Peace, A. A. Franklin, Daniel Andrews. Benjamin Brown (to fill vacancy) ; Constables, I. Stewart and Horace Lord. 1851 — Supervisors, Henry Patch, Chairman, D. Andrews, George Ballentine; Clerk, 0. Grulick ; Assessor, J. T. Murphy ; Treasurer, James Humphrey ; Superintendent of Schools, C. C. Drake ; Justices of the Peace, William Kidd, Jr., P. Alby ; Constables, P. C. Barrett, S. Harrison and Robert Burce. 1852 — Supervisors, J. Warner, Chairman, George Ballentine, Moses Hicklin ; Clerk, James Paul; Treasurer, James Humphrey ; Assessor, .J. C. Orr ; Superintendent of Schools, C. C. Drake; Justices of the Peace, A. A. Franklin and D. Andrews ; Constables, A. Francis and D. Henshaw. 1853 — Supervisors, D. Andrews, Chairman, Haines Fitch, P. Palmer; Clerk, James Paul ; Treasurer, Henry Patch ; Assessor, J. T. Murphy ; Justices of the Peace, William Jacobs, Joseph Horsfall ; Constables, T. W. Smith, A. Francis and G. A. Bottom. 1854 — Supervisors, J. T. Murphy, Chairman, George Engle, Robert Glen; Clerk, J. BoUes; Treasurer, Henry Patch ; Assessor, H. Lord ; Justices of the Peace, James T. Murphy and J. W. Graves ; Constables, R. Lumpkins, L. Folsom and T. W. Smith. 1855 — Supervisors, J. T. Murphy, Chairman, Benjamin Briges, George Eagle ; Clerk, D.Andrews; Treasurer, Henry Patch ; Assessor, A. C. Stiles ; Superintendent of Schools, A. A. Franklin ; Justices of the Peace, James T. Humphrey, Henry Patch (to fill vacancy, A. A. Franklin) ; Constables, R. A. Lumpkins, William Young, L. Folsom. 1856 — Supervisors, J. T. Murphy, Chairman, George Engle, J. W. Brackett ; Clerk, Jesse Brooks ; Treasurer, D. Andrews ; Assessor, J. W. Blanding ; Superintendent of Schools, A.A.Franklin; Justices of the Peace, J. W. Brackett, D. Andrews; Constables, W. Buch- anan, Henry Lord, A. Francis. 1857 — Supervisors, J- T. Murphy, Chairman, George Engle. Henry F. Young; Clerk, W. Brown ; Treasurer, Daniel -Andrews ; Assessor, J. C. Orr ; Justices of the Peace, J. T. Murphy, Henry Patch ; Constables, Reed Patch, Benjamin Cooper, A. Francis. 1858 — Supervisors, J. C. Orr, Chairman, George W. Lee, Henry Patch ; Clerk, Waldo Brown ; Treasurer, James Humphrey ; Assessor, J. T. Murphy ; Superintendent of Schools, T. S. Osborn ; Justices of the Peace, H. H. Reynolds, Samuel Tracy ; Constables, A. Osborn, William Martin, A. Francis. Mr. Humphrey resigned the Treasurership, December 20, and William Halford was appointed to serve out the unexpired term. 1859 — Supervisors, Henry Patch, H. J. Lord, George Engle ; Clerk, A. H. Fitch ; Treasurer, J. T. Humphrey ; Assessor, William Fitch ; Superintendent of Schools, ^yrus Sargeant ; Justices of the Peace, Henry Patch, S. A. Taylor ; Constables, Thomas Coddington, A. Francis, S. Brazee. 1860 — Supervisors, Henry Patch, Chairman, William Fitch, William Humphrey ; Clerk, L. Brown ; Treasurer, J. D. Clayton ; Assessor, Jared Warner ; Superintendent of Schools, James Curtis ; Justices of the Peace, J. M. Dickenson and James Paul (to fill vacancy, Levi Brown) ; Constables, John Day, Anson B. Lynn, E. W. Rice. 1861 — Supervisors, William Humphrey, Chairman, John Lewis, W. Brown ; Clerk, Thomas D. j!^agle ; Treasurer, Thomas Coddington ; Assessor, Levi Brown ; Justices of the Peace, Henry Patch and William Alexander ; Constables, L. Halford, A. B. Lynn, Dennis Roony. 1862— Supervisors, Henry Patch, Chairman, William Humphrey, John Lewis; Clerk, Thomas D. Nagle ; Treasurer, J. D. Clayton ; Assessor, Levi Brown ; Justices of the Peace,. James Paul, J. M. Dickenson ; Constables, John Brock, A. Lynn, H. W. Patch. 1863 — Supervisors, Henry Patch, Chairman, William Humphrey, John Lewis ; Clerk, Thomas D. Nagle ; Treasurer, John D. Clayton ; Assessor, Levi Brown ; Justices of the Peace, Henry Patch (Harris Fitch, to fill vacancy); Constables, A. H. Lyman, A. B. Lyman, Ed- ward Garside, C. H. Polly. 1864 — Supervisors, Levi Brown, Chairman, William Humphrey, John Lewis ; Clerk, Thomas D. Nagle ; Treasurer, Alexander Paul ; Assessor, Levi Brown ; Justices of the Peace, Levi Brown, R. R. Wood ; Constables, A. B. Lynn, A. H. Lyman, C. H. Polly. HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. 859 1865 — Supervisors, Henry Patch, Chairman, William Humphrey, John Lewis ; Clerk, Thomas D. Nagle ; Treasurer, A Paul ; Assessor, Henry Patch ; Justices of the PeacCj Henry Patch, Luther Brown ; Constables, Jared Warner, J. A. Childs, J. W. Bidewell. 1866 — Supervisors, Henry Patch, Chairman, William Humphrey, George Ballentine ; Clerk, Thomas D. Nagle ; Treasurer, A. Paul ; Assessor, W. S. Brown ; Justices of the Peace, G. Forshay, D. E. Riley ; Constables, William Patterson, A. H. Lyman, A. C. Louks. 1867 — Supervisors, William Humphrey, Chairman, James Paul, J. D. Clayton ; Clerk Thomas D. Nagle ; Treasurer, A. Paul ; Assessor, J. M. Dickenson ; Justices of the Peace, H. C. Manard, George Ballentine ; Constables, H. W. Patch, C. H. Polly. 1868 — Supervisors, Jared Warner, Chairman, J. M. Diekenson, William Humphrey ; Clerk, Thomas D. Nagle ; Treasurer, A. Paul ; Assessor, J. M. Dickenson ; Justices of the Peace, G. W. Pike, J. M. Dickenson ; Constables, L. Folsom, S. D. Bean. 1869 — Supervisors, Jared Warner, Chairman, William Humphrey, J. A. Davis ; Clerk, Thomas D. Nagle ; Treasurer, A. Paul : Assessor, J. M. Dickenson ; Justices of the Peace, Charles Brown, H. W. Patch ; Constables, Benjamin Jones, D. Smith, S. D. Bean. 1870 — Supervisors, George Ballentine, Chairman, G. Forshay, Thomas D. Nagle ; Clerk, Charles Brown ; Treasurer, J. C, Scott ; Assessor, J. M. Ballentine ; Justices of the Peace, J. Woflfenden, J. D. McDuifee ; Constables, Charles Cory, Chauncy Green. 1871 — Supervisors, Jared Warner, Chairman, G. Forshay, John Hicklin ; Clerk, C. E. Rice ; Treasurer, J. C. Scott ; Assessor, James Paul ; Justices of the Peace, E. Patch, J. M. Dickenson, J. D. McDuffee, J. D. Clayton ; Constable, C. A. Green, P. Paisley. 1872 — Supervisors, Jared Warner, Chairman, G. Forshay, J. Hicklin ; Clerk, C. B. Rice ; Treasurer, J. C. Scott; Assessor, J. M. Dickenson; Justices of the Peace, J. A. Davis, C. E. Brown ; Constables, P. L. Peisley, L. Munson, S. D. Bean. 1873 — Supervisors — Haines Fitch, Chairman, J. Lewis, G. Forshay ; Clerk, A. Curtis ; Treasurer, J. C. Scott; Assessor, Thomas D. Nagle; Justices of the Peace, J. M. Dickenson, Luther Brown ; Constables, C. Green, Ed. Dickenson, S. D. Bean. 1874 — Supervisors, George Ballentine, Chairman, G. Forshay, S. A. Hatch ; Clerk, A. Curtis ; Treasurer, J. C. Scott ; Assessor, Thomas D. Nagle ; Justices of the Peace, 0. P. Wetmore, J. Woffenden ; Constables, S. D. Bean, E. Green, Ed Dickenson. 1875 — Supervisors, J. C. Scott, Chairman, William Lewis, E. H. Garside; Clerk, J. A. Curtis ; Treasurer, J. B. Cory ; Assessor, Thomas D. Nagle ; Justices of the Peace, J. E. Tay- lor, Thomas D. Nagle ; Constables, Ed Dickenson, S. D. Bean, W. 0. Goodman, 0. P. Parker. 1876 — Supervisors, George Ballentine, Chairman, S. A. Hatch, G. Forshay ; Clerk, J. A. Curtis ; Treasurer, John Hicklin ; Assessor, Jared Warner ; Justices of the Peace, E. H. Gar- side, J. A. Davis ; Constables, Charles Parish, William Prior. 1877 — Supervisors, George Ballentine, Chairman, G. Forshay, S. A. Hatch ; Clerk, J. Bidewell ; Treasurer, John Hicklin ; Assessor, John Lawless ; Justices of the Peace, G. For- shay, W. Hicklin; Constables, William Prior, Charles Parish, C. Green. 1878 — Supervisors, George Ballentine, Chairman, G. Forshay, S. A. Hatch ; Clerk, J. W. Bidewell ; Treasurer, John Hicklin ; Assessor, J. A. Curtis ; Justices of the Peace, J. A. Davis, John Jones ; Constables, L. Munson, C. Parish, R. Newberry. 1879 — Supervisors — J. A. Davis, Chairman, James Hicklin, James Gary, Jr. ; Clerk, J. W. Bidewell ; Treasurer, Jared Warner ; Assessor, J. A. Curtis ; Justices of the Peace, G. Forshay (to fill vacancy, W. Hicklin) ; Constables, M. Richards, C. H. Parish, R. Newberry. 1880 — Supervisors, Read Patch, Chairman, John Cary, G. Forshay ; Clerk, J. C. Scott ; Treasurer, A. Paul ; Assessor, W. 0. Goodman ; Justices of the Peace, A. F. Smith, George Ballentine, Edward Kerr, George Calvert; Constables, C. W. Parish, C. Ladd, Ed Dickenson. 1881 — Supervisors, John Cary, Jr., Chairman, John Hicklin, Pat Morkin ; Clerk, Arthur Rice; Treasurer, E. Patch; Assessor, E. Kerr; Justices of the Peace, J. A. Davis, S. A. Hatch, H. F. Young, W. Quick ; Constables, Ed Dickenson, L. H. Munson, Charles Parish, H. L. Wetmore. 860 HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. FENNIMORB. This town owes its name to a settler, who, at the time of the breaking-out of the Black Hawk war, was living on Section 22, Town 6, Range 2 west of the Fourth Principal Meridian. He disappeared during this struggle and was not again heard from. In 1837, a Mr. Palmer settled on Fennimore's old claim, but left after remaining a short time. In 1838, John Robin- son, Sr., settled on Section 34, Town 6, Range 2. John Switzer, John Dillon, John McRejnolds and Henry Meeker settled in the year 1843. The first German settlers were Sigmund Stuart, who came in 1845, and John Nauert and George Bohl, who arrived in 1846. The organization of the town of Fennimore took place in 1849, embracing at that time the territory of the pres- ent towns of Fennimore, Marion, Hickory Grove, Woodman, Boscobel, Waterstown and part of Muscoda. The first town meeting was held on the 3d day of April, 1849, on Section 7, Town 6, Range 2 west, and the following officers elected : Supervisor, Lester Pratt, M. D., Chairman, Solomon C. Peckham and John Switzer ; Clerk, John A. Shearer ; Assessor, H. A. W. McNair ; Treasurer. Philo A. Dempsey ; Superintendent of Schools, John A. Shearer ; Justice of the Peace, Charles W. Loney ; Constable, Robert Munns. Chester Pratt, as Chairman, in 1849 received $10 for his services, and H. A. W. McNair, as Assessor, who had to tramp all over the above designated territory, $9. At the present date, Fennimore embraces Township 6, Range 2, and Township 6, Range 3. The first Justice of the Peace, James Russell, was appointed by the Governor of the Terri- tory. The first elected by the people was Charles W. Loney, elected as above. The first relig- ious organization was formed in 1844 by Rev. Elder Allen, the class consisting of three — John Switzer, Philo Dempsey and Mrs. Dempsey. The first marriage celebrated was that of Elijah Goodrich and Allemina Russell, in 1847, the magistrate performing the ceremony being Jus- tice Russell, nicknamed the " Chief Justice." The first school district was organized on the 7th day of April, 1849, and the first school was taught by William R. Dixon, on Section 7, Township 6, Range 2, in 1847, or two years previous to the organization of the school district. Fennimore is at present divided into twelve whole and eight joint school districts, and con- tains fifteen schoolhouses. The village of Fennimore Center was laid out in 1868. Previous to this, or in July, 1862, the first house had been moved to the '' Center " by Mr. John G. Per- kins. Fennimore Center contains two churches, one Methodist Episcopal, and organized as early as 1849; the other. Advent. There is also a church at Mount Ida, in this township. The vil- lage comprises in its limits three general merchandise stores, doing a good business, two black- smith and wagon shops, one harness-shop, two shoe-shops, one hotel, two saloons, and has two physicians. In 1879, the building of the narrow gauge railroad through from Woodman to Lancaster, and passing through Fennimore, gave added importance to the village, and, sur- rounded as it is by a good farming country, Fennimore Center is situated in a most favorable position for advancement, in the future. VILLAGE OF MONTFORT. A pleasant village, born about the time Wisconsin was admitted into the Union ; occupies a portion of Sections 24 and 25, in the eastern portion of Wingville Township. Located partly on a hillside sloping to the south, with a generous growth of forest trees behind, and partly along the limits of a ravine which stretches off to the west and is lost in the timber. Montfort presents the appearance of having flourished at a time when fortune was in her more genial mood. And, from all accounts, this presumption of fact is not without foundation. Its earliest settlement dates back to the days when "leads" and "ranges" were blessings, the departure of which long since brightened their former existence. The title page, so to speak, to the his- tory of the more prosperous days of the present town, when it was known as "Wingville," may be read in the substantial improvements completed under a former regime. In those days, it is said, a well-filled wallet was essentia) to a comfortable existence; one who neglected to put HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. 861 money in his purse eventually came to be, in an algebraic sense, worse off than nothing, and his transpositions and relations in the equation of life were always indicated by the minus symbol. But not so with Wingville, when stage-coaches were the world and " whips " the potentates ; when guests of inns within its present limits sat by blazing hickory fires in old arm chairs and reflected upon the probable results of a " lead " sunk in the valley. Nor were they guests who tore up to the door, mounted on high-mettled racers covered with foam, to demand of the land- lord brandy and water in stern accents. The town was the scene of many a struggle for supremacy with the wealth of mineral hidden beneath the rock-ribbed hills, and the horny- handed sons of toil who wrested prosperity from their depths were the guests of the log tavern, and the founders of the village. Substantial of nature and character, they imparted that element to the buildings which formed the nucleus of Montfort, and the preface to a history of its future growth. The first efibrts toward the establishment of a settlement where Montfort now stands were made, it is said, by Thomas Parish, who came into the country in the fall of 1827, and erected, a cabin on the branch of Blue River, northwest of the present village. He was followed the ensuing season by others of his family, and miners generally, who located and worked out con- siderable mineral from leads which led into ranges that have since become celebrated for the amount of ore they have produced. It must here be observed that considerable difiiculty was experienced in the procuring of reliable data regarding the early founding of this portion of the township, also with reference to the improvements completed in the village proper. The cabin of Thomas Parish was the first, presumably at least, that can be recalled ; the next was the fort which stood near the Methodist Church, and the third, also erected by Mr'. Parish, was the old log tavern, raised into position about the same time, as a " halting-place " for soldiers en route from Fort Crawford to Portage. During the Black Hawk war, the fort was invested with troops, says current rumor, but the officer in command, as also the composition of the com- pany, cannot be recalled even by those from whom such uncertain accounts have been obtained. After the war, the value of the mines, it is said, was thoroughly tested by prospecters and adventurers, who remained in the neighborhood toiling and triumphing, completing improve- ments, which are still visible in portions of the village, until the discovery of gold in California precipitated the exodus from the lead mines, with which all are familiar, and from which the country was years in recovering. Early in the forties some adventured into this portion of the county, and, remaining, became identified with its growth and the development of its resource's during that and subsequent decades. Among these were Judge William McGonigal, now of Lancaster ; James Griswold, Dr. Rickey, Jacob Benner, a Mr. Crippen, John Shepherd, Asaph Leadbetter and some others, but it was not until 1848 that efforts were formally made to lay off a village and begin the race with rivals for precedence. True, the subject had been mooted for some little time, and the desire to eclipse Centerville, distant three miles, and now celebrated as the center of zinc mines, from which mineral in paying quantities is daily being taken, found frequent expression, but no decisive action was taken in that behalf until the year above desig- nated. On the 3d of April, 1848, Ben C. Eastman, of Platteville, who was interested in the owner- ship of lands in the vicinity of Wingville, caused a survey to be made of the northeast corner of Section 25, for himself, and as the attorney in fact of Francis J. Dunn, and laid off for village purposes. The plat occupied five acres of ground, which were subdivided into twenty-eight lots, fronting on Main and Center streets. At thac time, the improvements of the village, which was thenceforward known by its pres- ent title, consisted of the Washington Hotel, a rude structure, conducted by Jacob Benner on the present site of the Frankland House ; the old log tavern on the Leadbetter farm (still stand- ing, by the way), presided over by James Basye and Claiborm^ Chandler ; a miner's cabin standing north of the Washington Hotel, occupied by Thomas Hitchcock, John Milburn. William Hudson and William Ballard; a miner's cabin at the south end of the same caravan- sary, occupied by William Kinney, Daniel Thorp, and one named Landrum. 862 HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. The same year, or early in the spring of 1849, John Shepherd procured a survey of eight acres of land, and divided the same out into ten lots, the dimensions of some of which described nearly an acre of ground. Previous to that episode in the history of Montfort, an enterprising settler by the name of Henry Pohun built a store south of Edward Bell's present store, and Levi Sloan a saloon, in the same direction. Judge McGonigal resided north of the Washington Hotel, and was engaged in commercial ventures with Levi Sloan, who lived in a house standing on the lot west of the present post office site. This year, as has already been stated, miners left in large numbers and emigrated to California. The Leadbetter, Shepherd and other ranges were abandoned, and the laborers therein rushed to the fields of famine and gold on the shores of the Pacific. The same year witnessed a limited number of improvements in the village. Mr. Bouchard, of Mineral Point, erected a grocery, where G. Hess» now lives ; William Ballard a domicile on Shepherd's Addition, on the present site of J. T. Taylor's residence, and Samuel Stephens, of Potosi, a house on the site of that occupied by A. Mathews. During 1850, no improvements of note were either projected or completed. The miners had nearly all left the vicinity, ani with a population of not more than 150 souls, and little to encourage them, the year passed without any evidence of enterprise being manifested. Added to this deplorable condition of affairs, the cholera broke out on the 21:th of June, and the village became a veritable Golgotha. It seems that a number of immigrants were passing through the village, and among them was one who, in the light of subsequent events it was concluded, was suflfering from an attack of the Asiatic enemy of mankind. The resident of a house which was built for a store, and stood on the corner of Leadbetter's garden, whose name is forgotten, endeavored to minister to the invalid immigrant, and was soon after taken down. He was ■attended by a man named Starms, but died the same night, his attondant and the latter's child following in his wake almost before the body of the first victim had become stiffened in death. The bodies were interred on the hill opposite Leadbetter's farm, where they were left to await the summons of the resurrection morn. McMurtry and Isaac Goodin were the next fatal cases, notwithstanding the attentions of Drs. Hamilton and Moffatt, of Highland ; also of Dr. Sibley, of Dodgeville. By this time the inhabitants became panic stricken and fled for their lives, some going to Mineral Point, some to Dodgeville and some to Mifflin. Those who were unable to flee were cared for by the physicians who could be procured, and nursed into health or shrouded for the tomb by those who remained, who were limited to William Ballard, John Adney, D. Gard, R. Duncan, Tom Kelly, Mr. Bouchard and a German named Fick. The epidemic lasted fully a month, and yielded only when a lack of material prevented its continuance, but not before it had sickened and paid the debt of nature, including Dr. Sibley, who was taken with the preliminary symptons while en route to his home in Dodgeville and died before the remedies available could effect a change for the better. From 1851 to 1855, there was comparatively no building or improving, but four houses having been erected during that period, according to the statements of the "oldest inhabitants." These were raised in Shepherd's Addition, by Thomas Kirkpatrick and Mr. Laird. Two years prior to this, another addition had been made to the village, it being that of Asaph Leadbetter, who laid out eighteen and nineteen one-hundredths acres of land in Sections 24 and 35, which were subdivided into eleven blocks, with a total of eighty lots. But this produced no visible effect upon the lack of enterprise or change in the absence of improvements, as the ensuing five years were as unproductive of results in this connection as the preceding semi- decade appears to have been. During the war, the village furnished its quota of troops and means necessary for the sup- pression of the " rebellion," and sought by every means at the disposal of its inhabitants to con- tribute aid and comfort to the cause of the Union and the enforcement of the laws. During the past twenty years, the enterprise of the citizens has not been altogether dem- onstrated by the erection of architectural monuments to perpetuate their fame, but sufficient improvements have gone forward to completion to evidence the existence of such enterprise as is ■developed by opportunity. HlsJTOEY OF GRANT COUNTY. 863 During the period mentioned, houses devoted to residence and commercial purposes have been completed and occupied by S. B. Green, G. Hess, J. A. Thomas, John Tucker, James Gas- ton, William Stephens, Elijah McDonald, George Kendrick, etc. A new schoolhouse has sup- plied the place of that formerly employed, a Methodist Church built and furnished, a railroad built and in operation, and some other material results accomplished, that have added to the wealth and beauty of the village and the surrounding country. On the 23d of November, 1879, the Narrow Gauge was finished and the running of trains begun. One year later, the depot building was completed, and with each succeeding month since, the shipments of grain, produce and stock have increased in a most gratifying degree. The village, with a population estimated at upward of 200, contains a complement of stores, shops, etc., a well-sustained school, one church and three hotels, while the professions are ably represented, and good order is invariably maintained. It is the center of a rich farming land, and the point of shipment for vast quantities of zinc ore obtained in the mines at Centerville, three miles distant. Taken as a whole, Montford is the residence of an industrious, thriving community, with many features of interest to commend it as a place of temporary sojourn or permanent residence to the traveler and settler. Educational. — The village of Montfort, from small beginnings and limited opportunities for the availment of its youth, to-day is unsurpassed by any town of its population in the county, in the facilities afforded for the procurement of a substantial and practical education. And it might be said, in addition, that this desideratum is valued and appreciated by those upon whom its benefits are sought to be conferred. The first school taught in the neighborhood of the present village was opened in 1848 by David Bunyan, in a log cabin which stood near Dr. Dewitt's present residence. Here were gathered the children, also those of more mature years, from the adjacent country, ambitious to become familiar with the rudiments of learning, Mr. Bunyan remained in charge a year, it is believed, when he vacated the position, and was succeeded by "old man" Petello, who taught in the same place, and with a success, it is said, commensurate with his efforts, which were deter- mined and energetic. Along in 1850, the school was removed to the " old fort house," as it was called, where a Mr. Bdrington illustrated the beauties and advantages of an education, followed by John Adney and others in the same laudable undertaking. In 1855, a frame schoolhouse 18x22, was built on a lot in Leadbetter's Addition, and was constantly occupied for nearly a quarter of a century, John Adney, Robert Gill, Smith Johnson, Mary Clark, Mrs. S. T. Yorke, Mrs. Lord and others oflSciating as teachers. This building, after its abandonment for school purposes, was devoted to other uses until 1879, when it was torn down. In 1870, the increasing attendance of pupils, which each succeeding year subsequent to the war witnessed, necessitated other arrangements, and, with a view to provide for the then existing emergencies, it was decided to erect a graded school of sufficient dimensions to meet all demands for the future. The present handsome frame structure in the eastern part of the vil- lage was planned, contracted for and built, its completion being reached during the same year. It is of frame, 28x60, two stories high, containing two departments and supplied with every accessory that will, in any way, contribute to the success of the cause. Its cost, exclusive of the furniture and equipments, was f 3,500. Ordinarily, two teachers are employed, but at present, the services of one only are neces- sary. The average attendance of pupils is about 100 daily, and the cost of conducting the school, $600 per annum. The present board is made up of Robert Chandler, Director; E. Carrington, Treasurer, and W. A. Thompson, Clerk. Religious. — Religious services of the Methodist faith were held in early days in the log tavern adjoining the Leadbetter farm, being used for sacred, as also caravansary purposes. Aft: rward, church was had in private residences, the old fort, and finally, in the several school- "Ou !s which have been raised in the village. This was the case until the present Methodist 864 HISTORY OF GRA.NT COUNT Y". Church edifice was erected some years ago, since when, it has been occupied for church pur- poses. The Rev. J. V. Bachman is the Pastor at present in charge. Montfort Cemetery Association — Was organized in June, 1858, when G. Hess, W. 0. Thomas, S. D. Green and Edward Bell were elected Trustees. Soon after, they purchased half an acre of ground from Peter Dewill, which was laid out, fenced and otherwise prepared for burial purposes. The first interment made in these grounds, was that of Margaret, wife of F. McSpaden, her funeral occurring on the 2l8t of June, 1858. Since that event, numerous "storied urns" and marble headstones have been raised above the verdure and blossoms, to mark the spot where loved ones sleep, awaiting the summons that shall quicken them into life once more, on the shores of the Beautiful River. During late years, the association has made additions to the original tract, and concluded needed improvements. The affairs of the cemetery are intrusted to a Board of Trustees com- posed of G. Hess, E. Carrington and G. T. Kendrick. The Post Office. — The first attempt at supplying the inhabitants of Montfort and the sur- rounding country with mail facilities was during the year 1828, or thereabouts, when Daniel Durnell carried the mail from Mineral Point to Blue R.iver, the post office at the latter point being Centerville. In time the same was changed to Montfort, where it was located under the care of D. S. Benner, it is believed, or Robert Langley. In 1854, S. D. Green succeeded to the trust, establishing the ofiice in his store, where he continued to discharge the duties of the ofiice until 1863. In that year, W. 0. Thomas was appointed and served two years, when Mr. Green again took charge, remaining the recipient of Executive confidence four years. At the expiration of that period, W. 0. Thomas was once more invested with authority, which he exer- cised until his death in 1873, since which event J. A. Thomas has officiated. A daily mail from Galena, Woodman and Muscoda is distributed at the Montfort oflSce. The Montfort Independent — A folio of twenty-eight columns, edited and published by W. A. Thompson, was born March 31, 1881, and though yet an infant gives promise of strength and influence with each succeeding number. Personally, politically, and as the medium for a dissemination of news, the paper, as its title would indicate, aims to cultivate the independent features of journalism, and as such has become a many-winged messenger to the homes of sub- scribers, exerting a general influence, and imparting useful and beneficent knowledge of men and measures. With the issue of May 26, 1881, the name of the paper was changed to that of the Mont- fort and Fennimore Independent, the design being to extend the benefits of its publication to the flourishing village of Fennimore. The paper is issued weekly on Thursdays, enjoys a circulation of 500 copies, and is valued at $1,000. Montfort Lodge, No. 107, I 0. G. T. — Was first organized December 15, 1873, and was conducted until July 31, 1880, when it lapsed and was reduced to a condition of quiescence that at the time seemed hopeless. Meetings had been convened at irregular intervals in the hall over the People's Store during its earlier experience, but the attendance gradually diminished, the spirit of temperance seemed to have departed, and, as already stated, they were finally abandoned entirely. During the succeeding winter, however, the question of a revival of the Lodge was agitated, and the desire that the same should be accomplished found frequent expression. Finally a meet- ing was convened at the Methodist Church, on the evening of February 19, 1881, at which the initiatory steps to resume service were taken, culminating in the re-organization of the Lodge with twenty-two members, and the following officers: J. A; Jeffrey, W. C. T.; Miss Delia Parish, W. V. T.; Louis Grossenburg and Miss Etta Hess, Secretaries; Miss Anna Boulder, Treasurer; Frank Bell, Marshal ; Miss Nellie Bernard, Guard ; Benjamin Jenkins, Sentinel ; R. H. Palmer, Chaplain, and W. J. Gordon, P. W. C. T. Since that date, the Lodge has increased its membership to fifty, and meetings are held weekly, on Saturday nights, in the hall of Bunt's Building. HISTORY OF GKANT COUNTY. 865 The present officers are: J. A. Jeffrey, W. C. T.; Miss Anna Straw, W. V. T.; Jasper Palmer and Miss Etta Hess, Secretaries ; Miss Allie Bachman, "W. T.; F. Parish, W. M.; C. James, W. C, and Miss Jennie Bernard and G. G. Palmer, Guards. Ferrin Lodge, No. 165, A., F. Sj- A. M. — During the year 1866, upon the petition of S. A. Ferrin, M. D., and others, of the village of Montfort and vicinity, a dispensation was granted under and by which the present lodge was worked. This continued for the space of a year, at the conclusion of which period the lodge was duly organized under a charter bearing date June 11. 1867, with the following officers : S. A. Ferrin, W. M.; E. T. Comfort, S. W.; G. Hess, J. W.- James Chandler, Secretary ; Edward Bell, Treasurer ; Samuel Taylor, S. D.; Marion Sylvester, J. D., and Martin Van Buren, Tiler. Kegular meetings were convened in the second story of a vacant building in the western part of the village, where proceedings were conducted until 1869. In October of that year, the soci- ety erected a hall on Main street, which was completed and dedicated the same year, and has since been occupied. The building is of frame, 20x40, with a hall 20x33, substantially con- structed and handsomely furnished, and cost a total of $1,600. The present memberehip numbers forty-seven, and the official roster is made up of: D. T. Stephens, W. M.; 0. P. Comfort, S. W.; George P. Smith, J. W.; 0. P. David, Treasurer; James S. Chandler, Secretary; W. H. Van Dusen, S. D.; John Bideg, J. D., and J. H. Lincoln, Tiler. Meetings are held monthly on the Saturday nearest the full moon, and the property of the Lodge is valued at $700. WYALUSING. Early in the forties, the chances afforded for a good landing-place at the point occupied by the village of Wyalusing attracted the attention of parties interested in the building up of the county, and predicating their expectation on the fact that, with an exceptionally good landing, they might attract trade in that direction and gradually build up a thriving town, E. P. Finn, James M. Otis and L. 0. Schrader became the possessors of eighty acres of land, situated just above the present village. Here tbey laid out a village, and waited for purchasers of town lots. That others had thought this a good point, at least for the manufacture of logs and cord- wcnd, was evinced by a solitary cabin, ■which remained there as a reminder of those whose feet had pressed the soil before. The first settler in the village was Mr. Cranston, who was donated a lot by the proprietors, on the understanding that he vas to keep a house of entertainment for those happening in this section. The scheme proved not so successful in practice as in theory. Like many other 6chcm,es, it looked well on paper, but that was the only place -where it did look well. The property passed into diflerent hands until it reached those of Mr. N. W. Kendall. The latter gentleman erected a saw-mill at this point, and, together with Charles Blanford and Eobert Glenn, surveyed and platted the village of Wyalusing, in July, 1856. From the elaborate character of the plat, it -was evident that great expectations lingered in the minds of the proprietors. In the meantim.e, Mr. John Otis had opened a store in the new town, and trade was being slowly attracted in that direction. A large stone warehouse was in process of erection, and the fates seemed propitious for an extensive trading-post, ■when the iron rails were laid, linking the eastern and western portions of the Slate, and Wyalusing. with its proprietors, suffered a crushing set-back. Although it staggered bravely on for a time, the place never recovered, and gradually began to settle back to its original status. Today it is but a feeble reminder of "■what might have been." In 1854, the town of Wyalusing was erected from Patch Grove, and the first election was held April 3, 1855, when the following officers were chosen: Supervisors, Jonkim Gulick, Chaiiman, Eobert Glenn, H. E. Miles; Clerk, S. H. Seaman; Treasurer, N. W. Kendall; Assessor, W. P. Stephenson ; Superintendent of Schools, David Brodt ; Justices of the Peace, E. Jacobs, long term, S. Brodt, Charles Blanford, short term ; Constables, J. Brodt. B. Y. Griflen, W. H. Harvey. The present officers of the town are as follows: Supervisors, Edwin Glenn, Chairman, H. Strong, Lewis Glass; Clerk, L. Wellard ; Treasurer, A. Calkins; Ab- 866 HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. sessor, David Brodt ; Justices of the Peace, J. A. Harford, William Kern, long term, J. A. Bradley, L. Jacobs, short term ; Constables, A. Shrake, J. Vanamee, J. B. Palmer. GLEN HAVEN. The history of this town is included in the history of Cassville up to the year 1859, when the latter town was divided into two parts on the township line, separating Townships 3 and 4. To the northern portion the name of Glen Haven was given. The earliest settler in the town of Glen Haven was A. D. Ramsey, one of the earliest of the little band of pioneers who opened up the hidden riches of Grant County. Some years later on he was joined in the present town limits by James C. Orr, who entered the farm, on which he afterward resided, in 1836 ; and Richard Ray, who came later. From the latter, the present site of the village took the name of " Ray's Landing," by which name it was known up to the birth of the new burg. One by one other settlers began to come in, until the settler's cabin peeped forth from its woody covert, or stood outlined against the prairie sky in every direction. As early as 1850, a log warehouse was erected on the bank of the broad river that washes the western coast of the town. Mr. Jesse Brooks, now of Bloomington, then teaching school in the Ray Schoolhouse, assisted at the raising. This starting post in the village history was ■erected by Dr. Grinter and Mr. George Burroughs, the latter afterward erecting a frame dwell- ing-house about one-fourth of a mile below the present village, near the river, where he resided for many years. The village itself was laid out in the year 1857, by a company of six gentlemen — C. P. Goodrich, D. P. Grinter, M. H. Hayes, J. B. Sargent, R. Noble and George Burroughs. Two of these, as has been seen, had already struck the entering wedge. A steam saw-mill was erected this year, and a few dwelling-houses. A small store, the first in the town, was opened by Ed Palmer, but it soon gave way to others keeping more extensive stocks. The succeeding year a number of new buildings were added. The old log warehouse had disappeared, and in its place soon appeared a substantial frame building, large and commodious, at present used by Mr. William Tate. Among those who figured in mercantile pursuits in early times, were Messrs. Boylan and Oliver, who opened larger stocks in their respective establishments than had been brought before the people of this section heretofore. They were followed ere many years had elapsed, by the firm of Scott & Basford. The village in the meantime had continued on in a steady growth, accumulating to itself buildings and population. It became an important point for shipment of stock and farm produce generally. The mill, which had been erected by Mr. Sargent was first run by Mr. Mcintosh, but the building was afterward torn down, and the machinery taken away. After the storm clouds of war had swept over the country and given way to the clear and broadening horizon of peace, a second mill was erected and fitted up with the most improved machinery with a view of making this an important manufacturing point, but it was found to be a non-paying investment, and a few years ago the machinery was sold and removed to other points, while the building passed into the hands of Messrs. Basford & Humphrey, and by them is now used as a warehouse. July 3, 1874, a destructive conflagration destroyed one-half the village, and only ,by the most strenuous exertions on the part of the citizens was the remaining portion saTed. The fire first broke out in a stone building standing on the present site of Dr. Grinter's warehouse. A strong southwest wind fanned the flames and they swept rapidly on, licking up the buildings standing in its pathway until, with the best portion of the village in ruins, its work was at length stayed. This was a hard blow to the thriving town, but with characteristic energy the inhabitants set to work to replace the burnt buildings with others, and better, and to the visitor of to-day a single dismantled shell tells of the ravages of the red-tongued flames. The village at present contains three stores, two carrying extensive and well-selected stocks, two blacksmith and wagon shops, two hotels of medium capacity, one shoemaker, two physicians, three ware- house firms and other minor industries. The first schoolhouse in the town was the old Ray Schoolhouse, where in early times. HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. 867 under the regimes of Mr. Jesse Brooks, David Brown and other teachers the younger inhabi- tants climbed the rude ascents that led to the mount of learning. The first school taught in the village was held in an old frame building, then and now the property of Dr. D. P. Grinter. The present school building was erected about 1868, and so far furnishes ample facilities for the intellectual advancement of the youth of the village, under the guidance of Mr. Hendershot. Of churches. Glen Haven, the village proper, can boast of but one — Roman Catholic — which is a substantial structure, standing on a gentle rise of ground on the north of the village. Services are held by a priest from abroad. A lodge of the I. 0. G. T. was organized December 26, 1876, the charter members being C. C. Basford, Mrs. Ocea Basford, Mrs. M. Scott, Mrs. Lizzie Basford, Mr. A. Humphrey, William Weaks, M. C. Weaks, G. W. Taylor, E. M. Winslow, Mrs. L. Grinter, A. Weaks, J. Burroughs, W. J. Winney, E. Barr, Mrs. A. Barr, Mrs. J. Humphrey. This organization was not very long-lived, and, April 6, 1878, the present lodge of Ancient Order of Mendotas was organized by Grand Sachem P. Bartley, of Bloomington, and the following officers elected : W. J. Winney, W. S.; A. Scott, W. Q.; George Taylor, W. P.; L. Burton, P.; E. M. Curtiss, W. W.; Lizzie Basford, W. T.; Lucy Thomas, W. G. The present officers are F. Weiland, W. S.; W. Kidd. W. Q.; Mrs. L. Grinter, W. T.; P. D. Hendershot, W. W.; Rosa Hampton, P.; William Dortham, W. P.; Mrs. A. M. Knapp, W. G. The town of Glen Haven was set off by the County Board in 1859, and the first town meet- ing was held in the "Yellow Schoolhouse," April 3, 1860. The first meeting of the Town Board was held at the same place, April 7, the same year. The following is a complete roster of the town officers from the town organization to the present date : 1860 — Supervisors, A. A. Bennett, Chairman, A. D. Ramsey, Joseph Werry ; Clerk, William Tate; Treasurer, Henry Schneider; Assessor, Matthew Metcalf; Superintendent of Schools, James M. Scott ; Justices of the Peace, George Burroughs, A. A. Bennett, D. Oliver, L. S. Reynolds ; Constables, F. R. Delaware, Ed Doughty, Ed Bownas. 1861 — Supervisors, A. A. Bennett, Chairman, A. D. Ramsey, William Harkins; Clerk, William Tate ; Treasurer, E. A. Kidd ; Assessor, M. Metcalf; Superintendent of Schools, James M. Scott; Justices of the Peace, D. Oliver, L. S. Reynolds; Constables, J. L. Kauffman, J. Ackerman, Ed Doughty. 1862 — Supervisors, A. A. Bennett, Chairman, A. D. Ramsey, William Harkins; Clerk, William Tate; Treasurer, E. A. Kidd ; Assessor, William Curtis ; Justices of the Peace, George Burroughs, A. A. Bennett; Constables, E. Doughty, F. R. Delaware, J. L. Kauffman. 1863 — Supervisors, A. A. Bennett, Chairman, A. D. Ramsey, J. Ackerman ; Clerk, William Tate ; Treasurer, James M. Scott ; Assessor, William Curtiss ; Justices of the Peace, P. Harkins, L. S. Reynolds ; Constables, J. Ackerman, Joseph Werry. 1864 — Supervisors, E. A. Kidd, Chairman, A. D. Ramsey, J. Ackerman ; Clerk, James M. Scott; Treasurer, M. Metcalf; Assessor, E. A. Kidd; Justices of the Peace, George Bur- roughs, William Curtis ; Constables, George Henderson, J. Ackermann, E. S. Tuttle. 1865 — Supervisors — A. A. Bennett, Chairman, John Ryan, John Ackerman ; Clerk, William Tate ; Treasurer, William Curtis ; Assessor, William Curtis ; Justices of the Peace, L. Reynolds, Peter Thornton ; Constables, J. Ackerman, A. J. Vedder, M. Dolphin. 1866 — Supervisors, A. A. Bennett, Chairman, J. Ackerman, John Ryan ; Clerk, William Tate ; Assessor, William Curtis ; Treasurer, James C. Orr ; Justices of the Peace, George Bur- roughs, A. A. Bennett, J. Johnson (to fill vacancy). Constables, J. Ackerman, William Hawks, Levi Sixbey. 1867 — Supervisors, E. A. Kidd, Chairman, Jacob Ackerman, John Ackerman ; Clerk, William Tate ; Treasurer, E. W. Banks ; Assessor, William Curtis ; Justices of the Peace, L. S. Reynolds, J. Johnson ; Constables, L. Sixbey, A. Meyers, William Keinbrough. 1868 — Supervisors, E. A. Kidd, Chairman, John Ackerman, E. Wood ; Clerk, William Tale ; Tl-easurer, A. A. Kidd ; Assessor, William Curtis ; Justices of the Peace, William Curtis, 868 HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. William Tate, A. J. Long (to fill vacancy). Constables, A. Ortscheid, J. Grandrath, William Keinbrough. 1869 — Supervisors, E. A. Kidd, Chairman, John Ackerman, John Ryan ; Clerk, William Tate ; Treasurer, A. A. Kidd ; Assessor, William Curtis ; Justices of the Peace, J. Johnson, L. S. Reynolds ; Constables, William Bateman, A. Ortscheid, J. Grandrath. 1870 — Supervisors — A. A. Bennett, Chairman, James C. Orr, John Ackerman ; Clerk, William Tate ; Treasurer, J. S. KaufFman ; Assessor, J. Ryan ; Justices of the Peace, A. A. Bennett, William Tate (C. Heilermann to fill vacancy) ; Constables, William Bateman, William Weaks, A. Ortscheid. 1871 — Supervisors, A. A. Bennett, John Ackerman, James C. Orr; Clerk, William Cur- tis ; Treasurer, J. S. Kauffman ; Assessor, J. Ryan ; Justices of the Peace, Luther Basford, Ira S. Bennett; Constables, W. Bateman, 0. V. Royster, Joseph Bowers. 1872 — Supervisors, William Curtis, Chairman, Ed Bownas, Jacob Kuenster ; Clerk, Will- iam Tate ; Treasurer, J. S. Kidd ; Assessor, J. Ryan ; Justices of the Peace, William Tate, J. S. Kauffman ; Constables, William Bateman, C. W. Bushnell, Richard Kidd. 1873 — Supervisors — D.. P. Grinter, Chairman, Charles Heilermann, Andrew Meyers ; Clerk, William Tate ; Treasurer, J. S. Kidd ; Assessor, J. Ryan ; Justices of the Peace, Luther Basford, J. Ryan (E. Wood to fill vacancy) ; Constables, Richard A. Kidd, C. W. Bushnell, Jac Ackerman. 1871 — Supervisors, D. P. Grinter, Chairman, Charles Heilermann, Andrew Myers ; Clerk, William Tate ; Treasurer, Joseph S. Kidd ; Assessor, John Ryan ; Justices of the Peace, Will- iam Curtis, A. J. Long; Constables, R. A. Kidd, William Bateman, C. W. Bushnell. 1875 — Supervisors, D. P. Grinter, A. Myers, C. Heilermann ; Clerk, William Tate ; Treas- erer, A. Humphrey ; Assessor, W. J. Winney ; Justices of the Peace, J. Ryan, W. N. Ram- sey ; Constables, R. A. Kidd, M. Kidd, A. Ortscheid. 1876 — Supervisors, J. Ryan, Chairman, J. S. Kidd, Jacob Ackerman; Clerk, William Tat^; Treasurer, C. Peacock; Assessor, William Curtis; Justices of the Peace, C. Schwaller, W. A. Sprague ; Constables, R. A. Kidd, G. Myers, .Jac Lepper. 1877 — Supervisors, J. Ryan, Chairman, J. S. Kidd, Jacob Ackerman ; Clerk, William Tate ; Treasurer, C. Peacock ; Assessor, William Curtis ; Justices of the Peace, J. Ryan, W. N. Ramsey ; Constables, R. A. Kidd, G. Myers, J. Lepper. 1878 — Supervisors, Joseph S. Kidd, Chairman, William Wildman, Jacob Ackerman ; Clerk, William Tate ; Treasurer, Anton Vogt ; Assessor, William Curtis ; Justices of the Peace, W. A. Sprague, S. Chandler; Constables, A. Ortscheid, Robert Wood, James Burton. 1879 — Supervisors — Joseph S. Kidd, Chairman, Jacob Ackerman, William Wildman ; Clerk, William Tate ; Treasurer, Anton Vogt ; Assessor, William Curtis ; Justices of the Peace, J. Ryan, W. N. Ramsey (A. H. Bennett to fill vacancy) ; Constables, Robert Wood, Henry Schrader, C. Brookens. 1880— Supervisors, Joseph S. Kidd, Chairman, William Wildman, Jacob Ackerman; Clerk, William Tate ; Treasurer, Anton Vogt ; Assessor, William Curtis ; Justices of the Peace, W. A. Sprague, A. H. Bennett ; Constables, H. Shrader, Thomas Mernaugh, Ben Mueller. 1881— Supervisors, Joseph S. Kidd, Chairman, William Wildman, Jacob Ackerman ; Clerk, William Tate ; Treasurer, W. N. Ramsey ; Assessor, John Dolphin ; Justices of the Peace, James Wildman, William Ramsey ; Constables, John Curry, Thomas Myers, Ben Mueller. TOWN OF MILLVILLE. This town was first settled by Elihu Warner, Jared Warner, Henry Poster and Isaac Revel, who came with their families in April, 1838, from Ohio, by the Ohio, Mississippi and Wiscon- sin Rivers, in a large keel-boat. Elihu Waruer brought with him a house all framed and ready for erection. This pioneer cabin was principally black walnut, and was put up on Section 2b. It is still standing. William Kidd came from Ohio in 1841 and located on Section 2, Town- HISTORY OP GRANT COUNTY. 869 ship 6, Range 6 west, and Norman Washburn settled on Section 1, Township 6, Range 5 west, ill 1846. Joseph Horsfall caaie from Ohio in 1849, and settled on Section 2, Township 6, Range 5 west, locating at this time only 40 acres of land. He is still living on this same loca- tion, and owns and operates about 400 acres. This, of course, is not a complete list of those who settled here during these years, as some have died, others have moved away, and their names have dropped from the page of public exist- ence and the memories of their pioneer associates. The first saw-mill was built by Jared Warner, on Section 34, in 1840. This was intended merely for custom-work. The dimensions was 20x40, with a capacity of about 1,000 feet of lumber per day. The first flouring-mill was erected by William Kidd, in 1844, on Section 2. During this same year, Jared Warner built a second saw-mill, near the site of his first one, of larger dimensions and with a capacity of between 2,000 and 3,000 feet of lumber per day. In 1845, G. 0. Drake, a son-in-law of Elihu Warner, erected a chair and bedstead factory, and, for a few years, carried on an extensive business. Joseph Horsfall built a woolen mill in 1850, the dimensions being 16x44. This was torn down and a new one erected in 1866, the main building being 32x44, with two wings 15x24 each. This was entirely consumed byfirein 1869. Not in the least disheartened by his comparatively heavy loss, Mr. Horsfall erected his third mill in 1871. His misfortunes, however, did not cease here, as this mill was carried away and destroyed by a freshet in 1876 ; but, with renewed energy and perseverance, he constructed his fourth and present mill during the same year, its dimensions being 20x30. The first school was taught in the summer of 1847, in a room in the dwelling-house of Jared Warner, by Cassanna McDonald (afterward the wife of William Kidd, Jr.). The first schoolhouse was erected in the fall of 1848, by subscription, and is still used for school pur- poses in District No. 1. There is at present only one whole and two joint school districts in the town. The first store was opened by Jared Warner in 1849, but was run by him only a short time, and a second one opened by Henry Horsfall in 1855. During this year, also, one Manchester purchased the property of Elihu Warner, and established a horse ferry across the Wisconsin River. This he kept in active operation until 1851, when his ferry-boat sunk and he then dis- posed of the property to George Schlund, who ran the ferry until 1865, when it was discon- tinued. In the year 1853, the present Methodist, and only church in the town, was erected on Section 35, and was dedicated during the same year, Rev. Alfred Bronson delivering the dedi- catory sermon. Prior to the building of this church, however, meetings of the society were held as far back as 1845-46, at the dwelling of William Kidd, Jr., and at the schoolhouse, the min- isters being J. H. Penman, Enoch Tasker, Frank Smith and a few others. The post oflice was established in 1855, with C. C. Drake as Postmaster. He was suc- ceeded by William Kidd, Jr. Mr. Kidd's death occurred soon afterward and his wife succeeded him, and held the position until 1867, when Joseph Horsfall, the present incumbent, was ap- pointed. The town name (Millville) originated from the number of mills that were built at an early day, and which have been referred to above. The town, as it was first organized in 1853, com- prised, in addition to its present limits, a portion of the present town of Patch Grove, the upper half of the present town of Wyalusing and the whole of the present towns of Mount Hope and Woodman. In 1854, Wyalusing was set oflF from Millville and Patch Grove by the County Board of Supervisors. In 1859, still another change took place, and Millville then included Sections 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12, of Township 6, Range 4 west. In 1864, Mount Hope and Woodman were set off from Millville, reducing it to its present limits. It is bounded on the north by the Wisconsin River, on the east by portions of the towns of Mount Hope and Woodman, on the south by Patch Grove, and on the west by a portion of the town of Wyalusing. It now comprises Sections 25, 26, 35 and 36 of Township 7, Range 5 8T0 HISTOET or GEANT COUNTY. west, and Sections 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 and 18 of Tovfnship 6, Range 5 west. The first election was held in the spring of 1854, at which time the whole number of votes cast was 105, and the following officers were elected : Jared Warner, Chairman, J. A. Kings- ley, Charles Blandford, Supervisors ; Waldo Brown, Superintendent of Schools ; R. Burrows, Clerk ; James Ballantine, Treasurer ; Justus M. Dickinson, Assessor ; Preserved Albee, John B. Lynn, Justices of the Peace ; David Brandt, Anson B. Lynn, Constables. The following is a complete list of the officials from the organization of the town to date : 1 855 — Jared Warner, Chairman, Justus M. Dickinson, J. J. Snider, Supervisors ; Orra Garvin, Superintendent of Schools ; R. Burrows, Clerk ; James Ballantine, Treasurer ; M. W. Vanansdale, Assessor ; Joseph Horsfall, J. A. Kingsley, Justices of the Peace ; Anson B. Lynn, C. W. De Lap, H. L. Foster, Constables. 1856 — William Kidd, Jr., Chairman, Elijah Patch, William Herlocker, Supervisors; William J. Quick, Superintendent of Schools ; C. W. Gulick, Clerk ; Ira W. Bronson, Treas- urer ; M. W. Vanansdale, Assessor ; J. G. Bishop, Samuel Braudt, Justus M. Dickinson, Jus- tices of the Peace ; C. W. De Lap, Johnson Casler, James Hicklin, Constables. 1857 — Jared Warner, Chairman, George Ballantine, Allen Garvin, Supervisors ; William J. Quick, Superintendent of Schools ; Thomas Nagle, Clerk ; James Ballantine, Treasurer ; William Whiteside, Assessor ; P. Albee, John B. Lynn, Joseph Horsfall, Justices of the Peace ; Silas B. Simpkins, Byron B. Bishop, Constables. 1858 — George Ballantine, Chairman, William Humphrey, C. F. Hopkins, Supervisors; William J. Quick, Superintendent of Schools ; Thomas Nagle, Clerk ; William Kidd, Jr., Treasurer ; William Whiteside, Assessor ; Charles Lester, B. L. Loomis, Justices of the Peace ; Silas B. Simpkins, H. W. Gilliard, Dennis Sheedy, Constables. 1859 — Levi Brown, Chairman, J. A. Kingsley, John B. Lynn, Supervisors ; William J. Quick, Superintendent of Schools; Thomas Nagle, Clerk; William Kidd, Jr., Treasurer; James Weeks, Assessor ; -John B. Lynn, S. A. Quincy, Justices of the Peace ; Allen Garvin, Alfred Bronson, Cornelius B. Nice, Constables. 1860 — Joseph Horsfall, Chairman, S. L. Stratton, James Trainer, Supervisors; Allanons Lester, Superintendent of Schools ; T. S. Carmody, Clerk ; William Kidd, Jr., Treasurer ; James Weeks, Assessor ; Michael McNamee, Robert Harrower, Justices of the Peace ; Richard Keating, William Whiteside, J. W. Kelly, Constables. ' 1861 — Joseph Horsfall, Chairman, James Trainer, R. G. Humphrey, Supervisors ; George R. Garvin, Superintendent of Schools; T. S. Carmody, Clerk ; William Kidd, Jr., Treasurer; Michael McNamee, Assessor; C. W. Grimacey, John B. Lynn, Justices of the Peace; Richard Keating, Joseph Tomlinson, Silas B. Simpkins, Constables. 1862 — Joseph Horsfall, Chairman, R. G. Humphrey, Patrick Coyne, Supervisors ; T. S. Carmody, Clerk; William Kidd, Jr., Treasurer; John Chisholm, Assessor; Robert Harrower, John Chisholm, G. W. Washburn, Justices of the Peace; Richard Keating, Joshua Gould, Constables. 1863 — Joseph Horsfall, Chairman, Patrick Coyne, R. G. Humphrey, Supervisors ; A. J. Smith, Clerk ; Theodore Taylor, Treasurer ; John B. Lynn, Assessor ; John B. Lynn, T. S. Sampson, Justices of the Peace ; H. W. Gilliard, C. W. Grimacey. Constables. 1864 — Joseph Horsfall, Chairman, D. D. Snider, Isaac H. Gibbons, Supervisors ; A. J. Smith, Clerk ; Samuel Braudt, Treasurer ; T. S. Sampson, Assessor ; T. S. Sampson, S. L. Stratton, Geo. Winsworth, Justices of the Peace ; Geo. Harmon, F. W. Austin, Constables. 1865 — Joseph Horsfall, Chairman, Almond Foster, Cornelius Nice, Supervisors ; J. G. Bishop, Clerk ; George Winsworth, Treasurer ; C. W. Grimacey, Assessor ; George Winsworth, D. H. Ballon, Justices of the Peace ; J. G. Bishop, 0. L. Hart, A. L. Foster, Constables. 1866— G. H. Washburn, Chairman, Lewis B. Dewey, A. R. Foster, Supervisors ; A. H. Mumford, Clerk ; George Winsworth, Treasurer ; C. W. Grimacey, Assessor ; D. H. Ballou, Robert Wiseman, Justices of the Peace ; Franklin Austin, D. H. McKey, Constables. HISTOEY OF GRANT COUNTY. 871 1867 — G. H. Washburn, Chairman, A. R. Foster, Lewis E. Dewey, Supervisors; A. H. Mumford, Clerk; George Winsworth, Treasurer ; C. W. Grimacy, Assessor; C. W. Grimacey, George Winsworth, Justices of the Peace; Franklin Austin, George Couillard, Constables. 1868 — George H. Washburn, Chairman, A. R. Foster, Lewis E. Dewey, Supervisors; E. L Kidd, Clerk ; George Winsworth, Treasurer ; A. H. Mumford, Asssssor ; A. R. Foster, Edward Wiseman, Justices of the Peace; R. H. De Lap, Jerome Perry, Constables. 1869 — Edward Wiseman, Chairman, J. S. Markham, I. H. Gibbons, Supervisors; E. I. Kidd, Clerk; A. H. Mumford, Assessor; I. H. Gibbons, Treasurer; Joseph Horsfall, B. H. Tripp, A. R. Foster, Edward Wiseman, Justices of the Peace ; Jerome Perry, R. H. De Lap, Constables. 1870 — Joseph Horsfall, Chairman, J. S. Markham, Lewis E. Dewey, Supervisors; E. I. Kidd, Clerk; I. H. Gibbons, Treasurer; A. H. Mumford, Assessor; E. I. Kidd, J. Creager, R. R. Spraggon, A. R. Foster, Justices of the Peace; E. A. Hackett, G. H. Foster, Constables. 1871 — E. I. Kidd, Chairman, Lewis E. Dewey, J. Creager, Supervisors; A. H. Mum- ford, Clerk; I. H. Gibbons, Treasurer; A. R. Foster, Assessor; R. R. Spraggon, James Fos- ter, Justices of th# Peace; E. A. Hackett, Jerome Perry, Constables. 1872 — E. I. Kidd, Chairman, Lewis E. Dewey, A. R. Foster, Supervisors; F. S. Kidd, Clerk; L H. Gibbons, Treasurer; William Horsfall, Assessor; A. R. Foster, Jacob Creager, Justices of the Peace; George H. Foster, Edward Beitler, Constables. 1873 — Joseph Horsfall, Chairman, Jerome Perry, A. R. Foster, Supervisors; A. H. Mumford, Clerk; Lewis Beitler, Treasurer; William Horsfall, Assessor; Edward Wiseman, Joseph Horsfall, Justices of the Peace; George H. Foster, Jerome Perry, Constables. 1874 — Joseph Horsfall, Chairman, Joseph Beadle, Lewis E. Dewey, Supervisors; A. H. Mumford, Clerk; Jacob Creager, Treasurer; William Horsfall, Assessor; Jacob Creager, A. R. Foster, Justices of the Peace; Edward Beitler, George H. Foster, Constables. 1874 — E. I. Kidd, Chairman, A. R. Foster, Lewis E. Dewey, Supervisors; A. H. Mum- ford, Clerk ; Jacob Creager, Treasurer ; William Horsfall, Assessor ; Joseph Horsfall, A. R. Foster. Justices of the Peace; Jeiferson Day, Samuel Goan, Constables. 1876 — E. I. Kidd, Chairman, Lewis E. Dewey, James Beadle, Supervisors; D. F. Hors- fall, Clerk ; James Horsfall, Treasurer ; William Horsfall. Assessor ; , , Justices of the Peace ; , , Constables. 1877 — E. I. Kidd, Chairman, Lewis E. Dewey, James Beadle, Supervisors ; D. F. Hors- fall, Clerk ; Joseph Horsfall, Treasuaer ; Jerome Perry, Assessor ; Joseph Horsfall, Jerome Perry, Justices of the Peace ; Edward Hall, Constable. 1878 — E. I. Kidd, Chairman, Lewis E. Dewey, James Beadle, Supervisors ; D. F. Hors- fall, Clerk ; Joseph Horsfall, Treasurer ; Jerome Perry, Assessor ; S. E . Hart, Henry Taylor, Justices of the Peace; Edward Hall, Edward Beitler, Constables. 1879 — E. I. Kidd, Chairman, Lewis E. Dewey, James Beadle, Supervisors ; D. F. Hors- fall. Clerk; I. H. Gibbons, Treasurer; T. B. Anderson, Assessor; Joseph Horsfall, Jerome Perry, Henry Taylor, Justices of the Peace ; Luther Perry, Edward Beitler, Edward Hall, A. Koschkee, Constables. 1880 — E. I. Kidd, Chairman, J. H. Taylor, James Beadle, Supervisors; D. F. Horsfall, Clerk ; L H. Gibbons, Treasurer ; T. B. Anderson, Assessor ; Jerome Perry, J. H. Taylor, Justices of the Peace ; Edward Hall, William Posten, Edward Beitler, Constables. 1881 — E. I. Kidd, Chairman, Lewis E. Dewey, James Beadle, Supervisors ; D. F. Hors- fall, Clerk ; I. H. Gibbons, Treasurer ; T. B. Anderson, Assessor ; Joseph Horsfall, Jerome Perry, Justices of the Peace ; William Posten, Constable. WOODMAN. This town originally belonged to Millville, but was set off in 1864 by the County Board of Supervisors. The first settler was Joseph Thurnby, who located on Section 34, Township 7, Range 4 west, in 1842. The first school was taught by Ira Philipps, in 1858, in a room at his 872 HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. house. The first schoolhouse was built in 1860, in what is now School District No. 5. Edward McDowell taught the first school in this building in the winter of 1864-65. The history of the town of Woodman is the history of the village of Woodman, and may be found therein. In 1864, Ralph Smith and Cyrus Woodman laid out a village on Sections 13 and 14, to which was given the name of Woodman. The first settlers in the village were Charles Smith and Mr. J. Lindig, who located in the spring of 1864. The first house was erected this year by Ralph Smith, as a residence for his son Charles, the carpenter work being done by T. S. Sampson. The post office was established also during that year, with S. S. Hills as Postmaster. At this time it was kept in the railroad depot, which had been erected in the fall of the same year. Thomas Clapp succeeded to the Postmastership, and he in turn was followed by L. M. Culver, the office in the meantime being kept in a warehouse. Cyrus Ransom subsequently became Postmaster, and the office was removed to his shoe-shop Mr. Ransom was followed by J. L. Parker, and the office again removed this time to his store. It was kept here until the present incumbent, James A. Faris, received his appointment, since which time it has been kept at his store. Th£ first stores were built in 1863, by John H. Barnett, T. N. Hubbell and Julius Lindig. The first school taught in the village was by Louise Rittenhouse, in the summer of 1864, in a room containing but one window, in the second story of a warehouse. The "Northey House," which was built during that year for a store building, was subsequently purchased for $800 for school purposes. The first warehouse was built by George Campbell in 1864, with a capacity for about 5,000 bushels. In 1866, Israel Miles purchased a building which had been erected by A. S. Young in 1864, and fitted it up and kept the first hotel in the village of Woodman. This was subsequently disposed of to its present owner, James A. Faris. Nathan Schreiner & Co., in 1869, erected a warehouse 30x50, with a capacity of 10,000 bushels, and a cost of $2,000. The first death in the village was that of a little girl, daughter of George Campbell, in the fall of 1864. An enumeration of the inhabitants of the town of Woodman, taken June 1, 1865, the year following its organization, made the total population 517, of which number 260 were males and 257 females, and the total foreign population 105. The school report for 1880 shows the whole number of schoolhouses in the town to be five, with a cash value of $1,300, and capable of accommodating 233 pupils, and the total number of children in the town over four and under twenty to be 265 ; of which number 122 are males and 143 females. Of this number, 204 attended the schools during the year. In 1878, a large fire occurred in the village of Woodman, when the railroad depot, a ware- house owned by John Plankington, the post office building and store owned by J. L. Parker, the saloon and residence of John Murphy, the residence and wagon-shop of M. B. Clark, and a shoe store owned by I. W. Dexter, were burned down, causing a total loss of $5,500, with no insurance except $2,200 on the store building and stock of J. L. Parker. In April, 1879, the first work was done in the town of Woodman, on the Chicago & Tomah Narrow Gauge Railway, at what is known as " Cor.nely's Cut." This road was finished to Lancaster in the following January. In 1880, it was purchased by the Chicago & North- western Railroad Company, and has since been operated by them. The first town meeting for the town of Woodman was held at the railroad depot April 4, 1865, and the following is a list of the votes polled : John B. Murphy, Moses Garvin, Thomas W. Clapp, George Withington, S. H. Bishop, S. H. Foster, Daniel Roseman, George Young- love, David Terrell, Robert Stimpson, John Scanlon, Patrick Coyne, James E. Taylor, Thomas Parland, J. C. Wood, Joseph Carter, Jedediah Canfield, William Stimpson, James Ellis, Thomas Corcoran, Hugh Quinn, Daniel Dietrich, J. W. Rockwell, John Roseman, James Trainer, Perry Swartz, A. R. Gleason, William Mooney, Aslay Olsen, Thomas Hanley, John HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. 873 Schuppner, John Martin, Louis Ruka, Joshua S. Gould, Orlin Garvin, Joseph Turnby, William Parland, Chauncey Bangs, George Brown, Michael Friar, Almiren Hackett, T. N. Hubbell, Cyrus Ranson, Andrew Walton, Thomas S. Sampson, John Decker, S. S. Hills, George Linale, Arthur Murphy, W. T. Richards, Jacob Sanger, S. W. Townsend, Edward Murphy, William A. McKinney, William Northey, James H. Lent, John Anderson, H. R. Miles, W. S. O'Brien and C. R. Smith. Of these, Daniel Roseman, Robert Stimpson, J. C. Wood, James Ellis, Thomas Corcoran, Hugh Quinn, John Roseman, James Trainer, William Mooney, Thomas Hanley, Orlin Garvin, William Parland, George Brown, Michael Friar and S. W. Townsend are still residents of the town. At this election, John Decker, Andrew Walton and T. N. Hubbell were appointed Inspectors, Thomas S. Sampson^and Henry R. Miles, Clerks, and the following offi- cers were elected : Thomas S. Sampson, Chairman, S. H. Bishop, Patrick Coyne, Supervisors ; Thomas W. Clapp, Clerk ; G. Prior, Treasurer ; Orlin Garvin, Assessor ; S. H. Bishop, Andrew Walton, James Trainer, Justices of the Peace; James H. Lent, A. R. Gleason, Chaun- oey Bangs, D. Roseman, Constables. The following is a list of the town officers from organiza- tion to date : 1866 — T. N. Hubbell, Chairman (resigned, and H. R. Miles appointed), Patrick Coyne, S. H. Bishop, Supervisors ; George W. Anderson, Clerk ; Louis Ruka, Treasurer ; Chauncey Bangs, Assessor ; James Trainer, H. Rankin, Justices of the Peace ; James Lewis, Daniel Decker, J. B. Murphy, Samuel Neely, Constables. 1867 — M. B. Clark, Chairman, John Sanger, Patrick Coyne, Supervisors ; Henry A. Miles, Clerk (resigned, and L. M. Culver, appointed) ; George R. Garvin, Treasurer ; S. A. Quincy, Assessor ; D. H. Ballou, Chauncey Bangs, Samuel Neely, Justices of the Peace ; E. N. Garvin, Richard H. Foster, Sylvester Keys, T. B. Anderson, Constables. 1868 — J. F. Thompson, Chairman (removed from town, and John Murray appointed), Michael Friar, John Schuppner, Supervisors ; T. N. Hubbell, Clerk ; John L. Parker, Treas- urer; Orlin Garvin, Assessor; George Brown, John L. Parker, Daniel Trum, Justices of the Peace ; Samuel AdKns, John Schuppner, Richard Foster, Constables. 1869 — T. N. Hubbell, Chairman, A. Lynett, James Connelly. Supervisors ; L. M. Culver, Clerk ; J. L. Parker, Treasurer ; Chauncey Bangs, Assessor ; M. B. Clark, John Sanger, Justices of the Peace; L. D. Adkins, J. C. Wood, J. B. Murphy, James Scott, Constables. 1870 — T. N. Hubbell, Chairman, George Brown, Daniel Roseman, Supervisors ; H. F. Walton, Clerk; John L. Parker, Treasurer; J. A. Faris, Assessor ; John L. Parker, J. E. Taylor, James Trainer, Justices of the Peace ; L. D. Adkins, Abraham Adkins, H. A. Taylor, Thomas Hanley, Constables. 1871 — George Brown, Chairman, Orlin Garvin, John Martin, Supervisors; H. F. Walton, Clerk ; John L. Parker, Treasurer ; James Faris, Assessor ; M. B. Clark, Thomas Garvey, Justices of the Peace ; Lewis Adkins, George A. Lance, Peter Morgan, Samuel Neely, Con- stables. 1872 — George Brown, Chairman, Orlin Garvin, John Sanger, Supervisors; H. F. Walton, Clerk ; John L. Parker, Treasurer ; James A. Faris, Assessor ; John L. Parker, J. W. Horsfall, Justices of the Peace; George A. Lance, James E. Taylor, James Williamson, Constables. 1873 — George Brown, Chairman, Orlin Garvin, John Sanger, Supervisors; H. F. Walton, Clerk; J. L. Parker, Treasurer; James A. Faris, Assessor; D. H. Ballou, J. W. Horsfall, J. J. Dodds, Justices of the Peace ; William Tennant, J. Williamson, William Vince, Constables. 1874 — George Brown, Chairman, Daniel Roseman, Orlin Garvin, Supervisors; H. F. Walton, Clerk ; John L. Parker, Treasurer ; James A. Faris, Assessor ; John L. Parker, William Vince, Justices of the Peace ; James Milborn, James Williamson, Constables. 1875 — George Brown, Chairman, Alex Lynett, Daniel Roseman, Supervisors; F. E. Fitch, Clerk ; John L. Parker, 'Treasurer ; James A. Faris, Assessor ; John Horsfall, D. H. Ballou, J. J. Dodds, Justices of the Peace ; J. Williamson, William Vince, William Tennant, J. Randall, Constables. 1876 — George Brown, Chairman, Orlin Garvin, Daniel Roseman, Supervisors ; H. F. 874 HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. Walton, Clerk ; John L. Parker, Treasurer ; James A. Faris, Assessor ; John L. Parker, J. J. Scanlon, Justices of the Peace ; Lewis Adkins, George Potts, Constables. 1877 — George Brown, Chairman, Alex Lynett, J. F. Sanger, Supervisors ; T. S. Rich- ards, Clerk ; John L. Parker, Treasurer ; James A. Faris, Assessor ; M. H. Dunn, John L. Parker, J. J. Quinn, Constables. 1878 — George Brown, Chairman, J. J. Scanlon, Orlin Garvin, Supervisors ; T. S. Rich- ards, Clerk ; F. E. Fitch, Treasurer ; James A. Faris, Assessor ; J. J. Scanlon, Justice of the Peace ; William Tennant, Constable. 1879 — George Brown, Chairman, Patrick Glynn, Orlin Garvin, Supervisors ; H. F. Walton, Clerk ; James Ellis, Treasurer ; James A. Faris, Assessor ; D. H. Ballow, John Quinn, J. W. Horsfall, Justices of the Peace ; Leander Knox, William Tennant, Constables. 1880 — James A. Faris, Chairman, Patrick Glynn, John Martin, Jr., Supervisors ; H. F. Walton, Clerk ; John Sanger, Treasurer ; John R. Murphy, Assessor ; ^ Justices of the Peace ; , Constables. 1881 — James A. Faris, Chairman, Patrick Glynn, John Martin, Jr., Supervisors ; H. F. Walton, Clerk ; John Sanger, Treasurer ; John R. Murphy, Assessor ; D. H. Ballou, Justice of the Peace ; John McGeary, Constable. BLUE RIVER STATION. Several years after the completion of the Milwaukee & Mississippi Railroad, a flag station was inaugurated at this point. This was afterward made a regular stopping-place, and depot buildings erected about 1866. The first permanent settler at this stopping-place was Joseph Elliott, who came in 1862, and erected a residence and store building, both being under the same roof. This was the only building in the place, with the exception of a section house, until the coming of Mr. D. Perigo, in 1863, who erected a house and started a store. He purchased the land immediately adjoining the station, and laid it off in village lots the-foUowing year, Noah Titus being the Surveyor. This same year, Gus Matthews, now of Wingville, came and put up- a house. Soon after his arrival, Mr. Perigo succeeded in having the new settlement placed among the list of post offices, he being appointed the first Postmaster ; he resigned a few years afterward in favor of Charles S. Taylor, who succeeded him as proprietor of the store. Upon Taylor's departure, the office again fell to Mr. Perigo, who kept it until his resignation in favor of William Northey. About the time of Mr. Perigo's sale of his stock to Charles Taylor, A. B. Miller put up a store, and still is in trade. D. C. Perigo was the first station agent, holding the position until 1869, when William Northey took charge of the company's interests. He remained until 1879, when he was succeeded by D. A. Taylor, the present agent. The first school in the place was taught by Mrs. Ed Carroll in a little building standing east of the station and just south ofi the track. The building has since been torn down. The first and only schoolhouse was built in 1866, the first teacher being Eleanor Bailey. There is but one church organization in the village, the Methodist, among the Pastors of which are found the names of Revs. Sackett, McMillen, Smith, St. John, Hurd, Snodgrass and Rev. Cliff, the present Pastor. A lodge of the Sons of Temperance was established here February 2, 1873, with about twenty charter members. William McMuUen was elected Patriarch, and Andrew Harris, Division Deputy. The lodge, after an existence of five years, surrendered its charter in 1878. In the spring of 1878, a lodge of Good Templars was organized at Blue River, but, after a brief struggle against dispiriting influences, it gave up the ghost. March 18. 1881, Blue River Lodge No. 381, and the second lodge of the order, was organized by J. T. Cleghorn, S. D., and at present is in a fair condition, meetings being held in the schoolhouse. HISTOKY OF GRANT COUNTY. 875 OHAPTEE XVn. DISTINGUISHED DEAD* Hon. J. Allen Barber. BY u. K DEAN. Perhaps, the leading events of Mr. Barber's life are as correctly and fully summed up in the Wisconsin Volume of The United States Biographical Dictionary, of 1877, as we are able to give at present writing. We therefore copy them here : " Joel Allen Barber, son of Joel and Aseneth Meloin Barber, is a native of Vermont, and was born at Georgia, Franklin County, January 17, 1809. His great grandfather was from England, and settled at Canton, Conn. His mother was of Welsh descent, and her father was a Captain in the B,evolutionary army, serving through the war. Young Barber farmed till his eighteenth year, when he entered the Georgia Academy, and fitted for college ; entered the University of Vermont in the summer of 1829 ; left at the end of two and a half years, deter- mined to carve a career for himself. Read law with Hon. George P. Marsh, of Burlington ; was admitted to the bar in Prince George's County, Md., in 1834, after teaching school there two years. He returned to Vermont and practiced at Fairfield until 1837, settling, in September of that year, at Lancaster, Wis. Here he has been in the practice for forty years, at times min- gling land operations with legal business, but not enough to interfere with his profession. His legal knowledge is sound and extensive ; he has a high standing as a criminal lawyer, and, in all respects, has long been an honor to the profession. " During the forty years that Mr. Barber has been a resident of Grant County, he has held some official position two-thirds of the time. He was on the County Board of Supervisors sev- eral years, and its Chairman five; was County Clerk four years; District Attorney three terms; three terms member of the Lower House of the Legislature ; one term in the State Senate, and a member in the Forty-second and Forty-third Congresses. In the House of Representatives, he was on the Committee on War Claims and Revision of the Statutes. He seldom spoke, but was an indefatigable worker. " Originally Mr. Barber was a Whig of "Free-soil " tendencies, and naturally identified him- self with the Republican party, to which he has steadfastly adhered. " Mr. Barber has abilities fitting him for any office in the gift of the people of Wisconsin ; is a man of solid character as well as intellectual qualities, and is one of those statesmen whose records were an honor to a State." The foregoing appears at the head of an obituary article in the Grant County Herald, of June 30, 1881, furnished to that paper by Judge J. T. Mills, of Lancaster, which, by its orig- inal matter following the above, pays a very high and just tribute to the personal worth of Mr. Barber, in accordance with the writer's own knowledge, entirely supported by the popular judg- ment. Mr. Barber died at his residence in Lancaster at 2 o'clock A. M., June 28, 1881, of peri- tonitis, after a painful illness of one week. His burial followed in the afternoon of the i!9th, amid manifest expressions of deep-seated and general sorrow, the pall-bearers being Judge M. M. Cothren, of Mineral Point ; Ex-M. C, H. S. Magoon, of Darlington ; Hons. William E. Carter and A. W. Bell, of Platteville ; John G. Clark, of Lancaster, and C. K. Dean, of Bos- cobel. The press, local and in many cases remote and general, at once gave evidence of the high estimation in which the deceased was held, both in public and private life ; which tributes, though they will fail to reach the consciousness of him whose virtues they commemorate, may yet tend in some degree to assuage the grief of those who live to mourn his loss. *The Bketches herein contained were received too late for insertion in proper cliapter. 8T6 HISTORY OP GRANT COUNTY. Gathering sheaves of testimonial from this wide field of obituary harvest, we shall find that J. Allen Barber, at the time of his death, and for many years prior thereto, had few equals in those qualities deemed essential in the institution of the highest manhood, or in the estate of the good and useful citizen. From these concurring evidences, there may truthfully be added to the record already given; that, though frequently honored with high political station, he had an intense dislike to all office-begging, and scrupulously avoided contaminating himself by this popular, and it is much to be regretted, profitable vice, one moment in advance of a strong and well-defined popular sentiment running in his behalf; that he was a friend and supporter of all rational public enterprises ; a free giver in charity, and as a creditor to worthy but unfortunate debtors, a marvel of indulgence. And it may also be added that he was possessed of rare attainment in ancient and modern lore, and kept pace with all the developments of scientific research ; and was a man who held his family endeared to him by the ties of affection, constancy, kindness and liberality. We are able readily to understand how, by virtue of his correct personal habits, his professional honesty and fidelity, his love of liberty and regard for public justice, and his impatient hatred of every grade of meanness and corruption, he early won and lastingly held the esteem of all good citi- zens having knowledge of his virtues. One, to have seen him in his most noble carriage, had but to hear him in conversation among friends ; or pleading at the bar ; or, more conspicuously still, addressing a popular assembly on matters touching the rights of any oppressed person, however humble, or of masses of people, or, touching the maintenance of the honor and integrity of the Union. Then the ordinarily hidden impulses of his nature would become strikingly manifest in his earnestness of speech and gesticulation, set off by the glow of his highly intellectual features. This exalted trait in Mr. Barber's character is further shown — gesthetically in this case — by the designs and inscriptions embellishing that excellent work of art and patriotism, the soldier's monument, standing in the court house square at Lancaster, as he was one of the com- mittee who had this matter in charge when this work was done in 1867, his associates being Addison Burr, of Lancaster ; George R. Laughton, of Platteville ; J. C. Cover and Judge J. T. Mills, of Lancaster. The broken shackle, token of four and one-half millions of slaves made free: the declaratory mandate of President Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation, that timely, giant stroke of a noble pen, which gives to this token its mighty significance, engraved upon the marble faces of Grant County's most honorable memento, speak also as well of the loyalty and humanitarian impulses of all the several members of this citizen committee. True history, e.tpecially of a personal nature, affords grand incentives to all laudable ambition, and in this view it is not an unreasonable hope that the youth who may hereafter have their lots cast in Grant County, on reading this history of one of its earliest settlers, and learn- ing to what high degree of merit and esteem he managed to attain by his own unaided efforts within this field of labor, mainly, will find herein a fresh and an abiding incentive to highest possible endeavors in the way of usefulness and good citizenship, within and for the advantage of this same field of labor. Joseph C. Covek. Joseph C. Cover was born at Smithville, Fayette Co., Penn., February 1, 1819. From his childhood, Mr. Cover became attached to books, receiving this inclination from his mother, who was a great reader. His father possessed tastes directly opposite, and his son speaks of him as an inveterate hunter and lover of nature, often visiting the Alleghanies, living there alone days at a time, feasting on game and what wild fruits these mountains supplied. The subject of this sketch had an only brother, John, who was full of adventure, and when California became a part of the United States, he rushed to that region with the thousands that love of gold or novelty drew to that favored clime. Unfortunately he went into business at Panama, took the Chagres fever and died there in 1862, in his thirtieth year. Mr. Cover migrated to Wisconsin and reached Grant County in April, 1846. He hnd a HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. 877 good common school and academic education, was a rapid thinker, and capable of reducing his thoughts to writing with great facility — with such a talent and with a deep interest ia the polit- ical issues of the times, a pretty wide acquaintance with the leading men, and an industrious reader of their speeches, it was very natural for Mr. Cover, then a young man, to find his way into a printing oflice, read the exchanges, and write occasional articles for the press. It was such tastes that finally determined the course of his future life. A young man to become successful must discover his adaptation. We cannot make farmers, lawyers, doctors, merchants and editors to order. Failure or half success will balk a young man till he finds the theater of activity for which nature intended him. Mr. Cover was not adapted to a trading mercantile life, and a generous nature could hardly exact the payment of a debt, when the debtor com- plained of hard times. A feeble constitution unfitted him for pursuits requiring great physical exertion. His scholarship and tact would have secured him an honorable position as a teacher, He could not brook the confinement. In 1851, Mr. Cover purchased the Herald office and paper of J. L. Marsh, Esq., and as editor of that paper found a position and employment adapted to his tastes, and giving free scope to his mental activity. It would be no disparage- ment to other journals to afiirm that no paper in the western part of the State has exerted a wider influence on public opinion than this sheet so long as Mr. Cover was its active editor. Mr. Cover was a member of the original Liberty party,, and voted for James G. Birney in 1844. Both the political parties were astonished at the persistence, strength, intellectual power and purpose of this strange party that threatened the extinction of one or both the then existing organizations. The Whig party was disintegrated after the defeat of Gen. Scott, and the Republican party was organized in 1856, inheriting the zeal and purposes of the Liberty party, but with larger national aims, embracing an entire programme of policy applicable to all branches of the government and all needed reforms. The columns of the Grant County Her- ald at that period showed abundant evidence of the industry, faithfulness and zeal of its editor in the cause of universal freedom. The Know-Nothing party soon disappeared with the organ- ization of the Republican party. The Republican party by insisting on the rights of human nature, equal rights without regard to race or color, removed to a great extent the narrow prej- udices which were the Know-Nothing stock in trade. The editor of the Herald saw the incon- sistency between Know-Nothingism and Abolitionism, and claims and that political rights belonging to manhood could not be forfeited by the accident of birth. The editor of the Herald not only endeavored to teach anti-slavery to its readers; he was always observant of public opinion. He became a personal acquaintance of almost every old settler in the county, and took an interest in horticulture as devoted as that of the " white-coated philosopher." He and his partner, N. C. Goldsmith, were the founders of the first successful nursery in this part of the country. He wrote incessantly, not only for his paper, but essays, arguments, letters, addressed to his fellow-citizens on all sorts of topics, wherever there was a desire to interchange opinion. Perhaps in half the dwellings in the county there are yet seen written pages that testify to the interest that Mr. Cover felt in the welfare of his fellow-citizens, in the dissemination of his opinions. His active years were devoted to his country's welfare in the moments of its greatest peril. Like all the old Abolitionists, he entertained a deep-seated religious faith that the historical intent and purpose of the war was the annihilation of the curse and crime of African slavery. He never faltered. Physically unable to shoulder the musket himself, his son, who had attained to manhood's estate, represented him in the chances of war. The pathetic and trustful remarks he published in the Herald when the young soldier bid him adieu, perhaps forever, expressed the feelings of many a parental heart in those cruel times. But continuous labor for a quarter of a century, extending through the excitements, hopes, fears and anxieties of the rebellion, told heavily on Mr. Cover's health and spirits. Are-action and physical prostration followed ; he needed repose. He expressed himself to a friend that the tone of his system must be restored, or he must die. It was for this purpose that he 878 HISTORY Or GRANT COUNTY. resigned the editorial chair and accepted the consulship at Fayal. For several months after his arrival at Fayal, Mr. Cover continued to improve in health, but the second year of his residence the effect of the climate upon his system seemed to have become neutralized, and he again began to lose ground. In June, 1872, be sailed in the barque Fredonia, for Boston. His health seemed no worse during the first part of the voyage, and he varied the monotony of the voyage with the companionship of books. The final dissolution came suddenly and without warning, on the morning of the 4th of July, and the tired soul passed on to join the early friends gone before. Hon. Charles Dunn. Although not a resident of Grant County for many years previous to his death, the name of Judge Dunn is so indelibly connected with the early annals of the county as to claim a loving remembrance in the chapter of distinguished dead. Charles Dunn was born in Bullet County, Ky., December 28, 1799. His father was from Dublin, Ireland, and his mother. Amy Burks, was a native of Virginia. After having received a collegiate education at the best institutions of learning in that State, he commenced reading law with Mr. Worden Pope, of Louisville, continuing his studies with Mr. John Pope, of Frankfort. In 1819, he removed to Illinois, and finished his legal studies with Hon. Na- thaniel Pope, then United States District Judge for Illinois, and the following year was admitted to the bar. He commenced the practice of his profession in Jonesboro, 111., and was married in 1821, to Miss Mary Shrader, of Missouri, the beginning of a companionship extending over fifty-one years. Four sons and one daughter — Mrs. Gov. Dewey — were the fruits of this union. The young barrister was soon after appointed Chief Clerk of the Illinois House of Repre- sentatives, and in 1829 was appointed by Gov. Edwards Acting Commissioner of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, and, with his associates, surveyed and platted the first town of Chicago, the Commissioners superintending the first sale of lots in 1829. The sales were continued dur- ing the two succeeding years. In 1832, Mr. Dunn entered the service, and was engaged during the Black Hawk war as Captain of a company he raised in Pope County, 111. Capt. Dunn was severely, and it was thought mortally, wounded in what is now called the town of Dunn, in that county, by a cowardly sentinel, whom he, as oflBcer of the day, was proceeding to relieve. There were three in the company — Capt. Dunn, the Sergeant of the Guard and the relief. When, as they approached the sentinel on duty, in his terror forgetting the customary challenge, fired at the group at a distance of about ten paces, severely wounding Capt. Dunn in the groin. He was taken to Fort Dixon, where he remained until the close of the war. He served a short time as Assistant Paymaster, and then resumed the practice of his pro- fession. In 1835, he was elected a member of the Illinois House of Representatives, and served during the session as Chairman of the Judiciary Committee. In 1836, upon the formation of the Territory of Wisconsin, Judge Dunn was appointed Chief Justice of the Territory, his associates being Judge Irvin and Judge Frazier, the latter being shortly after followed by Judge Miller. The bench, as thus composed, remained unchanged until the admission of the State into the Union in 1848. Judge Dunn was always esteemed a sound lawyer and upright judge ; he was a man of dignified appearance, and was generally ac- ceptable to the bar and the people of the Territory. His duties were quite onerous, as, during the greater portion of the time he was on the bench, his district was the most populous and important in the Territory, and produced the largest amount of litigation. But, notwithstand- ing all this. Judge Dunn performed his judicial duties with "ability, fidelity and integrity." Of the convention which framed the constitution of the State Judge Dunn was a member, he being made President, ^ro tern., in the organization of the convention, and afterward ap- pointed Chairman of the Judiciary Committee. He took a leading part in the proceedings of that body, and his counsel was influential in shaping many of the provisions of the organic law of our State. As a speaker, he was concise and clear. " There was no eloquence in his man- ner of speaking, but his argument was strong and convincing. His speeches in this body were HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. 879 frequent but never long. He was always heard with pleasure, and generally with profit by members of the convention." During the sessions of 1853, 1854, 1855 and 1856, Judge Dunn represented La Fayette Coumy in the State Senate, serving as Chairman a portion of the time on the Judiciary Com- mittee. In 1856, the Judge was a candidate for Congress against C. C. Washburn, and he was also a candidate for the State Senate in 1870 against Hon. H. S. Magoon, who was elected. In politics, Judge Dunn was always an able and true Democrat. A native of Kentucky, he retained Southern ideas of the slavery question, and opposed the Republican organization with all his power. While he was firm in his political faith, he treated his opponents with respect and fairness. In social life Judge Dunn was highly respected, and possessed qualities that rendered him very attractive and popular with his acquaintances. He was pleasant and instructive in conversation, and dignified and courteous at all times. He was without personal eccentricities, yet unlike other men. For years he continued to reside in the old capitol building at Belmont, the originEil capital of what are now four different States. His home was surrounded with extensive shrubbery and an excellent flower garden. With these, his books and his family, he passed his time, when not absent on professional business. He kept his body strong by constant exercise, spending much time with his gun, remaining for days in the woods, camping out in the autumn months. His annual deer-hunt was never adjourned, no matter what stood in the way. He kept his heart young by sunshine and regulated ambition. Judge Dunn was always averse to money-making outside of his profession, his usual remark being, " I tell you, my dear sir, these money-makers are not happy ; my little fees are sufficient to supply my wants, if my friends would not forget to pay me what they borrow." Judge Dunn died on the 7th day of April, 1872, in the seventy-second year of his age, at the residence of his sister, Mrs. David W. Jones, of Mineral Point. At the time of his death, he was the oldest member of the legal profession in the State, and was actively engaged in practice to the last. At a meeting of the members of the bar of the Supreme Court, resolutions expressive of the extreme respect and reverence and esteem felt by all for their departed brother were passed, followed by addresses by leading members. At a meeting of the bar of the State, the Hon. E. G. Ryan (so soon to join his great cotemporary) said : " It was Judge Dunn's lot in life to fill many stations, professional and lay, executive, legislative and judicial. So far as I know or have been able to learn, these sought him rather than he them. He certainly intruded himself into none of them. There was a modesty in the man which was rare in its generation. I think that his own estimate of his own powers was below, not above the estimate of all who knew him well. And he was a thoroughly earnest man. He filled all his offices with a singular fidelity and zeal, as if each in its turn were the chief end of his life. To say that he filled them with ability would be faint praise. He did not achieve success in them by just escaping failure. He was a faithfiil oflScer ; his offices were never below him, but he was always above them. None of them gave opportunity of showing all that he was, of calling out the strength that was in him. They were all respectable, some of them were high. But his intellect, his culture, his general capacity, towered far above any station he ever occupied. We mourn for the untried powers which die out of the world with the young. Let us mourn for the world when it suffers great powers to die, unused in its service with the old. " In his life Judge Dunn saw many men around him reach stations which he did not reach. Some of them rose worthily and usefully. Some rose only to show their own unfitness. With like pliancy or like artifice he, too, might have risen where his inferiors rose. But he was above these, and, standing below on the solid level of his own life and character, he ranked the supe- rior of the most and the equal of any of his cotemporaries. He might have ennobled many positions filled by them — none of them could have ennobled him. " His character was solid, strong and resolute, but not stern or harsh. His stronger qual- ities were softened by great sense of humor and great kindness of heart. He was generous and trustful to a fault. His foibles, for, like all born of woman, he had them, all arose from his genial character, the warmth of his heart and the kindness of his temper. Strong in character 880 HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. among the strongest, he was, in carriage and manner, gentle among the gentlest. His culture was of a high order in and out of his profession. His knowledge of men and things, of the world and its ways, was profound. There were singularly combined in him the sagacity of a man of the world and the personal simplicity of a child. His sense of self-respect was unerr- ing, and never deserted, never betrayed him. It is little to say that he was the soul of honor. He could be nothing that is false or mean. He did not know what treason was. That which he believed, that which he loved, that to which he gave his faith, were parts of himself. He could not desert faith, or friend, or duty, without betraying his own life. Dishonor in him would have been moral suicide." Hon. George B. Smith said, in a few remarks, " On the formation of our State govern- ment, he retired from the bench, and, from that time to his death, he was engaged in the prac- tice of his profession. His high character as a jurist secured for him an extensive practice in the western part of the State, and his benevolent and pure character made him, at all times and in all respects, the counselor and friend of a large circle of acquaintances." Although he died in the fullness of years, he died deeply regretted by all who knew him." To conclude, in the language of another biographer, " He was endowed with moral and physical courage in a high degree ; he was polite and condescending but no compromiser. For one-half of a century he has made history. " ' Like a shadow thrown Softly and sweetly from a passing cloud, Death fell upon him.' " Jaeed Warner was born in Canfield, Ohio, on December 6, 1811. He removed, with his father's family, to this county in the year 1838, where they made the first settlement in Millville, and built their first shelter on the banks of the Wisconsin River. They were towed up the Mississippi in a keel-boat, with several other families. These C3,me not to make a fortune by speculating, or mining, or hunting, or gambling. They were among the first families that came to this new country to live here, to stay here, to die here. The school of " suckers " ascended the river in the spring, but swam south before winter. These families came here to make farms, build mills, and to test the fertility of our soil and its capacity to support a permanent population. That dull metal, known as "lead," has the honor of turning the attention of the enterprising classes in every part of the United States to the then Territory of Wisconsin. The idea of converting our great natural meadows into corn and wheat fields and spreading them out into a vast agri- cultural region, was hardly regarded as probable or possible. But cabins began to make their appearance, and small inclosures ran out into the prairies from thicket and grove ; there were beaten paths to the nearest spring ; attempts were made to cultivate the apple and even the peach. The sod dug-outs and pole shanties were supplanted by more pretentious cabins, and the cheerful word "home" found its way in ordinary conversation. Mr. Warner and his father built the first pine saw-mill in this county, as we are informed. The small stream that discharges into the Wisconsin in the town of Millville became the center of a large business. Here Mr. Warner, then a young man, engaged in the lumber business without a rival, and few houses were built in that part of the country at that time that had not some of its material from his manufacture. He loved business activity — it was a necessity of his nature, and he had less delight in making money than in the pleasures of employment and the perfection of machinery. The cunning handiwork of the inventor always attracted his study and admiration. Mr. Warner was too much of a student, too fervently attached to ideas and opinions ever to become a millionaire. Having secured what he thought was a competency, he abandoned his saw-mills, settled in Patch Grove, where he bought a fine tract of land, built a comfortable house, im- proved a neat but not extensive farm and superintended its cultivation till the season before his death. Here he enjoyed years of comparative leisure, read books, periodicals and newspapers on all sorts of subjects, and developed those mental traits and speculative opinions that will HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. 