^ Cornell Lab of Ornithology Ll B RARY atSapsucker Woods lUusttation of Bank Swallow by Louis Agassu Fumes s '6561 * """iHBmiiiinim '"''''''""'"S"' •'awl' {Bu 3 1924 022 522 936 DATE DUE GAYLOHD PRINTED IN U.S.A, The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924022522936 \^ilson gulletin Nos.76-77 Obehlin, Ohio ■f"? WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL CLUB V^ ; - CONTENTS. Frontispiece. _ A Monograph of the Broad-winged Hawk . Frj^nk L. Burns Preface ' ' v 1'*^ Broad-winged Hawk i ' l^ Illustrations — Jiuvenile Female "Nip" Adult Female "Nip" Juvenile, '"Fluffed Out" to Resist Cold Wind Position of Nest Top and Side Views of Nest and Eggs A Series of Eggs jn the Collection of H. W. Beers Nestlings About Two Weeks Old -^ "Nip" and "Tuck" Twenty-three Day! Old "'Nip" and "Tuck" Twenty-nine Days Old ' The WILSON bulletin ■ \ , ^ __ »■( mailed on the fifteenth of March, June^ September and December, By the- Wilspn Ornithological Club at Obferlin, Ohio, edited by Lynds Jones. . ~ \ ' ' ' Subscription: One Dollar a yeai^, including postage, strictly iH ad- vance. Single numbers, 30 cents, unless they are "Special" numbers, when a special price is, fixed. The Bulletin, including all "Special" numbers, is free to all paid up tiiembers, either Active, AssociatCj^ Of Honorary, after their election. Subscriptions may be addressed to the editor, or to Mr. Frank L. Burns, Berwyn, Pa. Advertisements should be addressed to The Wilson Bulletin, Oberlin, Ohio. Terms will be made known upon application. All articles and communications intended for publication, and all publications and books for review, should be addressed to Lynds JOnes, Oberljn, Ohio. Ariicles of general interest relating to bird life are solicited. ~ They should be in the hands of the editor not later than the fifteenth of the month preceding publicatipn. '■ 4 i-, — ■- — ;i- Entered^as second'clsss mail matter at the Postoflice at Oberlin, Ohio. BuoAD-wiNUEi) Hawk (Biileo iihiti/iiteriis) Adult female (Pliotograiihed by Altreil C. Kedflelcl) MONOGRAPH OF THE Broad-winged Hawk ( Buteo platypterus ) BY FRANK L. BURNS With the co-operation of over one hundred American ornithologists, and the compilation of the world's literature. BERWYN, PENNSYLVANIA 1911 / r ^V' \ ,4 Copj'right.ed November, 1911 By Lynds Jones THE WILSON BULLETIN NOS. 76 AND 77. A QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ORNITHOLOGY VOL. XXIII SEPTEMBER AND DECEMBER, 1911. NOS. 3 & 4 OLD SEBIES Vf>T.. XXllI. NEW SERIES VOL. XVIII. Beoad-winged Hawk (Photo by Isaac E. Hess) PREFACE. Twenty-two )'ears of personal observation and five years of close study of the literature of the subject of this paper, is perhaps none too long for the object in view, namely the inclusion in a single volume of the sum of our present knowl- edge of the life history of the species. Ini its ninety-eight years of history, the Broad-winged Hawk has always been considered rather rare, and for this, "more than any other reason, perhaps, it has received a far greater amount of at- tention in a 'literary sense than the experience of the average observer would seem to warrant. \Mth chastened spirit, one may trace many of the inaccuracies step by step back to the original statement. Even with the expectation of a vast amount of reiteration, and the possession of the saving sense ©f humor, the lack of originality of so many writers in ref- erence to this species is all too painfully evident. I therefore point to the above in excuse for my frequent sacrifice of brevity in an honest endeavor to cite all statemjents in as nearly the exact words of the observer consistent - to plain, comprehensive language. This has been a co-operative work, as well as a compilation of all the literature obtainable, and the credit has been given in the text wherever it is due. I am greatly indebted to the following persons for notes, specimens, excerpts, citations, photographs, or other assist- ance: Abbott, Alan Gerard. Brewster, E. E. Alexander, Chas. P. Brimley, C. C. Allen, Dr. Glover M. Brimley, H. H. Allison, Andrew. Burtch, Verdi. Angell, Walter A. Carroll, J. M. Arnold, Edward. Christy, Bayard H. Arnow, Isaac F. Oolvin, W. S. Atkinson, Geo. E. Comeau, Nap. G. Atwater, H. P. Cooke, W. W. Bacon, C. C. Crandall, C. W. Bagg, Egbert. Crispin, Wm. B. Bishop, Dr. Louis B. Currie, John D. Bowles, J. H. Davenport, Elizabeth B. 144 The Wilson Bulletin — Xos. 76-77. Dean, R. H. Deane, Walter. Dille. Fred. M. Drowne, Dr. F. P. Dugmore, G. Radcliffe. Eastgate, Alfred. Eifrig, G. Embody, G. C. Evans, William B. Ferry, John F. Fisher, G. Clyde. Fuertes, Louis A. Hales, Henry. Hankinson, T. L. Harlow, Ricliard C. • Hess, Isaac E. Hickox, W. S. Holt, Ernest G. Howe, R. H., Jr. Howiand, Randolph H. Hoxie, Walter J. Hoyt, R. D. Jacobs, J. Warren. Jones, Lynds. Judd, Elmer T. Kent, Geo. H. Kimes, Edward D. Klrkwood, P. C. La Prade. Rev. Wni. I-I. Laurent, Philip. Ijaw, J. Eugene. Le Chasseur, A. I>ee. H. E. Leibelsperger, W. H. Loomis, J. F. McKechnie, F. B. llerour, J. Watts, Jr. :\Iill?r, Richard F. Montgomery, Thos. H., Jr. Morgan, T. A. Morris. Robert O. O'Conner, Haldemnn. Peabody, Rev. P. B. Pearson, Leonard. Pearson, T. Gilbert. Pennock, Clias. J. Perry, Troup D. Pierce, A. K. Piers, Harry. Poling, T. C. Pope, E. F. Price, A. E. Rathbun, Samuel F. Rawson, Calvin L. Read, A. C. Roddy, H. Justin. Sass, Herbert R. Seton, Ernest Thompson. ■Shoemaker, Prank H. Short, Ernest H. Smith, Austin Paul. Smith, P. W., Jr. Smyth, Ellison A., Jr. Sprague, William A. Stansell, S. S. Stoey. W. W. Stone, C. F. Stone, D. D. Swales, B. H. Swayne. Xonnan H. Swenk, Myron H. Taverner. P. A. Thayer, .John E. Todd, W. E. Clyde. Townsend, Dr. Charles W. Townsend, Wilmot. Trostler, Dr. I. S. Tufts, H. F. Verrill, A. Hyatt. Visher, Stephen S. Wayne, Arthur T. Wetmore, Alex. Widmann, O. Willard, B. G. Williams, R. W.. Jr. Wentwortli. Irving H. White. Geo. R. Wisler, .1. Jay. Wood, J. Claire. Worthen, Chas. K. Wright, Albert H. And particularly to Messrs. H. W. Beers, R. M. Barnes, A. C. Bent, F H. Carpenter, Owen Durfee, John H. Flan- agan, James H. Fleming, Benj. T. Gault, Benjamin Hoag, George S. Hamlin, Harry S. Hathaway, Ned Hollister, Thomas H. Jackscn, .A. B. Kkigh, Arthur H. Norton, J. H. Burns — On Broad-winged Hawk. 145 Riley, Chas. C. Richards, Chas. H. Rogers, Alfred C. Red- field, F. B. Spaulding, Robert P. Sharpies, and Norman' A. Wood, for long continued aid and encouragement. I am also indebted to the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sci- ence3, Mercantile and Philadelphia Libraries for many of my references, and to Mr. Witmer Stone for use of his files of periodicals. With a few exceptions, the method of treatment requires no further comment than the various sub-beads afford. Ridgway's " Nomenclature of Colors " is the standard for all color descriptions, and for obvious reasons the measure- ments of skins are given in millimetres following the Eng- lish inch and hundredth thereof, but for the nest and egg measurements, the latter is employed exclusively because consistency requires uniformity throughout " Nidification," including distances from nest to ground. Knowing that the metric system is practically meaningless to the American oologist, it has been omitted. As far as the literature with its often contradictory reports can be relied upon, suppli- mented b}- the manuscript notes in which several state and numerous county records are for the first time recorded, both the past and present status of the species is indicated under the head of " Geographical Distribution," which should be used in conjunction with the " Bibliography." The import- ance of the latter, if measured by the time and trouble it took to secure the more than seven htmdred titles, is not to be told in words. The writer assumes the responsibility for the correctness of all citations not otherwise accredited. Palpably erroneous records are here corrected and with all doubtful ones, are excluded from the body of the work. In conclusion I would beg that my studied omission of all per- sonal titles which would involve tiresome repetition, should not be attributed to a lack of respect and civility. Frank L. Burns. Berwyn, Pa., Feb. 23, 1911. Broad-winged Hawk Buteo platypterus Diagnosis of Genus. The Buteos. Buses or Buzzard-hawks, forming the central or typical, genus of the Accipitrinae, are found more or less numerously in all parts of the world except Australia. Diffi- cult of difinition except by process of exclusion. Form ro- bust and heavy, 'flight vigorous and sustained. Bill short, wide at base, intermediate betwieen; that of Astur and that of Parabuteo. Tarsi and toes moderate and robust, claws strong. Wings long and rather pointed, the third to the fifth quill longest, the first shorter than the eighth, outer three or four with inner webs emarginate. Tail moderate, rather wide, from slightly rounded to almost even'. In the adult plumage the best specific characters may be found in the color and markings of the tail. The synonymy of the genus is as follows : Buteo Lacepede, Tableaux Ois., 1799. Type Falco buteo Linnaeus, S. N. ed. 10, I, 1758, 90. Buteo buteo Licht. Nomencl. Mus. Busl. 1854, 3 ; European Buz- zard. Distinguiishing Specific Cliaracters. Buteo platypterus may be readily distinguished from Buteo swainsoni and B. albicaudatus, by its smaller size, its shorter wings, the tips of its primaries reaching only to the middle of its tail, and by its fewer and comparatively distinct tail bars; from B. brachyurus, by its well marked underparts ; and from all other species of North American Buteos, by its three primaries emarginated on the inner web. Description and Measurements. The juvenile or first year phase of Buteo platypterus pla- typterus may be easily recognized by the broad rufous or rusty edging of the upper parts, the longitudinal markings ■1 ■ ^H ^^XKi^i ^P l^^!8^Hp^% >*^^H 1 l\\^^l ■E J 1 U >MH 1 15 W^^ A ^QH 1 1 BHOAii-wi.NUEu Hawk (Buteo plat uijt ems) Juvenile female " Nip." April 5, 1908 ( I'liotograplied by Alfred ('. Recltield) Burns — On Broau-winged Hawk. 147 of the lower parts, and th€ five to seven dark bars on the tail. The second year plumage by the transitional naarkings beneath, an'd of the four or five dark bars on the tail, the outer pair frequently as in the first year. In the adult there is considerable individual variation. In the United States the dark phase appears constant in the fall, and I have met with the gray-brown phase only in spring and early summer, and then considerably abraded as from wear and weather. Of the series of skins in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, a single adult taken at Brownsville, Texas, is the only spring example of the dark type, and even in this the mantle is grey ; an immature taken about the same time from that locality is very pale. " In the adult the principal va- riation is in the continuity or distinctness of the anterior light band on the tail, and the extent and depth of the brown beneath. The first is characteristic of most specimens ; it is broadest and most conspicuous, as well as less concealed by the coverts, in the females, and this appears to be the prin- cipal sexual difference." Ridgway. Excepting Cuban and perhaps Porto Rican specimens, there appears to be no con- sistent geographical variation. Two Florida birds differ not at all from the northerm examples. Riley states that he has found no individuals corresponding to the gray-brown phase in a series of Cuban skins, but that the dark phase is hardly or not at all different from the eastern United States exam- ples. The most constant differentiation between the Conti- nental and the Lesser Antillean forms, aside from the size, appears to be in the number and width of the barring of the thighs, the latter forms averaging narrower. An adult sexed as a female, taken at Bayote, Santiago de Cuba on Feb. 2. 1906, has the upper plumage seal brown narrowly edged with russet, fading into sepia on wings and mantle; upper tail coverts seal brown, barred with white and narrowly tipped with wood brown. Underparts pale buff to white, banded with mars brown, confluent on breast; thighs and tibse buff, banded with russet; under tail coverts 148 The Wilson Bulletin— Nos, 76-77. buff white with obovate spots of wood brown; lining of winss buff imperfectly banded with russet. Wmg— lO-oW (0G6). Tail-6.2.5 (159). Tarsus-2.16 (55). Middle claw-.69 (17). Hind claw— .78 (20). Bill from cere— 80 (20). Cere,— .44 (11). A juvenile male taken at Hol- guin, Santiago, Cuba, Aug. 5, 1904, is not at all different from mv local birds of the same age, except the dark upper plumage covers the white bases more perfectly, the abdomen is almost spotless and the thighs have heavier obovate mark- ings. The measurements exceed that of my Salem, N. J., example of perhaps six weeks less growth, in all but tarsi and talons, which are.less. The Cuban differs from the Con- tinental bird in being slightly smaller, lacking the grayish phase of upper plumage and also seems to be comparatively heavier marked on thighs and lining of wings, our typical form frequently has the wing lining immaculate. On the other hand a specimen from Moose Factory, Hudson Bay, is as heavily marked on the thighs as the bird from San Diego, de los Banos, Cuba, in the National Museum ; though as J. H. Riley points out to nie, the latter seems to have fewer bars. I have not a large suite of skins to prove the differ- ence between the mainland and island birds, between which no communication exists apparently. To justify recognition of a Cuban form the difference would have to be' fairlv con- stant. It must be remembered, however, that of the St. Vin- cent and Dominican birds examined bv Clark and \^errill upon which they based their forms, every one was taken in September and October, presumably at the time of the dark- est phase; and the single adult from Antigua upon which Ri- ley bases his form, was taken in May when pale, faded out specimens might reasonably be looked for in this species. Neverlbeless all appear worthy of separation, as the Cuban and Porto Rican bird will eventually, and for which I offei Butco platyptCTHs ciibaiiciisis. Sub-spec. nov. The average measurements of a series of 37 specimen; taken on the mainland, follows : DuRNS — On Broad-winged Hawk. 14:',) [5 Males— Length E.xtent Wing Tall Tarsus Bill from cere Ci-re Middle Claw.s 16.41 («7) ;n.45 (W5) 1(1. 4N ( 2(i(>) 6.44 (1(14) ■2.4(! (iia) -Tit (IH) .4;i (11) (15) >:2 Females— IS.lw (481) :35.67 (90:)) 1(I.!I4 (278) (l.tli (1«4) •i.i:(') (66) (HI) .41! (IL') ■IB (1(1) Primary formula— 4-3-5-2-6-7-8-9-10-1. Lores whitish with black bristles, the latter exten(ding in a thin line on malar apex and under chin (mental apex) ; rectrices nar- rowly tipped with wood brown, in all specimens. About fifty per centum of the adult and second year birds examined personally, had yellow or straw-colored irides ; but collectors of greater experience state that brown is the usual color in North 'America. In Cuba, Gundlach gives it as ochraceous with an inclination tO' dark gray ; Riley notes the color on three eastern Cuban specimiens is given as straw jiellow with a brownish wash, while in two apparently fully adult birds shot by Palmer and himself in western Cuba, the irides were brown ; and of two skins in my own collection taken in Santiago de Cuba, the adult is labeled " iris yellowish, brown- ish near pupil," juvenile '' gray brown." The Porto Rico specimens show ochraceous-yellow, with a gray wash — Gund- lach. United States of Columbia — male and female, brown- ish yellow — Sclater. Xortheastern Peru, female, light chest- nut brown — Taczanowski. Ecuador, light hazel brown, Ber- lepsch and Taczanowski ; female, whitish, brownish in lower part — Taczanowski and Berlepsch. dirty white — Sclater. Rarely, both ovaries are developed in females, and as Bishop suggests, may account for some unusually large " males.'' The peculiar malformation of a supernumery toe has been noted once by Coale, and twice by Beebe. Buteo platyptenis antillanim "differs from the Cuban se- ries principally in size, being smaller ; in having the throat generally darker and the barring om the thighs averaging narrower ;• there are apparently no other differences." — Riley. According to Clark the irides of the St. Vincent bird are yellowish-white in all stages, and it is given by Lister as yellow. 