TN 480 G78 1919 CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY BVG//V, Bering '-'brary Cornell University Library TN 480.G78 1919 The mineral industry of the British Empi 3 1924 004 676 510 The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31 92400467651 IMPERIAL MINERAL RESOURCES BUREAU. THE MINERAL INDUSTRY OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE AND FOREIGN COUNTRIES. WAR PERIOD. ZINC. (1913-1919.) LONDON : PEINTBD AND PUBLISHED BY HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE. To be purchased through any Bookseller or direcMKiftOBH,, H.M. STATIONEEY OFFICE at the follow inf '"™ —■"■-"■- ■ IMFEBUL HOUSE, KINOSWAY, L 28, ABINaDON STBEEI, LONDON, 37 FETEB STBEET, MANOHESTEB I. ST. ANDREW'S OBBSCENT, CARDIFF . 23, FORTH STREET, EDINBUROH ; . or from B. PONSONBY, LTD., 116, GRAFTON SiaEBT. pUBLUfc )OKseuer or airecuKmuif b the followiiif addreasai Y, London, w.«J2,(4ni ON, S.W.1 ■- \ ^ 1921. Price 3s. 6d. Net. PEEFAGE. The' following digest of statistical and technical information relative to the production and consumption of Zinc will con- stitute a part of the Annual Volume on the Mineral Eesources of the British Empire and Foreign Countries. In the first year of publication an effort has been made to fill in, as far as possible, the hiatus in the publications relating to mining and metallurgical statistics due to the war. Labour, health and safety statistics have been omitted owing to the difficulty involved in procuring reliable information over the war period, but in future issues such statistics will be included in respect of each year. Use will also be made, to a much greater extent than atr present, of graphical representation of statistics of production, consumption, costs and prices. The available statistics relative to all minerals and metals during the period under review, viz., 1913-1919 inclusive, are, as is well known, incomplete owing to war conditions, but it is hoped that in future issues of the mineral conspectus, to be published annually, it wiU be possible to make a more complete statement. More space, too, will be devoted to potential resources. In the case of all metals, and particularly so as regards zinc,, economically effective production depends largely on three main factors, viz. : — (a) ore supplies, (b) fuel or power, (c) labour, and the farther a country departs from these essentials so ia it the more difficult to keep alive the industry on an economic basis. The British zinc industry at the present day is in a depressed state. The South Wales smelters have been closed recently, and the works at Seaton Carew are apparently being kept in operation for the purpose of maintaining a nucleus of technical staff and labour, but the new smelting works near Birmingham continue in full operation. The Bureau has been fortunate in securing a valuable contribu- tion from the pen of Mr. Gilbert Rigg on some special aspects of the zinc industry at the close of 1919. The Governors are indebted to the Technical Committee oq Zinc, and especially to the sub-committee thereof (Messrs. Moulden, Eidge and Sulman) for the time and trouble they have devoted in passing this work for the Press. E. A. S. EEDMAYNE, Chairman of the Governors. 2, Queen Anne's Gate Buildings, London, S.W.I. December, 1920. Wt. 26170— 52/461 1000 3/21 H. St. G. 2 A. 2; CONTENTS. Page. GENERAL 5 WORLD'S PRODUCTION 8 BRITISH EMPIRE : United Kingdom 11 Rhodesia' 42 Union of South Africa 43 Canada 44 India 56 Australia 59 New Zealand 64 FOREIGN COUNTRIES : Austria-Hungary 66 Belgium ', 66 France 67 Germany ... 69 Greece 69 Italy 70 Norway 72 Russia 73 Spain 73 Sweden -...' 74 Algeria 74 Tunis ■ :..- 75j Mexico :...: 75 United States •■ ,,"• 76, China -V • — 88 French Indo-China " 88 Japan 89 BBFBRENCE8 TO T BCHNICAL LITERATUl ^E 91 Appendix. The Zinc Industry at the close of 1919, by Gilber-t Higg 105 GENEEAL. Zinc is a bluish-white metal with a crystalline structure.; At ordinary temperatures the cast metal is brittle, but it becomes malleable when moderately heated ; it can then be rolled into thin sheets or drawn into wire. Zinc has an atomic weight of 65"37, and a fluid density of about 6'5. When cast zinc is poured at or near its melting point (415°C.), and cooled slowly, it has a sp. gr. of about 7"125. By rolling, the sp. gr. is increased to 7'2. The chief zinc-bearing minerals are zinc-blende (the sulphide) , calamine (the carbonate), and hemimorphite (the hydrated sili- cate). Franklinite (oxide of zinc, iron and manganese), willemite (zinc silicate) , and zincite (oxide of zinc) are found abund- antly only at the Franklin Furnace mine. New Jersey, U.S.A. The Franklin Furnace ore is, on account of its purity, specially adapted for the manufacture of high-grade zinc and zinc oxide. Other zinc minerals that may be mentioned are goslarite (hydrated zinc sulphate) and hydrozincite (hydrated zinc car- bonate), both of which occur as secondary minerals in many old zinc mines. Zinc-blende is usually associated with other sulphide minerals. Galena, which is generally argentiferous, is almost invariably present, as also is iron-pyrites; copper-pyrites, which may be auriferous, is sometimes present. The term "calamine" is often used by zinc smelters to describe oxidized zinc ores generally — i.e., the carbonate and silicate. Formerly these were the ores principally used in this countay for the production of spelter, mere calcination (to expel water and carbon dioxide) being required to prepare the ore for distil- lation. With the gradual reduction in the available supplies of calamine, smelters have utilized roasted blende in admixtuire with calamine ores, and in some instances have lately employed sulphide ore alone. The roasting of blende to an oxide produdt sufficiently free from sulphur is a more lengthy and expensive pperation than the calcination of calamine, whilst prevention of the escape of sulphur dioxide from the roasting furnaces into the atmosphere is now likely to become imperative. Of late years, especially during the war, the distillation of complex zinc-lead-silver ores (" Australian " or " flotation " concentrates) has been increasingly practised in England, mainly at, Seaton Carew, though in smaller quantities and in admixture with other zinc ores, in other districts. Similar flotation 30969 A 3 products have been treated at Anaconda (U.S.A.) and at Trail (B.C.) by hydrometallurgical and (partially) distillation methods. The bulk of the Australian Broken Hill zinc concentrates has hitherto been smelted in Belgium, while a smaller part was formerly treated in (xermany. It is probable that in future the world's output of metaUic zinc will depend in large degree upon the utilization of the more or less complex zinc-sulphide ores; from this aspect the zinc industry i.s, therefore, likely to become even more closely linked with that of lead and of silver. By far the largest proportion of the world's supply of zinc is obtained by the distillation process, by means of which the zinc contained in the ore is volatiUzed at a heat approaching white- ness and condensed as liquid metal in clay receivers attached to the retorts. In recent years efforts have been made to improve the methods of zinc extraction by eliminating the excessive amount of hand labour required in the retort method of distilling zinc ore. Attention has been directed to the several methods proposed for " continuous " retort operation, to electrothermal processes, where distillation is effected by heat produced within the furnace or retort itself ; also to hydrometallurgical metliods whereby the zinc is rendered soluble in dilute acid, and the completely purified solution submitted to electrolytic deposition for the recovery of the metal, a nearly pure product resulting, which during the war commanded a substantial premium. . For all electrical reduction methods cheap electrical power is essential ; and it has ocxjasionally been found more advantageous to transport the roasted concentrates to smelters equipped with electric power- plant, than to reduce such ores at the roasting centre. Plant for electric power, whether hydro-electric or steam-generated, demands a heavy capital outlay, and in the case of steam- generated power, cheap fuel. For these reasons electric reduction methods in England are impossible under present conditions. The industrial uses of zinc, or spelter as it is known com- mercially, have increased greatly during recent years. Formerly zinc was valuable chiefly for alloying with copper, tin and lead, but the discovery of the galvanizing process whereby a super- ficial coating of zinc can be applied for the protection of iron sheets, wire, and other articles, gave an enormous impetus to the consumption of zinc^ Probably 65 per cent, of the total zinc smelted is used in the process of galvanizing. Zinc at a temperature between '100°C. and 150°C. can be rolled into thin sheets. It is considered by some authorities that the metal should contain a small amount of lead to facilitate rolling, but opinions differ as to the amount. American rollers limit the amount to 04 per cent. Generally, the amount must not exceed 1'25 per cent. Metallic zinc, usually in the form of zinc shavings, but some- times as zinc dust or " blue powder," is used for precipitating gold from cyanide solutions on most of the important goldfields. Blue powder is also in demand for reduction purposes in the preparation of synthetic dyes, and for the sherardizing of certain iron articles. Zinc is used in the Parkes process of desilverizing lead — in the form of slabs, which are placed on the surface of the molten argentiferous lead. The melt is then well stirred and allowed to cool. The silver, gold, and copper contents of the lead combine with the zinc, forming a crust upon the surface of the melt. On removal, this crust is liquated to extract the lead and the resulting product distilled, thus saving a large proportion of the zinc and leaving an extremely rich silver-lead alloy from which the silver is extracted by cupellation. Zinc alloys itself readily with copper, lead, iron and other metals. The numerous varieties of brass are alloys of different proportions of zinc and copper. The addition of a small amount of iron to the alloy produces a harder and tougher brass known commercially as delta metal. Nickel silver, or Germaji silver, is an alloy of nickel, copper, and zinc, in varying proportions. The alloy is used as a substitute for silver in the manufacture of spoons, forks, &c. Many forms of antifriction metal containing zinc alloyed with copper, tin, antimony, or lead, or with a combination of these metals, are extensively used, particularly as linings for the bearings of high-speed engines. Zinc forms important alloys with aluminium. The zinc rarely exceeds 10 to 20 per cent, of the alloy, but any combination of zinc and aluminium will form a solid solution as long as the zinc content remains below 40 per cent. During the war extensive use was made of aluminium alloys for the manufacture of aeroplane parts, shell fuses, and other articles where lightness combined with strength was desirable. Zinc compounds, particularly zinc oxide, are much used in commerce. Zinc oxide, or zinc white, is largely used as a pigment, and as a filler in the rubber industry. Zinc sulphide precipitated with barium sulphate forms the pigment known as lithopone. Zinc chloride is a powerful dehydrant ; it is used as a preservative of timber, and for vulcanizing paper fibre. Other compounds are used in medicine, and the soluble zinc sulphate is employed as a mordant in calico printing and for other purposes. In addition to metallic zinc, by-products are obtained during the ordinary treatment of zinc sulphide ores. Sulphur, mainly in the form of sulphur dioxide, is given off during the preliminary roasting of sulphide ores and is used extensively for the manu- facture of sulphuric acid, especially on the Continent and in America. Zinc dust or blue powder can be condensed in the " prolongs," and if sufficient care be taken in its collection this commands a higher price than the spelter. 30969 A * Where the original ores contain substantial proportions of lead and silver, as is the case in Broken Hill concentrates and many other -ores of complex composition, the spent retort residues Utter extraction of the zinc) yield valuable by-products of these tvpo subsidiary metals. WOELD'S PEODUCTION. Within the British Empire there are to be found some of the largest deposits of zinc ore in the. world- Mention need only be made of the Broken HiU deposits of Australia, the Bu^^dwin mines of Burma, the Ehodesian Broken Hill, and the British Columbian zinc-lead-silver ores to show the great possibilities ot the British Empire as a potential producer of spelter, let, prior to the war, these ample resources of raw material were little utihzed by British and Colonial zinc manufacturers, and the production of spelter within the Empire was entirely confined to Great Britain and Austraha. In England the furnaces were fed principally with calamines, imported chiefly from Spain, Algeria and Sardinia. With the exception of the Seaton Carew plant in Durham, no effort seems to have been made to meet the Empire requirements of spelter from Empire ores. At these works Broken Hill concentrates were (and are) treated by roasting and distillation, sulphuric acid being recovered as a by-product. The only other spelter plant in the Empire was at Port Piria, where such concentrates were roasted and distilled. In America the production of spelter was little more than sufficient to meet domestic demands, and the rest of the world's requirements of the metal were met chiefly by the German and Belgian spielters. Germany possessed considerable domestic resources of zinc ore, which were supplemented by large imports from abroad, but Belgian domestic resources were almost negligible. Practically the whole of the raw material required to supply the vast Belgian industry was drawn from abroad, largely from Australia through German merchants. In Japan the position was similar to that in Belgium, Japanese smelters of zinc were almost entirely dependent upon outside sources for their supphes of raw material. Excluding America, and possibly Germany, the curious position obtained that the countries producing zinc ores were for the most part unable to treat them, while those equipped with the necessary smelters were lacking in domestic zinc ore deposits. During the war great efforts were made to alter these con- ditions, and new modern smelting works were either erected or projected in Australia, India, Canada, Great Britain, and the U.S.A. ; also in Japan, Norway, and Sweden; but very much yet remains to be done before the British Empire can be considered self-supporting in the matter of spelter production. Prior to the war neaxly the whole of the world's output of spelter was produced in the United States and Europe. In Europe the countries participating' in the smelting industry were Belgium, Germany, Holland, the United Kingdom, Austria, France, Italy, Eussia, Spain, and Norway; but the great bulk of the European spelter output wats produced in Germany and Belgium, the other countries mentioned supplying compaj:"atively small amounts. The European smelting industry was almost wholly controlled by the German Zinc Convention, a widespread organization for the control of production and selling prices. The outbreak of war cut off from the Allied Powers the greater part of their normally available supplies of spelter. There was no shortage of zinc ore, but nearly all the smelting plants in Europe were situated either in Germfiny or in territory overrun by German troops. The Allies were therefore compelled to turn to the United States as the only available source from which they could obtain the greatly increased quantities of zinc necessary for the equip- ment of their armies. At that time there were in the United States naany smelting plants operating below their full capacity. As soon as the demand for spelter forced up the price of zinc, the unused retorts were set to work and old abandoned smelters restarted. A period of unexampled prosperity set in for American producers. When it was realized that the war would last some years, great exten- sions were made to existing plants, and new smelters, many of modem design and immense capacity, were constructed in dif- ferent parts of the country. Similar activity was witnessed, although on a smaller scale, in Japan. Prior to the war the Japanese production of spelter was unimportant, but by the year 1918 Japanese capacity reached 60,000 tons of spelter per annum. In 1919, however, several of these plants were closed down. In Great Britain considerable additions were made to the various smelter plants, and new works were built.- The furnaces in use before the war were modified to adapt them for smelting complex ores, and the construction of a large sinelting, refining, and by-product plant commenced at Avonmouth. It has been stated that these works when completed would raise the smelting capacity of Great Britain to 130,000 tons of spelter per annum, but their installation has since been suspended. 'During the period under consideration Canada constructed a successful •electrolytic treatment plant at Trail, British Columbia, with a •capacity of 15,000 tons of spelter per annum, and the small dis- tilling plant at Port Pirie in Australia was extended. Mention should be made of a new electrolytic plant, vnth a capacity of 3,000 tons of zinc per annum, constructed at Kisdon, in Tasmania, for the treatment of Australian zinc ores. 10 In America the Anaconda Company at Great Falls, Butte, Montana, erected a plant based on sulphuric acid leaching and subsequent electrolytic treatment of the zinc solutions, and designed to produce 35,000 tons of electrolytic zinc annually. World's Production of Zinc (Smelter Production). (In long tons.) 1913. 1914. 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919." United Kingdom*.., 66,000 50,0C0 45,000 60,000 50,000 50,000 35,000 Canada — — 2,655 8,915 11,227 11,005 Australia 4,121 5,014 5,308 5,277 4,742 9,444 7,404. Austria 19,194 4,000* Belgium 200,938 143,580 50,830 22,561 10,125 9,096 16,727 France 66,799 41,790 18,872 19,932 22,560 18,052 18,000* Germany t 279,000 232,000 192,000 193,000 178,000 232,000 47,000* Holland 23,940 16,193 10,954 11,910 3,995 670 -^ Italy . — — 254 361 1,169 1,261, Norway 9,138 18,695 24,598 31,486 21,646 3,400*; 2,500* Poland (Russia) ... 