881 cause his name to be remembered long after his lumbering and farming are forgotten. Boldly asserting the most unpopular opinions and advocating them with original arguments and illustra- tions, he compelled his oponents to read and study like himself, so that there are few neighbor- hoods anywhere to be found where the arguments for and against revealed religion, involving' every branch of human knowledge, are more generally understood and examined. The majority of men and women must ever dissent from many of Mr. Warner's views on political and relig- ious subjects ; still he believed them to be better adapted to further human happiness than any other, and, when satisfied of the sincerity of the heart, we should pardon the aberrations of the head. Mr. Warner had been a great sufiFerer for several months before his death, but seemed desirous of concealing, as far as possible, his failing condition. He had been much in public life ; a member of the Legislature, often in the County Board. He was Collector of Taxes in his town at the time of his death. In this business his intimate friends discovered his memory began to fail. He was original in his modes of doing business. He believed men were more likely to pay a debt when not bound to it by mortgages and securities. He often lent money without even a note of hand, making a memorandum of it in his account book. At his death some of his loans had been forgotten, but those he had accommodated readily come forward and told what they owed. On the day he died, he was observed in the morning to be writing on a sheet of paper. He placed this paper in an atlas, where it was accidently found afterward. He then went to his barn, about one hundred yards distant from the house, to turn out his horse and cow. Mrs. Warner, knowing his custom was to walk every day down to the post office and through the village, thought nothing of his absence. At dinner time it was found he had not visited Mr. Paul's. Miss Weed, who was then living in the family, immediately ran down to the barn. Mr. War- ner was lying on some hay as if asleep. She attempted to arouse him. She stepped back affrighted. Jared Warner was dead ! Mr. Warner thought an obligatory will might cause contention. The paper he had written in the forenoon was found to contain his wishes in reference to the division of his property. And such was the effect of this simple writing, that his wife and children all met together at his house, in obedience to his injunction, and by solemn writing and deeds divided their inheritance precisely as he advised. Thus passed away one of the most remarkable men known on the roll of the old settlers of Grant County. .Joseph C. Orr. Joseph Grain Orr, one of the earliest settlers in the county, was born at Cincinnati, Ohio, May 30, 1802. He was the eldest child of James Orr, who was born in Lancaster County, Penn., September 4, 1772. The early years of his life were passed at Franklin, Ohio, where he received a common- school education, and learned the tanner's trade. In 1826, he was married to Miss Levilette Dearth, at Springboro, Ohio. Ten children, eight of whom are now living, were the fruit of this long and happy union. Soon after his marriage, Mr. Orr emigrated to Michigan City, Ind. He was one of the first settlers in that place. He helped lay out the city, and built its first house. In 1836, he came to Grant County, Wis., where he entered and improved a farm on Blake's Prairie. Here three years afterward he removed his family, and here continued to reside till his death, April 11, 1881, a period of forty-five years. Mr. Orr will long be remembered in the community in which he for so many years resided. His was a strong, and in many respects peculiar character. Self-contained and taciturn almost to eccentricity, cautious and conservative to the last degree, he possessed remarkable clearness of judgment and great firmness of will. By nature silent and reserved, he mingled little in society ; in manners quiet and unobtru- sive, he neither sought nor desired notoriety or influence. But to character such as his, 882 HISTORY OF GRANT COUNTY. influence always comes. By deeds rather than by words, he impressed upon the community in which he lived for almost half a century, the abiding lessons of a singularly pure and honest life. In his personal affairs, his cautious prudence, his broad good sense, resolute will and sterling integrity brought abundant success. Too modest to seek political distinction, his practical knowledge of and sympathy with the public wants, and above all his uncompromising fidelity to every trust, brought him, in the early days of the county, into prominent notice. He was one of the Commissioners that first laid out most of the county roads, and at different times was a member of the County Board of Supervisors. Of good laws and good order he was the cordial supporter. In education he took a per- sonal active interest. The schoolhouse and the university found in him a ready friend and patron. Though he never obtruded his personal views upon strangers, and rarely engaged in political discussions, upon all matters of public interest he held clear, intelligent and well- grounded opinions. In every cause he espoused, truth and right were the criterion of his choice, the end of his effort. In his domestic relations he was peculiarly happy. He was the kindest and most indul- gent husband, and parent. His large family of children, save one, who died in the war of the rebellion, grew to honorable manhood, and settled in life almost within sight of the paternal roof His wife, the faithful companion of his long life, was his companion as well in death. Surviving him but a few weeks, she was laid by his side ere the grass was green upon his burial-place. Hon. Ben C. Eastman. Among the distinguished coterie whose names grace the pages of the early history of the county, and by whose talents and ability Grant County was pushed to the front rank almost from the beginning of its settlement, none filled a larger space than Mr. Eastman. The son of Hon. Samuel Eastman and Jane Eastman, he was born at Strong, Franklin County, Me., October 24, 1812. He received, as he advanced in years, a common school and academic education, after which he turned his thoughts to the legal profession, and commenced the study of law with Judge Emmons, of HoUowell, Me., afterward completing his studies with Judge Hall of New York. In 1838, he left the East for the new Territory of Wisconsin, stopping first at Green Bay, where he entered into a law partnership with Morgan L. Martin. The succeeding year, Mr. Eastman removed to Grant County, locating at Platteville, which remained his home from that time until the date of his death, February 2, 1857. As a lawyer, Mr. Eastman exhibited marked abilities, ranking among the foremost of that bar which was rarely equaled and never excelled in the State. Political questions were viewed by Mr. Eastman from a Democratic standpoint, and his marked abilities were recognized by that party, resulting in his election as a member of the Thirty-second Congress for the Second District. Upon the expiration of his term he was hon- ored by a re-election, and faithfully did he protect the interests confided to his care by his con- stituents. At the close of his second term Mr. Eastman retired to private life, and, although an active participant in political matters and occupying a prominent position in the county, he accepted no further official position, but devoted the years previous to his death to his practice and attention to private interests. Mr. Eastman married Miss Charlotte L. Snoall, of Hollowell, Me., who remained to mourn his early death. Though cut off in his prime, and just as the county of his adoption was enter- ing upon its fullest prosperity, he had still left his imprint upon the pages of its history, which will ever remain as long as Grant County continues as an integral portion of this great State. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. ...Company or county I W. V.I n Volunteer Artillery P. W. V. C Wisconsin Volunteer" Cavalrj' | at street ^ Company or county I W.V.I WiBConsin Volunteer Infantry "W.V. A Wisconsin Volunteer Artillery P.O Post OfiBce LANCASTER. REV. EVAN ARTHUR, died at Beetown, March 21, 1881, in the 65th year of his age. He was born in Wales, and came to the United States about 183;-5, at the age of 18, and soon became a mas- ter workman in the iron rolling mills of Pennsylvania ; afterward was Superintendent of several mills in other States. He traveled considerable, residing in and traveling over thirteen diflFerent States. He came to Grant Co. in 1850, and settled at Cassville, where, in 1851, he lost his wife, Martha Arthur ; soon thereafter he moved into the town of Beetown, where he has ever since resided. He united, when a mere boy, with the church, and, for the last quarter of a century at least, has been an active Christian worker and a consistent member of the Methodist Church, saying, just before his death, " My peace has been made with God for many years." Wherever known he was universally respected as one of God's noblemen. By his death the county loses an old, respectable citizen. He left eight children. li, 3. ARTHUR, of Lancaster (son of Rev. Evan Arthur), attorney at law and Notary Pub- lic; was born near Dubuque, Iowa, June 29, 1850 ; came to Grant Go. in 1851, and settled at Cassville ; he has resided in said county ever since. He graduated at the Platteville Normal School in 1871 ; during the following winter, he was Principal of the Potosi Graded School, and, during the next succeeding two years, was Principal of the Cassville Graded Schools ; in 1875, he graduated in the Wisconsin University Law School, and has been practicing law at Lancaster, Wis.; he was a candidate for District Attorney in 1880. Was married, June 6, 1878, to Miss Emma Ziegler, daughter of M. M. Ziegler, of Lancaster. Mr. Arthur is a self-maJe man, having borrowed money and schooled himself, both in the normal and the law school ; friends, who knew him from childhood, lent him money on his own note, when he was only 16 to 18 years old, thus furnishing him the means to educate himself. He now has an elegant home, and has a good law practice and is in fair circumstances. He is known as an earnest temperance man and temper- ance worker ; his example and success are well worth the consideration of young men. WIIj¥jI AM AliCORN, carpenter, Lancaster ; a native of Ireland ; he came to New York in 1833, and remained there until 1845, when he came to Grant Co., where he has since resided and Worked at his trade. He was married, in 1849, to Miss Miram Lockhardt, a native of Indiana. Mr. Alcorn has been, for over twenty-five years, a member of the I. O. 0. F. ; he is a member of the Grand Encampment, and has passed all the chairs of the subordinate lodge. They have had ten children, eight of whom (four sons and four daughters) are living. GORHAm ALEXANDER (deceased) ; a native of Jefferson Co., N. Y. ; he came to Grant Co. in 1840, and located in Beetown ; Sept. 4, 1861, he enlisted in Co. F, 10th W. V. I. ; he was taken sick while in service, removed to a hospital in Nashville, where he remained a short time, and was then taken to the hospital at Louisville, Ky., where he died in January, 1863. He was married, in 1846, to Miss Emily Ward, a native of Vermont, and left four sons and five daughters. Mrs. Alexander resides on a farm on Sec. 13 ; P. O. Liberty Ridge. CHARUES H. ANOUS, farmer. Sec. 30 ; P. 0. Lancaster ; he was born in Montgomery 884 BIOaRAPHICAL SKETCHES: of Lancaster. In January, 1863, he enlisted in Co. K, 47th W. V. T., and served about eipht months, when he was discharged from the hospital on account of disability. They have five children— John D., Ed W., Charles B., George P. and Laura C. Mrs. Angus is a member of the Congregational Church. Mr. A. is a member of the T. 0. 0. P., and in politics a Eepublican. ALiFRED E. AUSTIIV, farmer, Sec. 2; P. 0. Lancaster; born in town of Lancaster, Wis., Oct. 30, 1858; went to Iowa in 1878, returned in 1880 ; owns 118 acres of land, with a fine large house and barn ; is a stock-raiser. His sister keeps house for him. In politics a Democrat. His parents were Henry and Mary Austin, natives of England. HEIWRY AUSTIN, farmer; P. O. Lancaster; was born at Terickenham, Middlesex, England, Nov. 20, 1821. He left London March 21, 1846, in the ship Mediator ; landed at New York City May 4, 1846, after a pleasant trip of six weeks ; after a short stay in the city, he started for Detroit, Mich., intending to enter the nearest Government land to the city ; he found 80 acres, which he entered ; this was at Flat Rock ; built the first home in America, where he remained five years, then, on account of the fever and ague being so bad, he sold and removed to Wisconsin in the year 1851, near Lancaster, and bought 40 acres of improved land of Myron Tuttle, an old settler, which place he has added to until he now owns 501 acres of land, with a fine brick house, 22x22, with good barn, 20x20, stable, 18x30 — a fine home, made mostly by his own industry ; he is quite extensively engaged in the stock business and grazing, as his farm is adapted to that line ; also in the creamery business, and has made it a success. His first wife, Miss Eliza Children, was born at "Bethnal Green, London, April 17, 1825, and married at St. George's ' Church, Southwark, London, Jan. 19, 1841, died at Lancaster. Grant Co., Wis., Nov. 10, 1855 ; by this union there were five children — Eliza, born at Hanworth, Middlesex, England, Jan. 14. 1842; Henry, born at same place Oct. 27, 1843, now residing in Applington, Butler Co., Iowa, as is also William, who was born at the same place Feb. 6, 1846 ; Jane was born in Michigan, July 30, 1848. died at Lancaster, Wis., March 23, 1853; Arthur G., born in Wisconsin Sept. 30, 1854, died at Walla Walla, Washington Terri- tory, Sept 8, 1878 ; his second wife, Mary Ann Penrice, a native of Accrinton, Lancashire, Eng., born Dec. 18, 1841 ; came to America with her parents about thirty years ago ; settled at Milwaukee, Wis. ; they now live at Bskridge, Kan. : married Jan. 10, 1858; they have seven children — Alfred E., born Oct. 30, 1858 ; Walter A., March 20, 1860 ; Charles F., March 22, 1862, died November,' 1876 ; Reuben A., born Sept. 27,1864; Ellen A., Dec. 16, 1866 ; Edwin J., May 7,1869 ; Mable A., July 19, 1877. In politics, DeuQorcat ; in religion, Swedenborgian. Has been Clerk of School District No. 3 two years. J. H. BAIiDWIlV, watchmaker and jeweler; commenced business Dec. 5, 1879, with an assortment of jewelry, clocks, watches, plated and silverware ; his business has increased, and he carries at present a 12,500 stock. Mr. Baldwin learned his trade in Illinois, where he was engaged in business with his brother for ten years. He is a native of Ohio, born near Cleveland Nov. 18, 1848; a son of A. S. and M. J. (Harding) Baldwin. His early life was spent on a farm. JARED E. BARNETT, proprietor of stage and express line ; commenced this business in 1868, succeeding his brother, Thomas Barnett ; he is a native of Jefferson Co., Penn., born Feb. 25, 1831 ; in 1847, he came to Lancaster with his parents ; his father built the Telegraph House in 1848, and kept it until 1852, when he exchanged it for the hotel where the Phelps House now stands, and long known as " Barnett Corner." His mother dying, his father abandoned the hotel, and, in September, 1863, died, at the age of 66. Mr. Barnett was married, July 8, 1856, to Miss Harriet Fisher, daughter of Herman and Mira (Elderkin) Fisher ; they have three sons and four daughters — Nellie, Mira, Mary, Harry, Fred, Hattie and Ralph. J. O. BARTIiBTT, proprietor of restaurant and confectionery store ; opened his store in the spring of 1876, first in John Larkin's building ; in the winter of 1878, he moved to his present store in the Henry Remeyer building. Mr. Bartlett has been a shoemaker in Lancaster since June, 1869, carry- ing on both branches of business until January, 1880, when failing health compelled him to lay aside shoe- making. He was born in New Hampshire Oct. 15, 1824, a son of Daniel W. Bartlett. He was married in New London, N. H., in May, 1850, to Miss Elizabeth Haines ; they have two sons and a daughter — Victor L., George E. and Belle. C. H. BAXTER, of the firm of Howe & Baxter, general merchants ; is a native of New York, and was born in Stillwater, Saratoga Co., Nov. 15, 1841 ; he came with his parents in 1857, and they located in Grant Co. ; in August, 1860, he entered the store of George Howe as clerk, and remained until the fall of 1862, when he entered the army, enlisting as private in Co. C, 25th W. V. I. ; he was taken sick on the Yazoo River and discharged ; he afterward raised a company which became Co. K, 47th W. LANCASTER. 88o V. I., and was commissioned Captain and was sent to the Department of Middle Tennessee, with head- quarters at Tullahoma, and, by order of Gen. Thomas, he became Chief of Ordnance Department, Middle Tennessee, on the staff of Gen. Vancleve and Gen. Milroy, and served in that position until the end of the war. Alter his return from the service he became a partner of Mr. Howe, and since then has been successfully engaged in mercantile business here. Mr. Baxter has served as Chairman of the Republican County Central Committee of Grant Co. for the past five years ; has also served as member of the Town Board ; he was elected the first President of the Veteran Soldiers Association, of Grant Co., and was re- elected to the same position. Mr. Baxter was united in marriage, Feb. 20, 1865, to Miss Maria Howe, daughter of George Howe, an old and honored merchant of Lancaster. Mr. and Mrs. Baxter have two children — George Howe and Laura. THOMAS BEETHAM, farmer, Sec. 9; P.O. Lancaster; owns 400 acres land, valued at $20 per acre ; born in Yorkshire, England, in 1843 ; came to America in 1849, and located in Janesville ; came to this county in 1857 ; settled on present farm in 1872. Married Annie Dyer, a native of this county; have four children — John, Jessie, Nellie and Frank. RICHARD BEWWETT (retired) ; a native cf Cornwall, England, born Sept. 20, 1813 ; he came to America April 10, 1847, landing in New York ; June 10, 1848, he came to Grant Co. ; he was engaged in mining most of the time up to 1870, since which time he has turned his attention to farm- ing, with his SOD, but has lately retired from active business. He was married, June 8, 1833, to Miss Mary Vincent, also a native of Cornwall ; they have had nine children — Ann (married), Eiiza (married), Charles, Mary S. (married), Philip D. (deceased), Elizabeth (married), Sarah (married) and Ann (mar- ried). The son, Philip, enlisted in Co. F, 7th W.V. I., and was wounded July 1, 1863 ; he died July 5, 1863, at the battle of Gettysburg. Mr. and Mrs. Bennett are members of the Congregational Church. LEWIS A. BEISTHAUPT, farmer. Sees. 27 and 34; P. 0. Lancaster; he is a native of Ohio ; came to Grant Co. in 1860; he enlisted in August, 1862, in Co. C, 25th W. V. I., and served until the close of the war. He was married, Oct. 11, 1859, to Miss Martha A. Strong ; they have five i-ons and a daughter. The family are members of the Congregational Church. Owns 125 acres of land. JOSEPH BOCK, of the firm of Bock & Schreiner, abstracts; was born in the province of Alsace, Germany ; received a partly collegiate education ; emigrated in 1857, and after a few months resi- dence at St. Louis, settled at Cassville, in this county, the same year. Enlisted as a private in Co. C, 2d W. V. I., April 19, 1861 ; took part in the battle of first Bull Bun, the skirmishes near Gordonsville, Va., near Richmond Railway and along Rappahannock, Va.; was wounded in both thighs at the battle of Gaines- villcj Va., Aug. 28, 1862; participated [in Burnside's mud march against Fredericksburg; his wounds opened in 1863 and prevented farther active service, and he was mustered out of service in 1864. In 1865, he was elected Register of Deeds for Grant Co., and held that office until 1869, when he engaged in his present business and has the only set of abstract books of Grant Co. Mr. Bock* was elected Represent- ative to the State Legislature, and served during the sessions of 1876-77. David Schreiner, of the firm of Bock & Schreiner; is a native of Hesse-Darmstadt, Germany, and was born Dec. 21, 1842; emigrated to America, and came to Wisconsin in 1855, and settled in Grant Co.; during the war, he enlisted in August, 1862, in Co. C, 25th W. V. I.; was slightly wounded at Decatur, Ga., and was severely wounded in front of Atlanta, August, 1864, losing the left arm ; served until June, 1865; in 1869, he was elected Clerk of the courts, and held that office eight years ; has held the office of Town Treasurer and Town Clerk, and is now Justice of the Peace. In May, 1869, he was married to Miss Clara Stelzner, from Indiana ; they have two children — Laura and Ethelinda. ALEXAIVDER G, BOXHAM, see. 30 ; P. 0. Hurricane Grove ; owns 170 acres of land valued at |40 per acre; born in Pike Co., Mo., in 1823, came to Wisconsin in 1834; set'led on his present farm in 1848. Married Elizabeth Kilby, a native of Lincoln Co., Mo., and they have six children — Charles 0., Lemuel E., Lenora, Lura, Laura and Mable. Mr. B. has been a member of the Town Board, and has also held the office of Justice. FRAlfCIS H. BONHAII, farmer. Sec. 34; P. 0. Lancaster; has 160 acres and 40 acres of timber in Harrison ; was born Sept. 11,1 806, in Wythe Co., Va., son of Nehemiah and Isabella (Scott) Bonham. Mr. B. came to Grant Co. in 1827, and made several trips to Virginia, and in 1840 brought his family and settled at Hurricane Grove, and engaged in mining until 1844, when he removed to his farm where he has since made his home. On Dec. 23, 1830, he was married by Rev. Mr. Walters, in Pike Co., Mo., to Mary Ann, daughter of William and Lucy (Oglesby) Novel, of Shelby Co., Ky., where aVlO moo Kn^n MoTT 9A 1019- t.U^., \>nA «;,,„ «l.4lrl.»» l?.mk.^n.o T r, nTir IWvo O H TTt* c„,.„« nUJlJ . 886 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: William N., married Lizzie Parker, of Salem, Oregon, where they now reside, with three children; Ma- tilda I., now wife of Samuel J. Shelton, of Salem, Oregon ; Calvin K., married Anna Myers, of Salem, Oregon, he having previously married Sophrooia Sears ; Charles W., married Dolly Parker, of Canyon City, Oregon, has two children; Mary P., wife of Keuben G. Brooks, of Vermont, now at Hopkinton, Iowa, one child ; Martha Ann, wife of C. M. Jackson ; Lenora, wife of Mark Baldwin, died in the spring of 1878 ; James H. (his second son), died March 12, 1860, at 22 years of age. Mr. Bonham is a Prot- estant ; in politics is a Republican, and participated in the meeting when the Republican party was or- ganized in Grant Co. ; he has in his possession a sword brought to America by his great-gijeat-grandfather over 200 hundred years ago (be having been an officer in the British navy); the father of Mr. B. was an officer in the war of 1812. Mr. B. is a hearty, jovial old gentleman, and has for twenty years held the office of Justice of the Peace and several other offices, and states that when he settled here, there were no houses between his place and Lancaster, and that he cut the first tree to make the Lancaster road, and that there were only three or four houses on the Potosi road, 7 J miles, and says he has been frequently in the sugar camp of old Black Hawk. Mr. and Mrs. B. celebrated their golden wedding, and received a number of very fine presents, a very fine easy chair from the " Potosi delegation," a $20 gold piece, etc. EDMOND H. BORAH, firmer. Sec. 23; P. 0. Lancaster; was born in Kentucky June 2, 1820, of German parentage, who came to Wisconsin in early times. Mr. Borah after coming to Wis- consin worked by the month, then by his labors accumulated a farm of 200 acres of land ; he then went to California, was very successful ; he then returned to Wisconsin, traded for .300 acres of land, nicely im- proved by his own industry ; he has been engaged in the stock business for about eight years ; he is now in Kansas, where he owns 580 acres of land on the Kansas Pacific R. R. His wife was Sarah M. Kilbey, who was born in Wisconsin, Dec. 29, 1836; they married Sept. 16, 1853; they have four children — Kilbey H., born Dec. 29, 1855; Adolph D., July 2, 1857; Nettie, Sept. 16, 1862; Georgie, March 1, 1868. Mrs. B.'s father was born in North Carolina, in 1806 ; came to Wisconsin in 1832 ; died in 1876 ; her mother, Rhoda Parsons, a native of Virginia, now 76 years of age, residing now at Hurricane Corners. HENRY BRIIVKHAIV, Sec. 28 ; P 0. Hurricane Grove ; owns 80 acres of land, valued at 840 per acre ; born in Germany in 1829 : came to America in 1857, and settled in this county ; in 1865, he settled on his present farm. Married Sophia Kuhn, a native of Germany ; they have nine children — Mary Lizzie, Fred. H., Clara, Edward, William, Annie M., Albert, Ellen Nettie and Fanny Eve. AJLJLEN RAJLPH BlISHNELL, of Lancaster, of the firm of Bushnell, Clark & Watkins, lawyers, was born on his father's farm on West street, in the town of Hartford, Trumbull Co., Ohio, July 18, 1833. His father. Dr. George W. Bushnell, now over 80 years of age, and- possessed of remarkable vigor, still lives on the old farm upon which he settled, then in the dense woods, in 1824; he is a native of Connecticut, as was also his wife, Sally Bates, now deceased, Mr. B.'s mother. Mr. B.'s early life was that of the usual farmer's boy, going to district school summer and winter term, until big enough to help on the farm, and then working on the farm through the farming season, and going to school winters. When 14 years of age, the Hartford High School was started, and he put in a few terms there. Here the intention of becoming a lawyer was formed. His school education was completed at Oberlin and Hiram Colleges, where he pursued a special course of study to fit himself for that profession, teaching school winters to help pay expenses. In the fall of 1852 he came to Wisconsin, and taught school that winter at Block House Branch, near Platteville. The following spring he went back to Ohio and resumed his studies until the fall of 1854, when he returned to Platteville, and has ever since then made Grant Co. his home. He studied law with Judge Stephen 0. Paine, at Platteville, was admitted to the bar of the Fifth Judicial Circuit in the fall of 1857, and on December 1 of the same year, opened an office, and commenced the practice of his profession at Platteville. In the fall of 1860, he was elected District At- torney of Grant Co. On the breaking-out of the rebellion, he resigned that office and enlisted as a private in the " Platteville Guards " Company, which on going into Camp Randall in the summer of 1861, was made Co. C, 7th W. V. I., and elected him its 1st Lieutenant, 8. J. Nasmith, an old soldier of the Mex- ican war, being made Captain. He served with his regiment in the Iron Brigade, mostly in Virginia; was in various battles and skirmishes ; was promoted to Captain in 1862, and discharged for disability in 1863. On returning to Platteville, he in the winter of 1863-64 resumed the practice of law. On the election of the Hon. J. T. Mills to the position of Circuit Judge, on his invitation, he removed to Lan- eas'er, occupied his law office, closed up Judge Mills' legal business, and has continued the practice of his profession there ever since. In 1867, he took into partnership in law practice. Col. John 6. Clark. R. A. Watkins, Esq., was added to this firm Jan. 1, 1880, forming the present firm. Mr. B. was married in 1867, to Miss Laura F. Burr (daughter of Addison Burr, Esq., and his wife Martha Barber, of Lan- LANCASTER. " 8^7 caster), by whom he had three children, only one of whom, his daughter Mabel, is now living; Laura died in 1873. In 1875, he was married again to Miss Mary F. Sherman (daughter of Cyrus Sherman, de- ceased, and his wife, Fanny Barber, of Lancaster), his present wife, by whom he has had one son who died in infancy. Mr. B. has paid little attention to politics, but was a member of the Legislature of 1872. On the erection of the " village " into the " City of Lancaster " in 1878, he was elected its first Mayor. His residence is pleasantly situated in the northwest quarter of the city, on Bushnell street, and the riorih- ern continuation of Madison street. COIi. JOHX Cr. CLiARK, attorney at law, of the firm of Bushnell, Clark & Watkins, was born in Morgan Co., III., July 31, 1825 ; he came to Wisconsin first in 1837 ; subsequently resided in Missouri several years. In 1847, he graduated from Illinois College, and returned to Wisconsin and en- gaged in mining ; from 1849 to 1853 inclusive, he was employed in surveying Government lands in Wis- consin, Minnesota, Iowa and Missouri, and became familiar with all the hardships and exposures of such a life, surveying during that time perhaps as much land as any man in the State. In the fall of 1853, he was appointed Deputy Clerk of the Circuit Court of Grant County; in 1854, he was elected Clerk of that Court, and was re-elected in 1856, and again in 1858, to the same office, and in 1860, was elected to the Legislature. On the breaking-out of the rebellion, he went into camp with Co. C, 2d W. V. I., in- tending to go into the field with that regiment, but was prevented by a call of an extra session of the Legislature; on its adjournment, he entered the military service as Lieutenant and Quartermaster of the 5th W. V. I., and was with that regiment in all its campaigns until May, 1863, when he was commissioned Captain and Provost Marshal of the Third District of Wisconsin ; in February, 1865, he was commissioned Colonel of the 50th W. V. I., and was sent to Missouri and placed in command of the First Subdistrict, composed of some half dozen counties, with headquarters at Jefferson City, till in July, when he was sent to Kansas, and for the first time was in command of his whole regiment ; subsequently, he and his com- mand were sent to the Upper Missouri among the Indians, where they remained till June, 1866 ; his regi- ment scouted over Missouri among the bushwhackers, and at Fort Leavenworth at the time of the mutiny, demonstrated that it was among the most reliable in the service ; he keenly felt that the 50th was abused, and that insubordination was rewarded when mutinous regiments were mustered out before their term of service had expired, and it was sent out on the plains, where it could not by any possibility be discharged till long after. He was admitted to ihe bar in 1861, but did not commence practice till 1867. He has held many minor offices, such as Chairman of the Town Board, County Board, and Mayor of the oily ; was Chairman when the railroad was built, and was prominent in devising the ways and means, and in as- suming the responsibilities .that insured its construction ; he has been active in advancing the interests of his locality in educational matters, and was instrumental in securing the erection of perhaps the best school- house in the State for the money expended in its construction. In 1874, he was a prominent candidate for Congress from this District, and again in 1880, but had his name withdrawn. He is connected with the Masonic order, and has served his lodge ten years as Master ; he is also identified with the Odd Fel- lows ; in 1878, he was Grand Master of the order in this State, and is now Grand Representative to the Sovereign Grand Lodge, re-elected in June, 1881. He was united in marriage, Feb. 19, 1852, to Miss Minerva A. Pepper, a native of Mineral Point, daughter of Harvey Pepper; they have one daughter — Alice, now Mrs. B. R. Tiel, of California — and one son — William Harvey Clark, now in Lancaster. P. A. CliARKB, M. D., physician and surgeon, is a native of Newport, R. I., and was born Jan. 8, 1827. Received his education in New York State; studied medicine and attended lectures at Yale College and at the State University of Michigan, and graduated at Albany Medical College in June, 1854. After practicing medicine at Galena for one year came to Dunleith, 111., where he continued practice until 1868, when he came to Lancaster, and since then has successfully practiced his profession here. In 1856, Dr. Clarke was united in marriage to Miss Mary A. Little, a native of Fairplay, Wis., and daughter of Dr. George Little. Dr. and Mrs. Clarke, have two sons — George W., attending profes- siGnal school in Dubuque; William H., attending the State University. GEORGE CLEjUEBTTSON", attorney at law, is a native of England, and was born March 13, 1842. His parents came to this country in 1849 ; came West to Wisconsin the same year, and located in Grant Co. ; grew up and received his education in this State. Read law here and completed his law studies at the State University of Michigan ; was admitted to the bar in March, 1868 ; after his admission, he engaged in the practice of law. In Nevembor, 1869, he associated with Hon. Allen Bar- ber, and since then he has successfully practiced his profession in this and adjoining counties, and the firm of Barber & Clementson has a leading position as members of the bar in this section of the State. In the fall of 1868, was elected District Attorney, and held that office for four years. Since then he has BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: been repeatedly solicited to accept of the nomination for office, but has steadily refused, preferring to de- vote all of his time to the interests of his profession. He was united in marriage, May 10, 1869, to Miss Mary Burr, a native of Vermont; they have four children — George B., Joseph A., Martha and Bessie. J. ALLEST CODUB^, far:ne: and cxrpjnter, Seo. 31 ; P. 0. Lancaster; a native of Grant Co., son of Ed. P. and Nancy Coombs, who came to Grant Co. in 1836, from Pennsylvania ; his father died in 1849. In August, 1864, enlisted in the army; he served until July, 1866. In April, 1867, he was married to Miss Almira Morrell, native of Grant Co., a daughter of Ruel Morrell. They have three children — Alfred, Ed. C. and Millicent. CAIj VIST CUKRY^ farmer, Sec. 35 ; P. 0. Lancaster. He was born in Butler Co., Ohio, Nov. 2, 1797. He came to what was then called New Diggings, but now La Fayette Co., in May, 1833, and lived there for several years ; he then went to Jo Daviess Co., 111., wbere he remained until 1855, and then came to Grant Co. He was married in 1821, to Miss Jane Danile, a native of Indiana. They have five daugh- ters and four sons living, and have thirty-two grandchildren and thirty great-grandchildren. JACOB DIXOJf , blacksmith, opened his present shop in May, 1880. He came to Lancaster in November, 1873, and worked for D. H. Budd one year and a half, when Dixon & Co. bought out the businesa of wagon and carriage making and general blacksmithing. The firm names were Dixon, Hurley & Stew- art ; they did a prosperous business for two years, when, by mutual consent, the firm was dissolved, and business closed. Mr. Dixon then worked for John Pollock, and remained with him until he established his present business; he is also agent for farming machinery. A native of Pulton Co., N. Y; born Sept. 25, 1827 ; son of Baltes Dixon. He spent the early years of his life on the farm, and at the age of 17 commenced to learn his trade. In 1848, he was married to Hannah Ellsworth of same county; she died March 23, 1862. In 1863, he was married to Miss Mary Jane Barney; they have two sons and two daughters — Walter R., Anna Lucretia, Jacob Jr., and Goldie, an infant daughter. THOMAS DUNCALiF, farmer. Sec. 17 ; P. 0. Lancaster. Owns 140 acres of land, valued at $20 per acre. Born in London, England, in 1831. Came to America in 1866 ; located on present farm in 1874. Married Ann Jackson, a native of Cheshire, England, and they have six children — Thomas, Samuel, Mary, Walter, Halford and Susan. W. P. DURLEY, Register of Deeds of Grant Co.; is a native of the State of Indiana; was born Oct. 12, 1830. When he was only 4 years of age his parents came West to this Territory and settled in this county, about six miles southwest of Platteville, on the "'Little Platte ;" they were among the earliest settlers in this section of the State ; they lived near an Indian sugar camp and Indian burying-ground — the Indians used to camp near there. Mr. Durley was raised on a farm, and in Platteville, and, after reaching manhood, engaged in mining. When the war broke out he enlisted, in 1861, in Co. C, 7th W. V. I. He was severely wounded in the battle of South Mountain, Sept. 14, 1862 ; was also wounded ac the battle of Gainesville, Va., Aug. 29, 1862, and was discharged March 19, 1863, on account of wounds received in action. Was elected Register of deeds for Grant Co., in 1876, and was re-elected in 1878, and again re-elected in 1880. AVas united in marriage July 4, 1865, to Miss Harriet A. Hoadley, a native of Grant Co. They have four children — George H., Robert H., Jennie M., Linda May. WILLIAM J. DYER, farmer. Sec. 10; P. 0. Lancaster; owns 80 acres of land, valued at $25 per acre. He was born in this county in 1846. In 1869, he settled on this farm. He married Sarah E. Borah, also a native of this county. They have three children — William, Ruby and Laura. Mr. Dyer enlisted in Co. K, 47th W. V. I., in 1865, and was discharged in the same year. REV. S. W. EATOIV, Pastor of Congregational Church; is a native of Framingham, Middlesex Co., Mass., and was born Dec. 25, 1820; he grew up to manhood in that State. After receiving his prepara- tory education , he entered Yale College and graduated in Class of 1842 ; pursued his theological studies in Yale Theological Seminary and in Union Theological Seminary, New York City, and was ordained Jan. 28, 1848. He came West to Wisconsin in 1846 (while it was yet a Territory in October, 1846), and accepted a call to be- come Pastor of the Congregational Church of Lancaster, Jan. 1, 1847, and since then, for a period of over one-third of a century, he has served as the faithful, acceptable Pastor of this church. In 1856, he took a vacation on account of ill health and went abroad, spending a part of the year in Europe. In 1862, he was Chaplain of the 7th W. V. I., and remained in the service three years until the close of the"war, and was at Appomattox Court House at the final surrender. During his absence, the church had no settled Pastor ; in fact. Dr. Eaton was the first Pastor of the church and its only one, and this church was his first charge and his only one ; and there are very few churches in this country where the relations between Pas- tor and people have been so pleasant and undisturbed for so great a length of time. On the 20th of May, LANCASTER. 889 1847, Dr. Eaton was united in marriage to Miss Catharine E. Demorest, a native of the city of New York. They have four sons — James Demorest, Pastor Congregational Church, Bound Book, N. J.; Edward Dwight, Pastor Congregational Church, Oak Park, III; Samuel Lewis, physician ; Charles WoodhuU, physician, Des Moines, Iowa. SAMUEL H. FARNS WORTH, farmer ; P.O.Lancaster; residence one mile east of the court house. A native of New York; born March 3, 1813, in Clinton Co., a son of Phillip and P. (Par- sons) Farnsworth. His father was a native of Vermont, and his mother of Long Island. They lived six- ty-seven years together on the same farm, his father dying at the age of 93, and his mother at 87. Mr. Farnsworth is the fourth- child of nine children. He spent the earlier years of his life on the farm, and resided seven years in Franklin Co. He was married in Clinton Co., Feb. 19, 1837, to Miss Cynthia Ha- zen. They came to Lancaster in June, 1858 ; lived in the village tour years, and then moved on to his farm, which he had purchased on his arrival. They have six children living — Charles, George, Mary, Zeruah, Lillie, Nathan. His sons, Charles and G-eorge, were volunteers in the war of the rebellion. Charles went to the front as a private, on account of disability was discharged ; re-enlisted in the cavalry, going as Second Lieutenant, returned First Lieutenant. George served three years a private, participating in sixteen engagements. They are now engaged in railroading as engineers. His wife died May 19, 1878, aged 60 years. CORYDON FITZGERALD, farmer. Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Lancaster ; a native of Grant Co. In January, 1865, he enlisted in Co. K, 47th W. V. I., and served until the close of the war. Feb. 23, 1873, he was married to Miss Hattie Green, also a native of Grant Co., town of Fennimore. They have a son and three , daughters. In politics, Mr. Fitzgerald is a Kepublican. OLITER P. GARDIVER, farmer, Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Lancaster. Owns 40 acres of land, valued at $50 per acre. Born in Kentucky, in 1824. Came to Wisconsin in 1837 ; located on his farm in 1871. Married Lucy Ann Vedder, a native of New York, and they have four children — Lovilla J., Abby Ellen, Effie J. and Allen Eugene. Mr. Gardner enlisted in Co. H, 25th W. V. I., in 1862, and was discharged in 1865. BENJAMIN GARNER, farmer. Sec. 36 ; P. 0. Lancaster. Born in Huntingdon Co., Penn,, May 10, 1826. Came to Wisconsin in 1850 ; bought 100 acres, now owns 217 acres of land, improved, with good brick house, two stories, 24x30, with wing 24x26 : barn, 57x26 ; crib, 24x22 ; carriage house and other good outbuildings. Enlisted in 1861, in the 20th W. V. I., Co. E; mustered out in 1865. His wife, Citharine Sork, born in Blair Co., Penn., July 23, 1826. They were married in 1846 ; they have nine children — Solomon, born in October, 1847 ; died Aug. 24, 1854 ; Reuben, born Nov. 27, 18 — ; America in September, 1858, studied in Westmoreland, Penn., then came to Milwaukee where he completed his studies at St. Francis' Seminary and was ordained in that city in 1863, his first pastorate was in Was- ington Co.; he has served acceptably as Pastor in the counties of Sheboygan, Dane and Racine, and was appointed Pastor of his present church in 1877. MRS. FANNY SHERMAN, Lancaster ; widow of Cyrus Sherman, both natives of Frank- lin Co., Vt. Mrs. Sherman was born April 29, 1822, a daughter of Hon. Jed Barber, a native of Con- necticut, and for many years Judge of the Circuit and Probate Court, he came to Lancaster in 1856, and died there at the age of 87. Her mother also died in Lancaster, at 80 years of age. Mrs. Sherman waa married, June 18, 1849, they moved to Lancaster in 1854, and he died Deo. 29, 1860, leaving three sons and a daughter. WILLIAM SMITH (deceased), was born in England in 1828. Came to Grant Co. in 1852, and located four miles west of Lancaster ; purchased and muved on the homestead, where his widow and family now live, in 1865. He died iu 1868. He always followed farming, and built around him a large property, which he made by hard work and economy ; was an exemplary and honest man, and his loss was not only felt by the family, but the community at large. The farm consists of 240 acres, beautifully lo- cated one and one-half miles from Lancaster, with the best of improvements. The family consists of four sons and two daughters. Charles and James remain at home working the farm and raising and fattening stock in partnership. They are good business men, both unmarried. William Smith was a prominent member of the A., F. & A. M. WILLIAM STARR, wagon-maker, Lancaster. Has been a resident of Lancaster since May, 1866, coming here at the age of 17 from Clinton Co., N. Y., where he was born Dec. 25, 1838, a son of Lewis and Mary A. (Curry) Starr. His father is still living in Clinton Co. Mr. Starr worked for D. H. Budd nearly seventeen year^, commencing when a boy. He was one of the firm of J. Hough & Co., which LANCASTER. 897 was established in August, 1874, and continued until January, 1880. He was married, May 5, 1860, to Miss Mary Maines. They have a daughter and three sons — Fanny L., Daniel H., J. L. and Walter E. GEORGE STEWART, farmer ; P. 0. Lancaster. A native of Perthshire in the highlands of Scotland; born Jan. 1, 1820, a son of Thomas and Anna (Melrose) Stewart. He left his native land at the age of 14, and came to Canada West, where he lived eight years engaged in farming. In 1847, he was married in Rochester, N. Y., to Miss Eliza Morrow, a daughter of John and Jane Higgins Morrow, natives of Ireland; she was born April 18, 1826, in Dublin. Mr. Stewart came West to Lancaster and worked several years for J. Holloway. In the spring of 1862, he bought 80 acres three, miles south of Lan- caster, on which he remained seven years, and then, in 1868, sold the 80 and purchased 400 acres from Lewis Holloway. He has been a successful farmer, and now owns one of the best farms in the county — 320 acres prairie land and 80 acres of timber, valued at $20,000. They have a son and five daughters — Jane, Robert, Ellen, Catharine, Mary and Lucy. STREET BROS., MARSHALL & CO., proprietors of the Lancaster Woolen Mills. This firm was established in May, 1880, succeeding the Lancaster Woolen Mill Co., by whom the mill had been built in 1869. The present firm was organized with ample means. The members are R. R. Street, J. A. Street, E. Street and H. L. Marshall. This is a two-set mill with eight broad looms of the Cromp- ton pattern, three of which are of new design, run by steam-power. The factory is a four-story and attic frame-and-stone structure, 60x40, with office, dye-house, boiler-room and other necessary additions. It has been thoroughly refitted and furnished with the latest improved machinery by this firm. They em- ploy a force of thirty men. The capacity of engine is 25-horse power, and the water-power used in the mill is from the never-failing fountain at which most of the early settlers used to resort for their water— a spring of historic note. H. L. Marshall, salesman for the house, has his headquarters at No. 184 Wash- ington street, Chicago. They make a specialty of fine black-worsted finish cassimere, and extra-fine twilled flannels, one brand of which is rarely ever made of equal weight in the Northwest. GAY D. STREETER, livery sale stable; is a na(ive of Ontario Co., N. Y., and was born June 22, 1833; came West in 1851, and camo to Grant Co. in 1866; engaged in hotel business and auctioneering. In 1878, was elected Sheriff of Grant Co., and held that office two years, being the only Democrat ever elected since the county was organized. In 1857, he was united in marriage to Miss Maria E. Adams, a native of Saratoga Co., N. Y. They have seven children — Clara, Kate, Edward, Cora, Harry, Nora and Bertha. HEWRY TIMM, farmer, Sec. 19; P. O. Hurricane Grove; owns 119 acres of land, valued at $15 per acre ; born in Prussia in 1838; came to America in 1863, and located in New York. Three years later, he removed to Wisconsin. He married Caroline Brinkman, a native of Germany. They have one child — Johnny. They are members of the Presbyterian Church. JAMES TRELOAR, farmer. Sec. 29; P. 0. Lancaster; owns 200 acres of land, valued at $30 per acre ; born in England in 1820 ; came to America in 1847, and settled on this farm. Mr. Treloar has been twice married, first to Mary Cock, a native of England. They had eight children, six of whom are living — James, Mary, William, Grace, Margaret and John (who died in April, 1860). Mr. Treloar's second marriage was to Frances Elli^, a native of Kentucky. They have three children — Lora, Thomas and Minnie. THOMAS TURNER, farmer. Sec. 11 ; P. 0. Lancaster; was born in Canada April 16, 1837. He came to the State of New York in 1850 ; worked on a farm bj' the month ; then removed to Burling- ton, Vt., where he remained one year; then to Wisconsin in 1856; worked by the month until 1864; then rented land for three years of J. A. Barber, when he then bought 80 acres with a fine large two story house 32x42 feet, a nice place. His wife, Catharine Frawley, a native of Grant Co , Wis., was born in 1844. Her parents came to this county in an early day, and are old settlers in Potosi. She was married March 29, 18 4. They have three children— Frank, born Dec. 29, 1865 ; Mary, born Aug. 16, 1867 ; Annie, born Sept. 22, 1873. He also owns 40 acres of land in Ellenboro, Sec. 17. What he has is by his own industry and labor. F. VAN DEWALL, photograph artist ; is a native of England, and was born in the city of London Oct. 28, 1821. He grew up there, and served an apprenticeship of seven years as mechanical engineer. He emigrated to America in 1845, and came West to Wisconsin in the same year, and located in Grant Co. ; entered some land, and began making a farm. In 1861, he established his present business in Lancaster, and, for the past twenty year.", has continued the business here, taking all kinds of portraits, from miniature to life size, and is the oldest artist in this section of the State. In 1852, he was united in 898 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: marriage to Miss Ann Kussell, from Ohio. They have seven children — William, Frank, Emma, Mary, George, Carrie and Walter. WILIilAin WAIiKER, farmer on Sees. 15. 16 and 25; owns 700 acres of land. He was born in Ireland, and, in his 16th year, left his native land for America. In May, 1840, he landed in Grant Co., Wis., vp^ithout means. He has since resided there, and by industry has accumulated a comfort- able property. "He was married in 1852, to Miss Emma Rawden, a native of England. They have five sons and two daughters. Dl!iX.TEiB WARD, carpenter and builder, Lancaster; was born in Chittenden, Vt. He came to Walworth Co., Wis., in 1842, and Feb. 8, 1843, came to Grant Co. He was married, Feb. 8, 18^5, to Miss Cecilia Ward, a native of Georgia, Vt. They have had five children-^William W., Henry A., Eleanor M., Adeline S. (deceased) and Mary M. He was elected Constable in 1857, and re-elected, and served five years. He was Deputy SheriflF four years under Mathew Woods ; !also Deputy Sheriff under George R. Stuntz for two years, and in 1855-56, was Under Sherifi" under Lorenzo Preston. -In 1857-58, he was elected Sheriff of the county, and in 1861-62, was again Under Sheriff under Goodnough. F. WE DHASB, harness-maker and carriage-trimmer ; is a native of Germany, and was born in Prussia Feb. 5, 1823; grew up and learned the trade of carriage-trimmer; after the revolution, he emigrated to America in 1849, and the following year came west to Dubuque and entered the employ of L. D. Randall & Co., and was engaged in carriage trimming for that firm for fifteen years ; he made the first top buggy ever made in Dubuque. He came to Lancaster and established his present business in 1869, and is the oldest harness-maker in Lancaster. In 1852, he married Augusta Koch, from St. Louis ; they have eight children — Prank, in Dakota; Lizzie, in Boscobel ; Fanny, in Dakota; John, Clara, Ida, Delia and Fred. JAMES WEXZBIi, painter, Lancaster; commenced this business in Lancaster, in 1871, beginning with Pravis & Bushnell ; in February, 1875, he opened a shop, buying out his employer; he does sign and house painting, and employs two men. Mr. Wenzel was born in Delaware, Feb. 27, 1852, a son of Conrad and Margaret (Weeth) Wenzel, both natives of Germany, who came to the United States in 1847 ; they moved to Liberty, Grant Co., in 1857, and to Lancaster in 1870. Mr. Wenzel was mar- ried in July, 1875, to Miss Alice Orton, daughter of Charles and Mary (Willard) Orton. JAMES WOODHOUSE, furniture manufacturer and dealer, Lancaster ; established this business in the fall of 1878 with about $1,000 capital invested. A native of Pennsylvania, born July 5, 1834, in Pottsville, a son of John and Ann (Newton) Woodhouse, both from Staffordshire, England ; they came from England to Pennsylvania in 1826, bringing with them four daughters and five sons ; from Pennsylvania they moved to Potosi, Grant Co., Wis., in 1836, and have since died. Mr. Woodhouse was married Feb. 13, 1858, to Miss S. J. Huey, daughter of Joseph Huey, who died in the army during the rebellion. Mr. W. enlisted in August, 1862, as private in Co. I, 20th W. V. I., he was in active service until December of the same year, when he was wounded at the battle of Prairie Grove, Ark., by a gunshot which caused the loss of his right leg, was in the hospital until March, 1863, when he was discharged and returned to Grant Co.; from April, 1863, to January, 1869, he was employed in a plow-shop. He was elected Register of Deeds in the fall of 1865, and filled that office acceptably for eight years. Mr. and Mrs. Woodhouse have two sons and three daughters, Laura, Mary L., William, Eugene and Nettie. PLATTEVILLE. 899 PLATTEVILLE. JOHN AliDERSON, was born July 8, 1811, in Muker Parish, Yorkshire, England, has been practical miner since he was 9 years of age. In 1840, he brought his family to the United States, inding at New Orleans, and coming thence up the Mississippi to Galena, locating at New Diggings, La fayette Co., he spent fourteen years in the mines in that vicinity; in 1855, he bought and settled upon lis present farm, this has been managed by his sons to a great extent, while he continued mining ; las 117i acres and good improvements. He married in her native Parish of Marsden, Lancaster, Miss llargeret Anforth ; they have four children — James, Elizabeth, Ralph and Mary ; the two eldest were lorn in England, and Ralph and Mary in Wisconsin. Mr. Alderson is a good type of the hardy and en- rgetic English miner ; he was the discoverer of the noted Champion mine at New Diggings, and has also bund other leads of a less important character. J. H. BAIiLiARD, dealer in butter, eggs, hides, etc., Platteville; member of the firm of Ballard & Co.; is a native of Kane Co., 111., born in 1848 ; came to Darlington, Wis., in 1875, and was in lusiness there till August, 1879, since which time he has been living in Platteville. He was married in .880, in Platteville, to Miss E. M. Carpenter, of that place. In 1859, he went to California and was here about four years. He enlisted in 1861 in the 7th Cal. V. I., Co. E. but was discharged on account if sickness before going into the service. His father, Charles Rallard, was a native of Vermont. fi. W. BASS, builder and proprietor of the Valley Mills and the Platteville Woolen Mills ; is I native of Barron Co., Ky. ; when he was an infant his parents removed to Indiana ; he came from Rock Island Co., 111., to Platteville in 1847, and that fall began preparations for building the mill on the Little Platte, which was completed in 1848 ; it is best known as the old Bass Mill ; he kept it in operation ibout fifteen years, and still owns it. The Platteville Woolen Mills were built in 1865. (See history of Platteville.) ELIJAH BAYIiEY (deceased), was born Aug. 2, 1811, at Massena, St. Lawrence Co., N. if. ; he was one of a family of ten children, of whom he was the seventh ; the first twenty-five years of lis life was spent at or near his native place ; in 1836, he came West and spent about three years in the rieinity of Davenport, and Rock Island, 111., teaching a portion of the time and making occasional trips 5outh for his health ; from Bock Island he came to Galena, where he was engaged as clerk in the confeo- ionery establishment of D. A. Barrows for about three years; in 1841, one of the creditors of E. B. Kimball, of St. Louis, failed, and the stock goods came back into Mr. Kimball's hands ; at the suggestion )f Mr. Barrows, the goods were entrusted to Mr. Bayley to be taken to some of the mining towns to be lisposed of He selected Platteville as the most favorable point for that purpose, and his success was such •hat further shipments were made, and a partnership was formed between himself and Mr. Kimball, jrhich lasted till 1852, when Mr. Bayley purchased Mr. Kimball's interest in the business for $30,000 ; lis success continued, and, in 1861, immediately after the death of Mr. Hammond, with whom he had for iome time been associated in business, he closed up his affairs as a merchant, and lived in retirement till his Jeath, which occurred Dec. 25, 1878. Mr. Bayley's first wife, to whom he was married in 1844, was Miss Caroline J. Bevans ; she died in 1868, leaving three children, one son and two daughters ; the son — • Leslie F., born April 13, 1850, and died March 5, 1870 ; Nora L., is now Mrs. D. B. Jones, of Chicago, ind Annie S. at home. HAYDEN H. BEEBE, blacksmith ; was born in Platteville June 6, 1849 ; learned his ;rade with Butler & Cowley, of Platteville, and has been in business for himself since 1875 ; in November, 1874, he married Miss Jennie Hoskins, of Platteville, and has two children — Edith Mazette and Julius Oe Leslie. His father, William Beebe, was a native of Genesee Co., N. Y.; came to Platteville in the spring of 1845, and is still living in the city. ARCHIE W. BELIi, attorney at law, Platteville; is a native of Salem, Columbiana Co., Ohio, born in 1840. His father, Christopher Bell, came to Wisconsin with his family in 1846, and has been a resident of Platteville ever since. He is now hale and hearty, at the age of 74. Mr. Bell studied law in Platteville with Judge S. 0. Paine ; was admitted tQ the bar in 1864, and has practiced in Platteville ever since, except when in the army. In January and February, 1865, he with Capt. W. H. Beebe, raised a company for the 44th W. V. I., and he went out as 1st Lieutenant of Co. K, and served till 1865. He was married in Platteville in 1862, to Mary E. Robinson, and has three children living. 900 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: ANSOIV BENNETT, Sections 1, 12, 2, etc.; P. 0. Platteville ; was born in Franklin Co., Vt., in 1812. He resided in the Green Mountain State until the fall of 1836, when he came to Platte- ville, cominw by the way of the Erie and Ohio Canals, Ohio River and the Mississippi to Galena, thence on the 1st of November, to Platteville. Here he hired out to the veteran pioneer, Maj. J. H. Rountree and continued in his employ five and a half years. He then bought 80 acres of the Major, and began making improvements upon it. In April, 1850, he married Elvira Jones, born in Oswego Co., N. Y., in 1812; she came West in 1847. Mr. Bennett is a leading member of the Free Methodist Church of Platteville. He now owns 381 acres, a fit reward for the thirty-seven years of toil expended upon the soil of Wisconsin. Mr. and Mrs. Bennett have six children — Martha E. (Mrs. W. Davis), Susan E. Charles Lyman, Nelson J., Orrin J. and Annie May. Charles L. married Mary E. Aikins, of Platte- ville. E. J. JBESTTIiEY, liveryman, has been a resident of Platteville since September, 1853. He was born in Yorkshire, England, Dee. 26, 1836; came to America in 1851, and worked in Elk Grove, La Fayette Co., Wis., till he came to Platteville in 1853. He attended school at the Platteville Acad- emy five winters, working at surveying during the summers, and followed that of teaching till the war broke out. April 1, 1861, he enlisted under the three months' call for troops, and was the second man in Platteville to enlist. He went with the 3d W. V. I., Co. F, and was in the service till August, 1863, when he was discharged. He was with his regiment during the whole time they were out. After leav- ing the army, he engaged in the livery business, which he has continued up to the present time. He was married Feb. 25, 1864, in Platteville, to Louisa Cheever, and has two children — Charles and Clara. Was Deputy Sheriff fourteen months under Sheriff Streeter. ALLIEN BIRKETT, deceased, was born in Goole, Yorkshire, England, in 1817. He mar- ried Sarah Cooper, also of Goole, and came in 1848 to America. He settled in Platteville. where he died May 10, 1869. His widow now resides with her brother-in-law, George Huntington, Esq., of Platteville. M. A. BISHOP, Platteville, of the Wright House, was born in Huron Co., Ohio, where his parents, Alonzo and Louisa Bishop, settled in 1840, coming from the State of New York. The brothers M. A. and W. H. Bishop removed to Arena, Wis., and came from there to Platteville. The former leased the Wright House in November, 1877, and his popular management has largely increased the custom of this always first-class hotel His brother has a livery of from fourteen to eighteen horses, and both working in harmony are doing a good, live business. DAVID BIjOCK, Platteville, merchant; was born in Baden, Germany, in 1818. Came to America in 1853, and has resided in Grant Co. ever since, most of the time in Platteville. Was never married, and has been in the mercantile business since 1866. He was in the military service in Germany about three years, and participated in three battles, in one of which, in 1848, he was wounded, depriving him of the sight of one eye, and nearly depriving him of the sense of hearing. O. A. BOYNTON, liveryman, Platteville ; was born in 1818, in Grafton Co., N. H. Was ed- ucated at Haverhill. Married Oct. 5, 1840, in Detroit, Mich., to Miss Elizabeth A. Clark, of that place. Came to Wisconsin the 1st of November following, and has been a resident of Platteville since that time. He first engaged in the boot and shoe business, which he followed about three years ; then traveled selling dry goods till the spring of 1846, when he went into the livery business and also kept the Platteville Hotel till 1853. He continued the livery business till 1863 ; then sold out and followed farming till 1872, when he again went into the livery business, and has continued it up to the present time. His wife died Aug. 12, 1880, leaving four children, having lost three before her death. The oldest daughter, Mary, is now the wife of C. M. Henderson, of Platteville ; Eugene R. is single and living in Nevada ; Ida E. and Louis A., at home. Mr. Boynton has been a member of the Village Board three years, and President of the Board one year. E. J. BUCK, M. D., Platteville; is a native of Franklin Co., Mass.; was born in the town of Heath in 1828. When 6 years of age his father, Erastus Buck, removed to Livingston Co., N. Y., where he is still living at the age of 84. Dr. Buck was educated in Livingston Co., and graduated from Jefferson Medical College of Philadelphia, in the spring of 1854. He at once commenced the practice of his pro- fession at Towlesville, Steuben Co., N. Y., where he remained till the fall of 1856, when he came to Wis- consin and practiced in Westfield, Marquette Co., till the war broke out in 1861. He was a member of the Wisconsin Legislature in the winter of 1860-61, and attended the extra session in June of 1861 . In the spring of 1861, he assisted in raising a company of sharpshooters, and enlisted as a private ; was ap- pointed 1st Lieutenant but resigned, and the following fall was appointed Assistant Surgeon of the 18th PLATTEVILLE. 901 • W. V. I. Soon after the battle of Shiloh, in whieh he was engaged, he was promoted to the position of Surgeon, in which capacity he served till the close of the war, and after the first year was one of the "board of operators" of his command. In August, 1868, he came to Platteville, and has practiced in that city since. He was married in 1866, at Beaver Dam, Wis., to Sarah E. Trask, a native of Maine, and has five children, all at home. A. J. BUSS, marble dealer, Platteville. Has been in his present business in Platteville since the spring of 1870. He was born in Brie Co., N. Y., six miles east of Bufialo in 1847. His father, Abram Buss, came to Wisconsin with his family in 1854 or thereabouts, and settled in La Fayette Co., where he resided till 1873; then removed to Darlington, Wis., and remained there till his death Nov. 26, 1877, at the age of 72. Mrs. Buss died about seven months previous at the age of 73. Mr. Buss learned his trade in Mineral Point, and worked there till he came to Platteville. He was married in Platteville, Aug. 18, 1874, to Miss Hattie E. Loofbourrow, and has two children — Mabel and Nellie. ALEXANDER BUTIjER, wagon and carriage maker, Platteville; has been a resident of Platteville since September, 1854. He was born in Moon, Allegheny Co., Penn., in 1832. He went to Ohio in 1852, and lived in Lima, Allen Co., till he came to Platteville in 1854. He learned his trade before he left Pennsylvania, and has always worked at the business since. In addition to his carriage making, he is now engaged in selling farming implements in company with H. J. Traber, of Platteville. He has been twice a member of the City Council, and has been chief of the fire department ever since its organization in 1874, and was one of the charter members of the hook and ladder company. He was married in Platteville Jan. 1, 1855, and has six children. VALEUTIBfE CAKLi, farmer; P. 0. Platteville; was born in December, 1824, near the historic town of Sarbruck, in Rhenish Prussia. Up to the age of 14, he was in school; then for a year in a blacksmith-shop. He eame to America in 1840 ; landed at New Orleans ; thence came to Platteville. For twenty years, he followed mining in various parts of Grant Co. ; then settled on his present 123 acres. He married Mary Klebenstein, who was also born near Sarbruck, and came to America in 1845, landing at New York City. They were married in Platteville, and have seven children — Mary, Louisa, Margaret, Annie, John, George and Katie, all born on the homestead farm, as were two deceased children. Mr. Carl and wife belong to the Old-School Presbyterian Church, of which he has been a Trustee. W. E. CARTER, attorney at law, and senior member of the law firm of Carter, Carter & Cleary, Platteville ; is a native of Sussex, England ; born in November, 1833 ; came to America in the spring of 1850, and settled in Lancaster, Grant Co., Wis., where he read law with J. Allen Barber, and was admitted to the bar in the fall of 1856. In January, 1861, he came to Platteville, and went into partnership with the late Stephen O. Paine, with whom he was associated till the death of Mr. Paine. He then took his brother, George B. Carter, into partnership with him, and Jan. 1, 1881, took in the junior member of the firm — T. L. Cleary. Mr. Carter ref resented his district in the State Legislature three consecutive terms — in 1877, 1878 and 1879 — and is at present a member of the Board of Regents for the State University. THOMAS CH APMAIV, Platteville ; was born in Huby, East Ridney, of Yorkshire, England, March 27, 1815 ; came to America in 1838, reaching Platteville July 25, without a dollar in his pocket. He spent the first winter at mining; then rented a farm for five years ; began 8500 in debt, and at the end of two years began the butchering business, which he carried on together with his farming until the expiration of the lease. Mr. Chapman is the veteran butcher of Grant Co., he having followed the busi- ness steadily from 1841 to 1874. John Watkinson was his first partner. In 1853, he formed a partner- ship with J. F. Kirkpatrick, which partnership he continued up to the retirement of both from business. Mr. Chapman is the owner of several farms — one of 340, and one of 140 acres in Platteville, 80 in Smel- ser, 160 in La Fayette Co., 160 in Iowa Co., 240 in Kossuth and Wright Counties, Iowa, and a farm of 140 acres, part in Platteville and part in Harrison. He married Sarah Kay, who died leaving four children — Robert, Elizabeth A., Mary J. and Sarah M., the latter died in 1880. The second wife, nee Elizabeth Richards, died also, leaving four children — Sarah M., John, William and Nora. All the children were born in Platteville. The present Mrs. Chapman was Jlrs. Fannie S., widow of John Bonson, one of the pioneer settlers of Platteville. Mr. Chapman served one year as Assessor of his town ; Treasurer two years, and Supervisor six years. He is a member of the Primitive Methodist Church, and is a Freemason. His home is now outside the city limits of Platteville, where he has 13 acres, in addition to the hun- dreds mentioned above. EDWARD CHAPPEIili, retired farmer, Platteville; was born in November, 1813, in Camborne, Cornwall, England, where his younger days were spent at mining. In 1839, he came with his 902 BIOGKAPHICAL SKETCHES: ^ • family to America, and spent a number of years in the coal and iron mines of Pennsylvania. Later, he was one of the owners of a Grreencastle, Pennsylvania, foundry, and, still later, interested himself in farm- ing. In 1856, he sold his farm, and came West, purchasing of J. C. Wright the splendid 270-acre farm, which he still owns. It was a prairie farm, under improvement, though Mr. Uhappell has since erected a new house upon it, and is located partly in Smelser and partly in Elk Grove. Since 1876, he has been a resident of Platteville. His wife was formerly Eliza Pearce, of Illogen Parish, Cornwall. They have eleven children — Edward, born in England, Mary J. (Mrs. James Ivey), John M., William C., Ann E. (Mrs. John Rogers), Sarah (Mrs. Abel Gill), Gilbert, Alfred P., James R., Thomas L. and Anna M. Eight of the children were born in Pennsylvania, and the two youngest on the Elk Grove homestead. The eldest daughter resides near Parkersburg, Iowa, and six of the others are on farms of their own in Taylor Co., Iowa. Edward is farming in Elk Grove, and Thomas is on the old farm. John M. is also a farmer in that town. The children and grandchildren of Mr. and Mrs. Edward Chappell number about sixty. Mr. Chappell is a Democrat, and served five terms as Chairman of Elk Grove. Is a member, with his wife and most of his children, of the M. E. Church. F. R. CHASE, merchant, and member of the firm of Sanford & Chase, Platteville ; is a native ■of Niagara Co., N Y. ; was born in 1833. In 1834, his parents removed to Trumbull Co., Ohio, and came from there to Platteville in 1855, where they continued to reside till their death. F. R. Chase was ■engaged in the drug business in Platteville from 1861 to 1865, then sold out in 1867, went into general merchandising, in company with R. C. Sanford, which he has continued up to the present time. He was married in 1862, in Whitehall, 111., to Miss Jennie McCoUister, and has three children — Albert, Mary and Jennie. He has been Alderman two terms. liEOlVARD COAXES, one of the representative pioneers of Platteville, was born Aug. 8, 1814, in Yorkshire, England. Here he spent his early life in the mines. In May, 1836, he came to the United States, arriving June 26, 1836, in Platteville. Beginning as a miner on his own account, he fol- lowed it until 1 838, when he and James Vineyard built a furnace on the Rountree Branch. This fur- nace they operated three years, at the end of which time Mr. Coates took a contract by which he " cleaned Tip" the old furnaces of Thomas Perrish, on the Blue River; also did some mining at Centerville and Franklin ; returning in 1841 to Platteville, he engaged in mining until the fall of 1844, when, in com pany with Robert Chapman, he re-purchased the old Vineyard-Coates furnace. During 1847 Mr. Coates operated the ShuUsburg furnace, then owned by himself and partner. The partnership was dissolved in 1848, although Mr. Coates continued smelting until in 1873. He was conspicuous in securing railroad privileges to Platteville, and has ever been in the foremost ranks of its most public-spirited citizens, hav- ing served as Mayor and City Treasurer. His elegant brick residence was completed in 1870, it making a most pleasant resting-place for one like him,, who has spent a long and active life in the turmoil of the business of this nineteenth century. He married Jan. 2, 1852, Miss Caroline Gear. She was born in Columbus, Ohio, and has been a resident of Platteville since 1840. Their only child, Lucy A., born in Platteville, is the wife of W. H. Difi'enbacher. Mr. and Mrs. Coates united with the Platteville M. E. Church in 1857, since which time Mr. C. has been class-leader almost without interruption. T. J. COLBUBN, born Oct. 28. 1825, in Orange Co., N. Y. ; early in life he lost his father, the widow and mother removing to Chittenden Co., Vt. Here T. J. Colburn received his schooling, and grew to man's estate. In February, 1845, he came to Platteville and engaged in farming until 1851, then went overland to California. Here he sought the smiles of the golden goddess until 1853, then sailed for Australia. In the spring of 1854, he shipped from Australia to Peru, where he did his first work as a carpenter. Upon his return to Platteville, in the summer of 1855, he again took up the plane and saw, working as a carpenter until his second visit to California in 1861. He mined gold in that State and Nevada until his final return to Platteville in the fall of 1864 ; worked at his trade until 1872, then removed to his pleasant suburban home. He has 14 acres, and is engaged in small fruit culture and in raising poultry. He has also a desirable house and lot in the city. He has been a member of the Platte- ville Congregational Church for many years, and a member of the choir since his first settlement there. In 1870, he was, by the Board of Regents, appointed Professor of Music in the Platteville Normal School, and filled that position three years. He married Miss Margie, daughter of Paul Jeardoe, a pioneer set- tler in Platteville, where she was born. They have six children — Willis P., Mabel, Margie, Philip, Olive L. and Roy, all born in Platteville. Mrs. Colburn is also a member of the Congressional Church, her father now residing in Lima. WILLIAM. COW DUROY, dealer in general merchandise, Platteville, was born in Lon- don, England, in 1836; came to America when only 15 years of age, landing in New York PLATTEVILLE. ^03 City, in the spring of 1851, without a single friend or acquaintance in that city. He soon obtained em- ployment as a clerk at $5 a month and board, but soon had his wages raised to $13 per month. He re- mained there till 1853, then came to Wisconsin and resided in Platteville till the spring of 1856, when he went to La Crosse, Wis., and stayed till the spring of 1859. He then went to St. Louis, Mo., and was in the State and County Assessors' OflSce till 1861. He then returned to Platteville, with his family, and was in the Pay Department of the Missouri State Militia about one year, since which time he has been in business in Platteville. He was married in Platteville, in September, 1857, to Miss Lizzie Elgar, a native of London, England. She died May 21, 1879. leaving two children — Lizzie and Harry. His second wife, to whom he was married in October, 1880, was Miss lizzie Campbell, of Platteville. KDWABD CRONIJf, 3I. D., Platteville ; is a Pennsylvanian by birth, having been born in the city of Philadelphia Feb. 22, 1812 ; his earlier years were passed in that city. Arriving at the proper age, he entered the freshman class of the University of Pennsylvania, where he graduated in the literary department in 1842. Upon leaving the University, young Cronin immediately commenced the study of medicine with Prof. John K. Mitchell, of Jefferson Medical College. In 1844, the young student formed one of the graduating class at the above-named college, coming forth a full-fledged M. D. After receiving his diploma. Dr. Cronin started for the West, rightly conjecturing that the star of empire was setting in that direction. He first settled in Platteville, where he continued in practice until 1850, when attracted' as were others, by the golden tales of California, he started for the Western Slope. Reachinjj Sacramento during the terrible cholera epidemic, when the citizens were dying ofi" at the rate of four or five hundred a week, the young physician turned his attention to the work in hand, remaining in attendance at the hos- pitals until the terrible scourge had passed over. He then went further up the country to the Frazier River, where, upon the north fork of this stream, he afterward discovered what turned out to be two good claims. He remained here until 1853, when he returned to " the States " and settled at Galena, where he remained until 1860, when he returned to Philadelphia and attended lectures at Jefferson College, during the winter of 1860-61. He then changed his residence to Platteville, where he remained until 1864. The year fol- lowing found him practicing in Philadelphia. Tn 1867, the Doctor returned to the West and located at Mineral Point, including Platteville in his ride. In 1872, he changed his residence to Platteville, where he has since bpen engaged in practice. The services of Dr. Cronin are bv no means confined to a local area, but the circuit of his labors extends far out into adjoining sections. EDWARD DAVIS, Sr., blacksmith, Platteville ; was born in Flintshire, North Wales, in February, 1826 ; son of Robert Davis; he learned his trade in Wales, and came to America in 1849 from Manchester, England, where he had been living about eight years, and has been in Platteville ever since he emigrated ; he worked four and a half years in the plow-shop of Joel Potter, and since that has been in business for himself. He was married in Manchester, England, to Margaret Roberts, who died in Platte- ville, leaving four children— Enma (now Mrs. Samuel Jones, of Platteville), Elizabeth and Adeline at home, and Edward, Jr., who was married, Dec. 25, 1879, to Miss Inez, daughter of Stephen Dunbar, a merchant of Monticello, Green Co., Wis.; they have one child, Iva Gretta. Edward, Jr., learned his trade with his father and is now in partnership with him, firm of Davis & Son. W. H. DIFFENBACHER, dentist, Platteville; is a native of Crawford Co., Penn., born in 1836 ; studied dentistry with his uncle, David Diffenbacber, in his native county, from 1855 till 1858, then came to Platteville and has practiced there since. He was married in 1861, in Platteville, to Miss Ella Coates, and has had seven children, only two of whom — Genevieve and Lillian — are now living; they lost five sons — Harry, aged 8 years ; Freddie, 8 months ; Leonard, 9 months ; Willie, 9 years, and Eddie 14, the last two in September, 1879, of diphtheria, Eddie on the 23d and Willie on the 24th, and ihey were both buried on the 25th, which was the nineteenth anniversary of their marriage. His father, Fred- ;rick Diffenbacber, was in the mercantile business in Meadville, Penn., and W. H. clerked in his store from ;he time he was 8 years of age till he commenced studying dentistry. Mr. Diffenbacber, Sr. removed to Peru, 111., in 1861 ; went from there to Boone Co., Iowa, and died there in 1868. GEORGE DYSON, retired, Platteville ; was born in 1826, in Meltham, Yorkshire, England ; earned his trade of stone-mason in his native place. He came to America in 1848, residing in the New England States until 1850 ; that year he came to Platteville, and for eight years worked at his trade ; he hen began farming, and continued it until 1871, then spent a year in the village of Plaliteville ; he then pent three years on a farm of 240 acres which he now owns, in Lima ; since 1874, he has resided in the iity, where he owns two houses and lots. He married Miss Sarah Brown, a native of Lockwood, England ; heir only child, a son — Nathaniel — born in Meltham, Yorkshire, is now in Washington Territory. Mr. )yson has served on the Village, Town and County Boards; is a member, with his wife, of the P. i\I. Church of Platteville. 904 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: DR. Ci^EORGFi W. EASTMAN, PlatteviUe ; the son of Hon. Samuel Eastman and Jane Eastman, was born in Strong, Franklin Co., Me., March 29, 1824; as a lad he received a good common- school education, afterward attending an academy, and, at the proper time, entered Dartmouth College, from which he graduated, in the medical class, in 1844. In the spring of 1850, the young doctor turned his face toward the setting sun and located at PlatteviUe, which place has since been his home. In the year 1852, he was united in marriage to Miss Anna S. Monroe, of Boston ; they have three children — Jessie, Mary Gr. and Julia. During the war of the rebellion, Dr. Eastman was commissioned Surgeon of the 16th W. V. I., in which capacity he served one year, when he was appointed Medical Inspector of the Seventeenth Army Corps ; this office he held for the two years succeeding, making a total of three years' service, when he returned and once more resumed the practice of his profession at his old home. JONATHANH. EVANS, Platter I'e; was born near Philadelphia, Penn., Oct. 29, 1830 ; served an apprenticeship as printer in the office of The Cumberland Valley Whig, si Shippensburg, Penn.; emio;rated with his father to Wisconsin in May, 1846, and settled on a farm in the town of Kendall, La Fayette Co.; attended the PlatteviUe Academy 1851-52, teaching a country school during the winter; in the fall of 1852 entered the store of Samuel Moore as salesman. Married Miss Sarah Kilbourne of Columbus, Ohio, Nov. 7, 1855 ; was elected Register of Deeds of Grant Co., serving two terms, from Jan- uary, 185Y, to January, 1861 ; was with the Army of the Tennessee during the Rebellion, serving as sut- ler of the 33d W. V. I. Since 1864 he has been engaged in the mercantile business in PlatteviUe. In 1869, was elected County Supervisor, representing the towns of Hazel Green, Smelser and Platte- viUe; was elected President of the Board of Trustees of the village of PlatteviUe, in 1870, and in 1870-71 represented said village in the County Board of Supervisors ; in February, 1872, was appointed by Gov. Washburn member of the Board of Regents of Normal Schools, and successively re-appointed by Gov. Taylor in 1875, by Gov. Smith in 1878 and 1881 ; was elected Vice President of the Board in 1877, and, upon the death of President Starr in 1879, succaeded to the Presidency, to which position he has since been twice elected. Mr. Evans has devoted some attention to the study of natural science, and has a fine collection of minerals and fossils in the State Normal School at PlatteviUe ; is a member of the " Illinois Natural His ory Society" and the " Wisconsin Humane Society." He is a zealous member of the Masonic Order; was made a Master Mason and member of Melody Lodge at PlatteviUe Feb. 22, 1854 ; received the Royal Arch degrees in June following, and the degree of Knight Templar at Mad- ison, Wis., February, 1872. The fraternity has honored him with many marks of confidence, as he has served in nearly all the offices of the local orders, and has, at difl'erent times, been a delegate to the Grand Lodge, Grand Chapter and Grand Commandery of the State. He represented the Royal Arch Masons of Wisconsin in the General Grand Chapter held at Baltimore, Md., in 1871, and at Nashville, Tenn., in 1874 ; has been continuously for the past fourteen years an officer of the Grand Chapter of the State, and during the years 1874-75 was honored with the highest position within the gift of the order by being elected Grand High Priest. He has been for the past six years the accredited Masonic representative to the Royal Arch Masons of Wisconsin from the Masons of Kentucky, South Carolina and New Jersey. As a citizen, Mr. Evans is distinguished as a type of the Christian gentle- man who, scrupulously exact in all his dealings, generous to the poor and considerate to the unfor- tunate, will ever be esteemed in his public capacity, and valued as the conservator of that which is equitable in the private walks of life. J. C. FIiANA(jrAX, grocer, PlattevUle ; is a native of Huntingdon Co., Penn., born in 1838, and came to PlatteviUe in 1862 ; he enlisted in February, 1863, m Co. K, 44th W. V. I., and served tiU the close of the war as Sergeant of the company ; after his return from the army he worked at black- smithing three years and at painting about six years; since April, 1875, he has been engaged in the gro- cery business. He was married in 1868 to Miss Mary R. Covell, daughter of E. W. Covell, a native of Madison Co., N. Y., who came to PlatteviUe in 1842, and resided there tUl his death, Aug. 28, 1878, at the age of 66. Mrs. Covell, whose maiden name was Rebecca Kendall, is still living in PlatteviUe at the age of 75. Mr. Flanagan has three chUdren — Jennie B., Susie C. and George L.; one son, Carlos, died Feb. 5, 1877, at the age of 4 months. E. R. FRIEDRICH, harne,«s-maker and member of the firm of H. C. Doscher & Co.i PlatteviUe; was born in St. Clair Co., 111., in 1843; his father, Ferdinand Friedrich, was a native of Germany, and came to America and settled in Illinois ; then came to Wisconsin, and has been a resident of PlatteviUe ever since. E. R. Friedrich learned his trade in Highland, Iowa Co., Wis., and commenced business for himself in PlatteviUe, in 1868, in company with Michael Oswald, with whom he continued a year and a half; then bought out his partner, and run the business alone till January, 1876, then sold out PLATTEVILLE. 905 to H. C. Doscher, and bought in again in 1876 ; he enlisted Aug. 15, 1862, in the 27th W. V. I., Co. G, and was in the service till September, 1874, and was with his regiment the whole time. He was married in October, 1864, in Highland, Iowa Co., Wis., to Maria J. Fry, and has two children living — Edward Ferdinand and Gustave Ernest, and lost one son — Otto, who died March 3, 1880, aged 5 years. Mr. Friedrich has been a member of the Village Board two years in succession. W. .T> FUNSTOX, dentist; was born in Coshocton Co., Ohio, in 1840; when an infant his parents removed to Jefferson Co., Ohio, where he was brought up. He enlisted there in August, 1862, in the 52d 0. V. I., Co. E, as a private, and was in the service till the close of the war; he was with his company about six months, and was then detailed as Adjutant's clerk, and acted in that capacity till the close of the war. He studied dentistry before the war with Dr. John McKinley, of TJhrichsville, Ohio ; after the war, he practiced about six months in Plattsburg, Mo., after spending a few months in Ohio, then came to Wisconsin and spent a short time with his parents in Richland Co. ; came to Platteville in December, 1866, and has practiced there since, except from December, 1873, till April, 1874, he spent in California practicing a part of the time in San Francisco. DAVID OARDNER, one of the now deceased pioneers of Grant Co., was born March 4, 1816, in County Meath, Ireland. When in his 17th year, he came to America, and spent some years in vari- ous Eastern and Southern States. During the Seminole Indian war, he was in New Orleans ; in 1840, he reached Galena, and soon after made his first visit to Platteville and vicinity. Here he worked in the " leads " about the Whig settlement, and spent one winter in a cabin built where Straw & Co.'s furnace now is. He was one of the discoverers of the old " Boots " range of mineral, which famous deposit is still being worked, and a branch of it on his own farm by his own sons. He married in Galena, Mary Murphey, who survives him. He died Nov. 1, 1876, leaving seven children — John M., David P., James v., Mary E., Dennis J., Bridget and Cecilia, all born on the old homestead farm. Mr. Gardner settled upon this farm as early as 1843, and here the widow and three eldestsons have a good home. The youiig- est son is now reading law in the oflSce of the Hon. W. E. Carter, of Platteville. Mr. Gardner was a steady and industrious farmer and miner, and a man who is remembered by many old friends and neighbors. D. E. GARDNER, Professor of Mathematics and Music in the State Normal School at Platte' ville, was born in Adams, Jefferson Co., N. Y., in 1837. He was educated in his native State, and com" menced teaching in a private school in Jefferson Co. when 20 years of age, and continued in that three years ; he was then Professor of Mathematics in Hungerford Collegiate Institute, at Adams, N. Y., for five years, from the time it was established till it was burned in 1867 ; he then came West, and for six years was Superintendent of Schools and Principal of the High School at Neenah, Wis., and in the fall of 1874 was elected to his present position. He was married in 1864, at Adams, N. Y., to Miss Ella Under- Wood Brown, of that place, and has two children — Bertha Lucile and Mabel Pauline. JOHN G. GILLHAm, Platteville ; born Deo. 22, 1819, in Madison Co., 111. ; son of Charles and Clarinda GillhamJ who settled in Grant Co. in 1835. The sons of Charles Gillham engaged in mining at Big Patch, J. G. Gillham following the " diggins " and farming until 1850, when he went to CaUfornia, and for two years sought his fortunes in the gold mines ; returning, he began farming near Belmont, Wis. In 1862, he made a second visit to the Pacific Slope ; on his return in 1863, he sold his Belmont farm, and settled in Platteville. The summer of 1864 was spent by him in the United States service, as a Pri- vate in the 41st W. V. I., he returning on sick leave shortly before the final discharge of his regiment. He settled in his present pleasant home in 1872. J. G. Patterson, a former owner of the property, had ■established a nursery here, which has secured to Mr. Gillham an unusually large, fine orchard, besides other fruit and ornamental trees. He married Miss Mary L., daughter of Ashahel and Eliza Haggett ; she was born April 25, 1829. An adopted daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Gillham is now the wife of Frank White, of Lancaster. Mr. and Mrs. Gillham belong to the M. E. Church of Platteville. The father, Charles Gillham, died on the day of the capitulation of Gen. Lee, in April, 1865. Mrs. Charles Gillham died Sept: 28, 1879. REV. HENRY GOODSELL., Pastor of the M. E. Church, Platteville; was born in Sus- sex, England, in February, 1841, in the parish of Ewhurst: son of John and Mary (Jarman) Goodsell. When 17 years of age, he left home and friends to seek his fortune in the New World. He remained a few months in Oneida Co., N. Y., then made his way to Lena, 111., where he soon obtained employment. In 1862, he left Illinois for Minnesota, and entered Hamlin University, at Red Wing, where he worked tor his board, and pursued his studies till 1866, finishing a scientific course in that year. Immediately after graduating, he entered the ministry of the M. E. Church, in the Minnesota Conference, and was first 906 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: stationed at Mazeppa, Goodhue Co., Minn., where he remained three years ; he was then in Lark City, Wabasha Co., Minn., two ye^rs ; when returned to Goodhue Co., was stationed at Zambrota three years. He came to Wisconsin in 1875, preached in Hudson one year, Presoott, Pierce Co., three years, and came to Platteville in the fall of 1879. He was married in St. Peters, Minn., Oct. 4, 1869, to Miss Sarah, daughter of Rev. C. H. Savage, of the Minnesota M. E. Conference. She was a native of High- land Co., Ohio. They have three children — Julia, Glenn and Guy. JOHN ORISTDEIiL, cabinet-maker, Platteville, was born in Canada in 1828; came to Wisconsin in 1849, and settled in Platteville. In the spring of 1850 he went to California, returning to Platteville in the summer of 1852. In 1864, he enlisted in the 41st W. V. I. (100-day men) and went out as First Lieutenant of Co. A, and in February, 1865, enlisted in the 47th W. V. I., and served till the close of the war as First Lieutenant. He was married in the fall of 1852, to Miss Susan Cook, daughter of David Cook, of Beetown ; has had six children— Ada J., John H., Albert J., Daniel E., Susan May (deceased) arid Arthur B. He has been Town Treasurer, and was President of the Village Board in 1879. Wlli LI AM GtRIBTDEIjIj, cabinet-maker; Platteville; was born in Canada in 1820 ; came to Buffalo, N. Y., and learned his trade, and in 1845 came to Platteville, where he has been in business ever since. He was on the School Board of Platteville about thirty years in succession, and has been on the Village Board several terms ; his first wife, to whom he was married in Buffalo, N. Y., in 1843, was Miss Lydia Cook, she died in 1855, and in 1857 he married Miss Margaret McMurry, of Platteville, he has nine children living, three sons by the first wife, and three sons and three daughters by the second wife. One daughter. Miss Lillie Grindell, is Assistant Teacher in the Rock Graded School of Platteville ; she was educated at the Normal School, of Platteville, and commenced teaching in 1877 ; the first year at Ellenboro, Grant Co., then one year in Dodgeville, and is now on the second year in her present position. . GIBORGE M. (jtUERNSEY, life and fire insurance agent, Platteville ; was born in Tioga Co., Penn., in the village of Tioga, Oct. 4, 1828 ; son of Levi B. Guernsey, who was a native of Amenia, Dutchess Co., N. Y.; Mr. Guernsey came to Wisconsin in 1858, and taught school in Milton, Rock Co., two years ; in 1860, he came to Platteville and took charge of the Platteville Academy, which he conducted about seven years, till it was changed to a Normal School and was Professor of Mathematics in that school about one year, and since 1868 has been in his present business ; he was County Superintendent of Schools from 1874 to 1878; he was married in 1856, in Pennsylvania, to Miss M. J. Roach, and has two children living — Tommy and Maude. G-IDEOST HAWEiEY, carriage manufacturer and grain dealer, Platteville; is one of the earliest settlers in Southwest Wisconsin, his father, Aaron Hawley, was a native of Vermont; he went to Illinois at an early day and from there to Wisconsin in 1827, and settled in what is now Grotiot, La Fay- ette Co., his family joining him in 1828 ; he was killed in the Black Hawk war in 1832, and his family returned to Sangamon Co., 111., near Springfield, where they remained till 1836, and then came back to La Favette Co., Wis. Gideon Hawley was born in 1822, in Sangamon Co., 111. ; learned the carriage maker's trade in La Fayette Co., Wis., commencing at the age of 18; came to Platteville in the spring of 1846, and has been engaged in carriage making there ever since, except. a year on a farm near Platteville, in 1868, he added grain dealing to his other business and still continues it — or rather that part of the business is carried on by his sons under the firm name of T. C. Hawley & Co. Mr. Hawley was married in 1843, in Dubuque, Iowa, to Miss Sarah Y. Clark, of that place, and has had nine children, four of whom are still living — Frank A., Albert C, Theophilus C and Harry G. Lost five — Newton and Perry (twins), Jessie B. and two died in Infancy. G. A. HELLBERG, cooper, Platteville ; was born Dec. 4, 1837, in Jonkbping, Sweden. He learned his trade in Sweden of his father, who was a cooper, and left home when not quite 1 6 years old ; he worked in Stockholm and Gothoborg, Sweden, Fredrickshull, Norway, and Abo in Finland, Russia. He was a member of a military organization called the " Free- Will Sharpshooters," and was a Corporal at the time he left Sweden ; while there, he took the sixth Government prize for sharp shooting in a company of 450 men ; he belonged to one of the oldest families in Sweden ; held the office of Poor Master for two years, and was Secretary of the Workingmen's Association, and Captain in the Fire De- partment of his native village ; came to America in 1867, worked a few months in Chicago, and about one year in Rockford, III; came to Darlington, Wis., in 1869, and to Platteville in 1870; does brewery work and all kinds of first-class work. He was married in 1860, in Sweden, to Anna Maria Wallender, and has three children — Gustaf Syver, Anna Alfrida and Hedwig Maria. PHILIP D. HESTDERSHOT, Sr., saddler and harness-maker, Platteville; was born in Smoky H'-llnw, fnnnrln. 