150 The Wilson Bulletin— Nos. 76-77. Buteo platypterus rivlerei. — " The series from Dominica are darker than specimens from St. Vincent, more sooty- above, more heavily marked below, and with the bars darker. In size there is very little difference between St. Vincent and Dominica specimens. This is probably a fairly well-marked insular form, depending upon its darker coloration for recognition." — Riley. The irides " are white or pale straw at all ages and in both sexes " — Verrill. Ober, however, gives it as umber — Lawrence. Of Buteo platypterus insulicola the describer states : " The adult is much lighter and smaller than B. p. antillarwm, and the bars below are narrower and less sharply defined. It is certainly a well-marked insular race, not coming into close contact with any of its relatives on the north or south." — Riley. Bitted platypterus platypterus. Natal Down, Young, One Day Old. — Well covered with the palest possible yellowish-white down, bill blue-black, cere very pale yellow, edge of mouth, feet and tarsi flesh color, irides blue-black. Ebcamples : Berwyn, Pa., June 12, 1901 ; Daylesford, Pa., June 3, 1906. Juvenile First Year, j\Iale. — Upper parts deep rich brown, almost black ; head, hind neck and back edged with rufous, the basal portion being pure white ; primaries and secondaries fading on the inner webs to white and barred with deep brown, tipped with gray; tail clove brown fading on inner webs to white, with six bars of deep brown about one- quarter of an inch wide, except terminal bar, which is from half to three-quarters of an inch wide and narrowlv tipped with ashy white; upper tail coverts white tinged with ru- fous on outer vane and imperfectly barred with deep brown. Beneath impure cream buff with guttate spots of fuscous clustering on breast, sides and flanks; abdomen and under tail coverts immaculate; tibje vermiculate near body, acicu- lar near heel ; throat with a few pencilings of deep brown ; in- cipient malar stripe dusky brown ; under primary coverts Burns — On Broad-winged Hawk. 151 white faintly stained with buff and spotted irregularly with deep brown; lining of wings cream-buff unspotted with the exception of bend of wing — deep brown arcular spots. Irides pearl, gray. Bill and claws black. Feet and tarsi yellow ochre. Length 14.75 (375). Wing 9.05 (230). Spread 83.00 (838). Tail 6.25 (158). Tarsus 2.51 (64; middle claw .54 (14); hind claw .06 (17). Bill from cere ,66 (17; nostril to tip .63 (16). Cere .38 (10). Weight 91/2 oz. About two months old. No. 889, coll. F. L. B., Salem, N. J., Aug. 9, 1905. Juvenile, First Year Female. — Upper part rich clove brown ; outer webs of primaries, secondaries and rectrices barred with black or very deep brown, inner vanes fading tO' white and bar- red with deep brown ; wing- coverts, greater and middle, edged with wood brown ; rectrices fading to pale cream on outer webs, and nine dark bars ; upper tail coverts broken bars of clove brown on white of outer webs ; hind head narrowly tipped with cream and three-quarters basally ; sides of head pale cream tipped with clove brown; malar clove brown; chin pale cream with center penciling of brown ; breast, sides, abdomen and under tail coverts white, posteriorally immacu- late, anteriorally broken ovate spots of olive; tibiae pale wood brown, handsomely marked with cordate spots ; lining of wings 'pale wood brown with olive markings, laneolate and acicular in form ; axillars broken spots of olive ;• under pri- mary coverts pale cream white, spotted with olive. Irides wood brown. Beak and talons black, under mandible fad- ing to gray posteriorally. Cere, feet and tarsi yellow ochre. Length 14.70 (373). Wing 9.25 (235). Spread 33.25 (846) broken and worn at tips. Tail 6.10 (155). Tarsus 2.71 (69). Mid- dle claw .54 (14) ; hind claw .75 (19). Bill from cere .73 (19) ; from nostril .73 (19). Cere .51 (13). Weight lib. 1 oz. 8 1/0 months old. Berwyn, Pa., Feb. 16, 1907 (captive). Coll. F. L. B. This specimien was raised in a large cage in the open air and lost by abrasion the rufous edging to the feathers of the upper plumage. It is in all respects a bird of the year, no winter moult having occurred. 152 The Wilson Bulletin— Nos. 76-77. First Nuptial, Second Year Mak.— Upper parts deep van- dyke brown, almost black, fading to hair brown on scapulars, and confined to narrow bars and .edgings on primaries, sec- ondaries and tertials, the bars often ending in russet ion the inner webs which are two-thirds white e;>ccept at the tips; hind neck basal three-quarters white; sides of neck, middle of the back, scapulars, greater and middle wing coverts edged with mars brown; upper tail coverts rich vandyke tipped and barred with soiled white or else hair brown; tail hair brown fading on inner vanes to white, crossed by four bands of deep Vandyke brown. Beneath soiled cream-buff with lance- olate markings on throat, and large imperfect cordate spots on breast, sides and abdomien, confluent on sides of breast, of pure Vandyke and burnt umber; narrow malar stripes of clove brown; under tail coverts of soiled white with nar- row spots, mainly sagittate, of clove brown ; lining of wings cream. Irides pearl gray. Beak and talons black. Feet and tarsi yellow ochre. Cere yellow ochre. Length 14.50 (365). Wing 9.75 (247). Tail 6.25 (158). Tar- sus 2.58 (65). Middle claw .56 (14 ; hind claw .66 (17). Bill from cere .05 (17) ; from nostril .50 (17). Cere .41 (.10). Weight 13 oz. 151/2 months old. Berwyn, Pa., Sept. 26, 1908. No. 925, coll. F. L. B. First Nuptial, Second Year, Female.^Upper parts fuscous, narrowly tipped with rufous ; basil portion of nape pure white, sides of head with lateral streaks of ashy and rufous ; ex- posed parts of primaries deeper fuscous or vandyke brown, indistinctly barred with ashy on the outer web and the fus- cous forming bars on the white inner we.b from, the notches to insertion; secondaries and coverts fuscous, fading grad- ually toward the edges to ashy; upper tail coverts tipped and banded with white ; tail vandyke; brown, with four bands of grey, white on inner web ; the last band indistinct and fad- ing terminally into white, the second one-half to three- quarters of an inch wide, and the basal about one-quarter of an inch wide and partly concealed by the coverts ; the outer Burns — ()>; Rro.vd-wingicd Hawk. 1.")3 pair of rectrices similar to that of young, indistinctly crossed with seven ashy bars ; inconspicuous mustache of fuscous running- from rictus across cheek; underparts white; chin, throat and breast suffused with pale buff and streaked with brownish-rufous, becoming oval on breast, and cordate and transverse on flanks; under tail coverts white, unspotted; lining of wing delicate cream-white with dusky acicular mark- ings ; under primary coverts white with cordate spots of fus- cous ; tibise buffy-white with cordate spots of rufous. Irides Naples yellow, obscured on the inner rim by a semi-trans- parent raw umber stain. Bill — upper mandible-black, fading to a plumbeous about the base ; and lower mandible plumbeous and intensifying to dull black from anterior half. Claws black. Feet and tarsi yellow ochre. Length 15.60 (396). Wing 10.60 (200). Spread 34.55 (877). Tail 6.10 (155). Tarsus 2.(;4 (67). Middle claw .73 (18). Bill .77 (21); nostril to tip .65 (10). Core .33 (8). Weight lib. 3% oz. No. 883, coll. F. L. B., Berwyn, Pa., Apr. 27, 1900. Another example — Upper parts light olive, deeper brown on back, primaries and secondaries broadly tipped and nar- rowly barred, and wing coverts centered with same, the last edged with broccoli brown ; back of neck edged with cinna- mon ; tail broccoli brown fading into pearl gray on inner vane and crossed b}- three broad bands of deep brown, nar- rowly tipped with pearl gray, outer pair broken in numerous barring as in first year bird. Beneath white, broken by trans- verse-markings on the breast, of dull rufous, shafts deeper; throat yellowish-white, streaked with burnt umber; malar deep brown ; tibiae wood brown barred with rufous ; under primary coverts white barred with olive; lining of wing cream-buff, occasionally streaked with tawny olive. Irides yellow. No. 04, coll. F. L. B. Berwyn, Pa., May 11, 1888. Adult Female, Dark Phase. — Upper plumage deep rich Vandyke brown almost black, fading to wood brown in nar- row edging and mottling on wings and mantle, narrow edg- ing of russet or mars brown between shoulders, mantle, cov- erts, sides of neck, nape and sides of head, growing almost 154 The Wilson Bulletin— Nos. 76-77. wood brown anteriorally ; inner webs of quill feathers of wings above emargination wood brown, fading to pure white and imperfectly barred with deeper brown; tail coverts pure white barred with clove brown; broad malar and narrow streaks at the middle of the throat clove brown. Beneath soiled white from chin to and including breast, and cream- buff 'to tail; wood on tibas, spotted with prout's brown in hour glass markings on breast almost confluent, cordate below less frequent; under tail coverts unspotted; chin and throat have a few acicular markings ; lining of wings, axillaries and under primary coverts buff with sagittate spots in mars brown except last, which are dusky. Beak and talons black. Cere, feet and tarsi yellow ochre. Irides yellow. Length 16.00 (406). Spread 35.50 (901). Wing 10.90 (276). Tail 7.00 (177). Tarsus 2.83 (71). Middle claw. .65 (16); hind claw .70 (17). Bill from cere .76 (19) ; bill from nostril .70 (17). Cere .52 (13). Tihird season. No. 349, coll. F. L. B., Newton, Del- aware Co., Pa., Sept. ], 1892. Adult Male, Gray-brown Phase. — Type, Academy of Nat- ural Sciences, Philadelphia, No. 15.51. (Orig. No. 407). Philadelphia, May 6, 1812. Collected by Alexander Wilson. " Length fourteen inches, extent thirty-three inches ; bill black, blue near base, slightly toothed; cere and corners of the mouth yellow ; irides bright amber ; frontlet and lores white from the mouth backwards runs a streak of blackish brown; upper parts dark brown, the plumage tipped, and the head streaked with whitish ; almost all the feathers above are spotted or barred with white ; but this is not seen unless they be separated by the hand ; head large, broad and flat ; cere very broad, the nostril also large; tail short, the exterior and interior feathers somewhat the shortest, the others rather longer, of a full black, and crossed with two bars of white, tipped also slightly with whitish ; tail coverts spotted with white ; wings dusky brown, indistinctly barred with black; greater part of the inner vanes snowy; lesser coverts, and upper part of the back tipped and streaked with bright ferruginous ; the bars of the back are very distant on the lower side of Hi!OAi)-\\ i.N(a.i) IlA« X tHiiiea iilat/ipteriiK) Adult It'iuale " Nip." Nov. :J1. l!)(l!.l d'hoto liy AUred (_'. Kedfleld) Burns — On L!road-winged Hawk. 155 the wing; lining of the wing brownish white, beiautifully marked with small arrowheads of brown; chin white, sur- rounded by streaks of black; breast and side;s elegantly spot- ted with large arrow-heads of brown, centered with pale brown ; belly and vent, like the breast, white, but more thinly marked with pointed spots of brown ; femur brownish white, thickly marked with small touches of brown and white ; vent white ; legs very stout, feet coarsely scaled, both of a dirty orange yellow ; claws semi-circular, strong and very sharp, hind one considerably the longest." Alexander Wilson, American Ornithology, VI ; 1812, p. 93. Adult Female, Gray-brown Phase. — Upper parts wood brown, with seal brown centers, especially on bead, neck and middle of back; primary secondary and tertial bars and ,tips seal brown, save a narrow border on tips which shows a very light wood brown conspicuously, also on the inner webs which fades to pure white ; basal three-quarters of nape white as usual, and feathers of sides and neck edged narrowly with russet ; tail gray with three broad bands of deep seal brown, and upper tail coverts tipped and barred with white; broad malar, and lanceolate streaks of deep brown on chin and throat. Below white, with the sides, flanks and abdomen banded with brownish-gray ; breast and jugulum except upon center, same color almost solid and with shafts much deeper ; under tail coverts tmspotted, tibse lighter cordate in wood brown ; under wing coverts, axillars and primary coverts ivory-white with a few sagittate spots of clay color. Irides straw color. Bill and talons black. Gere, feet and tarsi yel- low ochre. Length 15.75 (400). Spread 35.75 (907). Wing 10.30 (261). Tail 6.75 (171). Tarsus 2.52 (62). Middle claw .67 (17); hind claw .67 (17) Bill from cere .78 (20) ; from nostril .73 (18). Cere .43 (11). Aged three or more years. No. 547, coll. F. L. B., Bradford Hills, Chester Co., Pa., Apr. 16, 1895. Melanism. — The melanistic phase is not wanting, though with one possible exception, all examples have appeared in Iowa, Minnesota and Manitoba. On Feb. 23, 1908, Mr. J. H. lo(i The Wilsox Bulletin — Xos. 76-77. Rile)' saw a very dark bird pass almost directly overhead at Fall Church, Va. He informs me that he had a fairly good look at it, and that it had some white on the breast, but ap- peared to be very dark otherwise ; whether upon being shot it would be as dark as it appeared, it would be hard to say. Worthen mientions one specimen from^ Minnesota, of a solid dark umber, showing dark bars on tail and primaries; and Seton another collected by A. Calder, Apr., 1907, Winnipeg, Manitoba, sex not stated ; fortunately, however, I am able to give descriptions of perfect specimens of both male and fe- male : Male.— Portage la Prairie, Mana., May 30, 1900; coll. Geo. E. Atkinson. It was found in company with another in normal plumage which was not collected. This specimen was in' excellent plumage, entirely sooty black and very dark brownish, except the light tail bars. The entire bead, above and below, is as dark as the breast. Length 16.00 (406). Wing 11.00 (279). Tail 6.50 (165). Atkinson ms. Female. — Crystal Lake, Hancock Co., Iowa, May 3, 1883, No. 107,427 U. S. National Museum. Collected by J. W. Preston. " Plumage of head, neck and body, entirely continuous dark sooty brown, without the faintest indication of markings even on the lower tail-coverts or lining of wing; back darker, with a chalky cast in certain lights. Wings siinJlar to the general plumage, but somewhat lighter brown, on account of paler, but not well defined, borders of feath- ers ; secondaries lighter brown than coverts, without a trace of markings except near the end, when crossed hv a broad dusky subterminal band and very narrow paler terminal mar- gin ; primaries uniform dusky brown on outer webs, grow- ing graduall)^ blackish terminally, inner webs of the three outer quills chiefly white anterior to their margination (the portion near the shaft brownish), the white crossed by sev- eral very distinct but irregular bands of blackish; inner webs of remaining primaries and also of secondaries brown, with a greater or less number (according to the length of the feather) of dusky bands, the webs mottled with whitish Bi'RNS — On Broad-wixged Hauk. lo] along the edge. Upper tail-coverts with concealed pale gray- ish brown, crossed at about I.-IO in. from the end by a broad band (about 1 in. wide) of brownish-gray, becoming white on the edges of inner webs, and approaching white on the anterior portion of the band on the middle rectrices ; another much narrower and much less distinct dull grayish band crosses the tail about 1.1 .j in. from the tip, the portion on in- ner we;bs more or less whitish on some of the feathers, but on none extending clearly to the edge of the webs ; extreme base of the tail light sooty grayish. Feathe;rs of the head, neck and body, above and below, sooty grayish beneath the sur- face, the extreme base even scarcely approaching white; the feathers of the entire occiput, however, abruptly snow-white for about the basal half. Forehead entirely sooty blackish, but anterior portion of the lores grayish white, finely streaked with black. Wing 11.50 (291). Wing form. 3, 4-5-2-6-7-8- 9-1, 10 ; outer three primaries abruptly and deeply emargin- ated on inner webs; tail 7.00 (178); culmen. 