10,331 6,199 1,968 1.082 Spain 5,907 11,554 7,987 8,386 9,992 15,644 16,052 Sweden 2,081 2,263 8,450 9,836 7,851 4,032 2,283 United States 309,532 315,222 437,071 596,735 597,833 462,435 415,842 China (Exports) ... 893 305 2,291 - 762 425 127 107 Japan ~~' 5,807 20,754 38,297 53,741 39,203 22,000* * Estimated. f Figures given to nearest thousand tons. Production of Zinc Ore and Spelter, and Consumption of Spelter in Leading Countries during 1913. Country. Zinc-Ore Spelter Consumption Production. Production. of Spelter. Long tons. Long tons. Long tons. United Kingdom 17,294 66,000 191,473 Egypt 3,109 — — Canada 7,044 — — India ... 3,871 — Australia 506,661 4,121 Austria 33,675 19,194 43,293t Belgium 934 200,938 75,172 France 45,828 66,799 79,698 Germany 627,066 278,563 228,567 Greece 35,817 — Italy 155,734 — 10,725 Spain 115,937 5,907 5,805. Sweden 49,936 2,081 , Algeria 80,934 — Tunis 28,167 — United States .. 301,118* 309,532 308,265 Indo-China 32,893 — China 9,397t — Japan 34,119 — — . ■'-^ • Spelter from domestic ores. f Exports only. J Austria-Hungary, BKITISH EMPIEE. United Kingdom.* The zinc ores mined in the United Kingdom are almost in- variably blende associated with galena, which is frequently argentiferous. The ore occurs in veins traversing Palaeozoic rocks, chiefly in North Wales, the North of England, the Isle of Man, and in Dumfries in Scotland. At the commencement of the period under review the chief producing centres were the Nenthead and Nentsbury mines near Alston in Cumberland, the Wanlockhead mines in Dumfries, the Carshield mine in Northumberland, the Great La.xey mine in the Isle of Man, aoad the Halkyn and Ehosesmor mines in Flint. In view of the considerable number of producing mines, the output of zinc ore has been small. With the exception of the Nenthead and Nentsbury mines, which yielded more than 7,000 tons of ore annually, and the Caj:'shield mine, which produced 4,161 tons of ore in 1913, few mines yielded as much as 1,000 tons of ore annually. The total production of domestic ores for «ach year of the period under consideration is given in the accompanying tables. The decline in output was due chiefly to the gradual closing down of the important Nenthead and Nentsbury mines in Cum- berland, owned by the Vieille Montague Zinc Company of Belgium, but the low prices obtainable for zinc ore and the high cost of production due tcf war conditions were causes that operated generally during the period, and rendered unprofitable the production of zinc ore other than that mined in conjunction with lead. Before the war, the whole of the zinc concentrates produced at the Vieille Montagne mines in Cumberland were fihipped to Belgium for treatment. Although Great Britain was among the pioneers ,of the zinc smelting industry, it remained remarkably unprogres- fiive, small advantage being taken of modem experience * Mines and Quarries : General Report with Statistics. Part III. By the Chief Inspector of Mines (Annual'). Annual Statements of the Trade of the United Kingdom. Report by the Departmental Committee, appointed by the Board of Trade, to investigate and report upon the Non-Ferrous Mining Industry. n and improved methods, whilst Belgium, Germany and the United States made substantial progress. Formerly both Germany and Belgium possessed large resources in their domestic ore deposits. As the supply of easily smelted ores from these mines became exhausted, attention was directed to solving th^; problem of; smelting the more complex sulphide ores and to the recovery of important by-products. With spelter about £20 to £25 per ton, success could only be obtained by improved smelting methods, and the recovery as by-products of the silver, lead, and sulphur in the ores, combined with lower fuel consumption and economy in labour. These problems were solved with such success that zinc smelting losses on complex' ores were reduced by one-third to one-half, and substantial im- provements were made in the design and equipment of by-product recovery plants. Before the war Germany and Belgium were able to supply over 80 per cent, of the spelter imported into the United Kingdom. For the purposes of zinc extraction, it is necessary that the ore should be delivered at a reasonable price, and that fire- clay and coal should be readily obtainable. These conditions exist in Swansea, which has long been the chief centre of pro- duction in the United Kingdom. The total consumption of spelter in the United Kingdom in the year 1913 did: not exceed 192,000 tons, of which only about' 30 per cent, was smelted in the country, and over 60 per cent, was imported from Belgium and Germany. The war brought about a large increase in the demand not only for ordinary' spelter, but also for high-grade zinc, which was required in making munitions. The only country capable of meeting this' demand in any considerable measure was the U.S.A., where there vras keen competition for suppUes. In consequence of this competition prices , rose to a remarkable extent, and at one time during 1915, high-grade zinc sold at the record figure of £160 per ton. ., Apart, from the metal, the compounds of zinc are largely consumed in .th? United Kingdom. Of these compounds, zincv oxide IS the most important; Prior tothe war nearly 16,000 tons' qL this -material were imported for consumptibn into the United- Kingdom annually. The bulk of these shipments was obtained ^om the United States, Germany, Holland, Belgium, and France j very Mttle was obtained from within the British Emtjire Daiimg the wto- period, demajids were met by greatly increaise^ shipments from Holland and the United States. " New mills have been built for rolhng zinc sheets and boiler plates ; m addition to supplying the domestic demand, consider- able quajltities can be exported in 'future. ' > " ' London has always been the principal mai-ket for European spelter.; -Bntish. spelter Is sold as " good ordinary brand " (Q-.O.B.), " virgin," and " special," the quality varying with the lead and iron contents. In good ordinary brands (G.O.B.) the lead usually averages about 08 to 1'8 per cen,1i., and the iron frdm 002 to 004 per cent. " High-grade zin^," which is a special quality of the metal and is not included under spelter, should contain 99"9 per cent, of zinc. It is usually the electrolytic product. During the war a considerable amount of 999 per cent, ziric (sometimes 99"8 per. cent.) was prodiiced from spelter byithe special Redistillation methods of Fricker and others. For some time before the war spelter was selling in London at £22 to d623 per ton. During the earUer years of the war, prices fluctuated violently. In January, 1915, spelter was sold at £2S per ton, in June of the same year the price rose to £120, by August: the metal was quoted at £55, and in November the price . again exceeded £100. In 1916 similar but less violent fluctuations were witnessed, but early in 1917 the great increase in AmericaiU production, combined with stringent Government control, steadied the price at about £52 per ton, at which figure it remained fairly stationary 'during the remaining years of the war. Production of Zinc Ore in the United Kingdom and the quantity of Zinc obtainable therefrom. Year. - Ziae-Ore.-— (Long tons.) Amount of zinc obtainable . ■ — bysmeitiii^'." (Long tons.) Value of Ore ._„At-Mines (£) Value of Metallic Zinc obtamable (£) ■ ;i913 1914 1915 1916 • 1917 • 1918 17,294' 15,419 :■ 12,057 8,476 7,484 ■ 9 025'- - J 5,823 5,208 4,096 3,000 2,735. . ; ': 3 245 - 69,502 56,652 70,383 65,304 76,694 95,680 62,202 132,255 121,585 273,135 205,350 142,699 169 389 1919 '•'■ 6^933 2,436 102,951 14 lO 00 CO to , to GOO -W -^K ,-1 US 00 to o o IN OJ (N ^^ CO ■* US 1—1 1—4 lO US 1 o- f-T-TTH- 1 « <= «1 , « « ■>- l-( eo CO CO OS-* to •* OS IN Oi 1 1 1 ,-1 1 ' eo TjH r-H IN s t> Ort (N 00 05 t--5i< ©q ■* lO n CO 1-1 1 =o to" 1 1 .-T 1 icTt-",*' T-( t-^ OS 1— ( 1 ,H r-t ' 1 IN 1 rt IN t~ 00 /-V m § •*» 1 bO o^ -^ o^ IN to o ■* eoocoiNto OS co . \a fl CO O^ CO C- O CO <-! 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Australia Other British Po o -♦a 1 ;x< ;:; P3 H pq o »4 pw o 27 o IS3 so (N m t~ t~ t- N Ir-m (N IN CO r(l to i> OS 1— ( ^ T-( O^ IN(N S4 t^ -^ to to O 00 T-* '<)< to 00 l> O CO 00_ 1-H OS^«eJi^ Til to rH to 0» i-Too" 1 1 (N^cn" o" o oT Dl CO 1 ' r-C (N i> o 25'5'2S u:^ t- t- aa o CO o CO 00 N t> to Oi uO Oi <-H_ i-i_©q O 05_ cSt to CO (N ■* t- en_ rH ^-T r-t o" -H- 1 1 1 11^- to' r-l >nos o«o O>u0 -* t* o m as t* (M CO -^ T— 1 UO (O iOi-H CO (N50 to rH^rH tO(NrHQ0tr- ■* e0^r-( CO -i* O CO to ■^tO tO^ (M 0.-<:Jl CO t' \a T-T t-'"c*< U3 ^A 0-*0 CO US 00 >o eous'* ■'("(NtooN T-H to «rt -* 05 0(N 7-1 00 l-H l>r-* •* C0 CO o" 1-* a T-l ■* CO ' CO c^ o >o r^ 1-1 t-( le > O (N -* 00 to to to' tOtOOOtXt-JOtOlOO t- CO CO t--*;. t- CO dfoT.-r rt~io" o" Oi" irT od'tjf (N"<>f N co" CO 1-H tH in 00 T-l(N«3 >n>o to O t-00(N05(N'* ■* o kO t* CO O T-( t* r-( T-l (N T-H u^ t~ O O OS t- 00-* ■* CD 00 t-H C- IN05(N0503rHC- o OS_ 1 eo'o" eo"-«ir otT 1 r-rS-rBfrH-rH"-*" S -^ 1 1— 1 ' »-( N •^ 1-H O tH ■>* to ^ 00 i>ooocoot^to OS to iO ^ Oi (N 00 CO T-HOOO O CO lO ooo_oo unos CO O OO^^r-l lO 00 05 co_ us 00 1 >n"50~ eo~irr gf i-T 1 fff co~i>"(N~ -"jT o4" CO s : : : SP . . . : : : : : a • • •pH -o s :i:| • > : i : ^— ' EQ . . .-i . ; : : . . . s o a • 1 • = • e< : : 1 :::::: :g : g • Q 1 & o i I i§ ■ s ja , . • ' ' • ' a -*» s, >J -»3 ' i .s lands 1 n Cou 2 i; a o o o dia" ttleme .Ph M &< =H o els reig S a (o a d-s "3 .2 ° cA Egypt Canada British I Straits S Labua Australii Other B] -»3 o E-i iillli ill o 28 Exports of Brass and Brass Manufactures, excluding Ordnance, from the United Kingdom ( Domestic 'ProduceJ.t '"'■ Quantity (long tons) • ■•■• to 1914. 1915. - 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. Egypt* _ 50 60 46 26 53 British West Africa ... 207 115 102 75 24 120 tTnion of Soutli Africa... 444 342 474 228 184 260 British India 602 681 659 624 669 3,319 Straits Settlenieiits and Dependencies (includ- i ing Labnan)' 135 106 124 85 39 80 Oeylon and Dependencies 83 70 84 77 28 .34 Hong Kong 82 70 108 37 40 . 76 Australia 2,281 1,651 1,259 639 344 587 New Zealand 326 389 472 148 59 148 Canada 273 100 ;68 49 15 ■ .69 Other British Eossessious 192 241 187 85 67 162 Total to British Pos- sessions 4,625 3,815 3,597 2,093 1,385 4,902 Russia 90 126 192 217 86 Sweden 97 S8 15 1 56 Norway 150 67 36 36 7 181 Denmark (including 1 Faroe Islands) 149 109- 107 18 3 260 Netherlands 502 275 244 117 142 1 1,216 Germany 997 — Belgium ... 227 — ' — : — 325 -France ... 1,075 4,796 5,471 1,671 1,595 1,242 Portugal 53 85 69 50 73 82 Spain" ... 208 209 143 82 26 527 Italy ... 180 153 673 131 76 137 Egypt 56 __: . ^ China (exclusive of Hong Kong, Macao and leased territories) ... 98 ^4- - - ioi 65 44 172 Japan (ihcluding ; For- mosa and Japanese leased territories in China) • ... 89 59 22 • : 27 .74 617 ITnited States 291 168 83 ■ 40 '38 724 Cuba 54 23 32 10 12 32 Chile ... 109 47 77 52 83 71, Brazil '■ ... 231 ' 85 ;., 113 112 ■ 34 117 Uruguay 35 73 / 31 14 19 36: Argentine Republic 389 190 167 88^' 67 269 Other Foreign Countries 308 : 353 378 : 115 : : 48 390' Total : to Foreign Countries 5;388 6,920 7,954 2,845 2,336 6,630, Total 10,013 10,735 11,551 4,938 3,721 11,432 • Included in "Foreign Countries" prior to 1916. t N^ot given separately prior to 19U. 29 JExparts of Brass and Brass Manufactures, excluding Ordnance, from the United Kingdom (Domestic Produce). — continued. To Value (£). 1914. 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. Egypt* ... _ 6,715 i 1,024 9,772 7,681 14,326 British West Africa . . . 23,925 14,480 16,314 15,748 5,969 26,796 TTnion of South Africa... 58,668 44,833 84,232 40,822 42,406 71,409 British India 78,385 89,962 125,917 130,459 100,204 385,490 Straits Settlements and Depen-denoies (includ- . ing Labuan) 16,164 14,595 28,367 19,702 9,692 20,473 •Ceylon and Dependencies 12,072 9,220 16,447 13,709 6,576 9,946 Hong Kong 10.752 9,839 19,109 7,309 9,484 19,098 Australia... 288;i67 217,960 243,823 110,635 73,818 146,348 New Zealand 59,421 59,234 83,088 26,152 13,514 42,560 €anada' ... 33,915 14,098 15,539 9,124 5,938 13,566 Other British Possessions 24,849 31,343 35,222 20,003 15,158 36,154 Total to British Pos- sessions... 605,818 512,279 6711,082 403,435 290,440 786,166 Hussia— 11,768 18,603 38,846 38,092 102 14,764 ■Sweden 12,234 5,554 3,840 516 125 11,811 Norway 17,268 11,169 6,914 7,862 2,454 36,522 Denmark (including Faroe-Islands) 18,422 14,718 21,201 5,133 987 47,436 Netherlands 60,414 40,899 48,533 30,374 39,090 186,374 •Germany 76,625 — — — — — Belgium 25,069 — 9 — 36 61,662 France 74,714 258,586 394,060 270,178 240,776 177,190 Portugfal 6,401 11,652 11,433 10,878, 16,203 16,424 ^pain 24,782 26,124 22,996 14,656 5,049 84,189 Italy ' 18,075 18,382 64,790 18,147 13,235 26,920 Egypt 7,253 — — — — ~" ^China (exclusive of Hong Kong, Macao and leasMt-territories) 11,828 10,077 17,767 11,876 10,368 32,892 Japan (including For- mosa and Japanese leased territories in China-) 12,674 7,573 4,383 6,628 12,997 57,167 United States 33,418 18,746 15,654 7,872 11,098 67,652 'Cuba -- 5,248 3,108 4,698 2,268 2,698 9,812 Chile ■ 12,389 5,839 12,684 10,918 17,825 21,722 Brazil 28,028 11,298 15,921 26,487 8,486 , 30,317 Uruguay Argentine Republic 5,298 7,560 5,376 3,841 4,971 8,988 36,990 26,329 32,539 17,413 16,462 66,718 Other Foreign Countries 42,001 43,414 54,541 28,288 13,619 88,305 Total to Foreign Countries 640,899 539,630 776,084 511,326 415,669 1,035,865 Total 1,146,717 1,051,909 1,455,166 914,761 706,009 1,822,021 ' Included in "Foreign OountrieB" prior to 1918. 30 Exports of Galvanized Sheets (Flat or Corrugated) from the United Kingdom (Domestic Produce). To Egypt** Gold Coast Nigeria British South Africa ... British East Africa British India Straits Settlements and Dependencies (includ- ing Labuan) Ceylon and Dependencies iustralia New Zealand Canada British West Indies Other British Pbssesaions Total to British Possessions Russia Norway Denmark (including Faroe Islands) Netherlands Java Other Dutch Posses- sions in Indian Seas Belgium France French West Africa ... ftermany Portugal Portuguese Bast Africa Spain Greece Boumania Turkey Morocco Siam China (exclusive of Hong Kong, Macao and leased territories) Japan (including For- mosa and 3a,\ leased territories _ China) Philippine Islands and Guam ... Cuba Mexico ... ^ Costa Rica Peru Chile Brazil Uruguay Argentine Republic Other Foreiga Countries Total to Foreign Countries Total Quantity (long tons). 1913 4,119 8,453 39,884 5,053 237,673 8,317 6,379 104,450 22,921 32,198 3,065 8,093 1914 480,605 11,107 4,226 4,261 2,761 18,166 9,389 887 1,408 1,489 2,941 3,836 7,569 3,033 2,122 3,205 3,411 4,858 3,541 6,763 35,563 281,470 762,075 5,329 7,013 23,991 2,633 104,830 6,141 3,327 107,128 17,340 22,548 2,437 6,710 1915 1,971 3,454 1,851 11,652 1,459 64,059 6,172 3,543 62,208 15,117 6,949 1,027 4,183 1916 1917 1918 409,427 10,647 4,095 3,638 859 17,732 8,129 1,263 2,452 1,156 406 3,944 4,726 2,795 2,195 4,494 3,126 1,017 2,933 4,007 14,966 2,503 1,392 2,521 961 3,850 624 1,317 1,118 2,068 945 15,674 5,954 19,538 6,812 9,733 3,622 75,094 26,996 18,636 14,555 156,557 565,984 183,645 1,617 2,168 1,523 307 7,847 4,147 19,306 582 2,103 2,086 3,209 1,676 *201 276 2,229 8,396 6,590 257 211 16 11 363 1(785 2,385 3,291 30,928 4(268 102,776 286,421 1,839 2,647 1,084 6.511 414 9,707 716 1,364 35,744 6,812 1,863 281 1,754 70,636 117 1,256 421 74 3,913 895 15,864 367 951 1,279 1,988 563 587 149 3,015 3,065 84 2 37 5 178 1.239 634 851 6,699 2,210 46,433 117.069 136 20 137 211 40 1,496 47 67 6,103 648 21 142 9,067 15 18 480 228 7,782 23 16 112 5 "113 67 3 79 16 7 14 877 9.869 18,926 117 49 18 742 41 6 2,165 1,061 1 106 4,296 4,394 1 2 22 2 i 44 61 4,640 8,835 ..,.. C™t?.°DldelBa^oh!sa[o^ik^?lti"! *'"""^ '°"""'^ ■^"'''''''' ''"* '°^ °'""'''"'^ "^^ °*" P°^«»- •• Included in " Foreign Countries " prior to 1915. (o) Included in " Other Foreign Oonntrlei." 31 Exports of Galvanized Sheets (Flat or Corrugated) Jrom the United Kingdom (Domestic Produce) — continued. To Value (£). 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 Egypt** _ _ 33,539 43,715 4,025 3,828 24,595 Gold Coast 51,881 67,956 55,910 62,655 575 — 83,770 Nigeria 117,505 89,655 26,437 28,457 3,945 8 72,777 British South Africa ... 554,647 279,351 173,194 161.354 5,146 1,775 459,427 British East Africa 62,304 31,215 23,270 10,698 1,175 449 32,435 British India 2,794,427 2,275,300 804,706 193,907 43,484 22,962 1,170,610 , Straits Settlements and Dependencies (includ- ing Labuan) 113,959 85,237 98,988 18,368 1,483 1,153 79,531 Ceylon and Dependencies 82,031 40,253 56,564 31,076 1,874 146 34,091 Australia 1,583,475 1,649,121 1,349,005 1,161,435 247,353 71,704 1,611,419 New Zealand 338,371 256,399 309,463 201,489 25,426 37,193 395,010 Canada 470,359 314,052 120,696 28,951 — — ' 45,753 British West Indies 41,404 30,962 16,843 6,881 806 46 11,377 Other British Possessions 109,137 85,648 66,249 45,808 3,422 3,280 83,835 Total to British Possessions 6,257,200 5,205,149 3,134,864 1,994,794 338,714 142,544 4,104,630 Russia 150,496 132,335 24,232 3,492 12 23,331 Norway 49,988 46,655 31,062 31,081 100 22 68,880 Denmark (including Faroe Islands) 54,800 43,930 21,405 9,829 445 30 34,526 Netherlands 34,348 11,276 3,921 1,481 545 — 48,944 Java 254,367 236,586 128,027 101,202 13,761 240 46,385 Other Dutch Posses- sions in Indian Seas 135,088 114,706 67,812 27,711 5,012 — 33,804 Belgium 11,951 17,258 — — — — 21,000 France 17,794 30,881 272.483 346,001 158,621 119,723 170,938 French West Africa... 20,593 14,706 8;413 8,672 — — 18,771 Greriiiany 42,759 5,737 — — — — — Portugal 49,362 48,316 30,881 21,903 646 — 31,178 Portuguese East Africa 93,473 54,426 31,066 27,329 466 29 55,757 Spain 41,617 35,929 51,680 52,770 3,397 46 74,136 Greece 27,215 27,543 24,350 15,911 200 723 17,931 Boumania 50,267 71,290 — — — — 38,182 Turkey 45,177 26,849 *2,861 — »3,695 •39 *8,679 Morocco 62,396 13,194 3,776 12,921 2,356 — 19,648 Siam 54,043 41,603 37,762 3,717 93 — 20,766 China (exclusive of Hong Kong, Macao and leased territories) 96,271 53,202 51,679 77,865 8 — 144,284 Japan (including For- mosa and Japanese leased territories in China) 5^9,910 212,919 101,729 70,407 2,610 — 199,281 Philippine Islands and Guam 33,983 18.982 4,333 1,769 — — 6,481 Cuba 32,525 12,269 3,013 62 — — 2,303 Mexico 48,613 7,567 216 1,013 46 (a) (a.) Costa Bica ■17,545 14,316 226 120 — (a) (a) Peru 25,236 10,746 6,730 4,414 — — 7,251 Chile 184,432 67,147 26,714 31,598 — 40 37,339 Brazil 275292 91,226 37,621 18,745 £87 186 56,045 Uruguay Argentine Republic 127,751 45,894 49,502 16,172 180 — 43,699 963,179 331,726 459,847 156,337 448 1,437 606,277 Other Foreign Countries 238,646 182,600 66,587 57,128 28,014 1,910 108,091 Tptal to Foreign Countries 3,769^117 2,021,813 1,54K,978 1,099,650 221,242 124,425 1,943,907 Total .. 