1822 : learned hh tra-l" in Canada, serving four and a half years; came to Piatt- PLATTEVILLE. 907 in April, 1846, and has followed the business there ever since; he made the first saddle and the first trank ever made in Grant Co., and also made the first Scotch horse-collar in the State of Wisconsin, while in Milwaukee on his way to Platteville. He was married in St. Thomas, London District, Canada West, in 1844, to Miss Sarah, daughter of Henry Buchanan, and has five children living — James, Rachel, Syl- vester, Philip D. and Sarah ; Rachel is now the wife of R. R. David, of Ortonville, Minn., and the sons ail living in Platteville ; the eldest son James, was in the army during the last seventeen months of the war, in Co. A, 50th W. V. I.; he is married to Miss Laura B. Squires, of Platteville, and Sylvester to Miss Mary Conly, of Mifflin, Iowa Co. Mr. Hendershot has been engaged in farming and mining in ad- dition to his other business most of the time since he has been in Platteville, and now owns a farm of 30 acres adjoining the city plat ; he has been School Director and Marshal of the village, and was a mail con- tractor for about nine years. Cr. C. HEND Y, merchant, Platteville ; is a native of Dodgeville, Wis., born in 1847. His father, Samuel Hendy, was born in Cornwall, England, Parish of Breage, in February, 1820, son of James and Priscilla (Thomas) Hendy. His mother, whose maiden name was Ann Shephard, was born in March, 1820, also in Cornwall, England, Parish of Mullion, daughter of Thomas and Ann (Mitchell) Shephard, Mr. Hendy, Sr., came to America in June, 1842, and resided in Dodgeville, Wis., from that time till 1866, since which time he has resided in Platteville ; soon after coming to Platteville, he bought out the book- store of McCurn & Griswold, which he carried on till 1874 in company with his son. G. C. Hendy then sold out to his partner and retired from business; since which time the present proprietor has carried on the business alone. G. C. Hendy was -married in 1877, to Miss Julia, daughter of John Kemler, Esq., one of the pioneers of Platteville, and has two children — John Kemler and Clarence Augustus. CAKSTEX HINDERS, retired farmer; born in Weddenwarden, Hanover, Jan. 13, 1825. His early life was spent on a farm ; in 1844, he came to America, landing at New Orleans; he came by way of St. Louis and Galena to Grant Co.; his first work here was for D. Harms, of Smelser, and for seven years he worked in that vicinity, he then bought a farm on the school section, town of Belmont, La Payette Co., and became the first settler on the school section ; in the spring of 1863, he sold the farm and came to Platteville where he built a most pleasant home. He married Dora Wieters in his and her native village, they have no children. Mr. Hinners is a Democrat, and served three years each on both the town and village boards. Is a member, with his wife, of the German Methodist Church, of which he is steward (verwalter). A brother of Mr. Hinners named Nicholas, died in Germany, leaving two sons — ■ Henry and Frederic, both of whom are with the family of their uncle, though the former is in a Belmont store ; their father spent several years of his life in South Carolina. THOMAS J. HOOPER, druggist, Platteville; was born Jan. 15, 1839_, in Cornwall, England. His father, Thomas Hooper, emigrated to America in the summer of 1845, with his family, and settled in Platteville, where he resided till his death in March, 1861, at the age of 56. Mrs. Hooper was born in 1807, and is still living with her children. Thomas J. was married in Platteville in September, 1866, to Miss Mary Wright, who is a native of PlattevUle, and daughter of James C. Wright, one of the earliest settlers in La Fayette Co., Wis. Mr. Hooper has been engaged in the drug business ever since his marriage. Has one child — Hattie. JACOR HOOSER, Sr., Platteville ; one of the earliest of Grant Co.'s pioneer settlers, was born Oct. 25, 1807, in Lancaster Co., Penn. His father, Jacob F., a blacksmith, soon after took his family to St, Louis. On July 15, 1828, young Hooser arrived in Galena, 111., then comprising the U, S. warehouse, a store and Jonathan Meeker's furnace. Four days later, Mr. Hooser came to Platte- ville. Here he met J. H. Rountree, and was by him employed to burn a quantity of charcoal, and to do sundry jobs of blacksmithing. During the summer of 1829, Mr. Hooser opened up a farm on the Pec- atonica River. The next year was spent at mining in " Jimtown." In the spring of 1831, he bought out the claim of a miner, which purchase gave him 160 acres, 80 of which he still owns. At the out- break of the Black Hawk war, he assisted in the building of a stockade on the present farm of Mr. Roseleib, then owned and occupied by B. M. Orrin. Early in the summer of 1832, Mr. Hooser went to Galena, where he earned good wages at shoeing horses during the Indian war. On the surrender of Black Hawk, Mr. H. again sought his Platteville farm, where he has since resided. He married, near Eddysville. 111., Elizabeth Knotts, who died Feb. 14, 1865, leaving three children — Justus D., Jacob and Amanda E. The present Mrs. Hooser was Mary Bennett, and by her he has three children — Marietta, Lester M. and Archie B. The 160 acres before mentioned, was bought of the Government, at the first land sale ever held at Mineral Point. 908 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: JUSTUS D. HOOSEB, Platteville; eldest son of Jacob Hooser, Sr., was the third white child born in Platteville, March 12, 1832, on the farm where his father n iw resides. His early life was spent in this town. In 1850, he went to California, where he spen'^ seven years in the gold mines. On his return in 1858, he settled on 76 acres of his present farm, to which he afterward added 100 acres. He married Mrs. Harriet Clark. Her parents were early settlers in Smelser, where her father built his stone house by moonlight, wheeling the material from a distance of half a mile. He was a stone-mason by trade, and was busily employed each and every day in building the houses of his neighbors, so that his own work must be done "after business hours." Mrs. Hooser married in England Greorge E. Clark, who died in Grass Valley, Cal. His only son is James M. Clark. Mr. and Mrs. Hooser have five chil- dren — Joseph, Buther, Elizabeth, Jacob W. and Justus D., all born on the Platteville homestead. REV. EDWARD HOYER, Pastor of the EvangeUcal Lutheran St. Paul's Church, of Platteville; was born in Hamburg, Germany, in 1853. When 11 years of age, his parents emigrated to America, and settled in Monroe Co., Wis. His father, Eev. August Hoyer, is now Pastor of the Luther- an Church of Princeton, Wis. Rev. Edward Hoyer is a graduate of the Northwestern University, of Watertown, Wis., Class of 1873. He is also a graduate of Concordia Seminary, of St. Louis, Mo., Class of 1876. He immediately entered the ministry, and was located at Manchester, Green Lake Co., Wis., till October, 1878, since which time he has been in Platteville. He was married in November, 1878, in Spring Valley, Minn., to Mis3 Mary Kiesel, and has one son — Arthur. GEORGE HUNTINGTON, farmer. Sec. 22 ; P. 0. Platteville ; was born Jan. 10, 1811, in Yorkshire, England, where his early life was spent as a farm laborer. He came to America in 1845i with his wife (f irmerly Ann Cooper) and three sons. Both Mr. and Mrs. Huntington were born near Goole, Yorkshire He located in Platteville, where he resided until 1852, when he went with his family to California. Since his return, in 1856, he has resided on his present farm, now comprising 240 acres. There are now five children — James, John, George, Dennis and Thomas ; the two youngest were born in Platteville. JOHN HUNTINGTON, Platteville. Born in Goole, Yorkshire, England, May 1, 1803. His wife was Mary Hatfield, who was born April 30, 1811, in Laxton, Yorkshire, England; married March 24, 1831, and their bridal tour was to their future home in America. Up to 1837, their home was Pittsburgh, Penn. In the spring of 1837, they came to Platteville, where he bought 160 acres of his pres- ent farm; only 17 acres ware broken, and on this was a small log cabin in which the young couple began life in Bidgerdom. It was replaced in 1859, by the substantial brick farmhouse, now occupied by a son. Mr. Huntington has been a lifelong and most successfiil farmer. He now owns 680 acres of splendid land under cultivation, besides 120 acres of timber. Since October, 1869, Mr. Huntington has resided in the city of Platteville. Mr. and Mrs. Huntington have had ten children — William H., Anne, Mary A., Sarah, Elizabeth, Maria, John P., Thomas T., Lydia J. and George R.; William H. died Aug. 13, 1861 ; Anne died July 3, 1835 ; Sarah died July 9, 1847, and Thomas, Oct. 9. 1855. RICHARD HUNTINGTON, deceased ; was the first of the Huntington brothers to settle in Grant Co. He was born Aug. 1, 1804, in Swinefleet, Yorkshire, England, and came to America in 1830, locating at Pittsburgh, Penn. He remained there until 1835, when he came to Platteville ; it was then a small collection of miners' log huts, and had but recently received the name of Platteville. In the spring of 1836, he made what was then known as a "squatter's claim" of part of the present estate; this land he bought of the Government on its coming into market. He began here in a primitive log house, which was replaced in 1857, by the present roomy and substantial brick farmhouse. His first wife, nee Mary Myers, died in the fall of 1846, leaving four children— William M., Robert M., Richard J., and Lydia A. .On the 22d of April, 1847, he married Miss Lucy Coiburn ; she is of the old Puritan stock, and was born in Chittenden Co., Vt., but was reared and educated in and near Burlington, Vt.; 1845, was the date of her settlement in Platteville. Mr. Huntington was a life-long and most successful farmer. He took pride in his beautiful prairie farm, and made such additions as to leave a large estate to his posterity. He was a promineut and honored member of the P. M. Church, and was a man of kindly and benevolent convictions. He died April 28, 1871. Few of the pioneers of Platteville could count more real friends, and none could have left a place more difficult to fill. By his second marriage, he had six children — Mary E., Frank E., Laura M., Samuel W. and Carrie E. Charles W. died May 11, 1864. Since 1879, his widow and youngest daughter, now Mrs. J. H. Spink, have resided in the city of Platteville. Mrs. Huntington is a member of the M. B. Church. A. J. HUTTON, conductor of institutes for the State Normal School of Platteville, is a native of Dunfermline, Scotland ; born in 1846. When 11 years of age, his parents emigrated to America and PLATTEVILLE. 909 settled in Portao;e Co., Wis., where they still reside. Prof. Hutton was educated at the Platteville Normal School, graduating in 1869, being a member of the first graduating class. In the fall of 1869, he went to Augusta, Eau Claire Co., Wis., and taught in the public school one year ; then returned to Platteville, and for one year was Principal of the Academic Department of the State Normal School. He then returned to Eau Claire, and was Principal of the West Side Schools of that place till the fall of 1879, since which time he has been in his present position. He was married in July, 1872, in Platteville, to Miss Kate McGregor, of that place, and sister of President McGregor of the Normal School. Has three children — Emily, Mar- garet and James. JAIIES IVEY, farmer; P. 0. Platteville ; was born April 20, 1816, in Camborne, Cornwall, En- gland. His occupation in early life was that of tin dresser. He married, in his and her native parish, Mary Ann Eudey, by whom he has nine children — James A., Honor A. (Mrs. L. 1). Culver), Jennie (Mrs. Alexan- ■det Thomas), Elizabeth (Mrs. John Carhart), Edward M., M. Julia, Benjamin F., Rosina and Nellie ; the eldest was born in Camborne, and all the others in Grant Co. The parents came to America and located at Lancaster in 1845, Mr. Ivey working in the Pigeon and Rockville diggings ; at the latter point he erected one of the very first framed houses, and for a time worked in the furnace of Squire Emery. In 1855, he bought a farm on Sec. 2, town of Harrison, having spent the preceding year in California. In 1872, he oame to present location in Platteville; here he has in all 202 acres. ' At one time, while in Harrison, Mr. Ivey had nine children of " school age," i. e., from 4 to 20 years. His eldest son served under Gen. Thomas in his Tennessee campaign of 1864-65. THOMAS JEIVKIIVS, miner; was born in Cornwall, England, June 26, 1832, in the parish of Kenwyn, and received a common-school and academic education in England. His father, Benjamin Jen- kins, went to Brazil, South America, with his family in 1837, and was engaged in mining there till 1842, then returned to England. He came to the United States- in 1848 and settled in Platteville, where he ■was engaged in mining till 1851, when he went to California, returning to Wisconsin in 1857 ; went again to California, overland, in 1861, and from there to Montana in 1866. He returned to Platteville in 1868, and has resided there since. He was married in 1858, in Dodgeville, Wis., to Miss Sheba Martin, daughter of William Martin, of that place, and has four children living — Bennie, Ida, Nettie and Mary. Mr. Jenkins was a member of the Village Board of Platteville six years in succession from 1870, and was Assessor five years of the time; he represented his district in the Legislature of 1874, and is at present a member of the City Council. THOMAS JENKIIdrS, farmer; is a native of Cornwall, England; born in 1833, in the par- ish of St. Agnes, son of Nicholas Jenkins came to America in 1848, leaving England on the 6th of April, arrived in Mineral Point, Wis., on the 10th of June; he engaged in mining there till April 1, 1849,' then came to Platteville April 15, 1852; he started for California and returned June 3, 1857. In 1862, he went again to California and from there to Montana, returning to Platteville in 1868, where he has since resided; he was married in Platteville Dee. 24, 1859, to Miss Elizabeth Bnoer, who died in April, 1860. His second wife, to whom he was married Jan. 5, 1871, was Mrs. Eliza A. Daney, daughter of William Martin, of Dodgeville, who was also from Cornwall, England; she was the widow of Joseph J. Daney, a native of Mineral Point, Wis., who difed in Platteville October, 1869, leaving three children — Nora A., Joseph E. and S'rank S. Mr. Jenkins has three children by the second marriage, Orville M., Clarence P. and Cora A. W. T. JENNINGS, teacher. Principal of the Rock Graded School of Platteville; was born in Keweenaw Co., Mich., in 1858. His father, William Jennings, was a native of Cornwall, England, and came to America in 1848. He settled in Hazel Green, Grant Co., Wis., and in September, 1850, he married Miss Elizabeth Collins, also a native of Cornwall, England, who came to America in 1848. Immediately after marriage, he removed to the copper regions of Michigan and was engaged in mining there till his death June 17, 1860, by the falling of earth and rock where he was engaged in blasting. After his death, Mrs. Jennings returned to Hazel Green, whe she resided about four years, then returned to Michigan for about the same length of time. In December, 1868, she married William Trewartha, who died in 1871 ; since her second marriage she has resided in Grant County, and since August, 1877, in Platteville. William T. Jennings was educated at the High School in Hazel Green and the Normal •School at Platteville, graduating from the Normal in June, 1878, since which time he has been teaching, and has been in his present situation since April, 1880 ; he also taught winters from 1874 to 1878. He has one brother John, and one sister, Mary Ann, now Mrs. Joseph Thomas, of Michigan. JESSE S. JONES, Platteville; was born in 1823, in Orange Co., N. Y. ; from there he re- moved to Ohio, thence, in 1847, to Grant Co., Wis. In early life he learned the trade of leather-dress- 310 BIOGKAPHICAL SKETCHES: ing, and followed it until he came to Wisconsin ; his first enterprise was to open a small store in Wing- (rille, groceries, notions, etc. ; he then began mining in Iowa Co., struck some rich diggings and cleared ibout $1,000 ; in 1849, he was one of the first to discover the rich " New California Diggings ; " here he iid a large business, with varied success, but finally met with some serious losses, though he still owns a 5ne quarter-section of land in that vicinity ; while he was a resident of CKfton, he was the first Town Clerk jlected, and afterward served a number of terms as Chairman, etc. ; in 1865, he came to Platteville and bought his present homestead ; here he has erected substantial buildings, and laid out and planted hm grounds in a most tasteful manner, making his one of the most elegant suburban homes in the city. His wife was Miss Elizabeth, a daughter of F. C. Kirkpatrick, of the early pioneers of Grant Co. ; they have several children. For a number of years after coming to Platteville, Mr. Jones was activelf engaged in the milk business, supplying city customers, but has relinquished the work ; he has 60 acres, twenty of which ire in the corporation, and this land gives him ample facilities to indulge his fancy for rearing fine stock ; le has of late devoted much attention to the breeding of fine horses ; his pride is the Black Hawk Re- iable, a magnificent type of that famous family of horses ; his weight is 1,Y50 lbs., and, as a writer in. ;he Chicago Field says, is tremendously built, with immense sloping shoulders, strong limbs, round barrel ind deep, powerful chest ; his owner, considers him the best living type of Tyler's old Black Hawk ; he ihows a three-minute gait, with no training whatever. Another of Mr. Jones' favorites is Tartar, a splen- iid horse, directly descended from Royal George, and showing many of the best points of that regal line )f trotters. OBED C. JOI¥ES, Sec. 6; P. 0. Platteville; was born March 23, 1810, in Trumbull Co., 3hio, where his early life was spent ; at 15, he went to Oswego Co., N. Y., but afterward returned to Ohio ; n 1837, he went to Hancock Co., 111., spent a year and then came to Platteville ; Obed King was then the )nly settler at " Whig ; " after a short stay he returned to Illinois, and, the next year, brought his family .0 Harrison for permanent settlement ; locating on what is now the Levi Bushnell farm ; he followed his trade )f carpenter, and worked at millwrighting for many years; during 1839, he put the .screening and bolting ipparatus into the historic old VTcKee Mill. Mr. Jones has owned three diiferent farms, and spent 1868 ind ] 869 in the city of Platteville ; in 1870, he settled on his present farm of 160 acres. He married, in lartford, Trumbull Co., Ohio, July 20, 1834, Miss Ursula Miner, who was born Jan. 27, 1818, in Hart- and. Conn. Her parents located as early as 1820, in Ohio, where she grew to womanhood. Mr. and tfrs. Jones have six living children — Pluma A. (born in Vernon, Trumbull Co., Ohio), Albert H., Maria S.., Celia J., Julia A. and Mollie E., all born in Harrison. Julius M. Jones enlisted in the 4th W.V. I., .nd died of typhoid fever on the banks of the Potomac, Dec. 2, 1861. Albert served three years with he 35th W. V. I., and was with Sherman on his march to the sea and through the Carolinas. Be- ides J. M. this pioneer couple have lost five children — Ursula J., aged 16 ; Calvin R., aged 19 ; Lura L.^ ged 9 ; EUuna L. aged 9, and an infant. Mr. Jones is a member of the Christian Church and is a Re- lublican ; he served ten years as a Justice of the Peace, and is well and widely known as a well-posted old ettler. SAMUEIi M. J OBfBS, wagon and plow maker, Platteville; was born in Pembrokeshire, South Vales, Oct. 27, 1840; son of David Jones, who came ^o America in 1852, and settled in Mifflin, Iowa h., Wis., where he resided till his death in 1860. Samuel M. learned his trade with Gideon Hawley, of 'latteville, and has been in business for himself since 1867 ; was in company with Edward Davis seven r eight years, and a member of the firm of Potter & Jones about three years. He was married, in May, 867, to Miss Emma Davis, daughter of Edward Davis, of Platteville, and has six children — Fannie, Sam- el E., Lina, Emma, Nora and Thomas. JACOB KABKMANBf, manufacturer and dealer in boots and shoes, Platteville ; was born 1 Prussia in 1841 ; he learned his trade in the old country, and came to America in 1866 ; he lived one ear in Pottsville, Penn., and ^ few months in Galena, 111., and has been in Platteville since 1867. In 1868. e married Miss Sophia Kabele, and has seven children — Jacob, Peter, George, Mary Elizabeth, Anna lena, Magdalena Catharine and Bertha Wilhelmina. JOHN KEMIiEB, retired merchant, Platteville ; has been a resident of Platteville since January, 844, and was in the mercantile business from that time up to 1871 ; he was born in Hanover, Germany, 1 1818, and came to America in 1837 ; he spent one summer in New York City, then went to Savannah, a., and resided there two years, being one year overseer on a plantation. He came to Galena, 111., in the Dring of 1842, and was there till the fall of 1843 ; then went to Germany and was married in 1844 to Misa [aggie A. Meyer, of Hanover ; then returned to America and settled in Platteville, as before stated. Mt. Lcmler has four children, all living in Platteville. His oldest daughter, Minnie, is now the wife of H. P. PLATTEA^ILLE. 911 Schroder ; Julia is now Mrs. Geo. Handy ; A. W. Kemler married, and in the mercantile business of the firm of Huntington & Kemler, and James C, who is clerking for his brother. Mr. Kemler spent the summer of 1866 in Germany, being accompanied by his wife and daughter Julia ; was Village Trustee for several years. J. F. KIRKPATRICK, Pla'teville; is of Scotch descent, his ancestors having been ban- ished to South Carolina and Georgia during the religious troubles in the middle of the last century. His grandfather, with six stalwart brothers, fought under Washington and Marion for freedom and revenge upon the mother country. All returned in safety, except the grandsire of Mr. Kirkpatrick, who was foully murdered by Tories. All were over six feet in height, and enlisted from Georgia. The father of Mr. Kirkpatrick, with two brothers, came from Georgia to what is now Madison Co , 111., in 1800. He was the father of eight sons, of whom John F. was born Sept. 8, 1811. Five of the sons came to the lead regions of Illinois and Wisconsin. J. F. Kirkpatrick came to Belmont Mounds early in 1832 and planted a crop of corn ; then came the Indian scare and subsequent war, in which Mr. Kirkpatrick took an active part as one of Capt. Craig's company. Returning to the north of Platteville that fall, he discov- ered the " Burying Ground Diggings." He married, near Washburn, Mary J. Basey, who died, as did her four children. The present Mrs. Kirkpatrick was Mary Ellen Somers, born in Clarke Co., Ind.; they have five children — Henrietta (Mrs. George Brunskill), Emma A. (Mrs Jas. Stevens), Anne, Ella May and Clyde, all born in Platteville. Since 1838, Mr. Kirkpatrick has resided in Platteville. Here he was eight or ten years in mercantile business, and for twenty-two years in the butchering business. Mr. Kirkpatrick has served for many years on both the town and village boards. HENRY C. LANE, retired, Platteville; was born Sept. 19, 1819, in Hartford, Trumbull Co., Ohio. In early life, he learned the trade of blacksmith, which trade he began soon after his arrival in Platteville in the spring of 1840. A log shop, on the present site of Hendershott's store, was the scene of his first labors here. He worked for and boarded with Samuel Moore for a time. In 1842, he built a frame bouse — part of which is still standing in the rear of Hendershott's store — and the sam« year bought the log shop of Mr. Moore. In August, 1843. he married, in Ohio, Miss Alvira Holcomb, who was born in Broome Co., N. Y., but reared in Ohio. She has vivid and amusing memories of their •' wed- ding tour," notably the journey through the then new and primitive Southern Wisconsin. Milwaukee was a hamlet with two small hotels, so crowded that the landlord was obliged to dislodge certain guests, in order to accommodate them. He said the routed sleepers had "gone to bed early, any way." The young couple began in the before-mentioned frame house, which was their home until 1847, when Mr. Lane bought out Judge Inman. Thus they lived in what is now a part of the Wright House until 1856 or 1857, when they took possession of the large and pleasantly located residence previously built, and now occupied by them. Mr. Lane has taken much pride in laying out and planting his grounds, and has a beautiful place. He carried on blacksmithing and the hardware business until 1867, building for a shop the present store of Mrs. Block. It was then the best blacksmith-shop in Wisconsin. L. N. Devendorf and himself built their store, and Mr. Lane has built and remodeled other structures in this city. Mr. and Mrs. Lane have four children — Maria, Etta, Guiana and Jessie, all born in Platteville, and all mar- ried and settled in homes of their own. GEORGE R. LiAlJGHTON, retired, Platteville ; has been a citizen of Platteville since Dec. 25, 1842. He was born in London, England, in 1820 ; came to America with his parents in 1835 ; lived in New York City and Monroe Co., N. Y., till 1842, when he came to Wisconsin, and located in Platte- ville. He was engaged in merchandising in Brockport, N. Y., three years, and two years in Clarkson, same county, previous to his coming to Wisconsin. He followed the same business in Platteville till 1S46, then engaged yi farming two miles out of the village till 1873, when he retired from active business, and came to Platteville to reside. He is at present a member of the City Council, and was one year Super- visor while living in the town. He was married in Platteville in 1844, to Miss Mildred M. Durley of that place, and has had seven children, five of whom are still living, four of them sons, whose average weight is 250 pounds, none of them weighing less than 200, and all in good health. Mr. Laughton was the originator and promoter of the erection of the Grant County Soldiers' Monument at Lancaster, which was the first of the kind erected in the United States. ISAAC LORD (deceased) ; was born in Parsonsfield, Me., in 1803. He was engaged in the boot and shoe business in Maine, and came from there to Platteville in 1839. He was married, in 1843, in Elizabeth, 111., to Miss Emaline Morton, daughter of Chester Morton, a native of Massachusetts. Soon after his marriage, Mr. Lord purchased land in Platteville and vicinity, and also in La Fayette Co., and in the spring of 1854, he went on a farm at what is called the West Plat Mound, and was engaged in 912 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: farming there till the fall of 1870; then removed to the village of Platteville, where he resided till his death, Aug. 16, 1877. He left two children — Isabel, now Mrs. Minard Mills, of Plymouth Co., Iowa, and Purl, who is reading law with S. W. Bell. WIJLLIAM liOSrtr, farmer ; P. 0. Platteville ; a very early settler of Platteville ; was born Jan. 30, 1815, in Grayson Co., Va. His father was a Virginian, and his mother a native of Tennessee. To the latter State they removed soon after his birth. Grown to manhood here, he mounted his horse in 1834, and rode across the country to Platteville; engaged in mining until 1853, when he settled where he now is. Has 40 acres, originally timbered. His wife was Susan Gregory, born in Tennessee, and reared in Marion Co., Mo. They have eleven living children. J. B. McCOY, dealer in live stock; P. 0. Platteville; was born in Peoria, 111., in 1839; came to Platteville in 1860, and attended the Platteville Academy till 1862.. In August, 1862, he enlisted in Co. E, 25th W. V. I., and served as a private about sixteen months, when he received a First Lieutenant's commission, and served in that capacity till the close of the war. In 1874, he was elected Sheriff of Grant Co. on the Republican ticket, and served one term. In May, 1866, he married Miss Flora S., dau;;hter of Miltou Graham, of Platteville, and has had four children. His two oldest — Charles Graham, age^i 12,. and James Lester, aged 8, died of diphtheria in the fall of 1878 ; has two living — George F. and Milton Clay. JAMES X. McGBANAHAN was bom in Salem, Mercer Co., Penn., Dec. 15, 1841. Ten years later, his parents, A. J. and R. J. MoGranahan, came to Iowa Co., Wis. ; lived three years on at farm near Mineral Point, and a year in the Wyotning Valley. Owing to ill health, the father returned with his family to Pennsylvania, and stayed there three years. The family then returned, and lived for » time near Gratiot and Red Rock ; then went to Pennimore, and, four years later, settled on the farm in Lancaster, where the old couple now reside. In January, 1865, J. N. McGranahan enlisted in Co. K, 47th W. V. I. ; served nine months, and was honorably discharged with his regiment. He then spent two years with his parents, and, in 1867, married Mary Orton. She was born on the Strand, in London, and was the daughter of a business man of that metropolis, who made a voyage to Australia, and around the globe, taking his family with him. After a somewhat brief experience on rented farms, Mr. McGrana- han came to Platteville, and, after a winter at mining, he entered the employ of the Laflin & Rand Powder Co. .Mr. McGranahan seems to bear a charmed life as a brief recital of his many close and almost miracu- lous escapes will show. In his younger life, while in La Fayette Co., Wis., he was nearly crushed to death by a runaway steer, the brute so managing his stampede as to drag the boy after him, and finally fell upon him. His second accident overtook him while he was cros.-ing some slippery timbers in con- structing a dam. He was a powerful young fellow, and was carrying a very heavy beam, the end of which struck him full in the face as he went down, and, of course, drove him to the bottom of the deep stream^ During his six years' service with the powder company, he was thrice in imminent danger. At the first explosion, Feb. 16, 1877, he sprang from one of the buildings just as the roof was blown from the "corn- ing " works, yet escaped the hail of falling missiles. In September of the next year, the packing works- exploded. He, at the time, was washing himself in a building prepared for the use of the employers. He was entirely nude, and when found was under a mass of debris with his shoulders and lower limbs literally stuck full of bits of glass. He now bears the scars of innumerable wounds and cuts. The roof of the- wash-house and the broken windows did the business for him. When the press works exploded, in No- vember, 1877, he jumped into the creek, and thus extinguished his blazing and most inflamniable garments, which had caught from the explosion. Few men would have had the presence of mind he displayed in closing eyes and mouth, and making the plunge as he did. The surface of the water was strewn with broken timbers, etc., yet he was not hit, and, in spite of his many adventures and " close callp," he is to-day a sound man. In the spring of 1880, he was elected Town Treasurer, and, in the fall following, was appointed Janitor of the Normal School building. Mr. and Mrs. McGranahan have a son Ralph, born in Platteville. Mr. McGranahan has a house and lot in the city, though living in the school building, in order that his duties may be fulfilled. DUNCAN McGregor, President of the State Normal School at Platteville, is a native of Perthshire, Scotland ; born in 1836 ; was educated at Perth Academy, University and King's College, Aberdeen, Scotland, and Lawrence Universi'y, at Appleton, Wis., graduating from the latter place in 1862. He came to America in 1857, taught school in Waupaca Co., Wis., three winters — 1858, 185^ and 1860 — and was Principal of the High School at Waupaca from 1860 to 1864. In August of that year he raised a company in Waupaca, and was mustered into the service as Captain of Co. A, 42d W. V. I., and served till the close of the war; was one yenr Principal of the Waupaca High School after the- PLATTEVILLE. 913 war. In 1867, he was elected to the Professorship of Mathematics, in the State Normal School at Platte- ville, which position he occupied for six years, and was then Professor of Theory and Practice of Teach- ing, and conductor of institutes for six years longer. In January, 1879, he was elected to his present position, which he has occupied since. He was married in 1865 to Miss Annie Bowman, of Waupaca, and has four children — Alice, Grace, Libbie and Jessie. JAMES McKERBf AX, saloon-keeper; has been a resident of Platteville since May 10, 1841. He went to California in 1851, and returned the same year ; went again in 1862, and returned in 1863. He was born in Canada, and when about a year old his father, Bernard McKernan, removed to Rochester, N. Y., where he resided about six years, then returned to Canada, and lived six years, only about six miles from Detroit, Mich. He went from there to Freeport, 111., and thence to Platteville in 1841, and died there in 1871. i James was married in 1839, in Joliet, 111., to Mary Ann McCauley, and has five children — James, Laura Ann (now Mrs. Thomas Leahy), Charles, Lillie and Mary Ann. JOHN 9I1CK A, farmer ; P. 0. Platteville ; was born Nov. 12, 1809^ in Rhenish Prussia, where he spent his early life as a stone cutter. Here he married Catherine Boscha, who was born Aug. 5, 1814. They were wedded Feb. 24, 1834, and came to America and Grant Co. in 1841. During the first seven years, Mr. Micha was a lead miner, and then began on his 120-acre farm, half a milij north of the city of Platteville. Mr. and Mrs. Micka have had twelve children — Catherine, Mary, John, Margaret (deceased), Henry, Augustus, Sylvester, Joseph, Frank, Herman. George and Abbie. The four eldest were born in Germany, and the others in Platteville. This family are and have been active and influential members of St. Mary's Boman Catholic Church, Platteville, Mr. Micka donating liberally toward the erection of the church. Himself, wife and children are lovers of music and good singers. He and his sons Herman, George and Frank, have been members of the choir, of which Miss Abbie is now leader and organist. REV. CHARLES C. 1IIL.LER, Pastor of the German M. E. Church of Platteville, was born in Quincy, 111. His father, Michael Miller, was a native of Alsace, Germany, and came to America in 1830 or 1831. He lived in New York City till 1835, then went to Quincy, 111., and now lives in Lincoln, Neb. Charles C. Miller was educated in Quincy, III.; was in the mercantile business in Bush- nell. 111., six years, and five years in Freeport, and entered the ministry in 1878. He was married in Freeport, III, in 1873, to Miss Lizzie Wenzel, and has five children — Arthur Wenzel, Edward Funk, Ida May, Clarence Wesley and Benjamin Philip. His first charge was Lena, 111, and he came from there to Platteville in October, 1880. In February, 1864, he enlisted in the 151st III. V. I, Co. C, as a private, and served till the close of the war. REV. W. G. MILLER, Sector of St. Mary's Church of Platteville, was born in Racine', Wis., and educated at St. Francis' Seminary, near Milwaukee, and ordained in 1872. He spent a few months in Milwaukee after his ordination ; then was two years in Sun Prairie, and in July, 1874, assumed charge of the Church of St. Mary's of the Lake, in Westport, Dane Co., Wis., and also St. John's Church of Waunakee. He was transferred to his present charge in September, 1880. HERMANN MELSTER, editor and proprietor of the Platteville Correspondent, is of Ger- man parentage, and was born in 1 857 in Milwaukee, Wis. Here he received a good education in both German and English, and, in 1871, entered the office of the Herald. Beginning newspaper life thus early, he has since followed it, filling various positions on the Seehote, the Freidenker and the Banner und Volks/reund, of Milwaukee. He has also been employed on the German papers of Indianapolis, and was, for a time, foreman in the job office of the St. Paul, Minn., Volkazeitung. Returning to his native city, he remained until the fall of 1879, then came to Platteville. In company with Ferd. Reinshagen, he established the Correspondent, the first issue bearing date Oct. 9, 1879. On the 18th of December, 1880, Mr. Melster bought out the interest of his partner, and has since managed this, the only German newspaper in Southwest Wisconsin, alone. It is a four-page eight-column weekly, independent in poli- tics, and devoted to the best interests of this part of the State; circ.ilation at this lime 550, and con- stantly increasing. WILEIAM MEYER, Sr., Platteville, was born Sept. 22, 1828, in Sulz, Wurtcmberg, In early life he learned harness-making, and during the revolution of 1848-50, he served as a suldier in the Fourth Wurtemberg Regiment. In 1852, he came to America; landed at New Orleans, and then came up the Father of Waters to Galena, thence to Platteville, where he entered the employ of Mr. Lam- bert, a harness-maker. During the civil war, he formed a partnership with Miner Burwell in the harness business. At the death of Mr. B., a year later, Mr. Meyer bought out the heirs, and conducted the bus- iness alone, until he in turn sold out to his son and son-in-law, Dec. 15, 1877. He owns 9 acres in the 914 BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES: city and farms in a small way; is also one of the Board of Alderman, elected in the spring of 1880, and a member of the German Presbyterian Church, of which he has been an Elder for three years past. His first wife was Frederika Kohler, born in his native village. She died in November, 1870, leaving five children — William, Rosa, John, Samuel and Martha.' By the present wife, nee Pauline Greyer, he has a son — George. The eldest son is in partnership with Peter Pitts, Jr., they having bought out the father in the harness business. The second son is in the shop with them, while the three youngest children are with the father, whose name heads this sketch. SAnUEIi mOORE, Platteville. Mr. Moore was born near Mt. Vernon, Ind., Nov. 19, 1814 ; he came from Kentucky stock, his parents having removed from that State to Indiana some time previous to his birth. He remained at Mt. Vernon until he had attained his 20th year, obtaining a good common- school education, and afterward learning the trade of gunsmith, besides attaining a proficiency in iron- working, which stood him in good stead when, later, he came to the then Territory of Michigan ; this move was made in the spring of the year 1834. Young Moore came at once to what is now known as Grant Co., and located at Platteville, and, during the several decades which have blazed forth and burned for their brief space then faded away only to be forgotten, Mr. Moore has remained a resident of this, the first place of his selection. Young Moore at once started in business, opening a blacksmith-shop, which trade he practiced for the seven years following ; ill health caused an abandonment of this trade, and, in 1843, he engaged in the mercantile business ; from this time until 1860, Mr. Moore's store was one of the prom- inent institutions of the kind in the town ; Mr. Moore's attention had been early attracted toward man- ufacturing, and previous to that date, namely, in 1854, he had started a linseed oil mill with fiber works in connection, near the site of his present hotel ; in order to devote more attention to this business, he closed out his stock of goods and devoted his whole time to his manufacturing interests ; in 1862, after closing out these interests, Mr. Moore was elected County Treasurer, which position he held two terms, giving most general satisfaction, and retiring with honor at the expiration of his second term. Hardly had he shaken off the cares of office before, in connection with Mr. Hamner Bobbins, he entered upon the work that resulted in bringing the present "broad gauge" road into Platteville, and giving that vil- lage for the first time, after the failure of many schemes, railroad communication with the outside world. To Mr. Moore and his co-worker belongs the honor of having accomplished a seeming impossibility. The first moneys needed in the early beginnings of this line were furnished by these two gentlemen. For the six years following, Mr. Mpore was closely connected with the line, but, at the close of that time, injuries which he had received necessitated his withdrawal from active business. Upon the recovery of Mr. Moore from his injuries, some years later, he devoted his time to the supervision of his own private matters until October, 1880, when he took possession of the Gates House, which hotel is owned by him, and is at pres- ent engaged in the congenial task of landlord. But few men now living in Grant Co. can show a longer continuous residence in the county, and, as one of the " old residenters," Mr. Moore takes a deep pride and interest in everything bearing on the county's welfare. In addition to his service as County Treasurer, he was twice elected President of the village of Platteville, and twice Chairman of the Town Board of oupervisors. In 1837, Mr. Moore was united in marriage to Miss Ann Snowden, of England ; three children were the fruit of this union, one son and two daughters, of whom but one daughter (Mr. McCarn).is still living. JOHN MYERS, was born July 22, 1807, in Westmoreland, England, where he served an ap- prenticeship as a carpenter. He came to America and located in Buffalo, N. Y., in 1832. Here he married Anne Smith. Up to 1837 he worked at his trade, on both the American and Canadian sides of the Niagara River, building vessels for the lake trade. The year 1837 found him in Platteville, and late in that year he helped build the old M. E. Church, the first erected in Grant County. Part of the old ediBce is now in use by Maj. J. H. Rountree, as an office. It was built by subscription, and was the sec- ond M. E. Church built in Southwestern Wisconsin, that erected in 1834, at Mineral Point, only preced- ing it. Mr. Myers also worked at the old Platteville Academy. In 1849, he located where he now is, and, in company with George R. Laughton, built a carding mill, which he operated about ten years. His wife died Feb. 3, 1859, and in 1864 he married Hannah Beckett, who was born in Canton, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y. She came from the Western Reserve, Ohio, to Wisconsin in 1853. Mr. Myers has followed his trade faithfully, and still takes pride in his work. RORERT NEELY, Platteville; was born July 11, 1815, in Westmoreland Co., Penn. ; in 1821, his parents, David and Jane (Fether) Neely, removed and settled in Mercer Co., Penn. ; grown to manhood here, Robert went to Ohio and resided there between three and four years; he then taught a term of school near his old home and decided to come to the lead regions ; in May, 1839, he reached Bur- PLATTEVILLE. 915 lineton, Iowa; and soon after made a claim forty miles to the west of that town. Owing to the fact that the land came into market almost immediately after, he was compelled to relinquish his claim and come to Wisconsin. His friend, Horace Barle, had accompanied him from the East, and the two came to Platte- ville together. They soon secured a wood-cutting contract on what is now Mr. Neely's farm, it then being a smelting survey reserved by the government. They boarded in a cabin with several other bachelors, said hut then standing a short distance from where Mr. N. has since built his barn. Finally, Mr. Neely made a "claim" here, erected a better habitation and caused the coming of his aged parents, though he then looked upon this as only a temporary stopping-place. Yet as he plowed and sowed, built and planted, his affections centered around the lowly house where his parents were so contentedly dwelling. He mar- ried Miss Helen M., daughter of B. F. and Mary F. (Robinson) Chase ; she is a descendant on her mother's side of one of Vermont's first Governors, and was born in Middleport, N. J. B. F. Chase after- ward removed his family to Ohio, where she engaged in teaching prior to her marriage. Since that event, which occurred in August, 1849. in Salem, Penn., Mr. and Mrs. Neely have resided on this picturesque farm, Mr. N. having purchased it at the U. S. land sale held in 1848 at Mineral Point. His father, who had in his younger days served with Mad Anthony Wayne, died here in his 85th year. The aged mother alfo passed her last days hoie. Mr. and Mrs. Neely are members of the Platteville Congrega- tional Church, of which he has been a Deacon for the past twenty years. They have seven children — Henry, Mary F., Kate M., Helen S., Fannie L., Robert S. and Benjamin P. All were born and educated in Platteville. E. F. NEWTON, superintendent of Laflin & Rand's Powder Works, Platte cille ; is a son of Edward and Mary Newton, who came in an early day to Dubuque, Iowa, from Maryland. E. F. Newton was born in Dubuque June 11, 1840. Two years later his father died, and the wife followed him when E. F. was about 15 years of age. Thus thrown upon his own resources, he returned to Maryland, and clerked in a Baltimore hardware store until he was 21 ; in 1862, he entered the employ of the powder manufacturing company, and served both as clerk and traveling salesman for nine years. He was appointed to his present position in 1871. Married Miss Susan Shafer, of Illinois, by whoiti he has a son — Charles Newton, born in Platteville. JAMES NICHOIiS, was bom June 2, 1815, in Been, Paranzatatoe, Cornwall, Eng. ; he learned the trade of wagon-maker in his youth ; in 1842, he counted as one of the " Stephens colony " that emigrated from Merry England and located in Platteville ; Mr. Nichols.' first work here was building the law oflBce of Eastman & Lakin during 1842 ; he also worked on the old M. B. parsonage and the Rountree bridge, across the Platte, besides the Campbell Hotel and the M. E. Church ; for about four years he had a shop and made wagons here; in 1844, he married Mary A. Stephens, a first cousin; she died in October, 1853, leaving two children — John A., who died when he was about 23 years years of age, and A. J., who died Dec. 29, 1859 ; Mr. Nichols left for California in April, 1852, and was four months crossing the plains with an ox team ; he employed himself at gold mining and in working at his trade until May, 1854, when he again arrived in Platteville ; his two motherless boys were with their grandparents. Feb. 5, 1855, he married Mary J. Rundell, who was born in Little Pethick, Cornwall, Nov. 14, 1831 ; she came to America in 1853 ; after the marriage, Mr. N. spent about ten years on a farm in Platteville, and two years on a farm in Mifflin, Iowa Co. ; in 1867, he came to the then village of Platteville and bought a lot of Maj. J. H. Rountree, building and planning his own house, which makes a most pleasant home for his wife and himself. Both are members of the P. M. Church. He still enjoys an occasional day's work with his tools, and is the picture of the healthy and stalwart sons of old England ; his parents, James and Jane (Stephens) Nichols, came to Platteville from England in 1848, and both died her«. W. S. NORTHRUP, banker and member of the firm of Northrup & Co., Platteville ; was born in Rutland Co., Vt., in 1850 ; came to Platteville in 1874, and, from that time until 1878, was in the bank of S. Hodges & Co.; he was then in business for himself in Belmont about one and a half years, and formed the present partnership in April, 1880. He was married, Oct. 10, 1878, to Mary Gr., daughter of Dr. 6. W. Eastman, of Platteville. Mr. Northrup is the present City Treasurer. CHARLES H. NYE, Director of the Model School of the State Normal School, of Platte- ville, was born in 1835, in Somerset Co., Me. ; was educated at the Waterville Classical Institute, and commenced teaching in his native State in 1855 ; came from there to Grant Co., Wis., in the fall of 1857 ; he first settled in Hazel Green and taught school there about six years ; in August, 1864, he enlisted in the 43d W. V. I., and went out as Quartermaster Sergeant, and was in the service till the close of the war. There were nine boys in his father's family and seven of them were in the army at the same time, four 916 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: from Maine and three from Wisconsin ; two of them never came back. Newell D. Nye was in a Maine regiment, and was killed at the battle of Port Hudson, and Greorge W. Nye. also in a Maine regiment, was killed at the battle of Chantilly, Va. In the fall of 1865, Mr. Nye came to Platteville, and was Princi- pal of the " Rock Graded School " from that time until 1 873, when he accepted the position of Principal of the Grammar Department of the State Normal School, and, in the fall of 1873, was transferred to his present position. He was married, in Platteville, in 1860, to Miss Flora A. Tyler, and has five children, three sons and two daughters. J. li. NYE, photographic artist, Platteville ; is a native of Maine, born in Fairfield, Somerset Co., in 1842 ; he enlisted, Aug. 5, 1861, in the 7th Me.V. I., Co. E, and served as a private two years in that regiment, when he was given a Second Lieutenant's commission in Co. E, 9th U. S. Vols., and served one year in that capacity ; he was in ten engagements while in the 7th Me. Regiment, and was at the siege of Port Hudson with the 9th. After he left the army he returned to Maine, and from there came to Platte- ville, in November, 1865, where he has been engaged in his present business ever since. He married Mis3 Kate Tyler, of Platteville, in 1867, and has two children — George N. and Mabel. J. H. PARNELili, Platteville ; is a son of William Parnell, of England, who emigrated in 1842, locating in Galena, III., where J. H. Parnell was born in 1844; three years later the family came to Grant Co., where the mother died and the father still resides. His son, our subject, married Miss Mary J., daughter of Thomas Chapman, Esq., of Platteville ; they have three children — Jesse Lee, Lillie May and Carrie Edwards, all born in Platteville. From 1862 until 1874, Mr. Parnell was in the mercantile bus- iness here ; he then began his present business of receiving, feeding and weighing live stock for farmers, drovers, and all who wish such accommodation ; he has convenient buildings, yards, etc., and has estab- lished a good trade ; it was first begun by Chapman & Kirkpatrick. Mr. Parnell is a member -of the Platteville Hook and Ladder Co., and of the A. 0. U. W. JACOB B. PEWN, retired, Platteville, Wis.; born in Patrick Co., Va., in 1818; when only 3 or 4 years of age his father, Abraham Penn, removed to Christian Co., Ky., where young Penn was brought up ; in the spring of 1839 he left Kentucky, and spent the summer in Illinois and Missouri, then came to the mines in Grant Co.. Wis., the next fall, and to Platteville in the fall of 1840 ; he was engaged in mining in Grant Co. till 1850, then went to California and followed the same business till 1852, when he returned to Grant Co., and bought a farm two and one-half miles east of Platteville ; he followed farming till 1866, then sold out and engaged in the hardware business in Platteville, in company with L. M. Devendorf, firm of Devendorf & Penn, which he continued till April, 1877, since which time he has been out of business; he was married in Platteville in 1849, to Samantha Collins, of Jamestown, Grant Co. ;• his first wife was a lady of the same name, married in Missouri in 1846 ; has no children living. HENRY J. PERRY, Sec. 3; P. 0. Platteville; was born September, 1834, in Carnarvonshire, Wales, where his father, John Perry, died two years later ; the mother and eight children came to America in 1846, and located in Oneida Co., N. Y. ; H. J. Perry spent several years in New York City ; then, going to Princeton, N. J., he married Maggie Blair, and after a residence of ten years there went to Pennsylvania, where he spent a year; in 1866, he came to Platteville and bought his present farm ; he now owns eighty-five acres in the homestead, and eighty in Lima ; has no children ; member of the Baptist Church y the mother of Mr. Perry is one of the oldes* persons now living in Grant Co. ; she is in her 89th year and, though helpless, has a clear mind. HOMER PERRY was bom in Hartford, Trumbull Co., Ohio, Feb. 18, 1821 ; received a good common-school education and grew to manhood on a farm ; on the 13th of April, 1849, he reached Platte- ville, and during the winter of 1849-50 taught school in the Johnson District ; up to 1873 he hardly missed teaching a single winter ; his work was almost entirely done in the city and town of Platteville ; Ex-Gov. Dewey, Geo'. S. Hammond and himself constituted the district board when the brick schoolhouse was built ; Mr. Perry served twice as town superintendent of schools, and is everywhere well known as the veteran teacher, and a man ever ready to advance the interests of education; he married, Dec. 31, 1853, Miss Julia, daughter of Col. Joseph Dickson; they have three children — George H., Nannie E. and Susie M., all born in Platteville ; since the marriage Mr. Perry has resided in the pleasant home he then built on the outskirt of Platteville. Col. Dickson, a settler of 1827 in Grant Co., won his title in the Black Hawk war. He was wounded at the battle of Bad Ax, and was, in consequence, a life pen- sioner. CHARIiES POTTER, deceased, was a native of Brighton, Beaver Co., Penn.; Feb. 11, 1837, came to Platteville with his parents when 7 years old ; he worked with his father, Joel Potter, in PLATTEVILLE. 917 his plow-shop, and was in partnership with him nnder the firm name of J. Potter & Son, till the death of his father in 1874, and the last three years of his life was in partnership with Samuel M. Jones, firm, Potter & Jones. Mr. Potter's death occurred Dec. 18, 1880 ; he left one son, Charles A., born Sept 14, 18fi8. He ^as married Sept. 30, 1863, to Miss Annie E. Poshay, who survives him ; she was born in Sing Sing, N. Y., Dec. 31, 1843, daughter of Garrett Foshay, who came to Wisconsin in May, 1854, and still lives at Patch's Grove, Grant Co. JOEIi POTTER, deceased; was a native of Plymouth, Litchfield Co., Conn., horn in 1807. He was married in 1829, to Miss Mary Payne, who was born in Vernon, Tolland Co., Conn., in 1806. Came to Schuyler Co., 111., in 1837, and from there to Platteville in November, 1844. Immediately after com- ing to Platteville, he started a plow-shop in the village, which was the first shop of the kind in Wiscon- sin west of Madison ; he continued that business till his death March 29,1874. The oldest daughter, Mary, died in August, 1847, aged 17 ; Seth died in California in 1851, aged 19 ; Hattie was married to A. Y. Felton, and died Feb. 14, 1874; Charles died Dec. 18, 1880, and Julia in 1846, 3 years old; John now lives in Eagan, Dakota, and Henry is in the mercantile business at Lake Benton, Minn. Mrs. Potter is the only one left of a family of six, four brothers and two sisters, and she is doing her own work and living alone, at 75 years of age. PHILiIjIP REIIiJjy, a veteran farmer and miner of Platteville, was born in 1804, in County Cavan, Ireland, where his early life was spent on his father's farm. He came in 1841, to Amer- ica, and worked in the mines and on the canals of New York and Pennsylvania until 1843, when he came to Platteville; worked the first year near this town, and, in the summer of 1844, went to Lancaster and worked in the Pigeon Diggings until 1845, since which time he has resided in the town of Platteville. Settled- on his present farm in 1857 ; built in 1877, a large and elegant house two stories high, the main building being 18x28 ; wing, 16x18. Since 1860, Mr. Reilly has done but little mining. He married in New York City Mary McGovern, of County Cavan, Ireland; she came to America in 1843, and is the mother of four living children — Frank, Phillip, Edwin and Kate, all born in Platteville, as were four children now deceased. The family belong to the Roman Catholic Church, Platteville. THOMAS REIIiliY, farmer. Sec. 28 ; P. 0. Platteville; was born in 1815, in Ireland, where his early life was spent on a farm. Came to America in 1843, and came from Pennsylvania to Platteville in 1847. Engaged in farming and mining in this town up to 1858, when he purchased 80 acres of his present farm of Mr. Tollman ; later he bought out the Richard Bonson farm, one of the first settled here, and has since made additional purchases ; he now owns 250 acres. The farm was originally timbered, and the old Bonson log honse (which still stands near Mr. Reilly 's substantial frame residence) was, when built, one of the best in the town. Mr. Reilly married Mary Reilly, of his and her native county; they have four living children — James, Jane (Mrs. Connell. of Platteville], John and Mary A.; they also lost a daughter — Lauretta. The family belong to the Catholic Church of Platteville. The record of Mr. Reilly is one of steady, honorable and rapid progress. He owns the farms of two of the pioneers who preceded him in settlement, yet began with little or nothing, except a strong arm and a resolve to win a home and competence fur his family. HENRY REWEY, retired farmer, Platteville; was born in Stockbridge, Mass., July 9, 1805. Up to the age of 15, his life wa.s spent on a farm. He then with a brother, interested himself in the wool-carding business, and eventually became the owner of a factory near the line of Tompkins and Tioga Cos., N. Y. He married, Sept. 27, 1832, Mary Wiltse, who was born Nov. 29, 1810, in Sara- toga, Saratoga Co., N. Y. They came West in 1844, locating on a new farm in Lima, Grant Co., Wis. The 160 acres cost him $320; half of this farm he cleared and improved. In 1860, he removed his family to a farm in Mifflin, Iowa Co., where they resided four years. Since 1864, he has resided near the city of Platteville, owning three lots of respectively 6, 15 and 20 acres about the place. Mr. and Mrs. Rewey have five stalwart sons to perpetuate the family name. The eldest, Addison, is now farming in Lima; Jefferson W., one of the foremost business men and farmers of Iowa Co., has represented the Southern District of that county several terms in the State I;egislature. A station on the new Chicago & Tomah Railroad was named in his honor. Jasper L. now resides in PJatteville, and is Deputy Sheriff of Grant Co.; he was born Aug. 18, 1837, in Tioga Co., N. Y., and married Susan Gal- breth ; he served during the rebellion in the 7th W. V. I., and was wounded. M. Freeman is now in the hotel business at Rewey Station ; he is also Overseer of the Iowa Co. Poor Farm. Jay, the young- est son, was born Dec. 3, 1852, in Lima; married Albina Trowbridge, of Darlington, and is with his parents in their Platteville home ; he now owns 80 acres of the old Lima farm ; the average weight of the five brothers is from 180 to 190 pounds. All are like the father, Republican in politics. Henry 918 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Rewey enlisted in Co. C, 7th W. V. I.; was twice wounded, and removing to Nebraska, died there in November, 1874 ; he left a wife (nee Abbie Moore) and a little daughter, now with her grandparents. DANIEiLi RICHARDS is one of the real pioneers of the county; born April 15, 1807, in Broome Co., N. Y., he accompanied his parents on their removal to Jacksonville, 111., in 1823; four years later, he came to ftalena. 111., and began mining. The year 1829 was the date of his settlement in Grant County, it then being an integral part of the Northwest Territory of Michigan. He, with a brother, William T. Richards, made their home one and a half miles southwest of Platteville, and engaged in teaming, hauling "mineral" to the furnaces and lead to Galena. In 1834, Mr. Richards married Mrs. Lucretia (Curtis) Davis and located in Cassville; here he followed farming about 14 years, at the end of which time he removed to Hazel Green ; seven years of mining here were followed by his final settlement in his present and pleasant, though secluded and quiet home. Mr. and Mrs. Richards have four living children — Ruth S., wife of J. D. Babcock ; Harriet P., Mrs. W. H. Uobson (both of Lincoln, Nebraska); Emma, Mrs. Daniel Spaugey, of Kansas, and Abigail C, now the widow of the brave Fred T. Bachelor, who per- ished in the Andersonville Prison pen. He was a volunteer in the 25th W. V. I. George C Richards, one of the then deceased children of Daniel Richards, also died in the Union army, the others were Daniel and an infant. Mrs. Richards also lost a daughter, Ann E., by her deceased husband. GEORGE E. RICHARDS, M. D. ; was born in 1852 in Pittsfield, Mass. ; when young, his parents removed to Illinois, resided a short time in Springfield and went from there to Amboy, where they still reside. The doctor was educated at Amboy, 111., and Pittsfield, Mass., and is a graduate of Hahne- mann Medical College of Chicago. He practiced in Ottawa, 111 , till June, 1880, since which time he has practiced in Platteville. He was married in Amboy, 111 , April 25, 1877, to Miss Estelle Badger, daugh- ter of Simon Badger, Esq., a prominent citizen of that place. E. RIEGE, merchant, is a native of Hanover, Germany, born in 1837 ; he came to America in 1856, and was engaged in the mercantile business in New York City for five years; came to Wisconsin in 1861, and commenced business in Platteville in April, 1862, and has followed it ever since. He now owns four stores on Main street, and carries on a general and clothing store himself, the other two being rented ; he also owns a brick d willing, where he resides. He was married in 1863, in Platteville, to Katie Dascher and has had eight children, four of whom are now living. HAXmER ROBBIIVS, farmer ; was born in the town of Deerfield, Oneida Co., N. Y., Dec. 11, 1815. In addition to a common-school education, he attended Hobert Hall Institute, alternating his attending school falls with working on farm summers and teaching winters, during 1834, 1835 and 1836. In May, 1837, he came to Platteville, Wis., and, in June, was teaching the village school, which school he continued to teach for the following two years ; then followed mining for about eight years ; then, mean- while, having bought a farm near the village, he engaged in farming, which occupation he still follows ; he went to California in 1850, and returned in 1852. He was married June 1, 1847, to Miss A. L. Goodell, of Clinton, Oneida Co., N. Y. They have had seven children, four of whom are still living — Fanny, now Mrs. Gray, of Madison ; Thomas, Roderick and George. Mr. R. was Town Superintendent of Schools, from 1854 to 1860; was elected to the State Legislature for the years 1857, 1858, 1861, 1864, 1866, 1867 and 1868, and was Chairman of the Committee on Education during four of the seven years. He was Chairman of that Committee in 1858, when the State University of Wisconsin was re-organized and women admitted to the University. He was a member of the State Board of Regents for Normal Schools ten years, and was mainly instrumental in securing the law establishing several Normal schools instead of only one, as well as in securing the location of the first State Normal School at Platteville. He was Presi- dent of the D., P. & M. R. R., from its first inception until it was bought by the C, M. & St. P. R. R., in 1880 ; also General Manager during its construction. JOHN ROBERTSON, photographer and proprietor of " Robertson's Art Gallery," is a native of Stirling, Scotland, born in 1824; he came to America in the spring of 1852, stopping in Canada a few months ; he came on to Wisconsin and settled in Beloit the next fall. He was there engaged in the jewelry business, which he had learned in Scotland, till September, 1854, then removed to Lancaster, Grant Co., and carried on the same business there till October, 1858, since which time he has been in business in Platteville. He learned photography soon after coming to Platteville, and has been engaged in the business ever since, and also owns a jewelry store, carried on by his two sons, Robert B. and David B. He was married in Scotland to Miss Mary Black, who died in the spring of 1860, leaving four chil- dren — Robert B., Jane W. and David B., who are still living, and an infant who died a few months after its mother. He was married the second time in Platteville, Nov. 20, 1862, to Alice G. Armstrong, by whom he has had six children — John, Willie, Arthur, Mary (deceased), Allie and Pearl Athol. PLATTE VIELE. 919 ENOCH ROBE\!$OX, farmer and miner ; P. 0. Platteville ; was born Oct. 7, 1813, in Mon- roe Co , 111., where he spent his early life on a farm. His father, a Pennsylvanian, and his mother, a Vir- ginian, were among the earliest settlers of Illinois. The father, David Robinson, went to Q-alena in 1827. Both father and son were in that then new mining settlement at the time of Stillman's defeat. They af- terward engaged in mining at Menomonee ; assisted in building the block-house at the Sinsinawa Mounds, and to bury the murdered Boxley and Thompson, who were victims of the Indians. Since the Black Hawk war, Mr. Robinson has worked at mining in Platteville (1840), Fair Play, Menomonee, Beetown, on the site of Warren, 111., and at Hazel Green, where he remained fourteen years. He was the discoverer of the Robinson Lead at Platteville. On Oct. 13, 1872, he married Mrs. Mary Dickson, widow of Col. Joseph Dickson ; she was born Mary 17, 1820, at Prairie du Chien, Wis.; her father was Maj. William D. Adney of the U. S. Regular Army, and her mother's maiden name was Julia Fisher. The latter died in Galena, and Maj. Adney married again, Catharine Hoffman, who still resides at Dunleith, 111. Maj. Adney was the finder of the Adney Lead at Hazel Green, and died Sept. 9, 1832, in the town of Platte- ville. His daughter, Mary, married Col. Dickson, when she was in her 13th year, and bore him eleven children, eight still survive, namely, Julia A., Samuel T., Susan C, Maggie C, Joseph H., John A., William H. and Josiah P.; those deceased are Sylvester C, George W. and Sarah J. All were born in the town of Platteville, where Col. Dickson settled in August, 1827. He broke about 20 acres of raw prairie on what is now the Roseleib farm, and, in the spring of 1828, planted what is thought to have been the first field of corn in Wisconsin grown by a white farmer. He commanded a spy company during the Black Hawk war, served with distinguished bravery and efficiency, and was severely wounded by the In- dians at the battle of Bad Ax. He died Feb. 28, 1871, on his farm, four miles southwest of Platteville. This farm is now the home of Mr. and Mrs. Robinson ; here Mr. Robinson continues mining, for which fascinating occupation he has acquired a strong passion during his forty years' experience at it in Wisconsin. JOISEPH ROBEVSON; P. 0. Platteville; bom Jan. 1, 1821, in Yorkshire, England, where his early life was spent as a farm servant. He married Hannah Bratton, and, in the spring of 1841, left . for America. At the end of a tedious three-months' voyage, he found himself on the borders of Grant Co., which has since been his home. Forty acres of his present farm he bought of the U. S. Government, it having been reserved as mineral land. His brother, Thomas Robinson, also bought 40 acres, and both erected log cabins, which stood somewhat nearer the " Branch " than do the substantial brick structures which replaced them. His 40 acres was the site of the block-house built by the settlers during the Black Hawk war, and Mr. R. well remembers plowing over the old rifle-pits. He, was one of the leading spirits in the founding of the " Block-House Branch " P. M. (Church, of which he for several years officiated as local Elder. Mr. Robinson has buried two wives, and has ten living children ; two of his sons, John W. and Joseph S., were among the defenders of the Union who went out from the Badger State. Mr. Robin- son has 270 acres on Sees. 25 and 36. THOMAS ROBUVSOBf, Sees. 25 and 36 ; P. 0. Platteville ; born in April, 1816, in York- shire, England. He came to the United State and Grant Co. in 1841 ; with him were his father, M. W. Robinson, his brother, Joseph and wife, and his brother-in-law, William Hilton, a lad of 14 (see sketch of Joseph Robinson). In place of the log house of forty years ago, Mr. Robinson has a capacious brick farm house, with farm buildings to correspond. The original 40 acres has increased to 255. He married Ana Hilton, a native of Massingham, Lincolnshire, England. They have had nine children — Sarah, Jane, Mary, Thomas, George H., Charles W., James R., Amelia and John M. All were born on the Platteville farm except the eldest; she married James Huntington, and died at his home in Seymour, La Fayette Co., Wis. Mr. Robinson was with his brother, Joseph, and a few of his neighbors, among the founders of the local P. M. Church. WlLiLIAM ROBINSOIV, retired farmer, Platteville ; was born in Yorkshire, England, Sept. 22, 1811. His early and subsequent life was spent as a farmer. In 1834, he came to the United States and located in Ohio. In the summer of 1836, he came via the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers to Grant Co., which has since been his home. Three days after his arrival, he bought team and wagon, and for a year or more hauled lead to, and supplies from, Galena. He then rented a farm for a time, and, in 1838, bought of James Vineyard 160 acres of his present farm. He was at this time in partnership with a brother, John Robinson, and the log house in which they kept bachelor's hall stood on the site of William Robin- son's substantial brick farmhouse of to-day. Mr. Robinson married Mary S. McBride, whose father was one of the garrison of Fort Crawford when it. Green Bay and Fort Winnebago were the only footholds of white men in Wisconsin; she died in 1867, leaving eight children — Sarah, Jane, William J., Rosanna, Richard H., Lena and Emma. The present Mrs. Robinson was Miss Jane Blaylock, who was born in 920 BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES: Platteville, where her father settled in 1836. By her Mr. Rohinson has three children — Benjamin S., Nora A. and Ida R. Rosanna Robinson died about two years after the death of her mother, at the age of 21. Richard H. is now in the butchering business in Charles City, Iowa. The eldest son is on the splen- did 350-acre farm, his father having resided for the past fourteen years in the city of Platteville. Mr. Robinson is a man who has become wealthy through his own exertions, he having earned every dollar and every acre. CHARIiES BO^^ELIP, P. 0. Platteville ; is (he owner of one of the oldest and best farms of Grant Co.; it is also historic, as it was here that Col. Joseph Dickson, the first owner, planted, in the year 1828, the first crop of corn grown by an Anglo-Saxon farmer in Wisconsin. Col. Dickson disposed of the farm to Judge E. M. Orme, who erected a small house and made other slight improvements. In 1848, John Roselip, a Prussian emigrant, bought tlie place of the Judge ; he was the father of Charles Roselip, who was born Jan. 14, 1840, in Prussia; the son has owned the farm since 1865; beginning fif- teen years ago with 140 acres of the original 160, he has added 40 acres, grubbed and broken 70 acres, erected, in 1875, a 30x40 feet basement barn, and, in 1877, built a tasteful frame farmhouse. The old farm, originally prairie with the exception of a few acres, is now in a splendid state of cultivation, and the buildings are in striking contrast to those standing here during the Black Hawk war. Mr. Roselip mar- ried Miss Anna, daughter of A. S. Lothman, of Platteville; she was a native of Hanover, and came to this country when she. was about 15 years of age ; they have six children — John A. M., Lizzie, Minnie C, Charles H., Ellen C. and William D., all born in Platteville except the eldest. Mr. Roselip spent 1864-65 in the gold region of Montana. HOIV. J0H:N HAWKIWIS ROIJXTREE, Platteville; the ancestral record of this eminent and venerable pioneer settler of Grant Co. is as follows: His great-grandfather, Randall Roun- tree, emigrated from Ireland in 1720 and settled in Virginia, where he resided until his death ; his grand- father, Thomas Rountree, moved from Virginia to the vicinity of the Mammoth Cave, Warren Co., Ky.i with his family, in 1795, where he remained until he died ; John Rountree, his father, also settled in the same place, which was his place of residence until his decease ; in this same locality John H. Rountree was born March 24, 1805 ; the education received by " the Major" at this period he himself describes as '•very common-school," the schoolhouse being one of those primitive afluirs so common in earlier times, composed of unhewn logs, with holes cut for windows, while a broad fire-place, with its huge open chimney, furnished the heat for the room in frosty weather; Maj. Rountree moved from Kentucky to Hillsboro, Mont- gomery Co., 111., in February, 1824, where he was appointed as Deputy Sherifif, and served as such until he reached his 21st year, when he was elected Sheriff, an office that he held until his resignation upon his re- turn from his trip to Wisconsin in 1827 ; May 24 of this year, he reached New Diggings (now a portion of La Fayette Co.), and afterward came to Platteville, then just coming into notice ; there he has since re- sided, a period of 54 years. Aug. 7, 1828, Maj. Rountree was married" to Mary Grace Mitchell, of Ga- lena, 111., and the next day, with his bride, moved to his log cabin in Wisconsin ; Mrs. Rountree died in 1837 ; Sept. 3, 1839, he was again married, to Miss Lydia H. Southworth, of Platteville ; after a long and pleasant companionship, extending over nearly a half century, this lady passed on before, her death occurring June 16, 1881. The numerous positions held by Maj. Rountree are the best evidence of his high standing among his neighbors for the numerous decades hidden beneath the switftly-revolving wheel of Time; in May, 1826, he was commissioned as Major of Illinois Militia, and the same year elected Sherifif of Montgomery Co., in the same State; in 1829, he was appointed Postmaster at Platteville, and was several times reappointed ; also the same year appointed and commissioned Justice of the Peace for Iowa Co., Michigan Ter., of which Wisconsin then formed a part; in 1832, he was elected Captain of a company of mounted volunteers enlisted by him to serve in the Black Hawk war ; in 1834, he was ap- pointed Chief Justice of the County Court of Iowa Co., by the Governor of Michigan, which position he held until the Territory of Wisconsin was organized in 1836 ; in 1837, he was appointed Judge of Pro- bate of Grant Co., which was organized that year ; in 1839, he was commissioned as Aid to the Governor, with the rank of Colonel ; in 1 838, he was elected a member of the Territorial Council for four years, and, in 1842, was reelected to the same position ; in 1847, he was elected a member of the Constitutional Convention, serving in that body on the Committee on General Provisions, which embraced a large number of the most important articles under consideration, as well as upon several select committees; in 1850, Maj. Rountree was elected to the State Senate, and the following year was appointed a Regent of the State 1 Iniversicy ; in 1853, he was appointed Major General of Militia of the Second District of Wisconsin ; in 1857, he was appointed Postmaster of Platteville; in 1863, was elected Member of Assembly ,_ and, m 1866, was again elected to the State Senate — thus having served in the Territorial and State Legislatures PLATTEVILLE. 921 longer than any other citizen. This lengthy recital of honors and official positions bears upon its face the highest testimonial that could be furnished of the unbounded esteem and confidence of the communities in which he has lived ; in the sterling worth, integrity and ability of this veteran representative of pioneer times. When he first entered the present State, it was divided into two counties, and contained but a few thousand inhabitants, scattered over the vast territory ; to-day it numbers its inhabitants by the hundreds of thousands. Maj. Rountree has been the witness of the growth of a new empire ; took part in an Indian war ; has seen the aboriginal inhabitants pushed back, foot by foot, until they now possess hardly a rood of land which they can call their own ; he has seen the commencement, growth and prosperity or oblitera- tion of every city and village, with the exception of two or three military posts, in the State — all the im- provements, indeed, that in fifty years have converted a great and uncivilized wilderness into a series of powerful States ; in his own immediate vicinity, the change has been no less great ; in place of the rude miner's cabin is seen the stately mansion ; the tew hundred seekers seeking after mineral have been swal- lowed up in the many thousands whose cozy farmhouses dot the landscape in every direction. To but a few has such an experience been vouchsafed ; Gen. Rountree may well be regarded as a landmark between the past and the present — one who has lived over the whole term of our local history, and served as a promi- nent factor in making it. WULIilAm RVlVDELLi, Sees. 12 and 13; P. 0. Platteville ; was born in Cornwall, En- gland, where he learned the trade of carpenter and joiner. He came to America and Grant Co. in 1848, in company with his brothers Samuel and Thomas ; Mr. Rundell assisted in building the Waters School- house on the Lancaster road, and private houses in the vicinity ; he rented a farm for one year, and, in 1853, settled on part of his present farm; he now has 201 acres, on which, in 1869, he erected a tasteful and substantial farmhouse, which was planned by himself and family. His first wifie, Elizabeth Roberts, of Cornwall, died, leaving a son — Hercules 0., born April 18, 1855, and William R., who died at the age of 29, in Kansas. The present wife, Elizabeth (Hooper) Rundell, was born in Parran, Cornwall ; by her he has two children — Jennie May, born Jan. 31, 1871, and Alden T., born April 29, 1876; all the chil- dren were born in Platteville. Mr. Rundell is a member of the P. M. Church. T. SCHNITZIjER, fire and accident insurance agent, Platteville ; is a native of De Pere, Wis., born in 1855 ; came to Platteville in the winter of 1876, and engaged in the confectionery business, which he still continues. He was married in October, 1877, in Platteville, to Miss Anna, daughter of Engle "Van- derlire, one of the early settlers of Platteville, who died Jan. 29, 1880 ; he had been engaged in the insuti- ance business for the last ten years of his life, and, at his death, Mr. Schnitzler succeeded him in that business. H. P. SCHRODIiilt, merchant, Platteville ; has been in business in Platteville since March, 1870, in his present location, where he keeps a general store ; he is a native of Prussia, born in 1838. In 1846, his parents came to America and settled in La Fayette Co., Wis., in 1847 ; he left home in 1851, and went to St. Paul, Minn , where he remained till the spring of 1862, then went to California and re- mained there till 1869 ; he then returned to Wisconsin, and has been a resident of Platteville since that time. He was married, in Platteville, in the spring of 1870, to Miss Minnie C, daughter of John Kenler, of that place. His father, Peter Schroder, went to California in 1849, and died there in the winter of 3851. Mrs. Schroder is still living in Platteville. S. SICKIiE, cigar manufacturer, Platteville; was born in Treves, Germany, Oct. 18, 1818; came to America iu 1852 and lived two years in Buffalo, N. Y., and eighteen years in Detroit, Mich, most of the time in the mercantile and tobacco business ; came to Platteville in 1873, and has been in his pres- ent business since that time ; he is also in the wholesale and retail tobacco trade in company with his son Max, firm S. Sickle & Son. Mr. Sickle was married, in Detroit, Mich., in 1854, to Mrs. Prederica Mur- cus, daughter of M. Rosenbaum ; she was a native of Sternberg, Germany. Max Sickle was born in De- troit, Mich., in 1860, and has been in partnership with his father itt tbe tobacco business since May, 1880 ; he has been Secretary of the Fire Department of Platteville since April 26, 1880, and was Secretary of the engine company about four years. HERRillANBi' $!»IEMER$$, of the firm of Siemers & Thiele, saloon-keepers, Platteville ; was born in Pupsen, Germany ; came to America in 1865 ; lived nine months in New York City, then went to Cincinnati, Ohio, and came from there to Platteville in 1868 ; worked three and a half months on a farm, and has been in his present business since. In November, 1872, he was married, in Lyons, Iowa, to Lena Kuhl, and has three children — Mary, Julia and Frederick. THOMAS SHEPHERD, deceased; was born in Yorkshire, England, 1806 ; married Agnes Hoe, a native of Westmoreland, England ; they came in 1850, to America, with ten children, and located ^22 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: )D a farm owned by Maj. Rountree. The Shepherd homestead originally of 160 acres was then pur- ;hased ; Mr. Shepherd did good work here clearing and improving; in 1857, he built the substantial itone house, now making a good home for his family ; he subsequently sold all except 84 acres ; at his leatb, June 31, 1862, he left his widow and the ten children namely: Allen, Mary, Anthony, Agnes, Thomas, Betsy, Isabella, Hannah, William and Joseph ; Mary is in Otisville, Iowa, and William in Oak- lale. Neb. ; all the others are now in the city and town of Plaiteville ; the family are members of the P. M. Church. JOHX NPEAR, retired farmer, Platteville; was born Sept. 25, 1806, in Little Petherick. Cornwall, England ; in early life he served an apprenticeship as a carpenter and joiner ; going to London, le worked fourteen years at his trade. In this metropolis of the world, he also married Anne Roberts, ipho was of Probus Parish, Cornwall; both their children, John R. and Annie R. were born in London. The family came to America and to Platteville in 1851 ; the journey from New York was a long and edious one. via the Hudson River and great lakes to Milwaukee ; they first located on the present farm )f William Rundell ; remained two years, then came to Platteville and spent a couple of years ; then for six irears they were on a farm in British Hollow, town of Potosi ; afterward they resided and farmed in the ;owns of Lancaster and Benton; in March, 1876, the ill health of young Spear caused the final removal md settlement of the family in Platteville ; they still own a considerable amount of land in this county. Mr. Spear, Sr., made a most enjoyable visit to his native land in the fall of 1880, and takes pleasure in lescribing the progress and power of Merry England, as well as the changes made in thirty years. MASON SPENSIiE Y, Platteville ; was born Jan. 14, 1815, in Yorkshire, England ; came to &.merica in 1841, and located in the Catfish Mining Settlement near Dubuque, Iowa; here he was em- ployed both as a miner and smelter ; in 1850, he formed a partnership with Richard Straw, Ralph Spensley and Thomas Staley ; the firm rented the old furnace of Bell & Co., on the Big Platte River ; in 1852, Ralph Spensley withdrew, the remaining partners removing to Platteville ; here in 1855 or 1856, Mr. Staley met m accidental death. Messrs. Spensley and Straw have since continued the business ; their blast furnace was purchased of L. Coates ; from 700,000 to 1 ,100,000 pounds of lead are annually produced. Mr. Spensley married Frances A. Taylor, a native of Knox Co., Ind., where her parents both died in her infancy ; an aunt brought her to Dubuque when she was 9 years of age. Mr. and Mrs. Spensley have nine children — James T., Rosa, Frances A., John T., Maggie, Richard, Mary, Allie and Cora. REV. C. STARCK, Pastor of the First Evangelical Lutheran Church of Platteville : is a native of Erfurt, Germany, born in 1824 ; he was educated and entered the ministry in Germany, and same to America in 1851; came to PlattevilUe in 1857, and remained till 1862; in 1871, he went to Louisville, Ky., and was professor in a high school there two years, then accepted a pastorate at Springfield, [11., and remained there till the spring of 1880, when he was recalled to Platteville ; he was for many years one of the Directors of Carthage Lutheran College of Illinois, and is at present. President of the Wart- burg Synod of the E. L. Church. J. J. STEPHENS, Sees. 2 and 3 ; P. 0. Platteville ; was born in Peyrdinzabuloe, Cornwall, England, Feb. 3, 1825. His father, James Stej)hens, came to America and settled in Grant Co., in 1840, bringing with him his sons Thomas and J. J. The mother and the remainder of the children came with the "Stephens Colony" in 1842. The brothers, Thomas and J. J., dug several wells, and helped build the dam for Virgin's mill, as their first work. The father and sons continued mining and farming here up to the removal of the brothers to California in 1852. J. J. returned in 1853, and located on a farm East of Platteville, where he remained eleven years. He then bought the Ed Thomas estate of 195 acres, which is now his home. He married, Jan. 25, 1845, Miss Jane, daughter of Michael Stephens. They have eight children — James H., Selinda, Charles A., Almon M.. Sidney A., Olive N., Harlen K. and Fannie L., all born in Platteville. They lost two infant sons. Mr. Stephens is independent in politics, Eind the family attend the P. M. Church. Besides the Thomas farm, he owns 1461 acres of timber and pasture in Lima, and also a house and lot in Platteville. JOHN STEPHENS, farmer ; was born in the Parish of Peyrdinzabuloe, Cornwall, Englaodj Nov. 11, 1797. He came to Platteville, Wis., in 1841, and took up a farm near town, now within the city limits. His twin brother, Michael, came over the next year with all the other brothers but one, and his brothers-in-law and their families, fifty-two persons in all, and all settled in the vicinity of Platteville. All the Stephens brothers were married in the same parish church in England, and now, all the sisters and sisters-in-law are buried side-by-side in the cemetery at Platteville. John Stephens was married Jan. 22, lR2fi, to IVTi^' Ciithnrinn Repppr; she died at Platteville; they have had siven children — Ann, now Mrs. PLATTEVILLE. 923 William Laughton ; Catharine, who died in 1864 ; Elizabeth, now Mrs. H. H. Jacobs ; Thomas, living in Placerville, Cal.; Jane, now Mrs. Walsh, also in California ; John R., living at Yankton, Dak.; Mary L., now Mrs. Hookett. Mr. Stephens had a stroke of paralysis in 1879, since which, he has not been able to attend actively to business, and his daughter, Mrs. Jacobs, has moved back to the old homestead, where he lives with her. Mr. Stephens has been a member of the Town Board of Platteville several terms, and has held other town ofifices. W. C. STEPHENS, Platteville, is a son of Michael and Mary (Conlin) Stephens. He is one of ten children, and was born Oct. 22, 1820, in Peyrdinzabuloe Parish, Cornwall, England. His father was born same place Nov. 11, 1797. In June, 1842, no less than forty-nine members of this historic family arrived in Platteville, and it was the settled home of the different branches of the family until the out- break of the California gold fever in 1850-51. In 1852, Michael Stephens and his sons went to California, remaining until 1853. W. C. Stephens built, in 1844, a frame house near his present residence, and a family is now sheltered under the same shingles he laid thirty-six years ago. The pleasant home which hid family now enjoy is the result of his own handiwork, he having accustomed himself to the use of car- penter's tools from boyhood. Mr. Stephens has a 146-acre farm on Sees. 1 and 12 in Platteville, which was his home for twenty years. He married, March 28, 1842, in England, Miss Ann Mitchell, of his na- tive Parish. They have four children — Mary A., Allie, George and Amo, all born in Platteville. Mr. Stephens is a Republican, and is with his wife a member of the P. M. Church. His aged father is a twin brother of John Stephens, and both are wonderfully well-preserved specimens of the hardy and stalwart men who have so proudly and successfully carried old England's flag around the globe. E. STINOIJE, merchant tailor and dealer in ready-made clothing, gents' furnishing goods, hats, caps, boots, shoes, etc., is a native of Bohemia, Austria ; born in 1841 ; came to America in September, 1865 ; lived in Milwaukee nearly one year, then went to Monroe, Green Co., Wis. ; was in business there till September, 1875, since which time he has been in business in Platteville ; was married in Monroe to Miss Augusta Roth, and has three sons — Benjamin, Leopold and Emanuel. RICHARD STRAW, of R. Straw & Co., smelters, was born Feb. 15, 1817, in Derbyshire, England. He came to America in 1828, with his father, residing in New York, New Jersey and Penn- sylvania until 1834 when he came to Dubuque, Iowa. Here he engaged in mining and teaming. In 1840, he came to Hazel Green, Wis., and engaged in mining; ten years later he formed a partnership with Messrs. Mason and Ralph Spensley and Thomas Staley, and began the smelting business, which he has since followed (see sketch of Mason Spensley). Mr. Straw married Mary Place, of Yorkshire, England, by whom he has six children — Hannah, Mary A., Anne, Margaret, Carrie and Richard. Anne and Mar- garet were born in Montford, Grant Co., and the others in Platteville. Mr. Straw is a Republican, and a member with his family of the M. E. Church. He has served many years on both the town and village boards. HEXRY THIEJLE, member of the firm of Siemers & Thiele, saloon-keepers, was born in Hanover, Germany, in 1840 ; came to America in 1866, lived in Cincinnati, Ohio, nine months, and came to Plattevill in August, 1867 ; has beeo in his present business since 1868 ; he was married in Platteville in 1868, to Dora Pranga, and has two children living — Harry and Mary ; lost one, August, who died when 3 years old in 1874. E. W. THOMAS, retired, was born in Salem, Mass., in 1802 ; removed to Ohio in 1844 ; lived in Ashland Co., till 1851, and came from there to Grant Co., Wis., where he has since resided ; he followed farming two miles north of the village till 1865, and since then has lived in the city; he in com- pany with his son, Hudson, built what is known as Thomas' Block, in which Thomas Hall is located, completing it in 1871 ; he was married in Madison Co., N. Y., in 1825 to Polly Bacon, daughter of James Bacon, and has six children — Mary, Hudson, Huron, Homer, Miirtha and Hadley; Hudson en- listed in 1863, in the 33d W. V. I., and served as Secjnd Lieutenant of Co. A till the close of the war; he is now living in Lyon Co., Minn. Huron was in the 25th W. V. I., Co. E, enlisted in 1862, and was Sergeant of his company ; went with Sherman to the sea, and was discharged on account of sickness at Savannah, Ga. H. J. TRABER, Mayor of Platteville, was born in Albany Co., N. Y., Nov. 9, 1833; when 17 years of age he left home and went on a whaling voyage in the ship Montezuma, Capt. Williams, of New London, Conn. ; they sailed on the 15th of July, 1850, and returned on the 15th of May, 1853, crossed the equator seven times on the voyage, and visited during the time, the Azore Islands, St. Paul's Island, New Zealand, East Cape, in Russian America, Sandwich Islands, King Mills Group, La Drone 924 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Islands, Tihita, ard thence around Cape Horn, home ; he soon after made a voyage to Liverpool, Eng., then returned to America, and visited Bath, Me., Boston, Mass., and then went to Chesapeake Bay^ Portsmouth, N. H., and back to Albany ; in the spring of 1855 he sailed to BuflFalo, N. Y., and followed the lakes till July of that year, when he landed at Chicago on the 0th and came to Platteville July 16, and has been a resident of the city since that time ; Aug. l-i, 1862, he enlisted in Co. A, 33d W. V. I. as a private and was in the service three years ; in September, 1864, he was transferred to Co. H of the same regiment as Second Lieutenant, and had command of his company from that time till the close of the war; he was in twenty-one engagements during his term of service and was never wounded and was never a day off duty ; he is the present Mayor of Platteville, elected in April, 1880 ; he was married in 1859, in Lancaster, Wis., to Miss Sarah Kines, and has had four children, three of whom are living. AUBROSE TREG-AIVOWAN, farmer, Sec. 6; P. O. Platteville; was born March, 1810, in Fryock, Cornwall, England, where his early life was spent in the mines. In 1840, he came to America, and began work in the Virginia coal mines. This came near being his last work in this world, as he was nearly crushed to death by being drawn from the shaft against some timbers overhead by a thirty horse power engine. For months, it was thought he could not live, and it was years before he was able to work. However, he came to America again in 1846, and lived in Platteville until 1850, when he went to Cali- fornia. Nine months later, he returned, and settled on his present farm in 1853. He has 80 acres. His first wife, Peggy Mitchell, died in England. He then married in Platteville Ellen Stephens, who died thirteen months later. The present Mrs. Treganowan was Catharine Pothour, born in Trumbull Co., Ohio. He has no children, but in spite of his many misfortunes preserves a warm heart and generous nature. JOHN TREIVARY, farmer. Sees. 12 and 13; P. 0. Platteville; born- July 10, 1809, iu Red- ruth, Cornwall, England. His early life was spent in the interests of his father's large mercantile and other business. He came to America in 1840, kept the old Blue Run tavern for a time, and, in 1843, came to Platteville, where he engaged in mining and auctioneering. His first wife, formerly Eliza Pol- lard, of Redruth, died in 1847, leaving four children — Eliza, now in Kewaunee, 111.; John, a Methodist Jh-piscopal preacher ; Ellen, now residing at Big Patch, and an infant that died three months after the mother. In 1848, taking his three surviving children, he returned to England, where he remained eighteen months. Marrying Clarissa Lory, of Elstone, Cornwall, he brought her and the children to Platteville, and settled on a farm adjoining the one he now owns. Mr. Trenary now has 175 acres in the home farm, and 40 of timber in Lima. He was one of the founders of the Primitive Methodist Church, of Platteville. For more than twenty years, he has been Class-Leader and Sabbath School Superintendent. Mrs. Trenary has been a member for twenty-five years. They have ten children —Charles, Edwin, Carlin, Nelson, Eldred, Sarah, Lucy, Rosina, Albert and Eli. HON. NOAH H. VIRGIN, Platteville, one of the pioneers of Grant Co. ; was born in Fayette Co., Penn., Dec. 6, 1812, son of Eli and Nacka (Hyatte) Virgin. When 6 years of age, his father died, and a few years after his mother married Col. Heaton, of Fayette Co., who owned a flouring mill and a woolen factory, in which young Virgin worked for some time, then learned the millwright's trade of his brother-in-law, Isaac Hill, of Greene Co., Penn. He came to Wisconsin in 1835, and worked at his trade in different places until April, 1836, when he came to Platteville, where he has resided since that time. He, in company with John H. Rountree and Neely Gray, built the Platteville flouring mill, which was completed in 1840, and was the first flouring mill built in Platteville. He afterward bought out his part ners, and has owned and run the mill himself up to the present time. Since 1870, he has been engaged in grain dealing in company with his son. Col. Horatio Virgin, in addition to his other business. Mr. Virgin was a member of the Assembly in the last Territorial Legislature in 1847, and also the first State Legislature in 1848, and again in 1855. He also served two consecutive terms in the State Senate, end- ing in 1861. He commenced political life as a Whig; was a Republican from 1854 till 1864, and since that time has acted with the Democrats. In 1866, Mr. Virgin was a candidate for Congress from this dis- Lrict, against Amasa Cobb, who was elected. On the 15th of January, 1839, he was united in marriage with Mrs. Pamelia E. Adams, daughter of Rev. Bartholomew Weed, of Platteville, and has had eight children, four of whom are still living — Horatio H., living in Platteville; Emma, now Mrs. George H. Laughton, jf Chicago ; Mary, now Mrs. William Laughton, of Platteville, and Eugene, the youngest, living in Platte- cille. His eldest son, Col. H. H. Virgin, was born in the village of Platteville April 9, 1840, and grew jp to manhood in his native village. In April, 1861, he enlisted under the three months' call, and was issigned to the 7th Regiment, but did not go out of the State. The next October, he was appointed Aid )n the Governor's staff with the rank of Colonel, and, on the 18th of December following, was appointed PLATTEVILLE. 