80 (30); tar- sus 3.40 (61); middle toe 1.40 (36). Mr. Preston says: ' This is the third specimen that I have seen, 13 years since my attention was called to a peculiar little black hawk flying with a number of B. pennsylvanicus. In the spring of 1884 I came very near securing another which was in migration with others of the species. The present example was shot by myself in; a small oak grove. A number of Broadwings were sheltered in the woods at the time, as a cold storm prevailed. Ova much enlarged and iris red.' Ridgway. BUTEG PL \T^'1'TERU,S ANTILLARUM. "Type — From Qaateaubelair, St. Vincent (British West Indie?), Sept. 24, ]'in:^ No. 12,825, male adult, coll. E. A. and O. Bangs. Characters — Somewhat similar to Buteo platypterus Meill., but smaller and more rufous, the rufous edgings to the feathers above wider, the underparts more ru- fous, and the thighs buff, more thickly barred than B. pla- typterus. In the young the ground color below is buffy- white, becoming darker on the abdomen and thighs. Iris 158 The Wilson Bulletin— Nos. 76-77. yellowish white in all stages, not brown as in B. plcaypterus. Cere yellow. Feet orange yellow. Bill dark slaty. Male— Wing, (9.45-9.77) 240-248; Tail (5.99-6.07) 152-154; Tarsus (2.09-2.17) 53-55. Female— Wing, (9.97-10.71) 253-272; Tail (5.95- 6.50) 151-165; Tarsus (2.09-2.17) 53-55." Austin H. Clark, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XVIII, Feb. 21, 1905, 62. Later a more comprehensive description is given : "Above brown, the feathers white at the base and margined with ru- fous to the tips, the white bases showing through the nape, and giving that region a mottled appearance. Wing coverts margined all around with rufous, lores whitish; head brown all around, the feathers margined with rufous, being dark- est at base of bill and under eyes. Throat light buff, more heavily toward abdomen, which is mainly light buff, barred with rufous brown. Under tail coverts light buff. Thighs buff, barred with many transverse limes of rufous. Under wing coverts buff like thighs, many of the feathers having small black central streaks. Upper tail coverts tipped with white. Tail brown, tipped with light grayish brown, with white at the extremity, crossed by two bands and an indi- cated third band of light grayish brown, becoming white on the inner webs of the feathers. Iris yellowish-white ; cere yellow ; feet orange ; bill dark slaty.'' Clark, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XXXII, No. 7, Oct. 1905, S41. BUTEG PLATYPTERUS EIVIEREI. Dominica, West Indies. Type specimens in the collection of Dr. L. B. Bishop, New Haven, Ct. Original description: " Much smaller, darker, and with relatively heavier feet and legs than any other form. Adults : Above deep umber or dusky brown or even blackish. Back, scapulars and upper wing coverts always edged with deep rusty or rufous. Prima- ries plain dusky on outer webs pure white with no indication of darker bars. Under wing coverts rich rusty or orchreous with narrow median lines and subterminal bars of dusky. Up- per tail coverts broadly tipped with white. Tail feathers dark grayish or dusky, crossed below by about six white. TiuRN'^ — On Broad-winged Hawk. 159 and above 1)y three or four brownish gray, bands. Occiput, fi.rehead, crown and neck, deep umber brown; each feather edged with dark rufous and often with medial streaks of the same color. Lower parts whitish, becoming rusty on flanks, sides and lower tail coverts and rich rufous on chest, thickly and heavily marked with hour-glass shaped patches of rich ferruginous or sienna brown ; the markings becoming con- fluent on chest and sides and forming narrow distinct bars on flanks and thighs. Lower neck, throat, loral region and sides of bead, deep rufous brown with indistinct narrow longitudinal lines of darker umber brown. Chin pale rufous, contrasting sharply with dark dusky mustache. Young : Above, much as in adult. Below, ochreous or pale rufous ; lig'hter posteriorly and more heavily marked with tear-shaped umber brown spots most numerous on chest. Eyes white or pale straw at all ages and in both sexes. Bill bluish horn color ; cere yellowish or sap green. Feet and legs greenish- yellow. Length 13. to 36. (330 to 40G), Wing 8.50 to 9.50 (216 to 241) ; Tail 4.72 to S.-'O (125 to 140). Cnlmtn .90 to 1.10 (23 to 41). Tar- sus 1.20 to 1.50 (30 to 3,S|. iMuadle toe 1.25 to 1.60 (32 to 40)." A Hyatt Verrill, Addition to the Avi-fauna of Dominica, West Indies [Oct. 1905, unpaged]. RUTEO PL.'VTYPTERUS INSULICOLA. "Type, U. S. National Museum, No. 119,349, male adult, Antigua, British West Indies, May 29, 1890. Collected by Cyrus S. Winch. Frontal apex, lores, and a narrow line above and below e.yz whitish, with some stifl: black bristles ; top of head and auriculars grayish brown, with darker shaft streaks ; rictal streak darker ; occiput white, with the feathers tipped rather broadly with sooty brown ; back and rump blackish brown, the feathers of the upper back barred at their bases with white, and slightly edged with wood brown, up- per tail-coverts black barred with white ; tail black, tipped rather narrowly with dark drab and crossed by two rather wide white bars and an indication of a third that does not IGO The Wilson Bulletin— Nos. 76-77. reach the shaft on individual feathers; scapulars color of the back, strongly barred with white fc.r about two-thirds of their length, basally; primaries dull black on the outer web and tip, white on ibe inne.r web as far as the emargination on the outer feathers, but not reaching the shaft except at the base, the black increasing in area from the outer feathers inward and turning to dark brown at the base and tip, leaving a large subterminal black band, a small black spot appearing on the inner web on the edge of the white of the second outer feather, increasing in number and intensity inwards on the other primaries, where they become interrupted bars not reaching entirely across the white to the inner web, however ; secondaries and tertials grayish brown with a dull black sub- terniiinal band, the inner webs of the outer and the inner webs and bases of the inner feathers white, barred with dark brown ; wing-coverts grayish brown : primary coverts dull blackish brown, irregularly barred with white on basal two- thirds of inner webs, the white extending to only webs at extreme base ; lining of wing cream buff ; sparsely spotted with small cinnamon spots ; axillaries creamy while, with rather narrow bars Of mars brown along the shaft; chin and throat white, with narrow dark brownish streakings ; rest of underparts white, barred spotted or streaked compara- tively lightly with mars brown, the streakings barring heavier on the chest, decreasing on the abdomen, and ceasing en- tirely on the under tail-coverts ; thighs narrowly barred with mars brown. Wing (8.94) 227; tail (.J.G3) 34.3; culuieii, from cere (.71) 18; tarsus, (2.20) 56; middle toe, (1.10) 28.5 mm. J. H. Riley, Auk, XXV, July, 1908, pp. 273-274. Synonymy. Wilson being the first to properly figure and describe this species, in 1812 bestowed upon it the name of Falco pcnnsvl- vanicus (Penn's Woods Falcon) ; but as he had previously so-named his Slate-colored Hawk, an immature Accipiter ve- lo.v, and did not live to correct his error, it of course resulted Burns — On Broad-winged Hawk. 161 in confusion. In 1821 Bonaparte proposed F. Wilsonii (in honor of Alexander Wilson), but im.mediately announced in a footnote that Ord, who was Wilson's editor and immediate successor, had informed him of his intention to substitute F. laiissimus (broadest) for F. pennsylvaiHciis in the 1834 reprint of Wilson's American Ornithology ; and which was done accordingly. Bonaparte did not formally withdraw his own appellation, but merely added that Ord's name must be adopted, if not pre-occupied. Indeed, Ord had already made use of this name in a list appearing in Guthries' Geography, 1815, but unfortunately neglected to add description or re- fer to Wilson's figure or description. In the 1828 edition of Wilson, Ord is made the authcrity for the statement that he was responsible for the change in the reprint, and the declar- ation that should F. pennsylvauicus Slate-colored Hawk and F. velox Sharp-shinned Hawk prove to be the ;ame species, the former name shtAild be retained for the Broad-winged Hawk and F velox for the Slate-colored or Sharp-shinned Hawk. In 1829, Griffith and Pidgeon, and in 1840, Brewer, quoted F latissimits Ord; demonstrating the fact that no confusion existed at the time over the authority of the name. Audubon found the Slate-colored and Sharp-shinned Hawks identical, imrr)iature; and adult in rtifi5eren|t plumages: and velox being the first named as well as the adult, that name was retained; and pcnnsyk'aiticus now a synonym, fell in dis- use in this instance, but was revived and came into general use for the Broad-winged Hawk. However, trusting to the failing memory of the aged Ord, Cassin in 1854 stated that Wilson himself had corrected the name to laiissimus in the later copies of the original edition. The very existence of the reprint of 1824, which retained the original date, was forgotten; and when Sharp revived Bntco latissimns in 1874 in accordance with Cassin's erroneous conclusions, the editors of the Ibis protested against the change, based as it was upon Strained application of the laws of priority, after remaining practically unchallenged for over sixty years ; yet the law " once a synonym, always a synonym " relegated pennsyhan- 162 The Wilson Bulletin— -Nos. 76-77. icus to the ornithological limbo, and latissimus came to its own only to give way at last to the long ignored platypterus of Vieillot, in 1901, when Faxon reasserted Ord's editorship and the existence of the 1824 edition or repritit of Wilson's Ameri- can Ornithology ; and as he states, both Ord's and Bonaparte's names are anticipated by the Sparvins platypterus of Vieillot, 1833! Riley and Richmond burrowing through musty vol- umes of ancient ornithological lore, have recently discovered in the Falco fuscus of Miller, 1777, an immature Buteo, prob- ably B. platypterus; considered a fairly good representation for an old plate, " though the tail is too fulvous and the dark brown subterminal band is much too narrow." Here again, the Broad-wing and the Sharp-shin clash, for until recently, fuscus, based primarily upon this drawing, was the gener- ally accepted specific name for this Accipiter. " f Faloo fuscus Mliller, Various Subjects Nat. Hist., Pt. 3, 1777, pi. 18. — Sliaw, Cimelia Physiea, 1796, 35, pi. 18. ? {.Falco] fioscus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, i, 1788, 280 (based on Miller pi. 18; not of Gmelin 271). Latham, Index Ornith., I, 1790, 43, No. 103 (same basis). ? F[alco] cincrascens Bechstein, Latham's allgemeine, Ueber- sicht der Vogel, IV, 1811, 36 (based on Lathan, Index, I, 4.3. No. 103)." Wilson suggests. Am. Orn. IV, 1812 92 ; and Coues, Cent. Diet. I, 1891, 743 ; considers the probability of the Buzzardet Falco alM- (Lus Pennant Arctic Zool., II, 1785, N. 109 ; being Identical with this species. Buteo platypterus platypterus (Vieillot). Falco pennsylvanicws Wilson, Am. Orn., VI, 1812, p. 92, pi. 54, flg. 1 (type in coll. Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sci. ; not of Wilson t. c. 13, pi. 46, f. ]).— Latham, Gen. Hist. Bds., I, 1821, 263. — Bonaparte, Sp. Comp. D. Orn,, 1827, 19; Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., II, 1828, 29; Oken's Isis, XXV, 1832, 1137.— Audubon, Bds. Am. I, 1828, pi. XCI ; Orn. Biog., I, 1832, 461 ; IMd. V, 1839, 377.— Jardine, Wilson's Am. Orn., II, 1832, 298.— Nuttall, Manuel, I, 1882, 105. — Temminck, Index de oseaux, 6, 1S.'?0. 5; Nouv. Reg., I, 18.37. — Magiet, Cat. Magn., 1846, 2.— Chartiouse, Cat. de Ois., 1856, 5. — Holmes. Rep. Conn. Patents, 1856, Agri. (1857), 113.— Samuels, Bds. N. Eng., 1870, 40 ; Our N. and E. Bds., 1883, 40. Faloo pe^uylvanicus Bonaparte, Cat. Bds. U. S. 1827, 10. JluRNS — On Broaii-winged Hawk. 163 IFaIco] pennsylvwnicns Micheuer, Hist. Chester Co., Pa., 1881, 441. Faloo Pennsylvanicus 'Swainson and Richardson, Fauna-Borealis, II, 1831, 66.— Jameson, Wilson's Am. Orn., I, 1831, 65.— Baker, Am. Orn. Index, 1835, 10.— Kirtland, Kep. Ohio Geog. Sur., 1838, 161, 178.— Brewer, Syn. Bds., 1840, 684. P[alco] Pennsyli>amous Griffleth and Pidgeon, Class Aves, 1829. — Griffeth, Animal Kingdom, VI, 1829, 4!).— Linsley, Am. Jour. Sci and Arts, XLIV, 1843, 252. S[pa/rmus'\ platyptertis Vieillot, Ency. Meth., Ill, 1823, 1273. F[alco'\ Wilsonii Bonaparte, Jour. Acad. Nat. 'Sci. Phila., Ill, Apr. 1824, 348. Falco latissimus Ord, Wilson's Am. Orn., VI, 1812 (1824 reprint), 92.— Bonaparte, Am. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., II, ]828, 29 F[alco'\ latissimus Ord, N. A. Zool., 1815, 315 ; Wilson's Am. Orn., II, 1828, 92 (footnote).— Bonaparte, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., III, 1824, 348 (footnote). Astiir pennsylvanicus Bonaparte, Oss. Cuvier Reg. An., ed. 2, I, 1829, 332.— Richardson, Rep. Brit. Ass. Adv. Sci., 1836 (1837), 108.— Sundevall, Dis. Ace. Hem., 1874, 24. Astiir ? latissimus Jardine, Wilson's Am. Orn., II, 1832, 294. Buteo Penvsylvaniciis Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 3. — ■ Gray, List Spec. Bds. Coll. British Mus.. I, 1844, 16. —Brewer, Syn. N. A. Bds., 1840, 684; Trans. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, VII, 1860, 306.— Read, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VI, 1854, 396, Hincks, Canad. Jour. Ind., Sci. and Art, IV, 1859, 445.— Good- rich, 111. Nat. Hist., II, 1861, 31.— Schlegel, Mus. D' Hist. Nat., II, 1802, 20.— 'Samnels, Rep. Conn. Agri., 1864 (1865), 390.— Turnbull, Bds. E. Pa. and N. J., 1869, 7. — Maynard, Trans. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, XIV, 1872, 382; Bds. E. N. Am., 1881, 315.— Wheaton, Am. Rep. Ohio State Bd. Agri., 1874, 570. — Snow, Cat. Bds. Kas., 3rd ed.. 1875, 10. — Venner, Our Bds. Prey, 1876, 61. — Merriam, Trans. Conn. Acad.. IV, 1877, 87.-^Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Ill, 1880 (1881), 71.— Wintle, Orn. Isl. Montreal, II, 1882, 117.— Morden and Saunders, Can. Sports and Nat. II, 1882, 192. — King, Wis. Geo. Sur., 1883, 587.— JIayiiard, Naturalist's Guide, 1883, 137.— James, Cat Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., IX. 1880-87, 00. B[n1cii'\ Pcnnsylranicns Edson, Bds. Chautaqua Co. [N. Y.], 1886. 12. [Buteo'] Pennsylvanicus Gundlach, Poey's Rep. Pisico. — Nat. Isle Cnlia, I, 1800, 223; Jour. f. Orn., 1874, 310; IMd. XXII, 1878, 158.— Cones, Key, 1872, 217. — Kirkland, Proc. Cleveland Acad. Nat. Sci., 1874, 221.— Minot, Land and Game Bds., 1877, 454 (index). 1G4 The Wilson Bulletin— Nos. 76-77. Bluteol Pensylvanicus Ridgway, Ann. Lye. Xat. Hist. N. Y., X, 1874, 381. Butni pcnnsiiVvanicm Bonaparte, Ofs. Cur. R. G., 1829, 55. — Au- dubon, Synop., 1839, T; Bds. Am. I. 18-10, 43.— Thompson, Nat. His. Vermont, 1840, 61.— DeKay, Zool. N. 1'., II, 1844, pt. II, 11.— Nutt- all, Manuel, 2nd ed. 1840, 107.— Giraud, Bds. L. I., 1844, 5.— Gray, Cat. Gen. Bds. Brit. JIus., 1S55. 35. — Lembeye, Aves If'I? de Cuba, 1850, 19.— Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VI, 1.*53 (1854), 451; 111. Bds. Cal., 1856, 100; Hist. Del. Co., Pa., 1802, 437.— Hay, Proc Acad. Xat. Sci. Phila., 1854, 306. — Cabanis. Jour. f. Orn.. II, 1855. Ixxxii.— Strickland, Orn. Syu., I, 3855, 32.— Putnam, Proc. Essex Inst., I, 1850, 203. — Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pt. xxv, 1857, 211, 261.; JMtl. 1858, 451.— Brewer, X. A. Ool. XI, 1S57, 31; Proc. Boi-ton SdC. X'at. Hist. XVII. 1875. 444.— Baird, Bds., IS.'iS, 29. — Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, I, 1859, 217; Proc. Zool. Soc. Lon., 1864, 369;— /!)«/. 1869, 129.- Gundlach, Jour. f. Orn.. IX, 1861. 403; Itid. XIX, 1871, 266; Orn. Cubana, 1.S76,- 41 ; Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Xat, VII, 1878, 160.— Lawrence, Rep. Ann. Lye. X it. Hist. X. Y., VII, 1861. 2,*S; m.(l. 1866, 280; BiUl.. IX, 1868, 1.33.— Miles, Geo. Sur. Mich. (1861), 22:!.— Coues and Prentiss, Ann. Rep. Smith. Inst., 1862, 402.— Boardman, Trans. Boston Soc. Xat. Ili-t. IX. 1862, 122. — Verrill, Proc. •Bsf-Px Inst., Ill, 1862, 137 (Separate p. 6) ; Blakestone, Ibis, 1863,45. —Dresser, Ibis. IX, 1865, .325. Hnmlin Cat. Pds., ■\Vateryille. |.Me.l, 1865, 2.— Allen, Proc. Essex Inst., IV. 1864-65 [18661, m : Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., II, 1871, .331.— McIIwraith, Proc. Es'ex Inst., V, 1866, 82.— Baird. Ibis, XI, 1867, 273.— Coues, pnic. Essex Inst., V, 1868, 257, Proc. Boston Soe. Xat. Hist., XII, 1868. 120; Cheek Li-t, 1873, 71; Bds. X. W., 1874, 360; Check List, 1882. 89.— Frantzins, Jour. f. Orn., 1869, 368.— Gray, Iland List, I, 1809, 7,- -Salvin, Proc. Zool. 'Soc. Lon., 1870; 215; Xom. Avi., Xeo. 187.3. 119; Ibis, V, 1875, 50; lUd. IV, 1880, 177; Ihid. Cat. 'Strickland Col., 1882, 486.— Gregg, Cat. Bds. Chemung Co., X. Y., 1S70. 5. — Pelzehn. Orn. Bras.. 1871, 396. — Schlegel, Mus. D' Hist. Nat., 3873, 109.— Scott. Trans. Boston Xat. Hist. Soc, XV, 1873, 226; Bird Studies, 1898, 197. — Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, N. A. Bds., III. 1874, 259. — Rid.gwny, Trans. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XVI, 1873, 65; Proc. U. S. Xat. Mus., Ill, 1881, .39; Tbkl. 194; Bui. 111. Mus. Nat. I-Iist.. No. 4, 1881, 184.— Bois, Cat. Bds. S. Mich., 1875.— Jouy, Field and Forest. II, 1877, 170. — Gundlach, Orn. Cubana, 1876, 41. — Gentry. Bds. Eastern Pa., II, 1877, 260. — Langdon, Cat. Bds. Cincinnati, 1877, 13; Jour. Cin. Soe. Nat. Hist., I, 1879, 110, 380.— Sharp, List Vert. Ani. Z. S. Lon., 3877, 281. — Allen. Bui. Essex Inst., X, 3878, 22.— Sennett, Bui. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Sur. Ter., IV, 3878, 43 ; Ihiil. V, 1879 [1880], 420.— Davis, Oologist, 3,879, 51.— Hatch, Bui. Minn^ Burns — On Broad-winged Hawk. Kio Acad. Nat. Hist. Soc, I, 1879, ."il.— Merrell. Bui. U. S. Nat. Mus., I, 1878 [1870], 154.— Rathbuii, Bds. Cen. N. Y., 1879, 28.— Roberts and Benners, B. N. O. C, V, 1880, 17.— Gibbs, Bui. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Sur. Ter., X, 1879 [1880], 491 Jeffries, Ihkl. 101.— Gregg, Revised Cat. Bds. Chemung Co., N. Y., 1880, 5.— Merriam, B. N. O. C, VI, 1881, 233.— Batchelder, IMd. VII, 1882, 151.— Brown, Cat. Bds. Port- land, Jle., 1S.S2, 22.— Chamberlain, Ottawa Nat., I, 1SS2, 49.— Fer- nandez, Aves de Costa Rica, II, 2SS2, 432. — Nehrlini;, B. N. 0. C, VII, 1882, 174,— Taczanowski, P. Z. S. L., 1HS2, 47; Ihid. 1885, 110.— Wheaton, Geol. Sur. Ohio, R', 1882 428.— Bailey, B. N. 0. C, VIII, 1882, 41.— Berlepsch, P. Z. S. Lon., 1883, 574; IMd. 1902, 42.— Coues and Prentiss, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 26, 1883, 8S.— Goss, Cat. Bds. Kas., 1883, 22.— Stearns and Coues, N. Eug. Bd. Life, II, 1883, 125.— True, List Vert. Ani. S. C, 1883, 225.— Abbot, Nat. Rambles About Home, 1884, 469.— Banks. Auk, I, 1884, 95.— Bracket, Quav. Jour. Boston Zool. Soc, III, 18.84, 14. — Gurno.v, Diur. Bds. Prey, 1884, 67; Ibi?, Ill, 1891, 23; Cat. Bds. Prey, 1894. 24.— Warren Diur. Bds. Prey, 1883 [1884], 99.— Zeledon, Proc. TJ. S.Nat, JIus,, VIII, 1885, 27.— Capen, Col. N. Eng., 1880, 79.— Ferrari- Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., IX, 1.S86, 167.— Davidson, F. and S., XXXIII, 1889, 164.— Dionne, Cat. Ois. Prov. Quebec, 1889, 55.— Langelle, Our Bds., 2nd ed., 1892, 99.— Wayne, Auk, XIII, 1895, 364.— Studer, Bds. N. A., 1897, 85.— Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, N. A. Land Bds. [reprint] III, 1905, 256. Biuteo] petniKijlranicus Kaup, Archly, f. Naurgeschichte, 1850, 39.— Michener, Agri. Rep., 1863, 291.— Gundlach, Anales Soc. Esp. Plift. Nat. Madrid, II, 1873, 99.— Coues, Key, 3rd., 1887, 548. [Buteo] peii'iisylvanicus Gundlach, Poey's Repert, Fis-Nat.-Cuba, I, 1865-66, 223 ; Jour. f. Orn., 1878, 158.— Cory, List Bds. W. I., 1885, 22 (part). Bltitro] pminsyl[vaniciis'i Kirtland, Proc. Cleveland Acad, Sci,, 1874, 221. [Buteo'\ pensylvamcus, Gundlach, IX, 1861, 322. IButeo'i pennsylvandcus Gray, Gen. Bds., I, 1849, 12. — Gundlach, Jour. f. Orn., 1874, 310.— Jlinot. Land and Game Bds., 1877, 36.^. Buteo wilsoiiii Kaup, Oken's Isis, 1R47, 330. Buteo Wilsoni Bonaparte, Cons. Gen. Avi., I, 1850, 19. — Barboza du Bocage, Cat. D. Coll. Orn. M^is. Nac, D. Lisboa, 1869, 37. Pcecilapternis ■wilsoni ICaup, Falc. Cont. Orn., 1850, 75. Buteo {paeija pternis) pemmylraniciis Baird, Cat. N, X. Bds., 18.58, xxvi. Buteo latissimus Lembeye, Avesde Cuba, IS.'iO, 19, — Sharp, Cat. Ace, I, 1874, 193; List Gen. and Spec. Bds., I, 1899, 257.— Boucard, P. Z. S. Lon., 1878, 448,— Allen, Bui Mus. Nat. Hist, I, 1886, 243; 166 The Wilson Bulletin— Nos. 76-77. Auk, X, 1893, 133; Bui. Mus. Nat. Hist, XIII, 1900, 130.— Butler, Bui. Brookville Soc. Nat. Hist., No. 2, 1885, 23.— A. O. U. Code Norn, and Cheek List, 1886, 190; 1895, 133 (part).— Ralph, and Bagg, Trans. Oneida Hist. Soc, III, 1886, 118.— Mcllwraith, Bds. Ont., 1886, 142; IMd. 1894, 205.— Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., IX, 1886, 248; Manuel, 1887, — .— Beckman, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1887, 637.— Chamberlain, Cat. Can. Bds., 1887, 57.— Clark, Bds. Amherst, 1887, 47.— Cory, Auk, IV, 1887, 40 (part) ; Bds. W. I., 1889, 198 (part) ; Cat. Bds. W. I., 1892, 99 (part).— Everman, Auk, V, 1888, 350.— Keys, Proc. Davenport Acad. Nat. Sci., 1888, 15.— Taylor, Ann. Rep. State Bd. Agri., 1887 [1888], 114.— ^Swift, F. and S., XXX, 1888, 104.— Zeledon, Am Mus. Nac. de Costa Rica, I, 1887, 126.— Bergtold, Bui. Buffalo Nat. Field Club, 1889, 10.— Cairns, O. and O., XIV, 1889, 18.— Davie, Nests and Eggs N. A. Bds., 3rd ed., 1889, 178 (part) ; IMd. 5th ed. , 1900, 212.— Taylor and Van Vleet, O. and O., XIV, 1889, 164.— Baker, Ann Rep. Smith, Inst., July, 1890.— Barnes, O. and O., XVI, 1890, 114.— Butler, Cat. Bds. Ind., 1890, 47; IMd. 1898, 788.— Cantwell, O. and O., XV, 1890, 132. —Downs, Proc. and Trans. N. S. Inst. Nat. Sci., VII, 1890, 158.— WarPMi, Bds. Pa., 2nd ed., 1890, 130 (part) ; Diseases and Enemies Poultry, 1897, 187.— Chamberlain, Nuttall's Handbook, 1891, 49; lUd. 1903, 49.— Colburn and Morris, Bds. Conn. Val., 1891, 11.— Goss, Hist. Bds. Kas., 1891, 267. — Kingston, Lees and Macoun, Ot- tawa Nat., Y, 1891, 38.— Kumlein, Wis. Nat., I, 1891, 181.— Thomp- son, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIII, 1890 [1891], 522.— Bendire, Life Hist., 1892, 242.— Hatch, Bds. Minn., 1892, 190.— [Smith, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist, XIX, 1892, 114.— Cook, Bds. Mich., Apr., 1893, 64.— Keys, Proc. Davenport Acad. Nat Sci., (1893), 127. — Fleming, Cat. Nat Hist. Exhibit 1893, 15; Auk, XVIII 1901, 31.— Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XVI, 1893, 522.— Stone, Bds. E. Pa. and N. J., 1894, 87.— Fisher, Year Book, 1894. 217 (part). — Chapman, Bd«. B. N. A., 1895, 204; Bui. Mus. Nat. Hist, X, 1898. 35.— Gund- lach, Orn. Cubana, 1895, 21. — Jacobs, Eggs Nat. Pa. Bds., 1895, 7. — Kirkwood, Trans. Md. Acad. Sci., l.sn.'i, 302. — Rotzell, Bds. Xar- berth, Pa., 1895, 4. — Bruner, Ann. Rep. Neb. State Hort. Soc, 1896, 91.— Fisher, Nid., Ill, 1890, 120.- Short, Bds. W. N. Y., 1896 11.— Howe, Every Bd., 1896, 187; Bds. R. I„ 1899. 58, 433. Ulrey and Wallace, Proc Ind., .\cad. Nat. Sci., 1896, 151. Cram. Pop., Sci. Mo.. 1807, 51, 599.— Knight. List Bds., 1897, 60.— Bangs, Proc. Biog. Soc. Wash., 1898. 1.32.— Blaneban, Bds., 1898, .322.— Merriam, Bds. Village and Field. 1898, 275.— Beyer, Proc La ,Soc. Nat., 1899, 152.— Kobel. Field Key, 1899, 9.— Lantz, Tran'^. Kas, Acad. Sci., (1899), 255. — Dugmore, Bd. Homes, 1900, 127.— Farr, Bui. N. Y. State Mus., VII, 1900, 287.— Faxon and Burns — On Broad-winged Hawk. 167 Hoffman, Bds. Berkshire Co., Mass., 1900, 40.— Macoun, Cat. Can. Bds., I, 1900, 257.— Nash, Check List Bds. Ont., 1900, 29.— Preble, MA. Geol. Sur., 1900, 298.— Eaton, Proc. Roclaester Acad. Nat. Sci., 4, 1901, 12, 35. — Morris, Bds. Springfield, [Mass.], 1901, 19. — Reed, Am. Orn., 1901, 208.— Goeldi, Bui. Mus. Para., Ill, 1902, 279.— Good- fellow, Ibis, II, 1902, 221.— Coues, Key, 1903, 688.— Perkins and Howe, Rep. Ver. State Bd. Agri., 1901 [1903], 18.— Snow, Trans. Kas. Acad. Sci., XVIII, 1903, 169.— Dubois, Syn. Av., 1904, 857.- Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centrali-Am. Aves, Aves, III, 1904, 69 ; Geog. Hist., IMd. V. 190, xxxii. — Grundtoig, Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci., Arts, and Letters, X, 1905, 108, Kopman, Gulf Fauna and Flora Bui., 190, 57. B[uteo] latissinvus Lembeye, Aves de la Isle de Cuba, 1850, 127. Atkinson, Jour. E. Mitchell Soc. XIV, 1887, 63.— Ridgway, Orn, 111., I, 1889, 465.— Wintle, Bds. Montreal, 1896, 52.— Anderson, List, 1897, 7.— Jordan, Man. Vert., 1899, 258.— Ridgway, Manuel, 1887, 236; ma. 1896, 237 (part).— Verrill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., LXI, 1909, 358. [Buteo'] latissimus Brewster, Minot's Land and Game Bds., 1903, 381.— Ihering, Cat. Fauna Brazilira, I, 1907, 90. Buteo catissirrms (misprint) Avery, Am. Field, XXXIV. 1890, 584. Buteo platypterus Faxon, Auk, XVIII, 1901, 218.— A. O. U. Com., Tenth Suppl., Auk, July, 1901, 299.— Embody, Bds. Madison Co., N. Y., 1901, 15.— Allen, Proc. Manchester, Inst. Arts and Sci., IV, 1902, pt. 1, 99; Auk, XXV, 1908, 59.— Preble, N. A. Fauna, No. 22, 1902, 106; lUa. No. 27, 1908, 357— Boardman, Hist. Bds. Me. and N. B., 1903, 308.— Chapman, Forest, Fish and Game Com. N. ¥., 1903, 27.— Dawson, Bds. Ohio, 1903, 409.— Jones, Bds. Ohio, 1903, 93.— Kumlien, Bui, Wis. Nat. Hist. Soc, 3, 1903, 64.— Macoun, Cat. Can. Bds., II, 1903, 237. — Hoffman, Guide Bds. N. Eng. and E. N. Y., 1904, 240.— McAtee, Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci., 1904, 83, 194.— Reed, Am. Orn., IV, 1904, 217.— Darlington, Oologist, XXII, 1905, 156.— Nash, Check List Vert. Ont., 1905, 41.— Townsend, Mem. Nutt. Orn. Club, III, 1905, 210.— Childs, Warbler, II, 1906, 80.— Dionne, Ois, Prov. Quebec, 1900, 202.— Woodruff, Cassina, IX, 1905 [1906], 47.— Anderson, Proc. Davenport, Acad. Sci., XI, 1907, 251. — Davenport, Vt, Bd. Club Bui. 2, July, 1907.— Shufeldt, Wils. Bui., XIV, 1907. 59.— Widmann, Per. Cat. Bds. Mo., 1907, 19, 98. — WbodrufC, Bui. VI, Nat. Hist. Sur., Apr. 15, 1907, 96.— Knight, Bds. Me., 1908, 231.— Trotter, Cassinia, XI, 1907 [1908], 22.— Taverner and Swales, Wils. Bui., XIV, 1908, 96.— Stone, Bds. N. J., 1908 [1909], 164.— Cory, Bds. 111. and Wis., 1909, 467. Seton, Fauna Mana., 1909, 25.— A. O. 168 The Wilson Bulletin— Nos. 76-77. U. Com. Check List N. A. Bds., Srd ed., 1910, 159.— Wayne, Bds. South Carolina, 1910, 7.5. Buieo platyptenis platyptcrii.^ Riley, Auk, XXV, 1908, 269.— Car- rikev, Bds. Costa Rica, 1910, 458. Buteo platyptenis antillarum (Clark). Butoo pennsylvanicus, Lawrence, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. I, Oct. 15, 1878, 194 (St. Vincent) ; lUd. Feb. 13, 1879, 273 (Grenada) ; lUd. May, 1879, 487 (part).— Lister, Ibis, 1880, 43 (St. Vincent).— Allen, B. N. O. C, V, 1880, 169 (Santa Lucia). — Wells, Ll&t Bds. Grenada, 1880, 6; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. IX, Feb. 11, 1887, 622 (Grenada.— Sclater, P. Z. S, Lon., 1889, 395 (Santa Lucia).— Sharp, List Vert. Ani. Zool. Soc. Lon. 9th ed., 1896, 382 (Grenada). [Buteo] penmyUanicus Cory, Hist. Bds. W. I., 1885, 22 (part). Buieo latissimus Sharp, Cat. Ace, I, 1874, 193 (part). — Cory, Ibis, IV, 1886, 473 (St. Vincent) ; Auk, 1887, 40 (part) ; lUd. 96 (Martinique) ; Bds. W. I., 1889, 198 (part) ; Cat. Bds. W. I., 1892, 99 (part). — Fieldeu, Ibis, I, 1889, — . — Davies, Nests and Eggs N. A. Bds., 3rd ed., 1889, 178 (part .—Warren, Bds. Pa., 1890, 2nd ed., 130 (part).— Fisher, Hawks and Owls, 1893, 79 (part).— A. O. U. Com., Check List, 2ud ed., 1895, 133 (part). Blnteo] latissimus Ridgway, Manuel, 1887, 236; 2nd ed., 1896, 237 (part). Buteo antillarum Clark, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XVIII, Feb. 21, 1905, 62 (Chateaubelair, St. Vincent;, type coll. E. A. and O. Bangs) ; Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XXXII, No. 7, Oct., 1905, 241. Buteo platypterux antillarum Riley. Auk. XXV, 1908, 271. Buteo platyptenis rivicrei (A. H. Verrlll). Buteo pennsylvanicus Lawrence, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., I, July 30, 1878, 65 (Dominica) ; Ihid. May, 1879, 487 (part).— Sclater, P. Z. S. Lon., 1889, 326 (Dominica). B[iiteo'] pennsylvanicus Cory, List Bds. W. I.. 1885. 22 (part). Buteo latissimus Sharp, Cat. Ace, I, 1874, 103 (part). — Cory, Auk, 1887, 40 (part) ; Bds. W. I., 1889, 198 (part) ; Cat. Bds. W. I., 1892, 99 (part) ; Dominica). — Davie, Nests and Eggs, 1889, 178 (part).— Warren, Bds. Pa., 1890, 130 (part).— Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts and Sci. VIII, 1892, f!25 (Dominica).— Fisher, Hawks and Owls, 1898 (part).— A. 0. U. Com., Check List, 1895, 133 (part). B[utro] latissimus Ridgway, Manual, 1887, 236; 1896, 237 (part). Buteo (latissimus) rivicrei A. H. Verrlll, Add. Avifauna Domin- ica, [about Oct., 1905], [unpaged]. Buteo platyptenis rivi&rei Riley, Auk, XXV 1908, 272. Burns — Ok Bkoad-winged Hawk. Ki!) Biiteo plaii/ptcnm iiisiilicohi Riley. liiitco pennsi/lranicus? Lawrence, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., I, Dec. 10, lS7.-<, 236 (Antigua). [Biitco] iicniiniilriniicus Cory, I>ist Bds. AV. I., 38.S.5, 22 (part). Biitco latissimus Sharp, Cat. Ace, I, 1874, 193 (part). — Cory, Auk, 1887, 40 (part) ; Bds. W. I., 1889, 198 (part; Lesser Antilles) ; Auk. :S91. 47 (Antigua; crit.) ; Cat. AV. I. Bds., 1892, 99 (part; Antigua). Davie, Nests and Eggs, 1889, 178 (part). — Warren Bds. Pa., 1890, 130 (part).— Fisher, Hawks and Owls, 1893, 79 (part).— A. O. U. Com., Check List, 1895, 133 (part). B[M«eo] latifHiiiniis Ridgway, Manuel, ]887, 236; 1896, 2.37 (part. Biiteo. platypterus Riley, Smith. Mis. Coll., XI,VII, Nov. 8, 1904, 282 (Crit). Bluteo] platypterus insulicola Riley, Auk, XXV, July, 1908, 273 (type, U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 119, 349, adult male, Antigua, British W. I., May 29, 1890. Cyrus S. Winch, collector). Vernacular Names. Broad-winged Hawk. "Its great breadth of wing, or width of the secondaries, and also of its head and hody, when compared with its length, sti-uck me as peculiarities," (Wilson). Broad-winged Buzzard, (Cones). Broad-winged Falcon, (Latham). Broad-wing, (Of many writers). Broud-winged Il.awk, (Vieillot). Broad-billed, Brown-winged and Road-Aviuged Hawk — doubtless typographical errors (minor oological periodicals). Chicken Hawk. In connnon with the Marsh, Red-tailed, Red- shouldered, Rough-legged and Cooper's Hawks. (Coues, and Pren- tiss, Surface, Widmann, and others). Falcon de Monte, Cuba, (Brew-er). Gahilian. Miuea, Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta, Venezuela, (Slavin and Godman). Il£n Hawk, Hohawk Valley, N. Y. (Willard) ; Maryland;. The three Biitcax, (Kirkwood) ; Massachusetts, (Maynard). I-Ialeon pinto, Mexico, (Ferrari-Perez). L'Autour de Pennsylvania, Canada, (Le Moine). La Buse de Pennsylvania, Quebec, (Dionne). Pennsj'lvanian Buzzard, (Sharp). Biiteo platypterus aiitilla/ruin. Antillean Chicken Hawk, St. Vincent, (Clark). Broad-winged Hawk, (Of earlier writers). Chicken Hawk, St. Vincent. "The name by which this bird is 170 The Wilson Bulletin— Nos. 76-77. known throughout the island led me to suppose that it was an enemy to chickens. I never observed it molesting the poultry," (Lister) ; 'St. Vincent, (Ober) ; Grenada, (Wells). Gree gree, Grenada, (Wells). Buteo platypterus rivierei. Broad-winged Hawk. This is a book name never used by the people in general, though very appropriate and sanctioned by al- most a century's usage in literature. Mai fini, St. Marie, Indian Country, Dominica. "This bird courses above the valley, uttering its cry of 'Mai flni,fliii,' " (Ober). Malfeenee, Dominica, (Verrill). Kivieri's Hawk, Dominica. In honor of Dr. Rivieri (Verrill). Geographical Distribution. The summer range of Buteo plaiypte'rus platypterus ex- tends from Cape Breton Island to central Alberta (northern- most records — Moose Factory, southern extremity of Hudson bay, Ontario ; and 12 miles west of Ste. Anne, Alberta) ; south to Florida and central Texas. The western limits correspond substantially to the western limits of the humid province in the United States. Resident in Cuba and Porto Rico. Local throughout its range. Reported more or less abundant as a breeder in northwestern Florida, Adirondack mountains, Con- necticut valley, Umbagog lake region. New Brunswick, in- terior of Quebec, Muskoka and Parry Sound districts of On- tario, wooded districts of Manitoba and Minnesota. Replaced in the West Indies (except Cuba and ? Porto Rico) by B. p. insulicola in Antigua, B. p. rivierei in Dominica, and B. p. antillarum in Martinique, Santa Lucia, St. Vincent, Bequia, Mustique, Cannouan, Carriacou, Grenada, and ? Tobago, where it is resident. Extinct in the Barbadoes. The winter range extends from southern New Jersey, Maryland, West Virginia, southern Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, southward through Mexico, Central America and western South Amer- ica to Peru and the head waters of the Amazon river. Rather uncommon in the United States during the winter months. Rare straggler north to Connecticut and Massachu- setts. Burns — On ISkoad-winged Hawk. 171 local distribution. Cape Bbeton Island. — One seen (Townfsend) ; not uncom. — Townsend (Macoun) ; Macouu has evidently misquoted. I have loolsed up my notes on the subject and find that I saw the bird at Ingonlsh on Aug. 29, '05; and from ray notes and my memory of the case I think the diagnosis was correct (Townsend ms.). Nova Scotia. — Very rare, two doubtful records, one obtained in the market Sept., '88, and another supposed to have been shot at Stewiacke (Downs). Rare S. R. according to H. F. Tnfts (Ma- coun ) . I took an