10,026,317 7,226,962 4,681,842 3,094,444 559,956 266,969 6,048,537 «.»., Crete, Dedeagatoh, Salonika, etc. .;„,»« ,01= •» Included in " Foreign CountrieB prior to 1915. (a) Included in "Other Foreign CountrieB. 32 ■« t. H ^ s ^J bD "te o 1 -&> a •^ s g !3 ■§ .I' id o ^ trt ,-1 o era ojo o -^ ^-t "^ n^ oTt-Tim- Oi ■* U5 O t- C- (N rH rH CO t- r:>- -^ o as t- o T-< »o i-< OS S^ Oi CD »0 CD CM 1—1 CO era T-t T— I c* era OS era to 00 ■* IN 00 OS 00 O lO o J 1 II N 1 (M 1 1 *■■ 1 (N W Oi 1 I;- 1 1 1 1 "=^:1 (m" 1 in" rH 1 tH 1M VO liO od uo O- 1—1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 Oi 1 1 1 1 1 1 , 1 tH • ' -i ' o lO "P o O o . OS in - 1 CO 1 1 1 CO 1 CO: ) /-> 1 ; tfl . ■ I , g.„. (___ _'_ . -*a bo ' t^ t- t^ I c 1— ( T— 1 (N (N t~>-l 00 oo t* CO lO lO lO lO o o irj CO Oi m CO CO (?< Oi OS 1 1 -^ 1 II '- •^ 05 CO of 1 of 00O5 t-- 1 1>" tH ' ' 1-1 T— I ^— I 1 ' CO T— I 1 1-1 lO T— I T— ( T— 1 >o no CO T-l T-H •o CD OS ■Ti< o o o o> °1 iO" • "111 1 "1 II Oi (N 1 1 1 (N~ 1 (m" "^ uf 1 T-H T-H ' ' ' T— I (M CO G^ (N (N (M 00 O o o CO 1-H O o -rd CO (M CO CO CO. -^o lO >o o o_ to CO (n't-T ■ CO 1 nf 00~l>~ lO" 1 >i:5~ 1 1 tH ' (N (M i : i : : : : : : : i ; : : : . . : ■ ■ ■ .... . . . . . 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SI .0 0!M O rH lO )C M 1 IN 1:~ 'j: C". 1-1 N !N rt at CO o 00 CO OQ a o DO o Eh QQ o <3 Oh 1-1 oiS ••A §:■§ o Ah pq o 75 O Eh i a- 13 a Si CQ O S • S.S o^ h g -3 -s B g- a -g n o o I o o Eh o EH 35 o era o I 05 I I ^ to I I I I I I I i 'X '-^ ni" S<1 >0 3^ ^S I I I I 1^ 1 IS I IS 1 I -e*< iO ITS 05 T-l ■* ■* c- >oo -00 I too o Oi^ I lO 00,"^ 00 00 (M O -^ OO O O t^ T-H ooom m (N CO T-H 00 «3 •i-J (N co~ h §•31 § g<;S5 CI O D d 60 ■§ o 1^ o o H 30669 B2 36 o S O 'a a o o o 'a •S s to «3 t i o S o a, OS l-H OS " T-H (M 1 T-H 1 •* 1 CO M 1 1 1 1^ 1^ 5 5! 1— ( 00 T-H T-H O 1 11^ T-H T-H 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 "^ T-H (M 05 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 T-i OS CD T-H TJH 1^ \^ o ^ T-H CO II III 1^ CO (N g tH /-^ OQ a S - bD o 1 T-H T-H 1 1 1 1 1 1 IN >. 1-) -M ■-+3 g a cy o CO(N -sjt O IN CO O 00 O T-H CO tH 1 (N CO C~ CO 1 -* 1 1 1 rt 1 02 lO oo 05 1 T-1 IN 1 CO 1 i 1 1 ^ CO T-H ■* O CO t' 00 00 IN CO >0 o 00 l-H 1 Oq (N >0 (M IN '^ 1 "> T-H CO o> 1 rH (N 1 1 1 1 1 1 T-H CO l-H , era I> CO tH CO 00 >o ■*■*!> t- IN f_ T-H (M Oi-H (N IN 1 T-H IN IN o-H 00 Oi T-H 1 1 1 1 1 T-H fH T-H • • OQ : e 1 . 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(N cr3 .-1 rt -* T-( 1-1 IN (N 1-1 CO -^ 13^ IN CO (N 005 50 O CO lO 1 IN 00 to to 1 00 ' t> mo IN to O CO 1 %)< t~ttl 1 OT 1—1' ■-I -M 05 o a O KJ3 fi^-t» t3M<)(2;0 qlZiPSpHMOOOO 30969 B3 38 ^ en ■ Oi CTi 'C OC O O Oi t:^ •* ai <:d CO -f »-i CO uo K l> T-H (M *— ( 1 1 1 OS 1 1 1 /-^ r-( OQ a o O CO CO CO o , ;n t^ -^ OS cfi OT -* 35 CD W 00 (N OS ■<* i-( O OS CO =o CO IM •w/ (N "T c- O C^ -fa -(H •*a a ■6 3 r-l iC ■-*< 1— , 1 o o o ":5 cv -Tt^ 00 a> iCCO ^ o CC CO -^ C^ CO r-i CO CO iO T— 1 ^1 iO r- o* lo 1— t*- CO CO t^ O OS en IN t^ y-i en .-1 rH 00 rH -* r-l CO tH 1 1 1 1 OS 1 1 1 1 rH (M -* to CO lO 1-1 lO 00 (N CO Oi 05 1-1 1— r-l r- l?4 1— ' CO (N 1—1 1 1 • 1 I — o> 1 1 ; 1 1 '^ '•'.'.'.'. l a3 '^ c a CQ O 42 • O S H- 1 ; ; ; ; ; ; -43 , < > ' ' ' 3 OQ O PM 1 ' " ' S ' « a B o • _o ^ . . .■§ .-1 o ■ ■ '1 OQ M ■ • ■ S : a •H "^1 1 .(S 'L4 'B "go 1 H i "5 '-^ 1 = = =1 -.§, -S i III" 1 enmark rance aly ... assia nited Sti razil ther For 3 o HM-OO Qfei^pSPpqo a s o O as lid >o -* o 05 o o 1-t CO o CO CO CM CO 00 Ir-05 -^COO ffO —1 O) ■* l> ■w CO icsaa t^ " " " T— ( 1 1 -iN ■* co" kO f£> y-~ 1-i ' CO CD ?o o CO •<>> -t -* CO ^ -5S tH T-t T-H 1 1 1 1 1 1 »o -- O CO 05 lO 00 so o r- oo t* 00 'O O »C CO ao t^ 1-. 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To 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 Total to British Possessions Total to Foreign Countries — 24 4 1 1 12 2 1 — 2 ' Total — 28 2 14 1 — 2 Value (£). Total to British Possessions Total to Foreign Countries — 1,553 450 125 227 2,847 492 320 — 239 toTAL — 2,003 852 3,339 320 — 239 Average Prices of Spelter.* Cents per lb. Year New York St. Loui 1913 5-648 5-504 1914 5-213 5-061 1915 13-230 13-054 1916 12-804 12-634 1917 8-901 8-730 1918 8-159 7-890 1919 7-388 6-988 * Eng. and Min. Journ., 11th Jan., 1919, and 17th Jan., 1920. 41 m c6 ^ o X M , r— 1 •. .^ O Tl d o )-l (D ^ o c CO o o 'y ■n ^ a, >^ e3 ■S «. o ■^ as i 1-1 OS Ol U-3 i"^ rH 1* g 05 iH a C3 1 o I 1 s ■^ w .;^ a fl »-* M o ,R- 03 ••^ o ^ s a I— 1 0.- u o* S a CD t- OS o CO . 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' *^ tH »— I y-t y~^ y-i rH ^^ '~* T-H ^lO lO ^ >o ■* i-t O o rH o O rH .«rto^ (M > • ' " -*3 1 S 1 m h 1 s 1 t 1 S" S 0) 1-5 o i a 42 Bhodesia. * Zinc ores are known to occur in many districts of Southern Bhodesia, but so far no deposits of economic importance have been found. In Northern Ehodesia an important deposit of lead-zinc ore is being developed in the Broken Hill District. The ore occurs in " kopjes " or small hills which are in some cases composed entirely of the oxidized ores of lead, zinc, and iron. Formerly the bulk of the crude zinc consumed in Ehodesia was obtained from Germany and Belgium. These sources of supply were cut ofE during the war, and as very little crude zinc was obtainable from the United Kingdom, Ehodesia was practically dependent upon the United States for the necessary suppUes. The following table shows the imports of unmanufactured zinc into Southern Ehodesia during the period imder review ; the imports of zinc into Northern Ehodesia were unimportant, and never exceeded 50 cwt. in any one year. Imports of Unmanufactured Zinc into Southern Rhodesia* Quantity (long tons). Prom 1913. 1914. 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. United Kingdom ... 12 2 2 8 1 Dominion of Canada — — 15 Commonwealth of — — 35 74 Australia Belgium 157 266 1 Oermany 54 29 12 Holland — 1 4 4 Sweden 3 2 _ United States ■ — 93 364 405 433 347 138 Total 226 393 377 407 445 401 213 Value (£). Unitpd Kingdom ... 442 69 IH 303 412 7 127 Dominion of Canada 1,345 2,830 Commonwealth of A uBtralia — — — — — 6,849 Belgium 4,670 7,264 12 _ France — 21 Oermany 1,607 827 312 17 Holland — 30 478 459 Sweden 72 75 United States — 3,807 19,759 43,651 41,016 33,332 13,172 Total 6,791 12,072 20,117 43,971 41,906 37,973 20,148 • Annual Statement of the Trade and Shipping of the Union nf r h. Erica and of Southern and Northern Rhodesia. oontn Africa The Union of South Africa. Zinc ores associated witli tiiose of lead liave been reported to occur in several localities of the Union. In most cases very little work has been done towards proving the value of the deposits. The only production during the period under review was an output of 314 tons, valued at £2,214, in the year 1915, from the Transvaal. The most important deposits are situated in the Malmani division, near Ottoshoop, in the western Transvaal, where the Bufifelshoek, Witkop, arid Bokkraal are the chief mines. In both the Witkop and Buffelshoek mines the ore occurs as pipes, pene- trating dolomite, and only the outer portions of the pipes are mineralized. The inner parts axe composed of brecciated dolomite cemented with calcite. Considerable development has been done and the ore proved to persist in depth. A modern concentrating plant, to treat the concentrates from both mines, was just com- pleted when war broke out. Shortage of shipping and lack of smelting facilities in England made it impossible to dispose of the concentrates at a profit. Consequently, the mill was closed and not worked during the war period. At the Bokkraal mine, in the Marico district, the ore occurs in fissures and impregnations in the dolomite. The ore minerals are zinc-blende and galena. Development had only reached the 50-foot level when war broke out, and all further development work was suspended. Zinc ores have been reported as occurring in various parts of Natal, but the deposits have hitherto proved of small value. No zinc ores of any economic importance have been discovered in any of the other States of the Union. Before the war more thian 98 per cent, of the zinc consumed in the Union was imported from Belgium and Grermany, and no zinc was shipped to the Union from either Australia or the United States. The outbreak of war found the Union of South Africa completely dependent upon European supplies. Suc- cessful efforts were made to meet the situation by imports from the United States, and to a lesser extent from Australia ; but throughout the war period America provided more than 80 per cent, of the total zinc consumed. No zinc-smelting or refining plants capable of re-smelting scrap zinc and sheets were in existence in South Africa prior to the war. The scrap metal, was, therefore, shipped to the United Kingdom for treatment, and regular shipments continued to be forwarded throughout the whole war period. 44 Imports of Unmanufactured Zinc into the Union of South Africa.- Quantity (long tons.). From 1913. 1914. 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. United Kingdom ... Commonwealth of 49 44 89 30 35 104 26 229 14 600 21 1,007 Australia 5 S. W. Africa Pro- — — — —~' ~~ tectorate 15 Belgium 405 523 2 — France 4 1 1 2 ~~" Germany 3,697 1,852 61 4 — — ' 1 Holland 1 1 1 — "^ Norway — 2 — -^ 9 2,789 15 2,436 ^~" Japan United States = 45 1,841 3,214 4,204 1,121 Total 4,156 4,398 3,299 4,349 3,053 3,070 2,165 Value (£) United Kingdom ... 2,007 1,779 2,280 4,227 2,438 1,598 2,066 Commonwealth of — 2,700 — 13,336 19,777 51,990 83,806 Australia S. W. Africa Pro- — — — — — 227 — tectorate Belgium 12,462 13,996 62 — 2 — 940 France 224 52 52 306 57 55 — Oermany ... 113,841 50,362 1,654 154 5 — - — Holland 43 42 92 19 42 — 36 Norway — 45 — — — — — Japan — . 1,547 — — 570 1,410 9 United States — 69,876 202,342 372,071 221,888 184,177 88,973 Total 128,577 140,399 206,482 390,113 244,779 239,457 175,830 * Annual Statement of the Trade and Shipping of the Union ofjiSouth Africa and of Southern and Northern Bhodesia. Canada.* The zinc-mining industry of Canada is centred in the provinces of British Columbia and Quebec. The principal zinc-mining regions are situated in the Kooteiiay district of British Columbia, where there are large deposits of silYer-lead-zinc ore. The chief producing mine is the Sullivan, in the Fort Steele division, v^here the ore worked is a replacement deposit of considerable size. The ore-body at this mine consists of a quartzite containing blende and argentiferous galena, and out- crops at a height of 4,800 feet above sea level. The deposit has a * Annual Reports on the Mineral Producton of Canada. Annual Reports of the Minister of Mines, British Columbia. Annual Reports on the Trade of Canada. 45 maximum stoping width of 120 feet, and a maximum stoping length, of 326 feet as far as at present exploited. Other important districts are the Ainsworth, the Slocan and Slocan City, the Nelson and Arrow Lake divisions in West Kootenay, and the Omineca division in the Cariboo district. Before the war there were no faciUties for smelting zinc ores in Canada, and the whole production from Canadian mines was sent to the United States for treatment. Partly owing to the high lead content of the ore, but chiefly to the long freight haul, the United States duties, and other causes, the output was small, and the total tonnage exported for treatment did not exceed about 8,000 tons per annum. During the war the great demand for high-grade zinc led the Canadian Govemment to investigate the possibility of utihzing the deposits of zinc ore in British Columbia and Quebec for the production of the zinc required for munitions. As a result of this work the electrolytic method of treating lead-zinc ores .was successfully applied to British Columbian ores. By the autumn of 1915 three companies were producing zinc in Canada by the electrolytic process, and of these the plant of the Con- soUdated Mining and Smelting Company at Trail was by far the most important. The Trail smelter comprised lead and copper blast furnaces and copper and lead electrolytic refineries, and the company generated its own power hydro-electrically. During the war, zinc reduction works capable of producing 15,000 tons of electrolytic zinc per annum were added to the equipment of the plant. The table given on page 46 shows the despatches of zinc from Canadian mines during the period under review. There can be little doubt that, apart from the high price obtainable for zinc during the war, the chief factor in the great expansion of the zinc-mining industry in Canada was the successful establishment of zinc-ore reduction works at Trail. Of the total zinc-ore production of Canada about four-fifths was obtained from British Columbia, and the remainder, with the exception of small quantities from Alberta and other districts, from the province of Quebec. The only mines of any importance worked in Quebec during the period under review were the Notre Dame des Anges mines at Montauban, in the county of Portneuf , where there are two deposits of considerable value. The ore occurs chiefly as impregnations in quartzite and crystalline lime- stone. The chief ore minerals are ferruginous zinc-blende intimately associated with galena, and the ore carries, gold and silver values. The average lead concentrates contain about 63 per cent, lead, 10 per cent, iron, and 8 per cent, zinc with 60 oz. of silver and 2 J dwt. of gold per short ton. During the period under review considerable prospecting and development work was carried out on the newly discovered deposits of lead and zinc ore of the Gasp^ Peninsiila, particularly in the vicinity of the township of Lemieux. Two companies, the i6 Federal Zinc aad Lead Company and the North America Mming Company, were operating in this district. The ore consists pnn- cipaJly of zinc- blende and galena, and the oxidation products of ttose minerals. A small experimental electrolytic zinc plant for the reduction of Quebec ores was erected at Welland, Ontario, but no zsfnc is reported as having been produced theie during the period under review. Prior to the war Canada imported the whole of the spelter required for domestic consumption from Germany, Belgium, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Holland. The war cut off European exports, but the supplies available in the United States, together with the yearly increasing production of zinc at Trail, were amply sufficient to meet Canadian needs. Before the war nearly all the zinc dust consumed in Canada was obtained from the United States, Japan, Germany arid Belgium. The great expansion of the Canadian metal industry during the period under review called for increasing quantities of zinc dust, the whole of which during the later years of the war was supplied by the United States and Japan. Zinc oxide, known commercially as " zinc white," is used as a pigment, and is imported into Canada in large quantities. The United States, Belgium, Germany, Holland, Switzerland. Italy, France, and the United Kingdom all exported substantial c^ui^ii- tities of this compound into Canada before the war. During tbe war European supplies were confined to fairly normal shipmei|ts from Holland and considerably reduced shipments (mainly re- exports) from the United Kingdom and Belgium ; the balance required to meet the greatly increased Canadian demand was obtained almost wholly from the United States Annual Mine Despatches of Zinc Ores in Canada. Year. 1913 ... 1914 ... 1915 ... 1916 ... 1917 ... 1918 ... 1919 ... Zinc ore despatched. Quantity (lonw tons). 7.044 9,726 l.S,299 73,283 104,008 108,214 119,306 Metallic zinc contained in ore. Spot Value* 38,922 54,701 115,612 226,302 275,830 255,874 Quantity (long tons). 3,156 4,063 5,460 21,651 28,864 2»,137 26,078 * Values converted to £ sterling at the rate o( 1 dollar=4s. 2d. 47 «- cq I o o 4S o O tsi ^ t^ (N N to i> tH to tH U3 3"l ^-| 1 1 oT IM to 00 CO O 03 IN 00 OS ■* ^ ^ CO 93 (M 0« to__ 1— 1 :: 1 to-| 1 oo" CO 00 O 00 00 (N US CO (M T-H 00 CO 1— I t— 1 to 00 l> tN ^era,-* T— 1 to o> of otT ■ s 1— I .^*s CQ 1 lO ■« 0» tH Ok US OK 3" c4S t>t-.'« t~ ai 5© CD IM3SU! \a S 1— 1 co' 1 1 to 'w' Oi 1— 1 >^ ■+a • pH * 9 Oi o CO oq_«<3_ l>_ wTr-T 1 1 1 xa lO O* 00 (N CI CO-* i-H -^ ,-H «_rt •t 1 I. to" 1 i 1 CO 1-H t-- o " c- eo to U| 1 1 »^' 1 1 1 1 1) OS 1 1 1 1 1 : ; : : : 3 * • CO *§ o< 1 o e i 1 . . ; ; o^ 1^ : M • • a, s •e S f^M s 3 •I J3 ll VI .5 enay — eele mere G l-ill II '1 1 s? 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OS 1—1 ^- 1 1 1 1 -*" 1 ,H 1 1 im" to" : : : : SP" ; '■'•'• '•'a : : : : OQ ; • • • • H • ^ ■ S n T3 to •W fl if i 3 United Kingdom Aden and Dependencies... Ceylon Hong Kong Straits Settlements (inclu LabuanV Mauritius and Dependencies Zanzibar and Pemba Bast Africa Protectorate Australian Commonwealth Other British Possessions .a a. 1 1 i •a ■a o Holland Germany Belgium ... Asiatic Turkey, Persian Gul Maskat Territory and Tr Oman. Japan German East Africa United States of America Other Foreign Countries i- o a 1 a 2 3 o 58 plant designed to produce 10,000 tons of spelter and 32,000 tons of sulphuric acid per annum. The manufacture of sulphuric acid in India from the waste sulphur dioxide of the Bawdwin ores is a development which will have far reaching effects on India's metallurgical and chemical progress. Prior to the war considerable quantities of zinc concentrates from the Burma mines were shipped to Belgium and Germany for treatment, and trial quantities were sent to the United Kingdom and Australia. The crude zinc to meet domestic requirements was obtained almost entirely from the United Kingdom, while supplies of manufactured zinc were drawn from the United Kingdom, Gei'many, and especially Belgium. The outbreak of war found India almost wholly dependent upon the United Kingdom for the zinc required for domestic consumption —a position the Japanese were quick to grasp. During the war Japan made great efforts to expand her zinc smelting and refining resources. These efforts proved so successful that during the fiscal year 1916-1917 Japan imported from Burma nearly 3,000 tons of zinc concentrates and exported to India during the following year nearly 3,000 tons of crude and manufactured zinc Exports of Zinc Ore* from India (Domestic Produce) (Fiscal Years ending March 31). To 1914. Q 1915. uantity (long tons. )• 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. Toial to British Km- pire. Total to Foreign Countries. 