925 Battalion Adjutant of the 2d Wisconsin Cavalry (1st Battalion), and assigned to duty under Gen. Seho- field in Missouri, in the spring of 1862. On the 30th of August, 1862, he was commissioned Major of the 33d W. V. I., and, after March 1, 1864, had command of the regiment till the close of the war, being in command in every engagement except three, while he was with the regiment. He was temporarily in command of a brigade in the battle of Yellow Bayou, on t.he Red River expedition. APer the battle of Nashville, he held a Lieutenant Colonel's commission till the close of the war, and was then brevetted Colonel. During his term of service, he was iu forty-two engagements, and never received a scratch, though he had three horses shot under him, and on one occasion a ball passed through the top of his boot, and on another he had a lock of hair shot off just above his ear, cutting a hole through the rim of his hat. After the close of the war, he was three years in the coro business in St. Louis, and two years in the grain business in Booneviile, Mo. In 1870, he returned to Platteville, Wis. ; built a warehouse, and siuce that time has been engaged in buying grain, in company with his father, under the firm name of N. H. Virgin & Son. Jan. 1, 1874, he was married to Miss Annie E. Kane, of Dodgeville, Wis. CHARLES WEITTENHILLER, manufacturer of cooperage; was born in 1844 in Bavaria, Germany ; came to America in 1853 with his parents and settled in Platteville, where they still reside. Learned his trade of his father, Sebastian Weittenheiller, who carried on the same business in Platteville till 1864. Charles Weittenhiller enlisted in February, 1864, in the 25th W. V. I., Com- pany E., and was in the service till the close of the war. On the 22d of July, 1864, he was taken prisoner at Decatur, Ga., and was two months in Andersonville Prison, before he was discharged. He has been in business since 1867. He was married in 1867, in Platteville, to Miss Jennie Marshall, daughter of E. H. Blarshall, and has four children — Cora, Addie, Marenus and Charles ; has been Justice of the Peace for the last four years, and was on the Village Board one year. ^SEBASTIAN WElTTENHILIiER, Sections 5, 7 and 8; P. 0. Platteville; was born April 7, 1824, in Eichseichstadt, Bavaria. Here in his and her native village, he married Annie Schiell, born Jan. 16, 1822. He came to America in 1849, spent eighteen months in New York, then came to Galena, and, after visiting Iowa, came in May, 1853, to Platteville. His wife came from Germany in November of the same year. Mr. W. had learned the cooper's trade in Rochester, N. Y., and for eleven years followed it in Platteville; in 1864, he bought his present 164 acre farm, and has since lived upon it. Mr. and Mrs. Weittenhiller have nine living children — Charles, Mary, Annie, Conrad, Emil, Pliillip, Lena, Jennie and Etta. They also lost five children, one of whom met an accidental death by the falling of a horse. The family are Presbyterians. PETER WESTTZ, southwest quarter Sec. 3; P. 0. Plafeville; born July, 1814, in Scheres- feldt, Bavaria, where he married Sarah Miller; his early life was spent at farming and coal mining. In 1854, he brought his family to the United States, spent eighteen months in Pennsylvania, then came to Platteville where he first bought 10 acres which he sold. Next he bought 40 acres on Sec. 3, which he sold in 1877, and that year bought his present 160-acre farm of I. Penberthy. Mr. and Mrs. Wentz have four children — Barbara, Sarah, Charlotta and Christian, all four in Bavaria; the only son, born March 23, 1852, married Mary Linden, who was born in Potosi, Grant County, Wis. D. B. WILKINSON, retired farmer; P. 0. Platteville; was born Oct. 7, 1823, in Owersby, Lincolnshire, England ; he spent his early life as a farmer. Married Elizabeth Marshall, who was born >larch 24, 1823, in Storton-by-Stow, Lincolnshire. They came to America and located in Cayuga Co., N. Y., in 1846. Later, Mr. Wilkinson purchased a farm in Oswego Co., N. Y. In 1850, they came to Wisconsin and located on a new wild farm in the Whig Settlement, Grant Co. Beginning with 40 acres and a log house. Mr. Wilkinson made steady progress toward better things, and more of them, increasing both his farm and home in size. The homestead of 200 acres is now in charge of his only son, Robert W. He was less than two years old when the parents came to the United Strtes. His wife, nee Frances McRundell, of Fennimore, Grant Co., Wis , is the mother of three children — Lillie E., Flora B. and Lulu M. Since 1 868, D. B. Wilkinson and wife have resided in the city of Platteville. He was, in former years, a most successful miner, he having discovered some of the rich " diggings " in Whig, one of these yielded him $1,000 net profit. DAVII> WILSON, dealer in fruit, fancy groceries and confectionery, Platteville ; was born in •Oswego Co., N. Y., in 1826 ; came to Wisconsin in 1844, and settled in Platteville ; learned the jewelry business in New York City of Wilson Brothers, 460 Maiden Lane ; was there two years previous to com- ing to Wisconsin. He was married in Potosi, Grant Co., in 1848, to Miss Mary Ann Sturgeon ; he lived about a year in Platteville afler marriage, then went to Canada with his family, where he remained about •a^ear and a half, and then returned to Platteville; in 1854, he went to Richland Co., Wis., and com- 26 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: enced clearing; up a farm ; his wife died there Nov. 8, 1856, and he soon after returned to Platteville; e ran a peddling wagon about a year, then went to Reedsburg, Sauk Co., Wis., and was engaged in the welry business about a year ; was in the same business in New Lisbon, Juneau Co., four or five years, id Elkhorn one year ; he then kept hotel in Trempeleau one year, and boarding-house in Winona, Minn., year and a half; he then went to Preston, Minn., and ran a jewelry store three years; from there he ent to Fountain, on the S. M. E. R., and built the first hotel in the place in November, 1869 ; this was illed the "Wilson House," and he kept it till it was burned down in November, 1872; he then sturned to Platteville and bought what was called " Hodges' old stand," and carried on the grocery and id fruit business till he was burned out again in April, 1874 : he rebuilt the same fall, and kept a city istaurant about three years, and since that has been engaged in his present business ; his second wife, to horn he was married in New Lisbon, Wis., Oct. 28, 1857, was Mary Judd ; she died Sept. 11, 1878, id he was a^^ain married Aug. 20, 1879, to Mrs. Helen Lewis, widow of J. H. Lewis, one of the early ittlers of Platteville ; has four children, all by his first wife. A. I>. WOSifiSOR, born in Aurelia, Can.; came to Platteville in 1867, and, in September of lat year, opened business as a barber in the basement of the old Tyler House ; a year later he removed ) a room over Wright's drug store, and, after four years, to the present Riege store ; here he operated Qtil 1876, when he purchased and located in his present building, on Main street ; here he has a large id well appointed shop, and the three chairs are well patronized ; he is eminently the barber of Platte- ille ; his wife is an adept at the manufacture of hairwork, and keeps in stock everything that the ladies esire in that line of rolls, puflFs, switches, etc., etc. Mr. Wonzor likewise has rooms devoted to the dye- ig of clothing which has proven a most remunerative business ; as his means have increased he has grati- ed his love for fine and fast horses ; was at one time the owner of Wild Rose, a 2:35 trotter which was .olen by her trainer in Milwaukee during the State Fair of 186S; Tyler's Black Hawk, one of his best orses, died on his hands in 1878. He now owns a Black Hawk mare, " Creole ;" time 2:45, and a oble stallion of the English coach, and Morgan stock, called Black Prince ; he is a fleet and powerful orse ; his pride now, however, is Bay Charlie, which beautiful horse he purchased in March, 1880 ; Bay harlie trots in 2:35, and has beaten many of the best steppers of Dubuque ; his sire, Patchen, Jr., had a icord of 2:27 J, and a half brother; Sam Purdy went in 2:20^; he is a mahogany bay, with black Dints, maoe and tail; weight, 1,050 pounds. B. F. WYNE, Postmaster; was born in Adair Co., Ky., in 1818 ; came to Illinois in 1837 and ittled in McComb, McDonough Co., where he engaged in the jewelry business which he continued in lat and Schuyler Co. till 1848 ; in October of that year he came to Platteville and carried on the same usiness till April, 1864, when he received the appointment of Postmaster, and has held that office ever nee; he held the office of Justice of the Peace twenty-five years, resigning in 1880 ; he was also Town id Village Clerk for about fifteen years. He was married in 1846, in Rushville, 111., to Miss Cynthia otter, a native of Connecticut; and has had nine children, seven of whom are still living. V. H. YOUNG, photographic artist, Platteville; was born July 19, 1848, in the town of Lima, rant Co., Wis. His father. Dr. B. F. Young, was a native of New York ; he came to Wisconsin in the inter of 1845, and settled in Lima, his family coming in the spring of 1846 ; he practiced medicine in ima and vicinity till his death, which occurred March 6, 1862, at the age of 45. Mrs. Young, whose laiden name was M. A. Barstow, daughter of Joseph Barstow, is still living in Lincoln Co., Dak. Dr. oung was a graduate of Cleveland Medical College, and attended medical lectures at Cincinnati, Ohio. [e was married in Trumbull Co., Ohio, where he practiced his profession before coming to Wisconsin. V. [. Young learned photograping in Webster City, Iowa, commencing in July, 1871 ; he worked in various laces in Wisconsin, Illinois and Michigan, and finally located in Lincoln, Neb., in February, 1872 ; he imained there till October, 1877, then went to Webster City, Iowa, and from there to Platteville in 1879; le first three years of his stay in Lincoln, he was in partnership with J. W. Chase, formerly of Chicago, rm of Young & Chase, and since he came to Platteville, has been in company with John Robertson. [r. Young was married in Ludington, Mich., Jan. 28, 1872, to Miss Louisa Voigt, and has two chil- ren — Virgil Herbert and Winnefred Louise. TOWN OF BOSCOBEL. 927 TOWN OF BOSCOBEL. SE.VER ANDERSON, boots and shoes, Bosoobel ; born in Norway. In 1870, came to Madison, Wis., followed this trade, which he learned in Norway, commencing at the age of 15 years. In 1872, came to Boscobel and opened this shop. Married in 1871, to Bhoda Davison ; she was born in Norway. They have four children, two sons and two daughters. He is a member of the United Work- men ; member of the Fire Department and member of the Lutheran Church. JL. G. ARMSTRONG, M. D., born March 7, 1834, in Cortlandville, CortlanS Co., N. Y., where he resided with his parents until 5 years old, when the family removed to Groton in Toojpkins Co., from there to Whitewater, Wis., in 1845, and in true pioneer style laid his claim, and began opening up a farm, where " the whole time" was occupied in driving breaking-team, building fence and opening stone quarries. In 1852, he entered the State University at Madison, where in due course of time he began the study of medicine, with Prof. S. P. Lathrop as his preceptor, where he remained as much of the time as his means would admit. To recuperate his purse, school-teaching was just to his hand, not neglecting to board around among the scholars. In the early part of 1856, he went to Chicago, where he placed himself under the special care of Profs. Davis and Evans, who furnished him odd jobs of nurs- ing their patients for ready cash. At the commencement of Kush Medical College, February, 1858, he graduated in a class of thirty-one, receiving the first honors of the class in surgery, and second honors in theory and practice of medicine. During the spring of 1858, he went to Palmyra, Wis., and opened an office for the practice of his chosen profession, where he remained until April, 1860, when he came to Fenni- more and opened an office on the Military Road, one and a half miles northwest of the present village. In January, 1861, he was married to Miss S. D. Bond, of Milton, Wis., and after the lourning of the Gilluian Hotel, at which he lost every particle of property he had accumulated, he began houskeeping in the little cottage by the roadside, remaining here faithful to his business until August, 1862, when he volunteered as Second Asit. Surg, of the 8th W. V. I., and was assigned to duty at Corinth, Miss., in care of " wounded rebs." The arduous duties of the position, together with the unsanitary surroundings soon so much reduced his physical condition as to oblige a return to the North to recuperate his strength. After a year he was again able to take the field, this time as First Asst. Surg, of the 6th W. V. I., in the old " Iron Brigade," near White House Landing, in Virginia. Continuing with the regiment until the organization of the 48th Wisconsin, of which he was commissioned as full Surgeon, doing duty with the regiment as Surgeon through all the titne the regiment was in the field, and, in addition to his other duties, filling the position of Post Surgeon, at Fort Scott, Kas., until he received orders to disband the hospital and proceed to the plains to establish a line of hospitals along the Arkan.sas River, extending from Fort Zaroh to Fort Dodge. After the regiment was mustered out of service, he wus retained with a detachment of regular troops at Fort Lamed, Kan., until relieved in February, 1866. March 5, 1866, he opened an office in Buscobel, for the practice of his profession among his old friends and neighbors, where he has continued without interruption to the present time, building up a first-class practice as a surgeon and physician. In the social circle and the private family, he has many characteristics which are too well known to the inhabitants of Grant County to require any eulogy from the present historian. LEONARD BIEDERMANN, farmer, Sec. 35 ; P. 0. Boscobel ; born in Austria. In 1848, he came to America, locating in Clayton Co., Iowa, where, for seven years, he followed the butcher business. In 1855, he came to Prairie du Chien, and, for two years, engaged in the same trade. In 1 857, he came to Boscobel and engaged in the saloon and butcher business for six years ; then built the first brewery, which has since burned, and for the past six years he has been farming. He owns 86 acres of land. When he landed in America he had only 81, and all he possesses he has made by industry and per- severance. He is in fact a self-made man. He was married in 1854, to Christina Krout, who was born in Wurtemberg, Germany. They have nine children — six sons and three daughters. A. BOBEL, proprietor Central House, Boscobel; born in Hesse-Cassel, Germany. In 1853, came to Ohio, the following year to Milwaukee; was clerk in a stove store; from 1856 to 1861, in the wholesale grocery business ; then came to Boscobel and started a saloon, afterward opened a small tavern ; he enlarged the house from time to time ; he then built his hotel known as the Central House, the finest in the county ; it was burned Jan. 7, 1881, but was immediately rebuilt. All of this property Mr. Bobel •28 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: las acquired since comino; to the State. Married March 3, 1856. Mrs. Bobel was born in Germany. They have six children, three sons and three daughters. DJt. D. W. CAKLiEY, physician and surgeon, Boscobel ; born in Otsego Co., N. Y. At the ,ge of 22, commenced the study of medicine with Dr. Charles M. Turner, Tompkins Co., N. Y.; gradu- ted at Rush Medical College, Chicago, in 1856. He then came to Platteville and formed a partnership pith John D. Wood ; they continued about six months. In 1857, came to Boscobel. Was commissioned, n 1862, 2d Assistant Surgeon of the 33d W. V. I.; held this position till February, 1864, when he re- igned on account of ill health ; returned to Boscobel, where he has since been engaged at his profession T. CARRIER, firm of Carrier & Co., hardware ; born in Chittenden Co., Vt.; when a boy he ame with his father to Ohio ; October, 1848, came to Jefierson Co., Wis.; here he followed the wagon- oaking business for five years; in 1854 came to Grant Co., engaged in farming about four years ; in 858 came to Boscobel, started a wagon-shop which he afterward traded for a hotel, run it about eleven ears ; was elected Sheriff in 1853, served two years ; in 1875, he established the present business ; has been Chairman and President of the City Board. Married, in 1852, to Amelia Powers; she was born in Jardner, Me.; they have three daughters. AL/AJfSOlV CASE, meat-market, Boscobel ; is a native of Lorain Co., Ohio ; worked r.n a arm with his father until about the age of 18, when he came to Racine Co., Wis.; continued farming here about five years, then returned to Lorain Co.; bought a steam saw-mill which he run several yciirs ; le then came to Crawford Co., Wis., and bought a farm of 120 acres, improved and afterward sold ; then rent to Pittsburgh, Penn.; remained about two years ; in 1875, returned to Crawford Co., bought and im- )roved his present farm, consisting of 120 acres; October, 1880, he removed to Boscobel and opened his meat-market; has been Chairman of the town of Marietta, Crawford Co. ; was the first Treasurer of the own of Union ; is a member of the Odd Fellows and United Workmen. Married, in 1844, to Miss Eunice Kenny ; she was born in New York ; they have four sons. HARVEY CLARK, groceries, etc., Boscobel ; born in Steuben Co., N. Y.; came to Rich- and Co., Wis., in 1856; followed the carpenter trade eight years, then came to Boscobel and continued he carpenter business till 1862, when he enlisted in the fall in Co. C, 20th W. V. I ; served about four nonths ; was discharged on account of physical disability, then returned to Boscobel ; soon after went • Jast, where he remained, about two years; in 1864, he returned to Boscobel, continued the carpenter rade till the spring of 1875 ; he then opened a drug store, continued it about four years ; February, 1880, tarted his present business. Married, in 1854, to Eliza J. Skiff, of Yates Co., N. Y.; they have four ihildren — two sons and two daughters. BEIIVJAJHIN M. COATES, deceased. He was born in New Harmony, Ind., in 1819 ; in ibout 1837 came to Platteville, followed mining several years, removed to Beetown and continued min- ng ; in 1849, went to California ; returned in the winter of 1853, and, in company with Samuel Moore, luilt a linseed oil mill ; ran it about eighteen months, then sold out his interest to Mr. Moore ; went to Huscoda, engaged in merchandising with Jonathan Moore ; they continued about two years, when he old out to Mr. Moore, and opened another store ; this he carried on till 1863, when he came to Boscobel ,nd commenced business, the firm being Palmer & Coates ; they closed out their business about 1866 ; since hen he has been engaged in banking here till his death, which occurred Aug. 27, 1880. He has held he office of Internal Revenue Collector about three years; was member of the Assembly during 1869 ind 1874. Married Miss Mildred La Pollette March, 1854 ; she was born in Cincinnati, Ohio ; have one laughter — Mrs. Parr. WILiJLIAM S. COATES, farmer. Sec. 34 ; P. 0. Boscobel ; born in Philadelphia, Penn., lut removed when a child with his parents to Indiana, where he engaged in farming ■ In 1836, came to Platteville, Wis., and there followed farming and mining until 1856, when he moved here, where he has ilwaye resided since. Owns 1 20 acres of land, all the improvements upon which have been made by him- elf Has been a member of the Town Beard several years, and has held a number of school offices. Was narried in 1842 to Miss Cynthia Cain ; she wa« born in Tennessee. They have five children — two sons ,nd three daughters ; Jefferson, the eldest son, died Jan. 27, 1880, aged 37 years. M. F. CROUCH, farmer; P. 0. Boscobel ; born in Chautauqua Co., N. Y., in 1823 ; followed arming there till 1856, when he came to Grant Co.; settled on a farm at Potosi. In 1864, removed to ?ennimore and continued farming there. He owns a farm of 160 acres, also property in Boscobel. He las always been connected with school interests since coming to this county ; when in Fenniraore he was Fustice of the Peace two years. In 18S0, ho removed to Boscobel where he has since resided. Married TOWN OF BOSCOBEL. 929 in 1842 to Miss M. H. Hogle ; she was born in Genesee Co., N. Y. They have seven children, five sons and two daughters. CHARL.E$$ K. DEAX, farmer, Sec. 36; P. 0. Boscobel. Mr. Dean was born in Glaston- bury, Hartford Co., Conn., Sept. 29, 1820. November, 1844, he came to the West and made Michigan his first stopping-place. The year following, he came to Walworth Co., Wis., where he bought and improved a farm in this county, and remained there until 1848, when he returned to the Eastern States. Ill health admonished him to again try the Western air, and he returned to his Walworth County farm in 1851. He soon after engaged with the Milwaukee & Prairie du Chien — or, as it was then known — Mil- waukee & Mississippi Bailroad, and first entered Grant County as an employe of this road in the fall of 1853. During 1853 and 1854, Mr. Dean was engaged with others in the preliminary survey, and location of the road between Madison and Prairie du Chien ; while engaged here he worked the right of way, descriptions and platting of the same. In 1855, he was made Division Engineer of construction from Muscoda to Woodman bridge, his residence at this time being in the " Hall House " situated on the present site of the city of Boscobel, arid for some time himself and Mrs. Dean were the only irhabitants of this site. In company with others, Mr. Dean selected a location for a railroad station, and purchased 240 acres of land covering a portion of the ground now occupied by the city. In 1856, he severed his connection with the company, and removed to his present farm on the southwest quarter of Section 36, where he again engaged in the occupation of farming. This farm, so beautifully situated, encircled by the verdured hills, has been his residence up to the present time. While Boscobel yet formed a part of Marion Town, namely, from April, 1857, to the same month in 1858, Mr. Dean served as Chairman of the Town Board of Supervisors, and since the erection of Boscobel into a separate town, he has served twice as Assessor, and once as Chairman of the Town Board. Mr. Dean was elected to the Legislature of 1858, which had in charge the investigation of the La Crosse Land Grant Corruption, and the revision of the statutes. Of late years, Mr. Dean has resolutely fet his face against all tenders of office, prefer» ring to remain one of the sovereigns, rather than seek the brief bubble fame, as a servant of the sover- eigns. On the 21st of April, 1861, two companies of troops were organized at Boscobel, both of which Mr. Dean had been instrumental in organizing, and of the first he was almost unanimously chosen Fir>t Lieutenant. This company subsequently became Company C, 2d W. V. I. Lieut. Dean served as Adju- tant of the regiment at the battle of Bull Kun, and continued to serve in this capacity until honorably discharged. May 18, 1863. At Beverly Ford, August 11, 1862, Lieut. Dean was taken prisoner, and together with Pope's officers, was given a taste of rebel prison regime during a month's confinement at the renowned Libby Prison at Richmond. Mr. Dean has been a frequent contributor to different jour- nals on a variety of subjects. Detesting the abominations in high places, which have become so prevalent during this latter portion of the nineteenth century, his trenchant pen has always been among the first to prick these unsavory bubbles as they appear. Although denied the advantages of a liberal education when young, Mr. Dean has always been a close student, which in turn has brought him to a liberty of thought that, however, is the result of well-grounded convictions. Possibly he may be impolitic, speak- ing after a worldly fashion, in this independence which leads him to a free and vigorous expression of his sentiments upon all subjects of popular interest. It is one of Mr. Dean's well-grounded articles of belief, however, that mental independence is the best expression of true manhood. Among other bits from his facile pen, is the following sentiment inscribed originally in a young lady's album: " Golconda gems ; gems dug from the earth wheresoever found, are bought and sold for money, but no number of them can eive luster to the mind. Ignorance and vice personified, may wear them. The inbred jewels of the mind : Virtue, affection, constancy and sympathy, best exemplified in the life of a true woman, are priceless gems resplendent in a priceless setting." W. E. DeLi AP, Postmaster, Boscobel. Is a native of Monroe, Wis. ; came to Boscobel about 1860 ; was employed as clerk in a dry goods store from 1871 to 1879, when he received the appointment as Postmaster. Married in 1875 to Miss Amelia Taylor ; the lady being a resident of Platteville, Wis. They have one son. IIIRI§(. C H. DICKERSON, notions, toys, etc., Boscobel ; is a native of Somerset Co., Penn.; at the age of 8 years, she came with her parents to Platteville ; soon after her marriage, which occurred in 1853, they came to Boscobel. Her husband soon after received the appointment of Postmas- ter, which position he held about fifteen years ; he died Nov. 10, 1876, aged 49 years. After his death, Mrs. D. held this office about four years. They have had seven children — five sons and two daughters. H. W. FAVOR, of the firm of Sawyer & Favor, drugs, books, paints, oils and fancy groceries, Boscobel ; was born in Bristol, N. H.; worked on a farm till about the age of 16 ; then was employed as 930 BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES: clerk in a store about eleven years; then followed the clothing business about three years; in 1863, he came to Boscobel ; engaged in the produce business several years, then opened a grocery with Mr. Smith ; continued this two or three years ; in 1870, he, with Mr. Sawyer, established this business. Is City Clerk ; has held this office three or four years. He was married in 1860 to Miss T. H. Gage, of Enfield, N. H.; she was born in Nashua, N. H.; they have one daughter. GEORGE COCHKAIVE HAZELTON was born in Chester, Rockingham Co., N. H., Jan. 3, 1833. He came of good stock, his father, William Hazelton, tracing his descent back through many generations of Engl'sh ancestry. His mother, Mercy J. Cochrane, comes of an old and noted Scotch family. The homestead in which he was born had been in the possession of their family for three generations. His father was, for many years, a merchant, but finally turned his attention exclusively to the farm, and there raised a family of six children, of whom G-eorge Cochrane was the fifth. Up to his sixteenth year the life of George was that of a New England farmer boy. There was plenty of hard work during the summer, and the district school and chores during the long, cold winters. As was the case in such New England homes, politics was always a subject of family debate, and our young lai listened to his father and mother and the elder brothers as they discussed the questions of the National bank, the tar- iff and free trade, which was soon to be supplemented by that more absorbing topic — the anti-slavery agita- tion. In these family debates, the mother always took a leading part. At that time she was noted for che keen interest she took in public affairs, and now, at the ripe age of eighty-two years, she possesses all her faculties intact, and keeps herself well informed on the issues of the day. The elder Hazelton was a Henry Clay Whig, and a Republican by natural inheritance, when that party came into existence ; and he cherished its principles to the day of his death. In this wide-awake and intelligent New England family, George naturally grew up a firm believer in the equal rights of all men, and with decided convictions as to the wisdom of the policy of protection for American labor. When he was sixteen years old, he entered an academic school at Derry, N. H. Here he prepared him- self for college at Dummer Academy, in Oldtown, near Newburyport, Mass., under the instruction of Prof Henshaw, who was afterward so well known in connection with Rutger's College, in New Jersey. There was no royal road to learning for the sons of this New Hampshire farmer. A home he could give them. In all other respects they must make their own way in the world ; and George soon knew what it was to teach school in country districts, and board around. By this, and similar means, he educated himself; and so well was he prepared, that he entered the sophomore instead of the freshman class of Union College, at Schenectady, N. Y. Here, he had for President of the Faculty the venerable and celebrated Doctor Nott. And here, as in other places, he supported himself until he graduated in 1858. In the same year he was admitted to the bar at Malone, N. Y. One of the curious incidents of political life in our country is to be found in the fact that Judge James, a member of the 47ih Congress from New York, was one of the four judges before whom young Hazelton appeared at Malone for examination. It is needless to say that the veteran lawyer from the Empire State and the rising young advocate from the West are warm friends. After being admitted to the bar, with the exception of a few months spent in the Treasury Depart- ment at Washington, D. C, he practiced law at Amsterdam and Schenectady, N. Y., until the autumn of 1863, when he decided to settle in the West. His elder brothers, William and Gerry W. Hazelton, the present United States District Attorney for Milwaukee, had settled in Wisconsin some year previous. To be in their vicinity was the principal reason of his settling, in September, 1863, at Boscobel, in Grant County, Wis., where he has since resided. If there is any one trait that pre-eminently marks the charac- ter of Mr. Hazelton, it is self-reliance. Our great philosopher, Emerson, in his essay on this admirable trait of American character, says: "A sturdy lad from New Hampshire or Vermont, who, in turn, tries all the professions, who teams it, farms it, peddles, keeps school, preaches, edits a newspaper, goes to Con- gress, buys a township, and so forth, in successive years, and always, like a cat, falls on his feet, is worth a hundred of these city dolls. He walks abreast with his days, and feels no shame in not studying a pro- fession, for he does not postpone his life, but lives already. He has not one chance, but a hundred chances." Mr. Hazelton was all this, and more, for he had the profession which he had struggled to obtain, and "which he still loves. With a firm faith in his capacity to make his way upward and onward in life upon his own individual merits, and having decided, in September, 1863, where his home was to be, in the fol- lowing November, poor as he was in this world's goods, but rich in more than " a hundred chances," he •wedded Ellen Van Antwerp, of Schenectady, N. Y., an accomplished lady, who has been to him a help- meet in the highest and truest sense of the word. Four children have blessed this union, two of whom — TOWN OF BOSCOBEL. 931 the eldest boy, Harrj, and the only girl, Alice — are deceased. Greorge and John Hampdon still live to cheer the home and bless the hearts of their parents. Having decided on a home, and found a wife to preside over it, the self-reliant young lawyer went to work to win that which he came to Wisconsin for — a place among men. There were no shilly-shally efforts, but direct, forcible work. He had his chosen profession. He was a born orator. The country debating schools and the college lyceums always had special attractions for him. In his new home, these natural gifts were soon brought into full play. In November, 1864, he was elected District Attorney for Grant County, and, in 1866, was re-elected for the second term. Nor did this rapid progress cease here, for we find him elected to the State Senate, in 1867, and he was chosen President ^ro tempore of that body. He was again re-elected to the Senate in 1869. Peeling that he must gain a more solid reputa- tion in his profession, we find him, at the expiration of his last term in the State Senate, giving five years of close and diligent attention to the practice of law in the State and United States Courts. Here he soon became known as one of the leading lawyers of Wisconsin'. His success as a jury lawyer was most marked, and soon gained him an extensive practice and a wide experience. If he was anything, he was an active and ardent Republican. Bach recurring canvass found him vigorously engaged. The result was that he was again called upon to represent his fellow-citizens, this time in the National Legislature, being elected to the Forty-fifth Congress, in November, 1876. He en- tered Congress at a time when Jie found himself numbered among the Republican minority. This was peculiarly unfortunate, for the Democratic majority, through their committees prepared and controlled alt legislation, and never willingly allowed any Republican to do any work, or take any part J^hat would test either hLs ability to work, his knowledge of politics, or his skill in debate. His real public life com- menced under these adverse circumstances. But he was not thus to be repressed. Whenever opportu- nity offered, his readiness and ability to state a point with rare terseness and force soon began to command the attention of the House. Such was the state of affairs with him when he was re-nominated in 1878. The leading question in the Third Wisconsin District was finance. Briefly stated, it was this : Shall the Nation have an honest dollar and keep faith with its creditors, or shall we enter upon another era of paper money inflation. All of Mr. Hazelton's convictions as to what was not only the best policy, but the soundest politics, made him believe that a speedy return to specie payments was the only sure road to future national prosperity. Although a majority of the voters of his district seemed against him, he never wavered for an instant. He was re-nominated in 1878, and at once took the stump on the Republican financial platform. Both Greenbackers and Democrats united to beat him, and it was only by the most persuasive speeches and untiring labor that he overcame the majority, and was re-elected to the Forty-sixth Congress. In the first session of this Congress he had his first opportunity to show the real quality of his intel- lect. In February, 1879, when the majority were openly threatening the immediate repeal of the re-con- struction measures, he delivered a speech on the " Powers of Government," in which he not only exhibited a thorough knowledge of the legal and political phases of the question, but a boldness of thought in apply- ing principles that clearly showed that he had been a close student of our political history. In the follow- ing April, when the same majority were attempting to impede the resumption of specie payments, he spoke on the subject of the National Banks. This speech, made in favor of honest money and national good faith, was one of his greatest efforts. It attracted much attention at the time, and was widely published and commented upon in the daily press. His efforts during this session ranked him among the best ora- tors in the House, and, in the autumn of that year, he was invited to go to California and assist in the canvass in that State. The election was for members of Congress, and it was regarded as the test case of the coming national campaign of 1880. The Republicans carried the State, and no one man from outside of it contributed more to that success than Mr. flazelton. He has, if any man has, the courage of his convictions. He was invited to deliver an address at the famous Arlington cemetery, on Decoration Day, 1880. Here he made a wide departure from the usual line of thought followed by most speakers on sim- ilar occasions. He said that we had apologized long enough for conquering the rebellion, and then he told the assembled veterans that the Union soldiers, living and dead, in putting down the rebellion had accomplished a work such as had never been accomplished before. This speech was also published in the daily press, and Union soldiers all over the land spoke of it in the warmest terms. The soldiers have in him a warm and energetic friend, and as more than a score of grateftil pensioners can testify, and whether as a member of the committee on invalid pensions, or in helping along a case delayed in the pension office, he omits no effort to see that justice is done. In 1880, he was re-nominated for the third time, and most triumphantly re-elected, his majority ranking among the highest ever given for any man since the close of the rebellion. 932 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: In a consideration of his marked traits of character : He did not die young ; he is strong in his likes and dislikes, and often frankness itself in expressing them ; he sometimes wounds the feelings of sensitive people, not that he would wrong any one, but being a man of positive convictions, and of a most sanguine temperament, he is almost the ideal of a " blunt man," and speaks just as he thinks. In a word, he has that good, but very impolitic habit of saying " yes," or " no," at once. Such a man must, at times, wound his friends and embitter those whom political and other reasons have made his enemies. But oncelet him see that he has been wrong, and, like all men of his temperament, he is the first to acknowl- edge his error. Nor does he cherish animosity toward political opponents in his own party. When once a struggle has been ended in caucus or convention, if he and his friends have been defeated, it is the end of the battle with him, no matter what personal interests may have been at stake, and he is one of the first to hold out his hand, and say, " All, right, boys ; we did our best to beat you, but now we are with you." When he says this, it means no halffhearted work either. On the other hand he possesses, in the highest degree, the power of attaching men to him. Often has he been heard to speak, in the warmest terms, and with real emotion, of the many helpful and faithful friends he has found since his home has been in Wisconsin. " Whatever of success I have had," said he, " I owe to them." That his energy and ability as a lawyer and a man of politics, his fidelity to his principles and to his friends, are known and appreciated by those who are best acquainted with him, is shown by the fact that they have steadily called him to higher and more important duties. He is now in the prime of his mental power. DR. C M. HEWITT, physician and surgeon, Boscobel ; is a native of Oneida Co., N. Y.; when a boy, he commencced the study of medicine with his uncle in Batavia, N. Y.; he afterward came tcf Canada and continued his course of studies with Dr. Merrick about three years ; studied with Dr. Nash about two years; he then came to Detroit and continued his studies uuder the supervision of Dr. Stephen Henry; graduated in the winter of 1838-39, a', the College of Physicians at the New York University; he then returned to Canada and commenced the practice of his profession at Port Rowen and St. Th imas ; continued about two years ; in 1841, came to Grand Detour, 111.; thence to Grant Co., Wis.; in 1859, he removed to Boscobel ; he has practiced in Lancaster, Potosi and other places in this county ; he is the old- est practicing physician in Grant Co. He was one of the School Commissioners whose duties were examin- ing school teachers, etc. He was married in 1840 to Miss Lizzie Nash ; she was born in Chautauqua Co., N. Y. GrEORGE F. miiDERRAWD, firm of Parker, Hildebrand & Co., general merchandise, Boscobel ; is a native of Prussia ; in 1856, came to Waukesha, Wis.; in 1858, came to Boscobel ; was em- ployed as book-keeper for Dwight T. Parker ; held this position five or six years ; he was then admitted as a partner into the firm of Parker, Hildebrand & Pepper ; this firm continued some years, when George W. Parker bought out Mr. Pepper's interest; since then the firm has been Parker, Hildebrand & Co. This firm carries on the largest business of any house in the county ; their sales are over $120,000 a year. T. N. HlIRRELLi, firm of Bitter & Hubbell, hardware, Boscobel. The subject of this sketch is a native of Columbus, Franklin Co., Ohio; when a boy, he came to Bloomington, 111.; afterward removed to Pana, 111. ; he secured the position as expressman with Valentine's Express, running between Cairo and St. Louis ; he continued with this company until they retired from business ; he then returned to Bloomington and engaged in the hotel business both there and at Pana ; in about 1859, came to Lan- caster, Wis., and engaged in general merchandise business; he also opened the first store in Woodman, which he carried on for several years; in 1874, he came to Boscobel and entered upon his present busi- ness ; when in Woodman he was Chairman of the town about four years ; also held the oflSce of Town Clerk ; since coming to Boscobel he has held various offices ; among others was Chief Engineer of the Fire Department four years, and Chairman of the Town Board ; he is now Mayor of the city, having been elected in 1879 ; re-elected in 1880 ; he was one of the five members who served on the County Board under the old law. Married, October, 1856, to Miss E. A. Bitter ; she was born in Salem, Ohio ; they have one son, now assisting his father in his business. DR. W. T. HURD, dentist, Boscobel ; was born in Wiota, Wis. ; in 1871, he came to Madi- son, and entered the profession of dental surgery, studying with Drs. Hurd & Chittenden ; graduated in 1874 at the State Dental Association of Milwaukee ; practiced with Dr. Enos one year in Milwaukee ; in 1876, he came to Boscobel and at once established himself in business, and has been a resident here since; he is the only resident dentist in the city. V. J. KRATOCHWIIiL, boots and shoes, Boscobel; was born in Austria; in 1856, came to Muscoda, Wis. ; there he commenced to learn this trade in 1857 with C. J. MoUe; he came to Boscobel July 30, 1860, with Mr. MoUe, and finished learning his trade; he worked for Mr. Molle four- TOWN OF BOSCOBEL. 933 teen years ; this gentleman died in 1872, when Mr. K. bought out the business ; he was clerk in the sut- ler's department during the war in 1863-64. He is a member of the Odd Fellows and Temple of Honor. Married in 1866 to Elizabeth Weibel, who was born in Switzerland ; they have six children, live sons and one daughter. C. McWIIjIjIAMS, firm of Pittman & McWilliams, drugs and groceries, Boscobel ; is a, native of Ireland ; came to Eagle, Wis., in 1859 ; clerked in a drug and hardware store about two years ; in the spring of 1866 he came to Boscobel and commenced this business ; they carry a stock of about $8,000, doing a trade of about $30,000 per year. Married, in 1865, to Miss Maggie E. Haslehurst ; she was born in New York ; they had three children, two living; lost George in 1870, aged 3 years. EDWARD MEYER, firm of Meyer Bros., general merchandise, Boscobel; is a native of Westphalia, Germany; came to Waukesha Co., Wis., in 1848, with his parents; followed farming till 1859, when he came to Boscobel ; was employed as clerk with Fleete, Meyer & Co., who had opened their store in 1858, and was one of the first stores started here ; this business was succeeded to by Meyer, Hil- debrand & Co., in 1862 ; they continued this business till 1866, when it was changed to Meyer Bros. ; they carry a stock of about 820,000 ; their sales amount to about 175,000 per year ; has been chairman of the town ; married in 1867 to Miss Josephine Horn ; she was born in New York ; they have four children, three sons and one daughter. N. B. MILiliER, restaurant and. saloon, Boscobel ; born in Livingston Co., N. Y. ; followed farming till 1858, when he came to Ohio and worked at the daguerrean business about eight months ; in the fall of 1858 came to Lancaster; worked at the same business there till the spring of 1861 ; then started a grocery ; firm of Barnett & Miller ; they continued about six months, when Mr. Miller bought out the business and continued it till July, 1863, when he sold out and removed to Boscobel and com- menced this business ; he owns this and other property in town, all of which he has acquired since coming to Grant County; married in 1864 to Helen M. Petty; she was born in Ohio; they have one son — Nathan G. DWIGHT T. PARKER, deceased ; he was born in Malone, N. Y., Dec. 1, 1821; in about 1843, came to Lancaster, Wis. ; followed mining and taught school a short time ; he then, in company with Mr. Kendall, opened a store, which they carried on several years ; in 1857, he removed to Boscobel opened a general store, which is now operated under the firm name of Parker, Hildebrand & Co., and is probably the largest in the county; he died in 1871, aged 49 years; he organized and was Presi- dent of the First National Bank ; he was always successful in all his business engagements, and at his death left property valued at over $200,000, all of this he acquired since coming to this.county ; he mar- ried Miss Mary E. Schrader, December, 1848; she was born in Vandalia, 111.; have four childrtn three sons and one daughter. GEORGE W. PARKER, firm of Parker, Hildebrand & Co., general merchandise, Bos- obel ; born in Franklin County, Vt. ; came to Lancaster, Wis., in 1856; was employed as clerk in his brother's store, Dwight T. Parker, who had established business there in about 1843 ; removed his store to Boscobel, in 1857 ; in 1860, they opened a branch store at Wauzeka, continued it about five years, when they closed out this business ; he then bought an intprest in the business at Boscobel, since then has been connected with this firm ; they are probably doing the largest business of any in the county ; their sales amount to about $120,000 per year; has been Chairman of the Town, and Mayor; married in 1872 to Miss Ida Cannon ; she was born in Logansport, Ind. ; they have one daughter. JOHN PEPPER, live stock, Boscobel; born in Mineral Point; when about 2 years old came with his parents to Lancaster. His father soon after was elected Sheriff, and held this oflBce two terms. He also opened a hotel and ran it till his death, which occurred in 1842. At the age of 15 he was employed as clerk for D. T. Parker; held this position five years. In 1854 he went to California; remained a few months, returned to Lancaster and started business with Col. John B. Callis ; carried this on about two years. Mr. Parker then opened a store at Boscobel, and retained the services of Mr. Pep- per to close out his business at Lancaster. He came to Boscobel in 1859, and bought the Barnett House ; ran it about six months. Soon after he and Mr. Hildebrand bought two-thirds interest in this store. The firm became Parker, Hildebrand & Pepper ;- continued until 1865. He then engaged in live stock and grain a short time ; Jan. 1, 1869, was employed at book-keeping for Parker, Hildebrand & Co. ; held this position till 1873. He then resumed the grain and live-stock trade, which he continued till April 1, 1879, when he sold out his warehouse to Parker, Hildebrand & Co. Since then he has been engaged in the live stock business. 934 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: A. J. PIPKEilW, banker, successor to First National Bank, Boseobel, is a native of Union Co., 111. ; commenced reading law in 1857, with the Hon. John Dougherty, of Union Co. ; graduated in Lex- ington, Ky., in 1858; came to Watertown, Monroe Co., 111., in 1860, and opened a law oflSce, which he continued about eighteen months, then went to Chicago in 1865 ; went to Milwaukee and engaged in the wholesale grocery trade; afterward transacted a merchandise brokerage business ; continued till 1876, when he came to Boseobel, and soon after entered his present business, which he has since continued ; married in 1875 to Miss Mary L., daughter of Dwight T. Parker, deceased. President of First National Bank, Boseobel. She was born in Lancaster, Wis. J. B. RICK$$, farmer ; P. 0. Boseobel ; born near the city of New York. In 1852, he came to Platteville, Wis., where he followed farming. In 1853, he came to the town of Marion, and bought 176 acres of land, which he improved. He enlisted in 1861 in Co. K, 12th W. V. I., and served to the end of the war ; was in the siege of Vicksburg, Sherman's march to the sea. Peach Tree Creek, Stone Moun- tain, Jonesboro and others. He came to Boseobel in 1871, and owns his residence property with ten acres of ground, and other property. All of this he has acquired since coming to Grant County. He has been Chairman of the town of Marion four years, and Town Superintendent of Schools of Marion one year ; married March 20, 1860, to Miss Myra A. Rice, who is a native of Massachusetts. They have three chil- dren — two sons and one daughter. LIQONARD j§i ALiZOA BliB, farmer and dairyman. Sec. 35 ; P. 0. Boseobel ; was born in Baden, Germany, where he worked in an oil mill for five years. He came to America in 1862, landing at New York May 27 ; he went from New York to Canada, where he remained until October, when he came to Chicago, thence to Boseobel in 1867, and has since been engaged in farming ; he owns 35 acres of good land, which he has been enabled to purchase by industry and perseverance ; married in 1868 to Margaretta Rean, who is a native of Hesse-Darmptadt. They have six children — three boys and three girls. M. A. SAWYER, of the firm of Sawyer & Favor, drugs, books and fancy groceries, Boseobel ; is a native of Vermont ; when a child, he came with his parents to New Hampshire ; clerked in a drug store in Meridith and in Concord, N. H., several years; in 1858, he opened a drug store in Bristol, N. H.; continued it till September, 1860, when he sold out and went to New Orleans ; remained about six months ; at the breaking-out of the war, he returned to New Hampshire, and was appointed Hospital Steward in the 3d N. H. V. I.; in 1863, he came to Milwaukee, where he remained till the following February ; he then went to Louisiana and engaged in raising sugar and cotton, having, in company with others, leased a Goverument plantation, employing about seventy hands ; they continued this about two years ; in August, 1866, he came to Boseobel and bought an interest with Mr. Mortimer in the drug busi- ness; Mr. Mortimer died soon afler; the firm then changed to Sawyer & Ames; afterward to Pittman & Sawyc;r, which continued till May, 1870, when he sold out to Mr. McWilliams ; in September, 1870, the firm of Sawyer & Favor was established. He was married July 1, 1865, to Anna M. Prescott; she was born in New Hampshire ; they have one daughter. FRED SCHAEMLPFLiUCir, furniture dealer, Boseobel ; born in Prussia; came to Balti- more, Md., in 1854; thence to Cincinnati; in 1856, went to Milwaukee; followed the mason trade there about five years, having learned this trade in Prussia; in 1861, cnme to Boseobel ; has followed this trade more or le.«s since coming here; in 1867, he established his furniture store, which he still continues; car- ries a stock of about $1,000 ; his sales amount to about $6,000 per year. Is a member of the Lutheran Church. He was married in 1861 to Lizzie Martin ; she was born in Germany ; they have three children — one son and two daughters. He owns h's store, also his residence and other property in town. CirEORGE SmiTH, Jr., livery, Boseobel; was born in Prairie du Chien, Wis. When a child, he came to Dane Co., Wis., and at the age of 10 years, came to Boseobel, where he worked for his father in the livery business until 1875, when he commenced business for himself. He first bought a watch for $3 ; this he traded for a cutter ; he then traded the cutter for a harness ; then bought a buggy, and so continued until he has accumulated considerable livery stock. He now owns nine horses and seven buggies and wagons, and is considered the leading livery-man of the town. E. O. SPIEGrELiBERG, firm of Spiegelberg Brothers & Co., general merchandise, Boseobel Is a native of Saxony ; came to Portage, Wis., in the fall of 1869. Since the age of 12, he has followed this line of business. In 1877, the firm came to Boseobel ; they opened with a stock of about $7,000 ; now are carrying about double this amount ; their sales amount to about $40,000 a year. Married in 1877 to Miss M. Schumacher ; she was born in Germany. They have one son. Charles Werner, a mem- TOWN OF BOSCOBEL. 935 ber of this firm, was born in Saxon Weimer, Germany; oamfi to Portage, Wis., in 1868 ; he has followed the brewing business about twelve years ; he also came to Boscobel in 1877. Married in 1871 to Bertha Schirsehswitz ; she was born in Prussia. They have three children, one son and two daughters. REV. E. C STICK.EL, Pastor Congregational Church, Boseobel ; is a native of York Co., Penn.; recsived a regular college course at Amherst, Mass.; graduated in 1874 at the Andover Theolog- ical Seminary ; intervening this time taught school, and was appointed Superintendent of Public Schools in Selma, Ala. ; served two years ; then Professor of Latin in Tallmadge College one year ; was Pastor of the First Congregational Church, Montgomery, Ala., about three years ; in 1878, came to Mazomanie, Wis.; supplied the pulpit in the absence of the regular Pastor two years; February, 1880, came to Bos- cobel, and became Pastor of the Congregational Church. Married in 1874, to Miss Luretta R. Cham- berlin ; she was born in Michigan. They have one daughter. Mrs. Stick el is a music teacher and por- trait painter. M. D. TIIiLOTSOJf, Cashier Exchange Banjc of Boscobel ; is a native of Genesee Co., N. Y. When a child, he came to Michigan, where he received his education, and in 1867, he came to Chi- . cago, and engaged in the banking business until 1875, when he removed to Boscobel, and was appointed Cashier of the First National Bank. This position he held until 1878, when the bank dissolved. Then the Exchange Bank of Boscobel was organized, and he was appointed Cashier, which position he now holds. Married in September, 1868, to Miss Mary Burchard ; she was born in Michigan. They have two children, one sou and one daughter. T. D. WADSWORTH, agent Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul R. R., Boscobel ; is a native of Hartford Co., Conn.; at about the age of 19, commenced studying medicine ; graduated from the Twenty- third Street Homoeopathic College, New York City, in 1866 ; went to St. Louis in 1868, commenced practic- ing his profession ; went to Chicago in 1871, and continued practicing till 1877, when he secured a posi- tion with the St. Paul R. R. Co.; July, 1879, came to Boscobel and assumed his present position. He was appointed Superintendent of Ventilation of the State House at Springfield, 111., and delivered lectures on Pathology in the Missouri Homoeopathical Medical College ; he also started and conducted a free dis- pensary at St. Louis, Mo. Married, in 1866, to Miss Carrie A. Peck, of Warren, Trumbull Co., Ohio ; they have four children — three daughters and one son. S. R. WILIjOUCS-HBY, Principal of public schools, Boscobel; is a native of La Payette Co. i Wis.; followed farming, afterward painting ; in about 1872, commenced teaching school in Crawford Co.; in 1873, he was appointed Principal of the grammar school ; taught about four years ; in the fall of 1878i was appointed Principal of the Boscobel High School, which position he now holds. GEORlirE ZIEGrEL]HAI£R, brewer, Boscobel; is a naiive of Wurtemberg, Germany; worked at the baking and milling business for about three and a half years in the old country. July 2, 1854, he came thence to New Hartford, Conn., where the first year he engaged in farming, and the sec- ond year in the milling business. In 1856, he came to Crawford Co., and engaged in farming for one year, and moved thence to McGregor, Iowa, and followed the bakery business. In November, 1857, came to Boscobel and commenced the bakery and saloon business. In 1859, returned to McGregor and re-engaged in the bakery business. In 1866, returned here and bought out the first brewery, which burned, then rebuilt, and has continued since. He was married in June, 1860, to Sarah Koss ; she was born in Mecklenburg ; they have four sons and three daughters. '3^ BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES: TOWN OF MARION A. J. BARTHOLOmEW, farmer, Sec. 26; P. 0. Boscobel. Born in Brown Co., Ohio ; ?hea about 6 years old, came to Rush Co., Ind., with his parents ; remained there about six years, then ame to Illinois, followed farming ; about five years later, came to Highland, Iowa Co., where he remained irmingjabout four years. In 1850, he went to California, followed mining there about fifteen years, 'here hfe enlisted, in 1861, in Co. B, 4th Cal. V. I.; served three years. In 1865, came to Boscobel ; re- loved to his present farm in 1866. Owns 245 acres of land. Is a member of the Odd Fellows. Mar- led in 1866, to Miss Mary L. Watrous; she was born in Ohio. They have six children — four sons and wo daughters. C. A. BLAXCHAKD, farmer. Sec. 35 ; P. 0. Boscobel. Is a native of Morris Co., N. J., ut was raised principally in Essex Co., N. Y. After the death of his parents, he went to Connecticut and nished his education. Came to Vinegar Hill, Jo Daviess Co., Ill, in 1846, and remained two years. In 848, he came to the place where he is now located. During 1844 and 1845, he clerked in a feed and rocery store in New York. In 1846, he went to New Orleans and engaged in getting out ship-timber, n May of the same year, he came to Galena and went to mining. He owns about 250 acres of land, and as cleared it up himself. Has held nearly every town office. Married in 1854, to Miss Martha E. Fitch, ■ho was born in Michigan. They have three children, two sons and one daughter. FRED BOEBEL, farmer. Sec. 20 ; P. 0. Boscobel. Born in Baden, Germany, March 28, 829 ; came to America in 1853, remaining in Ulster Co., N. Y., about six months ; he then came to rrant Co., where he has since lived. He owns 240 acres of land ; he has cleared and improved this farm, ■ith a barn costing about $700 ; his house cost about $600. All of this property he has earned since com- ig here. Married in 1857, to Miss Elizabeth Shide ; she was born in Baden ; had six children, three ving — one daughter and two sons. PETER BOEBEIi, farmer. Sec. 5; P. 0. Boscobel. Born in Baden, Germany; came to lister Co., N. Y., in 1854 ; worked there at the stone-mason trade two years — the trade he learned in laden. In 1856, came to Grant Co., where he has since resided. Owns 430 acres of land, which he has nproved with a good barn costing about $800, and other improvements. Member of the Presbyterian 'hurch. Married in 1865, to Katherine Brechler ; she was born in Baden. They have six children — five )ns and one daughter. ERED CjtADE, farmer, Sec. 24 ; P. 0. Boscobel ; is a native of Mecklenberg, and, when in 'russia, followed the milling trade for ten years, and at Mecklenberg four years, and fifteen years he fol- iwed farming; in 1874, he came to Clayton, Iowa, and, in 1875, came to the town of Marion ; here he Jgaged in milling running the Ked Mill, now known as the Marion Center Mill, for four years, then ent to farming. Owns 200 acres of land. He was married in 1859 to Miss Mena Hagen, who was a Jtive of the same place. SEBASTIAX HELLER, farmer, Sec. 22 ; P. 0. Boscobel; born in 1832 in Baden, Ger- any ; in 1853, came to Ulster Co., N. Y., where he remained two years, then came to the town of larioo, Grant Co., where he has since resided. He now owns 120 acres of land ; this he has acquired ^ his industry since coming here. Married, in 1866, to Mary Henkel ; she was born in Hesse-Darm- adt, Germany ; they have eighty' children — four sons and four daughters. GEORGE HEXKEL, farmer, Sec. 21; P. 0. Boscobel; born in Hesse-Darmstadt, Ger- any. May 5. 1824 ; he worked at the mason trade about twelve years before coming to this country ; in 351, came to Pennsylvania ; also followed this trade there about four years ; in 1855, came to Lancaster, ^is. ; worked at this business one year, when he removed to his present farm. Owns 366 acres ; he has iproved this farm, with a substantial barn, cost about $800 ; his residence cost about $600 ; has been ssessor one year, member of the Town Board seventeen years ; is Town Treasurer ; has held this office e past eleven years ; is also a member of the School Board. Married, in 1855, to Anna Weirich ; she IS born in Hesse-Darmstadt, Germany ; they have six children — four sons and two daughters. Are embers of the Presbyterian Church. CHRlJi^TOPIIER UINN, proprietor of Marion Center Mill, Sec. 11 ; P. 0. Boscobel ; is a itive of Grant Co., and has always resided in the county ; until 1879, he was engaged in farming, and TOWN OF MARION. 937 took charge of the mill in 1880 ; his brother Charles is part owner, and, in connection with the mill, they have a well-improved farm of 105 acres. Was elected to the office of Town Clerk in 1880. In 1879, he was married to Miss Nettie Hill, who was born in the town of Liberty; they have one son — George Albert. JOSEPH HINX, farmer, Sec. 22 ; P. 0. Boscobel ; born in Baden, Germany ; came to Kings- ton, N. Y., in 1849 ; worked in stone quarries there about five years ; in 1854, came to Grant County, where he has since resided, and followed farming ; he owns 200 acres of land, 130 acres of this he has improved, and has made all he is worth since coming to America. Married in 1853 to Katharine Brech- ler ; she was born in Baden ; they have ten children — five sons and five daughters. CHARLES MlIEIiliER, farmer, Sec. 24 ; P. 0. Boscobel ; is a native of town of Marion ; was born in 1860 ; his father is one of the old settlers of this county, having come here in about 1850, and settled in this locality ; they own 200 acres of land. Charles lives on and manages the farm, where he was born. ALFRED PALMER, farmer and trout culturist. See. 2 ; P. 0. Boscobel ; born in Chris- tian County, Ky. When a boy, he came with bis parents to Illinois. In 1837, he came to Dubuque, Iowa; in 1839, he came to Grant County and has been a resident of this and Iowa County since. He has been engaged in the merchandising business in Grant and Iowa Counties about thirty years. In 1870, he closed out his business and removed to his present farm ; he owns in all about 400 acres ; his principal occupation being breeding fish. For the past seventeen years he has been experimenting in trout culture; his is the oldest private fishery in the world ; his ponds cover, in the aggregate, about one acre, consisting of nine ponds. He was one of five who were elected members of the County Board during that organization, and has held other minor offices. W. W. PRATT, farmer. Sec. 11 ; P. 0. Boscobel ; is a native of Mulberry, Vt. ; when a boy, came with his parents to New ¥"ork State, where he remained farming till the age of 22 years; in 1857, came to Grant Co., Wi.o. ; since coming here he has been to Utah, Salt Lake and California. Owns 255 acres land ; these improvements he has made since coming here ; has been six years Clerk of the School District. Married in 1852 to Mrs. Minerva A. Blair; have three children. WILLIAM REEVE, farmer. Sec. 35 ; P. 0. Boscobel ; born in England ; came to Amer- ica in 1855, and located in Huron Co., Ohio, where he remained about two years ; in 1857, he came West to Grant Co., Wis., and engaged in farming; he owns 110 acres of land, the improvements upon which were made entirely by himself. He married in 1852 to Miss Ann Pear, who was also born in England. They have six children — one son and five daughters. MATHEW RIORDAKT, farmer. Sec. 17 ; P. 0. Woodman ; born in Ireland ; came to Boston, Mass., in 1850, thence to Maine ; here he remained about six months, then came to Milwaukee ; there he followed teaming about sixteen years, and hauled the first grain there that was hauled by team ; in about 1866 he came to this farm ; owns 440 acres, with a very comfortable house and other improve- ments ; all this property he has' accumulated since coming to Wisconsin, and is a self-made man. Mar- ried in 1847 to Mary Lynch ; she was born in Ireland ; they have eight childen — four sons and four daughters. FRED. SCHWAB, farmer; Sec. 15; P. 0. Boscobel; born in Baden, Germany, in 1831 ; came to America in 1867, and to Grant Co., Wis., where he has since lived ; in 1877, removed to his pres- ent farm ; owns 140 acres of land. Married in 1859 to Catharine Heller ; she was born in Baden ; they have two children — Louis and Lena. E. B. SMITH, farmer ; Sec. 30 ; P. 0. Boscobel ; born in Brie Co., Penn. ; at the age of 12 he came with his parents to Grant Co., where he has since resided, coming here in 1846 ; they are among the oldest settlers in the county. Enlisted in 1862 in Co. C, 20th W. V. I ; served till the end of the war; participated in the battles of Prairie Grove, Ark., Vicksburg, Brownsville, Texas, Yazoo City, Mo- bile, Ala., and others ; has been to California, and has traveled over most of the Western country; he own 280 acres of land. Married in 1866, to Miss Mary Clioger ; they have five children — one son and four daughters. WILLIAM C. SlfOW, manager Fair Flouring Mills, Sec. 2 : P. 0. Boscobel ; born in the town of Wingville, Grant Co., Wis.; lived there till 1867, then moved to the town of Boscobel, and at- tended school, receiving a good business education ; then moved to the town of Marion and engaged in the milling business, under his father's instruction, for seven years. For the past year, he has been rent- ing the mill of his father, and managing the business himself The mill was built in 1863, has one run 938 BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES: of stone, and cost $6,000. In 1880, he was married to Miss Maggie Lull, who was born in Grant Co., Wis. GEORGrE TIJFFLEY, farmer, Sec. 11 ; P. 0. Bosoobel; born in Warwickshire, England ; while in the old world worked at the gun-maker's trade for about eighteen years. He was apprenticed to the trade at the age of 14 years ; worked for the East India Co. and in the Tower of London, making muskets and small arms generally for the use of the army. In 1850, he came to America and located at Platteville, Grant Co., Wis., and there followed his trade. He came down from Portage to Galena on the first boat that ever came down the Missouri Kiver. Kemained at Platteville five years ; from there he came to the town of Marion, June 1, 1855, and located on the /arm where he now lives. He owns 340 acres of land, 175 acres of which is improved ; all improvements have been made by him personally. Has held office of Chairman of Town Board, Clerk, State Enumerator, and, in 1880, United States Enu- merator of Census ; has been Justice of the Peace several years, and member of the School Board and Director. Was married June 27, 1842, to Miss Mary Darby, who was born in the same county; has five children — three sons and two daughters. Enlisted in 1861 in Co. K, 12th W. V. I.; served through his enlistment, which was three years ; after receiving his discharge, he went to Indianapolis and was em- ployed at the arsenal repairing guns, etc. Participated in the sieges of Vicksburg, Atlanta, battle of Peach Orchard and innumerable skirmishes. OLiE O. ULiUE, farmer. Sec. 1 ; P. 0. Boscobel ; born in Norway ; came to Manitowoc Co., Wis., in 1866, where he lived one year ; then came to Dane Co., and remained two years ; in 1869, came to Grant Co., where he has since lived, and followed farming ; he owns 80 acres of land — this he has ac- quired since coming to Wisconsin. Married, in 1873, to Mary Halverson ; she is a native of Norway ; they have five children — ^four sons and one daughter. PAUIi WELiLlWER, farmer ; Sec. 29 ; P. 0. Boscobel ; born in Wurtemberg, Germany. Came to America in 1849 ; worked in various parts of the country in stone quarries, railroads and canals about five years ; came to Crawford Co. in 1854 ; in 1864 to his present farm ; owns 320 acres land ; all improvements have been made by himself and son. Married in 1862 to Margaretta Henkel. They have five children — three sons and two daughters. CHARLiEili ZIMIIBRIHAN, farmer, Sec. 16 ; P. 0. Boscobel; born in Baden in Germany, in 1828. He lived there till 22 years of age, and followed the vocation of stone cutter. Came to this country and located in Ulster Co., N. Y., remaining there six years, following this trade. He then moved to Grant Co., entering a farm from the Government, where he lived four years. In 1860, he came to his present location. He owns 305 acres of land, of which 110 are improved. He has held the office of School Treasurer three years. Was married in 1854 to Miss Mary E. Buchler, who is a native also of Baden. They have nine children — four sons and five daughters. TOWN OF POTOSI. REV. JOHIW A. BAUj, Congregational Minister, Potosi; was born at Schuylerville, Sara- tuga Co., N. Y., Nov. 13, 1837. Son of D. S. and Fanny {,nee Dewey) Ball. Married in Tioga Co., N. Y., Nov.3, 1867, by Rev. S. Johnson, to Amelia, daughter of Enoch and Lucy Hooker, of Newark Valley, Tioga Co., N. Y. Has four children — Frederick H., George Dessick, Lillian Dewey, Florence A. Grad- uated at Brockport, N. Y., 1860 ; enlisted in 85th 0. V. I. as Corporal; re-enlisted in 3d N. Y. V. I.; served two years, and was transferred by promotion to Second Lieutenant to 127th U. S. C. T.; served nine months and was discharged in Texas. Mr. Ball's grandfather (John Ball) was a Lieutenant in the Revolutionary war, and afterward a member of the New York Legislature. He was a son of Eliphalet Ball, who was a graduate of Yale College, and a member of New Haven College ; founder of Ballston Spa, N. Y., and a second cousin of Mary Ball, the mother of George Washington. After Mr. Ball's promotion, he commanded the company and post at Ft. Isabel, Tex., and served in Ohio, Kentucky, Ala- bama, at siege of Charlestown, S. C, and in the series of engagements about Richmond and Fitohburg, Va., and also at Fortress Monroe. The mother of Mrs. Ball (Lucy Brewster Hooker) was a descendant of William Brewster, a member of the Plymouth colony ; her father was a descendant of Rev. Thomas Hooker, who led the colony that settled Hartford, Conn., and his father served in war of 1812. TOWN OF POTOSI. 939 E. W. BRIGGS, farmer and miner, Sec. 12; P. 0. Kockville ; born at Waterloo, Monroe Co., 111., June 3, 1838. Son of Maquis D. and- Mary D. (Gillman) Briggs ; came to Grant Co. with parents at two months of age. In March, 1854, went to Eldorado Co., Cal. ; followed mining three years with indifferent success ; returned to California three years later, and remained seven years mining, with good luck. Married July 3, 1858, by James Seaton, Esq., of Potosi, to Orilla, daughter of James and Emily (Clark) Jackson ; she was born Feb. 17, 1842. Had no children, but has adopted several. Owns 40 acres of land. SAMUJEIi A. CALiEY, farmer; P. 0. Lancaster; born in Lancaster Co., Penn., April 9) 1836; son of Samuel and Catharine Caley ; was wagon making in Platteville three years, and, in ]861> enlisted in the 47th W. V. I., and served two and a half years. March 2, 1862, was married by Fraok ■ H. Bonham to Angeline, daughter of Caleb and Nancy (Coombs) Taylor, and had seven children — Samuel L., born Dec. 2, 1867; Clara M., April 23, 1872; Oscar C, Feb. 10, 1876; Balorus, Oct. 6, 1878; George E., Feb. 20, 1864 (died March 30, 1865) ; William A., born Aug. 21, 1866 (died July 21, 1868) ; Lewis F., March 8, 1868 (died Aug. 20, 1870). He settled in Decatur Co., Kan., in 1878. Is a Kepublican. GEORGE P. B. C AUPBELIi, carpenter and lumberman ; P. 0. Lancaster ; born in Indi- ana July 18, 1835 ; son of George and Rachel (Preston) Campbell, who came to Grant Co. in July, 1844 ; settled at Waterloo two years, Potosi one year and Lancaster two years; then bought the mill business established in 1854 by Mr. Irish, and afterward owned by Hampton & Walker in 1866. The mill runs ssven months of the year with eighteen-foot head, and will cut 2,000 feet in ten hours. Mr. C. was three years in the 25th W. V. I., and draws a pension. He has been Constable several years, and is a Demo- crat. He was married March 13, 1853, to Sarah Taylor, of Potosi, who died July 3, 1877, leaving eight children — Amanda, wife of Robert Greener, of Minnesota ; has two children — Prudence E. and John ; Frank and Sarah are twins ; Sarah is wife of Henry Foster, of Minnesota ; Henry A. and German W. His second marriage was on Aug. 20, 1879, to Sarah L., daughter of Oliver F. and Jane Ann Keene, of Little Grant. She was born Jan. 13, 1860, and has one son — Preston A., born July 9, 1880 ; owns 3J acres of land, house and saw-mill. RUSNEIiL CARDE Y, farmer. Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Potosi ; born in Tioga Co., N. Y., May 8, 1817 ; son of John and Jane C. (Stephenson) Cardey ; came to Galena, 111., in 1839, and three years after to this place; owns 100 acres of land. He was married, Aug. 25, 1842, at Hamburg, Erie Co., N. Y., by William Hamilton, to Mercy A , daughter of Aaron and Jane (Slater) Hampton, who was born July 16, 1813, in New Jersey Their children are George W., who married Regina Roesch, and has four children — Clara, Laura, Albert and Herbert; Helen J. married Philip Roesch, and has four children — William R., Ida, Ella and Roy. Mr. Cardey is a Republican and Methodist, and was in the patriot war. When he settled here, his nearest neighbor was one mile, and the next seven miles away. He also states that a bear drove his pigs from the pen, and he shot three rifle balls (using a shot gun) into the brute, and the next morning found him and took him home. JOHN CARTHEW, Postmaster at Rockville, and member of the firm of John Carthew & Bro. (Thomas H. Carthew). The parents of Mr. Carthew — John and Eliza (Nanc) Carthew — were na- tives of Cornwall, England, and emigrated to America in 1833. Mr. John Carthew was married in 1875, to Frances Jones, of Potosi, and has two children — Raymond J. and Harry. He assumed the position he now fills, and started a general grocery store, in 1856. In 1867 to 1870, he served with distinction in the Legislature — he being a stanch Republican, and the district largely Democratic. JOHN D. CENFIELD, farmer. Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Potosi. Born May 6, 1838, in Switzerland, son of John Louis and Frances (Bulomy) Cenfield ; came to Bufiklo, N. Y., in 1856, and, after one year, went to Watertown, Wis.; then to this place. Owns 100 acres of land. Married, May 16, 1871, by Rev- Nicholas Mayne, to Mary Isabel Williams. (See B. F. W^illiams.) Has five children — Anna Janette- born March 14, 1872 ; John David, Nov. 7, 1873 ; Eugene Nathan, Jan. 17, 1876 ; Rhoda Grigsby, July Frank Henry, Dec. 12, 1880. Mr. Cenfield was three years in Co. H, 25th W. V. I. He started for Pike's Peak April 10, 1860, prospecting one year, and came home in December of the same year. In 1866, started on another mining tour, and arrived in Colorado in May, and returned to Potosi in November, 1870, having crossed the plains about fourteen times in his travels. < JACOB DAWSON, farmer. Sec. 12 ; P. 0. Rockville. Has 400 acres and some mineral land. Born Jan. 1, 1823, in Clark Co., Ky., son of John and Drusilla (Judy) Dawson ; came here in 1847, from Rollo Co., Mo., and, in 1852, settled on this section; followed mining some years. Married, May 1 1 . 1852, by Esq. Lord, to Lydia, daushter of John and Lydia (Stephenson) Fuqua. Had eleven 940 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: children — John H., born Aug. 23, 185J: ; married Etta Ashhart, and is in California ; has one son, Willie, horn Nov. 11, 1850. Sophia C, born Oct. 18, 1855 ; Lizzie J., Feb. 11, 1857 ; Abbie, April 1, 1858, (teaching school at Kockville); Martha E., March 16, 1862; Lucy A., Dec. 11, 1866; Mahala, July 2, 1868; Effie U., Sept. 28, 1873. Libbie Ann, born March 10, 1853 ; died Dec. 9, 1853. Mary, born Jan. 24, 1860 ; died Oct. 17, 1864. Jacob Grant, born Jan. 12, 1864 ; died April 16, 1865. Mr. Dawson is not an office-seeker, but has held several offices in the county. Is a Democrat. His father was a soldier in 1812. JOS^EPH A. DREIS (Reverend Father) ; P. 0. Potosi. Was born in Milwaukee Dec. 7, 1849, son of Philip and Catharine (Pfeil) Dreis, formerly of Nassau and Baden, Prussia. His parents now reside in Milwaukee ; has three brothers — Henry, Antony and Philip ; also, three sisters. Henry is now at St. Francis' Seminary. There he, also, fitted himself for the Church; orders conferred Dec. 17, 1872, by Archbishop Henni At present, in charge of St. Thomas' Church of Potosi, and St. Andrew's at St. Andrew's (formerly known as "Dutch Hollow"), where he resides, both churches embracing 1,000 to 1,100 members. St. Andrew's Church was organized in 1846, with seven families as members, and Father Tusck in charge. The. corner-stone of a new church building was laid Oct. 13, 1875, and is now completed and out of debt, and is one of the finest inland churches in the State ; cash subscriptions of $20,000 were made, and voluntary labor to the amount of $10,000 more finished the church and school- house; and the Sisters of St. Francis occupy a substantial residence, being a part of the church property. Father Nicholas Thile, Superintendent. Construction, dimensions of building, as follows : Size, 46x110 ; height of wall, 30 feet ; height of tower, 130 feet; foundation, 9 feet high and 3 feet thick ; chapel, in the basement ; 3 bells, weighing 400, 700, 1,200 pounds. ALBERT W. EmEBY, farmer and smelter; P. 0. Rockville; has 600 acres of land, some of it mineral ; also has residence at British Hollow, where he sometimes resides ; was born Feb. 24, 1816, near Warrenton, Va. ; son of Wm. and Ann (Brooks) Emery ; his grandfather was English and his grandmother German; he came to Grant Co., Nov. 31, 1839, having located at Galena and Dubuque a short time; was married March 23, 1843, by Cyrus K. Lord, Esq., of Potosi, to Eliza, daughter of John and Mary (Thomas) Nichols, who was born Aug. 29, 1822 ; had three girls and two boys, of whom three are now living — Elizabeth Ann, Vergenia (Jennie) wife of Theodore T. Kinney, of Potosi ; they have one child, Frances. Mr. Emery has been in office most of the time since residing here, on Town Board twelve years. County Commissioner several years, and Magistrate several terms, and in 1857 and 1858 represented his district in the Legislature. When he came here there were but very few settlers in Potosi — Chapman, Coyle, McDonald, Brock, Maderina, John and James Hull, and a few others. His son, Albert, died in 1877, aged 24 years, and William died in 1875, aged nine years. The grandfather of Mr.. Emery died at the age of 97 years, having been wounded in the Revolution. The father of Mr. E. was in war of 1812 and assisted to defend the city of Washington at the time it was burned by the English, he being under command of Gen. Barney ; he died at the age of 85 years. J. C. EMERY, farmer. Sec. 13; P. 0. Rockville; son of Rev. Edward and Margaret (Endeoott) Emery, now of Lancaster, Wis. ; married, Nov. 10, 1878, by Rev. Edward Rmery, to Abigal, daughter of John and Maria Chester, of Harrison, born Nov. 10, 1856 ; has a son, Edward Chester, born Sept. cO, 1879 ; has one brother and five sisters ; works the farm with his brother, J. T. Emery, who was born May 22, 1855, and is unmarried ; has 75 acres of land. JOSEPH GERHARDS; P. 0. Potosi; saloon and grocer; born in Germany in 1835 ; son of Hubert and Mary (Massung) Gerhards ; came to New Orleans with parents in 1845 ; in 1846 to St. Louis, Mo., and in 1847 to this place, engaged in farming, mining, butchering and dealing in stock ; in 1859 was married by Rev. Mr. Zuber, of St. Andrew's, to Josephine, daughter of Anton and Mary Ann (Pluemer) Hupper ; has ten children from 6 weeks to 21 years of age, all living ; was five years on Town Board ; owns eighty acres of land, mostly mineral. JOSHUA GIBSON, farmer. Sec. 27; P. 0. Potosi; born Nov. 22, 1827, son of James and Mary (Palliser) Gibson; owns 69 acres of land; has lived in this county since 1840. Married Feb. 3, 1859, to Mary Palliser (see Joseph Palliser) ; has eight children— Sallie E., born Nov. 3, 1862, now Mrs. Price, of Potosi; Joshua E., born Feb. 25, 1864; Ella L., born Feb. 10, 1860; Ida M., born Dec. 17, 1866; Annie E., born Sept. 28, 1868; Joseph P.. born Oct. 8. 1870; John D., born Jan. 30, 1874; James W., born Dec. 7, 1880. VALENTI»fE HUXDEMER, farmer, Sec. 27; P. 0. Potosi; born Feb. 13, 1822, at Achren, near Baden, Germany, son of George and Geneiveve (Munde) Hundemer ; came to St. Louis, TOWN OF POTOSI. 941 Mo., in 1846, and in 1847 to this town ; owns 240 acres of land. Married in 1846 by Father Staler to Catharine, daughter of John and Justina (Werner) Fallert, of Baden, Germany; had fourteen children, twelve now living — August, born Aug. 28, 1847, married Mary Dolan ; William, born Oct. 28, 1848, married Katie Obrine, at Sioux Palls, Dakota; has two children; Joha, born March 14, 1850, married Mary Hare, of Dakota ; has three children ; Josephine, born May 12, 1852, wife of Peter Bowen, of Dakota ; has four children — Charles B., bjrn Dec. 29, 1853, married Caroline Sweeney, of Dakota, two children ; Henry, born Sept. 28, 1855, at Leadville, Colo. ; mining; A. U., born Feb. 7, 1857, wife of Frank Cramer, of Dakota, two children; George V., born July 10, 1859, at Lancaster; Joseph, born July 21, 1863; Mary Catharin^ born June 19, 1865; Frank J., born Aug. 31, 1867; Anna Amelia, born Sept. 20, 1869. John enlisted in 1st W. V. C. at 14 years and seven are of age ; 145 pounds weight ; helped to capture Jeff Davis, and was paid $300 of the bounty (or reward). Subject of this sketch is a stone-mason by trade, and had $12 to begin his married life. He now owns, with the boys, 1,800 acres of good land. C. n. JACKSON, hotel, Potosi; born Jan. 27, 1816, at Mul^Ienburg (Co.), Ky., son of Jesse and Hannah (nee Rhodes) Jackson ; came to Dubuque May 13, 1835, where he remained one year, then came over and engaged in lead mining eight years, then went to his farm of 300 acres of land on Sections 2 and 3. Was married at Lancaster Deo. 22, 1846, by Robert Glenn, Esq., to Martha A. 0., daughter of Francis and Novel Bonham ; has nine children living (lost two) — Ann Eliza, wife of Mr. Spaulding. now on the farm ; Lurah, wife of Mr. Hunt, in store at Potosi ; Jennette, Mrs. Kinney, of Potosi ; Adella, Minnie, Mattie, Mertie, Willie, Jessie. Went to California in 1850, remained two years, mining with fair success. Has kept hotel in Potosi seven years, and is member of firm of Hunt & Jack- son, dealers in hardware, dry goods, boots, shoes, leather, clothing, rubber goods, notions, etc. ; carry a large and varied stock, and owns the building. Mrs. Jackson died Nov. 6, 1880. W. S. J ARK ATT, Potosi; harness maker ; was born in British Hollow, April 13, 1853 ; son of Joseph and Mary (nee Petty) Jarratt; married Oct. 18, 1877, by Rev. Mr. Young, of Dubuque, to Josephine Ann, daughter of John B. and Elizabeth (Hail) Albrecht, of Giant Co. ; has two children — Arthur and Walter, Owns the shop and stock, and is Republican and Methodist by nature. CEL.BSTIN KAIiTENBACH, Postmaster, Potosi; born in Germany, 1813; came to this place in 1832, and engaged in lead mining; married at Dubuque, in 1835, to Louisa Krtisen ; had five children, three of them now living ; his second marriage was to Clara Siedle, in 1854 ; had ten chil- dren ; seven of them still living. Post ofiBce is in store of his son, Andrew, who is unmarried. His daughter, Mary, was born Dec. 19, 1836, and was the first white child born in this town ; she is now wife of H. E. Block, a merchant of St. Louis, Mo.; Mr. K. was Postmaster from 1837 to 1862, and from 1870 to present time ; is a Democrat and attends the Carbolic Church. ADOIiPHUS T. KINNKY, carpenter, Potosi; born at Potosi, March 17, 1851; son of John and Sarah (Mickey) Kinney; married by Rev, Mr. Eaton, Aug. 22, 1872, to Nettie, daughter of C. M. and Martha Jackson ; has two children — Cora, aged 6 years ; Althea, aged 4 years. Is a Repub- lican. R. J. KINXIiiY, farmer. Sec. 6; P. 0. Lancaster; born in town of Hague, Warren Co., N. Y., Oct. 19, 1809; son of Wm. J. and Mary (McMurphy) Kinney; came to this county in 1855; was lum- bering three years at Potosi, and one year at Waterloo, and four years farming at Waterloo, and, in 1865, came to this farm ; married Sept. 9, 1834, by Rev. John H. Barker, to Harriet, daughter of Simeon and Lucinda (Cook) Phillips ; she was born Feb. 22, 1808, and was widow of Hiram Burt, who died Jan. 30. 1829; by Mr. Burt she had four children — Lucinda, wife of E iis Larned, of Clay Co., Neb. ; Hiram, married Maggie Riggs, of Beetown, now of Osceola Co., Iowa ; Edwin, born Nov. 9, 1824, died Jan. 19, 1848; Editha, born Jan. 10, 1826, now in South America ; her children by Mr. Kinney are Alfred, born Nov. 18, 1835, married Mary Parrel!, of Little Grant, they have three children-^Daniel A., Ada and Gertie ; William, born August 23, 1838, married Marilda McNabb, and has three children — Melissa, Burt and Cora; Simeon, born July 5, 1840, deceased ; Valorias, born Jan. 10, 1842, married Eliza Halbert, has three children — Hallie, Leta and an infant; Martha, born April 30, 1844, died March 18, 1848 ; Mary J., born April 4, 1847, married Wm. Farrell, of Polk Co., Oregon ; Vernon H., born Aug. 1,185-', has an adopted son, 7 years of age — J. Clarence (Calbert) Kinney ; Hiram, Alfred, William and Valorias were in the army, and the latter lost a leg and draws a pension ; he is also in charge of the infirmary at Marshalltown. Iowa, and has large practice. Mary taught school ten terms. Mr. Kinney was Chairman of Board, in Waterloo; owns 140 acres of land. 942 BIO&RAPHICAL SKETCHES: WILLIAH LOXGBOTHAH, deceased ; was born in Yorkshire, England, in 1816, son of John and Jane (Emerson) Longbotham ; came here in 1840 ; engaged in farming, mining and smelting, etc. Married Aug. 23, 1840, in Eipon church, England, to Hanna, daughter of William and Mary (Grange) Palliser. Had six children — Mary Jane, now Mrs. Cyrel Marcue ; John P., born Oct. 9, 1849, died March 8, 1863, of diphtheria ; William J., born Aug. 9, 1851, died Jan. 23, 1863, of diphtheria ; Thomas B., born Aug. 29, 1854 ; Joseph B., born July 31, 1858, died Jan. 5, 1863, of diphtheria ; Joshua Gr., born Aug. 4, 1861, died in December, 1861. The subject of this sketch died Feb. 2, 1863, of the same disease as the rest. He owned 47 acres of land, and one-half of a smelting; furnace ; and the mother of Mrs. Longbotham died at the age of 103 years ; she had at oSe time weighed 290 pounds. WIIiLIAn L ANGST AFF, farmer and dealer in agricultural implements; P. 0. Potosi. Born Jan. 8, 1851, in county of Durham, England, son of Jonathan and Elizabeth (Barnes) Langstaff ; came here in June, 1853. Married Oct. 15, 1879, by B. F. Mayne, of Platteville, to Maggie, daughter of Patrick and Catharine McLoughlin, born May 1, 1851 ; has one child, Mary E., born Feb. 6, 1880. Mr. L. is Kepublican-Protestant, ftnd his wife a Catholic. Established his business in 1877, and has now bought the business of G. Hawley & Son, of Platteville, with Mr. B. Pratt, of Mineral Point, as senior member of the firm. Mr. L. owns 40 acres of mineral land. GEORGE lilEBFRIED, farmer ; P. 0. Potosi. Born in Bavaria in 1808, son of Prank and Ann Mary (Ackerman) Liebfried ; came to Baltimore, Md., in 1837 ; after two years, went to Cum- berland, and, after six years' residence there, came to present location ; worked at farming and tailor's trade. Married Feb. 6, 1846, at Cumberland, by Father Maer, to Mary Theresa, daughter of Frederick and Mary (Ulrich) Leporine, who was born in Bavaria in May, 1818. Had ten children, six now living — Frank M., born Feb. 8, 1847, widower, and Treasurer in Carroll Co., Iowa; Joseph A., born May 12, 1849, married Catharine Schuster, and has two Children — May and George ; Barbara Mary, born May 2, 1852, wife of Henry Wallenhurst (a miner at St. Andrew's), and has three children — John, George and Frank ; Bern- hard, born July 10, 1853; married Anna Stelpflug, and has one child, Caroline; Joseph Henry, born March 30, 1855, married Mary Maur^.Atid has one son, George; Nicholas, born Aug. 30, 1858, teach- ing school in Carroll Co., Iowa. Mr. Browns 100 acres of land. li. JL. LIGHTCAP, Potosi ; bom at Hazel Green, Grant Co., Wis., Sept. 29, 1853 ; son of Solomon and Sarah (nee Tobey) Lightcap. Married, Sept. 29, 1879, by Rev. Mr. Cramb, of Galena, 111., to Clara, daughter of Peter and Grace Skinner. Mr. L. is a courteous, well-educated, self-made gen- tleman, who by a four years' course of teaching fully qualified himself to occupy the position he now so creditably fills, he being Principal of the graded school of Potosi, with 150 pupils, he being ably assisted by his wife and Miss Eva Farrall. HENRY Jj. MASSE Y (deceased) ; was born in Watertown, N. Y., Aug. 6, 1809 r came here about 1830. Married, by Rev. Mr. Mayne, to widow of William T. Ennor; had no children by last marriage. Mrs. Massey had six children by her first husband, W. T. Ennor, four of them now living — Lizzie (now wife of G. T. Poster, of Lancaster, at present Principal of high school of New Lis- bon), Mary, Thomas, Willie (being in Hancock Co., Iowa). Mr. Massey was an old settler, and for a long time engaged in merchandising, and died April 11, 1872. HENRY HACKE, brewer and farmer ; P. British Hollow ; owns 290 acres of land and brewery; born June 18, 1842, in Hanjver; son of Christian and Dorotha (Vesperman) Macke ; came to Rockville in 1857, and followed butchering four years ; then on his farm, on Sec. 3, eleven years, and then bought the brewery of Samuel Stephens and William Mohrenburg for $12,000. Married, and has four children — Albert, Henry, Willie, Reca. JOSEPH McGirk, farmer; P. 0. Potosi; born in Ireland in 1826, and came over in 1848 ; was in Pennsylvania one year, then went to Clinton a short time, and to this place in 1853. Owns 154 acres of land; son of Barnard and Ann (McGirk) McGirk. In 1855, married Ann L., daughter of Daniel and Mary (Ryan) Winslow ; have four children living — James A., Catharine E., Joseph L., Mary Ann. CYREIi MARCtJE, farmer, miner and smelter, Potosi; born April 29, 1833, in Canada; son of Joseph and Josephine (Buvia) Marcue ; came to Grant Co. thirty years ago. Married,^ by Rev. R. H. Deogens, to Mary Jane, daughter of William and Hannah (Palliser) Longbotham, of Yorkshire, Eng., who was born May 6, 1845 ; had eight children, four of them living — Hannah Josephine, born July 31, 1864; Joseph Louis, May 14, 1871 ; Lizzie Jane, Oct. 31, 1875; Minnie R., July 4, 1878. Is Republican and Methodist. Missing Page Missing Page TOWN OF BLOOMISTGTON. 947 and stock-breeding ; they farm about one thousand acres ; have always been active in business and are self-made men. T. S. BROOKEIVS, Sec: 21 ; P. O. Bloomington ; owns 120 acres land, valued at 645 per, acre ; born in Ohio in 1833 ; came to Wisconsin in 1854 ; in 1864, he settled on his present farm. Mar- ried Catharine Ketner, a native of Pennsylvania ; they have five children — Rosella, Isabelle, Clyde, Eugene E. and Ora. Mr. B. enlisted in Co. C, 2d W. V. I., in 1861, and was discharged in 1864. They are members of the Congregational Church. HOmEB BEARDSLiEY, Sec. 15 ; P. 0. Bloomington ; owns 87} acres land, valued at $35 per acre ; was born in Litchfield Co., Conn., in 1821 ; came to Wisconsin in 1858 ; settled on his present farm in 1866. Married Jenuette Chapin, a native of Connecticut ; they have one child by adop- tion — Jennie. Mr. B. enlisted in Co. D, 33d W. V. I., in 1862, and was discharged in 1865. WIIiLiIA.ll BATIE, wagon, carriage and sleigh manufacturer, Bloomington; native of Can- ada, born in 1839 ; came to Grant Co. with his parents in 1850, and located in Bloomington. His father was engaged in farming. The subject of this sketch learned his trade in Bloomington and established his present business in 1862 ; has been Justice of the Peace; held various school offices, and is at present President of the village of Bloomington ; is a prominent member of the I. 0. 0. P. ; passed all the chairs in the subordinate Lodge as well as the Encampment. Was married, in Bloomington, in 1865, to Miss- A. A. Stearns, a native of Vermont, by whom he has one son. Mr. and Mrs. Batie are members of the Con- gregational Church. Mr. Batie has a large shop and employs three men ; his business has gradually increased from the start. DAHflEJL BIDWEIiJL, of the firm of Bidwell & Briggs, general grocers and meat market, Bloomington ; was born in the State of New York in 1838 ; came West in 1856, and located in Little Grant and engaged in farming ; established in the grocery business in Bloomington in 1868, and added the meat business in 1871 ; his business bus gradually increased from the start; in the summer-time, he runs a peddling-wagon through the country. During his residence in Little Grant, he held the office of Treasurer acceptably. Was married, in Wisconsin, in 1874, to Miss Caroline Ball, a native of Grant Co., by whom he has three children— two sons and one daughter. Mrs. Bidwell is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and Mr. Bidwell is a member of the Baptist Church and also of the I. 0. 0. F. His father died in 1861 ; his mother is still living, at the age of 76 years. By his square-dealing in business he has gained the confidence of the people. BLOOMINGTON LIBRARY ASSOCIATION; rooms over the post office, Bloom- ington, Wis. liEROY D. COBB, of the firm of Osborn & Cobb, is a native of New York ; born in 1852 ; came to Wisconsin in 1854, and located in Rock County ; came to Grant County in 1856, and was brought up on a farm ; received a common-school education; established in business in 1879. Married in 1872, to Miss hjliza Fracis, who was born in Bloomington, by whom he has one daughter. He is a member of L 0. 