immature male at Sherbrooke, Guysboro Co., in Aug. '03, the only definite data, although in Kings and Annapolis Cos., at different times, I 'have seen hawks that I identified as the Broad-winged (Tufte ms.). New Brunswick. — Given by Boardman in 1903 as abundant, and by Macoun, same year, as a rather rare S. R. About the Islands of the Bay of Fundy, S. V., com., breeds (Boardman). Occurs in St. John and King Cos., Dr. Adams states that the Red-tailed and Broad-winged are the most abundant Hawks in the Interior (Cham- berlain). St. John's, breeding (Banks, Davie). Victoria Co., Grand Falls, not com. (Batchelder) . Quebec. — Saguenay Dist, Godbout, very com., some years very abund. migrant and apparently does not nest much along our coast line, but seems to direct itself much further north (Comeau ms.). Temiscouta Co., Trois Pistoles, one capture in five years' study, an immature, about Oct. 5, '06 (Le Chasseur ms.). Stanstead Co.. Coaticork [Coaticook], Mr. Woodward sent up a female, lately doubtless nests in the Province (Couper). Montreal, not com. (Wintle) ; mention (Shaw) ; S. R., com., more plentiful during the migratory period (Wintle). Quebec, Mr. John Neilson considers it com. near the city (Chamberlain). Labelle Co., Inlet. — .50 ra. N. B. Ottawa — single individual Apr. 25, 27 and 28, '0.5 (Eifrig ms.). Ontario. — In 1886 Mcllwraith gives it as very com. in spring in southern part, a few remain to breed, but the greater number pass on N. W., and in the western part Morden and Saunders find it sometimes com. In flocks during migration®, at otlier times single individuals are rather rare. In 1890, a very rare S. R. according to Thompson. In the southern part one of the commonest hawks (Fleming). Macoun states that it is increasingly com. as we go west in the valley of the St. Lawrence and found all over Ontario. He also quotes Rev. C. J. Young, under the head of the Red- shouldered Hawk, that this bird becomes rare in eastern Ont., 15 to 20 miles north of the St. Lawrence, and 50 miles back it is al- most unknown, its place seemingly taken by the Broad-wing. Rev. i:--^ Ti-ii--: Wilson 1!uj.i.i-tin~Xos. 76-7?. Young gives but a single record of its nest— Jlay 24. IIO, tliough ttie immatures are com. near the St. Lawrence in Sept. and Oct. Nasli gives it as S. R., breeds throughout. Wm. L. Scott thinlis it is the commonest hawk in tlie Ottawa valley (Chamberlain). Prescott Co., specimen (Worthen ms.). Carleton Co., Ottawa, S. R., com., lireeds (Kingi-ton. Lees and Maconn) ; a regular S. R. CnTiite ins.). It seems to be decreasing, have not met with it as often as formerly. A male that came to my liands May 8, '09, was probably one of a pair breeding (Kifrig /».s.). It is the commonest hawk in the county of Iteufrees, near the Ottawa river, and is also wm. in the county of Lanark (Maconn). York Co., Toronto, ac- cording to Mr. Passmore a considerable number of both young and adults were met with (Veuner). Ernest Seton in ms. list of To- ronto birds, written in '85, gives it as "com., breeds," but I have not heard of any breeding records, and in my Toronto list I give it as a regular migrant. I have seen few mature birds from Toronto, while immatures are often abundant (Fleming m.t.). Ilolton Co.. scarce migrant (Brooks) ; Glenwilliams, Bs I'aik Dist., Duffryn Co., sets of eggs collected by Forge (.Tacobs, .Tackson and Sharpies colli.). Portage la I'rairie, regular and connnon breeder' in the wood- ed districts. My tirst record was. on May 1, 1807. when t collected a male, within tlie week I received a female — both of which I mounted. In Jlay, ]900, between the 12th and 22nd, I took a trip on the Assinalioine river to Winnipeg and noted it regularly all the way down, and on the 16th a nest was found but it contained no eggs (Atkinson )».«.). Saskatchewan. — I think that doubtless it will be found in the Allegheuian region of the Manatoba and Saskatchewan, that is reaching the Saskatchewan river on its easterly half. I cannot at present la.v my liands on any records west of Manitoba (Seton iiis.). Albeeta. — Apparently a regular summer inhabitant of tlie south- ern part of the Athabaska region. On May 8. '0.3, we saw one in the wooded vallej' of the Saskachewan near Edmonton. It Avas in sus- picious proximity to an old nest and possibly intended to reoccupy it. Alfred K. Preble and Merritt Cary saw one on the Athabaska a few miles aliove Athaliaska Landing on Sept. 5 of the same year. J. Alden Loring found a nest containing two eggs on .lasjier House trail, 12 m. west of Ste. xVnne, .Vlberta, May 27, '96. The female was siliot as she left the nest and is now in the collection of the Biographical Siu'vey (Preble), .':(! mib^s X. W. of Edmonton. 114° W. long., and •>'.!{. ° N. lat. Fairly common, breeding preferably in low. birch trees (Stansell). Matxk. — Fncom. S. R. (Allen). Aroostook Co.; lircedin;,' at Houlton (Batchekler), not rare S. R. (Knight) : Washington C(j., Calais. Com. S. R.. breeds (Boardraan); Milltown, young birds scarcely fledged (Ridgway) ; Grand Lake stream, present in June, and also at Alexander, where a set of eggs was collected (Carpen- 174 The Wilson Bulletin— Nos. 76-77. ter ms.). Hancock Co., quite generally found as a S. K. (KnigUt). Penobscot Co., breeds quite generally, not quite so commonly of late years as formally (Knight) ; Holden, May 31, '88, set of eggs taken by Manly Hardy (Bendire). Orono, Apr. 11, '96 (Sweet). Piscataquis Co., Mooseliead I^ake, one shot in July (Storer) ; com., breeds, according to Homer (Knight). Somerset Co., Dead river region, several individuals were seen in the vicinity of Flagstaff, and a specimen secured. I have seen the species on every visit ex- cepting winter (Carpenter) ; Orland, Alamoosoak lake, present (Merrell) ; Skowhegan, spring date (Swain) ; Plttsfield, two sets of eggs collected by Clarence H. Merrell (Crandall coll.). Franklin Co., Eangeley Lakes, June dates (Childs) ; Avon, spring and fall dates (Sweet) ; Kingsfield, Jerusalem Plantation and base of Mt. Abraham, sets of eggs, 1894-95 (Carpenter ms.) ; New Vineyard, set of eggs by J. L,. Colcord, '05 (Carpenter ms.) ; Farmington, spring dates (Sweet). Oxford Co., com. S. R. (Maynard) ; Umbagog Lakes, abund., apparently the most com. hawk- (Verrill) ; Norway, S. v., breeds (Verrill) ; breeds commonly according to Nash (KnigTit) ; fall date (Johnson) ; Hebron, May 20, '06 and May 21, '08, and Buckfield, May 5, '96 (Sweet). Waldo Co., not rare S. R. (Knight) ; Lincoln, 3 sets of eggs, 1899 and 1900 by W. J. Clayton (Crandall, and Dille coll.). Knox Co., migrant ace. to RocklifC (Knight). Kennebec Co., Waterville, found previous to 1805 (Ham- lin) and at present time by Royal (Knight) ; spring date '02, Swain (Sweet). Sagadohoc Co., com., spring and fall, ace. Spinney (Knight). Androscoggin Co., fairly com. S. R., ace. to Johnson (Knight) ; Livermore, June 9, '97 (Briggs) ; Lewiston, Sept. 8, '02 (Sweet). Cumberland Co., com. S. R. ace. to Mead (Knight) ; Portland, uncom. S. R. (Brown) ; Freeport and Portland, spring and fall dates (Brownson) ; Brunswick, Apr. 8, '09 (Sweet). York Co., Adams (Knight). New Hampshire. — Breeds (Samuels) ; uncom. migrant and 'S. R. (Allen) ; com., breeds (Childs) ; fairly com. S. R. of the densely mixed woods of the sub-Canadian area. In the White mts. region and nortliward, it is the commonest breeding "hawk, but with cen- tral and southern X. U. it is less com., except alons the ridge of the western part (G. M. Allen). Coos Co., com. S. V. (Maynard, Clark) ; Mt. Washington, 8 sets of eggs, '90 (Clark) ; Lancaster and Jefferson, by far the most com. hawk, probably outnumbering all other species put together, though the cutting off of the old growth trees is forcing it further back, as I liave never found it nesting in second growth timber (Spauldlng ms.) ; Chickora, White mts., breeding (Bowles) ; Monadnock, not uncom. ace. to Gerald Thayer (G. M. Allen). Carroll Co., North Conway, breeding, '89 l-JuRNS — On Broad-winged Hawk. 175 (Nash) ; Intervale, nest and eggs (G. M. Allen). Grafton Co., not unconi, (Sherman) ; West of Newfound Lake, where it breeds up to the limit of large tree growth, about 2500 ft., 'S. R., rare (G. M. Allen). Belknap Co., Alton, two records. May and Aug (Dear- born). Merrimac Co., Webster and adjoining twps., rare only a few seen (Goodhue). Hillsborough Co., Milford, set of eggs (Til- ton) ; Amoskeag, considered irregular visitor until '92, when about 4 pairs undoubtedly nested (Farmer) ; Millis, set of eggs May 18, '06, by S. P. Willard (Kawson) ; our rarest hawk (B. G. Willard ms.) ; Hollls, Dr. W. H. Fox found nest and eggs years ago (G. M. Allen) ; Hudson, female, May 25, '83, by F. F. Jenks (Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci. coll.). Vermont. — Not uncom., but seen now and then, breeds (Cut- ting) ; not uncom. (Howe) ; not com. S. R. (Perkins and Howe) ; uncom. S. R. (Allen). Essex Co., Lunenburgh, com. breeder (Spaulding ms.). Chittendon Co., Burlington, female shot while building nest in Apr., '40 (Thompson). Washington Co., Mont- peljer, one taken in summer, early '70s (Briggs). Addison Co., Middlebury, Prof. Adams found nest some years since (Brewer). Rutland Co., migrant, rare (Ross) ; Middleton Springs, not at all com., except during a flight in the fall of '04 (Hickox ms.). Wind- ham Co., rare S. R. (Davenport) ; Londonderry, one observed sev- eral times in summer of '95 (Allen), Bennington Co., rare S. R., found most frequently in autumn along wooded streams (Daven- port) ; Bennington, seen June 30, '09 (Ross). Massachusetts. — Quite rare (Samuels) ; to be seen during sum- mer and occasionally winter, but more com as a migrant (Minot) ; rather rare 'S. R. (Allen) ; rare S. R. and not uncom. spring and autumn migrant (Howe, Allen) ; uncom. migrant and rare S. R. in remote districts (Allen). Eastern, not very com., perhaps breeds, I have not seen it in winter (Maynard). Essex Co., winter, rare fPutnam) ; not uncom. T. V., very rare S. R. Boxford and George- town, breeding ; Chebaeco Lake, July dates (Townsend) ; set of eggs coll. by Walter C. Jones (Flanagan ms.). Middlesex Co., New- town, nest and eggs, '63, and Tyngsburgh, present (Maynard) ; Farmingham, set of eggs (Norris) ; Weston, Natick and Concord, spring dates (Peters) ; Cambridge, T. V., sometimes com. in Sept., rare in spring ace. to Brewster (Chapman). Suffolk Co., during the migrations by no means com. about Boston (Brewster). Nor- folk Co., West Roxbury, nest May 20, '64 (Samuels) ; Brookline (Ridgway) ; single egg May, '61, by Richie (Bendire) ; migrant (Howe) ; Sharon, set eggs May 30' '96, at the time very rare (Bowles ms.) ; Ponkapog, sets of eggs May 18 and 31, '92, and May 21, '04 (2) ; two yg. females shot near residence in early ,Tuly, '10, irO The Wilsox 1!uli.etin — Xos. 76-rr. madoubtedly hatclied in pine .^-rove nearby ( JIcKechnie ms.). Greyloclc, June 1H, '08, and June 10, 'lO (Bridges) ; Bristol Co., very rare, breeds (Andros) ; comparatively scarce, I liave only met with it from early May to late summer, perhaps half a dozen nests —the bird is gradually increasing in numbers (Durfee m-i.) ; Acush- net, instance of capture by Brown, Apr. 12, '82 (Read). During the early years of my collecting, say 10 or 15 years prior to '97, I never even heard of it in tliis region, thougli I spent much in the field and was fairly successful in iiuding all the other common spe- cies of hawks and made a specialty of the Raptores. I cannot help thinking that it was much less common than now. It was not until I met Rev. II. K. Job, then living in N. Middleboro, that I began to realize that it was a regular breeder. He showed me two localities where he had taken the e,?gs in '05, '96 and '97. Mr. Owen Durfee. of Fall River also found a nest in the hardwood tim- ber west of Taunton. On May iiO, '99, I found my first nest. This was shown me by a young man who claimed to have found a num- ber, and said he considered the species fairly common. Sets M;ere taken in the same locality, near Taunton, in '00 and '01, from the same pair presumably. My experience during the past 10 years in Bristol and Plymouth counties has taught nie that it, though hardly common, is by no means rare. As compared with the Red-«houl- dered, which is our commonest Biiteo, I shovild say that there were at least six pairs of the latter to one pair of the Broad-winged. In the region that we hunt most thoroughly in the western half of Bristol Co., comprising an area approximating 10 miles square, we count on locating from 25 to .'^0 pairs of Red-shoulders, whersas we can hardly expect to find over 4 or 'j pairs of Broad-wings (Bent -/»s.). From '81 up to lOnO I spent fully as much time each season afield here in Bristol and Plymouth Cos. as I have since, but not mitil May 27, 1900, did I ever find a nest, and only one shot in 1892 — and but two surely identified birds seen previous to that; since then it has established itself locally, so much as to be recorded as fairly conuuon (Carpenter ■nm.). Plymouth Co.. Carver, three sets of eggs (Bent nvs.) ; Falrly com. S. R. (Carpenter ms.) ; East Whitman? male, Feb. 29, •02 (C. C. F.). Barnstable Co., Wood's Hole, one noted July 4, '04 (Jones). Worcester Co.: breeds rather commonly (Brewster); nesting (Reed) ; Lancaster, our comminiest hawk with the excep- tion of Biitco liiicattis. I have found a great many nests that I have left unmolested (Thayer );(.s.). Hampshire Co.. tol. com. S. R. in Connecticut valley (Colburn and Morris) ; Amherst and nearly the whole county, recorded at Leverett and Pelham (Clark) ; Mim- son, set of cgns col. by .Milton c' Howe ( Crandall co7.). Hampden ISuKNs — On BkOAD-WIXGKI) F-fAWK. Vl't Co.; Spriugtleld (Stearns and Coues) ; quite rare, breeds (Allen). Breeds regularly and commonly in the mountains west of Westfleld, rare in the river town[shii)K| during the spring and autumn ( Jlor- ris). Berkshire Co. Rare S. R., found breeding by Mr. Archibald Hopkins, near Williamstown, identified by Mr. Brewer. Mr. R. T. Fisher found a pair nestini; near the Cheshire reservoir. 'Speci- men killed in Dalton, Apr. 2, ''.IS. From advice I'eceived we believe that this hawk is ,i tol. com. S. It. on the eastern slope of the Green mts. in adjoining counties iif Hampshire and Hampden (Faxon and Hoffman). Rhode IslajStd. — Large Hights in certain sections (Dunn): an uucom. migrant and rare S. R. (Howe, Allen). It' is of very local distribution and I am not aware of it nesting east of the Narragan- sett bay and the Providence river. The most northern breeding record is Gloucester. Providence Co., and the most southern at ■Wakefield, 'Washington Co., May 10, 'O:;, nest completed but not revisited. The woods in the western part of the state have been cut in recent years, greatly reducing favorable localities for all of the hawks to nest in. If any one was to ask me to And a nest this year I do not think I could do it, with the possible exception of Soutli Kingston, where I found a nest but no eggs some 4 or 5 years ago. There is a probability of one or two pairs in the neck of woods in the northern part of the state, however. At Charles- town, in the open woods just north of Quawchontang pond, I saw a young bird Aug. 4, '00. A nest with two young just hatched and an egg which was pipped, was found June 19, '07, liy 'Walter A. Angell in 'West Greenwich. On June 9, '10, I saw two birds in open woods near Stnnmit (Hathaway iiis.). My experience has been that Broad-wings do not return to the same locality year alter year. In only one instance have I found a nest in the same grove in two successive years. The four nests taken in '06 were all within an area of two square miles, yet not a single pair returned to this locality in '07 (Flanagan' j/is.). Records of tlie collection of sets of eggs : Providence Co., May 27, '05, by F. and J. Flanagan ; Glou- cester, May 13, '90. by Wm. A. Sprague ; May 19, '02, by 'Walter A. Angell; Cranston, May 11, '00, and May 24, 'Ol, by H. S. Hatha- way; Smithfleld, June 2, '91, by W. A. Angell, Who shot the female; Kent Co., May 19, '04, by J. H. Flanagan and C. H. Remington ; May 26, '00, May 26, '01 (2), May 13, 19 and 27 (2), '06, by T. and J. Flanagan; 'ft'asbington Co., Bast Gr?enwicli, occupied nests found May 13, '00, and June 9, '01, by F. E. Newberry; Kingston, by Prof. Geo. Field, while at the Agricultural Kxperimental Sta- tion, eggs since destroyed and no date kept (Hathaway iiik.). (Merriam) ; found breeding ("Wood); S. R., but breeds sparingly; 17S The Wilson Bulletin— Nos. 76-77. Connecticut. — Rather rare resident, seldom seen in winter very regular and abundant in flights from the middle to the last of Sept. (Trowbridge) ; uncom. migrant and rare S. R. (Allen) ; Western Conn., not our commonest hawk by any means. Found nesting along the mountain streams (Job), Southern Conn., com. (Job) ; New London Co., Norwich, two sets of eggs, '84 (Rawson) ; regular S. R., breeds, formerly rare, 6 sets taken by Thos. B. Trumbull and Lorenzo Blackstone, '95-'99, Chauncey Brand showing the former his first nest (Richards ms.) ; Middle- sex Co., 3 sets of eggs between '99-'03 (Beers ms.) ; Portland, Mr. W. W. Coe has taken quite a number of its nests, together with sev- eral of the finest birds I have ever seen (Merriam) ; present (Sage) ; Middle Haddam, breding (Case) ; specimen (Fisher) ; Chester, sets by C. H. Watrous and H, Bennett (Beers coll.), and by J. B. Canfield (Crandall col.) ; New Haven Co., it breeds spar- ingly about New Haven (Merriam) ; a very rare bird (Linsley) ; 2 sets, 1906 (Beers ms.) fall migrant (Trowbridge) ; Seymour, 2 sets '06 by A. A. Lockwood (Beers ms.) ; Northford, set taken by A. M. Linsley (Lattin) ; Northfield Co., 3 sets June 8, '04 (Beers m.8.) ; Torrington, several sets coll. by John Gath (Jacobs, and Price coll.) ; Winchester, 7 sets, '86-'96, 8 sets in one day, by Chas. H. Williams (Crandall coll.) ; Fairfield Co., com. breeder (Ham- lin ms.) ; an uncom.. resident (Wright) ; 23 sets of eggs '96-'06 (Beers ms.) ; Bridgeport, resident [?], sometimes com. in migra- tion (Verrill) ; Bethel, 12 sets coll. by Geo. L. Hamlin, '86-'96 (Jackson coll.) ; Monroe, set May 24, '98, by H. W. Beers (Cran- dall coll.) ; Fairfield, set May 15, '99, by Beers (Sharpies coll.) ; Stratford, female taken, spring of '41, compared with spec, in Peale's museum, New York, and identified by Audubon (Lindsley). New Yoek. — Rare (DeKay) ; not com. permanent resident (Chap- man). Hudson Highlands, our most abundant hawk, a permanent resident, but only occasional in winter, breeds (Mearns). Mohawk Valley,, it is doubtful if in any one district it is to be found in greater numbers (Willard). Adirondack Region, rather com. S. R., breeding about the lakes (Merriam). Western Adirondack Region, present (Hall). Western N. T., S. R., breeds, not always as com. as B. 