327 7,333 7,6G0 31 4,878 4,909 181 () 217 2,997 2 ■ — ToTAr 187 3,214 2 Value (£). Total to British Em- pire. Total to Foreign Countries. 1,334 30,4(52 27() 22,793 3,545 220 1,012 14,918 10 TOTAl 31,790 23,069 3,765 15,930 10 — * Practically the whole of this material was obtained from the Bawdwin mine. 59 Exports of Zinc or Spelter from India (Foreign Prodiwe) (Fiscal Years ending March 31). To Quantity (long tons). 1914. 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. Total to British Empire. Total to Foreign Countries. 39 36 67 20 329 1 97 4 3 4 2 1 Total 75 87 330 101 7 3 Value (£). Total to British Empire. Total to Foreign Countries. H98 836 712 529 14,093 20 2,998 208 294 224 294 53 Total 1,734 1,241 14,113 3,206 518 347 Australia.* Most of the zinc ore produced in Australia has been obtained from the Broken Hill district, New South Wales, where zinc- blende forms one of the chief constituents of a large body of sulphide ore. Tasmania has important deposits. Occurrences o£ zinc ore are known in Queensland, but no production is recorded. Western Australia produces only a few tons of concentrates yearly. The Broken Hill mines are situated in the Barrier region of New South Wales, and extend along the Barrier ridge for a distance of nearly two miles. The ore consists of a complex mixture of argentiferous galena and blende in a gangue of rhodonite, quartz, and garnet, together with some iron-pyrites and copper-pyrites. The ore-bodies assume the form of a mineralized cap with divergent branches dipping steeply on either side. The downward extension of these branches is chiefly confined to the eastern side, where the ore is now being mined at a considerable depth. During the early years of mining on these fields only galena was recovered, the blende product being dumped as unsaleable. Im- proved concentrating and smelting methods have made it possible to treat these enormous accumulations, which have yielded during the period under review a considerable addition to the total output of zinc ore from the Broken Hill district. * Annual Reports of the Pepartment of Mines, New South Wales. Annual Eeports of the Secretary for Mines, Tasmania. Trade and Customs and Excise Bevenue of the Commonwealth of Australia (Annual). 60 The following figures taken from the Annual Eeports of the Department of Mines, New South Wales, show the quantity of zinc concentrates produced in New South Wales during the years 1913-1919 inclusive :— Production of Zinc Concentrates in New South Wales. Year. 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 Quantity (long tons). 506,661 359,310 190,916 209,741 113,531 87,019 72,294 Value i£). 1,547,987 1,020,711 1,111,569 961,849 441,486 295,413 247,395 Before the war most of the zinc concentrates produced at Broken Hill were shipped to Germany and Belgium for treat- ment under long term contracts entered into with the ore dealers. Less than 20,000 tons per annum was shipped to England to be smelted at the Sulphide Corporation plants at Seaton Carew and at other works, and only about 2^ per cent, of the concentrates produced was smelted in Austraha at Port Pirie. The control exercised over the output of the Broken Hill mmes by the Zinc Convention proved a source of great embarrass- ment to the AustraUan Commonwealth at the outbreak of war. The furnaces operating in Great Britain designed to smelt Broken Hill ores were inadequate to deal with the large quantities of Australian ore rendered available by the cancellation of the Zinc Convention contracts, while the small smelting plant at Port Pirie was quit© un'able to afEect the situation. The position in which the Australian zinc industry was placed was both anomalous and exasperating, for never had the demand for zinc been more persistent or prices higher; yet Australian mines, though capable of supplying the whole ' requirements of the United Kingdom, were compelled to shut down because nowhere within the British Empire were there adequate facilities for smelting Australian ores. Unable to sell large quantities of zinc ore in Europe, Australian producers turned to the United States and Japan for markets, but throughout the war period the total yearly exports of zinc concentrates from Australia never exceeded 41 per cent, of the pre-war shipments. In order to safeguard the zinc resources of Australia in the future, the Australian Government dealt drastically with the situation. All existing contracts with the Zinc Convention were cancelled, and a company was formed under the name of the Zinc Producers Association Proprietary, Limited, to control the whole of the zinc concentrates produced in Australia. A contract was entered into with the British Government, by which the latter guarantees to take 45,000 tons of spelter per annum 61 o =0 50 o e 1 • «) >^ «) J— .a <2 o -I o *- Oh ® ^ -1— a"S CO o US CO CO ■* ?^ S § un t- 00 00 o Jl. O to ] 09 1 « CO CO 05 oo T-H 00 VO ^ !>• tH !N 00 t^ (M cc >> .ja t-<^ co^ ■* T-H T-H "*_ 03 +a cS a> &D t- oo" of to" CO CO n" 1 ^ 1^ g T— 1 00 T-H 1 ■ r^ T-H o 00 T*! 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Ti CO CN OS CO o o t- o ■^ OS o_ -* o CO T-H a © bD to" ctT T-H oo" oo" lO o" ^^ o 05 o tM CO >o 00 s § tH 1-H T-H T-H T-H I-' 00 CO o» 00 CO 00 t- ij CO 00 OS T-H 00 T-H •* « 1 o 03 a5_ cc T-H T-J^ o" U i : i ; : ce ." >H CO ^ lO to t- CO OS tH T— ( T-H T-H T-H 1-H 05 1-H OS T-H OS l-H OS T-H OS T-H OS T-H K t^ B -§ tS ■n P^ S3 1 IS flj- n-l 3 03 M J O 3 S m ^3 ca ^-^■ !>-, o a o o -4-» -^^ ns ■^ T-H a ni o y, were destroyed, but the G-ermaJi-owned works at Mortagne, near Givet, were left uninjured. During the war considerable extensions were made to existing smelting works, and an entirely new plant was erected near Marseilles to treat Algerian and Tunisian ores. Production of Argentiferous Zinc-Lead Ore in France. Quantity of metal contained in the Ore. Ore (long tons). Year. Zinc. Lead Silver (long tons). (long tons). (kilograms';. 1913 ... 45,828 1914 45,317 5,993 4,380 7,273 1915 23.396 2,910 1,494 2,177 1916 33,744 4,863 2,160 3,057 1917 37,512 5,278 2,249 3,815 1918 24,684 6,497 4,610 5,359 1919 Production of Zinc in France. Year. 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 Quantity (long tons). 66,799 41,790 18,872 19,932 22,560 18,052 18,000* French Imports and Exports of Zinc. Year. Imports. Exports. Quantity (long tons). Valuef (£). Quantity (long tons). Valuef (£). 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 39,354 30,158 36,233 63,614 72,314 45,624 905,120 690,400 278,328 7,236,800 7,347,480 4,644,760 29,255 13,331 4,554 4,021 4,097 3,067 719,160 330,240i 376,800 470,880 430,960 320,960 Estimated. t Values converted to £ sterling at the rate of 25 francs = £1. 69 Grermany. Before the war Germany produced nearly 42 per cent, of the ■total European production of spelter, or about 28'4 per cent, of the world's supply. Silesia has long been the chief producing province, with Tarnowitz as the centre of the mining industry. The ore minerals are calamine and zinc-blende, associated with cerussite and galena, occurring as replacement deposits in limestone and dolomites. Other localities where important zinc-mining operations are carried on are Westphalia and the Ehine districts. In addition to the large supplies of domestic ore, Germany imported in the year ].913 approximately 308,000 tons of zinc ore from foreign countries. Importation during the war period was stopped, but Germany found no difficulty in supplying the increased demand for spelter and high-grade zinc for nmnition purposes from domestic resources. The principal smelting centi-es are situated in Silesia, Khenish Prussia, Westphalia, and north-west Germany. The Silesian furnaces depend chiefly on local ore, and the west German smelters largely on imported concentrates. Production of Zinc in Germany. Quantity Year. (long tons). 1913 279,000 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 Year. 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 232,000 192,000 193,000 178,000 232,000 47,000* Production of Zinc Ore in Prussia. Quantity Value + (long tons). {£)■ 639,253 2,199,519 559,710 1.888,660 514,236 2,360,596 551,635 3,024,709 563,056 3,263,673 480,787 3,449,540 308,311 3,898,601 • Greece is a considerable exporter of zinc concentrates. The principal mining areas are situated at Laurion at the extreme south of the Boeotian Peninsula, and in the Islands of Thasos, Siphos and Antiparos. Both in the archipelago and on the main- * Estimated. t Values converted to £ sterling at the rate of 20 marks = il. + Tableaux Statistiques du Mouvement Minier de la Grrftne f Annual). 30969 C 3 70 land the ores occur as veins and pockets in metanaorphosed dolomites and schists. Low-grade calamine and blende are the principal ore minerals ; these are usually associated with argenti- ferous galena, siderite, and manganese ore. Production remained fairly constant until the year 1917, when the output fell considerably. Production and Sales of Zinc Ore in Greece. Production (long tons). Sales. Quantity (long tons). Value* (£). 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 35,817 31,919 32,589 25,438 14,060 4,273 3,316 3,276 3,589 1,791 1,313 24 3,905 2,866 6,438 3,093 4,586 61 Note. — The Zinc content of the ore varied from 23 to 33 per cent. Italy, t Ores of lead and zinc are found in many parts of LombaJrdy and Tuscany on the mainland, and at Iglesias in the island of Sardinia. In Tuscany the more important zinc-mining districts are situated near Serravezza, where the ore is found in quartz veins cutting Palaeozoic rocks. The ore minerals a^e argentiferous galena, boulangerite, jamesonite, zinc-blende, and chalcopyrite, m a gangue of quartz, calcite, and siderite. In Lombardy, zinc- mming activity is centred in the Bergamasque Alps, where before^ the war the English Crown Spelter Company and the Vieille Montague Company were operating on sulphide and calamme ores. The important district of Iglesias in the island of Sardinia produces more than, five times the combined tonnage of all the other zinc-producing areas of Italy. The ore occurs in vems traversing schists and quartziv^es of Cambrian and pre-Cambrian age, the ore minerals bemg argentiferous galena, calamine, blend©, and u-on pyrites. A small amount of manganese is present in the ore. The out- put from the Sardinian zinc mines fell nearlv 50 per cent during the period 1913-1917. " ^ Very little zinc is smelted m Italy. Only one small smelter at Vado figure was operated during the period under review It has been stated that there are in Piedmont and Sardinia ample * Values converted to £ sterling at the rate of 25 francs t Kivista del Servizio Minerario (Anuual). ■■£1. 71 supplies of sulphide ore suitable for electrolytic treatment Investigations carried out during the war period show that Italy could be made self-supporting in the matter of spelter by the erection of a sufficient number of electrolytic reduction plants Production of Zinc Ore in Italy. Year. 1913 ... 1914 ... 1915 ... 1916 . . . 1917 ... 1918 ... 1919 Note.- Production Value* (long tons). (£). i 155^734 747,518 143,569 560,247 79^326 436,320 92,532 698,303 78a76 775,735 66i037 727,277 64,674 676,294 -Zmc content of ore approximately 40 per cent. -Production of Crude Zinc and Zinc Oxide in Italy. VflQl. Crude Zinc. Zinc Oxide. Quantity (long tons). Value* (£). Quantity (long tons). Value* (£). 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 254 361 1,169 1,261 23,902 42,452 155,815 117,244 1,512 1,566 1,334 859 31,264 95,502 127,913 75,079 Imports of Zinc into Itcdy. Year. Zinc, Plates and Sheets. Zinc, Ingots and Scrap. Other Manufactures of Zinc. Quantity (long tons) Value* (£). Quantity (long tons) Value* (£). Quantity (long tons) Value* (£). 1913 19!4 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 5,683 3,694 991 921 947 536 161,720 106,605 28,593 153,422 173,160 98,082 12,248 10,349 12,637 17,480 18,125 10,040 298,762 256,649 313,379 2,060,833 2,063,141 1.142,814 291 244 79 81 91 95 18,497 15,054 4,550 13,380 17,209 18,117 30969 * Values converted to £ sterling at the rate of 25 lire=£l. C4 72 Exports of Zinc from Italy. Zinc, Plates and Zinc, Ingots and Other Manufacture Year. Sheets. Scrap. of Zinc. Quantity Value* Quantity Value* Quantity Value* (long tons) (£). (long tons) (£). (long tons) (£). 1913 74 2,103 1,541 37,591 28 1,343 1914 23 653 1,214 30,102 31 - 1,478 1915 7 210 85 2,106 17 976 1916 10 1,673 127 14,964 12 1,945 1917 5 980 13 1,485 10 2,304 1918 8 1,580 5 557 9 2,136 1919 - but Norway, t Ores of zinc and lead are found in various districts in Norway, thore are i\q mines forking on a large .scale. There are extensive bodies of low-grade zinc ores in Hakedal and Nannestad, near Christiania, and lead and zinc mines at Mo, in the Nordeland district. At Sa«rpsborg an electrothermic zinc reduction plant, with a capacity of 10,000 tons per. annum, operated during the period. The output from the works con- sisted mainly of refined zinc produced from spelter of common grade imported from other countries. Production of Zinc Ore in Norway. Production (long tons). 88B 239 1,800 1,001 265 Value+ (£). 1,022 269 3,441 1,774 538 Year. 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 NOTK.— The average Zinc content of the ore is about 22 per cent. Production of Zinc in Norway. Quantity ^^^T^- (long tons) 1^13 9138 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 18,695 24,598 31,486 21,646 3,400§ * Values converted to £ sterling at the rate of 25 lire:=£l. t Norges Bergverksdrift (Annual). % Values converted to £ sterling at the rate of Kroner 18-6=£1. § Estimated. 73 Russia. The ziuo-mining areas situated in the Kielce district of Poland have provided the larger proportion of the zinc produced in European Eussia. Formerly calamine was the principal mineral inined, but these deposits have been nearly exhausted, and mining operations are now confined to the lower-grade sulphide ore. The most important zinc-producing aj-eas afe situated in the Altai mountains in Siberia, where the Ridder mine has been operated by the Irtysh Corporation. The * ore mined is a .complex mixture averaging about 18 per cent, of lead and 31 per ■cent, of zinc, with varying quantities of copper, silver, and gold. Concentrating plants capable of treating 200,000 tons of ore yearly were under construction during the period under review. The smelting works are situated a few miles away on the Ekibastus coalfield, where the first of the twenty proposed dis- tilling furnaces commenced operations in 1916. Other important deposits of zinc ore occur north of Vladivostock on the Tiutihe Eiver. Before the war a large amount of Ger- man capital was invested in prospecting and developing several of the zinc-silver' mines of this district, a railway 30 miles in length was under construction, and other important works were projected. During the war all work, was stopped, and the property -sequestrated by order of the Russian Government. Production of Zinc in Russia. Quantity Year. (long tons). 1913 ... 10,331 1914 ... 6,199 1915 ... 1,968 1916 ... 1,082 1917 ... 1918 ... I5l9 ... •2,500* Spain, f Spain possesses important deposits of zinc-lead and lead-zinc silver ores. The principal zinc-mining regions are situated on the southern coast of the province of Murcia, where the ores worked are mainly blende and galena, and in the province of Santander wher© there are laa-ge deposits of zinc ore, mostly calamine, asso- ciated with a small proportion of lead and copper ores and occasionally cinriabar. The ore occurs chiefly in pockets in the Carboniferous Limestone of the Cantabrian Mountains. In the vicinity of the ore these limestones are extfensively dolomitized. Other important deposits of zinc ore are found in the -Cretaceous limestones of Biscay and Guipuzcoa, and in the » Estimated. f Bstadistioa Minera de Espana (Annual). 74 Pyrenees, where many naining companies are working the rich argentiferous galena and zinc-blende lodes of the district. Spain continued to produce both zinc ore and spelter through- out the war period. Production of ore on the whole de^ chned but the manufacture of zinc increased considerably. The leading zinc works are those of Penarroya and Arnas in the provinces of Cordoba and Oviedo. Production of Zinc Ore and Spelter in Spain. Zinc ore Spelter Quantity Quantity Year. (long tons). (long toas). 1913 ... 115,937 5,907 1914 ... 112,480 11,554 1915 ... 80,605 7,987 1916 ... 163,384 8,386 1917 ... 121,856 9,992 1918 ... 105,239 15,644 1919 ... 101,943 Sweden.* 16,052 The larger proportion of the zinc ores produced in Sweden is obtained from the Vieille Montague Company's mines at Amme- berg at the northern end of Lake Wetter in (xothland. The ore occurs as lenses and impregnations of blende and galfena associated with iron pyrites, in schistose gneiss. Zinc ores are worked on a small scale in other districts in Sweden and Finland, but the production from these sources is unimportant. Before the war nearly all the zinc ores shipped were exported to Belgium for treatment, but during later years there has been an increasing application of hydro-electric power for the electric reduction of zinc ores. Production of Zinc Ore and Spelter in Sweden. Zinc ore. Spelter. Quantity Quantity Year. (long tons). (long tons) 1913 ... 49,936 2,081 1914 ... 41,600 2,263 1915 ... 55,038 8,450 1916 ... 59,724 9,836 1917 ... 50,487 7,851 1918 ... 47,727 4,032 1919 ... 48,656 2,283 Algeria, t Ores of zinc and lead are found at numerous localities in- northern Algeria from the frontier of Morocco to the Tunisian- border. * Bergshantering Berattelse av Kommerskollegium (Annual). f Statistique de I'lndustrie Min^raJf en France et en Algerie (Annual) 75 The chief zinc-mining region is situated in the department of Constantine, where the ore occurs mainly as replacement deposits in Cretaceous limestones. The ore mined consists of calamine and blende together with argentiferous galena. The most important mines are the Hammam N 'Bails and the Ain Arko in the department of Constantine, and there are many localities in the Atlas mountains from which considerable quantities of zinc ore have been obtained. Prior to the war most •of the zinc ore produced in Algeria was smelted in Germany, France and Belgium, but during the war a reduction plant designed to treat Algerian ore was erected at Marseilles. Algerian Production and Exports of Zinc Ore. Production. Exports. Quantity Quantity Year. (long tons^. (long tons) 1913 ... 