0. F. W. B. CLiARK, of the banking house of Humphrey & Clark, Bloomington ; W. B. Clark is a native of the State of Maine ; was born in 1 843, and is a graduate of Amherst College, Massachusetts ; came to Wisconsin in 1865, and located at Patch Grove, Grant Co., where he taught in the academy for live years. Studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1869 ; has been Chairman of the Town Board for six years, and holds office at present; was married in Boston, in 1871, to Miss Lucy David ; a man of quick perception, active in business, and always ready to help in any enterprise for the benefit of the com- munity and the town. Established the bank in 1871 ; it is one of the solid institutions of Grant County, and noted far and wide for its square dealing. JOHN M. CHAMBERS, gallery of art, Bloomington; born in Fulton Co., N. Y., in 1828 ; came to Wisconsin in 1847, and located at Patch Grove, where he engaged in farming, during the time he assisted in taking a water level of the tributary of Little Grant River, running through Bloomington ; came to Bloomington in 1852, and has been engaged in farming and mechanical business. Established present business in 1876 ; learned the business at Platteville. Married in Boscobel, in 1860, to Miss Almira J. Glover, a native of Wisconsin, by whom he has six children — two sons and four daughters, all living in Bloomington ; the oldest son, Wallace J., is assisting in the business ; they keep up to the times and take as good pictures, views and photographs, as any firm in the county. Mr. and Mrs. Chambers are members of the Congregational Church of Bloomington. Mr. Chambers owns a fine farm north of town ; has always taken an active part in all town and school affairs ; is a self-made man. LL 948 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: A. 31. CILiliEiY, dealer in agricultural implements, Triumph Reapers, and Nichols & Shepherd Thrashers, Bloomington ; owns 80 acres land, valued at $50 per acre ;' born in Lancaster in 1846. Married Sarah Bark, a native of this county; they have four children — Pearl J., Nettie R., Nellie and Castle. J. H. CRABTREE, Sec 35; P. 0. Bloomington; owns 285 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre ; born in Muhlenburg, Ky., in 1819 ; came to Wisconsin in 1843, and settled in Potosi ; located on his present farm in 1856. Married Mary A. Walker, a native of Tennessee ; they have four children — Mary Jane, Allen, Frank and P^ddie. W. W. CILLiEY, Sec. 4; P. O. Bloominfi;ton ; owns 200 acres of land, valued at $45 per acre; born in Williamstown, Vt., in 1802; in 1845, he came to Grant Co., and settled in Lancaster; removed to his present farm in 1851. Married Dina Parker, who was born in Illinois ; they have two children — Stella and Edith. Mr. Cilley has four children by a former wife — Desire, Linda, Myra, Mary and Albert. Is a member of the Baptist Church. JOHN CAIRBfS, stock-dealer, Bloomington; established his present business in 1873; he was born in New York State in 1849 ; son of Alexander and Margaret Cairns, natives of Scotland ; he came to Grant Co. in the fall of 1860 ; has always been in active life ; is a self-made man, and is one of the enterprising citizens of the county. J. C CHAUBERS, boot and shoe manufacturer, Bloomington ; a native of Canada ; born in 1836 ; came to Bloomington in 1860, and engaged in farming. Enlisted in 1861 in the 2d W. V. C, Co. C ; mustered out in 1865 ; was with regiment all through, and came out as a veteran. Manied, in Grant Co., to Miss Rachael Coombs, a native of Hurricane, Grant Co., by whom has six children— three sons and three daughters. Owns a beautiful farm of 83 acres on Sec. 25, adjoining village. Mr. Cham- bers started a poor boy and worked his own way ; now has a flourishing business and commands the respect of the community. REV. R. li. CHENEY, Pastor First Congregational Church, Bloomington; born in Rock Co., Wis., in 1850; a son of Russell Cheney, of Vermont; graduated at Beloit College, Class of 1872; went direct to the Chicago Theological Seminary, where he graduated in 1876 ; ordained the same year; came direct to Bloomington, and entered at once upon his duties as Pastor of the Congregational Church, which position he has held ever since. His labors have been blessed, the church numbering some seventy mem- bers. He also preaches regularly at Blake's Prairie Congregational Church. Was married, in 1878, to Miss Mary L. Mead, a native of the State of New York. Mr. Cheney is the youngest minister in Grant County. Herman ENKE, manufacturer of and dealer in harness, saddles, collars, etc., Bloomington ; a native of Europe ; born in 1849 ; a son of Charles and Dora Enke. Came to Prairie du Chien with parents in 1851, who were among the early settlers of Crawford Co. Mr. Enke learned the trade at Prairie du Chien, and established present business in 1875. He has one of the best shops in Grant Co., and carries the largest stock. Married in Prairie du Chien, in 1874, to Miss Augusta Graul, by whom he has three children, two yons and one daughter. Passed all the chairs in the I. O. 0. F., besides the Encampment, of which latter society he is Treasurer, and at present is Treasurer of the village. Was on the farm until 19 y^ars of age, when he started for himself; worked two years in St. Louis previous to coming to Bloomington. Has always been in active life, and is a self-made man. CHARIjES ENGliE, general blacksmith, wasron and carriage manufacturer and repairer, Bloomington ; born in New Jersey ; a son of George Engle. Came to Wisconsin with parents in 1 842, and located in Grant Co.; learned trade of blacksmith in Grant Co., his father being a blacksmith. Estab- lished present business in Bloomington in 1881 ; formerly ran a shop in the country. Married in Grant Co., in 1858, to Miss J. Beeman, by whom he has six children, two sons and four daughters. Mr. Engle is a first-class mechanic, has a large brick shop, and in the busy season employs three men ; makes a spe- cialty of manufacturing. GEOR€rE ENGIiE, Bloomington ; was born in Everham, Burlington Co., N. J., June 25, 1807. Was married to Achsah Cook Jan 5, 1826; she was born in Northampton, Burlington Co., N. J. They emigrated West in 1836, stopping at St. Louis for a few months. He moved to Calhoun Co., 111., in the spring of 1837, where he remained for five years ; in 1842, he moved to Scott Co., 111.; he lived there for five years, and in 1846 moved to Grant Co., where he worked at farming and blacksmithing until 1867. Has been Justice of the Peace, member Town Board and City Treasurer for two terms. His wife was born in Northampton, N. J., Aug. 28, 1806. Both Mr. and Mrs. Engle are Quakers. He is a Renublican. TOWN OF BLOOMINGTON. S-t^ IRA FOX, of the firm of Fox & Heiner, butchers, Bloomington. Born in New York in 1847^ came to Wisconsin in 1868; located in Beetown ; then to Bloomington 1870, and then, in 1872, engaged in business, having learned the trade in New York State. Married in 1 875 to Miss Minnie Warrick, a native of Grant Co., Wis. They have one daughter. Always been an active business man, and what he has he has made by his own industry. By his strict integrity his business has increased from the start. G. W. FEXNELL, Sec. 5; P. 0. Bloomington. Owns 210 acres land valued at S40 per acre. Born in Chittenden Co., Vt., in 182.3 ; came to Wisconsin in 1856, and settled on present farm. Married Linda Myra Cilley, a native of Vermont ; they have three children — R. C, Nellie May and Burt G. Mr. P. has been a member of the Town Board six years, and is the present Chairman of Board. FKAIVK li. GRFFR, general merchant, Bloomington. Born in Newcastle, Penn.,in 1851 ; came to Wisconsin in 1857, and located in Bloomington, where he has since remained ; he established present mercantile business in the spring of 1866. Has held the offices of Town Treasurer and School Treasurer. Married, in 1873, to Miss Mary Woodhouse, a native of Bloomington, by whom he has one son. Mr. Greer occupies the large stone store, and carries a fine stock of goods, employs three men, and his straight way of doing business has gradually increased his trade to present proportions, which he justly merits. MORMLAX W. GRAVEIS, Sec. 5 ; P. 0. Bloomington ; was born on this farm in 1850, and he manages the farm at present for his father, J. W. Graves, of whom a sketch appears elsewhere. CHARIiFS J. GLASIER, editor of the Bloomington Record, Bloomington ; born in Ohio in 1858; came West in 1860 with his parents, and located in Richland Co., where his parents still reside. Came to Grant Co. in 1874, and located in Platteville, Grant Co., where he learned the trade of printer;; established the present paper in July, 1880. He was married at Richland Center, in 1880, to Miss Nora B. Crumbecker, a native of Ohio. Mr. Glasier has always been in the printing business. Is a Repub- lican in politics, and a member of the Congregational Church of Platteville. GEORGE H. GREER, Bloomington ; was born in Pennsylvania in 1825 ; came to Wiscon- sin in the year 1853 ; returned East, and came to Grant Co. in 1857. He has always been one of the active and industrious citizens of the place. AIjFRED hale, of the firm of Hale & Staley, groceries and sample room, Bloomington^ born in England in 1823; came to America, in 1851, and located in the town of Little Grant, Grant Co., where he engaged in farming ; moved to Bloomington in May, 1879, and engaged in present busi- ness; one of the early English settlers of Grant Co.; held the office of Treasurer of the town of Little Grant for twelve years and Justice of the Peace two years. Married, in England, to Miss Sarah Webb, a native of England, by whom they have seven children — two sons and five daughters. A prominent mem- ber of I. 0. O. F., and passed all the chairs ; is a self-made man. WIIiLIAm H. HARVEY, Sec. 25 ; P. O. Bloomington ; owns 240 acres of land, valued at $30 per acre ; born in Herkimer Co., N. Y., in 1819; came to Wisconsin in 1854, and located in Wyalusmg; in 1862, he removed to this farm, and married Miss M. Arnold, a native of Syracuse, N. Y.; they have three children — William H., James N. and Hiram. Mr. Harvey has been a member of the Town Board two years. HENRY HEINER, of the firm of Fox & Heiner, butchers, Bloomington, established in 1870. They run a wagon during the summer. The business has gradually increased from the start. Mr. H. was born in the town of Little Grant, Grant Co., in 1857. He was married, in 1879, at Bloomington, to Miss Lou Cobb, a native of Crawford Co., Wis. He learned his trade in Lancaster ; is a member of the I. 0. 0. F., and Constable at present. He has always been active in business, and is a self-made man. His parents were from the Rhine, who came to America in 1854, and located in Little Grant (both deceased). Mr. H. also owns a half interest in the grist mill. li. O. HOIiFORD, druggist, groceries, books and stationery, Bloomington ; born in Pennsyl- vania in 1842; is a son of William C. Holford and Flora Benson, who came to Grant Co. in 1844, aad located at Beetown, and followed mining and farming. L. D. learned the trade of druggist at Muscoda, and established the present business in 1869, which has gradually increased from the start. In 1880, he built, in conjunction with Mr. Sprague, the large two-story store with brick front, the finest block in the town. Mr. Holford occupies one half of the lower part, and carries a large stock of goods in his line. H« was married, in 1872, to Miss Roxcena Bonham, a native of Grant Co., by whom he has one daughtei- He enlisted in May, 1861, in Co. C, 6th W. V. I., and was mustered out July 19, 1864. He wa* 960 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: wounded at the battle of Gettysburg on the Ist of July, from which he has never fully recovered. He was shot in attempting to recover the colors. lilNJf HOSKIXS, cabinet-maker and furniture dealer, Bloomington ; a native of Vermont, born in 18.31 ; a son of Nathan Hoskins, who wrote the history of Vermont State fifty years ago; came to Wisconsin in 1856, and located in Bloomington; established the present business in 1863; learned his trade in Massachusetts ; in 1860, he returned to Massachusetts and was married to Miss Amanda M. Dana, by whom he has five children — three sons and two daughters. Robert, the oldest son, assists his father in the business ; Sylvia, the oldest daughter, is a teacher in the graded school, commencing at the age of 16 years. Mrs. Hoskins is a member of the M. E. Church. Mr. Hoskins is a member of the I. 0. O. F., has passed all the chairs and been delegate to the Grand Lodge; is one of the oldest business men in Bloomington ; carries a very large stock of furniture, and makes a specialty of undertaking ; has three warehouses full of goods ; handles one of the largest trades in the county. By strict attention to business and fair dealing, he has been successful and justly merits the confidence of the people. JAIMES KESTYOK, Sec. 6; P. 0. Bloomington-; owns 167 acres land; born in New Jersey in 1805 ; came to Wisconsin in 186,3, and located at Bridgeport two years; later, he removed to his pres- ent farm. Married Lucinda Cady, a native of New York; they have four children — Caleb, Alpha, Sarah Ann and Elizabeth A. Mr. Kenyon has been a member of the Town Board nine years. Z. LiYONS, farmer and stock-grower, Sec. 22 ; P. 0. Bloomington ; born in New Jersey in 1813 ; came to Wisconsin in 1833, and located in Grant County, near where he still lives. It was then known as Blake's Prairie ; has a beautiful farm of 200 acres, one mile west of Bloomington, adapted to stock and grain ; he has held the ofiiee of Supervisor and various school ofiBces ; has a family consisting of wife and eight children, six sons and two daughters ; four of his sons were in the army ; two served three years in the 33d W. V. I. ; one served one year in the 45th W. V. I., aud James served one year in the 35th W. V. I., and died at New Orleans. Mr. Lyons is the oldest settler living in the western part of Grant (Jounty, passed through all the hardships incident to an early pioneer life, and by hard work and good management has built around him a large property. HEBfRY LORD, Sec. 29 ; P. 0. Bloomington ; owns 168 acres laad, valued at $50 per acre ; born in Vermont in 1829 ; came to Wisconsin 1845 and settled in Beetown ; located on his present farm two years later. Was married to Sarah M. Billings, a native of New York ; they have two children — Thomas and Henry. Mr. L. has been Chairman of Town Board several terms. GEORGE W. I^ YOSTS, Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Bloomington ; owns 80 acres land, valued at $40 per acre ; born in this town in 1839 ; located on his present farm in 1870. Married Eliza A. Mickle, a native of Indiana ; they have five children — Joseph, Minnie, Emma, Edward and Elsie. JACOB MARTIN, Sec. 20 ; P. 0. Bloomington ; owns 360 acres land, valued at $40 per acre ; born in Pulaski Co., Va., in 1818 ; came to Wisconsin in 1847 and located in this county ; settled on this farm in 1851. Married Mary Ann Key, a native of Wisconsin ; they have two children — Orlo and Aha. RICHARD HORRISSE Y, Sec 5 ; P. 0. Bloomington ; owns 400 acres land, valued at $40 per acre; born in Ireland in 1840; came to America in 1857, and in 1858 settled on his present farm. Married Mary A. Hawks, a native of Ireland ; they have four children — Delbert, William, Addie and Myrtle. J. T. MURPHY, Sec. 21; P. 0. Bloomington; owns 200 acres of land, valued at $45 per acre; born in Indiana in 1818; came to Wisconsin in 1835, and settled in this county in 1845. He located on this farm, and married Sarah Cantrell, a native of Indiana. They have four children — Frank, Warren, Virgil and Dora. Mr. Murphy has been Chairman of the Town Board, and also Town Treasurer. C. M. MORSE, of the hardware firm of Woodhouse & Morse, Bloomington ; born in Ohio in 1844, and came to Wisconsin in 1856; located in Bloomington, Grant Co. He enlisted in 1864 in Co. H, 1st Wisconsin Heavy Artillery, and mustered out June 26, 1865; was with the artillery all through its maneuvers. He learned the trade of tinner in Wisconsin. He was married, in Bloomington, in 1869, to Miss Serena Woodhouse, by whom he has four daughters, Is a member of the I. 0. 0. F. ; passed all the chairs, and been representative to the Grand Lodge. The firm are doing a good business ; work three men, and there square manner of doing business has gained for them a large trade, which they justly merit. GEORGE W. NEVIIIfS, Postmaster, Bloomington ; born in New York in 1840 ; came to Bloomins'ton in t.hfi fall of 1859i enlisted in the anrins of 1861. and left Bloominston the 17th dav of TOWN OF BLOOMINGTON. 951 April in Co. C, 2d W. V. I. ; discharjred in the spring of 1863 ; wounded at the battle of Grainesville, Va., the 28th of August, 1862 ; was with the regiment all through, up to the time of being wounded ; appointed Postmaster in 1870, which office he has held creditably ever since. He was married, in Bloomington, in 1863, to Miss Rachael J. Bresee, a native of Wisconsin, by whom he has five children — four sons and one daughter. Has passed all the chairs in the I. 0. 0. F. and in the Encampment ; also member of R. A. M. and A., F. & A. M. Has held the office of District School Clerk for six consecutive years ; always been in active life, and is a self-made man. Republican in politics. GKORGE XASH, Sec. 20 ; P. 0. Glen Haven ; owns 360 acres of land, valued at $25 per acre ; born in England in 1836 ; came to America in 1866, and located on the present farm. He married Ellen Clifton, a native of England, and they have three children — Fannie E., Annie Nora and George H. li. S. OSBOKN, Bloomington, of the firm of Osborn & Cobb, dealers in dry goods, groceries, drugs, hats, caps, boots and shoes, etc.; was born in Ohio in 1829; came to Wisconsin in 1856, and located at Bloomington ; engaged in mercantile business ; been selling goods for over thirty years ; has held the office of County Superintendent in an early day. He was educated in Ohio ; was married, in that State, in 1855, to iVIiss Mary A. Wilson, a native of Ohio, by whom he has one son and one daughter. They are members of the M. E. Church. Mr. Osborn is a member of A., P. & A. M. and I. 0. Or. T. He has always been in active life, and made what he has by his own industry ; has taken an active part in school aflFairs and matters pertaining to the welfare of the town. His business increased from the start, and always had a good trade. AUGUST PLOIVDKE, farmer ; P. 0. Clayton ; owns 500 acres of land, valued at $15 per acre ; born in Prussia in 1824 ; came to America in 1851 ; settled in Grant Co. in 1856 ; married Augusta Kuehler, a native of Germany, and they have five children — Bertha, Loussia, Louis, Charles and Fred. W. H. PECK, farmer. Sec. 20 ; P. 0. Bloomington ; owns 160 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre. Bern on this farm in 1839 ; married Mary Stewart, a native of Canada ; they have four children — Mattie, Ettie, Bessie and Mary. O. P. SAIiA, M. D., Bloomington. Born in Grant Co. Dec. 22, 1845; a son of E. M. Sala, M. D. (deceased), who was one of the oldest doctors of Grant Co.; O. P.'s father and grandfather were physicians, and, from a small boy, it was his aim to be a physician ; he always attended his father in his practice and read medical books, and thus fitted himself for college ; graduated at Keokuk Medical College in 1867, and commenced practice at once at Franklin Center, Lee Co., Iowa ; he established himself at Bloomington in 1869. The Doctor enlisted, when a boy of 15 years of age, in 1861, in Co. A, 1st Iowa V..C.; was mustered out in 1866 ; re-enlisted during the war, and was sent through Texas with Gen. Custer ; Co. A was Gen. Custer's body-guard ; he was with the regiment all through the war ; was mus- tered out at Austin, Tex. In 1867, he was married to Miss Mary J. Stewart, of Iowa, by whom he has four sons; Mrs. Sala died Nov. 14, 1880. He is a member of the I. 0. 0. F.; is Past Grand, and has passed all the chairs. The Doctor has a continually growing practice, which he justly merits. His father, E. M. Sala, was born in Lancaster, Penn., Oct. 15, 1815 ; the family of which he was one removed to the State of Ohio a few days after his birth ; when he was old enough, he was clerk in his father's drug store until the age of 21, when he attended medical college at Louisville, Ky., where he graduated and received his diploma. He was married to Miss Susan Schelenberger in 1839, and removed to West Point, Iowa, where he practiced his profession until the year 1845, when he removed to Beetown, Wis., where he remained until 1857 ; during the cholera in Beetown, his services cannot be forgotten by those who knew him ; from Beetown he removed to Ashley, Mo., where he remained for two years, and from there he returned to West Point, where he remained for fifteen years; from there he removed to Patch Grove, Wis., where he remained for about two years ; thence he went to Dallas, Tex., where he remained about seven months, when he returned to Rock Island, 111., where he lived for some time, when he returned to Bee- town, Wis., where he remained till his death. Dr. Sala was a member of the Masonic fraternity for some thirty years ; among his Masonic brethren he was looked upon as a true and upright Mason ; he was always ready and at his post in time of need ; he always met his brethren upon the level, acted with them by the plumb, and parted with them upon the square; he died Nov. 15, 1880. CYRUS SARGENT, farmer and capitalist; P. 0. Bloomington. A native of Ludlow, Vt.; a son of John. Sargent and Mary Stone, of Vermont; came to Wisconsin in 1852, and located in Grant Co., where he has since remained. He is one of the largest land-owners and farmers in Wisconsin, owning about one hundred farms, besides large tracts of land in Iowa and California ; is also a large stock-owner in the Bloomington Farmers' Fire Insurance Co. Mr. Sargent is an exemplary, honest man, and has amassed &52 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: a large fortune by close attention to business and economy. His residence is one and a half miles west of SIoomiDgtoD. JACOB NCHREIXER, farmer, Sec. 34 ; P. 0. Bloomington ; owns 160 acres of land, valued at ^45 per acre. Born in Germany in 1 838 ; came to America in 1854, and settled in this county ; in 1868, he located on his present farm. Married Mary A. Miller, a native of Ohio ; they have two children — ■ Albert and William. In 1861, Mr. S. enlisted in Co. M, 4th Mo. V. C, and was discharged in 1864. SAMUEL SCOTT, farmer, Sec. 20 ; P. 0. Bloomington ; owns 560 acres of land, valued at ^0 per acre. Born in Butler Co., Ohio, in 1811 ; came to Wisconsin in June, 1844, and settled for a short time in Cassville : in the fall of the same year, he removed to his present farm. Married Louisa JJackson, a native of Fairfield Co., Conn., born in 1818 ; they have ten children — Ann Maria, Caroline E., Marshall J., Ella F., Mark M., Mary L., Amelia M., Alice L., Sadie B. and Walter J. Mr. and Mrs. Scott are members of the M. E. Church. FRANK J. SCHEL/Ij, boot and shoe dealer and manufacturer, Bloomington. Born in Ba- den in 1827 ; came to America in 1854, and located in Rochester, N. Y., where he remained two years ; eame to Madison, Wis., in 1856, and remained a short time, and then moved to Prairie da Chien ; came to Patch Grove, Grant Co., where he remained until 1872, when he moved to Bloomington, and established the present business. Was married in Prairie du Chien in 1857, to Miss Mary C. Fagg, a native of Hol- land, by whom he has six children, three sons and three daughters. Learned his trade when a boy in the, aid country, and has always followed the same with the exception of the time he was in the army in the aid country, and in the late r bellion. Was in the Revolution in 1848, in the old country, and, after it was over, was court-martialed and sentenced to be shot, the death sentence was commuted to State's prison for life ; he was in State's prison four and one half years, and was reprieved by leaving the country. Enlisted in 1862, in Co. D, 33d W. V. I.; discharged in 1863 ; was with the regiment all through, up to the time ot discharge. A prominent member of I. 0. 0. F.; passed all the chairs in the Encampment. Was one of the originators of the Library Association of Bloomington. Is one of the oldest German settlers living in Bloomington ; reads a great deal, and is well informed on all subjects. Two of his daughters are suc- eessful teachers ; one son in business in Minnesota, and one son clerking in Madison. ALBERT SKEIiLEUVGER, Sec. 5; P. 0. Bloomington; owns 160 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre ; born in Jefferson Co., N. Y., in 1805 ; came to Wisconsin, in 1845, and settled in Bee- town. In 1878, he located on his present farm ; he has lived in various places in the county, and has spent two years in California. He was married to Persis Butterfield, a native of New York ; they have Som children — Jesse, Cordelia, Albert and Sarah Ann. REV. (ir. D. STEVEJUS, Pastor of the Baptist Church, Bloomington. Born in Oxford Co., Me., in 1838, where he received an academic education; came West in 1864, and located in Richland Center, where he was Principal of the high school for six years. Ordained in the spring of 1871, and moved to Bloomington in 1872, where he has preached ever since ; has also had charge of the Baptist Church of Cassville for five years. W. O. STEPHENS, dealer in wines and liquors, and proprietor of billiard hall, Blooming- ton ; was born at Beetown in 1855 ; son of Philander Stephens; his mother's name was Matilda Eldridge ; he has always lived in Grant Co., Wis. He was married in 1879 to Miss Libbie Henry, a native of Iowa ; by this union they have one son. Was on a farm until 1876, when he engaged in the present business ; has always been in active business life ; what he has was made by his own efforts. BAVID TAYLOR, farmer, and agent for wind engines, farm machinery, etc.. Sec. 27 ; P. O. Bloomington. Owns 160 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre. Born in England in 1835; came to America in 1855, and settled in Ohio ; settled on his present farm in 1868. Married Rebecca Saben, a native of England. They have five children— W. C, G. E., M. M., J. F. and A. F. A. C. TUBBS, Sec. 29 ; P. 0. Bloomington ; owns 272 acres of land, valued at $50 per acre. Born in Meigs Co., Ohio, in 1842 ; came to Wisconsin in 1855, and located in Dane Co. ; in 1868, he settled on his present farm. Married Hattie Smith, a native of New York; they have three children — Minnie, Lulu and Clara. E. S. TUBBS, Sec. 29 ; P. 0. Bloomington; owns 180 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre- Born in Meigs Co., Ohio, in 1829; came to Wisconsin in 1873, and located on present farm. Married Sarah J. McConkey, a native of Ohio ; they have six children — Alwilda, Marilla, Augusta, Roxie, Grant and Sherman.. Mr. T. has been Justice three years. TOWN OF BLOOMINGTON. 953 DAXIEL TAYLOR, Sec. 26 ; P. 0. Glen Haven. Owns 160 acres of land, valued at ^25 per acre. Born in England in 1832 ; came to America in 1855, and located in Ohio ; removed to his farm in 1866. Married Susan Cox, a native of England ; they have three children — Henry John, Walter E. and Rena Ann. C R. THOMAS, manager of the Co-operative Association, Bloomington, established in 1877. Trade has gradaally increased, and the plan has proved a success. Mr. Thomas was born in Pike Co., III., in 1838 ; came to Wisconsin, in 1843, with his parents, farmers ; followed milling previous to engaging in the mercantile business. He is a member of the I. O. 0. P., Lodge ; has passed all of the chairs ; member of the Encampment. Married in 1864, to Miss Lydia A. Huey, a native of Grant Co., by whom there are five children, one son and four daughters ; all residing in Bloomington. Always been an active business man ; made all he has by his own endeavors. Received a common-school education. In an early day his mother, Sarah G. Thomas, deceased, was the first school-teacher in the settlement; John H. Thomas, his father, is still living. CHARLES WOODHOUSE, Sec. 4 ; P. 0. Bloomington. Owns 320 acres of land, val- ued at $30 per acre. Born on this farm in 1855. Married Julia Garner, a native of Beetown ; they have one child — Archie G. R. S. WILSON, Sec. 33 ; P. 0. Bloomington. Owns 120 acres of land, valued at $45 per acre. Born in South Carolina in 1835 ; came to Wisconsin in 1860, and settled on present farm. Mar- ried Margaret Wilson, a native of Illinois ; they have three children — John, Edna and James. PETER WOODHOUSE, retired capitalist, Bloomington ; born in England in 1824 ; a son of John Woodhouse and Ann Newton ; came to America with parents in 1830, and located in Pennsyl- vania ; came to Wisconsin in 1838, and located in Potosi, Grant Co., where he lived four years ; moved to Beetown in 1842, where he remained until 1849, when he moved to Bloomington, where he has since lived. Engaged in mining and farming in an early day, and of late years has been engaged in loaning money and speculating. Married in 1857 to Miss Bachael Lyons, a native of England, by whom he has four children living, one son and three daughters, all living in Bloomington. Six Woodhouse brothers came to Grant Co., four of whom are living, all prosperous business men. They are among the pioneers of the county, and passed i hrough many hardships in an early day. Peter Woodhouse is a good business mail, and by strict attention to business has built himself a large estate. He is ever ready to help in mat- ters pertaining to the welfare of the town. W. C WARWICK, miller, Bloomington; born in Butler Co., Ohio; came to Wisconsin in 1845 ; located in Bloomington, Grant Co*, where he has since resided ; learned the trade of miller when a boy, in Ohio ; he was the first miller in this part of county. Married in Ohio, in 1843, to Miss N. A. Longfellow, second cousin to the poet. By this union there were nine children, six sons and three daugh- ters ; three children in Lyons Co., Iowa, the others in this county. What he has made was by his own industry in the business of milling and farming. He is one of the oldest settlers in this county. Member of the Order of P. of H. C. W. WHEELER, retired merchant, Bloomington. A native of Massachusetts ; born in 1823; came to Wisconsin in 1858, and located in Palmyra, Wis., where he engaged in the mercantile bus- iness ; came to Bloomington in 1863, and established in mercantile business in 1866, which he continued until 1880, when he sold out; he learned trade of merchant in Massachusetts. Has been on Board of Supervisors, and held school offices ; is a member of A., F. & A. M. SA9IUEL WOODHOIFSE, retired merchant and capitalist, Bloomington ; born in 1819 in Schuylkill Co., Penn.; a son of John Woodhouse and Ann Newton ; came with parents to Wisconsin in 1837, and settled in Potosi, Grant Co., where he remained until 1839, when he moved to Beetown. In an early day was engaged in farming and mining ; moved to Bloomington in 1862, and started the hotel which he managed until 1865 ; he also owned and run the Bloomington flouring-mill successfully for ten years, besides being engaged in the hardware business. Mr. Woodhouse has owned and built since he lived in Bloomington $35,000 worth of property. He still owns the brick block ; the lower part is used for hardware by his son and son-in-law, and the hall is occupied by ihe I. 0. 0. K., besides other valuable real estate. Mr. Woodhouse was all through the Mexican war, and enlisted in late war in 1861 as First Lieutenant, 7th W. V. I., Co. F ; mustered out in 1862. Was married in Beetown, in the fall of 1848, to Miss Mary Baker, a native of New Jersey, by whom he has five children, three sons and two daughters — Mary L., the oldest daughter, now Mrs. C. M. Morse, hardware merchant, of Bloomington; Martha, now Mrs. John Wright, Jr., of Lancaster ; the oldest son, Clinton, has succeeded his father in hardware ^^4 BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES': business ; two youngest sons remain at home. Has passed all the chairs in the I. 0. 0. F., as well as Encampment. He is a self-made man, of cheerful disposition, and after passing through all the hardships of a pioneer life, richly deserves his pleasant home. Kepublican in politics. SIMON WOODHOCSii, proprietor of the Bloomington Hotel, good sample rooms and liv- ery ; born in StaflFordshire, England, in 1821 ; a son of John Woodhouse and Ann Newton ; came to America when a boy with parents, and located in Pennsylvania; came to Wisconsin in 1837, and located in Grant Co., and engaged in mining, farming and hotel-keeping ; established the Bloomington Hotel in 1866, which he has managed successfully ever since. Enlisted in the army August, 1861, as a Coiporal, Co. P, 7th W. V. I. He is an enterprising man, cheerful and obliging. Six brothers came together to Grant Co., four of whom are living, and all successful business men. OTIS WEIiD, harness-maker, Bloomington ; born in Massachusetts in 1829 ; came to Grant Co. in 1862, and established the present business; learned his trade in Massachusetts previous to settling in Grant Co. He was in business in Iowa for two years ; was married, in 1855, in Iowa, to Miss Isabella Anderson ; she was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, in 1829 ; came to America in 1832, and located in New York City ; was there at the time of the great fire. Mr. and Mrs. Weld are members of the Congregational Church. Her mother is still living in Dubuque, Iowa. Is the oldest business man in Bloomington. C J. WOODWARD, Justice of the Peace and Police Justice, Bloomington ; a native of Franklin Co., Mass. ; born in 1831 ; came West in 1867, and located in Wyalusing, Grant Co., where he worked as a mason ; learned his trade in the East; moved to Bloomington in 1871. He was married, in Massachusetts, to Miss Lucy A. Hamilton, a native of Stockbridge, Mass., by whom he has two daughters. Enlisted as First Lieutenant in the 10th Mass. V. I., in 1861, and resigned July, 1862. In 1864, he enlisted in the one hundred day call as Captain in Co. K, 60th Mass. V. I. Is about building a store and dwelling on the opposite corner from the hotel. Is a member of I. 0. 0. F. TOWN OF LIMA. J. H. AliliEST, of the firm of Allen & Son, merchants, Washburn ; was born in Etna, La Fayette Co., Wis., Sept. 22, 1858. Engaged as clerk for Mr. Buchan, at Benton ; afterward for Godfry & Bros., druggists at Benton. Attended Commercial College at Dubuque ; graduated in 1876 ; came to Washburn in August, 1879, and engaged in business. In politics. Republican. S. T. BASYE, retired ; P. 0. Washburn ; was born in Illinois, near Jacksonville, Oct. 24, 1826 ; came to Wisconsin in 1836, with his parents, who died in Grant Co.; bought 40 acres of land in 1847, and farmed three years, then sold and engaged in teaming for seven years in Platteville; then bought 160 acres of land; there he remained for twelve years, when he sold and engaged in business in Wash- burn, and continued until 1878. His wife, Mary E. Hull, a native of New York, born Feb. 15, 1829, came to Wisconsin in 1846, with her parents ; her father died in Wisconsin ; her mother resides with a son in Illinois at the age of 88. They were married in 1847 ; they have four children — Fannie A., now Mrs. J. A. Brown, of Richland Co., Wis.; Ella S., deceased ; Ida May, now Mrs. F. W. Cushman ; Hat- tie F., deceased. Owns 200 acres of land, also town property. Member of I. 0. 0. F., and Past D. D. G. M.; also a Good Templar. Has been Clerk eight years, and is now holding the office. Taught school two winters. Member of the Methodist Church (Recording Steward). In politics. Republican. Delegate to the Lay Conference, held at La Crosse in October, 1879. A man generally interested in the moral affairs of the community ; also Notary Public for six years. WII^LiIAM CLIFTOX, farmer. Sec. 2 ; P. 0. Washburn ; was born in St. Charles Co., Mo., May 23, 1817. His father removed to Callaway Co., Mo., soon after, and resided there until William was about 13 years old, when he moved back to St. Charles. He came to Grant Co., Wis., in 1834, being at- tracted by the lead mines, and followed mining about ten years ; then combined farming with mining. He first settled on a farm a little north of his present home ; this he soon exchanged for his present farm, now containing 144 acres ; this farm, originally mostly heavily-timbered, had been somewhat improved before he bought it, a few acres being cleared and a stone house built, but his own toil and skill have brought farm and buildings to their present state. Large quantities of lead mineral have been mined on the farm, and a quarry of limestone opened, from which large quantities of excellent lime have been burned. He was mar- ried July 21, 1839, to Miss Frances Ann Basye, second daughter of Dr. J. J. Basye, the pioneer physi- TOWN OF LIMA. 955 cian and minister of Platteville. They have had twelve children, five of whom are still living — E. W., J. Newton, Kev. J. Theodore (now Pastor of the Third Congregational Church, St. Louis, Mo.), Rev. Joseph J., of the Kock River M. B. Conference, 111., and Carrie (now Mrs. Arnett). Their youngest daughter, Anna Belle (Mrs. Hoppin), died recently at La Crosse, leaving a little girl, which the fond grandparents accept as a loving legacy and solace in their declining years, bringing to them unwonted sunshine and glad- ness. Mr. and Mrs. C. are among the oldest members of the M. E. Church in this section of the country, Mr. C. has served on the Town Board of Clifton and Lima, principally as Chairman, many years, and is very much esteemed by all who know him. DAVID COIVDRY, farmer. Sec. 20; P. 0. Platteville; was born in Pennsylvania Jan. 16, 1834 ; removed to Wayne Co., Ohio, with his parents ; to Wisconsin Dec. 8, 1870. Owns 60 acres of land, made part of the improvements. His wife, Sarah Homer, was born in Mercer Co., Ohio, Oct. 4, 1842. Married May 4, 1865 ; they have seven children— Mary J., born Feb. 26, 1867 ; William E., born Oct. 19, 1868 ; Charles P., born Feb. 22, 1870 ; Emma R., born May 11, 1872 ; David H., born March 11, 1874; Henry F., born Sept. 2, 1876 ; Robert Roy, born June 15, 1879. In politics, Repub- lican. Owns one-third interest in steam saw-mill in company with T. Callbway and Robert Hale, located in Ellenboro, Grant Co. SHERHAN COOIiE Y, farmer. Sec. 30 ; P. 0. Platteville ; was born in Connecticut March 14, 1876 ; emigrated to Trumbull Co., Ohio, in 1832 ; to Belmont, La Fayette Co., Wis., in 1857 ; then to Grant County, August, 1870 ; bought 55 acres, now owns 100 acres of land with fine improvements ; house 18x24, wing, 16x24, two stories; barn 34x40, 16-foot posts, basement stable. His wife, Diana Day, a native of Vermont, born Aug. 9, 1811. Married at Granby, Conn., Oct. 4, 1830 ; they have had eight children — Mary J., now Mrs. Everett, resides in Trumbull Co., Ohio ; Franklin B. left home 1861 for Colorado, remaining in Nevada about ten years, since which time they have not heard from him ; Rhoda L., now Mrs. G. S. Whitcher; Roswell D., carrying on the farm; was born Feb. 21, 1838; his wife, Mary J. Kile, born in Canada, Feb. 15, 1843; married April 15, 1874 in Nebraska; they have two children — Carrie and Edward L. Richard S. residing in Waverly, Neb. ; Alfred S., residing in Lincoln, Neb.; Timothy M., residing in Lincoln, Neb., engaged with an engineering party; Lewis E., general mer- chant, Cobb, Iowa Co., Wis. In politics, Democrat ; in religion, Free-Thinker ; has held the office of Jus- tioe of Peace in Ohio and La Fayette Co., Wis. ; has held the school offices in this district. Oct. 4, 1880, there were seventeen grandchildren, five great-grandchildren. The Grant County Witness says of their golden wedding : " On Monday, the 4th inst.. one of those anniversaries occurred, which but few ever see, the cele- bration of the fiftieth year of their married life. Yet this event was duly celebrated in Lima, Monday. At 1 o'clock P. M., the hour fixed, there assembled the following persons of the family and invited guests: Uncle Morgan Cooiey, of Granby, Conn., a brother some eight years younger than Sherman and the jolliest old Yankee that ever hailed from the ancient lands of the Pequods and Mohegans. He knows all the genealogy of the Cooiey and Holcomb family back, away back in the history of Connecticut, well not exactly to Adam, but to the Big Injun, who was scalped in the Fairfield Swamp, in 1764 ; and if they hud any humorous or amusing characteristics, or if any event occurred in their career on which to found a good story, ' Uncle Morgan ' remembers it ; G. S. Whitcher and family, whose wife was the eldest of their children present ; R. D. Cooiey, wife and two children, of Waverly, Neb. ; Alfred S. Cooiey, wife and three children, of Eagle, Neb. ; L. E. Cooiey, wife and child, of Cross Plains, Wis. ; Mr. William Beebe and wife ; Mr. Lane and wife ; J. H. Holcomb and wife, the last three named are cousins to the Cooleys, their mother having been a Holcomb ; Mr. E. P. Dickinson, wife and Miss Ina Dickinson ; Mr, John Burney and wife. Miss Lima Burney ; Miss Ella Dougherty. " The best of feeling prevailed. Pap Cooley's face was all over smiles, and Mother Cooiey seemed equally happy, while Uncle Morgan, humorous and joyous, told some of his queerest stories. ' I tell you I was there,' said he, ' and, Diana, I thought you was the purtiest gal that ever went into the Granby Meetin' House. I was at the wedding, T know how they were dressed. Sherman wore a swallow tailed coat, a bell crowned plug hat, and I suppose the accompanying costume of ihat ancient time. Mrs. Lane says ' the bride wore a drab colored silk dress, a white belt around the waist, a sash attached, a deep ruflBe around the neck and a white silk head-dress.' " The belt referred to she wore as ornaments on the present .occasion, it having turned a golden color by the fifty years intervened. " It was a joyous occasion, and why should it not be ? There is a proverb that ' It is our privilege to enjoy ourselves in this world, and that if we do not it is our own fault.' No use of putting on a long 956 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: face, and always be in the straight jacket of restraint considering this life a probationary state, making a hell of earth, as Byron says, to merit heaven ; living with elongated faces as though the grave was pho- tographed before us, with hell in the background, but let us rather make the best of that which we are sure of, and enjoy ourselves in this world ; why, a person can experience plenty of enjoyment after they are fifty years old. I have a strong belief and an abiding faith that there is lots of fun in this vale of tears yet, and expect to see plenty of it or, to say the least, my hopes are very buoyant on that point. " The cat that sits in the corner and washes its face with its paw and purrs is a better type of hap- piness than the old cat under the stove, that lays and burns its back, and yeaws and spits at every one that passes. Let us, then, be contented and happy, enjoying ourselves, and those around us will be more likely to, as our course of action on this point is reciprocal and mutual. Fifty years of married life, a half a century, of mutual cares and joys, reciprocal in its experiences for better or worse, happy in the love and society and friendship of their family, and more happy if that life has been agreeable in the society of each other. And as time moves us along as ic surely will to last scenes, as life's milestones fly past more rapidly, as the loom of land on the other shore rises to view, our affections, our friendships will be nearer, purer and truer. No jealousies which the aggressiveness of earlier life begets and fosters, when our old heads whiten, our thoughts rise to a higher and more dignified sphere, and we realize the fact that we are friends — we are brethren. How much more firm and enduring than the friendship, the attachment between husband and wife, considering the relation, its fruits, its consequences. If they have endeavored to make each other happy, to please each other, then will they be pleased in each other's society. For the philosophy is based on reciprocal mutuality. And they can look back on the past, so well expressed by Burns. " There were four of their children present with their families. The eldest daughter, Mrs. Mary Everett, of Cortland, Trumbull Co., Ohio ; Richard and Timothy Cooley, of Nebraska, were absent." JOHX S. DEITZMAM, Sec. 13 ; P. 0. Washburn ; was born May 12, 1844, in Pennsylvania ; came with his parents to Wisconsin in 1848 ; settled in the town of Mifflin ; at the age of 21 years he left home and worked out, driving team for $18 per month, then rented a farm and commenced for himself, and continued to rent land for four years, then bought the farm where he now lives, which originally cin- tained 186 acres, but has added to ic until he now owns 400 acres; 300 is under cultivation and 100 in timber. Was married to Sarah- Ann Miller April 9, 1865, who was born in Sullivan Co., Ind., March 25, 1839 ; they have eight children, viz., Anderson B., Charles W., Rosa A., Alice M., Elmer F., John A., Perley E., Lula S. Mr. Deitzman has been a member of the School Board eight years : has been a dealer in live stock, and is at present raising and feeding stock on his farm. E. P. DICKINSON, Sec. 31 ; P.O. Platteville ; was born May 26, 1819, in the town of John- son, Trumbull Co., Ohio; in early life, he followed the trade of carpenter and joiner; in 1845, he came to Wisconsin, locating on a farm in Harrison. Three years later, he settled in Lima, where he has owned several different farms ; has resided on his present farm of 80 acres since 1853 ; also owns about 100 acres in EUenboro ; was Treasurer of the town of Lima eighteen years, and served twice as Assessor and four or five years as Chairman of the Board of Supervisors ; until 1868, he worked more or less at his trade. He married, in Trumbull Co., Ohio, Fanny S. Whitcher, who was born in Lisbon, Grafton Co., N. H.; when she was 10 years of age, her people settled in Michigan, and later removed to Ohio. Mr. and Mrs. Dickinson have nine children — Elizabeth, John, Loraine, Samuel, Phebe J., William, Everett, Ina and Charles ; four of these, Loraine, Elizabeth, Samuel and Everett, are in the San Juan Valley, Cal.; Will- iam is in Arizona, John in Nebraska and the others in Lima. GEORGE DAILY, wagon-maker, Washburn ; was born in Dauphin Co., Penn., Aug. 3, 1826; came to Wisconsin in 1857 ; resided in Lancaster about seventeen years, then came to Wa.shburn ; owns 80 acres of land. His wife, Adelia Carrie, was born in Trumbull Co., Ohio, May 30, 1833 ; married Oct. 28, 1848 ; they had eight children— Eleanor, Albert, Isabel, Lewis, Martha (deceased), George, Lyman, Cyrus. In politics, Republican ; in religion, a liberal believer. PERRY FRUIT ; P. O. Washburn ; was born in Madison Co., 111., Oct. 26, 1819 ; continued to live there until 1846, when he came to Grant Co. and bought the farm he now resides upon of the Gov- ernment, built a home, and has lived here ever since. He was married to Miss Matilda Lampkin, of Mad- ison Co., 111., in 1841 ; they have six children living — 1. 1, (who graduated at the Platteville Normal School and is now practicing law at La Crosse), Nancy Ellen (now Mrs. A. E. Rundell), Martha G. (now Mrs. Brazelle), Henry D. (also a lawyer), Julia N. (now Mrs. E. A. Biddick), and James P., living at home. Mr. Fruit owns about 600 acres of good farming land as the reward of many years of honest toil. He is one of the pioneer members of the M. E. Church here. Assisted in building the first church in the town TOWN OF LIMA. 957 of Clifton. Is a stanch temperance man and member of the Grood Templars, and has been a member of the Town Board many years. EDWARD FOUJLKS (deceased); was born Feb. 14, 1812, in Wales; at 16,_he came to America and began work on the Pennsylvania railroads and canals ; in 1835, he came to Wisconsin and engaged in the mines about Dodgeville and Mifflin, being one of the first Welsh settlers in what is now Iowa Co. ; about 1845, he came to Lima and settled on the farm where he died Dec. 15, 1876. His wife was formerly Ann Burney ; they were married in Lima, she having come here in 1845, from Pickaway Co., Ohio, her birthplace ; they had seven children — Mary, George, Thomas, Sarah, Ellen, Emma and Ida, all born in Lima. Mr. Foulks was a hard-working and upright man, who earned and left a good farm and home. SAHIJEL FRAIZEB, Sec. 19 ; P. 0. Platteville ; was born Jan. 27, 1822, in York Co., Penn.; nine years later, his parents removed with him to Wayne Co., Ohio; from there with a brother — William Fraizer — he came to Apple River in 1843 ; spent eighteen months in the mines and returned to Ohio. In her native county (Wayne), he married Elizabeth Burns, and with her and two children he again came to Wisconsin, in 1851, locating upon his present farm of 141 acres, which he had purchased while in Ohio. The small log cabin stood upon the only cleared acre, and into this Mr. Fraizer moved his family. The thirty years spent here have not been wasted, as may be seen by the homelike farmhouse and capacious barn, surrounded by the well-tilled fields, once a forest. Mrs. Frazier died Oct. 17, 1865, in Ohio ; she left six children — Hector V., Mary E., John J., William C. Thomas J. and Frank E. The present Mrs. Fraizer was Mary J.McClurg, born in Ellenboro, and a daughter of William McClurg, who lives on an adjoining farm in Lima. Mr. and Mrs. Fraizer have four children — Millie M., Louis E., Daisy and Samuel F. The two oldest of the ten children were born in Wayne Co., Ohio, and the others on the Lima homestead. Mr. P. is a Republican, and has been Justice of the Peace, Supervisor, etc. MILI/ER FISH, farmer, Sec. 30 ; P. 0. Platteville; was born in Connecticut Aug. 20, 1818. Came to Wisconsin in 1855 ; a carpenter by trade ; bought 40 acres of land ; now owns 95 acres and works at his rrade. His first wife, Celista Pritchard, was born in Connecticut in 1816. Married in 1843, died in 1862. They had three children — Colinus, who enlisted in Co. I, 10th W. V. I., in October, 1861 ; taken prisoner at the battle of Chickamauga ; taken to Libby ; then to Anderson ville, and escaped twice, but was recaptured by hounds when nearly in the Union lines ; released from Salisbury Prison at the close of the war. Anson H., in Crawford Co., Wis.; Mary, now Mrs. Meekin Marshall, in Iowa Co. Second wife was Elizabeth Evans, who was born in Ohio in 1828. Married in 1863 ; they had two children — Samuel E., and Elizabeth J., deceased. In politics. Republican. In religion, liberal believer. Has been Clerk and Director of Schools. The second wife had two children by a former marriage — Eva, deceased, and Joseph, at home. WILLIAm N. OLENX; P. 0. Washburn ; was born in Cleveland Co., N. C, Oct. 9, 1816 ; lived there until he was about 11 years old, when his family moved to Bond Co., 111., where he lived many years. Here he married Miss Cynthia J. McOracken, whose people moved from Tennessee to Bond Co. Mr. Gr. has followed farming all his life, and when he came to this county, in 1856, rented the place he now owns for three years ; then resided on a place near by, but, for the last seventeen years, has owned the farm he now resides on, consisting of 80 acres, west one-half southeast one-quarter Sec. 13. The farm was originally heavily timbered, but there was about 30 acres cleared when he first rented the place. He has cleared the remainder himself. Mr. and Mrs. G. have had eleven children, seven of whom are now living — Sarah, Washington R., Martha, Eli B., Charlotte V., Philip Lincoln and Cynthia E. Mr. G. has been a member of the M. E Church for forty-eight ye^rs, a local minister for twenty-five years ; assisted in forming the M. E. Church in Washburn, and has been a Trustee most of the time since. He has been an active temperance man, uniting with the Washingtonians, Sons of Temperance, Good Templars and Blue- Ribbon men, giving his influence and active sympathy to every efibrt made to stay the tide of intemperance and promote the cause of sobriety and total abstinence in the community where he lives. ROBERT C. HAIiE, Sec. 29 ; P. 0. Platteville; is a son of John and Isabella (McCoUoch) Hale (see sketch of John Hale) ; was born March 28, 1848, in Hazel Green, Grant Co , Wis.; came to Lima in 1850, and has since resided here ; was for a number of years on a small farm on Sec. 20, and lo- cated where he now is in 1873. He married Mrs. Hannah M. (Condry) Reed ; she was born in Wayne Co., Ohio, and came to Grant Co. in 1871, with her former husband, William Reed, who died a year later, leaving an only son, James Reed. Mr. and Mrs. Hale have three children — William T., John J. and Jessie May, all born in Lima. Mr. Hale is one of the three owners of a recently purchased portable steam saw-mill, and is at present engaged in operating it in the heavily-timbered districts of Grant Co. 958 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: JOHN HAIiE, Sec. 28 ; P. 0. Platteville ; was born March 4, 1815, in Somersetshire, England ; came to America in 1840 ; landed at New York Ciiy ; spent some time in the Pennsylvania and Ohio coal mines, and six months in St. Louis. He married at Cannellton, Ind., Isabella McCoUoch, and, in the spring of 1842, came to Hazel Green, and engaged in mining there until he came to Lima in 1850. Here he bought his present 80-acre homestead farm, then in a state of nature. The first year was spent in a log cabin surrounded by the dense growth of oak, hickory, etc., which originally covered his and all the adjoining land. He has cleared 65 acres of this, and, besides, owns 70 acres on Sec. 29. Mrs. Hale died July 14, 1864, leaving nine children — John P., Margaret C, Eobert C, Sarah A., Elizabeth J., Lafayette, Alvin, George T. and Jacob A. The present Mrs. Hale was Sarah M., daughter of Jacob and Sarah Quick ; she was born Jan. 9, 1815, in Neversink, Sullivan Co., N. Y. Jan. 7, 1834, she married in Caro- line, Tompkins Co., N. Y., G. A. Graham, who was born June 25, 1815. They removed to Illinois, and, in 1835, came to Plattevile, camping-out the night of July 4, 1835, near the site of the city. Mr. Gra- ham went to California in 1849, and died there. He wa^ one of the earliest settlers in Lima, and left six children — Robert, Alexander, William, Maria L., Emma M. and Sarah A.; Mary J. died before her father went to California. Mr. and Mrs. Hale have a most pleasant home, and look back to pioneer days as times when hardships and privations were cheerfully borne that such a home might be finally secured. PAUIj JEARDOW, farmer. Sec. 28; P. 0. Platteville; was born at Viocennes, Ind., Feb. 7, 1819 ; emigrated to Platteville, Wis., in 1841 ; a blacksmith by trade, which he continued to follow ; he then removed to Dodgeville in 1847, and remained until 1862, when he entered Co. C, as 31st W. V. I., as private, and elected to First Lieutenant ; mustered out in 1865 ; returned to Platteville, and bought and now owns 140 acres of land; was burned out Nov. 30, 1871, he then built a fine stone house, and has a beautiful home. His wife, Jane Nettle, was born at Liverpool, England, Feb. 9, 1827 ; came to America with her parents, who settled near Pottsville, Penn., in 1834 ; started for Mineral Point; her father died at St. Louis, Mo., where the family remained until the next spring, when they came on to the Point, then to Belmont, then to Platteville. They married in 1845 ; they have had thirteen children — Maggie, born Jan. 12, 1846, and now Mrs. Colman"; Richard, born Jan. 10, 1848, freight conductor on the Chicago &, Alton R. R., in Missouri; Frank Preston, born July 1, 1850 ; Charles A., born May 21, 1852 ; Eva J., born June 26, 1854 ; Louis, born July 10, 1856, in Colorado on the railroad as fireman ; Stephen N., born July 24, 1858, in Nebraska; Kate I., born Sept. 9, 1860; Jessie J., Feb. 20, 1863 ; Allen W., born April 1, 1866 ; Lucy A., born Jan. 4, 1869 ; Paul H., born Nov. 16, 1871 ; Helen N., born Dec. 11, 1875. In politics, Republican. In religion. Congregational, is Deacon. Has been Treasurer and Clerk and Di- rector of School ; also Good Templar. FARNAM JOHNSON (deceased) ; was born in New Jersey Dec. 12. 1802. In 1827, he came to the lead diggings about " Hardscrabble " (Hazel Green), and spent the summer there and at Sin- sinawa Mounds. In 1828, he came to Platteville, and began hauling lead for Maj. Rountree; he was known to have hauled some of the heaviest loads that ever left the place, and was a most export driver of oxen. During the Black Hawk war, he served with credit, and later went to the Fevre River lead mines. In 1835, he married, at Old Pelmont, Miss Amanda Eastman ; she was born May 12, 1812, near Dela- ware, N. Y. ; her early life was spent in Ohio and Indiana. In 1830, her parents, Moses and Elizabeth Eastman, settled at Belmont ; they were among those who " forted " at Elk Grove during the summer of 1832. After his marriage, Mr. Johnson spent three years on a farm near Horseshoe Bend, Fevre River. In the summer of 1838, he bought of Elijah Mayfield 240 acres, which is still in the family ; during the fall, his wife and himself erected a log house; apertures for windows and doors were sawed out with a crosscut saw. Mr. Johnson standing on the inside and she outside ; this house stood on the site of that now occupied by Henry W. Johnson, and was torn down to make room for it when the latter married Maria Quimby, of Etna, Wis. Farnam Johnson and wife resided on this farm from Christmas, 1838, until his death, July 6, 1879. He left five children— Mary (Mrs. John Wallace) ; Elizabeth (Mrs. George Clem- mer) ; Nancy (now the widow of J. W. Humiston, drowned June 27, 1878, in the Gulf of Mexico) ; Henry W. and Warren ; Henry W. enlisted Aug. 11, 1862, in Co. E, 25th W. V. I.; served in the Sioux war in Minnesota, through the siege of Vicksburg, and fought under Sherman to Atlanta ; thence marched with him through Georgia and the Carolinas. He was discharged with the regiment June 21, 1865. Is now on the homestead, containing in all 390 acres ; Warren Johnson is also here, as is the widowed mother. The former married Phebe J. Dickinson, of Lima. Mrs. Johnson is the picture of a brave old pioneer lady, and enjoys the comforts of a well-earned home. F. W. KIRKPATRICK (deceased) ; was born in Madison Co., 111., Dec. 8, 1808. Went with his brother Jesse to Galena, 111., in 1826, and in 1827, came to Platteville, Ww. Engaged in min- TOWN OF LIMA. 959 ing and smelting lead for ten years ; then went to Lake Superior and worked in copper mines ; from there went to Missouri ; then came back to Wisconsin ; stayed here two years and then went to Pike's Peak for one year, after which he returned to Wisconsin, and lived here until his death. Was married to Ann R. Hamilton March 12, 1851, who was born April 14, 1824, at Springfield, 111.; have had four children, of whom only one is living — Mary Alice, who married Maxwell Faweett, and now lives at Emporia, Kan.; those deceased are Sarah J., twin sister to Mary A., Francis and Lillian ; the two latter are buried at Rock Church Cemetery, and Sarah was buried near St. Louis. F. W. Kirkpatrick died April 2, 1863, and was buried in Rock Church Cemetery. His wife lived for fifteen months after her marriage at Wingville, then moved on to the place where she now lives, and has resided there ever since with the exception of four years when she lived in Kansas. She is a member of the M. E. Church. The homestead contains 140 acres of land. VAIiENTINE KRAIHEB, Sec. 4 ; P. 0. Pktteville ; was born Feb. 8, 1820, in Prussia ; came to America in 1841, landed at New Orleans ; spent a winter in the mines at French Village, 111., and in March, 1842, reached Platteville; engaged in mining at Big Patch, Dodgeville and Beetown ; in 1847, he bought 80 acres of his present farm ; it was timbered openings, with only log buildings upon it ; has cleared some, and added 160 acres, part of which was improved before his purchase. He married Catharine Wonn, of Prussia, in August, 1847 ; they have eight children — Maggie, Mary, Henry, Valen- tine, Fannie, Minnie, John and William ; all were born in Lima, as was Louisa, who died when 24 years of age. The family belong to the Lutheran Church. A. V. KNAPP, farmer, Sec.-3l; P. 0. Platteville; was born in Seneca Co., N. Y., June 27, 1832; came to Wisconsin in 1854 ; engaged in farming east of Lancaster in 1865 ; removed to his pres- ent place; now owns 260 acres of land; enlisted October, 1861, in the 10th W. V. I., Co. F, as private ; mustered out December, 1863, as 2d Lieutenant ; member of Good Templars' Lodge. His wife, Laura C. Woldorf, was born in Harrison, Grant Co., Jan. 27, 1844; married Oct. 4, 1864; they have eight chil- dren—Fred W., born July 2, 1865 ; Frank S., Feb. 16, 1867; Sidney D. B., July 23, 1869 ; Clara L., Oct. 16, 1870 ; Charles D., Feb. 16, 1873 ; Jessie E., July 2, 1875 ; Horace H., Feb. 26, 1877 ; Arthur v., June 2, 1880, died Dec. 19, 1880. THOMAS McKOWN, blacksmith, Washburn ; was born in Pittsburgh, Penn., Feb. 1, 1847 ; learned the trade of blacksmith at Wheeling, Va., then removed to Keokuk, Iowa, was engaged by the United States on the Government works ; came to Wisconsin March 22, 1876, and worked for Mr. Harris; enlisted in the 129th Ohio V. I. His wife, Sarah Harsha, was born in Mifiiin, Iowa Co., in 1856; married in 1872; they have three children — Elmer, Delia F., Herbert. In politics, Republican; a liberal believer. WILLIAM McCLUJKG, Sec. 19 ; P. 0. Platteville ; born Aug. 6, 1812, in Mercer Co., Penn. Married Miss Ann Manson, who was born March 7, 1817, in Venango Co., Penn. Engaged in farming until he came to Wisconsin, which was in 1843; they came via the Ohio and Mississippi to Galena, thence, to " Whig," where they wintered ; the next spring he took up land on Buckwheat Ridge, and was there five years; afterward rented farms for a time, and, in 1843, settled on his present farm of 43 acres ; the log house and surrounding forest have given place to cultivated fields and a pleasant frame bouse. Mr. and Mrs. McClurg have three children — Mary Jane, now Mrs. Samuel Fraizer; James A. and Henry ; the two eldest were born in EUenboro, and the youngest in Lima. Mr. and Mrs. McClurg belong to the Christian Church of Platteville. JOSEPH O. McREYNOLDS, Sec. 13; P. 0. Washburn; was born Maroh 14, 1826, in Bond Co., 111.; left there with his parents in 1836, and came to Wisconsin and settled on the farm known as the Conklin farm ; took poultry and produce to Old Belmont, where the first Legislature was then in session ; bought the farm he now lives from the Government ; owns 140 acres of land ; held office on Town Board in 1879, and has been on School Board thirteen years. Was married to Sarah Glenn, July 18, 1858; have seven children living and two deceased — the former named Walter E., William S., Jessie G., May 0., Arthur V., Bertie L., Ethel M.; the latter named Clara E., Joseph L., both buried in the family cemetery on the place. The stone house which they occupy was built on the site where the old log cabin stood which his parents lived in, and has always been a landmark for travelers. He is a mem- ber of the Masonic order at Mifiiin Lodge, and also belongs to Lodge No. 28, I 0. O. F. When Mr. McR. first came to Platteville, there was only one store kept by Maj. Rountree, and a blacksmith-shop. JOHN McCLURG, Sec. 19 ; P. 0. Platteville; born in Salem, Mercer Co., Penn., Nov. 16, 1803. Married Miss Jane Manson, of Venango Co., Penn., and came in 1844, to Wisconsin ; in May of 960 BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES: that year, they began in a log cabin in the timber that then covered his farm of 60 acres. Mrs. McClurg died Oct. 27, 1856, leaving seven children — Henry, James, Louisa, Martin, Margaret, Albert and John; the two youngest were born in Lima, and the others in Pennsylvania ; Louisa is now in Missouri ; Henry in Washington Territory, while John is in Highland, Iowa Co.; Albert McClurg died in the Union serv- ice, and Jamei?, pressed into the rebel army, was killed by his own men. The second wife, formerly Han- nah Klingensmith, died Aug. 11, 1879. Mr. McClurg now leases his farm, and will probably spend the remainder of his days here. He is a member of the Baptist Church. GEORGE miARTO, farmer. Sec. 7 ; P. 0. PlatteviUe ; was born in Grant Co., Wis.; has always been on the farm ; now owns 80 acres of land. His wife, Sarah Chilson, was born in Adams Co., Ill; her parents were old settlers in Wisconsin; her father died in 1869; her mother is now livins in Liberty, Grant Co., Wis. Married, Christmas, 1876. In polities, Kepublican ; in religion, believer. J. W. IflORRISOlV, Sec. 17 ; P. 0. PlatteviUe ; was born in New Windsor, Orange Co., N. Y., in 1839; he resided as a farmer in his native county until 1855, then came to Wisconsin, and located on a farm in Iowa Co.; in 1858, he came from there to Lima; in August, 1864, he enlisted in Co. B, 43d W. V. I., and served ten months, or until the rebellion succumbed; in the spring of 1866, he settled on his present farm of 73 acres. He married Miss Caroline, daus;hter of Luke Moses ; she was born id Trumbull Co., Ohio, from whence her people came to Lima in 1855. Mr. and Mrs. Morrison have three children — Wm. E., Carrie W. and J. Percy, all born in Lima, where the parents were married. Mr. Morrison has for the past six years been Town Treasurer of Lima. ELIAS MEDIiEY, Sec. 17; P. 0. PlatteviUe; wasljorn in 1810, in Trumbull Co., Ohio. Married Margaret A. Espy, who was born in 1810, in Camberland Co., Penn.; in 1846, they came via the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers to Grant Co.; they began in a log house on 80 acres of the present 200- acre farm. They have seven children — Philo H., a twenty years' resident of California; Cornelia, now Mrs. J. Carson, of Kansas ; Robert E. and Alfred, now of Lima ; Thos. Jefferson, now in Texas; Jane E., wife of Peter Klingensmith, of Lima, and Mary A., now Mrs. H. C. Haskell, of Lima., Mr. Medley has been a life-long farmer, and is now in broken health, partially caused by the labors and hardships in- curred by all early settlers in timbered regions. IjUKE MOSES, deceased ; was born in the year 1805, in Canaan, Conn.; when a young man, , he removed to Ohio, and married in Hartland, Trumbull Co., Olive Dickenson ; she was born Dec. 1, 1810, in Cornwall, Conn., and was 6 months of age when her parents removed to Ohio. Mr. and Mrs. Moses came to Lima in 1855, and settled on the farm where he died May 2, 1861 ; he left two children — Martin and Caroline. Mr. Moses was an upright Christian citizen, who lived enjoying the confidence of his fellows, and who died enjoying faith in the final reward of his Maker. His aged widow, still in full possession of her faculties, now resides with her only son, who inherited the homestead. NELSOIV NEWMAN, Sec. 1; P. 0. Washburn; miller; was born in Madison Co., 111., March 15, 1830 ; left there with his parents in 1837, and came to Lima, Wis., where they built the first grist-mill in the town in 1840, and built the second mill in the village of Washburn in 1846 ; run this till the spring of 1868, when he removed to the site he is now on and built the mill which is now run by the firm of Newman & Wagner. Nelson was married to Louisa Melvin, Dec. 23, 1858; she was born in town of Smelser, Wis., November, 1841. They have six children living — Alice, Jessie, Jefferson, Inez, Frank R., Louisa G. and one deceased, Wilber, who died in 1864 and was buried in Washburn Cemetery Mr. Newman has been on School Board fifteen years, and on Town Board one year; is also a Mason, of Melody Lodge, PlatteviUe, and is a member of I. 0. O. P., Washburn Lodge, No. 128. He is now exten- sively engaged in raising stock. A. M. STEEIj, farmer, Sec. 22 ; P. 0. PlatteviUe ; was born March 8, 1830 ; came to Wis- consin in 1850, now owns 120 acres of land on which he has made the improvements ; his wife was Miss Burney, afterward Mrs. Evans, a native of Wayne Co., Ohio ; they married in 1862. In politics a Repub- lican ; in religion, Methodist. Has been Clerk and Director of Schools, also Assessor and Pathmaster. liYBORN WEL.L.S; P. 0. Washburn; was born March 12, 1825, in Burlington Co., N. J. His father and mother died when he was 15 years old, and he was left alone to look out for himself; went to Harper's Ferry, on the Potomac River, and worked on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad for two years, then came to Chicago, and from there to Joliet and worked at the carpenter's trade for the winter, and after that came to Mifflin, Wis., and engaged in mining till the spring of 1850, then went to California and returned in 1852, but went back and stayed one year mure; then came back to Mifflin and bought 310 acres of land fiom the Moreh ad estate, and farmed it one year, sold it and bought the Morehead Saw- TOWN OF LIMA. 961 mill, on Lit'le Platte River, in town of Lima, and run it four years, after which, bought 160 acres of land from Grov. Dewey ; remained there two years, and then removed to Washburn, and has lived there since, except two years that he kept a Grange store in Platteville. Was married in 1854 to Emma PuUen, who was born in New Jersey Oct. 3, 1836; have five children — Lorenda, Allan V., Leslie K.. May C, Charles. Mr. Wells was Justice of the Peace for three yearn, also Assessor three years ; he kept a store in Washburn at the same time he was farming, and his son Allan was Postmaster. GEORfirE S. WHITCHER, farmer and dairyman, of Lima; P. 0. Platteville; was born in Bath, Grafton Co., N. H., May 4, 1830 ; four years later, his parents removed to Michigan, then went to Ohio, then to Wisconsin in 1845. They located on a timbered farm in Bllenboro. Grown to manhood here, G. S. Whitcher, in 1850, went to California, and was there about six years. During this time, his parents had settled where he now lives in Lima. In 1859, he married Khoda Cooley, a native of John- son, Trumbull Co., Ohio. His father died in 1871 on the farm, and the widowed mother in 1875, in Platteville. Mr. and Mrs. Whitcher have five children — John F., Fannie L., Lee, Nora A. and George S., all born in what is now the cheese-factory, then the home of their parents. Mr. Whitcher has a fine farm of 393 acres, originally timbered land, that is fast proving itself equal to the best grass-producing lands of Central New York. He has a herd of twenty or more milch cows, with much other stock, and very large and well arranged barns. In the spring of 1880, he fitted up a cheese-faotory, the only one in his town. It has proven a successful venture, and it is his intention to use the milk of 300 cows during the season of 1881 ; 125 cows furnished the milk for the 23,000 pounds of cheese made here in 1880. Mr. Whitcher has added a new boiler, pump, etc., and evidently means to do a good business. EDWARD M. WOODARD, Sections 20 and 21 ; P. O. Platteville; born March 27, 1817, in Steuben Co., N. Y., where he was, in early life, a day laborer. He became cooper's apprentice in Trumbnll Co., Ohio, where he settled in 1844; ten years later, he came to Lima and settled on 10 acres of timbered land. He began with scarcely a dollar, and has literally hewed out of the original timber of Lima, a farm of 310 acres. He married Sarah Hake, who was born near Little York, Penn. The two eldest children — John W. and William W., were born in Trumbull Co., Ohio; the others — Elizabeth, Mary, Minerva, Albert, Wilson, Rhoda and Phebe were all born in Lima, where all now live, except Mary, who resides in Ohio. Mr. and Mrs. Woodard have lost four children. ELIISHA WAGNER, of the Washburn Mills. The subject of this sketch was born in Ohio Oct. 9, 1819; emigrated to Wisconsin in 1852; bought 160 acres of land in Clifton; sold and bought a half interest in the mill; also owns 100 acres of land. The mill is one of the best in the county. His wife, Sarah Taylor, was bora in Lancashire, England, Aug. 15, 1814; emigrated to Amer- ica in 1817, with her parents, who located in Ohio, and died there ; they were married Feb. 19, 1844 ; she died April 10, 1878, and left five children — Charles Wesley, born in Ohio Dec. 11, 1846; miller by trade, and employed in the Washburn Mills ; William Thomas, born in Ohio Aug. 22, 1848, and now in Kansas; Margaret Elizabeth, Sarah Ann, Mary E. In politics. Republican; religion, Methodist for forty-one years, and held the the oflBces of Steward, Class Leader and Trustee. Has been Pathmaster, District Treasurer ; was Assessor in Ohio. They have a granddaughter, Tillie Draper, who resides with them. F. G. WOODRUFF, farmer and broom-maker. Sec. 32 ; P. 0. Platteville ; was born in Che- nango Co., N. Y., in 1831 ; came to Wisconsin in 1844; owns 80 acres of land. His wife, Elizabeth Calloway, was born in Cornwall, England, in 1838; married May, 1860. They have five children — Albert, born Feb. 16, 1861 ; Eva, June 13, 1862 ; Elsie, Oct. 9, 1863 ; Lovillia, Aug. 7, 1864 ; Jesse, July 20, 1876. In politics. Republican; in religion, liberal believer. Has been School Director, Clerk and Pathmaster. His father died January, 1866; his mother January, 1871. 962 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: TOWN OF MUSCODA. PHILLiIP JBETIlVGiiR, was born in Germany in 1832, where he was educated, and learned the mason trade ; came to America in 1850, locatinsr at Galena, III.; remiining there six months, came to this county. In 1863, he enlisted in the 2d Wisconsin Battery, and served with them until the close of the war, and mustered out with them in Milwaukee. His home has been in this county since he first came. MAX BEiRGrUUIiliEB, farmer; P. 0. Muscoda; farm contains 80 acres, and is l with his parents. His father now resides in Kansas; his mother died at Lancaster in 1857. They eame to Wisconsin in 1845 ; settled in Lancaster, where he first was a clerk in a store, and afterward in the mercantile business ; also Postmaster about 1853. They removed to Cassville in 1 865 ; in the fall engaged in clerking for Geiger, also Reinke. He died Sept. 25, 1878. In politics, he was a Democrat; was Town Clerk. In religion, Methodist; was a member of A., F. & A. M. ; also Worthy Master of Lancaster Lodge. His wife, Harriett M. McCartney, a rative of Cassville ; was born March 25, 1835. They were married July 6, 1857. By this union there were two children — Frank Emmett, born Oct. 13, 1858; William, born Feb. 7, 1860 ; died March, 1860. They own town property, and 300 acres of farm land. Mr. L., his father, was a native of New York ; his mother from Vermont. They came to Wisconsin in 1827 ; settled at Cassville ; both buried in this vicinity. HENRY MILjIjER, proprietor of hotel and stable, Cassville ; was born in Prussia April 24, 1836 ; came to America in 1855, direct to Wisconsin ; bought 40 acres of land, and rented 200 until 1861. Ele then enlisted in Co. C, 2d W. V. I., Sept. 26, 1861 ; was in the first battle of Bull Bun ; wounded and discharged ; returned to Cassville; went to mining ; then bought 40 acres of land, and continued until 1866. He then went to Iowa, and engaged in teaching school in the counlry and at Garnavillo; then returned to Cassville in 1879, on a farm until June, 1880 ; then in to the hotel. He owns the property. In politics. Republican ; in religion. Catholic. His wife, Mary Serg, was born in Millville, Grant Co., Wis., Nov. 13, 1844. They were married in 1863; they have three children — Louisa, born Jan. 17, 1873; Laura, born Feb. 22, 1875; Henry, born Jan. 19, 1879. LEWIS H. OAKEY, farmer. Sec. 13; was born in Monroe Co., Ohio; son of Henry and Minerva Oakey ; came to Wisconsin with his family in 1849. He was married to Caroline Titus in 1844; their children are Samuel W., born in 1846 ; Mineiva, born in 1848 ; William F., born in 1850 ; Lewis, born in 1853. Has been a member of the Board of Supervisors, and an acting Justice of the Peace a number of times. In politics, a Republican. JOHN B. ORTSCHBIS, baker and confectioner and notions, Cassville ; was born at Alsace, France, Dec. 2, 1842 ; came to America, in 1857, with his mother and sister. His father died in the old country. Two brothers had come before this time, and are living at Cassville. He was engaged in attend- ing school, and worked on a farm until 1859. He went to Galena to learn the trade with Jacob Sutter. He then went on a steamboat one year ; then to Dubuque ; finished the trade ; then went to Lansing, Iowa ; then returned to Dubuque. He enlisted in the 12th Iowa V. I. in 1862 ; but they would not receive him. He came to Cassville in 1864, and engaged in the saloon business in 1865, and then returned to Dubuque. His wife, Catharine Zeng, was born at Potosi, Grant Co., April 28, 1843. They were married in 1864; they have nine children — Edward P., Harry B., Mary Annie, William B., Bearnhart, Josephine C, Magalena, Maggie and Louisa. In politics. Republican ; is Justice of the Peace ; has been Road Overseer and Constable ; owns town property. OTTO REINKE, dealer in general merchandise, Cassville ; was born in Meckhnburg, Germany, Sept. 17, 1827 ; came to America Dec. 18, 1849, landed at New York.; then went to Waterstown and clerked in a store ; in 1851, went to St. Louis and clerked in a Main street store until 1857 ; in the spring, he came to Cassville ; was in the store of RafiFanf & Geiger, continued until I8611 ; engaged in business for himself with William F. and 0. B. McCartney. William F. is now a successful business man in Denver, Colo.; 0. B., deceased. Continued until 1865, when he was in company with Gov. Dewey until 1873, when Mr. Reinke bought out the business. His wife, Martha Garner, was born at Apple River, Jo Daviess Co., 111., Aug. 27, 1837. Married Jan. 12, 1862 ; they have seven children— Alto, born Feb. 11, 1863, died April 20, 1866 ; Mattie, born Nov. 2, 1864 ; Fredrick, July 30, 1867 ; Benno, Sept. 18, 1869, died Jan. 16, 1873 ; George, born Oct. 5, 187'J ; Ottilie, Aug. 21, 1874 ; Grittie, April 22, 1879. In politics. Re- publican ; was Postmaster from 1861 to 1871 ; has been Clerk and Treasurer of Schools. In religion, raised a Lutheran. His father was a minister of that denomination, and died in the old country in 1878. Mr. R. owns 40 acres of land, also town property. D. B. STEVENS, of the firm of Stevens & Bartlett, proprietors of steam saw-mill, Cassvill" ; was born at Oxford, Me., Jan. 24, 1837 ; came to Wisconsin in 1856, when he arrived at Prairie du Chien, 982 BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES: he only had 50 cents in cash ; his trunk he took upon his shoulders to the store of Pettons ; he then engaged in driving oxen in the spring ; he then located in Bloomington, Grant Co., Wis.; worked at the trade of car- penter, teaching school in the winter; he then removed toBeetown in 1861, worked at his trade until 1865, when he bought che Cassville steam saw-mill. His wife, Mary Rockeffler, was born in Connecticut, in No- vember, 1842 ; came to Wisconsin in 1855, with her parents, who now reside at Beetown. They married March 4, 1862 ; they have six children — George L.,born Nov. 10, 1863, now attending the Normal School at Platteville; Willard L., born Sept. 10, 1865; Frank J., Aug. 17, 1869, now at school at Lancaster; Charles D., March 23, 1872 ; Mary B., Nov. 6, 1877 : Lucy B., Oct. 10, 1878. In religion, a Baptist, and to his constant and persistent efforts the Cassville Baptists are indebted for their neat little church ; he is also the Superintendent of the Sunday school. In politics, a Republican ; a member of Beetown Lodge of A., F. & A. M. The firm own 1,000 acres of land in Clayton Co., Iowa, and a fine residence in Ca,ssville. WIIiLIAM SCHIIITZ, saloon, restaurant and stabling, Cassville ; was born in Prussia Sept. 14, 1830 ; came to America in 1850 ; settled at Galena, learned the trade of tinsmith ; engaged in busi- ness at Galena with M. Gribbs ; then went to Dubuque, where he remained until 1855 ; he came to Cass- ville and engaged in the hardware business ; then built the Cassville brewery, and continued to run that un- til he sold to Hugo Grimm of St. Louis ; then started the present business in his own house July 24, 1880, also owns a farm of 60 acres. His wife, Sebbila Drecsen, was born in Prussia in 1852 ; came to America in 1 868 ; they married April 1 3, 1871 ; thev have five children — Otto C, born at Cassville March 13, 1872 ; William M., Oct. 7, 1873 ; Christ H., Oct" 5, 1875 ; Henry, Dec. 3, 1877 ; Frank E., June 16, 1880. In politics. Republican ; member of Town Board. In religion. Catholic ; a member of the Union League. While firing an anvil during the early part of the war, he came near being killed by the bursting of an an- vil. His brother Peter was in the 25th W. V. I., and died in the war ; he is buried at Cassville ; William erected a beautiful monument to his memory — a worthy tribute to a fallen hero. JOHIV H. C. SlVECLiODE, insurance and collecting agency, Cassville ; born on the Baltic April 14, 1821 ; in 1841, was in the employ of the Kiel & Altoona R. R., and continued until the great fire in Heinburg, in 1842, when he came to Baltimore, Md.; remained six months, when he returned to Holstein, and was put in the regular army, where he remained ten weeks, when he deserted and came to America, landed in New York ; then to Canada in the fall of 1843 ; in the spring of 1844, went to Michi- gan, there engaged in carpentering, when he arrived there his trunk was empty, the last penny gone, but, being a good draftsman he soon received the best of wages ; in the fall of 1844, he went to Galena, 111., where he remained until 1 846 ; the times being very dull and no money, he enlisted for the Mexican war with Capt. Crow, afterward Dr. Crow, of Galena ; served until the close of the war, when he returned and worked at various occupations ; until 1849, he was engaged on the steamer Yankee of the St. Paul and St. Louis line ; in 1850, he came to Cassville and worked at his trade, some of the finest buildings in the city were built by him. In 1857, he was engaged in farming, but made a failure; he returned to his trade. Now owns 320 acres of land on Sec. 27, also town property. His first wife, Jane Va Ansdall, of Holland, deceased, was born in Ohio, in November, 1333 ; moved to Wisconsin in 1845. Married March 16, 1856, died July 2, 1871 ; by this union there were five children — Annie, now Mrs, McCormick ; Catherine, born in 1861, died in 1863 ; Ester, born in October, 1864, died Jan. 28, 1871 ; Margaret, born in March, 1868; Curnelia, born September, 1870, died in June, 1871. Second wife, Amelia Phetteplace, born in Illinois, in February, 1847. Married in September, 1873 ; no children. In politics. Republican, and one of the little band that, in 1854, organized the party in this county at Lancaster, John H. Rountree, Chairman; John G. Clark, Secretary. He was raised a Lutheran. Has held the office of Justice of the Peace, Town Clerk, Treasurer, Notary Public. A Mason, and belongs to the Chapter at Lancaster ; I. 0. 0. F. Lodge at Bloom- ington. Gives considerable attention to surveying in Iowa and Wisconsin. TOWN OF FENNIMOKE. 983 TOWN OF FENNIMORE. O. li. BGRBir, farmer, Sec. 33 ; P. 0. Fennimore; was born in Norway in 1816 ; came to the Jnited States in 1843 ; first settled in Iowa Co., Wis.; came to Grant Co. in 1848, and settled on his iresent farm, the greater part of which was Government land. Mr. Berry is, to the best of his knowledge, he first Norwegian settler of Grant Co. His wife was Mary Pingerson, born in Norway Nov. 4, 1824 ; he came to this country with her brother, Andrew Pingerson, in 1849 ; he is how a resident of Iowa Co. tir. Berry and wife have eight children — Lena, Mary, Lewis, Christina, Anna, Ada, Frederick and Ella. ?arm contains 240 acres. W. Li. BROWN, in. D., physician and surgeon, Fennimore ; a native of Michigan ; he fin- shed his literary course of study at Albion, Mich., and entered the college at Ann Arbor, where he com- nenced his medical course, afterward graduating at Bennett College, Chicago, in 1874 ; he commenced )ractice the same year at Reading, Mich., coming to Grant Co. in July, 1880, where he is now engaged n practice. Sept. 28, 1875, he was married to Miss Mary Peterson, a native of Hillsdale, Mich. They lave two sons. A. B. BAIIiE Y, clerk, Preston ; son of Mark Bailey, who was born in Ohio ; he came to iirant Co. from Indiana about 1848, and settled in Boscobel ; he settled in the town of Mt. Ida in 1876. ie died in March, 1880. Mr. Bailey has two brothers — Seih G. and Nathan L.; they reside at the lomestead. He was married to Tillie Rogers, daughter of Seth W. Rogers; they have one child — Mark. liBWIS J. BEBBY, farmer. Sec. 12.; P. 0. Preston ; born in Norway in 1836 ; he came America with his father's family in 1852 ; parents settled in the town of Christiana, Dane Co., Wis., yhere they lived three years. Ais father removed to Grant Co. in 1855 ; he entered the farm which Jewis J. now owns in the fall of 1854. Father died in the fall of 1870 ; mother is still living. Parents lad five children when they came to this country, two of whom, Louis J. and Anna (now Mrs. Ronning), ,ro living ; Benjamin, born in 1842, enlisted in October, 1862, in Co. G, 33d W. V. I.; he died at Jef- ferson Barracks, near St. Louis, in January, 1863. Mr. Berry was married to Lena Gilbertson, daughter if Nels Gilbertson, who came to this country from Norway in 1860. Have five children — Julia, Benja- nin, Thomas, Cornelius and Gustave A. Farm contains 250 acres. JACOB BAIJMO-ABTXEB, farmer. Sec. 5 ; P. 0. Fennimore ; born in Bavaria, Ger- nany, Nov. 26, 1830 ; he emigrated to America with his father in June, 1850 ; they came directly to iVisconsin, first to Milwaukee, thence to Jefferson Co., thence to Cassville, Grant Co. July 19, 1850. Mr. Baumgartner went to St. Louis in the fall of that year, where he worked in a tannery ; he learned his rade, that of a dyer, in Germany ; he returned to Cassville in May, 1851, and worked for Thomas Scott, lear Cassville ; he returned ts St. Louis in August of that year ; in March, 1852, he came back to Cass- 'ille ; he left Grant Co. again, and engaged to work for Freeman Harmony, near Janesville, as a farm land. He was married, Oct. 23, 1852, to Mary Winterling, born in Bavaria, and came to this country 7ith her parents in 1848, and settled in Jefi"erson Co. Mr. Baumgartner settled in the town of Fenni- nore. Sec. 3, where he lived a short time ; settled on his present fiiriu May 5, 1855 ; he has 377 acres of and ; is engaged in grain and stock raising. Has bad nine children, seven of whom are living — Louise, 'Jelson, Leo, Peter, Frank, Wilhelm and Cora. Mr. Baumgartner possesses much valuable information egarding the history oT Grant Co. for the last thirty years. He is not only a careful observer and in )ossession of an excellent memory, but has also practiced the keeping of a diary, noting current events at he time of their occurrence. Both himself and wife are numbered among the most intelligent people of rrant Co. A. B. CliABK, farmer. Sec. 7 ; P. O. Fennimore, Grant Co.; was born in Onondasra Co., N. I., in 1816 ; removed with his parents to Erie Co., Penn., when 5 years of age. Was married to Fidelia Haton in 1840, and emigrated to Linn Co., Iowa, in 1850. By this marriage' had two ehildren — James I., who died of disease in the army; Mary L., deceased. Mrs. Clark died in 1843, and in the same year A.T. Clark was again married to Annie Mann, who was born in Greene Co., Penn., in 1826. Mr. Clark las by his second marriage ten children — John W., who is married and resides in Fennimore; Nancy lane, who married N. Wood and resides in Ida Co., Iowa; Rachel E.; Trifosia, married to C. Demsey ; !!loia A., married to R. Demsey ; Warren, married and lives in Fennimorj ; Walter, Olive, Charlotte and 984 BIOGKAPHICAL SKETCHES: George W. Mr. Clark is an active Republican, and is strongly backed in the principle by his good wife. He owns a valuable farm of over 200 acres, under thorough cultivation. JOHN DlNSDAIiE, farmer, Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Pennimore ; born in Yorkshire, England, in November, 1825, where he was married to Tirzah Chapman. They emigrated to Wisconsin via New Orleans, and up the Mississippi River to Galena, and thence to Grant Co.; left Liverpool Feb. 22, 1849, and reached Grant Co. on the 7th of May. In May, 1850, he entered 80 acres in Sec. 36, town of Fen- nimore, which is a part of his present farm of 400 acres; he built a log house on his first 80 acres, where he lived eighteen years, when he built his present residence ; he is engaged in general farming and stock- raising. His present wife was Miss Grace M. Eddy. He had twelve children by first wife, eleven of whom are living — Elizabeth, James, Isabella M., Zipporah, B. C, Dorothy, Alice, Hattie, Abbie, Matthew E. (deceased!, Mary A. and Tirzah C. By prjsent wife — Eddy (deceased), Ella T. and Grace A. His son James met with rather a singular incident about 1860, when he was 12 years of age. A bald eagle of immense size came down upon his father's farm and attacked a flock of geese. After a severe contest with a plucky gander, the eagle was finally dispatched by James with a club. James graduated at Rush Medical College, Chicago ; is now practicing medicine at Soldiers' Grove, Crawford Co. HENRY A. DANKLEFF, farmer, Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Fennimore; born in Denmark in 1832; ■when 16 years of age he went to sea as a ship carpenter; he came to New York City about 1850, after which he sailed on American vessels for several years ; he left the sea about 1855 ; he then went to Mil- waukee, where he remained one summer ; thence to Michigan, where he remained about two years ; then came to Wisconsin in the spring of 1857 ; he lost in Michigan what he had accumulated, and came to Orant Co. Resettled on his present farm in the spring of 1868; his farm contains 230 acres ; has also 160 acres on Sec. 13 ; his farm has fine improvements, all of which he has made himself. His wife was Ann C. Johnson, daughter of Peter Johnson, who came from Norway to this country about 1850 ; they huve four children — Sarena, Matilda, Charles and Henry. PHILO DEMPSEY, retired farmer ; P. 0. Fennimore ; is one of the early settlers of the town of Fennimore; was born ia the town of Brutus, Cuyuga Co., N. Y., June 24, 1814; he removed to Alleghany Co. in 1831 ; in 1844, came to the town of Fennimore, and entered a farm in Sec. 13 ; this farm he still owns. His wife was Miss Lydia Walker, born in Massachusetts in August, 1820. Her father removed his family to Grant Co. in 1844, but he first came to the county in 1840. Mr. Dempsey's parents died at his residence in Fennimore. Mrs. Dempsey's father died in California ; her mother died in Grant Co. Mr. and Mrs. Dempsey have had six children, five of whom are living^George P., Silas H., Charles S.. Robert W. and Similde ; lost fifth child, Mary Edna. George P., now a resident of Mason City, Iowa, was a member of Co. K, 12th W. V. I.; enlisted in fall of 1861 ; veteranized at the expiration of his time, three years, and served till nearly the close of the war, when he was discharged for dis- ability. Silas and Charles were members of 38th W. V. I.; the latter was severely wounded, losing a part of one hand. Mr. Dempsey was the first Town Treasurer of Pennimore ; was member of Town Board twelve years ; Chairman of Board one term. ' B. C. JOINSDALE, farmer. Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Preston; son of Mr. John Dinsdale ; born at the homestead in the town of Pennimore in 1854. His wife was Miss Emma Thompson, daughter of Mr. Edward Thompson, an early settler of Hazel Green. H. H. EABli, Postmaster at Pennimore ; a native of Portage Co., Ohio ; he came West in 1838, and located in Salem Co., 111.; in 1848, he returned to his native place, and in 1850 came to Grant do. where he has since resided ; in 1870, he was elected Justice of the Peace, and held that office for nine years ; in April, 1875, he received the appointment of Postmaster, which office he has since held. He is married and has had ten children, only four of whom are living— Samuel Armstrong, son by former mar- riage ; Nancy, now Mrs. Loney ; Olie, now Mrs. Lewis ; and William. J. A. FARIVHAM, druggist, Pennimore ; born in Greene Co., N. Y., in June, 1853 ; he removed with his parents to Elgin, 111., about 1806 ; he came to Fennimore and engaged in his present business in October, 1878. His wife was Miss Ada Coleman. P. H. FINNECrAN, farmer, Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Fennimore; son of Michael Pinnegan, who came from Ireland to this country about 1845 ; he lived in Carroll Co., Ind., for some time, when he removed to Will Co., 111.; he came to Wisoonsia with his family about 1854. and settled in the town of Liberty, Grant Co.; he is still a resident of that town. P. H. was born in Ireland in 1842. His wife was Miss Agnes Robinson, daughter of John Robinson ; they have six children — Emma, Mary, George, Albert, Julia and Robert. Mr. Pinnegan was Assessor of the town of Fennimore for 1879 and 1880. TOWN OF FENNIMORE. 985 ANDREW GrOVIliR, merchant tailor, Fennimore ; he was born in Devonshire, England ; came to Grant Co. in August, 1862. He was married in 1855 to Miss Mary Sanders, also a native of England. She died Oct. 2, 1864, leaving four children, cwo sons and two daughters — Anna B., Emma, John and George. He was married a second time, Dec. 25, 1866, to Mrs. Elizabeth Tobler, widow of John D. Tobler, who died in the army ; she has a son by her former husband, John 0. Tobler. They have four children^Ida L., William E., Grant and Albert. WIIiLIAM (jrlLLHEAX, farmer. Sec. 23 ; P. 0. Fennimore; a native of New Hampshire- Went with his parents to Vermont when 9 years of age, remained there until 1857, when he came West to Grant Co. Located on his present farm in 1867. He has been a member of the Town Board, and served two years as Justice of the Peace. He was married to Miss Julia A. Dexter, a native of Massachusetts. They have three sons and three daughters. WIIililAM A. (jtRISWOIjD, farmer and stock-dealer, P. 0. Fennimore; was born in Essex Co., N. Y., February, 1826. He went to Heading, Penn., when a young man, where he learned his trade, that of machinist. He was connected with the machine-shops of the Philadelphia & Reading R. R. Co. for about seven years. He afterward went to Plattsburg, N. Y., where he was foreman of the shops of the Plattsburg & Montreal R. R. Co., and afterward to La Porte, Ind. He came to Lancaster, Grant Co., in 1856, where he and Richard Meyer built a saw-mill. He operated this mill for several years. In 1862, he went to Pittsburgh, Penn., and engaged as foreman of machinery in the construc- tion of the light-draft monitors, Umpqua and Manayunk ; was afterward connected with the construction of the Chicago Water Works. He purchased his present farm of 240 acres in 1872, and is now engaged principally in the stock business. His wife was Miss Harriet Meyer, born in St. Petersburg, Russia ; she came to the United States in 1848; of German parentage. Her father was a sea captain, and owner of a line of vessels, which plied between Russia and England. Mrs. Griswold is a cultured lady, speaking Russian, German, French and the English languages; she was educated in Russia, where she learned to speak the English language. Mr. and Mrs. Griswold have four children — Ira W., born in 1855, at Plattsburg; J. Lily, born in 1857, at Lancaster; Mary H. and Joseph N., born in 1870. GEORGE H. HORTOX, farmer, Sec. 17 ; P. 0. Fennimore ; was born in New Hampshire Feb. 16, 1835; came to Wisconsin in 1857, and settled in Grant Co. Was married to Mary A. Switzer in 1861. Mr. Horton enlisted in Co. K, 47th W. V. I., in 1865, and went South with the regiment, and was in active service until the close of the rebellion ; was honorably discharged, and returned to a farm- er's life. Mrs. Horton was born in Grant Co., Wis., in 1844 ; they have four living children — George, G., Charles A., Frank S. and Clyde S. He has always been identified with the Republican party, and has filled various town offices ; has been Assessor of his town and Justice of the Peace, and owns a valu- able farm of 290 acres, well improved. C. W. HIIVES, ticket agent, telegraph operator and express agent at Fennimore, for the Mil- waukee & Madison Branch of the N. W. R. R. Co. A native of Elgin, 111. He took charge of this office Jan. 1, 1881. CHARL.es WARREX LONEY, Fennimore. (Autobiography.) I was born Aug. 21 1808, in the town of Franklin, Ross Co., Ohio ; was brought up in a Methodist family, and taught to believe that it is wrong to break the Sabbath, or to attend church festivals ; I embraced religion in Indiana in 1834, and joined the Methodist Church. Was married, June 3, 1832, to Mary Switzer; removed with my family to the Territory of Wisconsin in October, 1846, and bought land and settled in the town of Fennimore, Grant Co. ; for personal abuse by those who should have been my friends, and for corrup- tions in the church, I called for and obtained a letter of recommendation from said church in 1871 ; in 1875, myself and wife presented our letters to the United Brethren in Christ, which church holds the same doctrines as regards the conditions of salvation, and have some church rules that I esteem more highly and vital importance in a religious view of the matter. This church is also more strict in the observance of their church discipline. These are some of the causes which led me to leave the M. ]i. Church and join the United Brethren. The love for and the tenacity wich which the former church clings to Freemasonry and other minor secret organizations, its organs, its church festivals and its church music all tend to deprive it of the power for usefulness which it formerly possessed. There is no man or woman that can be a true follower of the Savior, and at the same time deny Him. With regard to poli- tics, I always voted with the old Whig party while that party existed, and since its disorganization have voted with the Republican party. I was elected a Justice of the Peace in the town of Fennimore in 1847, and re-elected each succeeding two years for sixteen years. I taught the second term of school taught in the town in the winter of 1847-48. Mr. R. Dixon taught the first term the previous winter. 