'borealis and lineatus (Short, Eaton) ; rather rare S. R., breeds (Reineck), Long Island, exceedingly rare (Giraud) ; Bay Ridge, fall migrant (Townsend) ; Long Island City, 3 spec. Sept. 23 and 24, '87 (Fisher) ; Orient Point, one seen Dec. 25, '05 (Latham) ; College Point, one Dec. 29, '97, (Abbott and Harper). Franklin Co., one shot Aug. 24, '74, (Roosevelt and Minot) ; 'Saranac Lake, one spec. (Balrd). Clinton Co., Upper Chateaugay Lake. 'Sept. (I-Iowp). Warren To., Lake George, Aug. 2 (Fisher). Ham- Burns — On RKOAu-wiNGEn Hawk. 179 iltou, Herkimer, and Oneida Cos., found in considerable num- liers by Dr. Ralph (Bendire). Herkimer Co., Wilmurt, breeding ace. to Ralph (Bendire). Oswego Co., Oswego, regular breeder (Stone) ; the Broad-winged and Red-tailed Hawks used to be here in goodly numbers, but I have seen only a single one in years (D. D. Stone ms.) ;'set col: by L. C. Snyder (Short ms.). Saratoga Co., (Hitlet creek, Balston Spa, set of eggs (B. A. G.). Fulton Co., Mountain Lake, rather rare, one seen Aug. 26, '07 ; I have seen many specimens in E. P. Hotaling's taxidermist shop at Glovers- ville (Alexander nis.). Oneida Co., not com., breeds (Ralph and Kagg) ; Utica, two eggs (Willard) ; generally distributed, nowhere com., breeds (Trembly) ; found nesting in '73, and later at Mud creek (Davis) : one of our rare hawks, have collected but two sets. I have just finished rewriting my List of Oneida County Birds and will give this species as "A com. S. R. in West Canada Creek Valley. Not com. elsewhere. Breeds. Several nests on record in the town [ship] of New Hartford." Dr. Langworthy's, Trembley's, Davis', and my own nests were all taken in that town- [ship]. I liave spent at least part of every year for the past 35 years in West Canada Creek Valley and am disposed to consider it the commonest hawk. Here in Utica, I think I would place the hawks as follows as to abundance : Red-shouldered, Red-tailed. Sparrow, Sharp-shinned, Broad-winged. Others follow. I do not think it is a ^'er;^■ rare breeder with us, but the two larger hawks are so much more common that this bird is considered rare by comparison (Bagg /;(.«.), Rensselaer Co., Troy, Sept. specimens CFisher) ; Stephentown, tol. com., four nesting i)laces within five miles (Hoag). West Chester Co., one May 8, '04, F. C. Hubel (Jones) ; breeding (Burroughs) ; Sing Sing, tol. com. ace. to Fisher (Chapman). Orange Co., Highland Falls, Apr., May, and Aug. Speci- mens (Fisher). Rockland Co., Mr. Bell informs me that he killed several in one day (DeKay) ; specimen Aug. 17 (Fisher). Ulster Co., near Ellenville and Lake Minnewaska, large flights in Sept. (Barbour) ; Valley of Navesink river, pair July 27- Aug. 5, '98 (Bent ms.). Madison Co., S. R. (Embody). Cayuga, Onondago, Seneca, Wayne and Yates Cos., rare S. R., breeds (Rathbunl. Onondago Co., Syracuse, spring specimens (Fisher). Cayuga Co., Auburn, rarest of all the family that breed tere, I found one set only (Wilson) ; nest May 18, '83, not very com,, but was regularly met with (Rathbun ms.). Cortland Co., rare (M. D. M., Jr.). Tompkins Co., Ithaca, one shot Aug. 25, '98, by Mr. W. C. Thro (Hankinson ms.). Cayuga Lake Basin, transient (Reed and Wright) ; Chemung Co.. 1 have not been able to obtain a specimen, iilflici" T 'lave no doubt it will be found here (Gregg) : Elmira. .Tune 180 The Wilson Bulletin— Nos. 76-77. 27, '85; Apr. 9, '86; July 23, '87 (Swift) ; specimens in spriiii; and summer (Fisher). Yates Co., rare, one Sept. 10, '75 (Gilbert) ; Branctiport, does not occur, bave not seen one in 20 years' study (Burtcli ms.). ilonroe Co., Rochester, abundant migrant, does not breed (Eaton). Orleans. Co., taken by Fred TjUsIc (Posson). Ni- agara Co., rare, I do not know that it breeds (Davidson) ; r.«ck- port, spring date (Fisher). Krie Co., Buffalo, rare straggler (Bergtold). Probably breeds (Reineck). Chautauqua Co., rare (Edson). Medina and Albine, Orleans Co.; Lockport, Niagara Co.; Naples, Ontario Co. ; Rochester and Brockport, Monroe Co. ; Erie, Cattaraugus, and Genessee Cos., S. R., breeds (Short). New Jeesey. — Frequently more numerous than supposed to be. Breed every season in the hilly, wooded districts (Abbott).; a res- ident species in the .southern part, and S. R. in the nortli, liut no- where common in the winter and not as abundant as the Red- shouldered Hawk in summer (Stone) ; occupies certain sections to the exclusion of its congener (Red-shouldered Hawk), the hjihi- tats of the two being complimentary (Miller) Pine Barrens, tol. com., no actual record of breeding but individuals are seen dur- ing the summer (Stone). Jolm Krider has several times met with nests near Philadelphia (Brewer). Passaic Co., Greenwood I^ake, one observed in .Tune, '00 (ItMily). Sussex Co.. St;ig Lake, ex- tensive autumnal migrations, transient fVou Lengerke) ; Wawa- yanda Lake, one oliserved in .Tune, 'l-O (Haily). Bergen Co., Ridgwood, rare (Hale ms.). Essex Co., Montclair, frequent trans- ient, spring and fall (Howland). X'nion Co., Summit, very rare S. R., (Holmes, Hann). Somerset Co., Plainheld, spring date (Miller). Jliddlesex Co., South Amboy, fall flights (Mnirhead). Monmouth Co., Atlantic Highland and Sandy Hook, autumnal flights (J. P.). Mercer Co., rar-e, more frequently seen in winter (Abbott), com. S. R. and migrant, breeding (Babson) ; Feb. 7, Apr.-June, Dec. (Rogers). Camden Co., Haddonfield, May 1(i. 'SJ. Iiy S. N. Rhoads (Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci. coll.). Burlington Co., Moorestown, I am not certain I ever saw the liird alive here : Anna A. Mickle mounted a female shot at Mount Ephraim. on May 12. '01 (Evans ms.). Salem Co., Salem, very rare breeder, rarely seen at any time, I am not certain but that it is a resident the whole year. Three nests; May, 'OS, May 27. '00, and :\Iay 23, '00 (Crispin m.-t.) : set May 20, '07, by B. A. Carpenter (Crandall ws.). Cape May Co., Wm. B., Crisi)in thinks a few pairs lireed, and Alfred C. Red- field has also met with it in summer. Atlantic Co., Somer's Point, set of eggs, '00 (.Tackson iii.i.). PENNHVLVANrA. — Dr. Trudcau found nest and eggs (Brewer) ; rare, most frequently seen in winter (TurnbuU) ; uncommonly Burns — On Broad-winged FIauk. isl scarce, but few individuals being observed during tUe autumnal and winter montlis (Gentry) ; least abund. of all tbe Buteos, a native and resident (Warren) ; rather scarce resident (Stone) ; among ttie least numerous, S. R., migrating southward (Surface). Sullivan and Wyoming Cos., summer (Stone). Pike Co., dead bird se- cured from a farmer's barn door, Sept. 0, '02 (Laurent nix.) ; notietd in '05 (Harlow) ; set of eggs coll. for Rath (Crandall coll.) ; jlil- ford, not com., breeds (Woodruff) ; Monroe Co., breeding (Davie, Norris) ; Broadhead's Creek, pair breeding (Woygaundt) ; North- ampton Co., breeding (Davie) : two sets coll. for J. Rath (Crandall col!.); Blue Jits., two sct.s (Norri?). Bucks Co., frequent (Thomas) ; 'Spring Valley, one spec. (Fisher). Montgomery Co., Fatlaud Ford, first nesting record. May 27, 1812 (Audubon) ; set of eggs coll. by Dr. W. E. Hughes (Del. Valley Orn. Club data) ; Lower Merion Twp., set of eggs May 12, '89, by Harry K. Jamison (Crandall eolh) ; Nai-berth. rt^sideut, not abund.. apparently breeds (Rotzell) ; Oaklane, several noticed in Sept. 'OC (Harlow). Berks Co., Fleetwood, nest and eggs, '02, '03 and '07, also one nest near Moselem, '07 (Leibelsperger). Philadelphia Co., Gray'? Ferry, pair seen, male shot May 6, 1812 — the type specimen (Wilson) ; Germantown, spring spec. (Fisher) ; Holmesburg, May 17, '08 (Miller) ; Fox Chase, young male Sept. 8, '08; and Frankfort, lined nest May, '02, one bird about for a time, but female probably .'■hot (Miller nvs.). Delaware Co.. occasional in winter (Cassin) : win- tering (Moore) ; set of eggs, May 14, '85 (Parker) ; Radnor Tw])., 3 spec, by Dillon (Phila Acad. Nat. Sci. Coll.), breeds, uncom. (Rogers) ; nest and eggs (Harlow) ; Swarthmore, spring date (Roberts) ; set of eggs, Ma.v li, '05 (Swayne iiis,) ; Marple Tw])., nest Jlay 18, 'OO (Mercur n/v.). Elwyn, spec. Apr. 26, '98, C. S. Welles (P'bila. Acad. Nat. Sci. Coll.) ; Castle Rock, nesting (Sharpies) ; Grant Groff found it breeding near Radnor Hunt, '94 and '95; Alfred C. Redfield near Wayne, '08 and '09; and the writer in Newtown Twp. (Burns )».s-. ). Chester Co., I found 4 nests (Warren) ; resident, breeds (Ressel) ; Avondale, resident and quite rare (Michener) ; East Marlboro Twp., set of eggs May 20, '06, resident, I never considered it an abundant breeder (Pen- nock wx.) ; West Chester, adult shot (Montgomery) ; set of eggs May 24, '75: by J. T. Price (Jackson) ; West Goshen Twp., set col. May 28, '96, by Chas. Darlington, three sets '86, 'SS and '90 by Thos. H. Jackson. I have known 4 or 5 pairs which nest bere every year. Some years ago the Red-tailed Hawk was a com. nesting bird, but lately it has almost disappeared and the Broad-wing 'has taken its place until it is cme of tbe most abund. (Sharpies ms.) : Marsballton, May 19, '00. set by Frank Marshman ; Brandywine val- 182 The Wilson Bulletin— Nos. 76-77. ley, May 19, '04, and near West Chester, May 16, '03, sets by B. P. Sharpies; Hershey's Mill, set May 3, '91, by S. B. Ladd (Jackson and Sharpies ms.) ; West Bradlford, breeding (Burns ms.) ; Brandy- wine Hills, sets May 15, '05, and June 1, '06, by W. Woodward (Sharpies ms.) ; near Coatesville and near Downingtbn (Sharpies) ; Malvern, nest, by Wm. Everett, May, '86 (Jackson) ; Paoll, Dayles- ford (earliest breeding record. May, '84, by Wayne Baugh), and Berwyn and Devon regular S. R., breeding, first set May 11, '88 (Burns ms.). Lancaster Co., rather rare (Libhart) ; Columbia not com. (Wisler ms.). York Co., one noted May 1, '04, first in 16 years' observation (Wisler ms.). Dauphin Co., Harrisburg, by no means com. I have but one record, a male, taken Mar. 21, '95, though I do see some birds flying high over the city during mi- grations (Stoey ms.). Cumberland Co., Carlisle, rare (Baird). Perry Co., Pilot Knob, com. transient visitant in flight during Sept., '88 (Roddy ms.). Clinton Co., Renova, one of our most com. hawks and regular breeder (Pierce ms.). Erie Co., Erie and Presque Isle, recorded by our party on but two occasions, but probably a S. R., immature male shot May 26, and one seen Sept. 21 ; Mr. Bacon saw one from this locality (Todd), Clarion Co., Maysville, spec, shot June 15, '94, my nearest Pittsburg record (Todd ms.). Green Co., in the summer of '04 a pair inhabited a large strip of woods south of Waynesburg (Jacobs m,s.). Fayette Co., Leckrone, Sept. 24-Oct. 8, '01, one or two in woods back of station during my stay (Burns ms.). Delaware. — ^Resident (Rhoads and Pennock). Newcastle Co., TowBsend, one recorded June 28, '00 (Burns ms.). Maryland. — Resident except severe winters, but at no time abundant (Fisher) ; resident, but not com., eggs Apr. 27, '90; May 19, '92— Blogg; May 23, '93- J. H. Fisher, Jr. (Kirkwood). Anne Arundel Co., West River, fall '89, appeared in greater numbers than ever before (Ellzey) ; Montgomery Co., Sandy Spring, number of spring and summer records (Fisher) ; eggs, May 10, '87, col. by Dr. A. K. Fislier (Bendire) ; one set in '91 and three in '92 (Kirk- wood) ; near Tacoma Park, nestlings, '97 (Shufeldt). Howard Co.. fall, '89, extraordinary numbers- of hawks, Broadwings predominat- ing (Ellzey). Alleghany and Garrett Cos., not com. (Eifrig ms.). Allegany Co., one on Wills' Mt., July 28, '02, and numerous Sept. 4-Oct. 17, also records from various localities, one Dec. 31, '01 (Eifrig ms.). Garrett Co., one taken on summit of ridge about :? m. east of Grantville (Preble) ; Occident, July 22, '03, immature female brought to me (Eifrig m^.). West Virginia.— Resident, tol. com. (Edwards) ; tol. com., sev- eral spec, taken (Doan) ; com. (Brooks). Monongalia Co., Mor- Burns — On Broad-winged Hawk. 183 gantown, while hunting here below town in the fall of '06, a man killed one and brought to me for identification, the only one I ever saw about here (Morgan ms.). Upshur Co., remains throughout the year (Brooks) ; Buckhannon, Aug. 12, '88 (Fisher). Kanawha Co., com., found mostly in the mountains, breeds (Scott) ; Coal- burg, com. and breeding (Scott)'. Putnam Co. In the spring of '01, my brother and 1 found a nest in a tall hickory tree ; he shot one of the .birds, and a few days later he killed another in a dif- ferent part of this locality that acted as though it had a nest close by. I have not found it very common in the parts of the state I am acquainted with (Morgan ms.). Virginia. — Occurs (Whitehead) ; occasionally seen, but not of sufficient abundance to make it of much economic importance (Smyth). Montgomery Co., saw Sept. '93, a flock of 13, all flying south and very high (Smyth) ; Blacksburg is in a valley on the top of the Allegbany system, about 2020 ft. above sea level, and the country around it is rugged, with many wooded and wild ravines. I believe that it nests regularly though sparingly throughout the mountainous section. In past years, nearly every spring, in late April or early May, when I used to be out frequently after insects, observing bird arrivals and collecting flowers for my botany class, I saw these hawks, usually very tame and acting as if nesting, and I once saw a pair attacking and driving away from their chosen haunts a Red-shouldered Hawk. I never, however, saw its nest until May 18, '06, when a farmer brought me an incubating female. I went witli him intending to get the nest and eggs, but it was in an enormous white oak. It is not abundant, tho' I count it in my list of regular breeders (Smyth ms.) ; Fairfax Co., near Washing- ton, found breeding by Dr. Fisher and Mr. Henshaw in '85, rare resident (Rives) ; Centerville Twp., set May 19, '91, by Harry K. Jamison (Crandall coll.) ; Falls Church, not uncom. breeder (Ri- ley) ; numerous breeding records (Riley ms.). Hanover Co., Ash- land, one seen Mar. 15, '06 (Embody m^.). Warwick Co., I saw one a negro had shot. May, '87 (Phillips). District of Columbia. — (Jouy) ; very rare, only occasionally ob- served (Coues and Prentiss) ; rare, probably resident, more in win- ter (Cones and Prentiss) ; not com. (Richmond) ; nesting in the National Zoological Park (Baker) ; rare and occasional (Rives) ; not com. W. V., rare S. R., according to C. W. Richmond (Chap- man) ; breeding (Maynard) ; permanent resident (Cooke) ; not uncom. breeding bird (Riley). NoBTH Carolina. — Wake Co., Raleigh, specimens