80,984 79,685 1914 ... 41,092 1915 ... 19,245 16,526 1916 ... 37,430 28,510 1917 ... 41,725 1918 ... 17,652 28,817 1919 ... 4,193 Tunis.* Ores of zinc and lead occur in Tunis in similar geological formations to those of Algeria ; and although there are no mines of outstanding importance there are a large number of mineralized areas yielding lead and zinc. The ores mined consist chiefly of ■calamine and galena, together with a Uttle blende and cerussite. Production of Zinc Ore in Tunis. Quantity Year. (long tons), 1913 28,167 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 16,530 4,477 12,342 14,614 5,419 Mexico. Zinc ores occur in many regions of Mexico, notably in the States of Chihuahua and San Luis Potosi, but lack of transport facilities and the remoteness of many of the known deposits of zinc and silver-lead-zinc ores have greatly retarded the expajision of the zinc-mining industry. Statistique G^n^rale de la Tunisie (Annual). 76 Before the European war the disturbed condition of the country- rendered all forms of mining difficult and dangerous, and the zine mining industry suffered with the rest. At that time practically all the ore mined was shipped to the United States and Europe for treatment. During the war the great demand for zinc concentrates greatly stimulated zinc-mining in Mexico. The more settled condition of the country rendered it possible to increase exports of zinc ore to the record figure of 143,992 tons in. 1916, the whole of which was shipped to the United States. The United States International Zinc Ore Company had under construction at Saltillo during the year 1918 a distillation plant of 600 retorts. It is claimed that this is the first zinc-distiUing furnace ereftted in Latin America. Exports of Zinc Ore from Mexico to the United States * ,Ore Zinc Content Year. (long tons). (long tons). 1913 ... 15,603 5,500 1914 ... 18,487 6,842 1915 ... 51,517 15,896 1916 ... ... • ... 143,992 45,561 1917 ... 129,784 40,801 1918 ... 47,632 16,452 1919 ... 29,860 United States. 1 10,022 The United States has long been the chief producer of both zinc ore and spelter. Formerly, zinc mining was mainly confined .to the States of, Illinois, Iowa, and Wisconsin, known as the Upper Mississippi region, the Eranklin Furnace mines of New Jersey, and the famous Joplin region in Missouri. Latterly, and to an increasing degree, the successful application of the flotation methods of zinc concentration, combined with improved smelting, and refining processes, have rendered it possible to treat profitably the zinc contained in the large deposits of complex ores found in. the western States. • The Joplin region is an indefinite area, comprising the south- western portion of the State of Missouri together with portions of south-eastern Kansas and north-eastern Oklahoma. The ores mined consist of galena, zinc-blende, and the oxidation products of those ' minerals, and occur in horizontal sheets or blanket deposits of minerahzed cherts in rocks of Lower Carboniferous age. In spite of the immense quantities of zinc ore extracted from these fields, the Joplin area still remains the premier zinc pro- ducing region in America; The ores mined in the Upper Mississippi region occur in cavities in limestones and dolomites of Ordovician age or disseminated throughout such formations. The ore minerals are galena, zinc " Figures taken from the Report of the U.S. Geological Survey. f Mineral Ee^ouroes of the United States (Annual). Foreign Commerce smd Navigation of the United States (Annual). 77 blende, and calamine, associated with much iron pyrites, the presence of which makes roasting and electromagnetic separation necessary. The ore minerals of the important Franklin Furnace rnines .in New Jersey are of an unusual type, and consist of zincite, M-illemite, and frankUnite, with no admixture of lead or cadmium. Tlie ores from these mines are much used for the manufacture of zinc oxide and spiegeleisen. Before the war considerable amounts of these ores were exported to Furope, principally to Germany. A large proportion of the spelter produced in the United States is obtained from the extensive deposits of complex zinc ores found in the western States, particularly Colorado, Idaho, Montana, California, and Utah. The ores occur mainly as replacement deposits or as fault-breccias and veins traversing limestones of Carboniferous age. They contain zinc, lead, silver, and copper, and are frequently auriferous. The principal mining regions are the sulphide belt in the San Juan region in Colorado, the Cceur d'Alene region of Idaho, and the Butte district of Montana. Before the war the output of zinc, including zinc contained in ore exported to Europe, amounted to over 32 per cent, of the entire world's production. A little ore was imported from Canada, and Mexico shipped a considerable quantity to be treated in the United States, but the great bulk of the spelter produced was obtained from domestic ores. Durmg the war period there was a large expansion of the zinc industry in the United Stat&s. In normal years American produc- tion approximately balanced consumption. The rest of the world's supplies were derived chiefly from Germany and Belgium. The war caused a greatly increased demand for spelter for munition purposes and at the same time shut off the Belgian and German supplies. The demand was met by increased production and greatly increased shipments of zinc ore, chiefly from Australia and Mexico. At no time was there any shortage of zinc ores. Smelting capacit}-, on the other hand, was inade- quate to meet the insistent demand for spelter ; consequently, the price rose out of all proportion to the price paid for zinc ore. In the year 1913, when the production of spelter in America was about 309,000 tons, there were 111,458 retorts at zinc smelters to meet the extraordinary demand for spelter. Existing plants were greatly enlarged and numerous new smelting and refining works were erected. By the close of the year 1917, when production reached its highest level, there was sufficient smelting capacity in the United States to produce 800,000 tons of spelter per annum. Increased smelting facilities in Canada, Australia, France, and the United Kingdom, together with over-production in America, combined to cause a heavy fall in spelter prices during the years 1917 and 1918. The output consequently diminished, and by the close of 1919 American production of spelter had fallen to 415,842 tons. 78 CO HO <0 O o ft. ^ a -. un to' m ,^ 2H lO »o ^ 00 w iO^ fiO^ CD^ to" OS to" t^ CO (M (N CO n^ CO »o to -J3 1 rti ^^ to to OS OS o q_ (N oT 0" o" CO N to l>^ OS_ ^ oT r-^ ■<*" lO" '^r UD t:~ l-~ ■*^ ^^ ^ S-2 o^ 00 to VO 00 3 S i 1—1 « =H a> 0) 5 PL, O T3 g ss .£> . CO C^ OS lO O S 2 B iM-^ 05 (N 00 «3 H a S r-4^ 00 "i. 00 M-El «j~ o ■* m 05 CO - ■*" l>~ to~ 0" t- 00 >o -* tr- ^ t-;_ CO cT co~ co" m 'i' lO S o a >• 10 00 lO &:•«•§ 1-i m >o t> Bi (M o IN OS 07 3 TO ^^ OS 00 3^-'-S CO 13 1£5 CO N c? »-4 l-H ^ S o fl > . 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Quantity (long tons). Value (£). Year. Prom From From From Foreign Domestic Total. Foreign Domestic Total. Ore. Ore. Ore. Ore. 1913 ... 8,414 301,118 309,532 _ 7,869,166 — 1914 ... 8,599 306,623 315,222 204-583 7,297,708 7,502,291 1915 ... 28,022 409,049 437,071 1,621,458 23,670,208 25,291,666 1916 ... 92,862 503,873 596,735 5,806,875 31,508,958 37,315,833 1917 ... 75,871 521,962 597,833 3,611,458 24,845,417 28,456,875 1918 ... 22,788 439,647 462,435 967,708 18,670,417 19,638,125 1919 ... 12,028 403,814 415,842 409,792 13,756,458 14,166,250 Production of Zinc Dust and Lithopone, and Primary Zinc Content of Zinc Pigments Manufactured in the United States. 'Primary zinc Zinc Dust Lithopone content of zinc Year. (long tons). (long tons). pigments (long tons). 1913 378 26,504 63,055 1914 896 29,303 63,053 1915 1,567 38,770 71,046 1916 2,329 51,961 80,604 1917 5,279 37,375 87,119 1918 6,246 55,717 1919 5,891 64,732 Galvanized Iron and Steel Sheets,. Formed Products, and Tubes Produced in the United States. Year. Galvanized iron and steel sheets (long tons). Galvanized* formed products (long tons). Galvanized tubes (long tons). Total, (long tons). 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 824,047 806,995 706,058 601,305 568,740 57,674 58,752 50,086 58,171 51,296 266,940 265,028 280,944 291,013 275,305 1,148,661 1,130,775 1,037,088 950,489 895,341 * Articles formed or stamped from iron or steel sheets and galvanized aftei shaping. 81 OQ e o •HO s o o -•— . 03 GO i3 > trt eo^ in 1-H^ lO eo^ OJ IN_ •3 ^ tH t>~ CO TlT oT 1— 1 CO (N IN o 1-4 H # m a O r-i o o o CO (N OS (N 01+3 /^, "Sf S5 CO l:~ US to s .a § =rt T— t o^ 1-H 1— 1 IN ca>S •-' >^ a IcH (« # OS CO S to 1—1 00 C4 — . 7— 1 (M (M cx> o to 13 5« IN CO CO IN CO ^ O -6>?. ■JS ° to to 1—1 CO 1—1 CO CO c4 bo ■^ ■* o t^ CO 1—1 CO (N CO to »o (N 3 p. c^ ^-^ * (N CO 1-1 o IN to IN <» /-^ «o to o Oi lO >o 5=rt o to o ■* ca ^w- oT to" eo" co" t> d .^3 <0 (D M /-> ■ m ^ o CO to 3 fl 03 t- vo o o 1— I IN l> o o > 5^ t-^ ■* lO m ■* to -* ea Cl t>^ ■*" co" 60 (> 1-H T-l PM h o 1 ■&■? IN -* ■XI Oi to o OJ •43 o. 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Spain French Mexico French China a: Japan Other C ■+) 83 HO CO 'a 'S o so s o S o a. 1-* * (2 ^ 24,161 72,092 14,093 to CO o" 1-i Zinc content (long tons). 3,463 10,022 1,702 16,187 Ore (long tons). 9,514 29,860 4,063 43,437 00 03 Value.* (£) 66,628 250,424 10,858 o 1—1 os^ CO Zinc content (long tons). 4,619 16,452 1,080 _ T-l Ore (long tons). 13,381 47,632 2,292 i CO Oi Value.* (£) 70,556 156,999 24,431 54,359 13,822 591,086 9 (N CO .— f Zinc content (long tons). 4,603 11,163 2,153 5,431 656 40,H01 2 O ^■" to Ore (long tons). 14,784 24,769 5,285 13,196 1,112 129,784 6 Oi oo" 00 CO OS rH Value.* (£) 118,179 671,497 11,780 82,246 322,986 26,907 1,204,076 11,543 71,707 4,368 OS 00 (N >o Zinc con- tent (long tons). 00 OS O CO 00 00 ^-i eo OS (M -rh t* r^ to o lO to to i>- -^ 00^ d /~^ M 11 ii t- o to CD ■* -* era 1— t (M i-H 1 O o a *. 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' ij <« < < < o Withdrawn : — Exports (foreii Exports (foreii Exports (dome Stock, December In bonded war At smelters g I-H tn -1 e 88 Exports of Zinc Oxide from the United States. Year. 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 Quantity , Value (long tons). 1 (£). 12,917 286,720 13,921 293,443 17,847 : 430,922 12,448 498,898 13,791 656,020 11,090 579,064 13,129 638,020 China, f The zinc-producing areas of China are all situated in the south-western provinces of Hunan, Kweichow, Szechuan and Yunnan^ but the total annual output is small. .; There is one important producer in Hunan, known as ithe Hunan mine, situated at Shui-Ko-Shan, south-west of ' Hang-cho-fu. This mine is owned by the Hunan Official Mmmg Board, but before the war it was under the control of Messrs-. Carlowitz and Company, of Hankow. The ore occurs as irregular deposits in Palaeozoic limestone,; the ore minerals are galena and zinc-blende, associated with iron and copper pyrites. . The mine is equipped with modern plant capable of treating more than 55,000 tons of ore yearly. It is understood that all contracts with Messrs. Carlowitz_ and Company have been cancelled since the war, and that the concentrates produced are now mostly shipped to Japan for : reduction. Exports of Zinc from China. Zinc Ore Zinc Year. (long tons). (long tons) 1913 9^396 893 191.4 7,255 305 , 1915 8,406 2,291 i 1916 404 762 1917 224 425 ■ 1918 163 127 3919 2 107 ' French Indo-Ohina.t Deposits of zinc ore are worked in Tonkin on an extensive ecale. No reduction or smelting of the ores is carried out in the Protectorate, the dressed concentrates being exported chiefly to France, Japan, and the United States. ; * Values converted to £ sterling at the rate of 1 dollar = 4s. ^d. \ f Maritime Customs. Returns of Trade and Trade Reports (Annual). ; % Statistique de I'Industrie Minerals en France et en Alg^rie (Annual). 89 The chief producing regions are the Tuyen-Qtiang at the .junction of the Claire and Gam rivers, the Thai-Nyuyen region about 50 miles east of Tuyen-Quang, the Cho-dien district about 50 miles above Tuyen-Quang, and the Than-Moi area on the upper -waters of the Song-Thuong. The average tonnage of zinc ore exported during the period under review may be taken at 20,000 to 30,000 tons annually. Zinc ores have been mined in Annam, and deposits are known to exist in the Protectorate of Laos, but'up to the present these deposits have not been mined. Production of Zinc Ores in French Indo-China. . Quantity Value Year. (long tons). (£).* 1913 32,893 — 1914 30,994 122,840 1915 33,749 242,600 1916 48,040 525,400 1917 24,504( Geol, 1916, 11, 623-644. 95 ^''wtt95-297^'''""''" ""•=■ '^ ^- ^- ^^"-1^^ E"^- Min. Journ., 1916, '^'"sci^'i.rt:, TSriiX'ssts^ '^ ^''^"^^^' '^ ^- ^- ^^"''''^^ ^^-• Occurrence of germanium in Missouri and Wisconsin blendes, by 6 H Buchanan; Journ. Ind. Eng. Chem., 1917, 9, 661-663. Abstr Journ" 8oc. Chem. Ind., 1917, 36, 927-928. Journ. T?an^A^i''''/^'^T''*V* *^^ ^'^'^ "^i°"' ^y H. A. Buehler; Irans. Amer. Inst. Min. Eng., 1917, 58, 389-408 Notes on the Promontory district, Utah, by B. S. Butler and V. C Heikes; U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull., No. 640, 1917 1-10 Zinc mining at Franklin, New Jersey, by C. M. Haight and B F lillson; Irans. Amer. Inst. Min. Eng., 1917, 57 720-829 The new zinc fields of Kansas-Oklahoma, by W. P. Haynes: Journ. Ind Eng. Chem., 1917. Characteristics of zinc deposits in North America, their bearing on origin and tenure of economic life, by F. L. Nason; Trans. Amer Inst Min. Eng., 1917, 57, 830-862. Our mineral supplies: zinc, by C. E. Siebenthal; U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull. No. 666, 1917, 4 pp. and bibliography. Geology and ore deposits of Ely, Nev., by A. C. Spencer; U.S. Geol Surv. Prof. Paper No. 96, 1917, 189 pp. Geology and ore deposits of the Mackay. region, Idaho, by J. B. Umpleby; U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper No. 97, 1917, 129 pp. Genesis of the Success zinc-lead deposit, Coeur d'Alene district, Idaho, by J. B. Umpleby and O. H. Hershey; Econ. Geol., 1917, 12, 138-153, 548-558. The zinc ores of the Joplin district : their composition, character and variation, by W. G. Waring; Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Eng., 1917, 57, 657-670. Development and underground mining practice in the Joplin district, by H. I. Young; Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Eng., 1917, 57, 671-681. Mining methods of the American Zinc Co. of Tennessee, by H. A. Coy and H. B. Henegar; Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Eng., 1918, 58, 36-47. The Wisconsin zinc district, by H. C. George; Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Eng., 1918, 59, 117-150. A geologic reconnaissance of the Inyo Range and the eastern slope of the southern Sierra Nevada, California, by A. Knopf; U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper No. 110, 1918, 130 pp. The oxidized zinc ores of Leadville, Colo., by G. F. Loughlin; U.S. Geol. Surv. BuU. No. 681, 1918, 87 pp. Kansas, Oklahoma-Missouri or Komspelter zinc region, by T. A. Rickard; Min. Sci. Press, 1918, 116, 289-293, 325-332. .Zinc in Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma and Arkansas, by O. Ruhl; Eng. Min. Journ., 1918, 106, 302-304. Mining and milling of lead and zinc ores in the Missouri-Kansas-Oklahoma zinc district, by C. A. Wright and H. A. Buehler; U.S. Bureau of Mines, Bull. No. 154, 1918, 134 pp. The Wisconsin zinc district, by W. F. Boericke and T. H. Garnett; Bull. Amer. Inst. Min. Eng. No. 152, 1919, 1213-1235. A reconnaissance of the Pine Creek district, Idaho, by E. L. Jones; U.S. Geol. Surv. BuU. No. 710-A, 1919, 36 pp. Geology and ore deposits of the Tintic mining district, Utah, by W. Lindgren and G. F. Loughlin; U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper No. 107, 1919, 282 pp. Zinc carbonate and related copper carbonate ores at Ophir, Utah, by G. F. Loughlin; U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull. No. 690, 1919, 1-14. Zinc industry of Wisconsin, by A. M. Plumb; Chem. Met. Eng., 1919, 21, 339-340. yinr industry of Missouri, Arkansas, Kansas and Idaho, by 0. Ruhl; Eng. Min. Journ., 1919, 107, 1170-1171. rii-iprations at Zinc Camp, North Boone County, Arkansas, by T. Shiras; Eng. Min. Journ., 1919, 107, 607-608. 96 A study of methods of mine-valuation and assessment, with special refer- ence to the zinc mines of south-western Wisconsin, hy W. L. TJglow; Wisconsin Geo!, and Natural Hist. Survey, Bull No. 41, 1920, 73 pp. South America. Los yacimientos de minerales y rocas de aplicacion en la Kepublica Argentina, por R. Stappenbeck ; Direccion General de Minas, Argentina, Bol. No. 19, B, 1918, 107 pp. The mineral deposits of South America, by B. L. Miller and J. T. Singewald; London, Hill Publishing Co., 1919, 598 pp. (includes bibliography of each state). Asia. Present conditions of mining in the district of Vladivostok, Siberia, by A. P. J. Bordeaux; Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Eng., 1913, 44, 592-602. Lead-zinc sulphide deposits of Southern Hu-nan (Ore deposits of Hu-nan and Hu-peh), by W. R. Schoeller; Journ. Soc. Chein. Ind., 1913, 32, 517-518. The Shui-Ko-Shan Mine (zinc blende, galena and pyrite) in Hu-nan,. China, by H. Y. Liang; Min. Soi. Press, 1915, 110, 914-916. Mineral resources of Asia Minor, by F. Freeh; Chem. Zeit., 1916, 40, 17-18, 55-56. Abstr. Journ. Soc. Chem. Ind., 1916, 35, 313. Zinc and copper industries in Japan; Bd. of Tr. Journ., 1916, 93, 51-52, 908. Abstr. Journ. Soc, Chem. Ind., 1916, 35, 474. Zinc mines of Tonkin; Eng. Min. Journ., 1916, 102, 900-902. Shui-Ko-Shan zinc and lead mine, Hu-nan, Central China, by A. S. Wheler and S. Y. Li; Mining Mag., 1917, 16, 91-97. Zinc mines of Tonkin; Joui-n. Roy. Soc Arts, 1917, 65, 710-712. Zink-Blei-Erzgang in Mantan bei Chotieschan, von R. Sokol; Bergbau und Hiitte, ,1918, 4. Zinc and lead in French Indo China; Far Eastern Rev., 1920, Abstr. in Mining Mag., 1920, 22, 179-181. 4.