986 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: I was elected Town Superintendent of Schools in 1849, and again in 1852 and 1853 ; was elected Town Clerk in 1865, and re-elected annually for sixteen years in succession. I have tried different occupations for a livelihood, but have never made much money at anything, but have always endeavored to deal hon- estly with all with whom I have done business. We have had four children, all born in Indiana, three of whom are living — Mary Ann (now Mrs. Mumms), Charles W. and Wm. H. WIIiIilAM HARSDEN, farmer, Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Pennimore ; son of Henry Marsden, who. was born in Yorkshire, Eng., in 1806. He emigrated to Wisconsin with his family in 1842, and settled in Waukesha Co. the following spring. In 1853, he settled in the town of Liberty, Grant Co., where h& died in November, 1880! Had five children, all born in England, and all of whom are living — Mrs. Kebecca Rook, Thomas, William, Mrs. Jane Thomas and John ; the last two live in Kansas. William was born Jan. 1, 1838 ; settled where he now lives in 1863. He was married to Jane Warne ; they have five children— John, William, George, Anna and Frank; his farm contains 160 acres. Mr. Marsden is the present Treasurer of the town of Fennimore ; he has held that office for three years. JOHIV aiOWTEITH, farmer, Sec. 22 ; P. 0. Fennimore; son of Andrew Monteith ; born in Wigtonshire, Scotland, in 1829 ; he came to the United States in 1850 ; he lived for a time in the State of Vermont; thence to Western New York; he went to Indiana in 1851 ; he passed the winter of 1851-52 in Texas ; in the spring of 1852, he came to Grant Co. and settled in the town of Liberty. He went to California in the winter of 1853-54; returned in the fall of 1857. His wife was Miss Elizabeth Dinsdale, daughter of John Dinsdale ; they have three children — Willie, Bertha and- Cornelia; lost one son, their third child. Settled on present farm in 1866 ; has 320 acres of land. Mr. Monteith is one of the present members of the Town Board; was Chairman of board for three years; he was a soldier in the war for the Union; he enlisted in August, 1861, in the 7th W. V. I. ; served about two years, and was discharged for disability ; he participated in several severe engagements, including Gainesville and Second Bull Run. OEOROEi MOOWY, stone-mason, Fennimore; son of Isaiah Moody, one of the early settlers of Grant Co., who settled in the town of Smelser and went to California in 1849, where he still lives. George was born in the town of Smelser in 1847. His mother died when he was an infant. He has always resided in Grant Co. Has one brother, Sylvester, living in Grant Co. H. A. W. McWAIR, farmer, Sec. 30 ; P. 0. Fennimore ; is one of the prominent early settlers o^* Grant Co.; he was born in Lincoln Co., N. C, in 1818. His parents, natives of South Carolina, were of Scotch descent. He removed with his father's family to Bond Co., 111., about 1820, where his mother died . Mr. McNair was on what is now the town of Fennimore in Apr;l, 1842 ; he removed here perooanently in 1846. His father, with his family, came at the same time. He entered his present home in 1849, but had occupied the place since the spring of the previous year. James McNair, a brother, settled at the same time on an adjoining farm ; he is now a resident of the town of Mt. Ida. John McNair, the father of the subject of this sketch, died at the residence of his son in 1858. Parents had five children, two of whom died in Illinois. The third child, iMatilda, resides with her brother James. Mr. McNair was married to Mary Borland, born in Pennsylvania ; they have two children — Fred W., born in December, 1862, and Bessie. April, 1864 ; lost two youngest children, a son and daughter. Mr. McNair was a member of the Legislature three terms, 1859, 1867 and 1870; he was County Surveyor in 1861 and 1864. E. H. MOORE, stone-mason and plasterer, Sec. 18; P. O. Fennimore; was born in Camden Co., N. J., Nov. 11, 1837; removed with his parents to Indiana in 1840; had a liberal education in the public schools ; removed to Wisconsin in 1856 and settled in Fennimore, Grant Co. He married Mrs. Elmyria Eaton, daughter of David Hood, of Venango Co., Penn., Jan. 27, 1861. Mrs. Moore first mar- ried Clark Eaton, March 2, 1853, who died in 1860. Mrs. Moore has two daughters by her first husband — Mary, aged 26 years, who has followed teaching for ten years ; Melissa, wife of Rev. A. J. Hood, of this county. By her second marriage Mrs. Moore has one child — Alferetta, aged 19 years, a dressmaker. Mr. Moore enlisted in Co. E, 25th W. V. I., Jan. 4, 1864, and was in active service until the close of the war ; was honorably discharged. Is a member of the United Brethren Church, and is an active Repub- lican in his town. JOSEPH MORRISOHV, farmer. Sec. 7 ; P. 0: Fennimore ; was born in the Province of Ontario, Canada, July 28, 1833 ; removed to Illinois in 1851, and to Grant Co., Wis., September, 1858. Mr. Morrison enlisted in Co. C, 25th W. V. I., Aug. 12, 1862 ; was in active service with his regiment until the close of the rebellion ; was honorably discharged. He was married, Dec. 25, 1866, to Catherine E. Smith. Mrs. Morrison was born in Lake Co., Ind., in 1847. They have five children — Sarah C.j TOWN OF FENNIMORE. 98T Joseph L., George W., Frank E. and Margaret. Mr. M. ia an active Eepublican ; has been Deputy Sheriff and Constable. Owns 100 acres of valuable land. COXRAD NAPP, farmer, Sec. 29 ; P. 0. Pennimore ; was born in Rhine Province, Grermany> Oct. 15, 1829. His father, with his family, emigrated to Wisconsin in the fall of 1846, and settled in Hurricane Grove, Grant Co. He now resides at Cassville. His parents had nine children when they same to this country, six sons and three daughters, all of whom are now living except one daughter. Mr. Napp was married to Elizabeth Brek, daughter of Philip Brek, who emigrated from Germany to Grant Do. in 1848. Mr. and Mrs. Napp have nine children — Elizabeth, Mary M., Conrad, Charles, Carrie, Emma, John C, David and Mattie. His farm contains 340 acres. Is a member of the Presbyterian Church. T. POPE JAY, proprietor of meat market at Fennimore ; a native of Fayette Co., Ohio. He jame to Grant Co. in 1836, and was one of the earliest settlers. In September, 1842, he was married to Miss Mary Tindal. She died in 1844, leaving one daughter — Alice. He was married a second time, iu 1859, to Miss Sarah T. Kelley. They have a son and daughter — Terrance and Stella D. JOHIV G. PERKIIIfS, farmer, Sees. 18 and 19 ; P. O. Fennimore; a native of Vermont; Dorn in 1827. He came to Grant Co., and located on the farm where he now lives, and built the first douse in the village of Fennimore Center. He has resided here for the last twenty-three years, and, dur- ing that time, has held the offices of Constable, Assessor and District Clerk. He was married, in 1849, to Miss Elzina B. Gillman, a native of Vermont. They have three sons. W. H. PEDICOBD, manufacturer of harnesses and saddles, Fennimore ; born in Vanwert Do., Ohio. He came to Grant Co. in November, 1878, and established his present business the^ same year. He was married, Oct. 14, 1879, to Miss Mary Shiffman, a native of Grant Co. They have one daughter, Marcia. Members of the M. E. Church. Mr. Pedicord is a member of the I. 0. 0. F. D. O. PICKABD, M. D., Fennimore; born in Northern Ohio, October, 1837. His par- 3nts afterward removed to Michigan, and came to Stephenson Co., 111., iu 1838. When 18 years of age, the Doctor went to Minnesota,, where he lived till 1861, when he enlisted in the 2d U. S. Sharpshooters, organized by Col. Berdan. He re-enlisted, in 1864, as Hospital Steward and medical student. During his service in the army, he participated in many important battles and campaigns. His regiment was dis- banded just before the close of the war, and he was discharged as a supernumerary. He continued the study of medicine after the close of the war. He took his first course of lectures at Charity College, Cleveland, Ohio; graduated, in 1879, at the Detroit Medical College. He began practice at Richland Center, Richland Co., Wis., where he lived three years ; thence to Boscobel, where he was in practice seven years. He came to Fennimore in March, 1879. His wife was Miss Ida McClain, daughter of John McClain, and adopted daughter of Alfred Palmer, of Boscobel. JUDSOK PERKINS, proprietor of Railroad House, Fennimore; born in Rutland Co., Vt., in 1840. He came to Fennimore from Vermont, in February, 1866. He was engaged for a time in farming, afterward, in buying and shipping horses to Boston, Mass. He has been connected with the railroad for several years ; built his hotel in 1880. His wife was Cornelia Clark, born in Vermont. His parents, Amasa and Lucy Perkins, came to Fennimore about 1 864. They are now deceased. DWIGHT TIMOTHY PARKER, Sr,, deceased, was born Dec. 21, 1821, in the irillage of Malone, N. Y. When a mere child, his parents removed to Georgia, Franklin Co., Vt., on the shores of that beautiful and historic lake — Champlain. Enos, his father, a pious, industrious and bighly respected citizen, was one of the pioneers of that region, and possessed much of that ambitious spirit and determination which so sisnally characterized his son in after years ; he departed this life only some sixteen months previous to the demise of his son Dwight, in the 76th year of his age. Mary Todd, ;he mother, whose death occurred during her son's infancy, was a sister to the late Dr. John Todd, a levout Christian, warm-hearted and noble, and a woman of rare intelligence. Here on the farm, near jcorgia Plains, where the rising sun appears among the grand old mountains, and sinks serenely behind ;he little lake, Dwight T. Parker, Sr., was reared. Assisting his father in the fields during the summer Bonths, he was taught that lesson of industry, perseverance and frugality that was never to be forgotten, [n the winter he trudged wearily through the deep snows of Northern Vermont to and from the simple listrict school, where he learned the rudiments of figures, in which he afterward proved himself so ;hcroughly proficient. For several years after his majority, a desire grew upon him for more of fame ind worldly goods than seemed likely to be acquired among the hilis and densely populated regions of 3ld Vermont. Thus, in the year 1843, he emigrated westward, his objective point being Wisconsin, then 988 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: a Territory. Arrivinjr here, his first stop was made at Watertown, penniless and among strangers. From here he journeyed, principally on foot, to Lancaster, Grant Co., havino; been prompted thither with an eye to mining, then the principal vocation in that section, arriving there with but a small bundle of clothing and $12 in money, which constituted his entire worldy efi^ects. Nothing daunted, he struck out for the mining business, but not having had sufficient experience, ho met with poor success, and conse- quently pursued that occupatiin for only a brief period. The Boscobel Journal of 1870-71, in biograph- ical sketches of his life, speaks of Mr. Parker as follows : " Coming to Lancaster, he sought, by working at whatever chanced to yield a return, to add to his greatly reduced purse, and we are told that while stopping with a distant relation, some question came up as to his poverty, and with a voice full of resolu- tion, he replied that he would yet be at the top of the ladder. He took the job of digging for a mill a short distance from here, and by working night and day, completed his task, whereby he earned $50 in less than a week. We give this instance as illustrative of the indomitable will and wonderful power of endurance which he possessed. And it was by this industrious spirit, perseverance and economy that he has secured for his family a competency. * * * « Abandoning the pick and shovel for the book and rod, we next find him 'teaching the young idea how to shoot' in one of our smaller country towns. In 1848, we first hear of him in the mercantile business, as one of the firm of Kendall & Parker, located at Lancaster." Dec. 27, of this year, Mr. Parker was married to Miss Mary E., daughter of Lenhart O. Shrader, a man quite prominent in his time, whose sister, Mary E., was the esti- mable wife of Hon. Charles Dunn, first Chief Justice of Wisconsin, and afterward Judge of the 5th Wisconsin Circuit, and mother of Mrs. ex-Gov. Nelson Dewey, of this State. By this union four chil- dren were born, all of whom, together with the mother, are living — the eldest, a daughter, May Louise, and three sons, Dwight Timothy, Prank Arunah and Charles Dewey. The daughter, a woman of culture and refinement, and graduate both of music and letters, receiving instructions in the former at Rookford Female Seminary, and in the latter at Milwaukee Female College ; was married in February, 1875, to Andrew J. Pipkin, at present a banker and prominent citizen of Boscobel. The eldest son, Dwight, Jr., an industrious, frugal and temperate young man, inheriting many of the father's excellent qualities, though "but 22 years of age, has,'' says a correspondent of the Chicago Tribune of 1879, "shown himself to be one of the best business men in the county." For several years prior to 1876, he pursued studies at Beloit College and the State University. In January, 1879, he was elected Vice President, and shortly afterward became President of the First National Bank of Bos- cobel, an institution founded by his father, and of which he was principal owner and President ; but now in voluntary liquidation. Thus Dwight, Sr., was its first, and Dwight, Jr., its last presid- ing officer. Oct. 13, 1880, he was married to Cora B. Anderson, of Ripon, Wis. He resides on his fine stock farm in Fennimore. Frank A., the second son, 22 years of age, for some time attended school at Poughkeepsie, N. Y., and afterward, owing somewhat to ill health, visited Colorado; he is at present in New Orleans. Frank is a young man of excellent habits, and possessing great pride of character. The third and youngest son, Charles D., now in his 19th year, resides with his moiher at Boscobel, at ending school. He, too, is a youth of bright prospects and fair promise. In 1850, Mr. Parker bought the entire interest of his partner, Kendall, and for seven years stood alone, when, in 1857, discontinuing shortly afterward his Lancaster inierest, he opened a branch store at Boscobel, calling it the " People's Store," a name that soon became nearly as familiar to the people of northern Grant and Crawford Counties as their own. He was really the founder and most prominent business man of th« latter place, at the time of his death (1871) an enterprising village of about 1,500 inhabitants. '' Up to five years ago," again quoting the Journal, " Mr. Parker's time and fortune were mainly devoted to merchandising, in which, with speculating in live-stock and grain, he was always suc- cessful. During the last five years, still furnishing capital for three stores, located at Boscobel, Wauzeka and Fennimore, Mr. Parker's time has been devoted mainly to farming and stock-raising. He is the owner of about 4,300 acres of wood and tillable land in this county." Speaking of his home farm, the Prairie du Chien Courier, in its obituary notice of Mr. Parker, says : " Though he was a successful mer- chant, he was equally as successful an agriculturist ; he was a great lover of fine stock, and many of the most pleasant hours of his life were spent on his large farm. His stock farm, the largest in Grant Co., is situated in the town of Fennimore, about fourteen miles southward from Boscobel, and embraces nearly a score of eighties of the choicest lands in the State, 1,000 acres of which, in a body, are under an excel- lent state of cultivation, and the remainder heavily timbered land, a feature extremely important in con- nection with so large a farm. Here he put the best stock that could be found; and through a complete knowledge of the business, aided by a good judgment and well-directed energy, he became one of the most thorough and prosperous farmers in Wisconsin. This induced the members of the Grant County Agri- TOWN OF FEXNIMOEE. 989 cultural Society to elect him their President, a position which he filled for three years, and with great ability." Speaking of him at home on his farm, the Journal again remarks : '' Mr. Parker, ever ready ■with his fine conversational powers, and a mind well filled with all there is good of poetry or prose, will keep his guest a willing listener for hours to his quotations from Burns and Saxe, giving the peculiar dia- lect of the former to perfection. * * * Qf surety, Mr. Parker is peculiarly blest with a helpmate, one who has been chiefly instrumental by saving what he has by persevering industry secured. Mr. Parker is as liberal as hospitable ; we could enumerate many instances of his generosity had we the time and space." Sufiice to say, though a member of no religious denomination, he was a man of high moral character, and bequeathed, in several instances, sites for the erection of church edifices, in adJition to liberal support otherwise ; he gave generously for educational purposes, and those in adversity always found in him a friend and sympathizer. Mr. Parker was by far the heaviest real estate owner in Bosco- Tjel, being the possessor of at least a dozen buildings, and lots innumerable. In 1869, he erected here the largest and finest store building in Grant County ; occupied after its completion by Parker, Hildebrand & Oo. — Mr. Parker as the senior partner — a firm then doing the heaviest mercantile business in Southwestern Wisconsin. The last important business movement in which Mr. Parker distinguished himself was the establishment of the First National Bank of Boscobel, but a few weeks prior to his death, of which, as we have said, he was principal owner and President. The Courier, in its obituary notice of him, again adds : " He was a successful man in almost every enterprise he undertook, and at once gained the fullest •confidence of his friends and patrons by his integrity and close attention to business. The hundreds with whom he was connected in business relations bear testimony to his just, honorable and generous dealings. He was singularly devoid of ostentation. Nothing was needed to secure his respect and confidence, but honesty and industry; and for nothing had he greater contempt than idleness and affectation." Having thus given an outline of Mr. Parker's life, brief mention will be made of his last moments and death. When, on the 19th day of May, 1871, after many months of suffering caused by a tumor, the result of an accident some two years previous, he was informed that there were no hopes of his recovery, he ex- pressed no surprise, but regretted exceedingly that he might not be spared to see his children, whom he as fondly loved as ever did a parent, grown to lionorable manhood and womanhood, under the guidance and protection of a father's loving hand. Thus, at 6:15 P. M., on the 21st day of May, 1871, his useful life ■went out, while yet " in the full strength of years ;" and, to still more sadden the scene, at that period of the year when nature appears at her best, having but barely assumed that rich and perfect verdancy that «o pleases life, as to cause not only the winged creatures to respond in sweetest notes and creation in gen- eral to acknowledge in their respective ways, the beauties of the Creator, but man himself to proclaim life, even at its worst, well worth the living. THOMAS A. PAIiliETT, farmer, Sec. 25; P. 0. Preston; born in England in 1828. His parents emigrated to the United States in 1840, and settled in Lee Co., Iowa. In 1847, Mr. Pallett went to ^t. Louis, where he learned the trade of a millwright, and lived about three years. He came to Orant Co. in 1850, and settled in the town of Jamestown; settled on his present farm of 160 acres in 1873. He was married to Eleeia Dean, daughter of Mandley Dean. She was born in Pennsylvania in 1841, and removed to Grant Co. from Ohio in 1848. Her parents now live in the town of EUenboro, Grant Co. Mr. Pallett's parents settled in Grant Co., town of Jamestown, in 1848. They are now deceased. Mr. Pallett's children are Thomas M., born in 1865 , William, born in 1867 ; Lettie, born in 1869, and Mary E., born in 1875. Mr. Pallett built a flouring-mill in the town of Jamestown in 1860, which he owned and operated for thirteen years. He settled on his present farm in 1873, and engaged in farming. ALLiEJV PRITCHETT, grocer and restaurant-keeper, Fennimore. He was born in Pennimore, Grant Co., Wis., in 1848, and has been a resident of the above town up to the present date. He married Alice Day in the year 1871. Mrs. Pritchett is also a native of Fennimore, Grant Co., Wis. They have four children — Elmer, Glenny, Burt and Mabel. Mr. Pritchett is a prominent citizen of the village of Fennimore. JOHN ROBINSON, Jr., farmer, Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Fennimore ; son of John Robinson, Sr. (deceased), one of the earliest settlers of Grant Co., who was born in Manchester, England, in 1809, and 1838 to Mary Walker (born in England, in the fall of 1816) ; they emigrated to the United States in 1839, and settled in Plat teville, where he had charge of a saw-mill for about one year, then removed to Potosi, where he lived two or three years engaged in smelting ore, then returned to Platteville ind engaged in farming; afterward to the town of Smelser for five years; returned to Potosi ; came to Montfort Oc- tober, 1851 ; he took charge of a furnace for Lewis & Palliser about two years, then engaged for about a year in mining, after which he entered the mercantile business. Has had ten children, four of whom are living — Margaret (now Mrs. James Chandler), Mary E. (now Mrs. James M. Gaston), George S. and William M. John enlisted in 1862 in the 20th W.V. I. and went into camp with the regiment at Madison ; he was soon after taken sick of typhoid fever, came home and died of that disease. Two other sons, Will- iam and Henry, contracted the same disease, and the three brothers dud within a few weeks of one another. Charles, another son, died during the sanie year. Lost two other children — Beatrice and Thomas. JOHIV BOWERS, farmer. Sec. 14 ; P. 0. Montfort; was born in Wurtemberg, Germany, in 1835; came to the United States in 1854, lived one year in the State of New York and then went to Galena, Ul., where he lived several years. He then went to Platteville, where he was married to Charlotte- Williams, born in Cornwall, England, and daughter of Thomas Williams, who came to Grant Co. in 1847. Have seven children — John Albert, Rosena, James. William S., Franklin J., Elizabeth A. and Minnie. Settled on present farm from Iowa Co., in 1878. D. M. BILIilNGJS, farmer, Sec. 20; P. 0. Montfort; son of Henry M. Billings, who emi- grated from Vermont to Mineral Point, Wis., in 1834 ; removed to Centerville about 1835, and engaged in minins, where he lived till 1847, when he' removed to the town of Eden, Iowa Co., where he resided till his death, February, 1861. His mother, Mrs. Ann Billings, resides at the homestead in Iowa Co. D. M. was born in Iowa Co., October, 1849. Married Margaret Greene, daughter of S. D. Greene. Has four children — Minnie, Frank, Fred and Mabel. Located where he now lives in the sprinsj of 1878. Mr. Billings was formerly engaged in the mercantile business, Montfort. JOSEPH P. CHAlVDliER, farmer. Sec. 22 ; P. 0, Montfort; son of Clayborn Chandler. (See biography of James S, Chandler,) Was born in Monticello, Lewis Co.', Mo., August, 1840; camct to the Territory of Wisconsin with his father's family. He was married to Louisa, daughter of Daniel Thomas, who came to Grant Co. from Pennsylvania, in 1859. Mr. and Mrs. Chandler have ten children, five sons and five daughters- — Frank, Fred, May, Thomas, Josie, Lizzie, Hattie, Clayborn, Clara and Henry. Lost two children. • Mr. Chandler settled on his present farm of 260 acres in the fall of 1861. ELISHA CARRIIVGTOIV, farmer; P. 0. Montfort; born in the town of Bristol, Ontario Co., N. Y., in 1832; his father died when he was an infant; when 10 years of age, he removed with his mother to the State of Ohio, but he returned to the State of New York in the spring of 1849 ; he went back to Ohio in 1851 ; he came to Grant Co. in 1852 ; he removed to Iowa Co. in March, 1866, where he lived about two years; he then settled in the town of Clifton, Grant Co.; he has been a resident of Iowa and Grant Counties since he first came to Wisconsin ; he settled in the village of Montfort Dec. 24, 1877. He was married to Caroline, daughter of Adam Keith ; her father came to Grant Co. about 1847; he now lives in Nebraska. Mr. and Mrs. Carrington have ten children, four sons and six daughters — Gertrude L., Ella J., Jane L., William G,, Adam M,, Henrietta K., Elisha L., Bertha D. and Mabel S. Mr. Carrington is the present Town Trea.surer of Wingville ; he was Chairman of the Town Board of Clifton two years, and of the town of Wingville in 1880. JAMES S. CHAlVDIiER, Montfort; son of Clayborn and Mary J. Chandler; father was born in Boone Co.. Ky. ; he removed to Missouri, where he married ; he came to Grant Co. with his family in the fall of 1844, and located at Potosi,, where he lived fur some time, and then returned to Mis- souri; returned to Wisconsin with his family in 1847, and settled in the town of Highland, Iowa Co., where he lived two years, and then settled in the town of W^ingville ; he was engaged in the mercantile business in Montfort from 1850 until 1856, then removed to Minnesota; was absent about three years, when he returned to Grant Co. ; he died at Boscobel in 1863 ; James S. was born in Lewis Co., Mo., in 1835 ; in 1850, when only 15 years of age, he went by the overland route to California ; was absent about three years. He was married to Margaret A. Bell, a daughter of Edward Bell; she was born in Grant Co. MRS. MARGARET CHANEY, Centerville, Iowa Co.; widow of Ezekiel Chaney, who was born in Kentucky about 1820; his parents emigrated to Illinois when he was a boy; he came at an early day to the mining regions ol' this part of the State of Wisconsin. He was married in Iowa Co. to TOWN OF WINGVILLE. 993 Mrs. John Russell, formerly Miss Hughes. Mr. Chaney followed the occupation of mining for many years. He enlisted in 1861 in the 11th W. V. I. ; was severely wounded at the siege of Vicksburg, and died at Memphis, Tenn., in the fall of 1863. Mrs. Chaney has three children by her first husband; she had five by second marriage, four of whom are living — William H., Lewis, Isabelle and Clara ; all born in Iowa Co.; William H. was born at Centerville in 1855. THOH AS J. DAVIS, hardware merchant, Montfort ; son of Benjamin J. Davis, who set- tled in Iowa Co. about 1844; his parents were natives of Wales; they settled in the town of Ridgeway, from the State of Ohio; Thomas was born io^the town of Ridgeway in 1852; he engaged in the hard- ware business with his brother Daniel in the village of Arena, Iowa Co. ; afterward engaged in teaching several terms of school ; he came to Montfort and engaged in his present business Nov. 14, 1878. AIjEXANDER DUKCAN, harness-maker, Montfort ; born in Aberdeen, Scotland, in 1830 ; his parents, emigrated to Canada in 1836, and to Lockport, Will Co., 111., about 1839, to Racine Co., Wis., about 1842, and to Iowa Co. about 1847 ; in the summer of 1849, Mr. Duncan was engaged as raftman on the Wisconsin River, where he had the misfortune to lose his left leg, having it crushed between a raft and the rocks at Conlt's Rapids ; this misfortune induced him to learn his trade, that of harness-making; he was engaged as an apprentice at tJalena, 111, and at Dodgeville, Wis.; he came to Montfort in May, 1870, and look charge of a harness-shop; he bought the business in December, 1880. He married Mrs. Frances R. Shaddock, daughter of Richard H. Palmer. Mr. Palmer is one of the earliest pioneers of Wisconsin ; he was born in Halifax Co., Va., in 1805 ; he went to tralena, 111., iu 1826 ; settled near Platteville, Grant Co., in 1830 ; afterward removed to La Fayette Co., thence to Dubuque, afterward to Jo Daviess Co., 111. ; he came td Montfort in 1851, and was a soldier in the Black Hawk war ; has been engaged in mining the most of his life ; has been married twice ; had ten children by first wife and one by second ; has five children living. Mr. and Mrs. Duncan have two children — George and Francis A. Mrs. Duncan has three children by first marriage — Eva, William and Lucretia. Cir. W. DAVIS, harness-maker, Montfort ; son of R. J. Davis, of Iowa Co. ; he was born in the town of Ridgeway, Iowa Co., in 1856 ; he served his apprenticeship with Mr. M. C MefFert, of Arena, Wis.; he engaged in business at Lime Springs, Iowa, in 1877 ; came to Montfort in December, 1880 ; his wife was Kate E. Wilson, daughter of Job Wilson, of Iowa Co. DR. PETER DE WITT, Montfort ; born in New Jersey in 1804 ; he removed to the State of Ohio when about 14 years of age, with his parents ; he came to Wisconsin in the summer of 1852, and settled in the town of Kendall, La Fayette Co.; he came to Montfort in November, 1856 ; he was engaged in the practice of medicine for twenty-five years. He was married in Ohio to Levina Bowles ; they have five children — Elizabeth, Joseph M., Mary A., Thomas, born in Ohio. in 1834; John, born in 1836 ; en- listed in the 6th Mo. V. C. in 1861, and served till the close of the war as First Lieutenant; he was assas- sinated at Matamoras, Mexico, in 1866; Isaac, born in 1843 ; enlisted in the 20th W. V. I. in 1862; he participated in a number of important campaigns and battles ; was at the seige and surrender of Vicks- burg ; at Spanish Fort and Fort Morgan, etc. ; he served till the close of the war. Dr. De Witt's present wife was Mrs. Sarah Morrill. ROBERT DIGGLE, farmer, Sec. 23; P. 0. Montfort; born in England in 1826; he emi- grated to Philadelphia in August, 1854, where he was engaged in the calico print works of that city, which business he had learned in England. He came to Grant Co. in October, 1869, and settled on his present farm. He was married in England to Betsey Whittaker, who died in Philadelphia ; his present wife was Mrs. Sarah Shapco't, formerly Miss Powell, born in Somersetshire, England, about 1822. Mr. Diggle had six children hj his first marriage, four of whom are living, viz.: Joseph, James, George and John. Mrs. Diggle has four sons by her first marriage— William, John, Henry and Richard. Mr. D.'s farm contains 160 acres. Ho and wife are members of the Advent Church. JOHN DUNIV, P. O. Muscoda ; son of Judge Dunn ; a native of Illinois, born Feb. 14, 1824 ; he came to this State with his parents in 1837, and located with them at Oak Grove, La Fayette Co., where he engaged in farming and field-surveying for three years ; in 1850, he made a trip to California (overland route), and remained there ten years ; the first year he engaged in mining, and the succeeding years in stock-raising ; on his return to this State, he bought a farm in the town of Wingville, which he still owns and manages. He was married in I860 to Miss Elizabeth Howard, a native of Illinois ; they have five sons and four daughters ; the two oldest sons are in Kansas, engaged in stock-raising ; the remaining children are at home. 994 BIOGKAPHICAL SKETCHES: HENRY EASTM AX, banker and lumber dealer, Montfort ; born in Canada in 1830; he ■came to Wisconsin with his parents (the latter now deceased) in the fall of 1845, and settled in the town ■of Smelser, Grant Co.; he went to California via the isthmus in 1849, and engaged in mining, where he stayed two years ; he then engaged in business in Guttenburg, Iowa, for one and a half years ; thence to •Galena, 111., where he engaged in the lumber trade, where he remained about six years ; he ihen remuved to Jackson Co., Wis., and engaged in the manufacture of lumber, where he stayed about four years, when he returned to Grant Co. and located at Hazel Green, where he kept hotel; he came to Montfort in 1863. Was married to Mary Honeywell ; they have four children — Morton H., Maggie, Cora B. and Orval B. L.EROY EliJLISS, farmer. Sec. 23; P. 0. Montfort; born in Perry Co., Ohio, in 1835; he was Ibrought up in Washington Co., in that State ; he went to Indiana in 1854, but returned to Ohio the fol- lowing year ; he removed to Richland Co. in 1856, where he stayed one year ; thence to Iowa Co., where he Jived till 1861, when he enlisted in the 3d W. V. I.; served two years, when he was discharged for disabil- ity ; he returned to Iowa Co. and was married to Mary A. Culbertson, born in Iowa Co.; they have four •children — Prank B., George R , Jennie May and Mary L. Mr. Ellis bought his present farm in April, 1880. €HRI|i$TOPHEB FRANKLAND, proprietor of Prankland House, Montfort; was born in Yorkshire, England, in 1825 ; he came to the United States in 1849 and settled in the village of Jef- ferson, town of Hazel Green, Grant Co., thenes to Pairview, in the same town, and engaged in mining ; 'he first came to Montfort in 1853, where he was engaged in work for a time in the furnace ; he returned to Pairview in 1854 and engaged in butchering; thence to the town of Benton, La Fayette Co., where he Mved about seven years, engaged in farming and butchering ; he then purchased a hotel in the town of New Diggings ; afterward to the village of Benton, where he purchased and kept the United States House ; thence to Montfort in April, 1874, and purchased his present hotel of J. S. Chandler ; was also engaged in butchering for two years. He was married in Yorkshire, to Miss Elizabeth Hird ; they have eight chil- dren, six sons and two daughters — John (now in Colorado), Elizabeth (now Mrs. James Bunt, of Mont- fort), Jane A. (now Mrs. James Hoskin, of Benton), Edward, James, Samuel, Christophef and William. E. W. FOWLER, proprietor of saloon, Montfort ; was born in Sussex Co., N. J.; brought up in Susquehanna Co., Penn.; he came to Grant Co. and settled at Boscobel, and engaged in his present occupation ; he came to Montfort July, 1880. Married Rosalie L. Stephens. JAIIE!!^ GASTON, farmer, Sec. 28 ; P. O. Montfort ; was born in Chester Co., Penn., in 1815 ; his parents died when he was a child ; he removed to Champaign Co., Ohio, when 21 years of age ; 'he came to Grant Co. in 1847, and settled in the northeast part of Fennimore ;. he settled on his present 'farm in 1850, which he purchased of Washington Bennett, the original settler. He was married in Ohio, ■to Ellen Chapman, who was born in 1819. Mr. Gaston's farm contains 240 acres. He and wife are mem- bers of the Methodist Episcopal Church. GOTTFRIED HESS, wagon manufacturer ; was born in Prussia, Germany, in 1824 ; became 'to the United States in 1850 ; he lived a few months in Pittsburgh, Penn., thence to Milwaukee, where he lived till the spring of 1851, when he came to Grant Co. Mr. Hess entered the Prussian army in 1846, and served about four years ; he enlisted Jan. 11, 1865, in the 44th W. V. I., and served until the close of the war ; he was a non-commissioned" officer in both the Prussian and Union armies. He was mar- iried to Lucinda Schree, born in Pennsylvania in 1834; they have four children — Lucelia, George, Etta and Ellen. REV. NEIiSON A. HITCHCOCK, minister of the Second Advent Christian Conference, Montfort; born in Windsor Co., Vt., July 9, 1812 ; when he was about 5 years of age, he removed with his parents to Otsego Co., N. Y.; in 1822, removed to Oneida Co.; in 1828, he removed with his father's ifamily to the town of Mexico, Oswego Co. Here he was married in 1833 to Matilda Avery, born in the State of New York. He began his ministry in 1832, as an exhorter among the Methodist people ; in 1836, •owing to doctrinal differences, he separated from the Methodist denomination and joined the Now York Central Christian Conference; in 1843, he began preaching the doctrines of the Second Advent Church, which resulted in his separating from the Christian Conference. He removed to Milwaukee in July, 1846 ; he preached there for a time, where he established a church ; he has been preaching at different points in Wisconsin and Illinois since that time, though owing to declining health, he discontinued regular preaching in 1873 ; he settled in Fennimore in that year ; came to Montfort in May, 1879. He has five children — Martha M. Miller, whose first husband — Willard W. Shepard — was killed at the battle of Pea Ridge; Mary M. Parker; Philo, now Pastor of a Second Advent Church at Mifflin; William A.; and Alvirus N., Pastor of the Congregational Church at Mazomanie ; has lost three children. TOWN OF WINGVILLE. 995 1IR!>$. NANCY J. HYDE, Montfort ; widow of the late David Hyde, who was born in the State )f Connecticut in 1797 ; when he was 9 years of age, his parents removed to the State of New York, vhere he was married to Martha Cowan, who died in the State of New York ; he afterward came to the State of Wisconsin and settled in the town of MiflSlin, Iowa Co., where he was married to the subject of this iketoh, then Nancy J. Lightner; they were married in 1865 ; came to Montfort in December, 1873, where Mr. Hyde died in 1875. Mrs. Hyde was born in Huntingdon Co., Penn., in September, 1825 ; she was Harried to Mr. Joseph P. Brought, who died in Pennsylvania ; she has one son by her first marriage — William M. Brought ; she had one daughter by her second marriage — Rachel S. Hyde, who died in 1 876, in ler tenth year ; four children of Mr. Hyde by his first marriage are living. Mrs. Hyde is a member of ;he M. E. Church GEORGE HELIiEB, farmer and miner. Sec. 13; P. O. Montfort; son of Matthew Heller, who emigrated from Germany to Iowa Co. in 1841 and settled in the town of Highland, where he still ives; George was born in Germany in December, 1838. He was married to Nancy Parish; has two jhildren — Victor and Nancy. HARIDA HOWARD, barber, Montfort; born in Louisville, Ky., Sept. 27, 1853; he came to Platteville, Wis., in 1865, where he learned his trade, and where he lived until he came to Montfort May 17, 1878. GEORGE W. KENDRICK, Montfort; born in Frederick Co., Va., in 1819; he came to Wisconsin in the fall of 1845 ; he lived in the town of Mifflin, Iowa Co., till the following year, when he 3ngaged to work on a farm in the town of Clifton, Grant Co. He was married to Sarah A. Tucker in the spring of 1847 ; she died in the spring of 1862 ; his second wife was Catharine Herman ; he has three ohildren — Sarah J., Edward J. and Eleanor A. His father, George Kendrick, was also a native of Fred- erick Co., Va., and a soldier in the war of 1812 ; he came to Grant Co. in 1848, and died of cholera soon after. Mr. Kendrick's present wife was Miss Pamelia Messersmith, born in Alton, 111., in 1824 ; married to Mr. Kendrick in October, 1877 ; her father, John Messersmith, was born in Pennsylvania in 1790, where he was married to Elizabeth Schell ; he went to Galena, 111., in the spring of 1827, and located near Dodgeville in the fall of that year, where he removed his family from Galena in the fall of 1828 ; he located a farm here, and also engaged in the business of mining and smelting ; he was at one time the owner of valuable mining lands ; he died on his farm in the fall of 1855 ; his wife died in Madison in 1876, in her 84th year. Mr. M. had ten children — four sons and six daughters ; four daughters and one 3on are still living — Henry, resides in Jasper Co., Mo.; Mary, now Mrs. William H. Virgin ; Pamelia, now Mrs. Kendrick ; Matilda ; Charlotte, now Mrs. Davis, resides in Missouri ; names of children deceased are John, George, William, Eliza and Jane. ' DAVID KITCH, farmer. Sec. 22; P. 0. Montfort ; born in Mercer Co., Penn., in 1830. His father, Martin Kitch, died when he was an infant. His mother afterward married Mr. MoLimans. The family emigrated to the Territory of Wisconsin in May, 1845 ; they reached Galena on the 2d of May of that year, and Willow Springs, Iowa Co., Wis., on the 9th of that month, and settled near Mineral Point in the fall of that year ; the family afterward settled in the town of Fennimore ; his mother now lives in that village. Mr. MoLimans died in the fall of 1877. Mr. Kitch has been resident of Grant and Iowa Cos. since 1845. He was married to Sylvina Merritt, daughter of Aaron and Isabel, born in Trumbull Co., Ohio, in 1826 ; she came to Wisconsin in 1849. They have had four children, two of whom are living — Frank L. and Minnie I.; children deceased are Martin, an infant, and Milton, who was married to Fanny Welles, and died February, 1880, leaving a widow and one child — Fred M. Mr Kitch's farm contains 120 acres. JOSEPH H. lilNCOIiN, wagon-maker and blacksmith, Montfort ; born in Chester Co., Penn., in 1827. He came to Wisconsin with his parents, who settled in Platteville in June, 1844. His father was Kzariah Lincoln ; parents now deceased ; they had seven children, four sons and three daugh- ters ; the sons and one daughter are still Hying. Mr. Lincoln came to Montfort, and engaged in business in 1851. He was married to Margaret Laird, daughter of Thomas Laird; she died May, 1870. He has three children — Mary E., Eva 0., Ezariah T.; lost one child. KIRS. ElilZABETH LAIRD, widow of Thomas Laird, who was born in Ireland Nov. 15, 1815. He emigrated with his parents to Philadelphia, when a child, and where he resided till he had reached manhood. He was married to Mrs. Laird, then Elizabeth Twining, daughter of John Twining, born in Bucks Co., Penn., May 2, 1819. They were married July 23, 1835. About 1835, they removed to Delaware, where Mr. Laird was engaged in a cotton factory ; they removed to Illintjis 00 S96 BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHEls: about 1842; they settled at Galena in 1844, and came to Grant Co. about 1846; settled in Wingville about 1850. Mr. Laird was engaged in various occupations. He died in 1877. Mrs. Laird has three sons and five daughters — Sarah (now Mrs. Ira Scofield), Nancy (now Mrs. Thomas DeWittJ, Sophrona, Susan (now Mrs. Robert Moran), Thomas, Jessie P., Fremont and Seward. Thomas was born in Wing- ville October, 1853 ; is engaged in civil engineering;. Mrs. Laird has lost five children; all died in infancy except Mrs. Thomas Lincoln. MRS. ANN LEADBETTER, Montfort; was bora in Butler Co., near Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1814. She removed to what is now Peoria, 111., in 1827, and thence to Galena the following year. She is one of the few early settlers remaining whose memories date back to years preceding the noted Black Hawk war, and who remember vividly the stirring events of that period. She was married in 1828, near Galena, to Mr. Samuel Moore. They came to Grant Co. in 1848. Her second husband, Mr. Leadbetter, died in California. She has seven children — Nancy Jane Moore, Eugene Moore, Alexander Moore and Susan Moore (now Mrs. Parish) ; by second marriage — Martha, Lucretia and Asopheena. EDWARD B. MOBfTEITH, farmer. Sec. 30; P. 0. Montfort; was born in Wigtonshire, Scotland, March, 1822; is a brother of Mr. John Monteith, of the town of Fennimore. He came to the United States in 1848 ; he lived in Vermont for about three years, thence to Janesville, Wis., where he lived about three years. Is a stone-mason by trade. He came to Platteville in 1854, and was employed in the building of the State Normal School building of that village. He settled on a farm in the town of Liberty; came to his present location March, 1869, which he purchased of Mr. James McCubben. Mrs. Monteith was born in 1823. They hdve seven children — Elizabeth (now Mrs. Jacob Smith), Jessie (now Mrie. Alexander Smith), James R., Isabel (now Mrs. Walter Smith), Martha J. (now Mrs. James Pres- ton), Mary A., Margaret E. (now Mrs. Miles Helm). Mr. Monteith's farm contains about 400 acres. JAUES R. MONTEITH, farmer. Sec. 19 ; P. 0. Montfort; son of Edward B. Monteith ; born in Janesville, Wis., in 1853. Married Lizzie A. Borger, daughter of Daniel Borger; she was born in Wisconsin ; they have four children — Margaret A,, Nettie A., James I. and Llewellyn C. His farm contains 80 acres. AliONZO D. MILJLS, farmer, Sec. 15 ; P. 0. Montfort ; was born in the town of Batavia, Genesee Co., N. Y., in 1812 ; his parents removed to the State of Illinois when he was a child ; he came to Mineral Point in the then Territory of Wisconsin in 1837 ; the following year he settled at Centerville, where he lived about eight years ; he then settled on his present farm, where he has since resided ; has been twice married. His first wife was Miss Emily Jane Townsend. whom he married at Centerville ; she was born in Wisconsin. His present wife was Mary E. Denson, born in Ireland ; has had fifteen chil- dren — seven sons and five daughters are living. Mr. Mills was appointed Justice of the Peace by Gov. Dodge when Wisconsin was yet a Territory ; he has held thai office for about twenty years. AUGrSTUS MATTHEWS, station agent, Montfort; was born in Washington Co., Ohio ; he came to Richland Co., Wis., from Morgan Co., Ohio, in March, 1857 ; he resided in Richland Co. till 1862 ; he then removed to Blue River Station, on the Madison & Prairie du Chien Railroad, where he resided till June, 1880, when he assumed his present position. He was married to Elizabeth Boswell, born in Ohio, of Quaker parentage ; they have four children — Ella (now telegraph operator and book-keeper at the station), Clara, Althea and Edward E. HENRY E. MOORE, Montfort; bom in the town of Mifflin, Iowa Co., March, 1845 ; son of Daniel B. Moore, a native of Kentucky, one of the early settlers of Iowa Co. He settled in the town of Mifflin, where he resided till his death, which occurred in the fall of 1845 ; Mr. Moore's mother, now Mrs. Orrin Goodrich, was America Parish, daughter of Levi Parish ; parents had nine children, seven of whom are living; Henry E. entered the army as teamster in 1864 and served about six months ; his first wife was Mary Blackney ; present wife was Susan Nolan; has five children by first. wife — Levi, John, Henry, Adelaide and Samuel ; one by present wife — Maud. THOMAS S. PRESTON, Sec. 28; P. 0. Preston; born in Grant Co. in 1857; his farm contains 240 acres ; he is the son of Matthew Preston, one of the prominent farmers of the town of Fennimore; born in yorkshire, Eng., in 1829. Married to Elizabeth Little, also born in Yorkshire, Eng. ; emigrated to the United States in March, 1851 ; first settled in Sec. 18, town of Wingville, where he resided till 1861, when he settled in the town of Fennimore, where he now resides ; his farm contains 440 acres, with fine improvements, all of which he made himself. Mr. Preston lost his first wife in 1865 ; he returned to England in 1868 and married his present wife, Abigail I. Hazeltine ; he has six children by first, marriage — Jane, James, Thomas, John, Margaret and Matthew ; has seven children by present marriage — Lizzie, Charles, Albert, Wesley, Mary, Fred and Eli. TOWN OF WmG\"ILLE. 997 HENRY PARISH, miner and farmer, Sec. 12 ; P. 0. Montfort; born in Grant Co. about 1843 ; his father, Uawson Parish, was one of the earliest settlers of Grant Co. ; he was married to Alice Russell, born at Sauk City, Wis., in 18+6 ; they have three "ihildren — Jennie B., Walter and Leo R. A sad accident occurred to the family of Mr. Parish Aug. 3, 1880. Two bright and promising boys of Mr. and Mrs. Parish — Loren R. and William H., aged respectively 11 J and 9 J years, on the morning of (iu! day mentioned, started for Mineral Point with a wagon-load of mineral, called black-jack ; by some unknown cause the wagon was capsized, and the boys were buried beneath the heavy metal, and, when found, life was extinct. JAjHES PETTYJOHN, miller at Blue River Mills; son of Garrison and Martha Petty- john. His father is a native of Georgia, his mother of the State of Illinois; they came to the Territory of Wisconsin about 1840. They were married at Platteville. His parents were residents of Grant and Iowa Cos. until they removed to Minnesota in the spring of 1830. His parents have six children — James, Flora, Adda, Reuben, Prank and George. James was born in Iowa Co. in 1853. He learned his trade at Liberty Mills, near Lancaster. WlIiLIAH STEVENS, Montfort; was born in Cornwall, England, October, 1797; he was brought up to various occupations, including mining, smelting, etc.; was engaged in Belgium at the bus- iness of smelting for a time. He was married, in Cornwall, to Jane Mann ; emigrated to Wisconsin in 1843; came first to Hazel Green, thence to Benton, in what is now La Fayette Co. In the spring of 1846, he returned to Cornwall and brought over his family, consisting of his wife and ten children ; he settled near Benton and engaged in mining ; he resided in Benton about ten years ; he then removed to Dodgeville, where he lived many years engaged in farming ; he settled permanently in Montfort about 1867 ; he purchased the Wingville Hotel when he resided in Benton, which he owned for many years. Mr. Stevens was engaged in mining, more or less, until 1876, and still owns valuable mining interests. His first wife died in Dodgeville ; his present wife was Mrs. Enoch Bernard ; her maiden name was Emily De Witt, daughter of Isaac De Witt. Mr. Stevens had thirteen children by his first wife, ten of whom are living, six sons and four daughters ; has three children by his present wife, two sons and one daughter. Mrs. Stevens had seven children by her first marriage, five of whom are living. Mr. Stevens, though now in his 84th year, retains much of the vigor of his earlier life; he possesses, naturally, an iron constitution. Has always been a hard-working man, and has had many narrow escapes incident to his long life as a miner. He is possessed of many remarkable anecdotes of his pioneer life. He has crossed the Atlantic five times. CrEORGE P. SMITH, carpenter and builder, Montfort ; son of George Smith, who resides on Sec. 20. George Smith was born in Alsace, then a province of Prance, now belonging to Germany, Jan. 17, 1813; came to America about 1839 ; he lived in Bufialo for a time, thence to Michigan City, Ind. ; here he was engaged for some time in driving stage between Michigan City and Chicago ; afterward removed to Hickory Point, Ind., and engaged in farming; was also engaged for a time on a canal, near Joliet ; lived in Indiana until 1866, when he came to Wisconsin and settled where he now lives. He was married in Indiana to Rebecca M. Goodrich ; has five children — J. W., Caroline Wayne, Sarah C. Brown, Catharine E. Morrison and George P. ; the latter was born in Lake Co., Ind., in 1850 ; came to Wiscon- sin with his parents. He was married to Harriet Mills, daughter of A. D. Mills; has four children — Bertha M., Minnie E., and Ada M. and Addie B., twins. JACOB SCHMITTEN, tailor, Montfort ; was born in the city of Cologne, Prussia, on the Rhine, April 20, 1837 ; he came to the United States March 28, 1866 ; he learned his trade at Cologne ; he settled at Green Bay, Wis., where he was married to Catherine Mans ; she died at Green Bay. Mr. Schmitten went to Milwaukee in 1873, where he worked at his trade and was married to Josephine Frat- tinger ; he lived in Milwaukee about five years, when he removed to Platteville, where his wife died Jan. 2, 1879. He located in Montfort in 1880. Has two children by his first wife — Anna C. and John P.; two by his second wife — Edward and Mary B. JOHN A. THOMAS, druggist and Postmaster, Montfort; was born in Franklin Co., Penn., in 1844 ; his father died in Pennsylvania; John A. came to Wisconsin in 1860, though his mother, with the remainder of her family, had come to Grant Co. several years previous to that time. He was Register of Deeds for the years 1861 and 1862. He enlisted in the 31st W. V. I., and served three years. Was for seven or eight years a resident of Lancaster; he settled peraaaently in Montfort in 1873 ; in 1874, commenced business here under the firm name of Thomas & Billings; bought his pxrtners interest in the business in 1875 ; was appointed Postmaster February, 1873. He was married to Miss Lucelia Hess, 998 BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES: born in Montfort ; they have two children — Frank and Fern. Mr. Thomas is the present Town Clerk of Wingville ; has held that oflBce for three years. JAMES T. TAlTIiOR, furniture dealer and undertaker, Montfort ; born in England in 1826 ; he emigrated to New York City, in December, 1846, thence to Bristol, Conn., and engaged in copper mining, thence to New Jersey, where he was also engaged in mining, thence to Hatfield, Mass., in 1848, where he stayed one year, and had charge of a mine ; he went to Hazel Green, Grant Co., in April, 1849, which he made his home till the fall of 1865 ; in the fall of 1868, he came to Montfort, and engaged in his present business. His first wife was Miss Ann Wills, born in England; they were married at Hazel Green in September, 1849 ; she died Nov. 17, 1872. His second wife was iSophia George, who died April 14, 1879 ; he has seven children by first marriage — John W., Abbie A., Mar- garet, S. H., S. J., Mary T. and Lilly G.; his two oldest sons J. W. and S. H., reside at Linden, Iowa Co.; the former is a lawyer and banker of that place, and the latter a law student. Mr. Taylor has been a teacher of vocal music for many years ; has taught singing schools at various points in both Iowa and Grant Counties. He is a member of the M. E. Church. WILLIAM A. THOMPSON, clerk for Mr. Schenk, Montfort; born at Sun Prairie, Dane Co.. June, 1853 ; his parents were natives of Scotland ; he was engaged in teaching school in Dodgeville for three years, has also taught in Grant Co.; he came to Montfort, May, 1880. He was married to Hannah Bennett, daughter of Matthew Bennett ; they have two children — Frankie and Gordon. SAMUEL T. TUCKER, blacksmith, Montfort; born at Quincy, 111., Jan. 1, 1832; came to Wisconsin in 1837, and settled in Grant Co., but the family returned to Illinois the following year, where his father died ; his mother and family returned soon after the death of his father, and settled in the town of Lima, Grant Co.; his mother died in 1846. She was married, after the death of Mr. Tucker, to Mr. Boshford ; she had five children by first marriage, and two children by second marriage. Mr. Samuel T. Tucker was married to Frances R. Hamilton ; they have eight children, two' sons and six daughters. Mr. Tucker came to Montfort in October, 1853. JOHiy THOMSOX, retired farmer. Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Montfort ; was born in Scotland July 7, 1794; became to America in 1832; he was for several years engaged in gold mining in the Eastern part of Virginia ; he removed from Virginia to Illinois where he resided about three years ; he came to Wisconsin and settled near Platteville in 1840, and engaged in farming ; he settled on his present farm about 1847. He was married in Scotland to Mary Nes, they lived together fifty-five years ; she died November 10, 1875 ; has had five children, four of whom are living — David (resides in California), Thomas (deceased), Grace (widow of James Sandemon), Mary (now Mrs. Henry Gilfrey), and Margaret ( now Mrs. Robert Chandler). THOMAS A. THOMPSON, carpenter and builder, Montfort ; born in Canada near the Vermont line in 1840 ; his father died in Canada; his mother afterward married Mr. William Cook, and removed to Illinois about 1855; they came to Grant Co. about 1856, and settled in Clifton, where his mother still resides; her husband, Mr. Cook, was a soldier in the army during the rebellion, and died of disease contracted while in the service ; Thomas is the only child of his mother living by her first husband ; she has six children by her second husband. Thomas came to Grant Co. in 1868, from Plattesburg, N. Y. He was married to Jennie Row; has three children — Alymer, Frank and Albert S.; he learned his trade in Boston, where he worked about six years ; his father was a native of Scotland, his mother of Canada. GREENBERRY THOMPSON, farmer. Sec. 10; P. 0. Montfort; was born in Jackson Co., 111., Jan. 15, 1815; his parents removed to Arkansas when he was a child, but afterward returned to Illinois, where they resided till their decease ; he was one of the early settlers of Grant Co.; came to the county in April, 1846, and settled where he now lives about 1848. He was married in Illinois to Charlotte Henderson, born in Jackson Co., 111.; they have eight children — General Marion, Jefferson Lafayette, William Spencer, Serena, Sophronia, Ephraim, Olive and Emma; lost one daughter. THOMAS THOMAS, Sr., P. 0. Preston; was born in Bristol, England, County of Glou- cester, May 26, 1808. His father and mother were Welsh, and removed to Cowbridge, a small inland town in Glamorganshire, South Wales, the place of their nativity. When he was a child 9 months old, he was brought up and remained in this town until he left for America on board the Nestor, of Plymouth, Capt. Smith, and set sail from Newport, in Monmouthshire, South Wales, bound for Philadelphia, and arrived there on the 1st of May, after a voyage of seven weeks. He was 22 years of age at the time ; remained in Pennsylvania, and worked in the coal mines in Pottsville about three years, an employment TOWN OF WINGVILLE. 1''I9 which he had not been accustomed to follow. The mine he worked in is the one that has been on fire for the last forty years. About this time, be heard of the lead mines, in what was then called Michigan Ter- ritory ; and, in company with a Mr. Williams, left Pottsville for Galena, which was what was then sup- posed to be the chief town in the mining district. They reached Pittsburgh by going afoot ; traveled 350 miles, averaging thirty-five miles a day. They took a steamer from Pittsburgh to Louisville, and thence to St. Louis. There they took passage on board the Winnebago, a boat that plied between St. Louis and Galena. The boat was detained by an accident to the machinery at the Rapids ; and. while lying still, passing boats informed them of the Indian excitement near Galena. Part of the passengers returned ; but they went on to Galena in the steamer Olive Branch, arriving there May 5. Mr. Thomas hired out to a Mr. Streeter, at $20 per month and board, to work a mine he owned on Fever River, near White Oak Springs. After he had worked three days for him, he advanced him $40, to send for his family, consisting of a wife and one child, which, with what he had left with her, was sufficient to bring them to him by stage and cabin passage. After working for Mr. Streeter awhile, he went into partner- ship with Morgan Lewis, a native of Wales, to pre-empt some land. He and his family and Mr. Lewis left Galena with two yoke of oxen, two cows, a plow and the necessary implements for farming purposes, with as much provision as would last them four or five months. On the road, they were informed by a Mr. Mayfield of the timber and prairie, where he now resides. As Mr. Mayfield had already claimed this land, he resigned it to them for a mere trifle. Mr. Lewis had a mortal hatred of Indians, owing to some of his friends on Pox River being killed by them. He would never give an Indian anything to eat, even if he knew that a morsel would save a whole tribe from death. Mr. Thomas relates the following about their Indian troubles : We were now among them — had cut hay and built » cabin. I treated them with civility ; but ' Lewis was opposed to this, and frequently gave them just cause for resentment. I was gathering some withered grass that I had cut for feathers to fill a bed-tick, when an Indian accosted me, and, pointing to our cabin, put his finger to his mouth, and signified by his gestures that he wished me to give him something to eat. He stood west of me a few paces, and I, supposing that their village was at Fennimore, pointed with my pitchfork in that direction, signifying as best I could that he must go to his own wigwam for what ne wanted to eat. He supposed that I threatened him with my fork, and cocked his rifle. I then stuck the fork in the ground, and went good naturedly toward him, offering him my hand, which he rejected with disdain, presenting a visage haughty and severe. He turned and left me. It was not in my nature to refuse his request, had 1 not been instructed by Lewis, who said that if we were kind to them once they would expect us to be so every day. I admired the haughty bearing and noble spirit of the Indian, and had a great desire to see how they lived in their villages with their families. I did not anticipate trouble on account of what had passed ; did not mention it to Lewis, as I wished' him to accompany me to their village. It was Sunday morning, and we started in search of them; but took the wrong direction. When we were returning about 5 o'clock, I made for the cabin, and Lewis for the timber, in search of the oxen. When I was about 200 yards from the house, I met the same Indian I had seen on Saturday. His face was painted black as tar. I spoke kindly to him, and he nodded, I thought, in the same kindly spirit. He took his knife from its pouch, and drew the back of it across the back of his own neck, and said in English these words, ' Squaw one papoose kill wicked Sioux !' I understood him to mean that his wife and child had been murdered by an Indian of that tribe. Just at this moment, a pig, the only one we had, ran by. He appeared excited ; was about lo take aim. I struck the end of the barrel gently with my hand to turn it aside from the mark. This made him mad. He stepped back a few paces, and shot the hog near the heart, and killed it! I could not help myself, so I pocketed the aflfront and left him. When I got to the house, I learned that he had been there the greater part of the day. He helped liimself to what he wanted to eat. He had gone to the cradle several times, and appeared either to pity or admire the baby. I apprehended no danger; got something to eat, and chopped firewood till it was nearly dark, when I heard Lewis running toward the house. He at the same time gave us to understand we were about to be murdered. *-»*** We were surrounded by fire and cheered by Indian yells, who were made joyful by seeing our dismay. We could see them plainly by the light of the fire they had kindled. They were many — we but two — with only one gun. The vegetation was waist high in the timber— rank and dry — there being no cattle to impede its growth, so that the fire leaped from tree to tree, and presented a picture worthy in every sense of the infernal regions. Here Lewis disap- peared, and left us to what he supposed to be our fate. I would certainly have followed his example, had I been at liberty like him. He believed our case was hopeless, or he would not have acted thus, for he had in is bosom the heart of a man. In about an hour and a half from this, perhaps 12 o'clock in the night, it became evident to us that it was not the intention of the Indians to put us to death ; and, supposing the fire would burn up all we had, I car- ried our trunks to a clear spot over which the fire had already passed unnoticed by our enemies. We shouldered the best of our clothing; tied the baby on my wife's back with a blanket, and left for Fennimore Grove, a distance of six miles. Here we found the Indians acting as they had done wiih us, so we started in the morning for what is now called Linden, in an ox cart. We missed the road, as it snowed about six inches, and we made our bed under the cart, and arrived at Linden about 10 o'clock in the morning. Mr. Thomas worked in the diggings three years ; then purchased 160 acres of land, the same where he had previously lived. When he returned, he found Morgan Lewis living in the cabin where he con- tinued to live all alone for twenty years. Mr. Thomas' children are Thomas, born in Pennsylvania and 1000 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Mary Ann, Tanner, Elizabeth, Susie, Abner, Sarah, Lewis, Benjamin and Mark, all born in Wisconsin. Tanner and Lewis were in the 7th W. V. I., and belonged to the Iron Brigade. Tanner fought in every battle in which the Seventh was engaged. He re-enlisted as a veteran, and was pierced by a minie ball in the forehead, while leading Co. A in a charge at Petersburg, Va., June 18, 1864, in his 26th year. He was Second Lieutenant of Co. H, but commanded Co. A in this battle. Col. Finnicijm in his letter on Tanner's death says : As it was God's will that he should fall, his State can chronicle his name among »he bravest and most devoted of her patriots, who have fallen in this mighty contest for the principles involved; and you can have the cheering intelligence that notwithstanding all the temptations of vice thrown around the soldier, he never swerved from the path of rectitude and right, and died in the Christian's hope. Lewis enlisted with Tanner Jan. 1, 1864, and was shot through the right lung in April, when Lee surrendered to Gen. Grant, and has a pension. The ball went clear through, within one and a quarter inches of his back bone, and he is, and will always be, troubled with his lung. Abner raised a company of 100-day men, and was Lieutenant in Memphis under Gen. Washburn. THOMAS THOMAS, Jr., Sec. 31_, son of Thomas Thomas, Sr., was born in Pottsville, Penn., in 1833; his first wife was Elizabeth Dinsdale; his present wife was Mary Heathcote. Had seven children by first wife, three of whom are living, Mary, Helen and Anna ; has three children by present wife — Orville H., Mattie and Nellie. His farm contains 240 acres. Mr. Thomas has been Jus- tice of the Peace several terms. W. H. VAN DUSEN, M. D., Montfort. son of Dr. Harmon Van Dusen, who came to Millwaukee about 1848, and to Mineral Point, Iowa County, the following year, where he was engaged in the practice of medicine for over thirty years ; he still resides at Mineral Point. Ur. W. H. Van Dusen was born in Onondaga, N. Y.. July 3, 1847. He read medicine with his father, and gradu- ated at the Miami Medical College, at Cincinnati, March, 1869. Began the practice of medicine at Mineral Point, thence to Linden, Iowa County. He located at Montfort in 1873. He was married to Elsie H. Montgomery, born in Galena, 111. They have three children, Harmon L., born April 15, 1873; Anna M., born March 11, 1877; and Frank W., born April 2,1878; lost second child, Clarence, born July 30, 1875, died Feb. 14, 1877. CHARLES G. VAN BrBEN, merchant, firm of Johnson & Van Buren, Montfort. He was born in St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., in 1837 ; he came to Wisconsin in January, 1860. He lived in Iowa County until 1869, when he removed to Castle Rock, and engaged in the mercantile business. The above mentioned firm still continue the business at Castle Rock, Mr. Johnson having charge of the store at that place. They opened their store in Montfort in 1874. Mr. Van Buren removed here in the spring of 1879. He was married to Frances Leggett, born at Mineral Point. They have two children — Jesse M. and Florence. WILIilAM J. WEBBER, farmer. Sec. 29; P. O. Montfort, was born in England in 1840 ; came to Wisconsin from England, October, 1859 ; came to Mineral Point, where he attended school the following winter. Enlisted at Mineral Point in 1862, in Co. E, 30th W. V. I. ; he served two years and three months, when he was discharged for disability. He was married to Mrs. Josephine Kelvey, daughter of Xavier and Josephine Wachtler. She was born at Vicksburg, Tenn, in 1841. Her parents were early settlers of Grant County. Mr. and Mrs. Webber have five children — Clara A., William, Leon, George and Josephine; Mrs. Webber has two children by her first marriage — John and Edmund. Mr. Webber's farm contains 275 acres. TOWN OF CLIFTON. 1001 TOWN OF CLIFTON. JOH\ ALliIiBi', farmer, Sec. 16 ; P. 0. Martinville ; was born in Cheshire, England, July 21, 1821 ; came to America in 1856, and settled in the town of Clifton, Grant Co., Wis., on Sec. 14; farmed there two years, and on S. Millard's farm three years, and then bought the place where he now lives from J. Allen Barber, in 1861, and has lived there ever since. Was married to Harriet Hough, in Church of England, England, by Kev. Pierunes ; have seven children living — Elizabeth, John, James, William, Charles, Joseph N., George A.; also two deceased — William and George, the former buried in England, the latter in Rook Church Cemetery, Clifton. John Allen owns 161 acres of land, and has been a member of the town board two years. His son, William, has been a Good Templar seven years. There is a breastwork thrown up on his farm, about one hundred rods long, which was evidently used in battle in early times. J OSEiPIl AIiLEi]V, Livingston, dealer in general merchandise and live stock ; was born in Cheshire, England, Oct. 3, 1843; came with his parents to America in 1854, and settled in the town of Clifton, where he helped his father on the farm until 21 years of age, at which time he went to farming for himself; farmed for six years, and, in 1871, started a store in Martinville and stayed there until the spring of 1880, when he moved the storehouse and stock to Livingston, and occupied it until September, when he built the store he is now in, which was the second store in the town. Was married to Agnos Watson, at the City Hotel in Mineral Point, March 21, 1870 ; she is the daughter of Jonathan Watson, town of Lima ; they have four children — Mary Jane, Frank E., George H. and Nellie. Has held the oflfice of Town Treasurer five years ; is a member of the Masonic Order at Montfort, Lodge 165. JOHN ALLEN, Martinville; was born at Cheshire, England, Sept. 26, 1845. His father, William Allen, removed to Clifton, Grant Co., Wis., in April, 1854, and settled on Sec. 14, and owns 280 acres where he resides. John Allen commenced business for himself in October, 1872, as a farmer, but soon went into partnership with his brother Joseph in the mercantile business, also in buying and shipping stock, in which they have shown great enterprise. Mr.' A. was married, April, 23, 1879, to Miss C. K. Hartsook, who was born in Berrien. Berrien Co., Mich., Sept. 2, 1854. They have one child — Dora Frances. WILLIAM ALLEN, Sec 14; P. 0. Livingston ; was born in Cheshire, England, Jan. 31, 1819 ; was a farmer theie until 1854, when he came to America and settled in the town of Clifton, Wis., on Sec. 24, owned by Isaac Burton ; lived there two years and then bought the place where he now lives ; owns 280 acres of land on Sees. 13 and 14 ; has held the office of School Clerk six year.-*. Was married to Mary Hough, Nov. 15, 1840, at Prestbury, in Cheshire, England. She was born July 1, 1820, in Cheshire, England. Mr. Allen and wife lived in the little log cabin, which still stands on the place, until 1863, when they built the house which they now occupy ; they have had ten children, of whom seven are living — Joseph, John, Kate P., George, Elizabeth, Sarah and James; the deceased are William, Mary Jane and John ; the first two are buried in Rock Church Cemetery, John was buried in England. Joseph married Agnes Watson. John married C. E. Hartsook. Kate married John Person. George married Martha Fieldhouse, and Eliza married Joseph Biddick. All are now living in the town of Clifton. WILLIAM. ANDREW, Sec. -12; P. 0. Liviugston ; was born in England June 16, 1819 ; was engaged in mining lead there until 1843, when he left England and went to St. Louis; left there in 1844 and settled in the town of Clifton, where he followed mining until 1874; bought the farm he now lives on from J. T. Brown, and has 400 acres of land ; has also 360 acres in the town of Lima, on Sees. 6, 7 and 8 ; also, 175 acres in Waterloo. Is engaged in raising fine stock on his farm. Married Anna Pierson, in Buffalo, N. Y., in 1848 ; she was born in England in 1826 ; have had eleven children of whom ten are living — Martha, James, Mary, Jane, Sarah Rosie, William W., George Albert, John Jo- seph, Lily May, Phoebe, and Anna, who died in Yankton, Dak. He has been a liberal contributor to all charitable purposes. Was Chairman of the Town Board of Clifton for one year, was also School Clerk, and was one of the founders of the first school in the town. PETER BIDDICK (deceased); was born in Cornwall, Eng., in Parish of St. Issey ; was a carpenter by trade, and worked in London twelve years at his trade ; left England in 1852 and came to America ; landed in New York City, and worked at his trade for six months there, and then came to Platteville, Wis., and worked as a carpenter for two years ; rented the farm where Mahlon Fawcett now lives, and lost his first wife, Hannah Watson, there, whom he married in England in the year 1846, and 10<^2 BIOUKAPHICAL SKETCHES: who had five children, of which four are living— Maria, George K,, Gideon J. and John T., and one deceased, William, who died May 25, 1875 ; buried at Platteville; Hannah, his wife, died April 20, 1S56 ; after her death he left the farm and moved to Iowa Co. for one year, then bought a farm from the Gov- ernment, and, on March 2, 1857, married his second wife, Catherine Rundell, who was born May 3, 1819, and by whom there are two children — Fred and Irene. Was a member of the Primitive Methodist Church at Platteville, and was also a member of Manchester Unity in England; he died March 17, 1878, and was buried in Platteville Cemetery; left to his estate 319 acres of land; the family live on the farm on Sec. 1 , which John T. and Gideon rent from the estate. Gideon is a member of the Masonic Order at Wingville, Lodge No. 134. BEXJAMIIV BOURRET, Sec. 26; P. 0. Livingston; was born in Iowa Co., Wis., Dec. 26, 1846 ; left there with his parents when 6 years of age, and came to town of Clifton and settled on the farm where he now lives ; has lived there ever since except the year 1877, when he lived at Belmont and kept the United otates Hotel ; his father died at home June 22. 1868, and was buried at Platteville, in the old cemetery ; his mother was born July 26, 1814, and had thirteen children, of whom nine are living — Mary S., Frances, Peter, Benjamin, Michael, Josephine, Eli, John L., Henry; the names of those deceased are Matilda, Lewis, Aurilla and Joseph. Benjamin took charge of the farm after his father died, and now owns half of 160 acres. Was married, June 6, 1876, to Martha J. Power, in Shullsburg, Wis. ; have two children — Addie May and Eugene. Benjamin is a member of the I. 0. 0. P., Wash- burn Lodge, No. 228, and has passed through all the offices in the lodge. GILBERT H. BIIIVKER, Sec. 14; P. 0. Martinville; born in Chenango Co., N. Y., Nov. 10, 1820, and, in 1838, went to Pennsylvania to his parents; worked there with his father one year; in 1839, went to Winnebago Co., 111., and settled on farm; left there in May, 1851, and came to Wisconsin, and settled in the town of Clifton : bought 160 acres of land from Adam Keith, who bought it from the Government; sold his farm to Nelson Millard in 1870, and bought from Adam Keith the farm known as the Shipley farm ; has lived there since except five years, when he lived in Muscoda, engaged in the drug and stationery business. He was married to Nancy Keith in 1846, who is now 53 years old ; both are members of the M. E. Church ; he has been class-leader for twenty years, and is still a leading worker of the church ; is also a member of the Town Board ; have four children living — Sarah A., Ellen L., Henry J. and Scott. Sarah was married to Joseph Dorao, who lives in Virginia. Ellen L. married Dr. P. D. Stonard, who died Dec. 19, 1880; Henry J. married Sarah A. Fischer, and lives in Martin- ville. JATVE ffl. ClilFTOJV, Sec. 14; P. 0. Martinville; born in Chenango Co., N. Y., Jan. 1, 1831 ; left there in 1838, and settled in Coles Co., 111., on farm with her parents ; came to town of Clifton in 1844; in 1856, settled on the farm where she now lives. Was married to G. T. L. Clifton, in 1846, by Rev. Ross J. Perry ; her husband died in the house where she now lives, Sept. 8', 1872, of consump- tion, and was buried in the Rock Church Cemetery ; ho was a local preacher in the M. E. Church for twenty years. Mrs. C. is also a member of that church ; she has now 97 acres of land., and built the house they now live in, about ten rods from the old log cabin ; has had nine children — Elmore T., James, Lewis D., Curtis, living ; Sarah E., Elias, Ora Ann, Nelson A., Eddie E., deceased, all buried in Rock Church Cemetery. ADAM COOK, Sec. 2 ; P. 0. Livingston ; was born in Ireland in 1825 ; came to America in 1833. and stopped in Illinois for one year, and then came to the town of Clifton, Wis., and settled on the place where he now lives ; bought 135 acres from land agent at Mineral Point. Was married at the age of 18 to Nancy Thatcher in Canada, by whom there are seven children — Benjamin, Semantha, Levi, Rachael, Cecelia, Elizabeth, Ira; was divorced in 1879, and was married to Mrs. EUenor Bayley May 2, 1880, who was born in Watertown, Jeff'erson Co., N. Y., July 7, 1849, and came West with her parents and settled at Lancaster ; she has four children by her first husband and two by her second — Frank M. and Murtel F. Mr. Cook was in the French war in Canada at the age of 14, and was also in the late war eight months in the 47th W. V. I. Mrs. Cook is a Baptist. GEORGE DRINK WATER, Sec. 15; P. 0. Martinville ; was born in England in 1840 ; left there with his parents when he was 10 years old, and came to America, where they settled in the town of Clifton, Wis.; rented a farm from N. Millard for two years, when his father bought a farm for him- self and George; in 1869, bought the place where he now lives, containing 112 acres, and was married to Mary E. Rieser, who was born in Ohio Feb. 13, 1847 ; have four children living — William A., George W., James L. and Frank ; one deceased, Annie. TOWN OF CLIFTON. 1003 WILIilAM JR. GLLiIfS, farmer, Sec. 31 ; P. 0. Annaton ; was born in 1833, in Pulaski Co., Va. ; was a son of Washington and Agnes Ellis ; lived with parents till 21 years of age. Came to Wisconsin at the age of 15, with his parents, in 1848, locating at Ellenboro, Grant Co., Wis.. ; labored ou a farm for wages three years, and, in 1859, he married Elizabeth Cox, a daughter of John and Agnes Cox, who were farmers by occupation. His wife was one of a fannily of five children ; William Ellis being one of a family of ten. He had ten children — John M., Abraham L., Emma A., William H., Lily B., Elzaphan. James H., Phebe B., Earnest 0. and Reatha S. Is the owner of 160 acres of land, valued at $3,000. Enlisted in the 25th W. V. I., Co. H, under Capt. Swan ; served three years. He then returned to Grant Co., locating in Clifton, in 1865, where he has since lived ; has been prosperous as a farmer ; has one child deceased, Elzaphan. Has one son, John Ellis, who was married in 1880, to Miss Anna Hil- dreth, of Mineral Point. Has been Road Overseer one term. Republican in politics ; and a member of the Disciples' Church. MAHLON FA WCETT, Sec. 26 ; P. O. Washburn ; was born in Frederick Co., Va., Sept. 15, 1802; came with his parents to Belmont Co., Ohio, in 1809, where they settled on a farm; lived there till 1835, when he moved to Greene Co., Ohio, and commenced farming, at which place he remained four years ; then went to Paintersville, Ohio, and commenced as a merchant and continued as such for eight years. He then bought in a grist-mill, and was in that business two years, and, in 1853, moved to Grant Co., Wis., and settled on Sec. 34, on the farm then generally known as the J. D. Morett farm. He was a millwright by trade, and worked at that more or less until he was 50 years old; Moved from Sec. 34 to the place where he now lives. Is a member of the M. E. Church, but was raised a Quaker, and remained so till 30 years old. Was Chairman of Town Board and member of School Board eight years. Was married to Jane Gilchrist Jan. 10, 1828, in Belmont- Co., Ohio ; she died Nov. 6, 1831, and was buried at Flushing Cemetery. Had two children by first wife — Jefi'erson H. and Sylvanus S. Was mar- ried the second time to Sarah Beattie, Sept. 17, 1833, in Belmont Co., Ohio; by this marriage there are fourteen children, of whom ten are living — divelyn, Beattie, Clinton, Mahlon, Salathiel, Sarah C, Mary Etta, Lorenzo D., Julia M., Clarence A. Those deceased are Joktan, John T., Harriet Jane and one other unnamed. Sarah E. Beattie was born in Virginia Oct. 1, 1810. His son Mahlon was in the 33d W. V. I. ; his son Beattie left home in 1857, and has been gone ever since ; is now in Custer City, Idaho. Mahlon Pawcett owns 100 acres of land — 80 acres in Sec. 26, and 20 acres timber in Sec. 34; has voted for every President since Jackson, always voting the Whig ticket, and since then ihe Republican, except when he voted for John P. Hale. His son Clinton now lives in Montana. WIL.LIA1I FISHER ; P. 0. Livingston ; was born in Cornwall, England, March 7, 1825 ; learned the blacksmith trade and went to London, where he worked at his trade about a year ; then went to Cambridgeshire, England, and worked there eighteen months; he then returned to Cornwall, and went into business for himself in the Parish of St. Issey. Stayed there two years, and, in 1871, came to America with his family, and settled in Martinville, town of Clifton, Wis., where he started a blacksmith- shop ; he remained at Martinville nine years, -when he removed to Livingston, and built the first black- smith-shop in the village. He married Arabella Nance, July 17, 1849, in Oxton, London, England, who was born in Cornwall Padstow, England. They had four children, of whom two are living, Sarah Ann and William ; deceased are Charles F. and Mary Jane. Charles was buried at Rock Church Cemetery, and Mary Jane in Parish Church Cemetery, St. Issey, England. Mrs. Fisher has been a member of the M. E. Church nine years; Arabella was a member of the Church of England. Mr. Fisher is a mem- ber of the Good Templars. THOMAS FRY, Sec. 3; P. 0. Martinville; born in Mercer Co., Penn., Oct. 24, 1836; left there at the age of 15, and went to Iowa with his parents, where they farmed three years; left there and and came to Ellenboro, Wis, where he worked on a farm with his father till 1861 ; then removed to town of Liberty, where he broke prairie till the fall of the same year, when he enlisted, in 1861, in the 10th W. V. I., Co. F ; was in the ranks eighteen months, and was then mustered in as wagoner, and continued as such till 1864. After being honorably discharged, he came home to town of Liberty, and went to farming for himself; rented for five years and then bought 167 acres on Sees. 11 and 12; lived there eight years and then moved to the place where he now lives. Owns 160 acres in Sec. 3. Was married to Orrel Bacon, by B. F. Wyne, Esq., of Platteville, Oct. 2, 1861. She was born July 15, 1843. They have eight children living — Irene P., Addie B., Willie J., John, Aurora, Nellie, Homer, Alta. HFRHilAN (;rlJ]\'DL.AH, Sec. 10; P. 0. Livingston; was born in Fulton County, 111., June 23, 1854, and has always engaged in farming ; commenced for himself at the age of 18, on the homestead, at the death of his father, and then, in 1878, bought the farm where he now lives from his 1004 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: brother, and owns 80 acres. Was married to Catharine E. Kunkel, in Germantown, Juneau Co., Wis. They have one child, Ferdinand P. Is a member of I. O. 0. F., Washburn Lodge, No. 228. GE^ORGE W. HAKE, farmer, Sec. 29 ; P. 0. Annaton ; better known as " Uncle George," is one of the leading farmers in the town of Clifton, and is noted for his truth and veracity ; he was born in 1826, in Warren, Trumbull Co., Ohio; was a son of George and Hannah Hake; his father was a cooper by trade; he lived with his parents until 21 years of age; came to Grant Co., Wis., in 1844, in company with his parents ; located near Platteville ; began encountering both wind and tide for himself four years after his arrival, working on a farm two years for wages ; he then bought 120 acres of land, and in company with another young man, bought a breaking team, consisting of several yoke of oxen ; in two years, he had improved and paid for his home. In 1851, he was married to Phebe Derwacter, a daughter of Michael and Eliza Derwacter. He has five children — Sarah F., Phebe A., Loren L., George G. and Mary M. He owns 500 acres of land valued at $11,200, also keeps a dairy ; he received a com- mon-school education ; has been a member of the Town Board three terms ; has been Koad Overseer ten years; Treasurer of the School Board for twenty years. Politics, Republican; members of the Disciples' Church; three children married, the rest living with their parents. AliBERT T. HEIVDERSON, M. D., Annaton; born in 1815, in Huntingdon Co., Penn.; was a son of John and Rebecca Henderson ; lived with his parents until 22 years of age ; was a graduate of the select academy at Huntingdon, Penn., and also a graduate at the medical college at Philadelphia ; he began his practice in Huntingdon with his father, who was also a physician ; then moved to Greene Co., Ohio, for two years; thence to Michigan for one year; thence to Illinois for seven years; thence to Austin, Tex., where he enlisted in the Mexican war and served one year, and in 1848, he came to Platteville, Grant Co., Wis., and in 1850, he went to California where he lived nineteen months, then returning to Grant Co., Wis., where he has since lived and followed his profession. He has been married three times, first in 1851, to Amanda Haywood, a daughter of Judge Haywood; second time to Mealie Barchar; was divorced from both of thofli ; was married third time, in 1868, to Melissa A. Nealy, a daughter of Pierce Costley; have two children — Sarah M. and Margaret J. He enlisted in 1863, in the 3d W. V. I., Co. B ; served nineteen months ; was wounded in the mouth. Is a Republican. WILIilAlI H. HOWDIiE, farmer and buyer, and shipper of stock. Sec. 23 ; P. 0. Liv- ingston ; born in ShuUsburg, Wis., Sept. 21, 1845; left there with his parents in 1850, and went to Mifflin; moved to Clifton, and commenced farming in 1851, and has been at that ever since on the same farm where he now lives ; owns 480 acres of land, all under cultivation, which was bought by his father from the Government ; some mining has been done on his place, but never has been proved up ; is next to what is known as the Crow Branch mine. He was married to Mary Vipland, April 12, 1869 ; have six children living— Cora Ann, Charles William, George Henry, James Albert, Arthur Eli, Hannah. ENOCH JOHKSON (deceased) ; was born in Delaware, August, 1800, and lived there with his parents until he was 23 years old. Was married when he was 24, to Sarah Ann Stigus, at her father's house, who was born June 16, 1811, in Chester Co., Penh.; he settled first on a iarm in Lancaster Co.,' and remained there twenty years, then moved to Western Pennsylvania, and remained there farming for five years, then came West to Wisconsin, and settled in the town of Clifton, and bought a farm from John Booth ; lived there five years, then sold it and rented for three years, then bought the place where Mr. Biddick now lives ; sold that and went to Illinois, where he stayed two years, and then came back to Wis- consin and bought the present family residence from William Andrew. Enoch died May 29, 1874; was buried in Rock Church Cemetery ; there were nine children, of whom seven are living — Hannah E., Lydia A., Priscilla, William H., Susan J., Narcissa, John H.; the deceased are James and Mary F. Mr. Johnson was a member of the M. E. Church. 9IRS. JEMIJflA JLATHAII, farming. Sec. 31; P. 0. Annaton; widow of Edward Latham ; she was born in 1810, in Hadley, Mass. ; she was a daughter of Timothy and Jemima Clark ; she lived there until 6 years of age, then in company with her parents, emigrated to Ashtabula Co., Ohio, where she lived until married to Edward Latham, the son of Christopher and Sabra Latham ; he was born in 1806, in London Co., Conn.; was bound out at the age of 14 years, to Mr. Bailie, of Ashta- bula Co., Ohio, with whom he lived until he married; then moved to Trumbull Co. for a short period; he then emigrated to the fertile regions of Grant Co., Wis., in 1849, locating at Clifton. Mrs. Latham has 47 acres of land; has six living children; three deceased; of the living — Francis W., Amison E., Timothy, Pattie J., Wilber E., Matilda L.; of the deceased — Loretta L., Maryette and Lorenzo, whose life was lost in the army, belonging to Co. G, 25th W. V. I. Mr. Latham was a Constable tor many years; in politics, strictly Republican, and a member of Disciples' Church. TOAVN OF CLIFTON. 1005 SYIiVESTER F. MOODY, clerk; P. 0. Annaton; was born in 1846, in the town of Oakland, Coles Co., III.; was a son of Isaiah and Usilla Moody, who emigrated to Grant Co. in 1846, locating in the town cf Smelaer, and in 1848 his mother died ; in 1850, bis father emigrated to Cali- fornia, where he has lived since, leaving his two sons Sylvester and Greorge entirely under the control and protection of their grandparents, Delial and Asenath Kies, both of Smelser, Grant Co.. Wis., whose occu- pation was farming ; he lived with his grandparents until 17 years of age, and then enlisted in the 25th W. V. C, Co. I, under Capt. Smalley ; served three years ; was wounded the 22d day of July, 1864, at the battle of Atlanta ; he was in five different battles ; he then returned to his native home in Grant Co., stopping for a short period in the town of Smelser ; then to Boseobel, where he clerked in a store for six months; thence to Fennimore for one year, working on a farm owned by Isaac McDonald; thence to Castle Rock for two years ; followed farming when he returned to his birthplace in Illinois, where he resided for two years, and there clerked in a store ; he again returned to Grant Co., locating at Fenni- more for four years, and, in 1876, came to the town of Clifton, in the village of Annaton, where he has since lived, mining the biggest portion of the time ; is President of the Northeastern Level Company, and is now clerking in the post office and store, which is owned by John Woodward, at Annaton ; was Con- stable oneterui. Politics, Republican. AliBEBT E. RriVDEJLL., Sec. 35; P. 0. Washburn; was born Aug. 28, 1853, at Platteville, Wis.; moved to the town of Clifton with his parents on Sec. 36 ; staid th re five years, when he moved to Mifflin, Iowa Co., at which place he remained eight years. Was married to Ellen Fruit, in 1876, by the Rev. Alford Charles, and settled on the place where he now lives. They have three chil- dren as follows: Bertha H., Nora J., Elmer Lloyd; has been a member of the School Board five years; is also a member of Good Templars of Washburn Lodge ; his wife was born Jan. 28, 1851, in the town of Lima, Grant Co., Wis. JOHNSON P. RENDEIiL, Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Washburn ; was born in England Oct. 9, 1834 ; his father, James Rundell, died in Enfjland in 1840, and Johnson came with his mother Betsy to Amer- ica in 1853; came to Platteville, Grant Co., Wis., and rented a farm then owned by L. L. Goodell, on which he lived four years, and then moved to Mifflin in I860, and bought 120 acres of land from L. Coats and B. C. Basiman ; lived on this farm till 1869, when he moved to the place where he now resides. Was married to Martha Q. Swiers, May 17, 1860, who was born in Iowa, near Dubuque, .'NIaroh 10, 1840; her father, John Swiers, served in the Black Hawk war. They have two children — Edgar G., born March 10, 1861, and Archie E., Jan. 24, 1863. Johnson has been a member of the School Board in the town of Mifflin and Clifton ; was Master of first Grange lodge in Grant Co., organized at Washburn in February, 1 873, and was a representative to State Grange two years ; is also a member of Masonic order, Mifflin Lodge ; owns 500 acres of land, 430 being in Sees. 25 and 36, town of Clifton, and 20 acr. s timber land on Sec. 16, town of Lima. THOMAS SANDERMAN, Sec. 24 ; P. 0. Livingston ; was born in England January, 1817 ; came to New York in 1843, and from there to Platteville, where he worked at farming and min- ing on the Laughton farm, where William Waters now lives; from there he removed to the town of Clifton, where he bought 80 acres of land from the Government, on which he settled, and has lived there ever since ; has been on School Board several times. T. Sanderman was married to Martha Thom- son at her father's house; they had ten children, of whom eight are living — Hannah, Sarah A., John P., Martha E., Maria J., August, Adeline, Ruth ; the deceased are Jonathan and Mary E., both buried in Rock Church Cemetery; his wife Martha, died Apiil 1, 1866, after which he married Sarah Manning in 1-868, who died July 26, 1880; was buried in Calvary Church Cemetery; he built the first house in that locality ; bought the second reaper that was brought on the prairie, and went to Dubuque for it ; has three daughters married, Hannah married Robert Watson, Sarah married Richard Hammon, and Elizabeth married William Warne. GEORGE SHIPLEY, Sec. 11 ; P. 0. Martinville; born in Ohio Oct. 9, 1829; left Ohio October, 1851, and arrived at Martinville the last of November in the same year, and located on what is now known as Bunker farm ; then went back to Ohio in 1853 ; stayed two jears ; then returned to Mar- tinville and stayed three months ; went back again to Ohio ; stayed two years, and the third time returned to Martinville, and has been on the farm where he now resides ever since. He has 95 acres of land, which he bought from his brother, who bought it from Isaac David, who was the original settler of the land. George Shipley was married to Priscilla Johnson in 1856. She was born in Lancaster Co., Penn.. in 1834. They have five children — Sarah Jane, George Johnson, William Francis, Susan Ann and Mury Frances. He has been a member of the M. E. Church since 1848 ; his wife also member of same since 1006 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: 1853. He is a member of the Good Templar's Society at Martinville, and has been a member of School Board for nine years. He is now Steward of the M. E. Church. mnS. FRANCES THOMPSON, Sec. 24; P. 0. Livingston; was born in Lancashire, England, July 7, 1826. She left England in 1845, and came to America. The first night in Wisconsin, she stayed at Milwaukee, and went out to North Prairie the next day, and slept in abarn that night. She stayed at that place one year, and then went to Mifflin, which was then called Black Jack. Worked there in a hotel about aix months, after which came to the town of Clifton, and settled on the farm where she now lives. She was married to William Thompson, by Squire HoUman, of Platteville, in a log cabin on Sec. 23, Dec. 24, 1846. He died April 15, 1869, and was buried in the Rock Church Cemetery. He located the joint district school on his farm ; was a member of Crow Branch School Board four years, and bought the first reaper used on the prairie, for which he went to Milwaukee. Mrs. Thompson has had eight children, of which five are living — William, Susan, John, Caroline and Frances. The deceased are Hannah, Mary Aun and Timothy, all buried in Rock Church Cemetery. Mrs. Thompson is a member of the Episcopal Church, and was confirmed in England. F. A, WASHBURN, Sec. 11; P. (). Martinville: born Aug. 25, 1844, in Lake Co., Ill He lived with his parents until 1857, and came with them to Wisconsin, and settled on the farm where he still lives, and owns 325 acres of good land. He was married, in 1869, to Serena Taylor, at his mother's house in Port Andrew, Richland Co., by Squire Corner. She was born in Grant Co., Wis., Jan. 4, 1852. They have two children living— Albert E. and Ida Delia. Lily May died March 8, 1872; was buried in Rock Church Cemetery, town of Clifton. F. A. enlisted in Co. F, 2d W. V. C, under Capt. Palmer, and served four years in the late rebellion. HRS. JOHN WATSON, Sec. 24 : P. 0. Livingston ; was born in Lancashire, England, Sept. 18, 1827. She was married to John Watson in the Church of England, and came to America in 1848 ; stopped in New Orleans six months on account of sickness in the family, and lost two children there with ship fever — Thomas and another child unnamed. They then came to St. Louis, where her husband worked in the coal mines one year, and then came to the town of Clifton, in which place he resided till his death. He followed mining until he boua;ht the farm where his wife now lives ; owned 170 acres of land. He died May 23, 1876, of congestion of the brain, aged 52 years, and was buried at Rock Church Ceme- tery, according to the Masonic Order, by MilHin Lodge. The procession reached nearly a mile. It was estimated that there were over 1,000 persons in attendance. Mrs. Watson has seven children living — Winfield S., Catharine, Sarah, Elizabeth M., John W., Charles and James. Three deceased— Ann, Lin- coln and one infant, not named, all buried in Rock Church Cemetery. Winfield married Ellen Stephens. Catharine, G. W. Hilbry, and Sarah, James Mundon, all living in the town of Clifton and farming, except Winfield, who keeps hotel at Livingston. Mrs. Wat-on has been a member of the M. E. Church for twenty years. WIIililAM. C. WRIGHT, merchant and Postmaster, Martinville; was born Feb. 24, 1821, in Herkimer Co., N. Y. He came to Winnebago Co., 111., in 1839, with one shilling in his pocket; worked out by the month two years, and received $15 per month ; then went to Galena, III., where he worked one year in the lead mines ; then went to Rockford, 111., and was married to Mary Keith, by the Rev. John Crummer. They then removed to McHenry, 111., where he bought 120 acres of land from the Government and went to farming, at which he continued eighteen years ; came to Wisconsin, and bought 120 acres of land on Sec. 13, town of Clifton, and farmed if for one year; then sold out the farm, and bought the place where he now lives from S. Millard, and commenced as a merchant ; was appointed Post- master, and has been the same ever since. He has been a church member forty-seven years, and was one of the builders of the Free Methodist Church, and now owns it. Rev. G. C. Coffee preached the first sermon there in the fall of 1872. Mr. Wright has been on the School Board, and has always taken an. active part in the interest of the town. He is a temperance man, and assisted to organize a Good Tem- plars' lodge in the village, which meets in the M. E. Church. They have one daughter — Emma E., who was married to William Stephens, 'oy Rev. G. C. Coffee, at the residence of her father. She has two children — Idah May and Arthur W. SARAH VIP AND, Sec. 36; P. 0. Washburn ; was born May 28, 1819, in Durham County,. England ; she came to America with her husband in May, 1845, and settled at New Diggings, Wis., where her husband worked at farming and mining lead ; moved to Washburn in 1855, to the farm where she now lives, which contains 240 acres of land. The first building on the place was a brick and frame house that was first used as a schoolhouse, the school taught by Amelia Hull. Her husband went to England on a vii-it in 1861 ; he was taken ill on board ship, while returning to America; died at Buffalo, N. Y., of TOWN OF HAZEL GBEEN. 