— METALLUEGY. General Metallurgy. The metallurgy of zinc (annual review), by W. R. Ingalls; Min. Ind., 1913-1919, and Eng. Min. Journ., 1913-1920. Recovery of secondary metals, by J. P. Dunlop; U.S. Geol. Surv. Min. Res. U.S., Annual. Preparation of ore containing zinc for the recovery of other metals such as silver, gold, copper and lead by -the elimination and subsequent recovery of the zinc as a chemically pure zinc product, by 8. E. Bretherton; Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Eng., 1913,-47, 82-88. Zink und Cadmium und ihre Gewinnung aus Erzen und Nebenprodukten, von B. G. M. Liebig; Leipzig, 1913, 598 pp. Zur Aufbereitung der Zinkmuffelruckstande, von V. Lindt; Metall und Erz, 1913, 10, 347-348. Zinc smelting in Australia, by F. W. Reid; Min. Eng. Rev., 1913, 6, 7-12, Mining Mag., 1914, 10, 66-68. The metallurgy of the non-ferrous metals, by W. Gowland; London, C. Griffin and Co., 1914, 534 pp. The new zinc smeltery at Langeloth, by W. R. Ingalls; Eng. Min. Journ.,. 1914, 98, 985-989. Investigation of processes for smelting zinc ores, by W. R. Ingalls; Mines Branch, Canada, Summ. Rept. 1913 (1914), 97-98. Treatment of refractory zinc-lead ores, by P. C. C. Isherwood: Min. Eng. World, 1914, 40, 963-964. Collinsville smelter of the. Bartlesville Company, by E. H. Leslie; Min. Sci. Press, 1914, 109, 204-208. 97 Some present-day metallurgical problems, by D. A. Lyon; Journ. Franklin Inst. 1914, 177, 187-222. Abstr. (" Electrochemistry of zinc "), Journ. Inst. Metals, 1914, U, 320-321. Losses of zinc in mining, milling, and smelting, by D. A. Lyon and S S Areiitz; Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Eng., 1914, 49, 789-801. (Biscus- sion, 818-830). Portschritte in der Metallurgie von Zink (u. s. w.) im Jalire 1913, von K. Nugel; Metall und Erz, 1914, H, 226-242. Zinc smelting, by H. M. Ridge; Mining Mag., 1914, U, 246-247. Spelter manufacture and properties, by 0. C. Stone; Trans. Amer. Inst. Metals, 1914, 8, 174-195. Improvements in tho metallurgy of zinc, by G. C. Stone; Trans. Amer. Electrochem. Soc, 1914, 25, 161-168. Zinc extraction from Colorado sulphide ores, by F. L. Wilson; Min. Eng. World, 1914, 40, 337. Zinc smelting; Mining Mag., 1914, 11, 165-168, 231-232. Complex zinc ores; Mining Mag., 1914, 10, 408-409. Some points in the economics of zinc metallurgy, by W. R. Ingalls; Eng. Min. Journ., 1915, 100, 551-554. Tests of the Lungwitz zinc-smelting process, by W. McA. Johnson; Abstr. Mining Mag., 1916, 14, 53. Refining of zinc waete, by L. J. Krom ; Metal Industry, 1915, 7, 296-298. Notes on the metallurgy of zinc, by E. H. Leslie; Min. Sci. Press, 1915, 111, 162-166. Metallurgical treatment of the low-grade and complex ores of Utah, by D. A. Lyon, R. H. Bradford and others; U.S. Bur. Mines, Techn. Paper No. 90, 1915, 40 pp. Effect of Zn^Agj upon the desilverization of lead, by F. C. Newton; Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Eng., 1915, 51, 786-793. Development of zinc smelting in the United States, by G. C. Stone; Met. . Chem. Eng., 1915, 13, 726-727. Costs and profits of an up-to-date spelter works, by J. Gilbert; Min. Journ., 1916, 114, 480-481, 496-498. Comments and speculations on the metallurgy of zinc, by W. R. Ingalls; Eng, Min. Journ., 1916, 102, 621-624. Abstr. Journ. Soc. Chem. Ind., 1916, 35, 1159. Donora zinc works, by W. R. Ingalls; Eng. Min. Journ., 1916, 102, 648- 654. Manufacture of pure spelter, by F. Juretzka; Chem. Zeitg., 1916, 40, 885- 886, 894-896. Abstr. Journ. Soc. Chem. Ind., 1916, 35, 1263. Note au sujet de la creation eventuelle d'une usine a zinc au Tonkin, par A. Lochard; Bull. Soc. de I'lnd. Min., 1916, 4, 315-329. The zinc smelter of to-day, by F. E. Pierce; Eng. Soc. West Pennsylrania, 1916, 32, 20-60. Effects of the common impurities in spelter upon slush castings, by G. Rigg and H. E. Morse; Trans. Amer. Inst. Metals, 1915-16, 9, 26-59. Palmerton zinc refractories, by C. P. Fiske; Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Eng., 1917, 57, 868-890. Zinc smelting in the Pyrenees, by C. O. Mailloux; Met. Chem. Eng., 1917, 16, 335. Losses in zinc metallurgy; Eng. Min. Journ., 1917, 104, 949-950. Refractories in the zinc industry, by J. A. Audley; Trans. Ceramic Soc. 1918, 18, 43-66. Abstr. in Mining Mag, 1918, 19, 327-332. Zinc furnace refractories, by J. A. Audley; Trans. Ceramic Soc., 1918-19, 18 468-477. Abstr. Mining Mag., 1919, 21, 177-180. The zinc smelting works at Vado Ligure, by E. Ferraris; Eng. Min. Journ., 1918, 106, 212. Metallurgy of zinc, by J. H. Hastings; Chem. Met. Eng., 1918, 19, 114. ^ ^rv^of spelter and the treatment of retort residues, by E. M. John- sonl Met Chem. Eng., 1918, 18, 135-139. D 30969 98 Uber Zinkschlacke, von. O. Miililliaueer ; Metall und Erz, 1918, 15, 30Z- .305. Abstr. Journ. Soc. Cheiii. Ind., 1918, 37, 658a. Effect of impurities on hardness of cast zinc or spelter, by G. C. Stone: Trans. Anier. Inst. Min. Met. Eng., 1918-19, 60, 303-306. Zinc refining, by L. E. Wemple; Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Eng., 1918, 59, 171-188. A bibliography on the roasting, leaching, smelting, and electro-metallurgy of zinc, by H. L. Wheeler; RoUa, Miss., University of Missouri School of Mines. 1918, 388 pp. Refractories for the zinc industry, by W. G. Babcock; Journ. Amer. Ceramic Soc, 1919, 2, 81-95. Abstr. Journ. Soc. Chem. Ind., 1919, 38, 365a. Effect of sodium chloride on blue-powder formation (in zinc smelting), by R. S. Bean; Chem. Met. Eng., 1919, 20, 628. Abstr. Journ. Soc. Chem Ind., 1919, 38, 584a. Uber wissenschaftliche Forsohungsaufgaben aus der Metallurgie des trockenen Blei-und Zinkhiitten Prozesses, von K. Friedrich; Metall und Erz, 1919, 16, 21-31. Abstr. Met. Ind., 1919, 15, 405-407, Journ. ' Soc. Chem. Ind., 1919, 38, 259a. Utilization of German supplies of pyrophoric zinc alloys, by W. Guertler; Zeit. f. Metallk., 1919, 10, 209-213. Abstr. Journ. Soc. Chem. Ind., 1920, 39, 67a. Smelting zinky lead ores, by B. Hall; Min. Sci. Press, 1919, 119, 699-700. Die Verarbeitung komplexer Erze und Hiittenprodukte, von W. Hommel ; Metall und Erz, 1919, 16, 501-511, 559-576. Abstr. Journ. Soc. Chem. . Ind... 1920, 39, 160a. Zinc smelting capacities and prospects, byW.R.Ingalls; Eng. Min. Journ., . 1919, 107, 227-228. The smelting of zinc ores, by J. C. Moulden; Journ. Soc. Chem. Ind., 1919, 38, 177R-179R. Zinc smelting in India, by T. R. Wynne; Eng. Min. Journ., 1919, 107, 356-358. Smelter treatment rates. Report of the Committee of Investigation in the matter of tolls charged by the Consolidated Mining and Smelting Co. of Canada, Ltd., at Trail, British Columbia, June, 1919; Mines Branch Canada, Bull. No. 30, 1919, 45 pp. New method of. zinc production, by S. C. Bullock; Metal Industry, 1920,. J 16, 1211123: Etude des reactions de la metallurgie du zinc, par Lemarchands ; Comptea Rendus, 1920, 170, 805-807. Abstr. Journ. Soc. Chem. Ind., 1920, 39, 338a. Concentration, including Flotation. Flotation process at Amalgamated Zinc (De Bavay's'), Broken Hill, N.S. .- Wales; Min. Eng. Rev., 1913, 5, 29-31. Separation of lead, zinc and antimony oxides, by R. D. Divine; Trans. , Amer. Inst. Min. Eng., 1914, 49, 814-817. (Discussion 818-830). J'jlectrostatic separation at Midvale, by H. A. Wentworth; Trans. Amer. Inst, Min. Eng., 1914, 49, 809-813 (Discussion 818-830). Treatment of British Columbia zinc ores; Can. Min. Journ., 1914, 35. 333-336. ' Electromagnetic zinc ore treatment by the Campbell process, by L. E. Ives; Eng. Min. Journ., 1915, 100, 979-980. Electrostatic separation of pyritic zinc ores, by J. H. Lewis; Min. Sci. Press, 1915, 111, 927-929. Zine-lead mills of California and Nevada, by L. A. Palmer; Met. Chem. Eng., 1916, 15, 203-205. Zinc concentration in the Joplin district, Missouri, by H. C. Parraelee; Met. Chem. Eng., 1916, 15, 319-321. Selective zinc-Ie-id flotation, by L. L. ICirtley; Eng. Min. Journ., 1917, 104, 64-66. 99 Media zinc mill, Webb City, Missouri, bv H. B. Pulsifer; Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Eng., 1917, 57, 616-633. Ore-dressing i)ractice in the Joplin district, by C. A. Wright; Trans. Anier. Inst. Min. Eng., 1917, 57, 442-471. Flotation of lead and zinc in the Joplin district, by C. A. Wright; Min. Sci. Press, 1917, U5, 575-578. Milling practice and operating costs in the Joplin district, Missouri, by H. W. Kitson; Eng. Min. Journ., 1918, 105, 727-734. Concentration of lead-zinc-silver ore at the Zinc Corporation Mine, by G, C. Klug; Mining Mag., 1918, 19, 243.-245. Treatment of accumulated tailing, as practised by tlie Zinc Corporation at Broken Hill, by G. C. Klug; Mining Mag., 1918, 19, 298-300. Differential flotation of lead and zinc, by W. L. Zietjler; Eng. ilin. Journ., 1918, 105, 741-742. Roasting and magnetic separation of Wisconsin zinc ores, by J£. G. Deutman; Eng. Min. Journ., 1919, 107, 1107-1111. Abstr. Journ. Soc. Chem. Ind., 1919, 38, 638a. Recovery of zinc from low-grade and complex ores, by D. A. Lyon alid 0. C. Ralston ; U.S. Bureau of Mines Bull. No. 168, 1919, 145 pp. Froth flotation : its commercial application and its influence on modern concentration and smelting practice, by W. Broadbridge; Bull. Inst. Min. Met. No. 185, 1920, 58 pp. A modification of Horwood's process for the treatment of copper-iinc ores, > by H. L. Hazen; Min. Sci. Press, 1920, 120, 455-456. Roasting. Studien iiber Abrostung yon Zinksulfidniederschlaf;eu und iiber ein neues Mittel zvim schnellen Ausflockung dieser Niederschlage aus saurer Lbeung, yon K. Bornemann ; Zeits. f. anorg. Chemie, 1913, 82, 216-239. Abstr. Journ. Inst. Metals, 1913, 10, 438-439. Notes on the formation of ferrites in roasting blende, by G. S. Brooks; Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Eng., 1913, 45, 210-223 (with bibliography). Die Zerstorung des Zinkferrits in gerosteten Blenden ycir ihren eigent- lichen Reduktion, von V. Lindt; :Metall und Era, 1914, 11, 405-408. Uber den schadliclien Einfluss yon Sulfid- und Snifatechwefel auf die Reduktion gerbsteter Blenden, von V. Lindt; Metall und Erz, 1915, 12, 335-347. Abstr. in Journ. Soc. Chem. Ind., 1916, 35, 362. Zinc smelters' roasting furnaces; Eng. and Min. Journ., 1915, 99, 420-421. The roasting of blendes, by M. de Lummen ; Chem. Tr. Journ., 1916, 58, 255- 257, 59, 261-262. Abstr. Journ. Soc. Chem. Ind., 1916, 35, 425, 1064. Choice of a blende roasting furnace, by M. F. Chase; Eng. Min. Jour., 1917, 104, 698-704. Formation of zinc ferrite, by E. H. Hamilton, G. jMurray and D. Mcintosh; Trans. Can. Min. Inst., 1917, 20, 168-179; Abstr. Journ. Soc. Chem. Ind., 1918, 37, 210a. Trans. Ceramic Soc, 1918-19, 18, A7. Roasting of zinc blende, by Hutin ; Moniteur Sci., 1917, 7, 25-35. Zinc-burning as a metallurgical process, by W. R. Ingalls; Trans. Anier. Inst. Min. Eng., 1917, 57, 696-701. Utilization of the sulphur contents of zinc ore, by H. M. Ridge; Journ. Soc. Chem. Ind., 1917, 36, 676-685. Ridge mechanical blende roasting furnace, by H. Jt. Ridge; Eng. Min. Journ., 1917, 103, 315-316. Abstr. Mining Mag., 1917, 16, 221. The new American Spirlet roaster, by F. J. Harlow; Eng. Min. Journ., 1918, 106, 293-299. Roasting zinc ores for leaching, by P. D. James; Min. Sci. Press, 1918, 116. 520-521. iiber den Wort des Schwefels in Erzen und de.ssen Bedcutung fiir den Abschluss von Blende-Rostvertragen, von R. Paul; Metall und Erz, 1918 15, 371-386. New method of roasting zinc-sulphide ores, by G. Rigg; Mining Mag., 1918, 18. 285-287. 30969 " - 100 New Merton roasting furnace for blende; Eng. Min. Jouni., 1918, lOG, 569-570. Roasting furnace for zinc concentralea; l"!|iem. Eng. Min. llev., 1918, 10, 198-199. lloasting and lead-smelting practice at the Port Pirie (S.A.) plant of the Broken Hill Associated Smelters' Proprietary, Ltd., by G. Rigg; Bull. Inst. Min. Met., No. 188, 1920, 15 pp. Distillation. A series of tests on the condensation of zinc vapor to metallic zinc, by F. W. Cody and J. W. Greene; RoUa, Missouri School of Mines, 1913. Die Prinzipien der Temperaturfiihrung in modernen Zinkdestillierofen, von F. Juretzka; Metall und Erz, 1913, 10, 767-772. Influence of temperature and pressure on the volatility of zinc and cadmium, by T. K. Nair and T. Turner; Chem. Soc. Trans., 1913, 103, 1534-1543. Abstr. Journ. Soc. Chem. Ind., 1913, 32, 914. The nature of the reactions occurring in the distillation of zinc from its ' ores and the effect on the speed of these reactions due to certain variables, by R. G. Sickly and C. Y. Clayton; RoUa, Missouri School of Mines, 1913. Die kontinuierlicho Gewinnung von metallischem, flussigem Zink im Schachtofen, von A. Rzehulka; Chem. Zeitg., 1914, 28, 895-897, 937-939. The Engle furnace for redistilling spelter, by R. H. Engle; Eng. and Min. Journ., 1916, 102, 213-215. The Roitzheim-Remy continuous zinc distillation process, by D. Liebig; Metall und Erz, 1916, 13, 143-156. Abstr. Journ. Soc. Chem. Ind., 1916, 36, 846. Spelter manufacture: gas-fired furnaces, by H. Martin; Metal Industry, 1916, 9, 437. Neuere Einrichtungen zur Destination und Verdichtung des Zinks, von F. Peters; Gliickauf, 1917, 53, 733-738, 749-753, 765-772, 777-781, 793-796. The condensation of zinc from its vapor, by C. H. Fulton; Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Eng., 1918, 60, 280-282. Abstr. Metal Industry, 1918, 13, 378. Uber den Zinkgehalt von Raumasche und desaen Bedeutung fur die Muffelhaltbarkeit, von O. Muhlhauser; Metall und Erz, 1918, 15, 259- 265. Abstr. Journ. Soc. Chem. Ind., 1918, 37, 626a. Microstructure of zinc retorts, by A. Scott; Trans. Ceram. Soc, 1918-19, 18, 512-515. Fine-grinding and porous-briquetting of the zinc charge, by W. McA. Johnson; Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Eng., 1918, 59, 156-161. Der Anthracit als Reduktionsmittel fiir Zinkerze, von 0. Muhlhauser; Metall und Erz, 1918, 15, 163-165. Abstr. in Journ. Soc. Chem. Ind., 1918, 37, 423a. Die Zinkverhtittung auf trockenem Wege in den letzten Jahren, von F. Peters; Gluckauf, 1918, 54, 153-160, 169-178, 192-200, 205-212, 229-234. Uber die Durchlassigkeit der Zinkmuffeln, von 0. Muhlhauser; Metall und Erz, 1919, 16, 191-195, 219-223, 323-326. Abstr. Journ. Soc. Chem. Ind., 1919, 38, 725a. Uber den Einfluss der in den Zinkmuffeln herrschendeu Spannung auf das Metallausbringen, von O. Muhlhauser; Metall und Erz, 1919, 16, 363-373. Abstr. Journ. Soc. Chem. Ind., 1920, 39, 66a-67a. The Ruck zinc-distilling furnace; Eng. Min. Journ., 1919, 107, 307-308. Electrolysis and Wet Treatment. The treatment of complex ores by the ammonia-carbon-dioxide process, by S. B. Bretherton; Trans. Amer, Inst. Min. Eng., 1914, 49, 802- 808, (Discussion, 818-830.) 101 Cathodic deposition of zinc in presence of organic bases, by A. Mazzuc- chelli; Atti R. Acoad. Lincei, 1914, 23, 503-508. Abstr. Journ. Soc. Chem. Ind., 1915, 34, 1147-1148. Electro-deposition of zinc at high current densities, by J. N. Pring and U. C. Tainton; Chem. Soc. Trans., 1914, 105, 710-724. Abstr. Journ. Soc. Chem. Ind., 1914, 33, 423, and Journ. Inst. Metals, 1914, 12, 323. Electrolytic deposition of zinc, by J. W. Richards; Trans. Amer. Electro- chem. Soc, 1914, 25, 281-290. Abstr. Journ. Soc. Chem. Ind., 1914, 33, 1012. Electrolytic deposition of zinc at the surface of the solution, by A. A. Titov and S. M, Levi; Journ. Russ. Phys. Chem. Soc, 1914, 46, 909-934. Abstr. Journ. Soc. Chem. Ind.-, 1915, 34, 802. Electrolysis of fused materials containing zinc, by C. H. Wang; New York: Columbia T'niversity, 1914, 45 pp. Addition agents in the deposition of zinc from zinc sulphate solution, by C. P. Watts and A. C. Shape; Trans. Amer. Electrochem. Soc, 1914, 25, 291-296. Leaching of zinc ore at the Afterthought Mine, Ingot, California, by F. L. Wilson; Min. Sci. Press, 1914, 108, 453. Electrolytic separation of zinc, copper and iron from arsenic, byA.K. Balls and O. C. McDonnell; Journ. Ind. Eng. Chem., 1915, 7, 26-29. Electrolytic zinc: the Reed process, by E. H. Leslie; ^liu. Sci. Press, 1S15, 110, 17-21. Abstr. Mining Mag., 1915, 12, 108. Neuerungen in der Blektrometallurgie des Zinks, von F. Peters; Gluckauf, 1915, 51, 584-590, 605-614. Leaching a zinc-lime ore with acids, by 0. C. Ralston and A. E. Gartside ; Met. Chem. Eng., 1915, 13, 151-154. Abstr. Journ. Soc. Chem. Ind., 1915, 34, 360. Electrolytic zinc at Bully Hill, by C. A. Hansen; Met. and Chem. Eng., 1916, 14, 120-122. Abstr. in Mining Mag., 1916, 14, 176-177. Electrolytic zinc, by W. R. Ingalls; Trans. Amer. Elfectrochem. Soc, 1916, 29, 347-356. Abstr. Mining Mag., 1916, 14, 234. HydrometaUurgy of zinc and lead in 1915, by D. A. Lyon, 0. C. Ralston and J. F. Cullen; Met. Chem. Eng., 1916, 14, 30-32. Abatr. Journ. Soc. Chem. Ind., 1916, 35, 182. Electrolytic zinc dust, by H. J. Morgan and 0. C. Ralston; Trans. Amer. Electrochem. Soc, 1916, 30, 229-239. Abstr. Journ. Soc. Chem. Ind., 1916, 35, 1159. Electrolytic zinc, by H. A. B. Motherwell; Min. Sci. Press, 1916, 112, 401-403. Electrolytic refining at Trail, by T. A. Rickard; Min. Sci. Press, 1916, 113, 903-907, 939-941. Bisulphite process for extracting zinc; Eng. Min. Journ., 1916, 102, 895-898. New method of zinc precipitation, by H. R. Conklin; Eng. Min. Journ., 1917, 103, 195-196. The future of electrolytic zinc, by T. French; Trans. Amer. Electrochem. Soc, 1917, 32, 321-328. Abstr. Met. Chem. Eng., 1917, 17, .647-649. Electrolytic treatment of complex zinciferous ores, by P. M. Gillies; Austr. Min. Stand., 1917, 58, 199, 213-214. r. r, ^ u Some economic factors in the production of electrolytic zinc, by R. G. Hall; Trans. Aoi^er. Inst. Min. Eng., 1917, 57, 702-719. Tl,<. Vivdrometallurgy and electrolytic precipitation of zinc, by F. D. Tn nes Un v" Missouri Bull. Techn. Series, 1917, 4, No. 1, 28 pp. Vbsb Journ. Soc. Chem. Ind., 1918, 37, 210a-211a. 1,-1 f..lvHr nrecipitation of zinc, by D. Mcintosh; Trans. Roy. Soc. Can., 1917 18 Tl! n3-119. Abstr. Journ. Soc Chem. Ind., 1919, 38, 42a-43a. t.M + „ HPDosition of zinc from aqueous solutions, by E. P. Mathewson ; Electro-deposition^,^ Inst., 1917, 20, 135-160 (Bibliography). Abstr. Mining Mag., 1917, 16, 220. 