1007 dyspepsia; was buried at Chicago in July, 1861, and, in the spring of 1862. was removed home and buried in the Bbenezer Cemetery, and was the first one buried in that yard. Mrs. Vipand built the house where she now lives in 1875. She has had nine children, of whom eight are living — John W., born in England, Catherine, George, Mary, Thomas, Sarah J., Elizabeth A., James A.; one son, Thomas, died at New Dig- gings. Mrs. Vipand is a Primitive Methodist. Three of her daughters are married, Catharine to Michael Rowe ; Mary to William H. Howdle, and Sarah to James Andrew. TOWN OF HAZEL GREEN. WILLI All T. AXDREW, farmer; P. 0. Hazel Green ; owns 240 acres of land, valued at $50 per acre ; born in Hazel Green in 1848; settled on present farm in 1876. Married Julia Robes in 1875 ; she was born in Hazel Green. C M. ANDREWS, stock-dealer. Hazel Green; born in Cornwall, Eng., in 1844; came to America in 1850, and settled in this town. Married Mary Trewatha, a native of England; they have three children^ — William, Freeman and Leonard. Mr. A. has been a member of the Town Board two terms. THOMAS C. ANDREWS, retired farmer; P. 0. Hazel Green; born in Cornwall, Eng., in 1817 ; came to America in 1849, and located in Hazel Green, and engaged in mining and farming. iMar- ried Mrs. Ann Miller, a native of Cornwall, Eng., in 1839; they have two children — Ruby and Ada. Mrs. Andrews has two children by a former husband — Mary Alice Miller and William Harvey Miller. Mr. Andrews has one child by a former wife — William. Member of the M. E. Church. ARCHIE ATKINSON, Sec. 14; P. 0. Hazel Green; owns 80 acres of land, valued at $50 per acre ; born in Hazel Green Feb. 20, 1844; settled with his parents on this farm in 1848. Mar- ried Hester Lory; she was born in England in 1850; they have three children — Harry, Grace and Myrtle. Mrs. A. is a member of the M. E. Churcli. His father was born in England in 1807 ; his mother in 1808 ; moved to this country in 1834; settled near Chicago when that city was but a small village; his father hauled lead with an ox team to Chicago; he died April 12, 1880. JOHN BIRKETT, dealer in stock, Hazel Green ; born in Lincolnshire, Eng., in 1846 ; came to America in 1852, and settled in Hazel Green. Married Jane Shellian, a native of this town ; they have five children — ^Ida M., Lillie B., Phillip, Lucy, Oscar. He is Treasurer of the Village Board. OEORti-E BRODERICK, carpenter and builder, Hazel Green ; born in England in 1826 ; came to America in 1849, and settled in this village. Married Eden Thompson, a native of England; have four children — Prank E , Lillie, May W., George W. Mr. Broderick was a member of the Legis- lature one term ; has been on the County Board of Supervisors and Town Board. J. M. CHANDLER, dealer in drugs and medicines, Hazel Green ; established in 1853; born in St. Louis Co., Mo., in 1815 ; came to Wisconsin in 1837, and was engaged in mining for several years, until he engaged in the drug business. Married Annie Austin in 1839 ; she was born in Switzerland; have eight children — Francis M., John, William, Gustavus V., Thomas C, Martha Ann, Mary C. and Annie E. Has held all the diiferent town offices of any importance. THOMAS COOMBE, Sec. 22 ; P, 0. Hazel Green ; owns 140 acres of land, valued at $50 per acre; born in La Fayette Co., Wis., in 1844; came to this county in 1850, and removed to his present farm ; be is the son of William Coombe, a native of England. B. CORN BLISEN, proprietor of Empire House, Hazel Green; born in Prussia in 1825; came to America in 1848, and his first settlement was in Galena, where he was engaged in mining until 1853, when he married Mary Kirohberg, and removed to Jamestown, and was engaged in distilling for two years, when he sold out to William Clise, and was engaged in hotel keeping and dealing in hardware until 1867, when he removed to this village; he has nine children — Augusta, Dora, Mary, Francis, Henry, Josepbine, Martha, Frank, Phillip. J. H. COX, house, sign, carriage painting and paper hanging. Hazel Green ; established busi- ness in 1877 ; born in Hazel Green in 1850. Married Mary J. Goard, a native of St. Louis; they have three children — Elmer, E valine and Esther. Are members of the Primitive Church. 1008 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: JOHN J. CRAWFORD, of the firm of Crawford Bros., creamery, Hazel Green ; born in- Hazel Green in 1 85fi ; he is the son of Jefferson Crawford, a native of Greene Co., Penn., born in 1809 ; he came to Wiaconsinin 1832, and engaged in lead mining and smelting; he died in 1868. Jefferson Craw- ford, Jr., was born in this village in 1852. JOHN CURTIS, Sec. 11; P. 0. Fairview; owns 260 acres of land, valued at $50 per acre ; born in Cornwall, England, in 1832 ; came to America in 1847, and located in Hazel Green ; settled on his present form in 1876. In 1859, he married Mary Ann Lukey ; she also was born in Cornwall, England ; they have eleven children — Francis, William, Thomas, Mary, Emma, James, Isabella, Olive, Charles, Walter and Susan Ann. J. F. EASTMAN, harness-maker. Hazel Green ; established in 1856 ; born in Canada in 1825 ; came to Wisconsin in 1846, and located in this town. Married Mary Ann Beeman, a native of Canada ; have three children — :E. W., Hannah Mellissa and Leroy D. Mr. Eastman is the son of Levi S. Eastman, who was born in Vermont in 1800 ; in 1802, he went with parents to Ottawa, Canada, where he lived un- til 1845, when he removed to Hazel Green, Grant Co. He married in 1823, to Margaret Buchanan, a native of Ireland ; they had twelve children — six sons and six daughters. JAMES EDWARDS, dealer in hardware, stoves and tinware. Hazel Green ; established busi- ness in 1873; born in this town in 1847 ; is the son of Thomas Edwards, a native of England. In 1871, he married Mary A. Matter, a native of Devonshire, England ; they have five children — Addie L., Eliza- beth Ann, George M., John I., Thomas Porson. FAHERTY & O'NEIIjL/, dealers in general merchandise. Hazel Green ; business was estab" lished in 1854. The senior member of the firm, Mr. John Faherty, was born in Baltimore in 1803 ; came to Wisconsin in 1845, and settled in this town. Married Catherine Delton, a native of Kentucky; have two children — Thomas and Lizzie. In 1866, Edward O'Neill became a member of the firm ; he was born in Illinois in 1840. He married Elizabeth Faherty in 1866 ; she was born in Illinois; have two children — Charles and Estella. In 1862, Mr. O'Neill enliisted in Co. B, 90th 111. V. I., and served three years. JOHN FERN, smelter. Hazel Green ; established in 1853 ; born in England in 1827; came to America in 1830, with paren's and settled at Sinsinawa Moiind ; went to Iowa in 1834, and lived until 1877-, when he removed to this village. Marri d Elizabeth Spensley, a native of England, in 1848 ; she died in 1875. He has six children — William, Ellen, Lillie A., Frank, Charles and Kobert. MATHEW FRANKIiAND, stock-dealer and butcher, Hazel Green; born in Yorkshire, England, in 1820 ; came to America in 1850, and settled in Grant Co., and engaged in mining for a short time. Married Elizabeth Daykin, a native of England ; they have seven children — Ann, Dinah, Mary J., John S., Isabella, Lizzie Annie, Mathew. CONRAD GrENZ, proprietor of Galena Hotel, Hazel Green ; born in Germany in 1827 ; came to America in 1851, and located in Galena; in 1858, he came here and engaged in present business. Married Annie Salzman, in 1867 ; she was born in Prussia ; has one child — George. Mr. Genz has two children (by a former wife) — Herman and Louis. Are members of Koman Catholic Church. JAMES Gli ASSON, farmer. Sec. 24 ; P. 0. Hazel Green ; owns 196 acres of land, valued at $50 per acre ; born in Cornwall, England ; in 1820, came to America in 1840, and settled in Jo Daviess Co., 111.; two years later, he removed to this county. Married Jane Warner, a native of England ; they have six children^— James, John, Kichard, Benjamin, Harriet and Jane. JOHN CirRIRBIiE, dealer in general merchandise. Hazel Green ; business established in 1855; born in Cornwall, England, in 181 :i ; came to America in 1839, and settled here, and engaged in mining for a few years. Married Mary Middleton in 1852 ; they have six children — Thomas M., William, Eliza- beth, Alice, Drusilla and Grace; has one child (by a former wife) — John H.,now traveling for a Milwau- kee firm. Mr. Gribble has been on the Town Board two terms, and other oflices of less importance. M. A. HARPER, farmer. Sec. 35 ; P. O. Hazel Green ; owns 210 acres of laud, valued at $45 per acre ; born in Greene Co., Penn., June 3, 1814 ; came to Wisconsin in 1847, and located on his present farm. In 1841, he married Hester J. Lewis, who was born in Harrison Co., W. Va.; they have eight children — Charles, Salona, Virginia, Albert, Crawford, Carrie, Cornelius A. and Mildred. Are mem- bers of M. E. Church. JOSEPH HARRIS, farmer. Sec. 3 ; P. 0. Hazil Green ; owns 400 acres of land, valued at $50 per acre; born in England in 1823; came to America in 1844, and settled in Hazel Green, and engaged in mining ; located on his present farm in 1855. Married Eebecca Bawden, a native of En- TOWN OF HAZEL GREEN. 1009 gland ; they have eleven children — John F., Mary E., Rebecca, Joseph, Charles, Ethelinda, Jacob, Nettie, Thomas, Belle and AUie. Mr. Harris has been a member of the Legislature three terms ; elected in 1860, 1869 and 1871. JAMES HARVEY, proprietor of the Twelve-Mile House; P. 0. Fairview; owns 157 acres of land, valued at 850 per acre ; born in England in 1840 ; came to America in 1842 with parents. Married Susan Lukey, a native of this county ; they have three children — Nellie, Lukey and Isaac. Mr. H. has been u. member of the Town Btiard one term, and Assessor one term. MAURICE HEFFERNAN, Sec. 4; P. 0. Georgetown; owns 240 acres of land, valued at $50 per acre ; born in Canada in 1829 ; came to Wisconsin in 1856, and settled on his present farm. Married Elizabeth J. Sims, a native of England; they have eleven children — John, William, Albert, Henry, Apply, James, Mary, Oscar, Walter, Oliver and Jesse. Are members of the Methodist Church. ADAM 1IUI$$KE, farmer, Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Hazel Green ; owns 130 acres of land, valued at $50 per acre ; born in Germany in 1827 ; came to America in 1851, and settled in Hazel Green. Married Frances Brandt, a native of Germany, who was born in 1826 ; they have three children — Katie, Mary, Henry A. Are members of the Catholic Church. WIIililAM JACKSOIV, farmer, Sec. 26 ; P. 0. Hazel Green ; farm contains 178 acres of land, valued at $50 per acre; born in England in 1818 ; came to America in 1846, and settled in La Fayette Co. ; removed to his present farm in 1858. Married Susan Ann Treglown, a native of England, in 1842 ; have eight children — Sarah Ann, Joseph, Eliza, James, Mary, Francis, Arthur T., Albert. Mrs. Jackson is a member of the M. E. Church. jrOHlK^ JAMES, miner, Lewisburg; born in Cornwall, Eng., in 1838; came to America in 1840 with his parents; located in La Fayette Co. in 1858; settled here. Married Mary Ann Alton, a native of Iowa Co., Wis ; they have three children — Alice A., Jane A., John M. J. li. JEl^CKES, physician and surgeon, Hazel Green; born in Rhode Island in 1816 ; c^me to Wisconsin in 1848, and settled in Oshkosh, and engaged in the practice of medicine; in 1852, he removed to this village, and has been here since ; he received his medical education at Pittsfield, Mass., and Providence, R. I. Married Eleanor J. Smith, a daughter of Rev. Hugh Smith, D. D., of New York City ; they have four children — Hugh Lawrence, Daniel B., Eleanor Lawrence and Jessie. Are mem- bers of the Episcopal Church. JOSEPH JOHNS, retired miner, Hazel Green; born in Cornwall, Eng., in 1821 ; came to America in 1846, and settled in this village, and engaged in mining. Married Jane Paul, a native of England ; they have five children — Mary Jane, Emily, Sarah, Alfretta, Lennie May. Are members of the Primitive Church. W. D. JOlf^ES, farmer. Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Hazel Green ; owns 77 acres of land, valued at $50 per acre ; born in Westmoreland Co., Pehn., in 1830 ; came to Wisconsin in 1854, and settled in Hazel Green ; located on his present farm in 1877. Married Elizabeth Mayo, a native of Vermont ; they have one child by adoption — Sarah E. Mr. Jones has been a member of the Legislature one term, and Chair- man of the Board of Supervisors one term. Are members of the Congregational Church. JOHN KOHIi, Town Treasurer, Hazel Green ; born in Germany in 1829 ; came to America in 1848, and settled in this village. Married Mary Ann Matters ; she was born in England. Mr. Kohl has been Town Treasurer two years. Members of the Episcopal Church. S. lilGHTCAP, proprietor of Hazel Green Mills; born in Pennsylvania in 1813; came to Wisconsin in 1847, and erected a mill, and has been engaged in the same business since. Married Sarah Low, a native of Vermont ; they have seven children — William, Mary, Franklin, Emeline, Caroline, Leonard and Albert. Mr. L. has been Chairman of the Board two terms. J. J. LOOUEY, blacksmith and wagon-maker. Hazel Green ; born on the Isle of Man in 1847 came to America in 1868; in 1873, he settled in this town, and engaged in presmt business. Married Margaret Roberts, a native of this county ; they have two children — Mary and Jane. He has been a member of the Town Board one term. . CSEORtrE K. MIIjIjS, dealer in fancy groceries, confectioaeries, toys, tobacco, cigars, drugs and medicines. Hazel Green ; established in 1875 ; born in Cornwall, England, in 1853 ; came to America in 1863, and located in New York with parents ; in 1865, came to Wisconsin. Married Amanda Morcom, a native of this county. Mr. Mills was elected Town Clerk in 1880. 1010 BIOaRAPHICAL SKETCHES: M. MIIiLS, farmer, Sec. 26 ; P. 0. Hazel Green; owns 187 acres of land, valued at $50 per acre; born in Cornwall, England, in 1832 ; came to America in 1854, and settled in this county in 1864 and to his present farm in 1878. Married Susanna Jeffery, a native of England ; they have five children — Man- nington, Susanna, William, Katie and Libbie. E. R. PATTERSON, dealer in general merchandise, Fairview; born in this town in 1851 ; engaged in present business in 1877. Married Alice Straw, a native of this county ; they have one child — Laura May. Are members of M. E. Church. P. P. PATTERSON, Sec. 14; P. 0. Hazel Green; owns 160 acres of land, valued at $50 per acre; born in St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., in 1812; came to Wisconsin in 1834, and settled near Dodgeville ; removed to this county in 1835, and, in 1837, entered his present farm. Married Elizabeth Dobson, a native of England ; they have four children — Enoch R., Charles P., P. P., Cyrus W. Mr. Patterson has been Assessor one term. WILIilAm RALPH, Sec. 12 ; P. 0. Fairview; owns 412 acres of land, valued at $45 per acre; born in Cornwall, England, March 9, 1819 ; came to America in 1842; he located on his present farm in 1861. Married Phillippa Richards; she was born in England in 1818 ; they have three children ■ — Lizzie, John and George. Are members of the M. E. Church. L. P. REIFSTECK, dealer in live stock. Hazel Green ; born in this town in 1854. Married Lena Baker, a native of Illinois ; they have one child — J. Augustas. Mr. Reifsteck has held the office of Town Clerk one term. R. D. ROBERTS, wagon and carriage maker, and dealer in agricultural implements, Hazel Green; business established in 1848; born in Wales in 1822; came to America in 1845, and settled in Dodge Co.; came here in 1848. Married Catherine Jones, a native of Wales, in 1846 ; have three children — Margaret, Jane and Kittie. Members of the M. E. Church. WIIililAlE ROBERTS, carriage, sign and house painter. Hazel Green ; established in 1850 ; born in Wales in 1830 ; came to America in 1850, and settled in this village. Married Jane BullOck, a native of England ; they have four children — Eliza, Ella, Walter and Elmer. Are members of the M. E. Church. EDWARD ROGERS, Sec. 28; P. 0. Hazel Green; born in England in 1810; came to America in 1845, and settled in this county ; located on present farm in 1857. Married Mary Ann Treg- lone in 1848; she was born in Ireland; they have six children — Mary Ann, Edward, John, Annie, James and Frederick. J. E. ROWB, dealer in dry goods and groceries. Hazel Green ; established in 1872 ; is a son of John Rowe, a native of England, who came to America in 1835. and settled in Illinois ; in 1853, he re- moved to this village. PHILLIP SHILLIAM, retired; P. 0. Fair View; born in England in 1815; came to America in 1839, and settled in Chicago; came here in 1842, and settled in this village, and engaged in shipping stock to Eastern markets. Married Jane Cook in 1839; she was born in London in 1§15; they have three children — Samuel, Elizabeth and Jane. WILLIAM SIMS, retired farmer ; P. 0. Fairview ; born in Cornwall, England, in 1807 ; came to America in 1841 ; in 1842, he settled in this town. Has been twice married, first to Apply Pascoe, a native of England, they had three children — William, Mary Ann and Elizabeth. Married again to Mary Ann Rorr, a native of England : ihey have one child — Mary Annie. Are members of the M. B. Church. C. SMEARBArCirH, Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Hazel Green ; owns 125 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre; born in Germany in 1847, came to America in 1852, and settled in this town; he is a sou of Anthony Smearbaugh. JOSEPH SMITHERUM, miner; P. 0. Lewisburg; born in La Fayette Co., Wis., in 1852. Married Alice A. James, a native of this village, in 1881. Mr. Smitherum has been in Colorado for the past six years. T. Cr. STEPHENS, dealer in general merchandise, Jeiferson ; business was established in 1856 ; born in England in 1818 ; came to America in 1841, and settled here. Married Edith Withers, a native of Cornwall, England ; has three children by a former wife — Thomas, Phillippi and Mary. Mrs. S. has one child by a former husband — John Withers. Mr. Stephens was elected to the Legislature in 1872 ; he has also been a member of the Town Board about ten years. TOWN OF HAZEL GREEN. 1011 BEHf JAMIBT STRAW, Sec. 23 ; P. 0. Hazel Green ; owns 240 acres of land valued at $50 per acre; born in Derbyshire, England, in 1820; came to America io 1828, and settled in Pennsylvania; removed to Wisconsin in 1834; located in Hazel Green in 1840. Married Mary Sparks, a native of England ; they have three childrenT*-Henry B., Mary W. and Ida. Mr. Straw has been a member of the Town Board, and has assessed the town several times. W. H. TEASDAIiE, miller ; P. 0. Hazel Green ; born in St. Joseph Co., Mich., in 1836 ; came to Wisconsin in 1842, and settled in White Oak Springs, La Payette Co.; came to this county in 1848, and settled here. Married Eliza Stephens, a native of England ; they have five children — H. E., C. H., Earnest, Annie and William. JOSIAH THOMAS, dealer in general merchandise and Postmaster, Hazel Green ; business was established in 1865 ; born in Cornwall, England, in 1835 ; came to America in 1842, and settled with parents in the town of Benton, La Payette Co. Married Jane Hocking, a native of Cornwall, England ; they have five children — John Henry, Laura A., Minnie, Eva L. and Lillie J. Mr. Thomas has been Justice of the Peace two terms ; is the present Justice. WILLilAM THOmAS, retired merchant, Hazel Green ; born near Elston, Cornwall, England, in 1828 ; came to America in 1848, and settled in Lewisburg, and engaged in mining in 1856 ; he removed to Fairview and engaged in the mercantile business. In 1863, he married Mary E. Harvey, a native of Cornwall, England ; they have two children — William H. and Clinton W. Mr. Thomas has been a mem- ber of the Town Board, and is at present, and was Postmaster about fifteen years at Fairview. FRANK G. THOMPSON, auctioneer, Hazel Green; born in England in 1844; in 1852, he came with his parents to America and settled in Hazel Green. Married Katie McBrien, a native of this town ; they have one child — George Francis. MATHIAS & EDWARD THOMPSON, dealers in furniture, hardware, undertakers and cabinet-makers. Hazel Green; established business in 1854. The senior member, Mathias, was born in Yorkshire, England, in 1816 ; came to America in 1853, and settled in this town. Married Margaret Langton, a native of England, in 1839 ; they have six children — Eden, Frank G., Lizzie, Margaret, Mary Ann and Doratha Newton. Edward, the junior member, was born in England in 1823 ; came to America in 1853, and settled in this village. Married Ann Brougham, a native of England ; they have six children — Ann E., Mary Jane, Margaretta, Brougham, Emma, Samuel. Are all members of the M. E. Church. Mr. Mathias Thompson has been Chairman of the Board of Surpervisors two years. JOSEPH WILKINSON, Sec. 6 ; P. 0. Jamestown ; owns 220 acres of land, valued at $45 per acre ; born in Durham, England, in 1814 ; came to America in 1850, and settled in Pittsburgh, Penn.; removed from there to Ohio ; thence to St. Louis, and, in 1852, he removed to this county. Mar- ried Ann Redfreu ; she was born in Durham, England ; they have six children — Thomas, John, George, William, Samuel and Robert. JAMES WILLS, Sec. 3 ; P. 0. Fairview ; owns 400 acres of land, valued at $50 per acre ; born in Cornwall, England, in 1820; came to America in 1848, and settled in Hazel Green ; located on this form in 1856. Married Jane Treglown, a native of the same place ; they have thirteen children — James, Thomas, Mary, Catherine, Jessepha, Elizabeth Ann, Marena, Emma, V/illiam, John, Hannah, Su- san and Joseph Grant. Are members of the Methodist Church. ROY WILLIAMS, farmer, Sec. 28 ; P. 0. Hazel Green ; born in this town in 1856 ; he is the son of John S. Williams, a native of England, born in 1821, who came to America in 1845, and set- tled ia JeiFerson ; removed to his present farm in 186Y. Married Susan Bosanko, who is also a native of England ; they have twelve children — Susan, Honor, Hannah, John, Roy, William, Sarah, Mary, Grant, Alfred, Arthur and Frank. JOHN WILLIAMS, miner, JeflFerson ; born in England in 1821 ; came to America in 1848, and settled here. Married Annie Pedelty, a native of England. ELLIS WYNNE, blacksmith. Hazel Green ; born in Wales in 1808 ; came to America in 1850. Married Elizabeth Huse ; she was born in Wales ; they have two children — John and Margaret. H. D. YORK, attorney at law and c Electing agent. Hazel Green ; born in Oxford, Chenango Co., N. Y., in 1823 ; came to Wisconsin in 1843, and settled in Hazel Green, and engaged in mining and land agency. Married Mary E. Tyler, a native of Ohio ; they have two children — Dwight S., R. Aruba. Mr. York was a member of the Legislature three terms. 1012 BIOGKAPHICAL SKETCHES: TOWN OF ELLENBORO. I. R. ADRISOX, farmer, Sec. 26 ; P. 0. Platteville ;" was born in Warren Co., Ky., March 5, 1819 ; emigrated to Jackson Co., Ind., then to Pulton Co., 111., then in 1860 to Wisconsin ; now owns 80 acres of fine land well improved, and owns what he has by his own industry. He learned the trade of miller in EUisville, Fulton Co., 111. His wife, Sarah J. Horn, who was born at Cleveland, Ohio, July 20, 1830; married May 6, 1846, in Jo Davies Co., 111. ; they have six children — Leonard, Norman, Hulan, Alma, Cora, Mary. In politics, Eepublican ; both members of the Free Methodist Church ; class-leader for seven years. Has held the office of Pathmaster. SAMlJELi BAR$$TOW, farmer. Sec. 25; P. 0. Platteville; born at Norway, Herkimer Co., N. Y., Aug. 12, 1812 ; emigrated at the age of six years to Trumbull Co., Ohio, where he attended the district school in the schoolhouse, which was composed of logs with slabs as seats. He remained at home on the farm until the year 1838, when he came to Wisconsin and remained one year, then returned to Ohio, and in the fall of the year 1844, he returned to Grant County, where he bought 160 acres of land and has improved with a fine house 26x42, good barn 30x40, wing, 15x30, basement stable. The old log cabin is still standing on the place. His first wife, Elizabeth De Wolf, a native of Trumbull Co., Ohio, was born June 5, 1813, and married April 9, 1834 ; she died Aug. 9, 1866 ; by this marriage there were two children — Scott, born Dec. 23, 1837, now residing in Thayer Co., Neb. ; Ariel, who was born Oct. 19, 1842, and enlisted in Company B, 25th W. V. I., now in La Fayette Co., Wis. His second wife was Mrs. Arminda Hyde, born July 21, 1822, at Malone, N. Y., and married in 1843 to Mr. Hyde, a native of Highgate, Franklin Co., N. Y. ; he died at Lancaster, Wis., in 1863, leaving four children — Columbus, now in Georgetown, Wis. ; Julia, born June 19, 1849, now Mrs. McFadden, in Kansas ; Flora, born Sept. 27, 1857, now Mrs. Downing; Frank D., born Dec. 18, 1856, died Sept. 30, 1878, now in Kansas. Mrs. Hyde married Mr. Barstow in 1867 ; they have no children. In politics is a Eepublican, and held the office of School Clerk and Treasurer of District No. 7, also Justice of the Peace under the old Territory Law and now Justice ; the first Assessor under the State law ; Town School Superintendent, also Chair- man of the Board of Supervisors. DAXIEL BUBTOK, farmer, Seo. 23; P. 0. Ellenboro ; was born in 1815, New Lisbon, Ohio ; he is son of Samuel and Mary Burton. At the age of 8 years his parents went to Kindle, Ohio, lived there four years, then to Wayne Co., Ohio ; remained for sixteen years, then to Medina Co., Ohio ; lived there for ten years, then moved to Wisconsin, located in Wingville, where he lived twelve years, then to Ellenboro, Grant Co., where he has lived since. He was married at the age of 27 years, to Sarah G. Fulks, a daughter of Charles and Sarah Fulks, by whom he had four children, Benjamin and an infant, deceased ; living, Joseph and Emily. He was married the second time to Sarah A. Madison, a daughter of Nathan Madison ; had six children, four living, William, James, Mary and Samuel. A member of the Evangelical Church. JADIEi^ W. CL-EMEKTS, farmer, Sec. 24; P. 0. Platteville; born in Herkimer Co., N. Y., April 24, 1831, and came to Wisconsin in 1879 ; he now owns 160 acres of land nicely improved. He enlisted in Company E, 154th N. Y. V. I., was wounded and taken prisoner at the battle of Fred- ricksburg, Va., and taken to Richmond, afterward exchanged and was with Sherman on the march to the sea. His wife, Amanda Francis, was born in Genesee Co., N. Y., June 6, 1837 ; married in the year 1854; they have five children — Ella J., born Sept. 18, 1855 ; Hattie, born Sept. 16, 1857; Alma, born Aug. 21, died Sept. 17, 1876 ; Lida, born July 9, 1866 ; Neal, born May 22,. 1877. In politics, Repub- lican ; in religion, liberal believer. JOHBi' B. CliOUGrH, farmer. Sec. 3 ; P. 0. Lancaster ; was born in Piscataquis Co., Maine, Dec. 5, in the year 1835 ; emigrated to Boone Co., 111., in the year 1839 with his parents, then to Wis- consin October, 1843 ; settled in Highland, Grant Co., now Iowa County, then to Ellenboro, Grant County, in the year 1845. His father died December, 1868 ; his mother in July, 1878. He owns 330 acres of land, north half of Sec. 3 town Ellenboro. His wife, Mary A. McKnight, born Sept. 26, 1854; they have no children. In politics, Republican ; in religion. Free Thinker. Has been District Clerk and Director, Justice of the Peace and Clerk. His father was a Baptist. Mrs. Clough's father was Andrew McKnight, born in County Down, Ireland, May 13, 1817; came to Mineral Point 1846 ;, enlisted in TOWN OF ELLEKBOKO. 1013 • Company A, 33d W. V. I., 1862 ; lost his health in the war, died May 3, 1876. Her mother was Pru- dence Cromwell, a native of County Down, Ireland, born May 8, 1819 ; came to Canada with her parents, where they died. They wore mMjried in the year 1843, and they have ten children — Elenora ; James, who was in the 33d W. V. I. ; ThoSas, in the 47th W. V. I. ; Margaret, Andrew, Mary A., Sarah, Chris- tiana, Edmond, Olive. i,^:>4 ,. " JOHN li. FRY, farmer, Seo.'^ ; P. 0. Lancaster ; was born in Mercer Co., Penn., April, 1825 ; came to Wisconsin with his parents. He owns 160 acres of land, which he has made by his own indus- try. He enlisted at the age of 18 in Company B, 43d W. V. I., in September, the year 1864 ; was at the battle of Johnsonville, Tenn. ; discharged at the close of the war. His wife, Hannah Hake, was born in Wisconsin, 1829 ; daughter of Elias and Nancy Hake, now residing in Clifton, Grant Co., Wis. Mar- ried Oct. 1, 1867 ; they have five children — Virgil, Virginia, Ruby, Prudence, Luella. In politics. Democrat; in religion, liberal believer; Pathmaster in 1880. CHBISTOFHER GROEIVE, farmer. Sec. 2 ; P. 0. Annaton ; was born in Prussia March 20, 1832 ; came to America in 1858, and direct to Wisconsin ; worked in Lancaster for C. Hollaway five years, then rented one year; he then bought 160 acres of land, made the improvements and has made all by his own industry. His wife, Lizzie Holenberge, was a native of Europe; they married in 1862; she died in the year 1871, and left five children — William, Charles, Amelia, Ella, George. His second wife was Christina Hoffmaster, born in Geimany Nov. 13, 1841 ; came to America in 1860. Mairied to Henry Teist March, 1868; he died 1872; they had two children — Herman and Menia. Married to Mr. Groene April, 1873 they have one child — Bertha. In politics, Kepublican ; a Presbyterian. Has been Treasurer o District No. 8. ABRA9I liILIilE, farmer. Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Platteville ; was born at Litchfield, Conn., May 2, 1807 ; emigrated with his parents to Trumbull Co., Ohio, in 1810 ; his parents died in Ohio ; he then removed to Wisconsin in the year 1854 ; bought 80 acres ; now owns 160 acres of land improved, with a fine house 16x28, with wing 16x26, one story and a half; a barn 24x34, with basement, stable, wagon shed 28x56. His wife, Polly Spears, was born in Ohio ; they married in 183^ ; she died Jan. 7, 1852, leaving three children — Amelia, now Mrs. Culver, residing in Crawford Co., Wis.; Homer, who enlisted in Co. C, 6th W. V. I.; drowned at Fredericksburg, Va., June 20, 1862; Dudley, who enlisted in Co. B, 43d W. V. I.; died Dec. 7, 1864, at Nashville, Tenn. His second wife, Cordelia Ailing, a native of Connecticut, was born Aug. 31, 1816 ; they married Oct. 27, 1854; she died March 3, 1875. By this marriage there was one child — David H., who was born August 4 in the ye.ir 1858. In politics. Repub- lican ; in religion, Congregational. Has held the office of School Treasurer and Clerk, also Assessor and member of Town Board. WILiLilAM l/ANDOX, farmer. Sec. 5 ; P. 0. Lancaster; born in Pennsylvania Jan. 11, 1817 ; he emigrated to New York with his parents, where he remained until he was 12 years of age, when he then went to Ohio. In the year 1849 he came to Wisconsin ; settled in Ellenboro, Grant Co., bought 80 acres ; now owns 240 acres of nicely improved land. His first wife Anna Richmond ; born in Vir- ginia ; married in Ohio in the year 1840 ; died in Ellenboro in 1849. They had five children — Cather- ine, who died in Nebraska in the year 1864 ; Henry J., George R., Anther S., Ozias W., all in Dakota. His second wife, Rachel Bacon, born in Trumbull Co., Ohio, May 25, 1832 ; she came to Wisconsin at the age of 11 years, with her parents ; her father built the first frame building in the city of Platteville, for Squire Bennett Atwood, and used as a boarding-house. He removed to Nebraska, where he died in July, at the ripe old age of 81. Her mother also died in Nebraska in 1871. The second marriage was in the year 1850 ; they have nine children — Endrick U., deceased ; Ada Anna, Mrs. Reymer, in Dakota; Mary E., now Mrs. Burr, in Iowa ; Sarah J., deceased ; Jane R., Charles W., Byron M., Gay D. and Catherine S. In politics, he is Republican ; in religion, liberal believer ; School Director in the years 1853—54. After the second marriage, they returned to Ohio, and remained until the year 1856, when he returned to Wisconsin. While in Ohio he was Superintendent of the Cleveland & Mahoning Railroad. After returning to Wisconsin, and while plowing in the field, he was taken with inflammation in the head. The next morning he had entirely lost his eyesight, and has not been able to see since ; but by his good management, thrift and industry, he has a well-kept farm. Mrs. Landon's brother Samuel was born blind. and was educated at Columbus, Ohio. Instrumental in the building the cottage for the blind at Jackson- ville, 111., also at Nebraska City ; at one time Principal at Iowa City ; the first Principal at Nebraska City. On July 4, 1850, Mr. Landon, in company with his wife, went over to his wife's father's, where, in company with Mr. Bacon, started for the fourth at Black Leg Hollow (now Pleasant Grove), to the log sehbolhouse. There they found Uncle Obed Jones, with a cheese and loaf of bread, and Dr. Bradley 1014 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: (now in Colorado), who made the lemonade with essence of lemon, sugar, water and soda. The others there were Joshua Culver, Edmond Allen, Port Allen, Blakley and a few others hiving a shooting match ; this was the celebration of July 4, 1850, without a woman. JA9IEIS mcKXICirllT, farmer. Sec. 10 ; P. 0. Laneastej^ w^s born at Benton, La Fayette Co., Wis., Nov. 27, 1846 ; went to Kansas in 1872 ; remained there untiljj874, engaged in farming ; then returned to Iowa, and rented land ; then returned to Wisconsin ;■ bought and owns 80 acres of land (a part of the old homestead of his father). He enlisted, in the year 1862, in Co. A, 33d W. V. I.; mus- tered out in August, 1865, at Vicksburg, Miss. His wife, Linda Bronell, who was born in La Fayette Co., July 23, 1853 ; a daughter of Clinton and Cynthia Bronell; natives of New York. They married in 1872 ; they have three children — Everett D., born in Kansas April 24, 1874 ; Wilber A., born in Iowa Sept. 24, 1876 ; Melvin J., born in Wisconsin Sept. 21, 1878. PETJER XEBEL, farmer. Sec. 18 ; P. 0. Platteville ; was born in 1826, at Wurtemberg, Germany ; lived with his parents until 16 years of age, going to school the greater portion of the time ; he then followed laboring for eleven years ; came to the United States in 1853, locating in Allegheny Co., Penn., for nine months, arriving in Stephenson Co., 111., in 1854, where he followed renting and tilling the soil for twelve years, when he returned to Allegheny Co., Penn., and remained there for two years ; then moved to Wisconsin, locating in La Fayette Co., near the Platte Mound, for four years ; then to Ellen- boro, Grant Co., where he has lived for nine years. Was married, in 1854, to Friederika Bare, a daughter of Godlip and Mary Bare ; had three children, since deceased, Lewis F., John G., both living with their parents. Is a member of the Evangelical Methodist Church. PHIIjIP PRITCHETT (deceased) ; was born in New York State ; came to Wisconsin and engaged in anything that he could find to do ; he resided in Wisconsin until the time of his death in Octo- ber, 1870. His wife, Margaret Day, born in Louisville, Ky., Nov. 6, 1820; was married in December, 1834 ; they had nine children — Mary, born Jan. 2, 1837, now Mrs. Singer, at Whitewater, Wis.; Bever- ley, born Feb. 8, 1838 ; Joshua, born Nov. 6, 1841 ; enlisted in 1862 in Co. C, 25th W. V. I.; discharged in 1865 ; now in Nebraska. James, born Aug. 11, 1843; enlisted in Co. C, 25th W. V. I.; died at Helena, Ark., Oct. 6, 1863. Allen, born Nov. 13, 1846; now in business at Fennimore. William, born Dec. 20, 1849 ; now near home on a farm. Gam, born Nov. 1, 1851 ; Louisa, born Aug. 28, 1853 ; now at Patch Grove ; Sarah E., born May 29, 1859. Mrs. Pritchett has, by industry and economy, bought and owns 80 acres of land in Sec. 6, P. 0. Lancaster. JOHIV RAFTERY, Sec. 11 ; P. 0. BUenboro ; was born in Castleray, Ireland ; is a son of Patrick and Ellen Raftery ; emigrated to the United States in 1855 ; located in EUenboro, Grant Co., Wis., and, in 1872, returned to his native land and married Miss Feely, a daughter of Jamen and Mary Feely ; they have four children — James, John, Maria, Margaret. Is a member of the Catholic Church. ABEL ROBERTS, farmer, Sec. 6; P. 0. Lancaster; was born in Indiana in July, 1835; he came to Wisconsin in the year 1840, in company with his parents who were old settlers. He bought 220 acres of land when he was about 23 years of age; on which he has made the improvements ; has a fine home ; pays some attention to the raising of bees ; has made what he has by his own industry. His wife, Emily Curry, a native of Illinois ; born Sept. 9, 1840 ; she came to Wisconsin with her parents, who now reside near Lancaster; she was married Dec. 22,1859. They had two children — Alma AUice, Albert Idelbert, both deceased ; an adopted son, Charlie. In politics, Republican ; in religion, Baptist. Has been Clerk of School District No. 5. WILLiIAM W. SHAW, farmer, Sec. 11; P. 0. BUenboro; was born in Dubuque Co., Iowa, in 1843. He remained with his parents until their death; his father died in 1861, his mother in 1862. Enlisted in 1861, in Co. C, 9th Iowa V. I.; he served three years and three months; was in twenty-four battles ; came home in 1864, lived in Dubuque County for one year, then went to Glen Haven, Grant Co., Wis., where he lived for twelve years and followed farming ; then went to EUen- boro, where he has since lived. He was married the first time in 1865, to Sintha Smith, a daughter of Edward and Catharine Smith ; had four children, Charles E., Mary L., Molisa J., Anna M. ; his first wife died in 1875, and in the latter part of the same year he married Marilda Shaw, of Fennimore, a daughter of James and Margaret Shaw ; had two children, William N., deceased, and Dora M. Has forty-one and a half acres of land, also a fine house and lot in Glen Haven. WILLiIAH SHIXGLEDECKER, farmer. Sec. 2 ; P. 0. Platteville ; was born in Mer- cer Co., Penn., July 14, 1825 ; came to Wisconsin in 1855 ; bought and owns 80 acres. His wife, Sarah Davis, born in Pennsylvania in 1818. Married in 1846 ; they have six children — George, Martha, now TOWN OF SMELSER. 1015 Mrs. Speise, in Platteville; Mary, Josiah, William H., Ester. In politics, Republican; his wife is a Methodist ; has been Clerk of District No. 8. His wife had three children by former marriage — Bme- ine, now Mrs. Will Hake, in Colorado ; Josephine, now in Pennsylvania. JOHN STEPHENS, farmer, Sec. 32 ; P. 0. EUenboro ; was born in Cornwall, England, Sept. 24, 1820 ; came to America in 1849 ; settled in Ohio ; was only there a short time when he came to Wisconsin ; was engaged in mining and farming on 40 acres ; now owns 80 acres of land. His wife, Elizabeth Daddow, was born in Cornwall, England, March 1, 1822 ; came to America in 1848, and settled at Benton, La Fayette Co., Wis.; they were married in 1850 ; they have had five children — John D., born Aug. 18, 1851, died Dec. 5, 1880; Mary E., born March 20, 1855 ; Lucy A., born Jan. 1, 1858; Am- rilla, born July 4, 1869 ; Josoph B., born Jan. 25, 1863. In politics, Republican ; in religion, a liberal believer. EDWARD WHALER, farmer, Sec. 1 ; P. 0. Platteville ; born in 1860 in England ; was a son of William and Susan Whaler ; came to America in 1868 ; located in Little Grant, Grrant Co., Wis., for one year ; then to Lima for one year ; thence to EUenboro for eleven years, where he has since lived ; he has lived with his parents all his life. Politics, Republican. JOHN T. WILKINSON, farmer, Sec. 34; P. 0. EUenboro; born in Indiana July 15, 1835 ; came to Wisconsin in 1850, with his parents. He enlisted in Co. C, 25th W. V. I., in 1862 ; dis- charged April 13, 1865, on account of wounds received at Atlanta, Ga., Aug. 15, 1864 ; he then returned to Wisconsin, and now owns 160 acres of land ; made the improvements, and owns what he has by his own industry. His wife, Miss A. A. Bradley, was born in Ohio Nov. 16, 1836 ; came to Wisconsin with her parents in 1846 ; they died in Grant Co.; his father died in July, 1846 ; his mother died in March, 1876, They were married in 1860, and have one child — Eva, born Dec. 18, 1861. In politics, Greenbaoker ; lib- eral in religion. Has been Assessor, member of the Town Board, Justice of the Peace, Director and Treasurer of Schools. Is a member of the P. of H. and Good Templars. HENRY WRA(jrE, wagon-maker; P. 0. EUenboro; was born in Germany in 1825; came to America in 1852; remained a short time in Chicago ; then to Galena ; then in 1857 to Grant Co., Wis..; learned his trade in the old country ; was also in the army in the old country, in the war between Denmark and Germany. His wife, Gertrude Otten, who was born in Germany, came to America in 1850 ; mar- ried in 1854 ; they have five children — Emma, Henry, .John B., Harry W. and Augustus. In religion, he was raised a Catholic, his wife Lutheran. He owns 10 acres near the village, with good house ; also, 120 acres in Sees. 14 and 13, EUenboro. TOWN OF SMELSER. JOSEPH BANFIEIiD, farmer, Sec. 24; P. 0. St. Rose; owns 200 acres of land, valued at $50 per acre ; born in Ireland in 1835 ; came to America in 1842, and settled in Canada ; removed with his parents in 1844 to this county. In 1861, he settled on this farm and married Sarah Hyland, a native of Ireland ; they have five children — Mary Ann, William A., Joseph C, Thomas P., Annie Kate. Mem- bers of Catholic Church. THOMAS BOOTH, Sec 11 ; P. 0. Elmo; owns 200 acres of land, valued at $50 per aere^ was born in England in 1820 ; came to America in 1840, and settled in this town. Married Rosamond Render in 1844; she was born in England; they have ten chUdren — John Thomas, Margaret E., Render, Francis, William, George, Samuel, Joseph, Alvin and Charles. JOHN BR AIT, Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Cuba City ; owns 75 acres of land, valued at $50 per acre ; born in Cornwall, England, in 1829 ; came to America in 1836, and settled with his parents in Mineral Point ; he settled on his present farm in 1857. Married Mary Reed, a native of the same place ; they have three children — W. Howard, Thirza A., J. Morgan. Aie members of the Free Methodist Church. GEORGE E. CABANIS, carpenter and builder, Sec. 10 ; P. 0. Big Patch ; owns 55 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre ; born in Green Co., Ky., in 1815 ; when he was 7 years of age, his parents removed to Sangamon Co., lU.; they were among the earliest settlers of that county. In 1832, he enlisted in the Black Hawk war, under Gen. Whiteside and Capt. Goodin ; two years later, he removed to New Diggings, La Fayette Co., and prospected for lead; in 1845, he located permanently where he now resides. Although not an office-seeker, Mr. Cabanis has held important offices; in 1872, he was elected to the State 1016 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Legislature ; in the town has been Town Clerk, Superintendent of Public Schools and Chairman eight or nine years. He married Mary Ann Lauterman, a native of Illinois ; they have one child — James H., whose biography appears elsewhere; have lost one son — Jasper — who died in 1862. JAUES H. CABA.1SIS, dealer in general merchandise, (ifiorgetown ; born in Springfield, 111., in 1838 ; removed with his parents to this town in 1844. Married in 1866, to Addie Haney, a native ot Ohio; they have four children — Mary E., Prank E., Harry H. and an infant unnamed. Mr. Cabanis is a member of the State Legislature ; he is also Postmaster of this village. W. W. CARIilSLiEi, dealer in general merchandise, Cuba City ; business established in Decem- ber, 1879 ; born in Pickaway Co., Ohio, in 184.S; came to Wisconsin Sept. 17, 1877, and located in this village. Married Ella Smith in 1870 ; she was born in La Fayette Co.; have one child — William Henry. Mr. C. enlisted in Co. E, 49th Ohio V. I., in 1861, and served three years; was in all the battles that regiment participated in until the battle of Stone River, where he was wounded in five different places. JOHN CDBMJEXS, farmer and stock-raiser, Sec. 36 ; P. 0. Cuba City ; born in this county ; owns 166 acres of land, valued at $50 per acre. Married Sarah Nichols, a native of Benton, La Fayette Co., Wis., in 1869 ; they have three children — Laura, John L. B. and Mable J. Mr. Clemens is the son of Christopher Clemens, a native of Cornwall, England ; born in 1815, and emigrated to America in 1842. ARTHUR DOYIiE, Sec. 26; P. 0. Cuba City; owns 236 acres of land; bom in Ireland in 1841 ; in 1853, he came to America and settled in Hazel Green; located on his present farm in 1866. He married Catherine Walsh, a native of Illinois ; they have five children — Andrew, Nicholas, Mary Ann, Patrick and Charles. Are members of Roman Catholic Church. J. V. DONOHOO, retired farmer, St. Rose; born in Maryland in 1809 ; came to Wisconsin in 1846, and settled in Hazel Green ; removed to this town in 1849. Mr. Donohoo has been twice married ; his second marriage was to Mary Ann O'Neill, a native of Ireland; he has three children — Patrick, M., Sarah E. and C. T. Are members of the Roman Catholic Church. IV. EASTMABT, farmer. Sec. 26 ; P. 0. Georgetown ; owns 240 acres of land, valued at $50 per acre ; born in Canada in 1838 ; came to Wisconsin in 1847, and settled in this town. Married Margaret Cooper, a native of Missouri ; they have six children — Grant, Orville, Lillie, Elva, Maudie and Claud. Mr. Eastman has been a member of the Town Board one term. Are members of M. E. Church. JOHN HARHIS, Sec. 2 ; P, 0. Platteville ; born in Hanover, Germany, in 1812 ; came to America in 1838 and settled on this farm. Mr. Harms has held quite important public offices ; was elected to the Legislature in 1863, and has been a member of the Town Board a number of years. JAMES JEFFREY, dealer in general merchandise, Georgetown; was born in England in 1841 ; came to America in 1847, and with his parents settled in Benton, La Fayette Co. ; removed to this county in 1861. In 1869, he married Alice Oatey, a native of Illinois; they have two children — William F. and George L. JAMES P. JONES, dealer in general merchandise, Georgetown; was born in this- town in 1851; engaged in his present business Oct. 22, 1878. Married Eliza Watson in 1874; she is also a native of this county ; they have three children — Etta, Mabel and Garfield. Members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. HENRY KETTLER, Sec. 12; P. 0. Platteville; owns 200 acres of land, valued at $50 per acre ; born in Hanover, Germany, in 1828 ; came to America in 1855 and settled on this farm. Mar- ried Mary Knipping in 1863 ; she was also born in Hanover, Germany. They have three children — Henry, John and Louise. Members of the Lutheran Church. THOMAS MICHELIi, blacksmith and repairing shop, Cuba City; born in England in 1851; came to America in 1872, and settled in Pennsylvania in 1875 ; he removed to this village and engaged in his present business. Married Mary Jane Penhale, a native of Cornwall, England ; they have three children — Edgar, William Henry and Earnest. JAMES OETTIKER, physician and surgeon, Georgetown ; was born in La Fayette Co., Wis., in 1853; was married in 1878 to Jennie Stewart; they have one child — Lenice E. Mr. 0. is a graduate of the Platteville Normal School, also of the Medical University, Philadelphia, Penn. WILIilAM H. PASCOE, dealer in general merchandise, Cuba City ; born in this county in 1850; settled in Cuba City in 1876. Married Emily Vincent in 1878 ; she was born in Galena, 111. D. B. PATTERSON, retired farmer, Georgetown; born in Chautauqua Co., N. Y.,in 1812; came to this county in 1836, and settled in Jamestown in 1840 ; he removed to this town, where he has TOWN OF SMELSER. 1017 since resided. Mr. Patterson has been twice married ; first to Cornelia M. Sheffield in 1837 ; she was born in Ohio in 1815, and died in 1862 ; she had nine children — Alvin, Francis M., Ida, Ira, Eugenie, Edward, Hellen, William and Annie. In 1869, he married Mary Fust, a native of Cornwall, England ; born in 1832 ; they have two children — George and Frederick ; are members of the Christian Church. JOIVAS BAWSON, speculator, Big Patch; born in Yorkshire, England, in 1818; came to America in 1846 and settled in this town ; has been twice married, first to Christiana Broadbent, a native of England, who died in 1854; married again to Elizabeth Silson, a native of England. He has five children — Ann, Jonas C, Richard T., James and Jane. J> li. BOISE, boot and shoemaker, Georgetown; was born in Maine in 1843 ; came to Wisconsin in 1868; has been married and has one child — Maud E., in 1864; he enlisted in Company D, 1st New Hampshire Heavy Artilery and was discharged in 1865. B. F. SAIiTZMAlT, blacksmith and wagon-maker, Georgetown ; established business in 1868 ; born in Posey Co., Ind., in 1826 ; came to this county in 1835, and settled in Platteville in 1848 ; he left Platteville and located in Beetown, where he lived three years ; he then went to California, came back in 1857, made the second trip to California and returned in 1859. In 1862, he enlisted in Company E, 25th W. V. I., and served until close of war; he was promoted to Second Lieutenant ten months previous to his discharge. The same year he enlisted he married Elizabeth Haney, a native of Ohio. They have two children — Lulu and Gertie. Mrs. S. is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. OBEiD SMEIiSEB, farmer ; P. 0. Georgetown ; owns 166 acres land, valued at $50 per acre ; born in this town in 1845 ; he is the son of J. M. Smelser, a native of Bourbon Co., Ky. In 1866, he married Rachel Shrigley, a native of Ohio ; they have four children — Mildred, Hiram J., Frank E. and Elizabeth Maud. Mr. S. has held office on the Town Board and other minor offices. JOHN SPINK, farmer. Sec. 11; P. 0. Big Patch; owns 700 acres land, valued at $40 per acre; born in Hanover, Germany, in 1818; came to America in 1836 and settled in Wisconsin in 1841, and settled on his present farm. In 1845, he married Rebecca Reed, a native of the same place; they have six children — Henry, Julia, August, Matilda, George and Lydia ; are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. JOHX STEPHEN'S, station agent and dealer in grain, Cuba City ; born in England in 1843; came to America in 1848 and located with the parents in this town. Married Elizabeth J. Reed, a native of Missouri, in 1863. They have three children — Samuel, Frank H. and John Charles. In 1862, Mr. S. enlisted in 2d W. V. C. two years ; are members of Primitive Methodist Church. DAVID WIIjKINSON, dealer in general merchandise and proprietor of Big Patch Mills ; born in England in 1832 ; came to America in 1844 and located in this town. In 1856, he married Isa- bella Harker, a native of England; born in 1834, and died in April, 1880; has two children — Elizabeth Ann and Ellen. Is a member of the Primitive Methodist Church. Mr. W. has held different town offices ; has been Chairman one term. JOHN WILIiEY, Sec. 26 ; P. 0. Cuba City; owns 320 acres land, valued at $50 per acre; born in Cornwall, England, Oct. 15, 1828 ; came to America in 1853 and settled in the town of Hazel Green; in 1869, he located on his present farm. Married Martha Bodinnar, a native of Cornwall, En- gland, who was born Nov. 14, 1831 ; they have nine children — Mary Jane, John, Alfred, Martha Ann, Samuel, Thomas, Grace, Emily, Henry, Walter, Nellie. Mr. Willey is a son of Samuel Willey, who came to America in 1853. B. A. WIIiSON, stock dealer and proprietor of hotel, Georgetown ; was born in Posey Co ., Ind., in 1840 ; came to Wisconsin in 1844, and with his parents located in Paris, settled in this village in 1865. Married Melissa Jordan, a native of Wisconsin; they have three children — Lewis A., Robert V. and Alta M. Mr. Wilson served four years in the United States Army. H. J. WITHEBBEE, farmer. Sec. 14; P. 0. Elmo; owns 200 acres land, valued at $50 per acre ; born in Hazel Green in 1847 ; settled on present farm in 1875. Married Susan B. Haney, a native of this county. They have three children — Harriett Ann, Herman S. and Oliver Day. Has been a mem- ber of the Town Board one term ; are all members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. 1018 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: TOWN OF BEETOWN. ABRAm ADKINS, farmer; P. O. Beetown; born in 1843 in Morgan Co., Ky.; was a son of Joseph and Nancy Adkins ; came to Wisconsin in 1845, and located near Lancaster, where he resided for ten years ; then to Iowa Co., Wis., where he lived four years ; returned to Grant Co. again in 1878, located near Beetown. Married in 1870, to Miss Serena Campbell, a daughter of Harrison Camp- bell ; has four children — Flora L., Thomas C, Frank L., Lulie G.; was Eoad Overseer one term ; was Constable one term in the town of Woodman ; has 50 acres of land, valued at 81,000. Enlisted in the 5th W. V. I., Co. I, afterward Co. B ; was a scout under Gen. Sheridan eighteen months ; marched with Lee as a spy the day before his surrender, and took back to camp a rebel prisoner ; he served three years and four months. Politics, Kepublican. HARRIET ATKINSON, farming; P. 0. Lancaster; born in Lincolnshire, England, in 1841 ; was a daughter of George Blackburn, and wife of David Atkinson deceased ; came to Grant Co. in 1856. Was married in 1857 ; has a family of five children ; her property is valued at $3,000. Mem- ber of the M. E. Church. GEORGE BARINOHAm, miner. Sec. 35; P. 0. Beetown. The subject of this sketch, better known as old Jodie, was born in 1814, was a son of John and Margaret Baringham, with whom he lived until 22 years of age. He then emigrated to America, locating in the mining regions near Platteville, Wis., where he lived one year ; then to Dubuque, Iowa, for one year, when, returning to Platteville, he lived there but a short period ; then to Red Dog Diggings, near Potosi ; then to Beetown, where there were but three families living at that time. He soon struck a large mine known as the " Long Range " lead, which drew the attention of miners, and in reality made the town ; he also struck the " Jodie " lead at Muscalonge. He married, in 1849, Rosanna Converse, a daughter of Samuel Converse ; has seven children — John, Margaret, George, Melvina, Rosa and Samuel. He has 60 acres of land, valued at f 1,000. He has been Road Overseer one term. Greenback in politics. BENARD BEIiSCAMPER, farmer and blacksmith, Sec. 10; P. 0. Lancaster; born in Prussia in 1827 ; came to America in 1852, and settled in Chicago ; followed blacksmithing for nearly one year; then moved to Grant Co., Wis., where he has since lived. Was married in 1855, to Miss Em- maranza Bukl, a daughter of Peter Bukl. Has 80 acres of land ; he had the misfortune to lose his house by fire; his loss was SI, 600. Has five children; is a Greenbaeker in politics, and a member of the Catholic Church. JOHN BISHEIiL, farmer, Sec. 15; P. 0. Lancaster; born Feb. 8, 1819, in England; was a son of Richard Bishell. He left England at the age of 31, and located in La Fayette Co., Wis. ; he followed mining for many years. He married, in 1853, Emma Blackburn, and moved to Grant County, near Beetown, where he has since lived ; he has beea School Treasurer for fourteen years. Has eight children living — Elizabeth, Lucy, Melissa, Amie, Meallie, Nettie, Edward, Frank, and two deceased. He owns 80 acres of land. EHMANUEL. BISHOP, farmer. Sec. 13; P. 0. Beetown; born in Pike Co., Penn., 1826; was a son of Moses Bishop. He resided with his father until 1833, he then moved to Luzerne County ; lived there for three years, then to Susquehanna County ; lived there sixteen years. He married Miss Stephens in 1852, a daughter of Eliphalet Stephens. Mr. Bishop came to Grant County in 1853, located at Oassville, lived there two years, then to Beetown, where he has lived since. Has nine children — > Aurora, George, John L., Elenora, Frank B., Jerome, Harley, Carrie A. and Lottie. Has been on Town Board one term, Justice of the Peace one term. Owns 140 acres of land. Republican in politics. GEO. BLACKBOIJRN, farmer, P. 0. Lancaster ; born in 1799, in England, where he lived up to 1846, when he emigrated to America, and settled in La Fayette Co., Wis.; in 1856, he moved to Grant Co., where he has since lived ; he has a farm of 300 acres. He was married at the age of 27, in England, to Miss Nevitte ; they had nine children ; two of his sons were in the late war ; one of them was wounded in battle. Mr. Blackbourn is a Republican in politics, and a member of the M. E. Church. G. R. BLACKBOURN, farmer. Sec. 4; P. 0. Beetown; was born in 1827, in England; he lived tbprr until 15 yars of agp, then went to New York and lived there thirteen years; he then came to TOWN OF BEETOWN. 1019 Wisconsin and settled in La Fayette Co.; lived there until 1859 ; he then came to Grant Co. and located in Beetown, where he has resided since ; in his younger days he worked for wages, but later has become a prosperous farmer. He was married in 1855 to Margaret Beadle, a daughter of Thomas Beadle ; they have raised ten children — Sarah J., Elizabeth M., William H., Victoria E., George E., Frank E., Charles E., CoraE., Lura D. and Edith M. He has 400 acres of land, valued at $6,000. He was Koad Overseer two terms ; has been School Treasurer six terms. In politics, he is a Greenbacker. JOS!i£PH BROOKEWS, farmer; P. 0. Bloomington ; born in 1841, in Tuscarawas Co., Ohio; was a son of James Brookens ; came to Grant Co., Wis., in 1855 ; settled in Glen Haven. Enlisted in 1862, in Co. J), 33d W. V. I., and served three years; was in seven battles. In 1865, he located in Beetown. He was married the same year to Miss Drusilla Bair ; they have had eight children, six living. He has always been a successful farmer, and has 196 acres of land, valued at $6,000. He is a member of the M. E. Church ; is a Republican. JOHN P. CASPER, farmer. Sec. 35 ; P. 0. Beetown ; was born in 1820, in Prussia, Ger- many ; a son of Michael Casper ; he was 26 years of age when he emigrated to America and located in the fertile regions of Grant Co., Wis. He was married in 1852 to Barbara Sike, daughter of Peter Sike; they have eight children — Mary, Peter, Joseph, Willie, Frank, Nichols, Christian and Anna. He has been School Treasurer one term. Has 240 acres of land, valued at $2,500. In politics, he is Democratic ; is a member of the Catholic Church. DARIUS CHATFIEIiD, farmer; P. 0. Lancaster; was born in 1833 in Wyoming Co., Penn.; was a son of John Chatfield ; came to Grant Co., Wis., in 1855 ; located in Beetown ; in 1862, he moved to Blake's Prairie, and has lived there ever since. He was married in 1869 to Mrs. Phebe Shaw ; they have two children — Betha and Roy C. He owns 40 acres of land, valued at $1,800. Is a Republican. CHARLES CHAPHAIV, farmer ; P. 0. Bloomington ; born in 1842, in England ; came to Wisconsin in 1867 and located in Grant Co., near Beetown. He was married in 1869 to Miss Anna Magongin ; they have three children. Mr. Chapman is a son of William Chapman, who is well known throughout England. Is a Greenbacker. Has 96 acres of land, valued at $3,500. MOSES W. JDARNALL, minister and farmer. Sec. 35 ; P. 0. Hurricane Grove ; born in 1810, in Estill Co., Ky., where he lived four years ; moved to Bourbon Co. until 1822, then to Edgar Co., 111., until 1834, thence to Iowa Co., Wis., near Mineral Point ; followed mining ; then to Grant Co., near Centerville ; lived there fourteen years ; moved to Beetown in 1855 ; has 82 acres of land, valued at $1,500. In 1839, married Nancy Booth ; had five children, two of whom are now living — Rachel -J, and James ; one died in infancy, one killed at Gettysburg, another murdered for his money in Nebraska. Politics, Republican. Is a Free- Will Baptist minister. Has been Road Overseer one term. JL. D. FRENCH, Sr., miner and auctioneer, Beetown ; was born in 1804 in Virginia; lived there until 1831 ; went to New Orleans ; lived there until 1833; followed clerking ; then to Dubuque for three years, then to Iowa City for one year, then to Galena for five years, then to Elizabeth for two years, then to Galena for two years, then to Coon Branch, Wis., one year, then to Shullsburg one year, then to Menomonee one and one-half years, then to Fair Play one year, then to Vinegar Hill two years, then to Rockville two years, Lancaster five years, then to Beetown twenty-two years. Was married in 1847, to Rhoda Pafford, daughter of William and Jane Pafford ; have eight children — Eunice J., Lorenzo D., Mary E., Margaret A., Reuben, Mewrod C, Louette, William A. Politics, Democratic. JEREMIAH GARNER, farmer. Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Beetown ; born in 1822 at the Salt Works, Gallatin Co., 111.; was a son of Jerred Garner, who was a native of Loudoun Co., Va., and was born in 1792 ; emigrated to Apple River, 111., in 1833 ; lived there for seven years, thence to Lancaster, near Pigeon Diggings, in 1839, where Jerry set out to enjoy the pleasures of the world in his own behalf. He followed mining for sixteen years ; thence to Beetown in 1847, where he has since lived ; has been a farmer, miner and hotel keeper; has been Treasurer of the School Board; has 213 acres of land. Poli- tics, Greenbacker; is a member of the Congregational Church. He was married in 1846, to Winey J. Callis, a daughter of Henry Callis, and sister to Hon. J. B Callis ; she was born in 1831, in North Car- olina ; have had nine children — two of whom are living — Mattie J. and Willie G. WASHINGTON M. GARNER, miner. Sec. 32 ; P. 0. Beetown ; was born in 1825, in Hamilton Co., 111.; was a son of Jarred and Martha Garner. In 1833, he moved to Warren, 111.; resided there until 1839, then to Grant Co.. Wis.; located at Pigeon Diggings, near Lancaster ; was there until 1847, when he moved to Beetown, where he has since lived. When a boy, he attempted to learn the printing business. Was married in 1849, to Mary A. Edwards, a daughter of Mathew Edwards ; 1020 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: have ten children. Has been on Town Board four terms, was Town Treasurer three years. Has been a farmer and hotel-keeper. Politics, Grreenbaoker. W. P. HATRFORD, M. D., Beetown ; born in 1853, in Henry Co., Ky.; was a son of J. A. Hastford ; came with his father to Grant Co. in 1854 ; began doing for himself at the age of 14 ; followed many difiFerent occupations for a living ; was a school-teacher eight years ; has been a Captain, clerk, cook and roustabout on a steamboat; is a self-made man. Graduated in Louisville, Ky.; he was appointed in charge of the Dispensary ; finally located at Beetown, and began his practice. He was mar- ried the 12th of December, 1880, to Miss Carrie E. McDonnell, a daughter of E. S. McDonnell, of Moline, 111. li. B. HINCH, farmer ; P. 0. Beetown ; born in 1819 ; was a son of William Hinch, of Washington Co., Mo. ; he lived in Missouri twenty-six years ; in 1845, he came to Grant Co., Wis.; has followed farming and mining, but has been the most prosperous in farming. Was married, in 1848, to Miss Mary H. Bushnell, daughter of Henry C. Bushnell ; has eight children, three deceased ; his son Edwin is a good scholar. Is a Democrat. PETER HOFFMAW, farmer. Sec. 4 ; P. 0. Lancaster ; was born in Germany in 1815 ; came to America in 1833, and settled in Pennsylvania. Married Mrs. Bagler in Ohio; came to Wisconsin in 1847; settled in Benton, La Fayette Co., and followed the shoemaker's trade ; moved to Grant Co. in 1857, and commenced farming, where he has since lived. Is a member of the M. E. Church ; has three children — William, Henry and Louisa. He is a Republican in politics. C HUTCHINSOlf, lead ore smelter and farmer, Beetown ; born in Swaledale, Yorkshire, Eng., March 30, 1835 ; received a common school education and a partial academic course at Platteville: came to this country in 1848 with his parents, and settled at Dubuque, Iowa; removed to ShuUsburg, Wis., in 1852, and to Beetown in 1868, where he built a smelting furnace ; it is at present the main industry of the place ; he also owns smelting works and furnace at Potosi ; he holds the office of Town Clerk, and has been Chairman for a number of years. Wrote the history of Beetown, which was pub- lished in the Herald, and deposited, together with Grant County records, in the centennial box of Grant Co. ; |is at present on the Wisconsin Fish Commission, aud has recently added a fishery to his establish- ment. Republican in politics ; enterprising and wide-awake to the interests of the county. ADAM JAMISOIV, farmer. Sees. 29, 31, 32; P. 0. Beetown; born in 1803 in Cabarrus Co., N. C, where he resided until 15 years of age, then to Pike Co., Mo. ; lived there until 1845 ; then to Johnson Co., 111., and, in 1848, he came to Grant Co., Wis. ; located in the village of Beetown. Mar- ried, in 1830, to Miss Nancy Sherwood, a daughter of William Sherwood; has been a miner and farmer for many years ; has 120 acres of land ; has six children — James W., John A., Nancy J., Adam W., William H. and Sarah E. Is a member of the Presbyterian Church. Has been Justice of the Peace two terms ; was Constable two terms ; was School Director two terms. Politics, Democratic. J. A. JOHIVSOSf, farmer. Sec. 13 ; P. 0. Beetown ; was born in 1858 in Waterloo, Grant Co., Wis. ; was a son of G. S. Johnson ; lived with his father until 22 years of age. In 1880, he mar- ried Nettie Dixon, a daughter of Samuel and Priscilla Dixon ; she was born in 1860. Mr. Johnson is one of the promising young men of Grant Co. ; his father has been a merchant at Burton for many years. Politics, Republican. ASTTOW KBTAPP, farmer. Sec. 5 ; P. 0. Bloomington ; born in 1841 in Germany ; came to America in 1847 ; located in Grant Co., Wis., near British Hollow ; after living in Grant Co. for thirteen years he moved to California ; resided there two years, then returned to Grant Co., where he has since lived. Enlisted in 1862, in the 25th W. V. I., Co. H. ; served three years ; he was with Sherman on his first raid on the Meridian. He was married in 1865 to Miss E. Roberts; has four children — Alice L., Perry H., Nettie M., Clay W. Is a Republican. Has 162 acres of land. THOMAS LAMEY, farmer ; P. 0. Bloomington ; born in 1829 in Ireland ; in 1849, he came to America, and settled in Washington Co., N. Y. ; lived there until 1852, then came to Wisconsin and located in La Fayette County, near ShuUsburg, and came to Grant County in 1857. He married Miss Margaret Foley, of Illinois ; lived in Illinois for thirteen years ; returned to Grant County in 1870, where he has since lived. Has twelve children. Politics, RepubUcan. Member of the Catholic Church. tr. LiAMSOlV, farmer. Sec. 21, 22, 27 and 32; P. 0. Beetown; born in 1817 in Berkshire Co., Mass. At the age of 21, he went to New York City, where he lived five years, and followed the mercan- tile business; then to Grant Co. in 1844, and clerked for a firm for Warren & Shinn, dry goods, Platte- ville; then to Galena, as clerk for Dr. Warren. In the fall of 1845, he came to Beetown; engaged in ^ TOWN OF BEETOAVN. 1021 •selling dry goods and groceries until 1875 ; then moved to the farm, where he now resides. He was mar- ried, in 1849, to Miss Jane Francis, a daughter of James Francis (deceased), in 1853. He was married the second time, in 1854, to Miss Lucy J. Rodgers, a daughter of Amos Rodgers ; has raised eleven chil- dren — Herbert G., Carrie H., Fred W., Franklin M., Harley B., Inez M., William B., Earnest 0., D. C, Mary M., Otis P. In politics, a Greenbacker. He has been Town Treasurer for ten years; has held the position of Postmaster of Beetown for eighteen years ; made an unsuccessful run for member of the Assembly of the Second District on the Greenback ticket. He has been a prominent politician for many years ; had the misfortune to lose his dwelling by fire at a loss of 82,000. ROBERT McCartney, farmer; P. O. Lancaster; born in Washington Co., Penn., in 1824; is a son of Daniel McCartney. He lived in Pennsylvania for eighteen years, th^n went to Ohio, where he was married in 1844, to Anna McCartney. He resided there until 1869, then moved to Grant Co., Wis., and settled near Lancaster. He served three years and one month in the army, in the 11th Ohio, Co. C. Was Road Master one term and Constable one term. Have ten children — Mary A., Maria E., Sarah A., John W., Nansy J., George S., Katie V., Elma J., William W., Charles F. Is a Hepublican. MONTt^OMERY IHILIiER, farmer ; P. 0. Bloomington ; born in 1842, in Lancaster, Grant Co., Wis. ; was a son of Harvey Miller. He was married in 1864, to Monerdy White ; has but one son, William L. He is the owner of 280 acres of good land, valued at $6,000. Is a Republican. He was a volunteer in the 7th W. V. I., Co. K, where he lost his eyesight. AARON MOORE, farmer ; P. 0. Lancaster ; born in 1831 in Lancaster Co., Penn. ; is a son of Oaines Moore. He resided in Pennsylvania until 20 years of age ; he lived in Illinois for three years, then went to Wisconsin and located in Clark County ; followed the lumber business for seven years ; thence to Grant County, where he has since lived ; he settled near Beetown. , In 1852, he married Mary A. Blackburn. He was in the army two years and eleven months. Has 63 acres of land, valued at ■$1,000; he is a Quaker; his politics. Republican ; has eight children — Alice P., George G., Mary C, Walter C, Henry, Lucy A., J. E. and Willard. R. IS. MORSE, Postmaster and dealer in drugs, medicines, paints, oils, stationery, groceries) ■etc. ; P. 0. Beetown ; born in Maine in 1835 ; came to Grant County in 1855, and located in Beetown. Educated in Massachusetts, is an old Grant County school-teacher, having taught fifteen years in the county in an early day, has held the oflice of Town Clerk for a number of years ; appointed Postmaster in 1874 ; all these positions he has filled creditably. Enlisted first in 1862, in the 20th W. V. I., and served one year ; enlisted again in the summer of 1864, in the 43d W. V. I. ; was with his regiment all through the war. Was married in 1859, to Miss Nancy Tindell, by whom he has six children, three sons and three daughters. Has always been in active business, and is a self-made man. JOHN MYERS, farmer, Sec. 23; P. 0. Beetown ; born in 1826, in Canada; was a son of Michael and Ann Myers ; he became an active young man at the age of 22, and came to Wisconsin and worked in the pinery; then to Taylor Co., Iowa, for two years; came back to Wisconsin and lived one year ; he then went to California, where he lived for one year and a half; moved then to Grant Co., Wis., near Beetown; began farming in 1867. He married Miss Mary J. Immel, a daughter of A. Immel j he went in debt for a large farm, but was prosperous and paid for it ; he raised five children — William M., Philip H., Bertha R., Mary E., Ettie B.; has 240 acres of land. Politics, Republican. WIJLL.IAM PATTERSON, farmer. Sec. 14 ; P. 0. Bloomington ; born in 1852, in New York ; was a son of Edward and Margaret Patterson ; at the early age of 6 months he emigrated with his parents to ShuUsburg, La Fayette Co., Wis., where they resided two years, thence to Beetown, where he now lives; stayed with his parents untill 23 years of age. Married in 1876, to Ellen Power, a daugh- ter of Patrick and Catharine Power. Is an energetic farmer, and a member of the Catholic Church. Politics, Greenback. Has 180 acres of land, valued at $5,000. CHARLES A. PERIN, farmer. Sec. 34; P. 0. Beetown; born in 1852, in Delaware Co., Iowa ; was a son of Daniel Perin, who came to Wisconsin in the same year ; located on Rattlesnake Creek • lived there until 22 years of age. He was married at the age of 20, to Elizabeth Wilson, a daughter of William P. Wilson ; have three children— Perry E., Josiah and James C. Politics, Republican. Has 120 acres of land, valued at $1,200. liORENZO PRESTON, farmer. Sec. 28; P. 0. Beetown; born in 1819, in the town of Oxford, Shenango Co., N. Y.; in 1843, emigrated to Hazel Green, Grant Co., Wis. His abilities as a public officer were made known to the people of his county in the discharge of his duties as Constable 1022 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: as which he served four terms, and, in 1854, was elected Sheriff of Grant Co.; served two years, then serving two years as Under Sheriff. After retiring from office, he followed mining for twelve years, then went to farming; has 190 acres of land; has been successful. In his boyhood served an apprenticeship as a printer. Was married in 1848, to Miss Sophia Trenary, a daughter of William Trenary, of English descent ; had four children, three living — Lucinda J., William A., James H. Has been Assessor for five years ; is a Greenbacker ; religion, Universalist. THOU AS PRIDE AUX, farmer. Sec. 6 ; P. 0. Bloomington ; born in 1842 in Grant Co., Wis.; was a son of James Prideaux ; has been a farmer all of his life ; enlisted in 1864 in the 33d W. V. I.; was in three battles. He was married, in 1872, to Ellen Hudson, a daughter of Benjamin Hudson. He has four children. He is a member of the M. E. Church; has 160 acres of land, valued at $4,000. ROBERT PORTER, farmer. Sec. 22 ; P. 0. Beetown ; born in Ireland in 1813 ; when 5 years of age he came to America, and located in Pennsylvania, where he lived for sixteen years, and learned the blacksmith trade, and, after 1834, he spent seven years in traveling; in 1841, he came to Grant Co., Wis., settled at Potosi, and followed his trade, but soon became a prosperous liquor merchant. In 1851, he married Miss Margaret Griggs, a daughter of Alexander Griggs. He has 468 acres of land. Has six children — John, Martha, Robert, Mary, Alice, Ulysess G. He has been on the Town Board four terms ; was Chairman twice ; was Assessor three terms. Politics, Republican. HARIiEY S. SPRAGIIE, farmer, Sec. 18 and 19; P. 0. Beetown; born in 1840 in Grant Co., Wis. ; was a son of Frederick A. Sprague, a large farmer. Mr. Sprague went into the army at the age of 21 ; enlisted in Co. C, 6th W. V. I. ; was a First Lieutenant ; served four years ; was engaged in twenty- four battles. He was married, in the fall of 1865, to Miss Grace Johnson, a daughter of Harvey Johnson, of New York. He has three children — Blanche, Cora and Albert ; has been Assessor one term and Town Treasurer one term. His politics are Republican. He lost two brothers in the war — Egbert and Albert. His father died Oct. 3, 1844; his mother died March 9, 1848. JOHN STURIHER, farmer. Sec. 17 ; P. 0. Beetown ; born in 1820 in Prussia, Germany. At the age of 26, he emigrated to America ; was a son of Peter Sturmer. His father, being a shoemaker, attempted to teach him the trade ; but, not liking that occupation, led him to seek other pursuits to gain a livelihood, and he chose that of farmer ; settled in New York in 1847. Two years later, he moved to Grant Co., Wis. ; stopping at Potosi ; thence to Beetown, where he now lives. He was married, in 1853, to Miss Barbary Barton, a daughter of John Barton. He has ten children — John, Mary, Joseph, Albert B., Jacob L., Elizabeth S., Clara, Ellen, William, Minnie M. (deceased) and Adaline. He is a member of the Catholic Church. Politics, Democrat. A. W. VEDDER, farmer. Sec. 36 ; P. 0. Hurricane Grove; born in 1809, in Truxton, Cort- land Co., N. Y.; was a son of John N. Vedder ; resided there until 21 years of age, then moved to Chau- tauqua Co.; lived there ten years. Married Eliza J. Dagget; his first wife died; he then married Susan Hogle in 1839, a daughter of Andrew and Hannah Hogle; has six children, two by his first wife, and four by his present wife ; has been on the Town Board two terms, and member of School Board four terms; has 160 acres of land, valued at $5,000. Politics, Republican. REUBEN WARD, farmer; P. 0. Lancaster; born in 1840 in Vermont; was a son of Solo- mon Ward ; came to Grant Co., Wis., in 1855. He married in New York in 1865 ; located in Beetown, and has lived there since ; was in the war three years, and was wounded in the face ; owns a large farm ; is a Republican. GEORGE W. W ATTERHOUSE, farmer, Sec. 22 ; P. 0. North Andover ; born in 1858, in Grant Co., Wis.; is a son of Charles and Elizabeth Watterhouse; his mother's surname was Elizabeth Hutchcroft; he lived with his father until 21 years of age. Married in 1880 to Erla Briggs, daughter of Edwin Briggs ; is a promising farmer; politics, Greenbacker. TOWN OF GLEN HAVEN. 1023 TOWN OF GLEN HAVEN. JAMES AJLDERSOBT, dealer in general merchandise ; business was established in 1874 by Peacock & Atkinson; in 1879, Mr. Alderson purchased a half interest with Mr. Atkinson, son of one of the former owners, and in the spring of 1881, Mr. Alderson became sole proprietor, and was appointed Postmaster in April, 1881 ; he was born in Yorkshire, England in 1836 ; came to America in 1844, and with his parents located in British Hollow. He married Catherine E, Dodge, a native of England. JAMES ATKINSON, farmer and miner, proprietor of the Peacock & Atkinson mine ; North Andover; born in England in 1826; came to America in 1853, and settled in British Hollow, located on this place in 1870. Married Agnes Ann Peacock, a native of England; they have six chil- dren — ^Robert, Christopher, Frances Maria, Eliza J., Otto and Blanch. JOHX BARE, Sec. 19 ; P. O. Glen Haven; owns 360 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre ; born in Yorkshire, England, in 1827 ; came to America in 1850, and located in Ohio ; in 1854 he removed to Wisconsin and setiled in this county, and with the exception of two years spent in Texas, he has lived in this county. Mr. Bare has the finest farm in this locality ; his dwelling house was built in 1870, at a cost of $4,000. He married Mary Ann Chase, a native of Missouri ; they have eight children — Frank, Annie E., Olive Matilda, John, Ida Rebecca, Mary Jane, Lincoln and Freddie. BASHEOKD & HUMPHREY, dealers in general merchandise, Glen Haven ; business was established in 1871. Mr. Bashford, the senior member, was born in New Hampshire in 1814 ; he came to Wisconsin in 1836, and located in Cassville ; in 1845, he settled on a farm north of Cassville, and farmed until 1862, when he removed to Glen Haven and engaged in the mercantile trade until the close of the war; in 1871, he formed a partnership with Mr. Humphrey, and has continued in merchandising since. He married Elizabeth K. Blessing, a native of Western Virginia ; they have two children — Mar- tha and Charles. Mr. Bashford was elected to the Legislature in 1859 and in 1870 ; in 1864, he was Sergeant-at-Arms to the State Senate. Mr. Alfred Humphrey, the junior member, was born in Patch Grove in 1849 ; he came to Glen Haven in 1871. He married Jennie Calvert, a native of Canada ; they have three children — Harry, George and May. L.E WIN BIGGIN, farmer. Sec. 21 ; P. O. North Andover ; born in 1835 in Derbyshire, England ; was a son of Thomas and Sarah Biggin, of England ; resided there until the age of 35, when he emigrated to America ; located in the town of Glen Haven, where he has lived since ; is a prosperous farmer; has 160 acres of land, valued at $5,000. Was married in 1858, to Mary Parker, a daughter of Thomas Parker, in England ; has six children — Alice M., Thomas, Harry, William L., Sarah A., Joseph. Politics, Greenbacker. J. B. CLEMOXS, Sec. 16 ; P. 0. North Andover ; owns 80 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre ; was born in Livingston Co., N. Y., in 1833; came to Wisconsin in 1843, and located with his par- ents at Cassville; he settled on his present farm in 1815. Married Emma Duncan, a native of Canada; they have four children — Scott, Clara, Stella and Etta. JOHN €. CCRRY, Glen Haven Hotel ; born in 1842 in Jo Daviess Co., 111.; was a son of James and Jane Curry; lived there for three years, then went to Stephenson Co., and lived there until 1855 ; then to Grant Co., Wis.; located near Lancaster ; lived there until he enlisted, in 1864, in Co. A, 41st W. V. I.; served five months ; came back and lived with his parents until 1866. In the same year, he was married to Miss Eliza Tisherness, a daughter of Louis and Mary Tisherness ; moved to Beetown in 1872 ; resided there for seven years ; then to Glen Haven in 1879. Is the proprietor of the Missis- sippi House ; has three children — Alma, Albert B., Louis C. Politics, Republican ; Road Overseer four terms ; School Director two terms. HENRY BORTLAND & SON, dealers in lumber, sash, doors, blinds and building paper. Glen Haven. Henry Dortland was born in Prussia in 1828 ; came to America in 1847 and located in Kenosha; came to Glen Haven in 1873. Married Mary Pluecker, a native of Prussia; they have five children — Henry, Frank, William, Mary and Amelia ; Frank, his son, was born in Kenosha. B. P. GRINTER, physician and surgeon, Glen Haven ; has been engaged in the practice of medicine since 1845 ; he was born in Russellville, Ky., in 1820 ; he went to Iowa in 1845 and located at 1024 BIOGKAPHICAL SKETCHES: Garnavillo ; he soon after removed to Guttenburg, and thence in 1860 to this place. Married Louisa Six- bey, a native of White Pigeon, Mich.; they have two children — Myron and (Jora. Mr. Grinter also carries on quite an extensive grain and commission business in partnership with his son, Myron, who was born in Guttenburg in 1855. €IIARLE$$ HEILERMAXJV, Sec. 21 ; P. 0. North Andover; owns 691 acres of land ; born in Germany March 1, 1828 ; he landed in America the 1st of July, 1849 ; in July, 1854, he returned to Germany, where he remained until 1865, when he again came to America and settled in Clayton Co., Iowa ; in 1867, he came to this county. Married Annie Greve, a native of Hanover, Germany, born Oct. 23, 1832 ; they have three children — Mary Elmonde, Peter William and George Herman. Mr. H. has been a member of the Town Board three years. REV. WIIililAM JACKSON, farmer and local minister, Sec. 23 ; P. 0. North Andover; was born in 1843 in Lincolnshire, England; son of William and Jane Jackson ; resided there eighteen years ; then to Billingsbar, where he lived until 1866 ; then to America, stopping for four months in Clinton Co., Mich.; then to Grant Co., Wis., where he has since lived. He was married in 1868 to Sarah Mason, a daughter of Richard Mason, of England ; they have five children — William M., Herbert, Edwin, Francis and Frederick. He has 100 acres of land, valued at $3,000. Politics, Greenbacker. He has been a local minister in the M. E. Church for sixteen years. ISAIAH JOHIVSOIV, farmer. Sec. 10; P. 0. North Andover; born in 1809 in New Jer- sey; is a son of Isaiah Johnson ; lived there until 1821, thence to Clermont Co., Ohio, for forty-four years, and, in 1865, came to Wisconsin, locating where he now resides. He was married in 1853 to Miss Nancy Winter, a daughter of James and Elizabeth Winter; she was born in 1812; they have five living children, seven deceased ; those living are Caroline, Augustus S., Laura, Granville and Mortimer. He has been Justice of the Peace eight years, Eoad Overseer five years, and Clerk of the School Board twenty- one years. Has 160 acres of land, valued at $6,000. Politics, Greenbacker. Member of the M. B. Church. JOHIV KEIIili, saloon and meat market. Glen Haven; born in Germany in 1841; came to America in 1855, and settled in Glen Haven. Married Lena Krapp, a native of Germany ; they have six children — Joseph, Katie, Frank, Martha, Lizzie and Gertrude. Members of the Catholic Church. HARLOW KIDD. Sec. 25; P. 0. Glen Haven; owns 68 acres of land, valued at $30 per acre; was born in this town in 1851. Married Annie Baumgartner, a native of Cassville; he is a son of E. A. Kidd, a native of England, who was born in 1809, and came to America in 1819; his wife was Susanna Marlow, also a native of England ; they have four children — Joseph, Richard, Franklin and Marlow. liEROY H. KILBOURHIi', farmer. Sec. 7 ; P. 0. Glen Haven ; born in 1851 in Grant Co., Wis., in the village of Jamestown ; was a son of James A. and Sophia Kilbourn. Was married, in 1879, to Miss Emma C. Shrader, a daughter of Lenhart 0. Shrader, of Lancaster; has one child — Bes- sie; has 452f acres of land, valued at $16,000. In politics, a Greenbacker. JACOB KUENSTER, Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Glen Haven ; owns 960 acres of land ; born in Prussia in 1832 ; be came to America, and his first location was in this town ; he has been twice married, first to Dnratha Miller, a native of Germany ; she died in 1870 ; they had five children — Alexander, Charles, Henry, Altena, Laura. Married again to Matilda Vogt, a native of Germany ; have four chil- dren — Amelia, Albert, Louisa and Jacob. PATRICK POWERS, Sec. 30 ; P. 0. Cassville ; owns 300 acres of land, valued at $31 per acre ; was born in Ireland in 1826 ; came to America in 1850, and, in 1854, located on his present farm. Married Catharine Allen, who was also born in Ireland ; they have eight children — Ellen, Mary, David, Catharine, James, Margaret, Thomas and Julia. They are members of the Roman Catholic Church. JOHN RYAN, farmer. Sec. 15 ; P. 0. North Andover; one of the most prosperous and lead- ing citizens of Grant County, who has held many prominent positions. Born in 1837, in Cassville, Wis., is a son of John and Deborah Ryan ; left Cassville at the age of 5 years, and emigrated to Clayton Co., Iowa ; located on Turkey River, and lived there five years, returning to Cassville, where he fpent two more years ; thence to Patch Grove in 1852, and in 1859 came to Glen Haven, where he has since resided. In 1860, he married Catharine Lewis, a daughter of William Lewis, formerly of Grant County ; she was of Scotch descent. Has seven children — Cora A., William E., James E., John E., Myron L., Reeves A. J. and Lulu. Has been a member of the Town Board five terms, two terms of which he was Chair- man ; has been Assessor five years. Justice of the Peace eight years, a member of the School Board TOWN OF GLEN HAVEN. 1025 seventeen years ; at present is President of the Parmer's Insurance Co. Has 340 acres of land, valued $15,000. Has been appointed administrator for a large number of valuable estates, among which was the estate of Senator Young, who was murdered not long since. Has been an old war horse in the Republican party until the last few years, when he has marshaled all his forces in the Glreenback cause. JAlflES M. RYAW, farmer, Sec. 32 ; P. O. Beetown ; born in London, England, in 1833. Lived there two and a half years ; came to New York in 1836 ; lived there six months and moved to Grant Co., Wis., the same year ; located at Cassville, then moved to Clayton Co., Iowa, near Guttenburg ; lived there five years, back to Cassville for two years, then moved to Patch Grove, where he lived until 1852. Became dissatisfied and emigrated to California, and followed mining for five years ; saved $2,000, came back to Wisconsin and located at Glen Haven, where he now resides. Married in 1858, to Eliza- beth A. Brown, daughter of Jesse S. Brown. Has nine children — Frank, Effie A., Charles H., John, Lily M., William A., Levi J., Leroy J. and Clyde. Polities, Greenback. Is one of the well-to-do and prosperous farmers of Grant County. WILLIAm D. RYAN, farmer, Sec. 15 ; P. 0. North Andover. The subject of this sketch is a nativeof Grant County, his father being one of the old settlers of the State and atillerof the soil. Heis a son of John and Deborah Ryan. Born in 1840, in the villageofCassville, but soon after crossed the beautiful Mississippi River into the fertile regions of Iowa, and located where the village of Guttenburg now stands, where he spent five years ; then returned to Grant County, where they have since lived. William is the youngest of three sons, who are the three leading farmers of the county in which they reside. He mar- ried, in 1864, Mary Parker, a daughter of Patrick and Mary Parker, by whom he had six children — AUie, Francis B., Mary D., Julia E., Lo J. ; his first wife died in 1875. He married again in 1876, to Mary Power, a daughter of Patrick and Catharine Power, by whom he has three children — Elgie J., Glendora A., and an infant. Has 170 acres of land, valued at $7,000. Politics, Greenback. Is a mem- ber of the Catholic Church ; has been School Treasurer one term ; has been appointed administrator for for many valuable estates ; is one of the many prosperous farmers and stock-raisers of Grant Co., Wis. JACOB ISCHALLENBERGER, Sec. 29 ; P. O. Cassville; owns 310 acres land, valued at $15 per acre. Born in Switzerland in 1810, came to America in 1818, and located with his parents in Pennsylvania. In 1849, he removed to this county and settled on his present farm. Married Margaret Brookens, a nativeof Penn.sylvania. They have five children — Jane, Maria, Hester, Rebecca and Joseph ; are members of the M. E. Church. JAIHES THOMAS, farmer ; P. 0. Beetown ; born in 1821 in Cornwall, England ; was a son of Hannibal and Elizabeth Thomas ; lived there for twenty-five years, and, in 1846, he emigrated to the beautiful and fertile regions of America; located at Hazel Green, Grant Co., Wis., for one year; thence to Racine Co. for four years ; thence to Beetown, where he lives at the present time. He married in 1866, Miss Susan Richman, a daughter of Seth Richman, of Ohio ; had one child, deceased-^James N. He has 1,650 acres of land. Has been Pathmaster one term. School Director one term. Is a member of the M. E. Church. Politics, Democrat. Has been a prosperous farmer, and one of the luckiest miners of the age. ANTON VOtrT, Sec. 18 ; P. 0. Glen Haven ; owns 80 acres land, valued at $40 per acre ; born in Baden, Germany, in 1848; came to America in 1852; located with his parents in Butler Co., Ohio; settled in this county in 1869. Married Caroline Winney, a native of this county. They have one child— ^George. Mr. Vogt has been Town Treasurer three terms. OTIS M. WAY, farmer. Sec. 17 ; P. 0. Glen Haven ; owns 90 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre; born in Trumbull Co., Ohio, in 1831; came to Wisconsin in 1841, and settled with his parents in Lima, this county ; removed to this farm in June, 1851. Married Louisa Mayer, a native of Milwaukee. They have two children — Melinda and Edmund. JAMES WILDMAN. farmfr. Sec. 8; P. 0. Glen Haven; owns 160 acres of land, valued at $45 per acre. Was born in Ireland Aug. 15, 1810 ; came to America in 1835, and located in Ulster Co., N. Y.; in 1856, he removed to Wisconsin, and settled on his present farm. Married Margaret Mclver, also of Ireland; they have six children — Henry, William, Letitia, Annie Margaret, Samuel and Louis. Are members of the Congregational Church. WILLIAM WILDMAN, farmer. Sec. 9 ; P. 0. North Andover ; owns 160 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre; born in Ireland in 1841 ; came to America with his parents in 1843, and located in New York; removed to Wisconsin in 1856, and, in 1867, he settled on his farm. Married 1026 BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES: Jane Duncan, a native of Canada ; they have four children — Charles, Clara, Lottie and William. Mr. W. is a member of the Town Board. J OHN' WIIiSON, blacksmith, North Andover; business established in 1874; born in En. gland, in 1840 ; came to America in 1871 ; settled in Glen Haven ; removed to this village in 18Y4- Married Elizabeth Clifton, a native of England ; they have three children — Thomas, Edith and Fred. TOWN OF LITTLE GRANT. HON. DEIiOS ABRAHS, farmer. Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Bloomington. The subject of this sketch is a gentleman who is honored by all who know him, and has held many prominent positions in the com- munity in which he resides ; as for enemies he has none, but is noted by all for honesty and veracity, and has aroused his neighbors from their lethargy and slumbers many times on important political questions. He was born in 1834, in Montgomery Co., N. Y.; was a son of Anthony and Scyntha Abrams ; he received a common-school education. His aged mother died in 1855, and his father in 1871 ; their loss was long mourned by all who knew them. Delos Abrams is one of nine children, seven of whom are living ; his brother, Andrew Abrams, died in Africa in 1879, as a missionary ; he is also a brother to the noted Dr. Charles Abrams, of Fayetteville, La Fayette Co., Wis. Delos lived with his parents until 21 years of age, when, in 1855, he married Miss Martha M. Harvey, a daughter of James Harvey ; she is one of five chil- dren ; they have four children — Mary A., Susie K., Elizabeth B. and Harvey. Mary A, is married to Charles Alexander, of Carroll Co., Iowa. Mr. Abrams is a Republican ; was School Clerk eleven years ; Justice of the Peace two years ; Assessor one year ; Chairman of Town Board two terms, and was elected, in 1876, to the honorable position of Representative in the State Legislature on the Republican ticket, with a majority of 206 — the largest ever given in his district ; he has never been defeated in any political effort ; is running a large farm of 606 acres of land, valued at $16,000 ; is also the proprietor of one of the finest dairies in Grant Co., and is a Royal Arch Mason. WILiLlAlK E. ADAmS, farmer. Sec. 8 ; P. 0. Little Grant ; was born in Patch Grove, Grant Co., Wis., in 1850, a son of Henry and Hannah Adams ; his father was born in New York ; his mother is a native of Pennsylvania. William lived with his father until he was 20 years of age ; lie re- ceived a common-school education ; he then worked for William Humphrey eight years. Was married in 1876, to Miss Mary Van Dusen, an orphan girl, who came from New York in company with the family of J. K. Lum ; they have three children — Hiram, Lulu, and an infant. Owns 200 acres of land, valued at $5,000 ; has been School Director one term. Politics, Republican. HENRT BAR]VHART, miller, Sec. 22; P. 0. Bloomington; born in 1820 in Butler "Co., Penn.; was a son of Philip and Elizabeth Barnhart, where he resided until 1845 ; he then emigrated to Wayne Co., Ohio ; lived there until 1852 ; then to Medina Co. for one year; thence to Clayton Co., Iowa, where he lived for twenty-three years ; then to Allamakee Co. for two years ; then to Prairie du 'Chien, Wis., for two years ; thence to Grant Co. in 1879, and built the mill known as the Barnhart Mill, where he now resides ; he is a millwright by trade, and has built grist-mills, saw -mills and woolen factories ; has 23 acres of land in Iowa, valued at $1,300 ; has 30 acres of land and the grist-mill where he now lives, valued at $14,000. Was married in 1850, to Eliza H. Creamer, a daughter of Peter Creamer, of Dauphin Co., Penn.; has had eight children, seven living — Emma H., Henry N., Mary J.,Edmond R., Susan, Lillie E., Fred W. (deceased), Elizabeth. He enlisted in 1862, in Co. L, 6th Ohio V. C; served three years ; has been Justice of the Peace two terms. Politics, Greenbacker. MBS. CATHERINE COOPER, housekeeper. Sec. 36; P. 0. Lancaster. Catherine Oooper, better known as Mrs. Catherine Specht, was born in 1845, in Germany, a daughter of Henry and Elizabeth Specht ; lived with her parents until 20 years of age ; came to America in 1860, with her father; located at Lancaster for a few years, thence to Little Grant. Married in 1863, Andrew Cooper ; lived with him seven months, when they separated ; have one child — Herman ^Jooper ; she has been a hard- worker, and has accumulated some wealth ; she has a fine storerooin on Maple street, Lancaster. She is •a member of the Lutheran Church. J. B. CHURCH, farmer and merchant. Sec. 2 ; P. 0. Mount Ida ; born in 1826, in Onondaga Co., N. Y.; was a son of Ezra and Rachel Church ; when he was 6 years of age, his father moved to Chau- tauqua Co.; his father died when he was about 14 years of age, and he was obliged to work wherever he TOWN or LITTLE GRANT. 