102 Leaching and purification of zinc sulphate, hy K. B. Thomas; Min. Sci. Press, 1917, 115, 724. Hydrometallurgical and electrolytic treatment of zinc ore, by E. E. Watts; Met. Chem. Eng., 1917, 16, 645-647. Abstr. Journ. Soc. Chem. Ind., 1917, 36, 883. Electrolytic zinc in Eastern Canada, by E. E. Watts; Trans. Can. Min. Inst., 1917, 20, 161-167. Future of electrolytic zinc, by T. French; Trans. Amer. Electroohem. Soc, 1918, 32, 321-328. Electrolytic zinc, extraction at Trail, B.C., by E. H. Hamilton; Trans. Amer. Eleotrochem. Soc, 1918, 32, 317-319. Electrolytic zinc, by C. A. Hansen; Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Eng., 1919, 60, 206-242. Improvements in electrolytic extraction of zinc; Eng. Min. Journ., 1918, 106. Abstr. Mining Mag., 1919, 20, 111-112. Lo zincoelettrolitico; Raes. Min. JMet. Chim., 1918, 28, 97-100. ■ Electrolytic deposition of zinc, by H E. Broughton; Chem. Met. Eng., 1919, 20, 155-162. Abstr. Journ. Soc. Chem. Ind., 1919, 38, 259a. Power data for electrolytic zinc, by G. H. Clevenger and F. S. Mulock; Chem. Met. Eng., 1919, 20, Supplement (Feb. 15th). Extraction electrolytique du zinc; Journ. Four Electr., 1919, 67-69. The electrolytic zinc plant of the Judge Mining and Smelting Co., at Park City, Utah, by L. S. Austin; Min. Sci. Press, 1920, 120, 409-411. Methods for analytical control of electrolytic zinc production, by H. F. Bradley; Chem. Met. Eng., 1920, 22, 651-654. ]51ectrolytic zinc plant of the Judge Mining and Smelting Co., by L. W. Chapman; Chem. Met. Eng., 1920, 22, 537-540. Neuerungen in der Elektrometallurgie des Zinks, von F. Peters; Gluckauf, 1920, 56, 61-68, 91-96, 107-113. Electric Smelting. By-products in electric zinc smelting, by W. McA. Johnson; Eng. Min. Journ., 1913, 96, 1157-1159. Zinc smelting in the electric furnace, by W. McA. Johnson; Eng. Min. Journ., 1913, 96, 965-967, 1041. The art of electric zinc smelting, by W. McA. Johnson; Trans. Amer. Electrochem. Soc, 1913, 24, 191-214. Electric zinc smelting, by P. Louvriel'; Met. Chem. Eng., 1913, 9, 603- 605. Possible applications of the electric furnace to western metallurgy, by D. A. Lyon and R. M. Keeney; Trans. Amer. Electrochem. Soc, 1913, 24, 119-166. The electric furnace for zinc smelting, by P. E. Paterson ; Trans. Amer. Electrochem. Soc, 1913, 24, 215-239. Studien zur olektrothermischen Zinkgewinnung, von A. Debusch ; Technische Hochschule, Berlin; Halle, 1914, 59 i^p. Electric zinc smelting, by W. R. Ingalls; Trans. Amer. Electrochem. Soc, 1914, 25, 169-178. The commercial aspect of electric zinc-lead smelting, by W. McA. John- son; Trans. Can. Min. Inst., 1914, 17, 107-129. Abstr. Journ. Soc Chem. Ind., 1915, 34, 361. Les echos de I'electrometallurgie du zinc, par C. V. Lordier ; Met. et AUiages, 1914, 7, 1. Abstr. Journ. Inst. Metals, 1914, 12, 316-317. The electro-metallurgy of zinc, by R. Sylyany; Met. et AUiages, 1914, 7, 1. Metal Industry, 1915, 7, 330-332, 362^364, 404-405. Abstr. Journ. Inst. Metals, 1914, 12, 317-318. Electrothermic zinc smelting in Puebla, Mexico, by H. W. Hoxon; Eng. and Min. Journ., 1916, 101, 1080-1081. Electric furnaces as applied to non-ferrous metallurgy, by A. Stansfield; Journ. Inst. Metals, 1916, 15, 277-304. 103 Recent development of the Cote and Picrion electric zinc snieltinR procps. ^J r'-i', ^"'; ^^""- Tech. de la Suisse Romande, 1917, 43, 233. Ahsti' Met. Chera. Eng., 1918, 18, 17. > > ■ Metallurgie electrothermique du zinc, par J. Escard; Genie Civil, 1918. ,73, 124-127, 141-146, 168-171. Hber die eleUrothermisohe Zinkgewinnung, von H. Nathusius; Metal! i'mo ^/rf' ^^^^' 15' ^'^-^^> 108-111. Abstr. Journ. See. Chem. Ind., 1918, 37, 376a. Condensation in electric zinc smelting, by J. Thomson ; Chem Met Ena 1918, 19, 62-63. Electro-thermal recovery of zinc : description of the plant used : Metal ^ Industry, 1918, 13, 65-68. L'etat aotuel des industries electrom^tallurgiques et electrochimiques du zinc; Houille Blanche, 1919, 46-53. Electric resistance furnace for treatment of zinc ores, by C. H. Pulton; Chem. Met. Eng., 1920, 22, 73-79, 130-135. Zinc Oxide and Zinc Compounds. The reducibility of metallic oxides as affected by heat treatment, by W. McA. Johnson; Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Eng., 1913, 47, 219-232. Oxide of zinc, by E. E. Calkins; Paint, Oil and Drug Rev., 1914, 58, 6-8. Zinc oxide furnaces, by J. P. Cregan; Eng. Min. Journ., 1917, 104. 675-680. Oxide of zinc, by G. C. Stone; Trans. Amer. Inst., Min. Eng., 1917, 57, 682-695. Baghouses for zinc oxide, by J. P. Cregan; Eng. Min. Journ., 1918, 106, 126-132. Manufacture of zinc oxide at Monteponi, Sardinia, by P. Sartori; Eng. Min. Journ., 1918, 106, 742. ALLOYS. Notes on the metallography of alloys, by W. Campbell; Trans. Amor. inst. Min. Eng., 1913, 44, 825-850. Zinc aluminium magnesium alloys, by G. Eger; Internat. Zeits. f. Metallogr., 1913, 4, 29-128. Abstr. Journ. Soc. Chem. Ind., 1913, 32, 491. The alloys of aluminium and zinc, by W. Rosenhain and S. L. Archbutt; Collected Researches of the National Physical Laboratory, 1913, 10, 1-90. Ternary zinc-silver-lead alloys, by B. Bogitch; Cornpt. rend. Acad. Sci., 1914, 159, 178-180. Abstr. Journ. Soc. Chem. Ind., 1914, 33, 1092. Melting and fuel losses in brass melting practice, by H. W. Gillett; U.S. Bur. Mines, Bull. No. 73, 1914, 298 pp. Ahstr. Journ. Iiwt. .Aletals, 1914, 12, 345. The critical point at 460° C. in zinc-copper alloys, by O. P. Hudson; Journ. Inst. Metals, 1914, 12, 89-110. Muntz metal, by J. G. Stead and H. G. A. Stedman; Journ. Inst. Metals, 1914, 11, 119-150. Behaviour of copper zinc alloys when heated in a vacuum, by W. E. Thorneycroft and T. Turner; Journ. Inst. Metals, 1914, 12, 214-229. Zinc aluminium alloys, by O. Bauer and O. Vogel; Mitt. K. Materialpriif- ungsamt, 1915, 33, 146-198. Abstr. Journ. Soc. Chem. Ind., 1916, 35, 543-544. . The constitution of brasses containing small percentages of tin : a contri- bution to the study of the ternary system copper-zinc-tin; by 0. P. Hudson and R. M. Jones; Journ. Inst. Metals, 1915, 14, 98-115. The hardness of copper-zinc alloys, by D. Meneghini; Journ. Inst. Metals, 1915 14, 160-167. MaTi£ranese-zinc alloys, by N. Parravano and U. Perret; Gazetta chim. Sna, 1915, 45, i, 1- Abstr. Journ. Inst. Metals, 1915, 14, 237. 104 Alloys of copper and zinc : an investigation of some ot their mechanical properties, by A. F. Johnson; Journ. Inst. Metals, 1918, 29, 233-256. Researches on alloys rich in zinc, by L. Guillet and V. Bernard; Rev. de Met., 1918, 15, 407-425. Efltect of work on the mechanical properties of the alloys of copper and zinc, by 0. W. Ellis; Journ. Birmingham Met. Soc, 1919, 7, 71. Abstr. Journ. Inst. Metals, 1919, 22, 360-361. Five foundry tests of zinc bronzes, by C. P. Karr; Bull. Amer. Inst. Mm. Met. Bng. No. 153, 1919, 2485-2492. Abstr. Metal Industry, 1919, 15, 528-530. Studie uber die hoohzinkhaltigen Kupfer-Aluminium-Zink Legierungen, von E. H. Scliulz und M. Waehlert ; Metall a. Erz, 1919, 16, 170-176, 195-201. Physical properties of certain lead zinc bronzes, by H. F. Staley and C. P. ' Parr; Bull. Amer. Inst. Min. Met. Eng. No. 153, 1919, 2513-2522. Properties and possibilities of zinc alloys; Metal Industry, 1919, 15, 12. Zinc alloys with aluminium and copper, by W. Rosenhain, J. L. Haughton and K. G. Bingham; Metal Industry, 1920, 16, 271-279. USES, Mineral paints, by J. M. HiU; U.S. Geol. Surv., Min. Res. U.S., 1912-1914. Use of zinc oxide in ceramics, by R. Seidel; Sprechsaal, 1913, 46, 271- 272. Abstr. Journ. Soc. Chem. Ind., 1913, 32, 534. Application of zinc oxide in ceramics, especially to glazes, by J. Wolf; Sprechsaal, 1913, 46, 237-239, 256-259. Abstr. Journ. Soc. Chem, Ind., 1913, 32, 534. Zinc, lithopone, and lead; Drugs, Oil and Paints, 1914, 29, 291-295. Zinc pigments and the Leadvill© Works, by B. H. Leslie; Min. Sci. Press, 1915, -110, 433-438. Uses for zinc castings; Foundry, 1915, 43, 233. Abstr. Journ. Inst. Metals, 1915, 14, 229. Zinc as a protective coating for iron and steel; Foundry, 1915, 43, 35. Abstr. Journ. Inst. Metals, 1915, 13, 344. Substitutes for spelter; Mining Mag., 1915, 13, 14-16. Use of zinc sulphide for white and luminous enamels, by J. Schaefer; Keramische Rundschau, 1917, 25, 75. Abstr. Trans. Ceramic Soc, 1918-19, 18, A.59-60. Zinc dust as a precipitant in the cyanide process, by W. J. Sharwood; Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Eng., 1918, 58, 215-223. Sheet zinc for roofing, by W. H. Seamon; Eng. Min. Journ., 1918, 106, 620-629. New uses for zinc; Eng. Min. Journ., 1918, 106, 920. New uses for zinc, by G. 8. Harney; Eng. Min. Journ., 1919, 108, 100-101. Use of zinc in paint, by W. G. Hendricks; Chem. Tr. Journ., 1919, 65, 603-604. C. P. zinc for fixation of the temperature scale, by A. 0. Ashman; Chem. Met. Eng., 1920, 22, 22. Modern galvanizing practice, by A. J. Frankling; Metal Industry, 1920, 16, 7-9. ioo APPENDIX. THE ZINC INDUSTRY AT THE CLOSE OF 1919. By Gilbert Rigg. T]ie position of the zinc industry at the close of 1919 presents some peculiarly interesting features. Prior to the war, |or all practical pur- poses, there was only one method of producing the metal, namely, the distillation process. Electrothermic furnaces existed in Scan- dinavia, and the Canadian Government had carried out a considerable amount of experimental .work along this line, but without achieving any results of commercial importance. The possibilities of leaching and electrolysis had been discussed and tried out for more than a quarter of a century, but, in spite of numerous attempts ranging in scale from laboratory experiments to more ambitious efforts reaching in at least one case to very large expenditure indeed, the effect upon the industry was so small as to be negligible. Amongst those who were closely associated with the production of spelter on the large scale by the distillation process, there was a marked tendency to scepticism as regards the feasibility of these innovations, and perhaps not altogether without reason. In the past the advocates of the new regime were not infrequently given to magnifying the claims for recogni- tion of their particular schemes by emphatically drawing attention to defects in the distillation process which had ceased to exist years ago. This applied more especially to limitations as to the grades of ore which the latter process was capable of treating, whilst, as a matter of fact, a feature of its development during the past 20 years has been the inclusion of less and less desirable raw material in the class of commercially available ores. With this had gone improvements in furnace design, resulting in increased capacity and fuel economy, and improved recoveries, until, in spite of the fact that the productive equipment unit still remained a retort, the content of which was measured in pounds instead of tons, the operating costs and tonnages possible with modern plant did not compare so unfavourably, after all, with the figures afforded by other non-ferrous metals. And yet during the period covered by the war the electrolytic process has at last arrived, and, in the opinion of the writer, has come to stay. And, as not infrequently occurs in the history of an industry, this new phase of spelter-making has arisen outside the spelter industry, and has been developed by parties that «ere in no way concerned with spelter production. Neither the Anaconda Copper Co. nor the Trail Consolidated Smelters owned or operated a single spelter furnace, whilst the Electrolytic Zinc Co. of Austr.ilasia is u new corpor.ition formed expressly to carry on the production of spelter ut this way. With success, however, has come a certain modesty. We hear much less often nowadays the story that the electrolytic process can deal with " low- grade mixed ores " impossible for the older process. The leaching of the zinc from the ore is no longer a matter of a few stirring tubs, but calls for carefully prepared raw materials, good engineering, and a well-applied knowledge of physical chemistry. The position of the electrothermic processes is not so clear. These labour under the same disadvantage as the distillation process, namely, that the reduction of zinc from its ores requires a temperature higher than the boiling point of the metal. Consequently the metal is driven off as 106 vapor, and requires to be condensed, and, as every spelterman knows, this condensation is one of the delic:ite points about the metallurgy of zinc. The mere driving off of the metal from the ore is relatively easy. The catching of it in a form in which it can be cast into merchantable slabs is a problem of another order, and the successful condensation of the zinc vapor is a more difficult and complicated matter in the case of electrothermio smelting than in the case of the old distillation process. Whilst wishing all success to those who are striving hard to place the eleotrothermic processes in the forefront, in discussing the zinc position as it appears at the close of 1919, these processes can hardly be considered as taking rank with the distillation and electrolytic methods, and our discussion will therefore he confined to these two. And it would appear to be not unprofitable to attempt at the outset to set down, so far as can be done at present, the factors which limit the spheres of application of each. The great bulk of the world's supply of zinc ore occurs in the form of zinc-blende, or sulphide of ^inc, and for either form of treatment this sulphide of zinc must be roasted to oxide. Seeing that this necessity is common to both, and also that, whilst the best .practice differs somewhat in the two cases, the cost is substantially the same whether roasting for distillation or electrolytic, we can for the moment eliminate this stage'i from the discussion and confine ourselves strictly to the treatment of the roasted ore by the distillation process and by the electrolytic. In the former case our basic elements are fuel, equipment for developing the heating power of the fuel as fully as possible and furnaces to utilize this heating power as economically as possible consistent vrith due economy of labour and material and due regard to first cost. In the latter we require electrical power generated as economically as possible together with effective leaching equipment designed to make the best possible extraction of the zinc from the ore and to deliver it to the depositing cells in the form of a solution as nearly chemically pure as possible. Hence, we have in the two processes corresponding and interchangeable terms, cheap fuel in the case of the distillation process and cheap power in the case of the electrolytic. Distillation jjlants tend to congregate on coal-fields or on territory where natural gas is available, whilst the electrolytic jjrocess has been established where water-power is obtainable. This fact affords one explanation why the electrolytic process was developed outside the existing spelter industry, namely that water power is in general remote from distillation plants and raising power from coal did not appear to be attractive from the point of view of economy. . In good distillation practice, using a fair grade of roasted ore and a reasonable quality of soft coal in modern gas-producers, one ton of roasted ore will require one ton of coal. This figure has been beaten, but it is a reasonably conservative one to take. Taking Broken Hill zinc con- centrates for example, and allowing a furnace recovery of 85 per cent, on n zinc content of 52 per cent, in the roasted ore, we should require 2J tons coal per ton of spelter. ' In addition to this, however, is required coal to mix with the ore in order to reduce the oxide to metal. This may be taken as 0-4 ton coal per ton of ore, or, on Broken Hill concentrates, 0-9 ton coal per ton of spelter. Hence, the total coal consumed for firing the furnace and reducing the ore amounts to 3'15 tons per ton of spelter. In electrolytic practice one horse-power day will produce 10 lb. zinc. This is also a reasonably conservative figure. Taking 30 lb. coal per horse- power day, which would require very high class modern equipment to achieve, we should require 3 tons coal per ton of spelter or 'IS ton less coal per ton spelter than in the case of the distillation process. And as against the up-to-date gas-producer plant required in the latter process we should need an up-to-date power plant. True, the electrolytic process needs no pottery to make retorts and condensers, but on the other hand the distillation process needs no leaching plant. It will perhaps help to 107 clear up the position if wo set down the essoutial elements of the t^^o types of plant in parallel cplumn: — DISTILLATION PLANT. ELECTIWLYTIC PLANT. 1. Coal, ore and clay handling and I. Coal and ore handling and stock- stocking equipment. ing equipment. 2. Charge mixing and handling 2. Leaching and solution purifying equipment. aiid handling plant. 3. Pottery, including retort and con- 3. Power-house, including hoilers, denser-ipaking and drying turbo-generators and power Pl*"*'- distribution plant. 