1027 could get anything to do to support himself and mother. At the age of 21, he married Mary, daughter of Amos and Livonia Parker ; he built a saw-mill in company with his brother, and followed the lumber busi- ness for four years ; he then came to Grant Co., Wis., in September, 1853 ; located in Little Grant, where he has 230 acres of land, valued at $6,000 ; has had ten children, six living — Francis H., Charles W., Wallace W., P. A., Ida E. M., Emma S. In 1880, he built a store in Mount Ida, although he had been merchandising for two years on his farm ; the winter of 1872, he visited Florida for his health. He was a member of the Town Board four years ; Town Assessor eleven years ; Justice of the Peace fourteen years ; School Clerk thirteen years. He is a Royal Arch Mason. Politics, Greenbacker ; was an enrolling oflScer at the time of the war. ABfWREW CAIRNS, farmer. Sec. 5 ; P. 0. Little Grant ; was born in 1845 in Delaware Co., N. Y.; was a son of Alexander and Margaret Cairns, now of Grant Co.; lived and labored for his parents until 30 years of age ; came to Grant Co. in 1860, located on Little Grant, and is still residing upon the old homestead. Has kept the Little Grant Post Office for five years. He was married in 1874 to Cor- nelia Abraham, a daughter of Ezra and Margaret Abraham ; they have two children — Everett and Charles. Politics, Republican. He has been Pathmaster two terms. School Clerk two terms. As- sessor two terms, and is Chairman of the Town Board at present. Is the owner of 560 acres of land, valued at $11,500 ; has always been a farmer, and a prosperous one as such, and is one of the most enter- prising men in the community where he resides. ROBERT DAVIDSON, farmer, Sec. 4; P. O. Mt. Hope; was born in 1830 in Scotland; was a son of Robert and Jeanette Davidson ; came to the United States in 1857 ; located at Ryegate, Caledonia Co., V^t., and lived there seven years, following farming; thence to Liberty, Grant Co., Wis., in 1865 ; lived there three years ; then to Little Grant, where he has siuce lived. He was married in 1857, to Mary Ross, a daughter of James and Jane Ross ; they have seven children — Robert M.., James R,, John H., Jesse M., Mary J., Mattie A. and Sarah G. He has 224 acres of land, valued at $3,500. Has three brothers and one sister in Vermont, where his parents live. Is a member of the United Brethren Church. His politics is strictly Republican. Has been Director of the School Board one term. WILiIilAm R. lilNTON, farmer and blacksmith, Sec. 3 ; P. 0. Mt. Hope ; was born in 1848 in Franklin Co., Ohio ; was a son of Dutton and Elizabeth Linton ; he was raised on fiirm and lived with his father until 20 years of age ; when 7 years of age, his father moved to Wisconsin and located at Mt. Hope, in Grant Co., where he lived until he was of age; he then moved to Little Grant, where he has since lived. He was married in 1875 to Sarah J. Hinton, a daughter of Christopher and Sarah Hin- ton ; is farming in company with his brother; they are the owners of 120 acres of land and a good black- smith shop. ELIZABETH L.YJVESS, farming. Sec. 6 ; P. 0. -Little Grant; is a widow of Barney Ly- ness (deceased) ; she was born in in 1849 in Germany ; was a daughter of Sebastian and Barbara Kistner ; she emigrated to the United States in company with her parents at the age of 9 years, locating at Straw- berry Point, Iowa ; lived there until 17 years of age, then came to Grant Co., Wis. In 1866, she was married to Barney Lyness, and has lived in Little Grant since ; has five children — John C, Annie B., Rosa E., Mary M. and Elizabeth. In the early part of her husband's life, he followed the occupation of steamboating, but in his latter days was a farmer ; his politics were Democratic, and he was a member of the Catholic Church. She is the owner of 40 acres of land, valued at $1,000. Her husband was 45 years of age when he died. JOHN MORROW, farmer. Sec. 5 ; P. O. Little Grant ; was born in 1822 in County Down Ireland; is a son of John and Sarah Morrow ; lived with his parents fourteen years ; is a stonemason by trade ; he lived a short period in Scotland ; in 1849, he came to the United States and settled in Livings- ton Co., N. Y.; lived there until 1857, then moved to Lancaster, Grant Co., Wis., for one year. In 1862, he enlisted in Co. D, 33d W. V. I., and served three years; was in fifteen battles. Was married in 1844 to Martha Addams, a daughter of James Addams, of Scotland ; they had seven children — Sarah, John, Annie, Jane, Adam, Willis N. and Richard ; he was married a second time to Helen Leighton, a widow of John Leighton ; she was a daughter of Peter N. Thornton, of Bloomington, by whom he had four children, three living — Maroaret, Agnes, Franklin and MoBunless. Politics, Repuolican. Is a member of the United Brethren Church. Has 390 acres of land, valued at $6,000. THORNTON OATES, farmer. Sec. 36; P. 0. Lancaster; was born in 1848 in Hazel Green, Grant Co., Wis. ; was a son of James and Sarah Oatea ; lived with his parents until 21 years of age. He was married, in 1873, to Elizabeth J. Edwards, daughter of Joseph and Jane Edwards ; he has three QQ 1028 BIOGEAPHICi.L SKETCHES: children living. Has 160 acres of land, valued at 82,000 ; has been Koad Overseer. Politics, Green- backer, and is a member of the M. E. Church. EDWTJT OATJES, farmer, Sec. 25; P. O. Lancaster; is a native of England; was born there in 18-11 ; is a son of James and Sarah Gates, with whom he resided until 21 years of age, and followed farming. He enlisted in 1862 in the 33d W. V. I., Co. G- ; served three years ; was in nineteen battles ; wounded in camp with a bayonet by scuffling, for which he draws a pension. Was married, in 1866 , to Mary A. Edwards, daughter of Joseph and Jane Edwards ; has six children — James, Elsie C, Nelson L., Joseph W., Ernest E. and John H. Has 263 acres of land, valued at $4,000. Has been Eoad Over- seer three terms ; School Clerk, three terms ; Director, five terms; Assessor, five terms; member of the Board, one term. Politics, Republican. PATRICK O'CONNOR, farmer. Sec. 7 ; P. 0. Bloomington ; was born in 1829 in Sligo Co., Ireland ; is a son of John and Catherine O'Connor, with whom he lived until he was 21 years of age, when he emigrated to England, where he resided for ten years, when he went to Scotland, where he lived for one year, then to England for a short period, then emigrated to America in 1863 ; he located in Ohio for one year, thence to New York, but soon wended his way to Boston, Mass., where he lived for two years, where he was also married, in 1865, to Catherine Nangle, a daughter of Thomas Nangle ; then he removed to Grant Co. ; in 1866, settled in Patch Grove for a short period, then to Little Grant, where he has since lived. Has eight children, all of whom are living — Mary, Catherine, John, Elizabeth, Mathe- this, Thomas, Annie, Peter. He has 194 acres of land. Politibs, Greenbacker, and is a member of the Catholic Church. GARDNER PRITCHBTT, farmer. Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Lancaster ; was born in 1851 in Little Grant, Grant Co., Wis. ; was a son of Phillip and Margaret Pritchett; lived with parents until 25 years of age, when he married Miss Betiie Oates, a daughter of James and Sarah Oates. Has been Road Overseer one term; School Clerk one term. Owns 160 acres of land, valued at $2,500; has one child — Viola M. Politics, Republican. D. A. PARKER, farmer. Sec. 2; P. 0. Mt. Hope; born in 1832 in Shenango Co., N. Y.; was a son of Araasa and Livonia Parker; when 2 years of age, he emigrated to Warren Co.,Penn. ; lived there twenty years; he then came to Grant Co., Wis.; in 1855, located in Little Grant, where he has lived since, with the exception of one year, which he spent in Nebraska, and two years in Missouri. Mar- ried, in 185^, Mary Underwood, a daughter of Willis Underwood ; had three children, two living — Sophronia E., Emma E. Married the second time Elizabeth Tyler, a daughter of Lewis Tyler. He enlisted in 1862 in the 20th W. V. I., Co. I ; served three years ; was in seven battles ; has been Consta- ble two terms; has 40 acres of land, valued at $1,000. Is a member of the United Brethren Church. Politics, Republican. CHARLES E. WETMOlfcE, farmer, Sec. 17 ; P. 0. Bloomington; was born in 1822 in Trumbull Co., Ohio; he is a son of Josiah and Elizabeth W^etmore, with whom he lived until 1843; he then came to Grant Co., Wis. ; located near Millville, where he lived up to 1852, when he went to Cali- fornia and resided for three years ; then to Grant Co., near Millville, for five years, when he moved to Little Giant, where he has lived since, and followed farming. He was married, in 1851, to Abigail Dubel, a daughter of Michael and Abigail Dubel ; they have two children — Charles E. and Emily E. He has been School Director for one term. Politics, Republican. Has 85 acres of land, valued at $2,500. Has been very prosperous as a farmer. TOWN OF LIBERTY. TOWN OF LIBERTY. 1029 JOHN G. ABIjEITER, farmer; P. 0. Annaton ; was born in 1829, in Wurtemberg; was a son of Leonard Ableiter ; living; with his parents until he was 14 years of age ; then worked for himself fourteen years ; then went to Switzerland for four years, when he again returned to Germany, where ho resided but six months; then came to America, in 1854, locating at Chicago; then to Grant Co., Wis., near Platteville, for two years ; then to Liberty, where he has lived since he was married to Miss Mary Elais, a daughter of Bernard Klais, of Mineral Point. They have five children — George, Albert, August, Mary and Annie. He has 148 acres of land. In politics, he is a Democrat, and a member of the Anglical Church. HENRY J. BAYMAN, farmer. Sec. 17 ; P. 0. Stitzer; was born in 1858, in Liberty, Grant Co., Wis. ; was a son of Anton and Mary Bayman. He has lived with his parents for twenty-three years. ■ His father was born in Germany, in 1808 ; came to America in 1863, halting in Illinois for two years." Henry has five brothers and sisters — Charles, William, Henrietta M., Mary and Minnie. The three eldest are married. His father and mother are still living. FRABTK A. BOWEN, farmer. Sec. 32; P. 0. Lancaster; was born in 1852, in Trumbull Co., Ohio. He was a son of Moses and Tracy Bowen. He came to Grant Co., Wis., in 1855, in com- pany with his father; located in Liberty; lived with his parents until he was 18 years of age. He was married, in 1875, to Miss Sylia Gleasun, a daughter of A. S. Gleason ; but, in 1878, was divorced. He is the owner of 80 acres of land, valued at $1,000. His politics are Republican. SOL.OMOX CXOUGH, farmer. Sec. 11 ; a native of Maine; born in Sangersville Aug. 19, 1832. He moved to Illinois with his parents in 1839 ; and, in the fall of 1843, they came to Grant Co. Feb. 10, 1854, he was marrird to Miss Frances Shaw, a native of Illinois. They have one adopted daugh- ter — Ella A. He has been a member of the Town Board, and was Chairman of the same for a number of terms, and is at the present time. He has been Treasurer of the School Board over sixteen years. miCHAEIi FINNEGAX. farmer ; P. O. Lancaster ; was born in 1852, in Ireland ; came to America in 1855, in company with his father; located in Indiana for two years; then to Illinois for one year; thence to Grant Co., Wis., in 1859, locating in Liberty, where he has lived since. He is a single man ; has a fine farm of 200 acre.'. In politics, a Greenbacker, and is a member of the Catholic Church. W. W. FORD, merchant, Stitzer ; was born in 1849, in Williamsfield, Ashtabula Co., Ohio ; is a son of A. J. and Clorinda Ford ; began for himself at the early age of 13 years; he worked two years for H. Johnson on a farm ; he then took an eastward course, locating for two years in New York State; then werded his way to Grant Co., Wis., in 1866, where he followed farming for two years; then went to Kentucky for one winter, going to Cleveland, Ohio, in the spring, where he resided for two years clerk- ing ; then returning to Grant Co., Wis., followed farming for two years. He married Miss M. N. Brack- ett, a daughter of A. M. and Mary Brackett, of Little Grant; then returned to Cleveland, Ohio, and once more clerked for Southwaid, Clark & Co., for eighteen months, when he returned to Grant Co. in 1874, followed farming for two years near Lancaster on the old Barber farm ; he then followed staging lor three years; then to Stitzer (or two years where he followed the mercantile business; has a fine house and lot, store building in Stitzer; has three children living — Grace, Fred and Fay; one deceased, William ; has been Treasurer of School Fund for one term ; has kept Post Office at Slitzer for two years. Politics, Re- publican ; Justice of the Peace two years. HEIVRY GRATZ, farmer. Sec. 26; P. 0. Stitzer; was born in Germany in 1827; is a soa of Eustace Gratz; he lived with his parents until 25 years old; he came to America in 1852, locating id Chicago for one and a half years ; then to Indiana for four years, working on a railroad, but soon wending his way to Hazel Green, Grant Co. for four years ; then on Yellowstone River for two years, returning to Hazel Green for one and a half years, and in 1865 he enlisted in the 44th W. V. I., Co. K ; served severj months or until the end of the war. He was married in 1854, to Mary Kaufman, a daughter of George and Margaret Kaufman ; has ten children — Louisa M., George F., August E., Mary Ann, Rosa W., Henry G., AVilliam 6., Minnie, Lewis and Sophia C. Politics, Republican; has been Pathmaster one term ; has 160 acres of land ; is a member of the Evangelical Church. 1030 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: ADAM HIRSCH, shoemaker, Stitzer; was bom in 1858 in Platteville, Grant Co., Wis., is a son of Leonard and Louisa Hirsch ; lived with his parents seventeen years, then became apprenticed to shoemaking trade under Louis Heberline, at Liberty, for two and a half years ; from there to Fennimore, where he worked a short time with Mr. Weaver ; then to Lancaster for eight months, working in the shop occupied by C. Wentzell ; then to Stitzer, where he is the owner of a fine shoe-shop. He was married in 1880, to Louisa Fisher. Politics, Eepublican ; is a member of the Evangelical Church. STEPHEN KEKISOX, mason, Fennimore; born in 1821 in Canada; was a son o^ Benjamin and Tina Kenison ; he lived with his parents until 11 years of age; he then lived with his uncle Stephen Hays ; he then went to Massachusetts for three years and six months ; then to Franklin Co., Vt., for thirty-five years and six months, following farming; he then emigrated to Grant Co., Wis., in 1879, locating in Fennimore for two years; then to Liberty, where has lived since. He was married in 1828, to Elizabeth Lathan, a daughter of Joseph and Angeline Lathan, of Vermont ; has had seven children — Dudley F., Myron S., Mary J., Eunice M., Sarah J., Ella L., Charles F. His politics, Demo- cratic, and is a member of the Catholic Church, JOHIV liIND, hotel, Stitzer; was born in 1848 in Berks Co., Penn.; was a son of Henry and Jeanette Lind ; lived with his parents until 14 years of age, then came to Liberty, Grant Co., Wis., in company with his parents, but soon after arriving, went to Lancaster and learned the carpenter trade with Henry Messie and William Alcorn, with whom he worked for six years. He married Annie Schoen- berger, a daughter of John and Annie Sohoenberger ; then to Liberty for two years ; then to Allamakee Co., Iowa, for two years ; then returning to Liberty, where he has since lived. Has three children — Jennie M., Mary J., Emma L ; is the proprietor of the City Hotel at Stitzer ; also the owner of a saloon in the same place Politics, Republican, and is a member of the Evangelical Church. BARNARD KcCORMICK, farmer. Sec. 28; P. 0. Lancaster; is one of the many respected citizens of Grant Co., Wis. ; he was born in 1809 in Ireland ; he was a son of Martin and Bridget McCormick, of Ireland, with whom he lived until 21 years of age, and, in 1832, came to America, locating at Toronto, Can., for a short time, thence to New York for two years ; he then wended his way westward to the city of Chicago, where he lived for one year ; thence to Galena, 111., for fifteen years, and followed mining; he then came to Liberty, Grant Co., where he has lived since. He was married, in 1839, to Alice Nailas, a daughter of Feral and Alice Nailas ; they have eleven children — Martin, Bridget, John, Frank, James, Catharine, Mary Ann, Alice, Barnard, Margaret,, William ; he is the owner of 480 acres of land, valued at $9,600. Has been Road Overseer four terms ; School Clerk three terms. Politics, Democratic, and a member of the Catholic Church. FREDRICK MARTIN, farmer; P. 0. Annaton ; born in 1828 in Germany; was the son of Andres Martin, of Germany ; lived with parents until 14 years of age, then wandered for eight years, then returned and lived with his parents until their death, which occurred in 1852 ; he then came to America in 1856, and located at Pittsburgh, Penn., where he resided for three years, then to Liberty, Grant Co., Wis;, where he has since lived. He was married, in 1851, to Sophia Duncler, a daughter of Gottfried and Crisinia Duncler, late of Grant Co. ; has six children living and four deceased — Louise, Antonia, Catherine, William, Edward, Frederick ; deceased are Nathalia, Mary, Emma and Mary. Has been Assessor for two years; School Clerk one term ; Treasurer one term. Politics, Republican. He has 120 acres of land, valued at $2,000. Is a member of the Evangelical Church. CONRAD NAPP, farmer. Sec. 34; P. 0. Lancaster; born in 1855 in Lancaster, Grant Co., Wis. ; is a son of Conrad and Elizabeth Napp ; he lived with his parents until 21 years of age ; they were of German descent. He owns 80 acres of land, valued at $1,800; his parents moved into the town of Beetown when he was but 3 years of age, where they lived for eight years, then returned to Lancaster, where they resided for seven years ; thence to Fennimore for nine years, and then to Liberty, where he has lived for two years. He was married, in 1875, to Emily Roth, a daughter of Jacob and Margaret Roth, of Liberty ; have two children — Jacob C. and, Edith. Politics, Greenbacker. ANDREW RITCHIE, farmer. Sec. 15 ; P. 0. Stitzer. The subject of this sketch is a pioneer, and has always sought a private life ; he was born in 1812 in Scotland ; he was a son of Thomas and Jennette Ritchie ; he left his parents at the early age of 11 years, and followed herding for three years ; he then came home and went to school for one year, then followed mining for a few years, then went to Glasgow and attended lectures ; he finally emigrated to America in 1839 ; he landed in Que- bec, Can., where he lived but a short time, then to Montreal, but while on the voyage passed through a narrow escape by a collision between the two vessels. Lady Elgin and Royal George ; he then visited many TOWN OF LIBERTY. 1031 places in that portion of the country ; he arrived at Lewiston, N. Y., following blasting for awhile, when he went to the Genesee Valley and worked for three years, then to Canada for nine months ; returned to Sandusky, Ohio, where he lived for five years, and, in 1848, he came to Grant Co., Wis., locaiing in Lib- erty, where he has lived since. He was married, in 1842, in New York, to Anna O'Brien, a daughter of Patrick and Margaret O'Brien; he is the father of nine children — Thomas, Sarah, Andrew, Samuel S. William (deceased), William W., Perry, John H., Mary W. He has 607 acres of land, valued at SIO,- 000; also 160 acres in Nebraska. He lives chiefly on the interest of his money. Politics, Republican. Has been School Clerk for many years ; has been Town Superintendent ; was Justice of the Peace for ten years ; has been member of the Town Board for many terms, Chairman two terms, and never had a law suit in his life. PHILIP SHUHIIIN, farmer. Sec. 1 ; P. 0. Annaton ; born on the Isle of Man in 1839 ; he was a son of Thomas and Ann Shimmin, and at the age of 5 years he came to America in company with his parents, locating in Jo Daviess Co., 111., for tweoty-two years, and at the age of 21 he married the widow of William Robinson, whose life was lost in the falling of a factory in Massachu- setts, leaving one son — John, who was brought up by the latter husband ; she was a daughter of James and Sarah Brown. Mrs. Shimmin was also married at the age of 1 6, but they were soon separated ; Mr. Shimmin came to Grant Co., Wis., in 1867; located in Liberty, where he has since lived; he has 247 acres of land, valued at $3,000; has seven children — Thomas B., William B., Philip G., Sarah J., Ellen M., George R., Charles L. Has been Road Overseer three terms, and School Clerk two terms. Politics, Republican. Member of the M. E. Church. GOTTLIEB STRINBKEIVIVER, farmer, Sec. 14; P. 0. Stitzer; was born in 1814, in Germany. He was a son of Michael and Elizabeth Steinbrenner, of Germany. He came to America in 1853, locating in Pennsylvania for one year and seven months ; then to Galena, 111., for eighteen months ; then to the town of Harrison, in Grant Co., Wis., where he resided for nearly nine years ; then to Blake's Prairie, in the same county, for two years, when he moved to Liberty, where he has lived since. He was married, in 1857, to Miss Girock. She was a daughter of Conrad and Christina Girock, of Germany. They have five children — John G. and John, Mary, Louisa, Christina. He has 200 acres of land, valued at $3,500. In politics, he is a Republican, and a member of the Evangelical Church. He has been School Director for one term, and has lived where he now resides for sixteen years. ROBERT E. THOMPSON, farmer. Sec. 36 ; P. 0. Annaton ; was born in 1851 in Grant Co., Wis., and is a son of William Thompson, a native of Scotland. He lived with his parents till he was 18 years old. His father died in 1878, leaving the son to look after the welfare of his aged mother. He has 200 acres of land, valued at $3,000. He was married, iu'1877, to Elizabeth Day, daughter of James and Sarah Day, of Little Grant. They have one child — Charles. In politics, he is a Democrat. JOHN F. WEFEIj, merchant, Stitzer; was born in 1855 in Germany; is a son of Adam and Mary Wefel ; lived with his parents until 24 years of age ; came to America when but 3 years old, locating in Liberty, Grant Co., Wis. He followed farming until 21 years of age ; then went into the mercantile business at Stitzer ; is one of a family of five children, all of Grant Co. ; two brothers deceased, both died in the same night. In politics, he is a Republican. His father is an enterprising and prosperous farmer. He is a member of the Evangelical Church. W. J. WEIR, farmer. Sec. 19 ; P. 0. Liberty Ridge. He was born in Grant Co. His father, Thomas Weir, came to the county in 1840, and located in the town of Potosi. In 1856, he bought the farm, which is now worked by the son, and where he lived until his death, which occurred Feb. 9, 1879. W. J. Weir was elected Justice of the Peace, in April, 1879. He was married, April 1, 1880, and has one daughter — Mamie. He is a member of the I. O. 0. P. ; and, in politics, is a Republican. JOHN WILKINSON, farmer; P. 0. Stitzer; was born in 1821 in Yorkshire, England ; is a son of the Hon. Charles Wilkinson, of England. He lived with his parents until 16 years of age ; was a cloth-dresser by trade ; but, at the early age of 16 years, began as an apprentice in a blacksmith's-shop. He came to America in 1842; located in Paterson, N. J., where he resided for nine months; then to Pittsburgh, Penn., for nine months ; then taking a westward course to Davenport, Iowa, for one and a half years; then to Galena, 111. ; thence to Mineral Point, where he resided for seven years. During all this time, he followed the occupation of blacksmith ; and, in 1850, he wended his way to the golden regions of California, where he wandered around for eighteen months ; then returned to Mineral Point for the period of two years; then to Liberty, Grant Co., Wis., in 1854, where he lived for ten years ; then to Dallas Co., Iowa; then returned to his old home in Liberty, where he has since lived. He was married, in 1850, at 1032 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Mineral Point, to Miss Grace Pace, a daughter of Richard and Mary Pace, who were from Cornwall, England. He had nine children — Joseph H., Christopher, Charles A., Charlotte, Lillie, Helen, Rosalie, Richard (deceased) and John. He has 215 acres of land, valued at 84,000; has been Pathmaster five terms, and School Director one term. In politics, a G-reeiibacker. FRANK WITZIG, farmer; P. 0. Annaton; was born in 1840, in Germany; was a son of Martin Witzig, who came to America in 1854; located in Liberty, Grant Co., Wis.; entered 100-days' troops ; served four months. He was married, in 1866, to CatharineBunson, daughter, of Andres Bunson. He has seven children; has one boy crippled for life. In politics, Democrat. He lives with his mother, Annie Witzig, and was born in 1811, in Germany. She came to America in 1854, stopping at Water- town, Wis., for one month ; then to Clifton for one year ; then to Liberty, where she has since lived. She was married to Martin Witzig. They had eleven children, one deceased in Germany and three in the United States; seven living — Adam. Joseph P., Mary A., Frank, Joseph, Joan and Catharine. The deceased are Peter, John, Joseph and Rosey. Her husband died in 1862. She then married John Wealing, in 1866, who died the same year, eight weeks after marriage. He has 160 acres of land, and is a member of the Roman Catholic Cburch. TOWN OF JAMESTOWN. WABDEBT ANDERJ^Oiy, Jamestown; born in Shelby Co., Ky., Aug. 1, 1818, and emigrated to Jamestown, Grant Co., Wis., in 1842 ; removed to Illinois, where he resided for three years; in 1845, he removed to Wisconsin again and settled permanently. His property is in village lots ; proba- ble value, 81,000. In politics he is a stanch Republican; was formerly a follower of the old Whig party. Public offices held by him : Town Board, Justice of the Peace, and, at present (1881 ), Postmaster. He married Sarah A. Calvert Oct. 16, 1877. HARIION BliSHOPP, farmer; P. O. Jamestown ; born in Prussia in 1822 ; has 80 acres of land, the probable value of which is $4,000. In politics, a Democrat. He served as a soldier in Prus- sia. Married Theresa Vosberg ; they have five children — Joseph, Catharine, John, Barbara, Harmon. CIJTHBERT BBADWELIi, P. 0. Fair Play; born in England on the 30th of January, 1820 ; came to America in 1830 ; remained four years in Schuylkill Co., Penn., and moved to Wisconsin in the spring of 1835, and located at Jamestown ; followed mining for some years. Owns 160 acres of land ; probable value, $8,000. Is with the Republican party in politics ; is a Protestant. Wife's maiden name, Mary Haley ; she was born in Ireland ; have five children — Winfield, James, Olive, Emma, Mary. FRA]!)rK BBOWIV, P. 0. Fair Play ; native of Baden, Germany ; born Oct. 10, 1807 ; emi- grated to Hazel Greea in 1844. In politics, a Democrat; in religion, a Catholic. Married Catherine Mans, a native of Germany; born in 1817; they have had six children — Mary A., Christena, Peter, Francis, Henry, William F. (died April 2, 1872). Peter served in the army in the 25th W. V. I., and was honorably discharged. MICHAEL CAIiVEBT (deceased); born in England in 1810; emigrated to this country in 1831, and settled in Galena and followed mining, then removed to Fair Play, Grant Co., Wis., where he died ; since his decease the family have kept hotel ; in politics he was a Democrat ; in religion, was of the Protestant faith. Was the father of ten children — Sarah, Mary, John, Joseph, Lizzie, Maggie, Maria, William, Ned, Martha. RANSOM B. EOIiTS, Jamestown ; was born in New York in 1843 ; occupation, mining ; in politics, he is a stanch Republican. Married Ann Thurtell, of Jamestown, Wis.; they tave two children — Edward R. and Eva May. Served in the army ; enlisted in Georgetown, in Co. I, 25th W. V. I. Are of the Protestant faith, but are not members of any denomination or sect. BflCHOIjAS HOFFMAN, Jamestown ; is a native of Germany, born in 1841 ; immigrated here in 1852 ; his occupation is farming ; he has 21 acres of land; probable value, $1,100. Is a Repub- lican in politics. Married Eliza Trumbull, of Batavia ; they have one child — Clara, aged 14. Served in the army three years ; enlisted in Dubuque, Iowa, in the 5th Iowa V. C. JOHN HIER, farmer, Sec. 13 ; P. 0. Fair Play ; has 125 acres of land; probable value, $5,600. His polities is Democratic ; he is of the Roman Catholic faith. Has held the offices of Assessor, term of TOWN OF JAMESTOWN. 1^33 1862, Chairman of the Board two years (1865), Town Treasurer for four years, and has been Chairman for many years. Was born in the eounty of Wexford, Ireland, in 1830 ; immigrated with his father, four brothers and three sisters, in 1852. Married Margaret Williams ; they have four children — Ellen G., Henry P., Mary F. and Celia V. Came to Wisconsin before the days of railroads ; marketed all his prod- uce in Galena, 111.; commenced mining and found a great quantity of lead on the Williams land ; owned one-third interest in the mine ; put engines on mines, which did not prove a paying investment. JACOB HUHrSAKER (deceased) ; was born in Union Co., 111., May 24, 1823 ; immigrated to Wisconsin in 1847, where he engaged in mining ; he operated the mines in the town of Hazel Green known as the " Hunaaker Mines ; " afterward he engaged in farming, which he followed until the time of his death, which was caused by a team running away with him, Aug. 21, 1875. He married Matilda Pal- leit, a native of England; she was born in 1830, and is the mother of six children — Charles, Phebe, George, Thomas, Nellie and Albert. FRANK KAIiSER, farmer; P. 0. Fair Play ; from the boundary line between Belgium and France ; has 200 acres of land, the probable value of which is 88,000. In politics, Democratic. He served in the army under Louis Phillippe, of France. He married Mary Widerbolt, a native of Germany ; they have four children — Joseph, Henry, Frank and Eugenie. JOHN KEMP, farmer ; P. 0. Jamestown; has 133 acres of land, the probable value of which is 87,000 ; was born in Cornwall, Eng., in 1830; emigrated to this country in 1843; settled in Hazel Green, Wis. In politics is a Republican. His wife's maiden name was Jane Roberts, born in Cornwall, Eng. ; they have six children — Charles, John, William, Royal, Alfred, Edna. Are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. BENJAmiN KIIiBOURN, Jamestown ; native of Kentucky ; came to Galena by steam- boat Feb. 25, 1828. Married Lydia Dewey ; have three children — John, Edward and Flora. In early days he followed mining as an occupation, but of later years has followed farming in connection with min- ing ; is the owner of 700 acres of land, the probable value of which is $25,000. In politics a Republican. Is a member of the Presbyterian Church at Jamestown. Mr. Kilbourn has a remarkable memory, and talks of matters which occurred fifty years ago, as though but a few years back ; remembers in the fall of 1827 and the spring of 1828 the Government levied a duty on foreign lead. The law didn't go into operation until the following June ; in the meantime, there were three cargoes of lead brought to our ports, and the consequence was that it caused a glut in the market, and lead sold that fall in Mineral Point at 85 per thousand. REV. TIMOTHi: J. LEWIIS, Jamestown ; born in New York in 1825 ; moved to Wis- consin in 1850, and settled in Rock Co.; is a minister of the Gospel; has been a member of the West Wisconsin Conference twelve years ; stationed at Jamestown, Grant Co., Wis., in 1880 ; prior to his min- istry he followed the business of carpenter and joiner. Politics, Republican. Served in the navy one year ; shipped in the navy as a common sailor, and a year in the Mississippi squadron ; was aboard the iron-clad Choctaw. Married Ellen Himebaugh, a native of Pennsylvania; have six children — Francis E., Henry B., Fred F., Mina B., Timothy G., Hattie May. ER ANK LIN Li YSTER, cabinet-maker and undertaker, Jamestown ; was born in Illinois Nov. 5, 1828 ; be has 10^^^ acres of land ; probable value, $1,500. Public offices held by him ; Justice of the Peace for fifteen years ; Assessor seven years ; was census enumerator in 1880 ; County Supervisor, and at present (1881) is County Coroner. Married Hannah Nehimire, who was born in Germany ; they have eight children — Henry L., Frank M., Albert N., Mary C, EUie H., Fannie F., John C, Maggie E. Settled in Jamestown, Wis., in March, 1856. In politics, a Republican. KIREN MURRAY (deceased) ; born in Kings Co., Ireland, in 1799 ; emigrated here in 1825, and was engaged at New Orleans; came to Galena, Dl., March 17, 1828, and engaged in mining; then settled on his farm in 1833 ; he has 240 acres ; the prolDable value is $12,000 ; he died in January, 1874, and was buried at Sinsinawa Mound; he was the oldest settler in this part of the country. In politics he was Democratic ; in religion, a Catholic. He married Bridget Carroll, a native of Kilkenny Co., Ireland; born Sept. 29, 1813; they have nine children — Martha, Lawrence, Nicholas, Samuel, Thomas (died in December, 1874), Kiren, Mary, Catharine, Michael (graduated and received a diploma from the St. Clara Academy at Smsinawa Mound). PATRICK MURRAY (deceased) ; born in Kings Co., Ireland, in 1809 ; died July 8. 1877 ; in politics, a Democrat ; in religion, a Catholic. When he first settled here he followed mining with some success ; afterward engaged in farming, which has been continued by the family since his decease ■ 1034 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETChjus : they have 240 acres of land, the probable value of which is $12,000. Mr. Murray married Mary Sheri- dan, a native of County Cavan, Ireland ; they have had eight children— William (dead), Michael, James, Catharine (dead), Sarah, Joseph, Theresa, Agnes. E. D. PEAKE, teacher; Jamestown; was born in Hamden, Delaware Co., N. Y., July 27, 1836, and engaged during the earlier years of his life, up to 1862, in farming, lumbering and school- teaching ; circumstances prevented his enlisting at the outbreak of the rebellion, but he soon afterward followed the strong inclination of his mind, and entered the Quartermaster's Department, going to Florida as a lumberman, where he remained from August, 1864, to June, 1865 ; he was at Jacksonville, when many Union soldiers entered that prison-pen, and the Abolition sentiments entertained by him were height- ened by the brutality shown at that place ; soon after returning North from Florida, Mr. Peake taught school in Anawan, 111., and in the summer of 1866, came to Jamestown, where he has since resided ; has held the oflSce of Justice of the Peace, but is no office-seeker.-^ Was married, June 1, 1871, to Miss Martha E. Judd, of Stafford, Genesee Co., N. Y.; they have no children ; is Republican in politics. DR. AKCH SAMPSON, Fair Play; born in Fairfax, Vt., May 16, 1818; attended Bur- lington University, Vermont, graduated at Dartmouth Medical College in 1843 ; immigrated to Fair Play, Grant Co., Wis., in the fall of 1845, and commenced practicing medicine; his property is in village lots, the probable value of which is $1,000. In politics, a Republican ; was formerly a follower of the old Whig party ; in religion, is of the Protestant faith ; public offices held by him are Justice of the Peace, Town Superintendent, and at present (1881) Postmaster at Fair Play. Married Sophronia Gibbs, a native of Jericho, Vt.; is the father of three children — Emma, Charles, Florence; one son deceased — Charles. EDWARD WARD, Jamestown; was born in Cornwall, England in 1826; follows farming as an occupation ; has 145 acres of land, probable value, $7,500. In politics, a Republican. Married Mary Symons, a native of Cornwall, England ; have two children — Elizabeth A. and James ; are of the Protestant faith, but are not members of any particular denomination. JOSEPH WEBER, Jamestown; born in Prussia May 6, 1819; emigrated herein 1846;' settled in Galena for six years, and then removed to Jamestown, where he settled permanently ; he en- gaged in mining, and afterward began farming ; probable value of farm, $5,000. Politics, Democratic; is a Catholic. Married Catharine KuUe, who was born in Prussia April 2, 1821 ; was married in Prussia in 1843; they have eight children — Martha, born Sept. 29, 1843; Anton, July 13, 1845 ; Joseph, Sept. 20, 1847 ; Henry, Jan. 14, 1850 ; Fuldine, March 17, 1851 ; Joecheim, Nov. 12, 1854; Ceewille, Feb. 14, 1859 ; Catharine, May 16, 1861. TOWN OF PARIS. PETER CASPAR, farmer; P. 0. Jamestown ; son of Peter Joseph and Ann Clara Caspar; was born near Coblentz, Prussia, July 8, 1829. His father came with his family in June, 1842, to the United States, and settled in Milwaukee. Here his father died in August, 1850. The mother moved to Smelser in 1857. Peter remained at home until 1853, when he commenced business for himself. He was married, July 15. 1853, to Miss Maria C. Messersmith, of Jamestown. They have nine children — ■ Elizabeth, now Mrs. Bonn, living in Smelser ; Catharine, now Mrs. Keier, in Beetown ; Peter at home ; Anna C.. now Mrs. Hafner, in Jamestown ; Josephine, now Mrs. Pickel, in Smelser ; Margaret at home ; Andrew at home ; Ferdinand at home and John at home. Mr. Caspar has been Chairman of the Town Board of Paris, and member of the County Board since 1867, and still holds the office. He was County Commissioner under the Commissioner system of county government. In 1869, he was elected Justice of the Peace, and successively since. He has been Clerk of School Board tor the past twenty-five years. He is a member of Wana Lodge, No. 4, A., F. & A. M., and of Hoffmung German Lodge at Lancaster of I. 0. 0. P. He is a Republican in politics. CYRUS A. HORNBEEK, farmer. Sec. 17 ; P. 0. Dickeyville ; son of Isaac and Elizabeth (Mitts) Hornbeek ; was born in Carroll Co., Ind., Feb. 28, 1842. His father moved to Paris, Wis., in 1844, and bought a farm of 160 acres on Sec. 21, Town 2, Range 2 west, where he still resides. Cyrus enlisted in Co. I, 25th W. V. I., Aug. 6, 1862 ; served through the war, and received his discharge June 7, 1865. He was in the Army of the Tennessee. He was married, Feb. 1, 1870, to Miss Mary Shinoe, daughter of Benjamin and Sarah (Preston) Shinoe, of Paris, Wis. They have four children — Melvin, TOWN OF PARIS. 1035 Albert, Orville and George. His farm contains 210 acres. He also owns the ferry across the Platte River. Mr. H. has held the office of Town Assessor, also that of Constable for several terms. MORGAN VANMETEB HORNBEEK, farmer; P. O. DickeyviUe; was born near Delphi, Ind. His father and mother moved to Paris, Wis., in 1844, and are still living on the old home- stead. They were married Feb. 14, 1833, and have six children living — Sarah, now Mrs. Beckett, living in DickeyviUe ; Morgan V., Cyrus A., Martha J., now Mrs. Smith, living in Dakota ; Mary Elizabeth with her parents ; Cynthia, now Mrs. Williams, living in Georgetown, Wis. Morgan V. enlisted 6th of August, 1862, in Co. I, 25th W. V. I., in company with his brother, Cyrus A. ; served through the war; was discharged June 7, 1865. He was married to Miss Margaret Smith, daughter of Maxime Smith, Oct 17, 1869. They have three children — Cass Elmi, Arthur B. and Leone V. His farm of 70 acres is on the northeast quarter of Sec. 21, Town 2, Range 2. He is Clerk of the town of Paris, and a Trustee of the Union Church. He has been Town Supervisor and District Clerk several years. THOMAS LONOBOTHAM, farmer ; P. O. DickeyviUe ; son of Elijah and Rebecca Long- botham ; was born in the Parish of Ripon, West Riding, Yorkshire, England, May 13, 1807. Was mar- ried in 1840, to Miss Hannah Wreakes ; she was born at PeLworth, near London ; they came to the United States in 1841, and settled in Rigsby Hollow, Potosi; here he followed smelting about two years; then moved to the Menomonee Diggings and mined for about three years ; then, in October, 1846, entered three forties and commenced farming, where he still resides. He now owns about 770 acres in the town of Paris ; the homestead is on Sec. 22, Town 2, Range 2 west. Mrs. L. died July 27, 1880, leaving six children living — William, now living in Thomasville, Neb ; Elijah and Thomas, now living in Rockford, Iowa; Rebecca A., John and George, at home. Mr. Longbotham has been Clerk of the Town of Paris about twenty-three years in succession, and member of the School Board many years. FREDERICK MARING, farmer. Sec. 21 ; P. 0. DickeyviUe ; son of Caspar Ortes and Margaret Maring, was born in Burch, Ewrach, Bavaria, Aug. 10, 1807 ; he came to the United States in 1841, and lived in Pennsylvania one year ; then to Galena, ID., where they remained a year ; then to Ha- zel Green, where they lived thirteen years, and followed mining three years ; then engaged in farming, etc.; in 1856, settled in Paris on Sec. 21 , where he now resides and owns 163 acres. He was married in Pennsyl- vania in the spring of 1842 ; has ten children living — the eldest, Pestus, is at home; he enlisted in Co. I, 25th W. V. I., Aug. 6, 1862; served through the war and was discharged June 7, 1865 ; he is a mem- ber of the Town Board, and a member of the fraternity of Odd Fellows ; Louisa, now Mrs. Wackershauser, in Paris, Wis.; Catharine, now Mrs. Montag, residing in Iowa; Magdalena, now Mrs. Hoffmeister, in Potosi, Wis.; William, DickeyviUe ; Mary, now Mrs. Schneider, in Wausau, Wis.; Mitchell and Friederick, at home ; Barbara, now Mrs. Schmeltz, in Dubuque, Iowa ; Leone, at home. MICHAEIi MONTAG, farmer. Sec. 27 ; P. 0. DickeyviUe ; owns 185 acres ; son of Henry and Martha Elizabeth Montag ; was born in Katharinenberg, Saxony, Prussia, April 10, 1846; his father was born in the same place, and his mother at Eisstrut, Saxony ; she died in August, 1 870, aged 46 years ; his father moved to the United States and settled on Sec. 27, Town 2, Range 2 west, where Michael now lives. He was married Jan. 9, 1871, to Miss Catharine Brant, daughter of Andrew and Victoria Brant, of Jamestown ; they have five children — Henry, Justin, Charles, Dorothea and Andrew. He is a School Director, a Re- publican and a Catholic. His father was Burgomaster of his native village in Germany, and, after he moved to Wisconsin, he was elected, in 1867, Justice of the Peace ; he is still living in DickeyviUe ; he was the second German who settled in the town of Paris ; a zealous Catholic, he helped to build the St. Mary's German Catholic Church at Jamestown, and afterward the " Holy Ghost " Chapel, German Cath- olic Church, at DickeyviUe. ANDREW SCHMITT, merchant and farmer; P. 0. DickeyviUe; son of Michael and Mar- garet Schmitt; was born in the viUage of Zeuthern, Baden, Germany, Jan. 25, 1832; he came to the United States in September, 1852, landing at New York; thence he went to Newark, N. J., where he worked as a clerk in a store ; the next year, he visited a sister in St. Louis ; from there went to Menomo- nee, Dunn Co., and worked for Knapp, Stout & Co., at lumbering and in their store ; remained with them until the spring of 1857, when he came to Dunleith and commenced business for himself as a merchant ; the same year he started a branch store in Jamestown, and. in 1860, he opened another branch in Dickey- viUe ; soon afterward, he moved to DickeyvUle and discontinued his other two stores, and is still engaged in general merchandise ; he built the hotel in DickeyviUe, and owned it for many years ; he is also en- gaged in farming, and owns about 600 acres ; has a fine vineyard ; deals in stock, and has a fire insurance agency. He has been Notary Public and Postmaster in DickeyviUe since 1861; was elected Justice of the Peace the same year ; Chairman of the Board for the town of Paris in 1862-64 ; Town Treasurer in I'^-^S BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES: 1865, and successively ever since to the same oflSce. He is a member of the Masonic fraternity, also an Odd Fellow. Is a Republican in politics; in religion, a Catholic. He was married June 11, 1856, in Menomonee, to Miss Christina Scheppele, from Baden, Germany; they had four children — Louisa, now Mrs. May, of Jamestown, born June 11, 1858 ; John A., born May 28, 1860 ; Rosa, born Jan. 8, 1868 ; Christian P., born Feb. 12, 1870 ; having lost his wife in 1872, he was married July 13, 1874, to Miss Elizabeth Schmeltz ; they have two children — Barbara, born Sept. 22, 1875, and Joseph George, born Feb. 22, 1880. His mother, at that time a widow, came in 1854 with the rest of her family, and settled in St. Louis, where she died Sept. 11, 1857. His brother, Maximilian, resides in St. Louis, and carries on a manufactory for plows and also a carriage factory; his sister Katharina (Mrs. Gaus), also lives in St. Louis, and owns several large business blocks, also the Iron Mountain Hotel. His sister Josephine (Mrs. Kastner) resides in St. Genevieve, Mo. €rEOBGE SAL.Z1IA1VN, farmer. Sec. 25; P. 0. Dickeyville; owns 160 acres of land; son of Adam and Anna Salzmano ; was born in Gusladen, Prussia, Nov. 18, 1815 ; he came to the United States in 1849 ; settled first in Ohio near Cincinnati; lived there about two years; went to Kentucky, near Covington, where he remained about five years ; thence to Galena, 111., three years ; thence to Dick- eyville, where he lived on a rented farm for four years ; then on Sec. 36, town of Paris, three years ; then, in 1866, he bought the place where he lived until the 29th of July, 1877, when he died suddenly in the field while at work. He was married Feb. 2, 1843, to Miss Theresa Junemann, daughter of Martin and Theresa (Hartung") Junemann, of his native place ; she siill resides on the homestead in Paris ; they had eight children, six of whom are living — Anna, now Mrs. Jentz, living in Hazel Green, Wis.; EUza- beth, now Mrs. Ginter, living in Conception, Mo.; Barbara, now Mrs Weagel, living in Benton, Mo.; Caspar, living at Ishpeming, Mich.; Henry J., at home ; Frank, at Corwith, Iowa. Mr. Salzmann was a member of the Holy Ghost Chapel, German Catholic Church, at Dickeyville. JOSIAH. WIIjLjEY, farmer; P. 0. Jamestown ; son of Henry and Grace Willey ; was born in the parish of Mullion, Cornwall, England, Aug. 18, 1819 ; he has a sister (Mrs. E. Dewing) residing at Lancaster, and four brothers — Richard, residing at Little Grant ; James, in Richland Co.; Edwin and Thomas, in Carroll Co., Iowa. Mr. Willey came to the United States in 1845, and settled near Benton, Wis ; he moved to the town of Paris in 1858 ; he owns in all 187 acres in Sees. 25, 26 and 35, valued at 810,000. He was married in 1849, to Miss Christiana Thomas, of the parish of Mullion, England ; she was born Dec. 25, 1825 ; they have seven children — Grace T.; Charlotte I., now Mrs. Bedford ; John H., living in Carroll City, Iowa; Addie E., now Mrs. Cundy, living in Colorado ; Abram N., Josiah R. and Mary E., at home. TOWN OF WATERLOO. GEORCjtE K. CURTIS, farmer and carpenter; P. 0. Burton; born in Torrington, Litch- field Co., Conn.; son of Loren and Phebe (Pritchard) Curtis; came to Harrison in 1863, and to Burton in 1869. July 7, 1866, married by Loren Wade, to Harriet, daughter of David and Catharine (Klinde- ings) Burkholder; has three children — -Eldora, Daniel E., Rosa E. Enlisted February, 1865, in Co. G,47th W. V. I., and was out nine months. Is at present in charge of the United Brethren Church, at Pleas- ant Grove, seven miles east of Darlington, which has thirty-two members ; was licensed by Platte River Mission Conference December, 1879. His mother was a descendant of Hotchkiss, who came over in the Mayflower. His father was of French descent (Curtis) of Canada. DAYID DODCirE, lumberman, Lancaster; born in Erie Co., N. Y., May 29, 1848; son of Daniel and Mary (Harwood) Dodge. Married April 25, 1872, by Noble Johnson, of Delaware Co., Iowa, to Jennie, daughter of C. V. Steers ; she was born March 7, 1853 ; have two children — Willis C, born July 15, 1873; Frank L., Oct. 5, 1877. Mr. D enlisted in Co. B, 1st U. S. A., and served one year. Is a Republican and a First-Day Adventist. Was four years lumbering in Iowa, and is now erecting his mill on Sec. 2, in Waterloo ; has 30 horse-power and a 56-inoh saw ; cuts 5,000 feet in twelve hours, with five men. JOSEPH DOLiL, farmer. Sec. 23; P. 0. Burton; 352 acres; born April 1, 1820, at York, Penn.; son of Joseph and Susan (Hoar) Doll; came to Grant Co. in 1854. and soon after to Waterloo (now Burton), where he worked at his trade (cooper) three years. Married Oct. 22, 1843, in Knox Co., Ohio, by Rev. William Maynard, to Mary Ann, daughter of Nathan and Penelope (Worman) Head, who TOWN OF WATERLOO. 1037 was born Aug. 20, 1820. Had eleven children — Jones A., born Jan. 27, 1846, married Jennie Halla- way, now in Kansas ; Mary Jane, born Dec. 26, 1848, wife of Frank P. Mink, has four children living ; Oliver, born Sept. 24, 1849, married Theresa Oakleaf, has five children ; Sarah Alice, born Dec. 14, 1851, wife of George Potts ; Amanda E., born Sept. 5, 1853, wife of John H. Hunt, of Burlingame, Kan., had four children, one living — Mjrtie; Henry T., born Nov. 16, 1857, married Minnie Elwell ; William B., torn Aug 9, 1859: Charles E., born Jan. 4, 1863; and an adopted daughter, Lou, born Jan. 23, 1865, been with them five years; Margaret Ann, born July 29, 1844, and died March 11, 1853; Thomas R., born Nov. 6, 1855, died Jan. 11, 1858 ; John W., born Jan. 27, 1868, died May 11, 1868. Mr. Doll is a "Congregational" Democrat, and has held office several years in his town. In 1880, the steamer Penguin, Henry Specht, proprietor; John Specht, Captain; Henry Specht, Engineer, ran up the Grant River fifteen miles, and took wood and supplies, cum, etc., from Mr. Doll's barnyard. He states that in 1857, the snow covered the stocks of corn, and was seven feet deep on the level, also that hay sold in Dubuque at 8120 per ton, and that his brother chased a deer from the yard, and caught and killed it fifter a short race, the deer being unable to run in the snow. Mrs. Doll's parents left Mary- land when she was 3 years old, and settled in Hampshire Co., Va.; she left there at 15 years of age, and ■went to Ohio, where she remained until her marriage. The maternal grandfather and grandmother of Mrs. Doll were of English and German descent. Her mother died about four years ago, aged 82 years ; the father is living at Mt. Vernon, Ohio, aged 80 years, Jan. 29, 1881. The m'other of Mr. Doll was 83 years of age when she died, fourteen years ago. J A]fIE$i$ li. GBAUAin, blacksmith ; P. 0. Burton ; born March 27, 1837, in Virginia ; son of Alexander and Elizabeth (Deigh) Graham ; came to Grant Co. in 1860 ; at Big Patch two years. On July 4, 1862, he enlisted in Co. F, 20th W. V. I., and was out three years. Married Aug. 13, 1866, by B. P. Mayne, of Platteville, to Mary E., daughter of Pliny and Rosanna (Bulson) Holmes, born June 13, 1848 ; they have no children. In 1855, Mr. Graham struck a lead one mile south of Fair Play, and sold one- fourth interest for $4,000 ; his partners — Cook, Kincade and Mace — are all dead ; Mace became a prominent man and resided at Dubuque, where he died a year ago. GEORGE S. JOHIVSON, merchant, Burton ; has 500 acres of land in Sec. 22 ; was born Deo. 26, 1833, at Lockport, N. Y.; son of Lorenzo and Arminda (Griffin) Johnson, of Rhode Island and New York. He was married April 22, 1855, by Father Schrouenbach, of St. Andrew's, to Ann, daughter ■of Patrick Brady; they have had eight children — Arminda, born March 8, 1856; James A., born Aug. 3, 1858, married Nettie Dixon, of Beetown ; George E., born July 16, 1866 ; Eliza Jane, born Sept. 3, 1863, died Aug. 1, 1864 ; twin boys, born Jan. 16, 1869 ; one died at birth, and Charlie died Aug. 23, 1869; one girl, born March 23, 1873, died at birth; Mary Ann, born July 18, 1860. was crushed to death in a cane-mill, Oct 3, 1876 ; she was assisting about the mill and her clothing caught in the machin- ery, the arm and shoulder being torn off, leaving the heart and lungs visible ; other portions of the body were horribly mangled and ground with the clothing, so that it took an hour to gather up and remove the remains from the machine ; she was a remarkably active, inielligent girl, and beloved by all. Mr. Johnson started in the mercantile line in 1878 ; he has a general stock of dry goods, stationery, groceries, hard- ware, boots and shoes, drugs and medicines, cigars and tobacco, glass, crockery, paints and oils, cutlery, etc.; he is located two miles above Burton on the Grant River, and is rapidly absorbing the trade of the town and the surrounding country ; he is a live man, and people know it. He states that the steamer Waterloo, •of Waterloo, twenty-five tons burthen, was launched in 1852, Capt. A. S. Cash proprietor, and was after- ward taken to New Orleans, and finally to Panama; the scene was witnessed by 1,000 people, who had a dance in the evening, and a fine flag of forty feet was presented by the ladies present. CIlABIiEI$$ F. XE WM AN, farmer. Sec. 1 ; P. 0. Lancaster ; owns 80 acres of land ; born in Auburn, N. Y., in 1849 ; son of Richard L. and Rachel (Haskell) Newman ; came to Grant Co.twenty- four years ago ; has owned and run two threshers. Was married Feb. -2, 1880, by Andrew Walker, to Adaline, daughter of Widow Keen; she was born Feb. 1, 1844, and has five children by her first hus- band, Horace Albee, of Great Bend, Penn., who died in 1878 — Roby, Nellie, John A., Laura and Amy. Mr. Newman was Constable two years. AIjOIVZO oaks, wagon-maker, Burton ; was born at Rockdale, Dubuque Co., Iowa, July 24, 1849; son of William and Mary (Head) Oaks; came to this county and started a wagon-shop in 1879. He was married Sept. 3, 1876, by Hiram Gilmore, to Jane K., daughter of Joseph K. and Isabel (Clark) Quick ; they have had three children — Harvey Ray, born Aug, 23, 1877, died Sept. 8, 1877 ; Bertha, born Dec. 5, 1878 ; Amos Jerome, born Dec. 21, 1880. Mr. Oaks has been Town Clerk four years. 1038 BIOaRAPHICAL SKETCHES: HUBERT SCHUEIiTEB, shoemaker; P. 0. Burton ; was born Jan. 21, 1847, in Prussia - son of Mathias and G-erthrude Schuelter ; came here in 1854, and ifbllowed farming until his enlistment, in October, 1863, in Co. A, Ist W. V. C; served two years ; assisted in the capture of Jeff Davis, and received $317 of the reward. He was married Dec, 31, 1869, to Florence, daughter of Emerson and Mary (DrouUard) Chapman; they have had five children — Anna, born Nov. 28, 1869, died Dec. 5, 1872 ; Henry, born Jan. 6, 1871, died at 1 year of age; Lena, born Jan. 26, 1874; Anna B., born Jan. 8, 1877 ; Henry A., born Aug. 5, 1879. In politics, Kepublican ; in religion, Catholic. He has been Con- stable four years. Assisted in organizing the Good Templars Lodge. WILLIAM B. SLOCUM, farmer. See. 11; P. 0. Lancaster; was born Sept. 2, 1822, in Saratoga Co., N. Y.; son of of Job and Lydia (Bolt) Slocum, of Vermont; came to G-rant Co. in 1843 ; after a, short residence at Cassville, came to Waterloo and ran a cabinet-shop three years ; from there to a farm in Bloomington ; thence to Rice Co., Minn., and returned to Bloomington, and to his present location in 1868 ; his father died in 1860, aged 74, and his mother in February, 1880, 90 years of age. He was married Nov. 28, 1849, by Elder Chapin (Baptist), to Sarah Jane, daughter of Abner and Emma (Green) Beardsley ; they have six children — Charles H., born Sept. 12, 1850, who married Sarah Harper, of Orient, Iowa ; they have two children — Walter and Jennie; Alice E., born July 26, 1852, wife of E. N. Faocher, lumber dealer of Iowa ; they have two children — Mabel and an infant; Grace L., born March 13, 1854, teaching school in District No. 2, Potosi; Clara L., born July 26, 1856 ; Wilfried J., born .Tuly 3, 1858 ; Mary E., born Dec. 8, 1865. Mr. S. is a Republican and a Congregationalist. He has been several years Town Clerk, Chairman and Justice of the Peace. Owns 170 acres of land. TOWN OF HARRISON. BENJAMIIV A. GRAVES, Sec. 2; P. 0. Platteville ; born in Mercer Co., Penn., Dec. u' 1825. Married Miss Lurancy Ray July 25, 1845 ; she was born Feb. 14, 1828, in Trumbull Co., Ohio. In 1848, they came to Wisconsin, where Mr. Graves began as a teamster in this town ; heafterward rented farms for a number of years until enough was earned and saved for the purchase of a farm of his own in 1858. This farm he sold to a brother in 1875 ; he then bought his present 107-acre farm of George Mc- Fall. Mr. Graves is a member of the U. B. Church, and a Republican ; has been Constable, etc. Dur- ing the last eight months of the rebellion, he served as one of the 44th W. V. I. Have eight children — George, Roswell, Mary A., Arnold, Martha, Lulu, Lurinda and Hattie ; they lost two — Joab, aged 6, and Lorenzo, aged 2. OBED KING JONES, Sec. 1 ; P. 0. Platteville ; born in Trumbull Co., Ohio, Jan. 17, 1833 ; son of Chauncy and Elizabeth (Brown) Jones ; has 240 acres on which or part of which his father settled in 1840. His wife was Miss Susie, daughter of Nathan and Elizabeth Janney, of Washington Co., Mo.; they have two children — Nellie and Frank. Mr. Jones has two children — De Forrest and Lottie, by a former marriage. He is a Republican, and belongs to the M. E. Church. In the spring of 1877, he be- gan the manufacture of cheese, and, in the spring of 1880, built the only cheese factory in his town. Chauncy Jones came from Hancock Co., 111., to Harrison in the summer of 1837 ; he was accompanied by a cousin, Obed King, and they built a small log cabin near where 0. S. Jones now lives. Mr. Jones was by trade a stone-mason, and was one of the workmen on the old Platteville M. E. Church. Mr. King set- tled permanently in the town in the fall of 1837, and Mr. Jones in March, 1840 ; Chauncy Jones, Sr., grandfather of 0. S. and 0. K., came in 1839, and located on Sec. 12, in Harrison. Mr. King met a tragic death in June, 1840, being killed by the falling of a tub full of rocks while in the bottom of an un- finished well. 0. S. Jones was Chairman of Harrison in 1879 ; was Town Superintendent of Schools many years, and is an old-time teacher in the town. J. W. KAUMP, Sr., Sec. 13; P. 0. Platteville ; born in the village of Wehrendorf, Hanover, in November, 1811 ; came to America in 1833 ; landed at New Orleans, and came from there up the Missis- sippi to Grant Co.; engaged in mining at Big Patch until the fall of 1836, when his brother, A. H., and himself, settled near where he now lives, entering the same land which they have cleared and improved, and now own. Until his marriage, they kept bachelor's hall, and bj the division, J. W. came into possession of 240 acres. He married, Sept. 27, 1837, Phoebe Flynn, who was born in February, 1822, in Posey Co., Ind.; she came to Grant Co., in 1835 ; they have had fourteen children, eight of whom are still living— TOWN OF MOUNT IDA. 1039 William A., Mary E., Catherine F., Elizabeth A., Eliza J., Louis S., Emanuel A. and Alfred S. All were born on the home farm, the eldest in the log cabin of the " bachelor brothers." The Kaump Brothers are now the veteran settlers of Harrison. In 1863 and 1864, J. W. Kaump was one of the County Com- missioners. He has also been Chairman of his town many years ; also Treasurer and Assessor. Henry Utt and himself named the town of Harrison in honor of the victor of Tippecanoe. A. H. KAUMP, Sec. 14; P. 0. Platteville ; was born in the village of Wehrendorf, Hanover; in November, 1815 ; came to America in the spring of 1835, arriving in the fall of the same year at the Big Patch Diggings ; engaged in mining here with his brother, J. W., until the fall of 1876, when they entered the land now constituting their respective farms ; the land was heavily timbered, and the entire vicinity a forest. Only John Shipley, Abraham Wavers and perhaps one or two others preceded them as settlers in this town, of which the Kaump Brothers are now the veteran pioneers. A. H. Kaump married Napcy Utt, by whom he has five children — John W., Henry H., Mary J., Ruth A. and Emma L.; all born on the Harrison homestead. Mr. Kaump is a Methodist and a Bepublican. JA1IE$$ L.IKEXS, Sec. 17; P. 0. RockviUe; born Jan, 10, 1812, in Washington Co., Va.; his parents, John and Margaret (Davis) Likens, removed to Wythe Co., Va.; here he was reared as a farmer. During three years of his young manhood, he followed flat-boating on the Western rivers. From Vin- cennes, Ind., he went to Isle No. 100 on the Mississippi ; thence to Galena, 111., where he spent the winter of 1831-32 ; his next location was Dodgeville, Wis., where he followed mining six years. In 1840, he located near RockviUe, and, in 1846, settled on his present farm. He married Artilla Crocker in 1839 ; she was born near the Kanhawa Salt Works, Virginia, and came to Wisconsin in 1835 ; they had ten children — William W., George W., Sarah J., John, James, Benjamin F., Samuel, Artilla, Josephine and Emma ; all were born in Grant Co.; the three eldest sons were in the Union service during the rebellion, the eldest, William W., serving as Captain of Co. H, 43d W. V. I.; George W. was a Sergeant in the same company, he died Nov. 20, 1864, at Johnsoaville, Tenn. John Likens, after the war, graduated at the University of Wisconsin, only to be cut down by the merciless sickle of death in December, 1873. James Likens is one of the genuine old settlers of Harrison and the State. He is in politics a Republican, and has held various town offices. His eldest son is now an attorney at law in Harvard, Neb. THOIIAS & JOHIV HcINIAHON ; P. 0. Platteville ; are sons of Thomas and Margaret ( Blakly") McMahon ; the father was born March 17, 1787, in County Fermanagh, Ireland; he came with bis family to America in 1847, and at once located in Harrison ; at his death, Aug. 3, 1875, he left seven children — John, William, Jane (Mrs. William Horlocker), Eliza (Mrs. Thomas Moffitt), Thomas, Margaret (Mrs. John Marston), and Mary (Mrs. H. W. Long). John McMahon has a family and a farm of 205 acres ; is a Republican, and served four years on the Town Board of Supervisors. Thomas McMahon is with his mother on the homestead farm of 130 acres. He served, as did his brother William, in the 25th W. V. I., during three years of the civil war, participating in the battles and movements made by his regi- ment. He is now Chairman of the Town Board, of which he was a side member in 1879 ; he has also served seven years at Justice of the Peace, and two years as Assessor. In 1830, he was the U. S. Census Enumerator. TOWN OF MOUNT IDA. OmAR J. ARNOIiD, farmer. Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Fennimore ; burn in 1844 in Fulton Co., 111. ; removed with his parents to California when 8 years old ; came to Grant Co., Wis., in 1856. Married Marcia J. Anderson Sept. 16, 1869; she was born in Hancock Co., Ohio, May 3, 1853, aud came to Wisconsin in 1854. Mr. Arnold received a common school education; attended the Bloomington Semi- nary; also took a select course at the State University in 1864-65; followed teaching for several years. He is the inventor of the Eureka Corn Cultivator, on which he received a United States patent. Has three children — Bessie, Bertha, Cora P. Has always been identified with the Republican party ; was elected Chairman of the Board of Supervisors in 1879, and re-elected in 1880 ; was enumerator of the tenth census of his town, and owns a valuable farm of 160 acres. RICHARD RUCJOIIVS, Postmaster and merchant, Mt. Ida; was born in Stafibrdshire, Eng., Feb. 28, 1824; emigrated to the United States in 1848, and settled in Grant Co., Wis., in 1855. Was married to Harriet Walson. He has filled the offices of Justice of the Peace, Constable, Clerk of Schools, and is at present Postmaster. Is a Radical Republican. Is a member of the Baptist Church. 1040 BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES: Owns a nice property in the village of Mt. Ida. Adopted Mary Gilder when 4 years of age, who is now the wife of F. M. Simonds. JOHN BEETHAjfl, farmer, Sec. 34 ; P. 0. Fennimore; was born in Durham, Eng., Jan. 3, 1817 ; emigrated to the United States and settled in Rock Co., Wis., in 1851 ; removed to Grant Co. in 1856. Was married to Mary Marwood May 14, 1840 ; she is a native of England; born July 2, 1820 ; they have six children — Thomas H., John W., Elizabeth, Jane A. and Mary ; the four oldest children are- married ; Jane is a teacher, and Mary lives with her parents. Mr. Beetham is an active Republican. Owns a valuable farm of 120 acres under splendid cultivation. H. E. BAXTER, farmer. See. 34; P. 0. Fennimore; was born in Saratoga Co., N. Y., Oct. 27, 1845; came to Wisconsin in 1855, and settled in Fennimore, Grant Co.; his father died April 12,. 1866 ; his mother died in 1865. Was married to Margaret McWilliams, who was born Sept. 27, 1850 ^ has three children — Eugene, Lilly M., Mary E. Owns a farm of 140 acres under a high state of cultiva- tion. Has held various town offices. Is radical in principle as a member of the Republican party. PETER H. CAMERON, farmer, Sec. 36; P. 0. Fennimore; was born in Perth, Scotland;, emigrated to the United States with his parents in 1845, and settled in Grant Co., Wis., there being a colony of brave Scots located here. He enlisted in the 7th W. V. I. Aug. 19, 1861, and was in active service until by sunstroke he was disabled, and was discharged Oct. 17, 1862. Mr. Cameron was married Feb. 19, 1865, to Ellen E. Dyer, who was born in Grant Co., Wis., Sept. 19, 1843; she was a daughter of Abner Dyer. Mr. Cameron has four children — Frank A., aged 14 years; Alice, 12 years; John, 7 years ; Niel, the youngest, 3 years. Mr. Cameron is a leading Democrat ; has filled the office of Cliair- man of Board of Supervisors, Assessor, etc. ; he is a prominent member of the Masonic fraternity, and owns a valuable farm of 244 acres, one of the best in the town. CHAl'NCY tiOIJIiD, farmer, Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Fennimore ; born in Bolton, Canada, in 1820 : removed to Vermont in 1838; went to Califoirnia in 1849; came to Wisconsin in 1853, and settled in Grant Co. Was married in Canada in 1853, to Flavia A. Bronson, who was born in Canada in 1833; they have two children — George B., born in 1855; married Margaret Borah in 1875 ; is a resident of Sac- Co., Iowa; Emma J., born in 1860 ; married John Borah, Dec. 30, 1880 ; resides at home. Mr. Gould has held various town offices ; has been Town Clerk a number of years. Justice of the Peace, and has been a member of the Board of Supervisors of his town ; is a Radical Republican. Owns a valuable farm of" 130 acres, under a high state of cultivation. WILlilAM A. GRAHAM, farmer. See. 34 ; P. 0. Lancaster ; was born in New York Dee. 26, 1816 ; removed to California in 1850 ; came to Grant Co., Wis., in 1854, and settled in Fennimore. Was married to Mrs. Nancy Wells in 1854 ; she was born Dec. 27, 1832 ; Mrs. Graham was first mar- ried to Amos Frey, by whom she had one son — Amos Frey, Jr. — born Jan. 20, 1852 ; Mr. Graham has three children — Charles N., W. S. A. and Philip S. In politics, Mr. Graham is a Republican. Has a valuable farm of 1132 acres, one of the most valuable in the county. R. C JONES, farmer. Sec. 36 ; P. 0. Fennimore ; was born in North Carolina July, 1839 ; came to Grant Co., Wis., in 1871 ; was driven from the South for his loyal principles. Enlisted Jan. 1, 1863, in Co. C, 2d W. V. I.; was engaged in all the battles with his command, until, by the explosion of a shell, he was injured ; was discharged July 14, 1865. Married Elizabeth Pointer, who was born Oct. 12, 1842, died Sept. 26, 1877 ; Mr. Jones has two children by his first marriage — Cora and Elta; was 'again married Jan. 15, 1879, to Eliza Colburn, who was born Oct. 29, 1853; they have one child, EtheL Mr. Jones owns a farm of 80 acres, well cultivated, and is an active member of the I. 0. 0. F. PERRY Ml^NNS, farmer. Sec. 1 ; P. 0. Fennimore; was born in Fennimore, Grant Co., Wis., March 1, 1849, and has always been a resident of this county. Mr. Munns was married to May Jones Sept. 3, 1874, who was born Aug. 5, 1858, in Grant Co., Wis.; is a daughter of T. J. Jones, of Grant Co.; they have three children — Maud, George and Leon. Owns a farm of 130 acres. He is an active and working Republican. Mr. Henry Munns, brother of Perry Munns, was a member of Co. C, 12th W. V. I.; was killed at Atlanta, Ga., July 21, 1864. JAMES MOORE, farmer. Sec. 29; P. 0. Mt. Ida; was born in Mercer Co., Penn., Dec. 27, 1818; removed to Grant Co.. Wis., in 1864. Was married, Dec. 18, 1841, to Sarah Dilley, daughter of Mathias Dilley, of Mercer Co.,. Penn.; she was born Feb. 11, 1821 ; they had three children — two de- ceased ; one son living — John S. — born May 27, 1843. Mr. Moore is a Democrat politically; has filled various town offices, and is at present a member of the Board of Supervisors of his town, and is a prom- inent member of the Masonic fraternity ; owns a farm of 139 acres, with valuable improvements. TOWN OF WYALUSING. 1041 THOMAS STEWART, farmer, Sec. 24; P. O. Fennimore: was born in Champaign Co., Ohio, Oct. 13, 1814; removed when 7 years of age, with his parents, to Indiana; again, in 1834, to Elgin, 111.; came to Grant Co., Wis., in 1856. Was married Oct. 13, 1854, to Mrs. Mary A. Swits, widow of Tunis Swits, and daughter of John and Caroline Wheeler ; Mrs. Stewart has a daughter by her first marriage— Susan C, born Nov. 6, 1845; they have no other children. Are both consistent members of the United Brethren Church. He is a Democrat of the old Jackson stamp. Owns a farm of 120 acres, one of the handsomest farms in his locality, and highly cultivated. JOHN TENNAXT, farmer. Sec. 28 ; P. 0. Mt. Ida ; was born in Yorkshire, England, Dec. 21, 1847 ; emigrated with his parents to the United States in 1852, and settled in Grant Co., Wis., in 1857. Married Emily Walters July 4, 1869 ; she was a daughter of John and Hannah Walters ; was born in Brooklyn, N. Y., Jan. 27, 1851 ; they have four children — John W., born Oct. 4, 1875; Clara v., born Feb. 13, 1873 ; Elsie L. and Walter E. Mr. Tennart has always been identified with the Re- publican party, and is identified with the Primitive Church. He owns a farm of 218 acres of valuable land. GOTTIiEIB WEHRLE, farmer. Sec. 24 ; P. 0. Fennimore ; born in Baden, Germany, in March, 1822; he came to the United States in September, 1855, and settled on his present farm ; he left Germany in 1843 and went to Leeds, Yorkshire, England, and engaged in the clock business, he being a clock maker by trade ; he came to this country from England; he is one of the most prominent and suc- cessful farmers of Grant Co.; he is now engaged principally in the dairy business and in the raising of hogs. He served in the Legislature of 1874. He was married to Mary Dorer, who was born in Baden, TOWN OF WYALUSING. C D. BARNES, Sec. 2 ; P. 0. Brodtville; owns 160 acres of land; was born in Chautauqua Co., N. Y., in 1848; came to Wisconsin with his parents in 1854, and located on this farm. Married Deetta Jacobs, a native of this county; they have four children — Ida Pearl, Coral Bella, Ruby Lora, and an infant. JOHN BOORjHAN, Sec. 28 ; P. O. Hazleton ; owns 320 acres of land ; was born in Chau- tauqua Co., N. Y. in 1829 ; came to Wisconsin in 1853, and settled in this town ; located on this farm in 1866. He married Evaline Brodt, a native of New York; they have nine children — James, Delilah, Hankinson, Adelaide, Josie, Benjamin, Jennie, Sarah and Evaline. JACOB Jtt. BEER, Sec 33 ; P. O. IJazleton ; owns 80 acres of land, valued at $25 per acre ; was born in Switzerland in 1834 ; came to America in 1854, and settled in Ohio ; in 1861, he came to Wisconsin and located on this farm. Married Sarah J. Barnes, a native of New York ; they have three children — Leonard, Louis and Laura. Has been a member of the Town Board two terms. In 1862, he enlisted in Co. D, 33d W. V. T., and was discharged in 1865. A. CAIiKINS, Sec. 35 ; P. 0. Brodtville ; owns 255 acres of land, valued at $20 per acre ; was born in Warren Co., Penn., in 1836 ; came to Wisconsin in 1850, and settled with his parents in this town. Married Mary Patch, a native of Danbury, Conn.; they have four children — E. M., Charles D., William and Arthur. Mr. Calkins has held different town oflBces, Treasurer of Town Board, etc., etc. EDWIN GLENN, Sec. 19; P. 0. Wyalusing; was born in this county in 1844. Married Mary Pace, a native of this county ; had two children — Walter B. and George. In 1862, he enlisted in Co. K, 31st W. V. I., and was discharged in 1865. He has held different public offices ; elected Chair- man in the spring of 1881. HENRY HUGHES, Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Bridgeport ; owns 140 acres of land ; born in England in 1827 ; came to America in 1857, and located in this town. Married Mary Morris, a native of Canada. Mr. H. has two children by a former wife — William Henry and Marion. J. A. HARFORD, Sec. 6; P. 0. Wyalusing; owns 150 acres of land; born in Shelby Co., Ky., in 1831 ; came to Wisconsin in 1854, and settled in this lown. Married Sarah Malin, a native of Kentucky; they have six children — Preston, Jennie, Taylor, Clara, Earnest and May. Mr. Harford has been Justice of the Peace twenty-two years ; has also been Chairman of Town Board. 1042 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: JOHIV ML. HARTILLi, Sec. 1 ; P. 0. Brodtville ; owns 120 acres of land, valued at $15 per acre ; born in Illinois in 1839 ; in 1844, his parents removed to Wisconsin and settled in Beetown ; located on this farm in 1864. Married Harriett Tryon, a native of this county; they have five children —William E., Annie L., Frank D., Edgar E., John M. In 1861, Mr. Harvill enlisted in Co. F, Yth W. V. I., and was discharged in 1864. " HO]¥. N. W. KENDAIili, Wyalusing ; owns 800 acres of land ; was born in Oneida Co., N. Y., in 1818 ; in 1832, he removed to Ohio ; four years later he came to Wisconsin, and his first location was in Platteville ; he removed to Lancaster in about 1846, where he resided for ten years, and then he located in the village of Wyalusing. Although not an oflBce-seeker, Mr. K. has been chosen by the peo- ple to quite a number of important offices ; he represented the people in the State Legislature in 1868-69, and was also Sheriff' two years. He married Elizabeth Smith, a native of England ; they have two chil- dren — Albert J. and Ellen. EDWARD MILIilN, Sec. 36; P. 0. Patch Grove; owns 80 acres of land, valued at ■$1,600 ; born in England in 1817 ; came to America in 1852, and settled in Ohio ; in 1856, he removed to Wisconsin, and settled in Grant Co. ; located on his farm in 1864 ; he has been twice married ; his last marriage was to Angeline Brodt, a native of New York ; he has four children by his former wife — Will- iam, Eli, Mary and Charlotte. P. C. PAIiMER, farmer, Sec. 36 ; P. 0. Patch Grove ; owns 47 acres of land, valued at $30 per acre. Born in Columbia Co., N. Y., in 1816; came to Wisconsin in 1847, and located on his farm. Married Angeline Brodt, a native of New York, born in 1820 ; they have four children — Joseph, Henry, Mary J. and Emmet. Mr. Palmer has been Chairman two years, and a member of the Board for fifteen years, and Justice of the Peace twelve years. JACOB SHRAKE, farmer, Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Hazelton ; owns 160 acres of land. Born in Coshocton Co., Ohio, in 1842 ; came to Wisconsin with his parents in 1844, and located in Green Co.; in 1868, he removed to this county. Married Lucinda Trine, a native of this county; they have three children — Walter, Ada and Maud. In 1862, he enlisted in Co. A, 31st W. V. I., and was discharged in 1865. He has been Justice of the Peace, Assessor, etc. TOWN OF MOUNT HOPE. J. W. BRUJirSON, farmer, Sec. 30 ; P. 0. Mt. Hope ; was born in 1805, in Sing Sing, N. Y.; son of Ira Brunson. His father was a stone-cutter by trade, and was drowned one year after the birth of this SOD, while he was keeping the ferry across the Hudson Biver, at that time. His mother moved to Danbury, Conn. At the age of 15 years, he became an apprentice to the hatter's trade, under Capt. John Foot, with whom he lived until he was 19 years of age ; began work for himself in 1824, after the death ■of his mother ; followed his trade at different places for some time, then went to Utiea, N. Y., and at- tended school for six months. He became a member of a Masonic Lodge ifi 1826. He emigrated to Columbus, Ohio, where he lived nine years, and, in 1836, removed to Grant Co., Wis., locating at Patch ■Grove ; in 1836, he returned to Ohio ; came back to Wisconsin in the winter of 1837, riding all the way on horseback, locating at Cassville, and began merchandising in company with Mr. Sellers, for a short period ; then removed to Lancaster and kept the first store at that place. In 1839, he was appointed Tax doUeotor for Grant Co., and, in 1840, he moved to Mt. Hope, where he has since'lived. He was married the first time in 1829, at Blendon, Franklin Co., Ohio, to Margaret Benton, daughter of Samuel and Aurelia Benton, who died in 1833 ; was married the second time in 1840, in Crawford Cl., Wis., to Hen- rietta Foster, daughter of Henry and Julie Foster ; was married the third time in 1847, to Almina ^en- ton, sister of his first wife. He had two children by his first wife —Mary J. and Alfred; three by his second wife — Benjamin F., Emily M., Ida E.; four by his third wife — Aurelia F., Delford B., Almina, Jennie E. He has been Justice of the Peace for thirty years ; Chairman of the Town Board two years, and member of the County Board one year. In polities he is a Greenbacker ; is a member of the M. E. Church. CHARIiEi^ CROFT, farmer and minister, Sec. 12; P. 0. Wesley; was born in 1840 in Yorkshire, England ; son of William and Rebecca Croft; he received a common school education, and ■emigrated to America in 1842, locating in Rock Co., Wis., where he lived for eleven years ; going thence TOWN OF HICKORY GROVE. 1043 to Grant Co., where he has lived since. He was married in 1860 to Sarah Hutchison, daughter of Joseph and Mary Hutchison, of Grant Co.; they have eight children — Mary R., William J., Ferguson A., Flora B., Charles B., John W., Bertha J. and Bthel A. Has 240 acres of land. He enlisted in 1864, in Co. C, 25th W. V. I., and served seventeen months; was in four battles, and was wounded at Decatur, Ga., in the right arm. He has been a minister in the United Brethren Church since 1878, and previous to that date was a minister in the Primitive Church. Politics, Republican. B. li. liOOmS, farm'er, Sec. 8 ; P. 0. Mt. Hope. The subject of this sketch is one of the pioneers of the region where he lives ; he was born in 1825, in Erie Co., N. Y.; was a son of John and Mehitable Loomis ; at the age of 10 years, he moved with his parents to Lorain Co., Ohio, where he lived until 1845; then to Dane Co., Wis., where he began doing for himself; then to Grant Co., locating in Mt. Hope, where he has lived since, and the section where he lives has long gone by the name of Loomis' Ridge. He was married in Dane Co. in 1848, to Harriet Mayhew, a daiighter of William and Lucy Mayhew ; they have had three children — two living — Ora M., Carrie, and Lelia (deceased). He has 94 acres of land. Politics, Republican ; is a member of the Catholic Church. Has been Justice of the Peace twenty years. Town Treasurer nine years. Road Overseer ten years and School Clerk twelve years. Bnlisted in 1864, and served ten months. THOMAS O'SHAUGHNESSY, farmer, Sec. 23 ; P. 0. Mt. Hope ; born in 1837 in Adair Co., Ireland ; son of Patrick and Margaret O'Shaughnessy ; his father died when Thomas was six months old ; his mother died but six months later ; he then lived with his grandparents and uncle until 18 years of age, when he came to America, locating at Fair Haven, Vt.; from there he removed to Mt. Hope, Grant Co., where he has lived since. He was married in 1856 to Bridget Morrison, daughter of John and Honora Morrison ; they have eight children — Mary, Patrick, Joseph, John, Thomas, James, Bridget and Michael. He has 143 acres of land. Has been Road Overseer one term. Politics, Democratic ; is a member of the Catholic Church. MIIiES D. TAYLOR, Mt. Hope ; blacksmith, wagon and carriage maker ; machine and plow work a specialty ; was born in Wyoming Co., Penn., in 1847 ; came to Wisconsin in 1849, and lo- cated in Bloomington, where he lived with his parents until he came here. Married Euphene Whiteside, a native of this town. WILIilAM A. TAYLOR, minister. Sec. 20 ; P. O. Mt. Hope ; was born in 1852, in the town of Potosi, Grant Co.; a son of Caleb and Nancy Taylor ; he lived with his parents until 18 years of age. and then spent a few years in laboring in Grant Co. Was married in 1872 to Katie Baker, daughter of Jacob and Caroline Baker, of Beetown ; has had three children, two of whom are living — William C, AUie M., and Bddie J. (deceased). He began ministerial work in 1873, in the Free- Will Baptist Church, preaching in different parts of the county. In 1875, he associated with the United Presbyterian Church, and moved to Mt. Hope in 1880, where he has lived since, and is preaching on the Woodman Circuit. In politics, he is Republican. TOWN OF HICKORY GROVE. JOSHUA BRINDLEY (deceased) ; he was born in the year 1813, in England, and died at Boscobel July 8, 1857 ; he came to America in 1844, and located in La Fayette Co., where he followed mining for about three years; he then came to this locality and followed farming until 1856, when he opened a butcher shop and meat market ; the spring he died he moved on the farm where the family now reside ; he once owned part of the land upon which Boscobel is built, and has often plowed where Parker's store now stands. The farm now consists of about 500 acres. Married in 1834 to Sarah Edge, a nalive of England ; they had twelve children, seven of whom are living — three sons and four daughters ; his son William manages the farm for his mother ; he also is a native of England ; married in 1866 to Mrs. Sarah E. Hardy, and by whom he has three children. Enlisted in 1862, in Co. B, 32d W. V. I., and served until the end of the war ; was in the siege of Vicksburg, Spanish Fort, Red River and Meridian expeditions. John Brindley, Jr., has twice been a member of the Wincimsin Assembly from tlie Third District in 1879 and in 1880. JOHBf LARI9IER, farmer ; P. 0. Boscobel ; he is a son of Hugh and Sarah McMinn, who were natives of Ireland; they came to America in 1819, and located in Herkimer Co., N. Y., where thev RB 1044 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: engaged in farming, and where his father died in 1862. John was born in Tompkins Co., N. Y., in 1825, where he was educated and lived until 1829, when he went to Allegany Co. and engaged in lumbering for some years ; then went to Michigan and engaged in the same business for nearly two years, when he came to Hickory Grove and was engaged in a saw-mill ; in 1859, he bought the farm where he now lives. Enlisted in the 44th W. V. I. in 1865, and served with his regiment until the war was ended, and was honorably discharged. He was married in Allegany Co., N. Y., July 13, 1851, to Miss Jane Henry, by whom he has one boy living ; after her death, he married Miss Matilda Henry ; they have seven children living — Hugh, was born Sept. 6, 1856 ; John Ethan, was born Nov. 12, 1862 ; William James, was born Nov. 13, 1864 ; Frank Ellsworth, was born Nov. 10, 1866 ; Ella May, was born June 6, 1869 ; Norman, was born Aug. 30, 1873 ; Mattie Bell, was born Nov. 5, 1875. Mr. Larimer is much respected, and has held the oflSces of Assessor and member of the Board several times, and also District Clerk. JOISEPH MATHUSHEK, farmer. Sec. 12; P.O. Muscoda; was born in 1852, in Bohemia ; son of Prank and Josephine Mathushek. His parents came to America when he was very young ; he resided with them until he was 22 years of age. He was married, in 1874, to Sylvia Shafer, daughter of Mathies and Anna Shafer, of Castle Rock ; they have three children, Edward H., Clarie E., Ida M. In politics he is a Republican. He is also member of the Lutheran Church. He owns 120 acres of land. JOSEPH MILLER; P. 0. Homer; was born in Erie Co., N. Y., in 1822, where he lived until he came West ; he came to this town in 1855 ; his occupation has been that of farmer. He married, in November, 1860, Miss Arvilla A. Bartow, a native of Huron Co., Ohio. TILMOJf WALL, farmer ; P. 0. Boscobel ; owns 100 acres of land ; also owns 240 acres in \\^aterstown ; was born in North Carolina in 1816 ; at the age of 24, he went to Missouri and engaged in farming for six years, then returned to Jo Daviess Co., 111., where he engaged in farming two years ; in 1849, he came to this county and located on Blue River, in the town of Castle Rock; two years later, he moved to his present location, where he has lived ever since. Was married in 1840, to Miss Anna Brown, a native of Kentucky ; they had five children ; but one son and one daughter are now living. JOHN WESLEY WHITT, farmer. Sees. 25 and 26 ; P. O. Blue River ; he is a son of Meredith and Sarah Atkins, natives of Virginia ; they left their native State and located in Kentucky ; in 1842, they came to this State and located in this county. John W. was born in Kentucky in 1834 ; he came to this State with his parents, since which time he has been engaged in farming and lumbering. He married, Nov. 25, 1857, Miss Sarah B. Lea, a native of Ohio ; they have three children. TOWN OF CASTLE ROCK. JAIIES €OSTLEY, farmer. Sec. 15 ; P. 0. Highland ; was born in 1810, in Glenmore, Ireland, son of William and Mary Costley ; his parents died when he was 9 years of age, and he lived with his uncle, Michael Costley, until he was 12 years old ; he then began doing for himself. He was married in 1843, to Catherine Sullivan, daughter of Daniel and Ellen Sullivan, by whom he has had six children — Daniel Y., William 6., Nancy L., Mary A., Ellen E., Richard Y. He came to the United States in 1850, locating in Highland, Iowa Co., where he lived for ten years; then going to Castle Rock in Grant Co., where he has lived since ; has been Road Overseer one term ; in politics, is Republican ; is a member of the Roman Catholic Church. JOII]V JOHlVSOBif, Jr., Postmaster, merchant and blacksmith. Castle Rock, is one of the leading citizens of this place ; he was born in 1839, in Norway, son of John and Anna Johnson ; he came to the United States in 1853, locating in Iowa, Co., Wis., near Dodgeville, for two years ; thence going to Montfort for two years ; then to Castle Rock, where he has since lived. Has kept the post office for a number of years. He was married Oct. 3, 1868, to Huldah E. Richards, a daughter of Solomon and Cath- erine Richards, and has four children — Herbert J., Willie R., Roy B., Mabel. He was Chairman of Town Board for two years, and School Clerk for nine years ; owns 382 acres of land ; in politics, is a Republican. HON. DAIVIEL B. SYLVESTER, miller and farmer, Sec. 30 ; P. 0. Castle Rock. The subject of this sketch, better known as Capt. Sylvester, is one of the leading citizens of the commu- nity in which he lives, and has held the trust of many prominent positions. He was born Dec. 22, 1825, at Avon, Franklin Co., Me. ; son of Charles and Mary Sylvester; Uved with his parents until 20 years of TOWN OF MILLVILLE. 1045 age, then moved to Westport, Mass., -where he taught school for six months, then to Iowa Co., Wis., locating near Wingville in 1846, where he resided for three years ; in 1849, he went to California, where he followed mining and merchandising for a year and a half, then returning to Philips, Me., in 1852, where he married Clara Winship, by whom he has had nine children — Velina, Ace B., Myrta, Fred W., Arine, Harriette E., Gracie, B. J., Walter T. Came to Grant Co., Wis., in the latter part of the year 1852, locating in the village of Castle Rock, where he built a large mill -and also engaged in merchandis- ing for a few years ; he and his brother own a large mill near Bosoobel, known as the Boscobel Mills. He enlisted in 1861 in the 12th W. V. I. as Captain of Co. K ; served from September, 1861, untD Novem- ber, 1864; participated in the sieges of Vicksburg in 1863, and Atlanta in 1864, and various battles intervening ; after returning to his home at Castle Rock, where he has since lived, he was elected Chair- man of the Town Board for two years ; was Assessor for a number of years ; was also elected to the Assembly of 1877. In politics he is Republican. WIIililAM E. SMITH YM AN, miller, Castle Rock ; was born near Raughton, Eng., in 1828 ; son of Edwin and Jane Smithyman; when 19 years of age he went to Wolverhampton and fol- lowed milling; came to America in 1858 ; located at Mauston, Juneau Co., for two years ; spent one year in the southern part of the United States. ; lived at Castle Rock, Grant Co., for twenty months ; at Avoca, Iowa Co., seven months ; and at Dodgeville for two years ; he then enlisted in the 42d W. V. I., and served eleven months. He was married in 1864 to Ellen Hughes, daughter of Peter and Elizabeth Hughes, by whom he had two children — Emily and Ellen. Was mamed the second time, in 1867, to Elizabeth Pendleton, daughter of Thomas and Selina" Pendleton, by whom he had six children — Lincoln, Mary A., RoUin E., John P., Jessie R. and Jonathan C. (deceased.) TOWN OF MILLVILLE. T. B. ANDERSON, blacksmith and wagon-maker, Millville ; established business in 1877 ; born in Hancock Co., Ohio, in 1847 ; came to Wisconsin with his parents in 1855, and located at Wood- man. Married Irene Scott, a native of Pennsylvania ; they have three children — Mary A., Albert E. and Medora. Mr. A. enlisted in Co. E, 4th Mo. V. C, in 1862, and was discharged in 1865. EDWARD BEITIiER, Sec. 35 ; P. 0. Millville ; owns 56-40 acres of land, valued at $8 per acre ; born in Pennsylvania in 1843 ; came to Wisconsin in 1855 and settled in this town ; located on present farm in 1873. Married Mary Gibbons, a native of this town ; they have three children — Mary Jane, John and Cora. DANIEIi CAMPBELL, Sec. 17 ; P. 0. Patch Grove ; owns 200 acres of land, valued at $20 per acre; born in Scotland in 1821 ; came to America in 1835 and settled in Toronto, Canada; came to Wisconsin in 1846 and located in Bloomington ; located on present farm in 1861. Married Sarah Jane Forter, a native of Ireland ; they have three children — Matilda, Peter and Maggie. . LEWIS E. DEWEY, Sec. 8; P. 0. Patch Grove; owns 1221 acres of land; born in Jef- ferson Co., N. Y., in 1833 ; came to Wisconsin in 1839 ; settled in Patch Grove; located on present farm in 1861. Married Harriet Dunn, a native of this State ; they have six children — Jane, George, Joseph, Edward, Albert and Laura. Mr. J), has been a member of the Town Board about fifteen years. DAVID E. HORSEALL, Deputy Postmaster and dealer in general merchandise, Millville ; born in Columbiana Co.. Ohio, in 1850 ; came to Wisconsin in 1854 and settled in this town ; engaged in business in 1865. Married Lisette Patzloff, a native of Germany ; they have one child, Lloyd. Mr. H. is Town Clerk. HON. E. I. KIDD, proprietor of Kidd's Flouring Mill, Millville, which was built in 1845 by William Kidd, Sr., and William Kidd, Jr.; it has two runs of stone, and has a capacity of twenty-five bar- rels per day. E. I. Kidd was born in this county in 1845. Married Martha P. Washburn, a native of Pennsylvania. Mr. Kidd has held the offices of Chairman of the Town Board, Town Clerk, and, in 1880, was elected to the Legislature from this District. He enlisted in Co. C, 25th W. V. I., in 1862, and was discharged in 1865. JOHN SMYTH, Sec. 8 ; P. 0. Patch Grove ; born in Ireland in 1852 ; came to America in 1870' and settled with his parents in Brooklyn, N. Y.; removed to Wisconsin in 1875 and settled on this farm ; he is a son of Patrick Smyth, a native of Ireland. John S. is a member of the Roman Catholic Church. 1046 BEOGRAPIIICAL SICETCHES: EDWARD WISEMAN, Sec. 18 ; P. 0. Patch Grove ; owns 320 acres of land, valued at $5 per acre ; born in Ireland in 1851 ; came to America in 1844 and settled in Wisconsin in 1848 ; located on present farm in 1866. Enlisted in Co. C, 2d W. V. C, in 1861 ; was discharged in 1865. Married Ellen Parker, a native of New Hampshire ; they have one child, Maggie. TOWN OF WOODMAN. MARY SCAKLAST, farming, Sec. 28 ; P. 0. Woodman ; a daughter of Uenis and Catherine Soanlan, of Ireland ; came to America at the age of 12 years, locating in Canada for two years ; then in New York for four years ; then in Indiana, near Bedford, for five or six years ; then in Crawford Co., Wis., for one year ; thence going to Grant Co., where she has lived since. Was married in 1846, to John Scan- Ian, a native of Ireland ; has five children — Ellen, William, Mary, Sarah, John ; has 440 acres of land, and is a member of the Catholic Church. PASSENGERS BOUND FOR CALIFORNIA, COLORADO, NEBRASKA, .A-isriD THE T:E:EaiaiTOE,iES, Should, if they -would consult their interest, buy their tickets -via the Chicago & North -Western Railway This is the IjE-A-IDI^SrO- E.-A.IIj'Vv^.A.-^" of the This important system of Railway Lines is one of the Largest CorporatiooB iu the 'World, owning and operating, under one management, 2,390 MII LEQ O K RO^D. It8 Lines run from Chicago in so many directions that it is necessary to designate its Lines by certain specific names, which will give a cor- rect idea to the passenger of the part of country each Line traverses. These Lines, numbering nine, are as follows : Ohicago, Council Eluffs & California Line. Chicago, Sioux City & Yankton Line. Chicago, Clinton, Dubuque & La Crosse Line. Chicago, Preeport & Dubuque Line. Chicago, Green Bay & Marquette Line. Chicago, La Crosse & Winona Line. Chicago, Minnesota & Dakota Line. Chicago, St, Paul & Minneapolis Line. Chicago, Milwaukee & Lake Superior Line These Lines enable the "CHICAGO & NOKTH-WESTEEN" to reach all principal points in the WEST, NORTHWEST, and, through its connections, the FAB WEST. It offers every facility for Quick, Safe and Comfortable Transit to the traveler who selects this as hia route. It stands second to no road in the West, and offers inducements and advantages that are not and cannot be offered by any of its competitors. Its management adopts every improvement known to the modem Railway System, and is determined that the CHICAGO & NORTH- WESTERN RAILWAY shall remain the LEADING Railway of the GREAT WEST. ■ U Passengers should ask for and be certain their Tickets have a Coupon which reads, over the CHICAGO & NORTH-^A^ESTERN RY." All Ticket Agents -will be glad to sell them via this Xiine. RFMFMRFRI Pill I MAM HHTFI PARC Are now running regularly between Chicago and council nCIVICIVIDCn . rUl_l_IVIMIN nUICL. V^anO BLUKFS cntheCaUfomia Express Trains of the CSJCAGO