4. Gas producers and gas distribut- 4. Electrolytic cells, including ing plant. electrodes and conductors and 5. Spelter furnaces, including cathode handling apparatus. charging and metal-drawing- 5. Cathode melting furnaces, and-haiidling machines. For a production of 100 tons of spelter per day from Broken Hill roasted concentrates by the distillation process we should require a furnace plant of 9,000 retorts of 1-5 cubic feet capacity each, which at 300 retorts per furnace would mean 30 furnaces with a producer plant to gasify 225 tons coal per day. For a similar production by the electrolytic process we should require a power installation of 22,500 horse-power together with leaching equip- ment to deal with 225 tons roasted ore per day and electrolytic cell plant to deposit 100 tons metal daily. This comparison will serve to indicate in a very general way the relative size and shape of the two plants. In tlu'ee respects the electrolytic process has a distinct advantage over the distillation. Ill the first place, in the distillation process there is a certain loss of zinc over and above that remaining in the residues. Part of this loss is due to the absorption of zinc into the walls of the retort and part to the loss of zinc vapor escaping from the condenser. In general, these two losses will together amount to from 5 per cent, to 10 per cent, of the zinc in the ore, according to the class of ore and the furnace practice. So far no economical method of recovering the zinc so lost has been discovered. In the electrolytic process these losses do not occur. All the zinc which does not find its way into solutipn and so to the electrolytic cells is found in the residues. Even the dross made in melting down the cathodes is available for profitable re-treatment. There is, however, one counter- vailing advantage to the distillation process. If the residues are to '.c treated for the recovery of their metallic contents by furnacing (and so far no other economical method is known) then the charge coal remaining in the distillation residues will be directly available, whilst in the case ol the electrolytic residues fuel must be supplied. The cost of fuel will obviously influence materially the amount of the advantage. In the second place we have the question of labour. No one who has had experience of the two processes can fail to be impressed with the con- trast between the demands made on the operatives. The difference is all in favour of the electrolytic process. With a well laid out plant on ii reasonable scale (not less than 50 tons spelter per day) it is possible to reduce the amount of operating labour to a minimum, whilst all heavy or arduous work is absent. There is no heat or dust or gas to contend with. Men of moderate physique are just as suitable for the work as men of powerful build and endurance. Lastly, the purity of the metal is in- dependent of the purity of the ore. The nature of the electrolytic process demands that the purification of the zinc solution shall be carried to a high Ditch of perfection, and naturally the zinc produced from this solution is ^kfiwise Dure This enables the metal to be used for purposes for which the „„+ "i is iinsuited, except at the additional eost of re-distillation. common metal is unsuited, except 108 Oil the other hand it must be pointed out that the cost of the powef plant, especially under present day conditions, would be exceedingly heavy, and that the cost of power includes many other items besides the cost of the coal. Even so brief a review as the foregoing is sufficient to indicate that a comparison between the relative advantages of the two processes is a complicated matter. And no comparison will stand which does not take into account the possibilities of eliminating more or less the disadvantages at present associated with the distillation process. The writer is convinced that considerable possibilities exist here. » The electrolytic process in its successful phase is a very recent matter. It has started up, stimulated by high-priced metal, without the handicap of pre-existing plants, which must be scrapped if the new method succeeds. It has had lavished on it a vast amount of skilled research — of brains and of capital. The question arises what would have happened if the distillation process had been tackled in the same way? Is the present heavy con- sumption of coal essential? What can be done to render the work at the furnace front less arduous? How far can mechanical equipment economi- cally replace manual labour? To answer such questions even very briefly makes it necessary to deal somewhat with technicalities, but the underlying principles are simple enough to be followed by those who have not specialized in the industry, and a clear understanding of them is essential if the future possibilities of the distillation process are to be appreciated. Firstly, as regards fuel consumption. Referring once more to Broken Hill concentrates, and bearing in mind that one ton of coal is necessary to work off one ton of the roasted concentrates, if we calculate the number of British Thermal Units necessary to reduce the zinc produced, we find tha+ the figure obtained amounts to 8-5 per cent, of the British Thermal Units contained in the coal used. A small part of this loss of heat is due to other reactions taking place in the retort, and a larger part still to losses in the gas producer, but the greater part is inherent to the process as we work it to-day. Many causes contribute to this undesirable state of affairs. The walls of the retort are poor conductors of heat — the charge itself is a good deal worse conductor. These two facts explain why so small a proportion of the heat necessary to keep the furnace hot actually finds its way into the charge, and does useful work. Then as the charge becomes poorer and poorer in zinc as the operation progresses, the yield of metal from the retort becomes less and less, but coal must still be burned tq keep up the temperature of the furnace. Consequently, if the retorts could be made of materials having a better conductivity for heat, and the conductivity of the charge could be improved and the falling off in the yield as the charge is working off, could be minimized, improvements in coal economy would follow. As regards the first of these possibilities, the substitution of carborun- dum retorts for fire clay ones shows improved conductivity as well as in- creased life of the retorts, but whether, having regard to the much higher first cost of the former, the substitution is truly economical, remains to be proved. Improvement in conductivity of the charge itself has been obtained at the Port Pirie Plant of the Broken Hill Associated Smelters' Proprietary, Ltd., by the introduction of blast roasting. This method of roasting, which will be described later, delivers the roasted ore in lumps of finely porous sinter instead of in fine particles. These lumps are crushed through a f-in. screen before being charged into the retort, and, in consequence of the relative coarseness of the charge as compared with that usually em- ployed, the circulation of the reducing gases in the retort is greatly im- proved, and heat is carried much more freely by these gases from the hot walls of the retort to the interior of the charge. In consequence, the con- 109 ductiyity of the charge is very suhstantially increased and the consumption of firing coal per ton of ore diminished. Lastly, the question of diminished yield during the later stages of the operations demands careful consideration if this source of fuel loss is to be minimized. The reasons for this falling off are easy to understand. As the retort is heated from the outside, and the conductivity of the charge is low, it follows that the outer layers of the charge will come up to work- ing temperature first and that the last part of the charge to reach this temperature will be tlie centre, and, furthermore, owing to the poor con- ductivity of the charge, the flow of heat reaching the centre will be a good deal slower than that reaching the outside layers. Consequently, in the later stages of the process the yield falls oft, because the amount of zinc contained in the centre of the charge is relatively small, and the flow of heat to it is relatively slow. The following theorem results from these considerations : That for any charge and any retort dimensions there is a certain percentage recovery of zinc which is the most economical, and that a recovery lower or higher than this is accompanied by a falling off in economy. The problem of the cal- culation of this optimum recovery is an exceedingly complicated one, and it is doubtful whether sufficient knowledge is available at present to carry it out successfully. The most economical size and shape of retort enters as an important factor, as does also the method of charging and discharging. The method of treatment of the relatively rich residues for the recovery of as much as possible of the zinc they contain in useful form needs further working out. It is quite possible that with some ores the preliminary treatment of the ore before it goes to the roasting furnaces with a view to influencing the nature of the distillation residues, and so the product derived from them, will be a paying proposition. Another interesting possibility is the application of what may be called " by-product " gases to the smelting of zinc ores, the gases from the iron blast furnaces for example. These are, in general, poorer than the producer-gas used in zinc smelting, but the addition of 10 to 15 per cent, of by-product coke-oven gas would bring them up to the necessary grade. In trying to arrive at the best possible application of these gases, those processes which absolutely depend upon gas-firing should, other things being equal, receive first consideration. Boilers can be economically fired with solid fuel fed by automatic stokers. Open-hearth steel-furnaces can be fired with pulverized fuel. Spelter furnaces absolutely depend upon gas-firing. The possibility of firing spelter furnaces in this way offers many attractions. The costly gas-pFoducer plant would be done away with together with the labour and maintenance associated with its operation, and the whole plant and its operation greatly cheapened and simplified thereby. Coming now to the question of labour. There is no doubt whatever that men are much less inclined to work under arduous conditions for long hours than formerly, and show a marked reluctance, with which all right- minded men must sympathize, to earn a living by work which involves risk to their health. A good deal has been done of late years to minimize the strain of work at the furnace front, and the following is an attempt to summarize the lines on which improvement has been made and on which further improvement may be looked for. In the first place, the proper design of the furnaces and regulation of the temperature so as to minimize retort breakages is essential. About the hottest and most disagreeable work about a spelter furnace is the removal of retorts which have been badly damaged by heat and by the slagging of their contents. These retorts are usually in a sticky condition and offer a stubborn resistance to being pulled out of the furnace. In this con- nection the way in which the ore has been roasted plays an important Dart The higher the percentage of sulphur left in the roasted ore, th© 110 more the liability to retort disaster and its accompanying unpleasantness. This is an additional argument for the study of the most economical recovery referred to above. By the avoidance of very high temperatures towards the end of the operation, the tendency to troubles of this kind will be minimized. The substitution of mechanical charging machines for putting the ore into the retorts instead of hand-charging has also made some progress, and further development along this line will undoubtedly come. It must be borne in mind, however, that out of the entire time required to complete the manoeuvre of changing retorts, drawing residues, taking down and setting up condensers, and charging the retorts, the latter operation takes only a comparatively small fraction, and consequently the gain in time by the substitution of machine for hand labour is not likely to be large Moreover as the work is carried out to-day, the same men usually take part in all the operations enumerated above, and consequently, if full advantage is to be taken of mechanical equipment, the reorganization of the labour force must go with it. Mechanical apj)lianoes for drawing residues have not yet reached an advanced stage, and more work is needed to develop them. Metal-drawing machines, on the other hand, are now the rule in America, the ladle being carried on a travelling crane and the operator being protected from the heat by a suitable shield. Above all, full and free ventilation of the furnace room is a sine qua non. The system of bringing fresh air into the furnace room by ducts, which deliver the air to the working places by down-comers, has been used for years by the New Jersey Zinc Company of America with excellent results. Lastly there comes the question of roasting. First-class work on the distillation furnaces is only possible when the ore has been well roasted and the elimination of sulphur is reasonably complete. The roasting of zinc-blende ores and the production of suljjhuric acid from the roaster gases is not as simple as it looks, and the indications are that substantia] changes are imminent. ■ Zinc-blende is itself a, fuel, both the zinc and the sulphur giving out heat during the process of oxidation to zinc oxide and sulphur dioxide respectively. In the case of the Broken Hill zinc concentrates already re- ferred to, the ore contains substantially more heat units than are necessary to bring it, and the air required to roast it, to the necessary temperature. Nevertheless the use of a considerable amount of coal, ranging for the most part to from 20 to 40 per cent, of the weight of the ore, has in the past been found necessary to bring down the sulphur to the requisite point. The reason for this lies in the slowness with which the last few units of sulphur are reached by the air and oxidized. These units exist to a large extent in the interior of grains of ore. which have been oxidized on the outside, and so to a considerable extent protected from further oxidation. Further, unoxidized grains are more or less buried in the layer of oxidized material on the furnace hearth. Hence the rate of oxidation is too slow to keep up the temperature of the ore to a level at which roasting can be carried on and coal must be used. It has been found during a series of large-scale trials carried on in Australia that Broken Hill concentrates can be roasted down from 30 per cent, to 8 per cent, sulphur in a multiple-hearth muffled furnace with a coal consumption not exceeding 5 per cent. Moreover there are strong grounds for believing that the use of even this small amount can be avoided if the furnace be suitably modified. If this partially roasted ore IS then charged on to a blast-roasting machine, in which air, instead of passing over the ore, is drawn or forced through it, the sulphur content can be brought down to 1 per cent, in less than half-an-hour, at the expense of a further 1 per cent, of fuel necessary to ignite the charge. J he air, passing through the charge, instead of over it, is able to come in contact with the unroasted or partly-roasted grains, and so to rapidly Ill eliminate the residual sulphur. The roasted product takes the form of the finely porous sinter referred to above. Both the prelimiuury roaster and the final blast-roaster have large capacity when operated in this way, and eacli is used during that stage in the elimination of the sulphur at which its efficiency is at a maximum. This system of roasting has been successfully in use at the plant of the Broken Hill Associated Smelters in South Australia for the past two years. The course of the spelter industry at home and abroad during the next five years would need someone upon whom the mantle of prophecy had descended to deal with adequately. In 1913 the world's output of spelter was substantially 1,000,000 tons. America produced 320,000 tons, Ger- many 280,000 and Belgium 200,000. The production of primary metal in the United Kingdom was about 30,000 tons. In 1917 America produced 700,000. tons, and whilst some of this was produced in plants which were hurriedly put together under the temptation of the high prices due to the war, and which will probably not be re-opened, the greater part of the increase represents substantial plant, backed by ample capital accumulated during the period of high prices. The situation is further complicated by the action of the United States Steel Corporation, one of the largest consumers of spelter, which established its own smeltery in 1915, and will doubtless aim to take care of its own requirements. Belgium is at present hampered by high-priced fuel and shortage of ore. Improvement in the shipping position will help to remedy this, and the Belgian furnaces will doubtless become increasingly important factors in the world's supply. Australia will be to the fore with 30,000 tons per annum of high-grade zinc, whilst there is talk of the Anaconda Copper Company increasing its plant from its present iiroduction of from 150 to 200 tons per day by a further 100 tons per day. Japan, for the present, anyway, seems to have retired from the field. France is handicapped even more severely than Belgium at present, and the spelter industry in France is not so much of a tradition as in Belgium. Norway, with its ample supply of cheap water-power, will undoubtedly be heard from if not through the electrothermic processes, then through the electrolytic. Germany and Poland, it may be supposed, will sooner or later be in the field. Moreover, the relation which the production of high-grade zinc suit- able for cartridge brass and other refined applications bears to that oi common spelter will undergo a marked change in the future owing to the development of electrolytic plants. In 1913 the world's production of spelter containing over 99-9 per cent, of zinc probably did not exceed 25,000 tons per annum. In the course of the next two years the produc- tion will probably be in the neighbourhood of 150,000 tons. The price differential between the two grades has already undergone a marked diminution, and the effect of large increases in the supply of high-grade metal will undoubtedly be adversely felt by the common grades. Taking the mean annual increase in the world's production of spelter over the 10 years 1904 to 1913 inclusive, and applying it to the years 1914 to 1919 inclusive, we obtain a figure of 1,200,000 tons for 1919. It is safe to say that if all the available productive capacity of the world in the way of plant and suitable labour had been in operation, the rate of output at the close of 1919 would have exceeded this figure, and further having regard to the prospective increases in productive equip- ment now developing, the consumption of spelter might fairly be expected to lag behind the available productive capacity for some time to come. However, plant capacity is one thing and production another, for it is evident from the figures now available that production during 1919 did not amount to 60 per cent, of the total capacity. With Germany Belgium and France practically out of production, the United Kingdom' working at a very low level and serious reductions in the United States output, the year closed with threats of a serious world J 12 scarcity of the metal which could only be countered by considerable advances in prices. Even now the position of supplies, if not precarious, is at least difficult, and must remain so until world transport — whether on land or by sea — improves to such an extent as to enable the free movement of ores and concentrates to the smelting plants now standing idle. What is going to be the position of England's spelter industry in the next five years." If we are going to compete successfully, having regard to high cost of fuel and materials, and high cost of labour and labour difficulties, we must start to put our house in order. Fuel and labour are going up in price all over the world. The relation of labour to the general scheme of production is changing, and generating more or less friction in the process, and the successful competitors will be those who have tackled the problem of spelter production most radically, and with the least regard to hampering tradition.