May 23, '88, Aug. 26, '89, May 8, '95, and sets of eggs : Apr. 25, '90 ; May 18, '91 ; and May 11, 16 and 22, '95 (Brimley ms.). Mitchell Co., Roan Mt, is4 The ^^'lLSON Bulletin — Nos. 76-V;. Aug. 10, '87 (Fisher). Buucombe Co., 'S. V., com. (Cairus); set May 28. '01. for S. B. Laclfl (Sharpies coll.); Weaverville. found breeding by John S. Cairns (Benflire) ; Grace and Craggy moun- tain, sets of eggs June 18. '9i, and :\Iay 8, ■8fi. by Cairns (Crandall coll.). McDowell Co., Black Mts.. 0,000 ft., single bird (Brewster). Jackson Co., "Webster, a pair (Br'ewster). South Carolina. — Listed by True; probably occurs, but I have no evidence that such is the case (Coues). The record by Mr. F. W. True is based on presumptive rather than positive evidence. The list is crude and full 'of errors. Coues' list is full to overflowing with errors. I have but two records on or near the coast. On April 26, '80, while in the company of Dr. A. K. Fisher, he identified a bird of this species which was about 400 yards away. The second record is of a specimen that I shot near Charleston on June ].">, '89. It seems to be very rare even in the primeval forests. As far as I am aware, it does not breed. While it is possible that it breeds in the primitive forests, the fact remains that no well authenticated record is extant (Wayne ms.). It probably occui's, however, along the upper Savannah river (Wayne). Georgia. — Resident (Cleckly). Does not appear to be conunon. Hawks seem to be less abundant than in any other siection where I have been. Red-tailed, Cooper's and Sparrow Hawk being the only species that abound. Red-shouldered, Sibarp-shinned and Marsh Hawks being less in abundance. The Broad-winsed Hawk and Mississippi Kite being rare — though I am fortunate to have a fine pair of the latter — and the Duck and Pigeon Hawks and Swallow- tailed Kite being very rare (La Prade )»•■<.). While labeling up our collection — Savannah, Natural History Society — ^recently. I came across a hawk \Ahich I was convinced was originally wrou'jly marked, and upon close investigation it turned out to be a Broad- winged Hawk, inmiature male taken Mar. 11, '08. It is the only one in our collection, and in fact the only specimen I have ever taken (Hoxie mn.). Cherokee Co., on July 11, 'O."), I found one nailed to a tree, having been shot by some hunters some days be- fore. I had previously seen a pair in this vicinity, but failed to get close enough for positive identification, tho' my impression was that they were of this species (La Prade hik.). Fulton Co., June, '06, exact date not recorded. I lienrd the Ivilldeer-like cry in some heavy timber. The bird liew before I got in range and I failed to get it in the chance shot I tried. W. J. Mills, formerly of Fast Point, but now of College Park, has a set of eggs taken in the county that I consider probably of this bird; though I am not oologist enough to be a competent .I'udge. He took them some years before he was acquainted with our birds, being a native of Eng- IlUK.XS — Ox l')ROAD-\VlNf;i'.D HaU'K. IS.") laiul (La Pradc tiis.). Atlanta, six seen Dec. 25, '0.3 (McDaniel). Newton Co., Oxlord, I have for seven years been trying to secure one for tUe Emory College collection. Yesterday, Apr. 27, '08, I took an immature male in thick woods (La Prade ms.). In a memoranda of a collection of eggs made chiefly on St. Simon's Island (Glynn Co.), Wayne and Mcintosh Cos., during TiS-'Go, by the late Dr. S. W. Wilson ; H. B. Bailey notes the species — "nests in high trees, eggs two or three." Camden Co., St. Jlarys, it does not breed. In fact I have taken but one and seen one other, both in winter. It may, however, breed in other parts of the state, as it is no more rare here than the Mississippi and Swallow-tailed Kites, and the latter at least is quite common in some sections (Arnow ms.). Flokida. — There is a specimen in the Museum of Comparative Zoology labeled as having been taken in Florida (Allen). One spec, each by Dr. E. G. Abadie and Thos. McEueu (Pliila. Acad. Nat. Sci. Coll.). Bird appears nowhere a very common species, with perhaps the exception of the peninsula (Brewer). Eggs found by Gustavus Wordemann (Baird, Brewer and Ridgway). Kissim- mee Valley, one seen Feb.-Mar., '95 (Palmer). Jefferson Co., one of the commonest hawks found breeding in the hill country and on the Wacissa river (Wayne) ; w-liile I did not collect any sets of eggs, it is a common breeder near Waukeenah. Shot a female Apr. 21, '94, that contained an egg ready to be laid ( Wayne ms. ) . Leon Co., Tallahassee, common resident, breeds (Williams) ; there is scarcely a strip of woods of 50 acres or more wherein are not found a i)air of these birds (Williams ms.). Walton Co., De Funiak Spring, somewhat rare. May 2, '08, I shot an adult female aud ob- served another Apr. 23, '10, at Lake Cassidy, and an adult male in a cypress swamp, June 23, '10 (Fisher ms.). Scanibia Co., Pensa- cola, one seen, spring of '80 (Everman). Volusia Co., Coronado, Dec. 30, 'O.s (Ix)ngstreet ). Hillsborough Cti., not present to my knowledge (I-Ioyt ms.) ; rejiorted breeding (Beudire). Manatee Co., it has been reported breeding and an egg collected by H. B. Moore, Manatee, spring of '72, and now in the V. S. National Museum col- lection, entered as one of B. lineatus, seems much more likely to be referable to this species (Bendire). Lee Co., Fort Myers — Ca- loosahatchie region — migrant (Scott) ; seen (Maynard) Key West, single one Feb. 3, '88; 1.^0 — mostly of this species. — Oct, 21, '87 (Scott). Alabama. — Found (Oberholser) Hale Co., only one specimen has come under my observation, that was shot and mounted by Dr. J. M. Pickett of Cedarville. I have the specimen in my collection (Avery), Coosa, Clay and Talleilega Cos., abundant soon after 186 The Wilson Bulletin— Nos. 76-77. May 25, '08 (Saunders). Mobile Co., Mobile, Dr. A. K. Fisher tells me that he saw a pair in May, '86 which acted as if they had a nest in the vicinity (Bendire). Mississippi. — Resident, rare breeder (Stockard). Not a common resident. It gathers in small flocks for migration together with lotinia in late summer and usually all are gone by the first of Sept. I (have not seen it in winter (Allison ms.). Pine flats re- gion (Kopman). Tishomingo Co., the commonest of the hawks — Apr. 17-May 17 — I found no nests, but saw and heard the birds often (Allison). Lafayette Co., three sets of eggs in one season (Norris). Franklin Co., 'Suffolk, not met with up in ffliis section; its occurrence has been reported to me from near the Gulf (Kent ms.). Wilkinson Co., Woodville, two observed Dec. 25, '09 (Mc- Gowan). Coast of Mississippi, com. S. R. (Kopman). Ohio. — Not com. resident except perhaps in winter, breeds. In the vicinity of this city it is rare. Dr. Kirtland says that it is com. and breeds in Northern Ohio. Mr. Read tbat it is frequently seen (Wheaten). Not com. S. K. (Dawson). Little known, not because it is rare, for it is present in some numbers throughout the state ; but because it apparently differs but little from several me- dium sized hawks. It should be found wintering south of Columbus, but probably in small numbers (Jones). Stark Co., Canton, single individuals, Apr. 18, '09, Mar. 27, Apr. 24 and May 15, '10 (Kimes ms.). Mahoning Co., Youngstown, one seen Dee. 25, '06. (Fordyce and Wood) ; Poland, male adult — Kirkland (Sharp) ; spec, in Brit- ish Museum (Gray). Cuyahoga Co., Cleveland, tol. com. migrant and S. R. (Anon.) ; Brooklyn, May 10 (Fisher). Lorain Co., Ober- lin, rare permanent resident (Jones) ; spring dates (Baird) ; pres- ent, noted in May, '97 (Dawson) ; two, winter of '02, usually near Lake Brie (Dawson) ; Cedar Point, sometimes com. for a day or so during migration, unusual in winter and rather scarce in sum- mer (Jon«s). Wayne Co., rare, probably S. R., only two records available: that of an adult shot on the grounds of the State Agri. Exp. Station at Wooster, July 4, '93; and one seen about six miles north, July 9 same year (Oberholser). Knox Co., breeds (Davie). Franklin Co., Columbus, S. R., com. (Davie) ; resident (Dawson). Auglaize Co., one seen May 14, '08 (Henninger and Kuenning). Mi- ami Co., Troy, male killed Apr. 27, '07 (Fisher ms.). Green Co., Yellow Springs, nest and eggs by W. M. Wilson (Wheaton). War- ren Co., rather uncom. S. R., Apr. to Nov. (Smith). Hamilton Co., Cincinnati, S. R., and Madisonville, Apr. (Langdon). Scioto Co., Southwestern, May 28, '96 (Henninger). Indiana. — Rare in most localities; resident in southern part, S. R. northward, not com., most often seen in spring and fall (Butler). Burns — On Broad-winged Hawk. 187 Lake Co., breeds — Aiken (Butler). Wabash Co., two spec, taken (Ulrey and Wallace). Carroll Co., occurring occasionally (Ever- man). Franklin Co., rare, probably resident (Butler) ; Browns- ville, Apr. 19, '87, and Decatur Co., Apr., 22, '87, spec. (Fisher). Monroe Co., rather rare R., not reported before '92, more often seen in recent years, commonest in Apr. and Oct. (McAtee). Knox and Gibson ^os., breeds (Ridgway). Illinois. — Resident, one of the rarest species in most localities (Ridgway) ; transient, breeding in the northern part (Ridgway) ; not uiiconi. first week in May and during Sept. in N. E., a few breed (Nelson) ; com. during migrations and more or less com. S. R., breeds in many localities (Cory) ; fairly com. during migrations, isolated pairs breeding here and there, but not com. as a S. R. in any given locality (Gault ms.). Lake Co., Lake Forest, fall '95, one in company with other species in flight (Ferry). Cook Co., Chicago, present '88 (Pratt) ; abund. trans. (Dunn) ; not uncom. S. R. (Woodruff) ; South Chicago, flight Apr. 27, '92 (Dunn) ; Grand Crossing, Sept. 6, '84, male shot (Coale) ; River Forest, male taken May ]1, '81 (Gault ms.). Du Page Co., Glen Ellyn, not com. T. v., one or more recorded every spring and fall, with few exceptions, since '93, evidently breeding pair noticed May 1-24, '10, but no nest located (Gault ms.). Will Co., Joliet, set of e:,'gs May 10, '06 (Cory). Marshall Co., rare, confined to river bottoms (Barnes). Fulton Co., Bernadotte, Spoon river region, pair Jan. 13, '87 (Strode). Hancock Co., Mallard, spec. Oct. 8, '00 (Flem- ing coll.). Adams Co., Quincy, found breeding by Poling (Davie, Bendire). Champaign Co., Philo, breeds, 4 yg. taken from nest (Hess ms.) ; not rare S. R., seen each season at Lynn Grove and Salt Fork (Hess). Bond Co., not very plentiful, the country is right for it, but its place seems to be taken by the Red-tall and Red- shoulder, almost every grove containing one or two pairs of the former (Smith ms.). Michigan. — (Stockwell, Miles) ; nesting (Herbert) ; S. R., breed- ing (Steere) ; rather rare, breeds (Gibbs) ; com. S. R. (Cook). Southern, trans. (Bois) ; cannot be called com., neither is it rare ; I have never known it to breed (Covert). S. E., it is rather an un- com. but regular migrant, extreme dates : Mar. 10, '94, and Oct. 24, '97 ; normal Apr. 20 and Oct. 5 ( Swales ms. ) . Washington Isl- and, S. W. end of Isle Royale, 5 observed Sept. 5, '05 (N. A.Wood ms.). Ontonagon Co., Ontonagon, Aug. '04, not com. (N. A. Wood ms.) ; Porcupine mts. 1 yg. male and ad. female Aug. 12 (Wood. Peet and McCreary). Iron Co., one each on Menominee river, Aug., and upper course Iron river, Sept. (Blackwelder). Dickinson Co.,. ]S8 The Wjlson Bulletin— Nos. 76-77. Iron mt., not uncom. in summer, but never found It? nest (Brews- ter ins.). Chippewa Co., set Jlay 16, '03 (Stone coll). Jlat-ki- nae Island, one Sept. 1. '89, rare (White) ; Huron Co., Port Austin Twp., annual spring flight (J. C. Wood ms.). Emmet Co., Weque- tonsing, nest near golf links (Widmann). Kent Co.. breeding — White (Cook). Eaton Co., Lansing, one shot at Agri. College and another Sept. 10, '96, by E. M. Sedgwick, now in my cojl. (Hankin- son mv.). St. Clair Co., Tt. Gratiot, set May 15, "98 (Arnold iii-^.). Wayne, S. Oakland, E. Macomb, S. St. Clair Cos., fairly abund. mi- grant. I am positive it breeds, but to my knowledge no eggs have been taken (Swales). Wayne Co., most com. during the latter half Apr. and early May, when from singles to 200 or .SOD may be seen at one time in the air, few adults alight, but many of the juniors do so and some remain in suitable localities until middle of June, four breeding records (J. C. Wood ins.) ; Highland Park, only one breeding record, Apr. 29, '93 (Swales) ; Xankin Twp., nest '01, no eggs (.1. C. Wood m.i.) ; Detroit, male shot June 7, '07. non-breeding upon dissection (Swales ms.) ; I have seen moi-e birds passing over city than elsewhere (J. C. Wood ras. ). Genosee Co.. Goodrich, spec. (Spicer). Washtenaw Co., Ann Arbor, com. (Steere) : not very com. migrant, one breeding record, Jun« 25, '01, birds takeu but nest inaccessable (N. A. Wood). Monroe Co., Petersburg, not un- com., breeding (Trombly, Cook) ; Portage Lake, fall record, Oct. 12 (N. A. Wood m*.). Summerfield. set col. by Jerome Trombly, May 18, '92 (Jackson mil.). Hillsdale andXenawee Cos., a retiring bird found only in deep woods (Gibbs). Kalamazoo Co., as an evidence of its rarity here, in over 500 nests of the Buteos robbed, only one set of this Buzzard was taken — May 27, '75 (Gibbs). Wisconsin. — Com. (Hay, Goodrich) ; com. in northern portion where it breeds in the heavy timber (King) ; not rare, especially in the oak openings ; as far as my e.^perience goes, it seems to prefer second growth black "jack" or "pin" oak forests (Kumlien). East- ern Wis., rather com. spring migrant, especially common in fall; by no means com. nesting species, but is a S. R. and breeds from the southern tier of counties northward. According to our obser- vations this is the species that flocks (Kumlien and Holllster) ; male and female, Sept. 9 and 21 (Ridgway) ; com. during migra- tions, more or less com. S. R., breeds in many localities (Cory), Dunn Co., Mr. Clark considers it on the whole uncom., but has seen and taken it a number of times (Kumlien and Hollister). Clair [Clark?] Co., a spec, taken— Cowper (King). Ontegamie Co., com. In large woods (Grundtaig). Waukesha Co., Pewaukee, I found them nesting and most com. (Goss) ; breeding, set June 8, '88 (D. BuuNs — On 1!koaii-winc.I':i) Hawk. liS!) C). Jefferson C'u., Lake Mills, breeding — Cantwell fBendire). Richland Co., Twin I'lhiffs, com. OlfC'alluni). Kentucky. — Fayette Co., Lexington, my records are all queries, 1 have never examined it in hand. The ms. in Bird Lore Christ- mas Census had it and some of the Ducks queried ; the one we called Broad-winged Hawk was never identified with any centaiuty (Dean ms.). May 7 and Dec. 25, '04, March 18, '05— [Dean?] (Cook )H.v.). Logan Co., Nov. 28, '03 (two); Oct. 25, '04; Apr. 9 and 14, May 5, 14 and 26, '06, single individuals. While I have not found in the nest, the above data shows that it occurs well into the breeding season. I am inclined to consider it a rather rare breeder and uncom. migrant and winter visitant (Embody ms.). Tennessee. — Bast: This is the most abundant hawk, especially so among the mountains, where 1 found it at the loftiest mountains (lihoads). Near Roan Mountain Station, Jul.v 24, '95, seen (Cooke iih<<. ) . JIiNNEsoTA. — S. R., fairly com. from the border of Iowa to Lake Superior, rare in the N. W. sections (Hatch). Very numerous, the most abund. of all the hawks (Brackett, Cantwell). Headwaters of streams that feed In Red River of the North, breeding abund- antly (Preston). Polk Co., Red Lake Falls, male by F. Guy May- ers (Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci. Coll.). Atkin Co., Farm Island Lake, com., breeding (Peabody) ; Atkin and Hickory, several no- ticed (Gault ms.). Beeker C!o., abund. (Roberts) ; Floyd Lake, several sets (Norris). Otter Tail Co., Mr. Washburn found it rather com. (Hatch)' ; Pelican river, set of eggs (Norris) ; one pair nested near Crystal lalie, two eggs were taken May 28, '93, and afterwards found to be the commonest hawk in nearly all the lo- calities visited. Almost every piece of woods of any extent was found to harbor a pair. Another set was taken at Linda June 3. Not found at Pelican Rapids (Gault m^.). Grant Co., Herman, single individual (Roberts and Benners). Lac-qui-parle Co., breed- ing (Cantwell). Hennepin Co., set taken by H. M. Guilford (J. C. Wood coll.) : Minneai)olis, com. 7 sets within 5 m. radius of cen- ter of city (Currie) ; breeding (Patten, Cantwell) ; set taken by H. B. Hurd (Crandall ooll.) ; breeding frequently (Hatch) ; Lake Harriet, breeding (Currie) ; Lake Minnetonka, breeding frequently (Hatch) ; Fort Snelling, spec. May 2, '89 (Fisher), 'Steele Co., Owa- tonna, breeding Apr. 29, '99 (Springer) ; breeding (Peabody). Waseca Co., Woodville and Goose Lake, breeding (Peabody) ; Woodville, several sets col. by D. A. Kinney (Jacobs coll.). North Dakota. — I am quite certain it does not breed in the woods of the prairie region, but suspect that it may do so rarely in the Turtle mountains, though I believe I have never seen it there 190 The Wilson Bulletin — Nos. 76-77. in summer. On July 12, '02, I found at Fish Lake, Turtle mts., a dead ad. Broad-wing Iianging in a small tree. This bird had been dead so long that it was dry, but may have been breeding there. It had evidently been shot. The female I took at Rock Lake was not a breeding bird, and I have no other record that I can find of any having seen the species in summer (Bishop ms.). Tower Co., Rock Lake, June 4, '95, yg. female shot (Bishop ms.) ; Cando, oc- curs as a fairly com. migrant. I have no records of its breeding, though I have seen it in season. Specimens are hard to get as it does not stop long in open country (Judd ms.). Ramsey Co., Devil's Lake, May 4 and 11, '02, two adults, the former a female, by C. W. Bowman (Bishop ms.). Nelson Co., Stump Lake, May 1, ad. male by Alfred Eastgate (Bishop ms.) ; Talma, transient visi- tant, spring and fall, Apr. 4-20, and Sept. 10-Oct. 20 ( Eastgate tos. ) . Griggs Co., Red Willow Lake, May 16, '02, yg. female by Alfred Eastgate (Bishop ms.). South Dakota. — ^^Sanborn Co., Forestburg, on two occasions, one June 6, '05, I have seen a hawk, which I took to be of this species, but was unable to secure it. My friend, Frank Patton, of Artesian, after years of thorough collecting, must still question its occurrence in Sanborn and Minor Cos. (S. E. Central) at least. He has thought that he eaw it once or twice. H. E. Lee of Hu- ron (Beadle Co.), a careful observer and collector, has not found it in his vicinity, at least up to' two years ago (Visher). Hughes Co., Pierre, I have two records. One dated Mar. 25, '06, and one Apr. 12, '07. The first occurrence I am absolutely positive as to its identification, as I shot the specimen out of a large flock — for hawks — perhaps fifteen individuals, and identified it as a male Broad-wing. It was very emaciated, seemingly nothing in its stom- ach whatever. The one I saw last spring was fome little distance away, but I am sure it was this species (Lee ms.). XowA. — I found it very plenty, never found it breeding (Krider) ; not uncom. from Apr. to Oct. (Keys and Williams) ; fairly com. on the average, being quite com. in some portions and almost lack- ing in others (Keys) ; appears to have been .somewliat irregularly distributed, as far as a number of observers fail to report its oc- currence, some reported it as a com. migrant, and others as rare (Anderson) Kossuth Co., W. H. Bingham reports it as com., a few breed (Anderson). Mitchell Co., spec. '80, by Dr. W. L. Ab- bott (Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci. Coll.). Winnebago Co., I found it com. in spring and fall, and rare in summer (Anderson) ; Lake Mills, breeding June 30, set of three eggs ; another nest same date, a mile or so away, but the one egg broken. In late June, '07, I vis- ited this locality and noted one individual, unquestionably a IkiExs — On Bkoad-winged Hawk. 191 Broad-wing, sailing leisurely above the timber (Law ms.) ; Forest City, Apr. 28, '94, saw a pair about a small grove, probably nested there a little later in the season (Anderson). Benson 6rov«, spec. May 15, '75, D. Hill (Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci. Ctoll.). Hancock Co., Sil- ver Lake, apparently com. May 3, '83, and at various other times, as a migrant (Preston). Winneshiek and Allamaltee Cos., Oniota valley, several seen between June 11 and July 10, '95, but none secured (Bartsch). Black Hawk Co., Laporte City, migrant, trans. (Cooke). Scott Co., tol. com. migrant in spring, rare in fall; spring dates and one fall record (Wilson). Poweshiek Co., trans, visit, tol. com. (Kelsey) ; Grinnell, migrant, trans. (Cooke). Eastern Jasper and Western Poweshiek Cos., tol. com. S. R. (Jones). Pottawatomie Co., set eggs, '92 (Trostler). Nebbaska. — Rather com. during the fall along the bluffs of the Missouri river (Taylor) ; a regular and rather com. S. R. and breeder along the Missouri and its tributaries in the eastern part, rare in the interior and a straggler in the western part (Bruner, Walcott and Swenk) : used to be a rather frequent S. R. and lireeder throughout the eastern portion, but it is becoming scarcer every year (Trostler ms.). Cuming Co., West Point (Bruner). Douglas Co., Omaha, set of 2 eggs May 15, '92 ; not so com. as B. sicaingoni (White); breeding — L. Slcow; rather rare, breeds in May— I. S. Trostler (Bruner) ; set of 2 egjrs May 19, '01, in Child's Point woods, six miles south of Omaha, taken by Roy Mul- len — the only nest that has come under my notice (Shoemaker «(*'.). Becoming scarcer every year, especially in Douglas and Sarpy Cos. (Trostler ms.). Otoe Co., Nebraska City, male shot July 17, '09 (Burnett ms.). Nemaha Co., Peru, spec, killed fall '88 and brought to the Laboratory of the State Normal (Taylor and Van Vleet). Lancaster Co. Lincoln, (Bruner). Antelope Co., Neleigh, four seen in the Upper Elkhorn valley, flying northward, Apr. 26, '00, and one secured (Carey). Rock Co., Long Pine, ob- served by Bates (Bruner, Walcott and Swenk). Sioux Co., Har- rison, observed (Bruner). MissouBi. — S. R., breeds in all parts except the swampy S. E. counties (Widmann ms.). Fairly com. S. R., mainly eastward, less commonly westward. It prefers undulating ground where wooded tracts, even of medium trees, adjoin creek bottoms, wet meadows and cultivated fields. Such localities still exists in spite of the universal devastation of timber, in most parts of the State. It seems to shun the swampy southeast and the bottoms of the large rivers as w-ell as the dry ridges of the Ozarks and the dryer stretches of the prairie region. None winter with us (Widmann). I have taken their eggs (Smith ms.). Cooper Co., Mt. Carmal, 192 The Wilson Bulletin— Nos. 76-77. Mar. 23, '85, transient— Mrs. M. Musick (Cooke). St. Louis Co., abund., migratory, Sept. 23 (Hurler). Carter Co., Grandou, nest found 'OY in the valley of tlie Little Black river (WoodrufE). Kansas. — Rare S. R. in eastern (Snow, Taylor). The only dis- tinctly eastern hawk occurring in the Mississippi valley. It is found rarely as far west as Kas. (Cooke). S. R. in eastern part, rare, arrives about the first of Apr., leaves by the first of Nov. — at least I have not seen theua later (Goss). Although I have no record of its breeding, I believe it will be found a rare S. R. in the timber bottoms (Wetmore ms.). A rare S. R. in eastern Kas. (Lantz). Douglas Co., Laurence, May 4, '04, female, by Leverett A. Adams ; and another female May 17, '07, collector unknown — both records in the museum of the University of Kansas (Wet- more ms.). Shawnee Co., Topeka, migratory, rare, taken by E. U. Prentice (Snow). Montgomery Co., Independence, I observed the species in Apr., and Jlay 6, '06, while collecting, although none were taken I am reasonably s-ure of the bird, as I am familiar with it (Wetmore ms.). Ellis Co., the most westerly ret-ord being that of Dr. Watson at Ellis (Cooke). Indian Territory. — Occurs during the sunmier months occasion- ally (Goss). Oklahoma. — Stillwater, one shot Apr. 9, '97 (Cooke nvs.). Arkansas. — I have, so far, not run across this species in the State. It should occur in some sections in the northern part, but I have been too busy to do much field work (Smith ms.). I have no positive record of its appearance here during my 14 years resi- dence at Imboden, by actually getting specimens, but I feel rea- sonably sure I have observed them in flight while hunting on the lower White river. Quite a number of hawks frequent our State, and I have observed Swallow-tailed and Mississippi Kites here, but never found their nests (Bacon //w. ). Van Buren Co., (Minton (on the Little Red river — a tributary to the White river), breeds, seen Feb. 18 and June 5, '90 (Cooke in-f.). Louisiana. — It is believed that the Broad-winged Hawk is never seen in the State except during the severest winter in the middle and eastern districts (Holmes). A fairly com. resident and lireed- ing (Beyer). S. B., pine barrens, com. S. R. ; fertile district, rare if not unknovv-n (Kopman). Long-leaved pine flats region — at a distance varying from 50 to To miles from the coast on slightly higher grounds— S. E., com. S. R. (Kopman). Chiefly if not en- tirely a S. R. and confined as a breeder to the upland region, es- pecially pine wood sections (Beyer, Allison and Kopman). Prairie Mere Rouge, one spec. (Baird). Texas. — Southern, Nueces river eastward, not uncom. In .M,iv Burns — On Broad-winged Hawk. 193 shot yg. bird on the Medina, and early in June found a nest with young near the Colorado river (Dresser). Western; the eastern Broad-wing has been found along wooded rivers (Bailey). Neo- sho Valley, during the summer months (Goss). Tyler Co., rather com. S. 11., bi'eeds, does not winter here (Pope ms.). Waller Co., Brazos river valley, yg. birds of B. lineutus, or perhaps B. pennsyl- vanicii-K were noticed, but none were killed (Kumlein), Houston, Harris Co., and Montgomery, Galveston and Ford Bend Cos., not uncom. during the winter months and a few remain to breed (Nehrliug). Travis Co.. Colorado river, I have personally ob- served a pair during the past two springs in a large wood on the outskirts of Austin, probably they were breeding (Montgomery ms.}. Kendall Co., winter resident — Sept. to early spring — fre- quenting the heavy timber bottoms and along streams (Wentworth ms.). Bexar Co., found (Beckmau) ; San Antonio, fall and win- ter, pretty com. Nov., seven shot during the winter (Dresser), San Patrica Co., Mission of San Patrica, Sept. (Beckman) ; Barton's Rancho, fall and winter (Dresser). Nueces Co., Corpus Christi, male. Mar. 14, '99 (Fleming coll.). Cameron Co., Fort Brown — Brownsville, uncom. W. E. (Merrell) ; spec. Apr. 9 and 12, '94, by F. B. Armstrong (Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci. Coll.) ; I cannot recall having taken or seen it (G. P. Smith ms.). Hildlago Co.. Hildalgo, male shot May 7, '77 (Sennett) ; Lomita Ranch, not uncom. dur- ing Apr. '78. On Apr. 11, we saw 50 or more flying about over the woods. A few were taken in May. It is probable that a few remain to breed (Sennett). Mexico. — 'Lower California ; Colorado delta, two or three were seen by S. N. Rboads ( Stone) . Sinaloa : near Presideo de Ma- zatlan, by Forrer (Salvin and Godman). Jalisco: Volcan de Co- lima, by W. B. Richardson (Salvin and Godman). Vera Cruz: Jalapa, male collected (Ferrari-Perez) ; Los Vigas, two specimens secured (Chapman) ; Mirador, female. Sept. by Dr. Sartorius (Ridgway) ; Orizaba, taken by Batteri (Sclater) ; Coatepec, M. Trujillo (Salvin and Godman). Oaxaca : Santa Bflgenia, Tehu- antepec, immature, Dec. 'fiS (Lawrence); F. Sumiohrast (Sal- vin and Godman). Spanish IIondukas. — Occasionally met with in winter (Goss). (Salvin and Godman). GuATAMALA. — Mr. Skinner reports its occurrence (Gentry). I have occasionally met with the birds in winter in the eastern part (Goss). Santa Rosa above Salma, and Duenas, San Gerouimo (Salvin and Godman). Coban, Vera Paz, Jan. by Q. Salvin (Ridgway.) fi.vN Salvador. — (Salvin and Godman). 194 The Wilson Bulletin— Nos. 76-77. NiOABAQUA. — Rather com. on the Escondido during the winter months, first seen in Sept. (Richmond). La Libertad and Santa Domingo, Chontales, Leon — W. B. Richardson (Salvin and God- man). Costa Rica. — Coll. by A. Goering (Lawrence) ; ambas especies Be encuentra en las alturas y desfldaderos de las montanas que circunba la altiplancia (Frantzins) ; breeds (Zeledon) ; noted during Dec. and Jan. '89-'90, one seen Apr. 20, '90 (Cberrie) ; spec, by Frantzius (Ridgway). The most abund. and widely spread of the migrant species of hawks, being found in the low lands of both Carribbean and Pacific and over the central plateau region. It seems quite partial to the trees along the edges of streams and Isolated patches of woodland (Carriker). San Jose, — C. T. Under- "wood, J. Carmial ('Salvin and Godman) ; one spec, killed in Jan. (Boucard) ; last of Nov. to first of May (Cherrie). Jimenez (Zel- edon). Angostura. — J. Carmial; Carrillo, Barba — C. F. Under- wood and San Lucas, Talamanca — Mus. Nac. Costa Rica (Salvin and Godman). Carrillo, ad. female Apr. 5, '95, and juv. female Nov. 6, '98; and Escazu, juv. males Dec. 15 and 26, '99 (Fleming coll.) ; also spec, in Bangs coll., by Underwood (Carriker). Rio Frio (Richmond). Guayabo, spec, by Ridgwaj' and Zeledon, in U. S. Nat. Mus. ; Cariblanco de Saraplqui, C. H. Lankester coll. ; Guapiles, El Hogar, Tucnrriqui, four skins in Carnegie museum (Carriker). Panama. — ^(Sclater and Salvin, Sharp, Lawrence) ; Paraiso Sta- tion — Hughes, and Volcan de Chiriqui-^E. Arce (Salvin and God- man). Boquete de Chetra, Calovevora, Calobre, V. de Chwequi (Salvin). Boquete — a small village at the foot of the volcano — and Volcan de Ohiriqui, 4000 to 7500 ft., two ad. and one yg., all males, Feb. 27, Mar. 10 and Apr. 19, by W. W. Brown, Jr. (Bangs) ; Boquiti Chirlqui, alt. 4000 ft., ad. female Apr. 25, '03, Dwi.?ht coll., and Juv. female, alt. .'^OOO ft. Dec. 16, '04, Dwight coll. (Fleming ms.). Chitra, Veragua, ad. female (Riley). Venezuela. — (Salvin and Godman). Caracas (Gray) ; individ- ual presented by Wm. von Lawsberge to the Museum D'Histoire Naturelle des Pays-Bas (Schlegel) ; female (Sharp). Merida, alt. 2000 metres, ad. male Dec. 20, '03, No. 6375 Fleming coll., and ad. female Mar. ? 24, '03, No. (2) Dwight coll., and juv. male Oct. 29, '03, No. (3) Dwight coll. (Fleming ms.) ; specimen (Ibering). United States of Colombia. — (Schlegel, Salvin and Godman, Salvin) ; coll. by James McLeannan (Lawrence) ; winter resident, female (Barboza du Bocage). Santa Marta district, male, female ad. and female yg.. winter resident (Bangs) ; Minea, Sierra Ne- vada, 2000 ft., male, Jan. 17, female Jan. 22 (Salvin and Godman) ; PiURNS — On Broad-winged Hawk. 195 Bonda, Nov. 13, '88 to Mar. 26, '90, and Valparaiso— alt. 5000 ft.. Mar. 21, seven spec. coll. by Herbert H. Smith (Allen). EcuADOB. — (Baird, Salvin and Godman) ; in winter (Dresser). Western, deux males adults, et deux jenne males, tuees a chimbo en octobre, novembre, et decembre (Berlepsch and Taczanowski). San Rafaet, deux femelle tuees en mars, col. by M. Stolzmann (Taczanowski and Berlepsch). Gualaquiza, male by H. W. Bates (Sclater). Two males from the forest of Archidona, and a female from the summit of the high forest covered Guacamayo range, wliich has to be covered in descending to the Napo forests after leaving Baeza (Goodfellow). Peru. — Upper Amazon (Dresser, Salvin and Godman). Rio Javari, spec, secured by H. W. Bates ( Sclater and 'Salvin, Sclater) . Chamicuros, Peruvian Amazons, ad. male, Jan. 1, '68, and ad. fe- male Dec. 3, '67, by B. Bartlett (Sharp) ; (Goeldi). Huambo, une femelle tuce le 9 Mar. '80 (Taczanowski). Maraynioc, une paire de novembre, '90, researches by M. Jean Kalinowski (Berlepsch and Stalzmann). Palcaju, female ad.. Xov. '02, Dwight coll.. and San Domingo Carabaya, Dept. Puna, alt. 6000 ft, female juv. Nov. ], '02, Fleming coll. (Fleming ms.). Cuba. — (Lembeye, Cabanis, Gundlach) ; resident fGundlach) ; Dr. Gundlach informs me it is a resident species and breeds in the island, which Mr. Leanbeye also confirms (Brewer) : female juv. (Ridgway) ; Sedentario, se encuentra muchas veces in vere- das y orellas de los montes (Gundlach) present (Cory). Gundlach usually found it on the border of woods along the roads that pass through them, and although the species is common, he has never found a nest ; an example examined marked " male,' but of the size of female, may possibly be wrongly pexed (Clark). Remedios, yg. male, June (Ridgway). Pinar del Rio Province, at San Diego de los Banos, a pair was seen, and a female shot on Apr. 7, '00, and on the 11th William Palmer shot a male at the same spot, probably mate of the former, that had remated. Previously while going up a tropical ravine in the mountains at El Guama, Mar. 21, with an Italian resident, we came upon a single bird perched in a tree, and as my companion was ahead of me, I handed him the gun to shoot, but he missed. El Guama is a valley in the mountains about four miles north of the city of IMnar del Rio. San Diego de los Banos is at the base of the chain of mountains that runs with the axis of the island in the western part (Riley tns.). Santiago de Cuba, Ravate. adult female, Feb. 2, 19(10, and Holguin, juvenile male, Au'i. .",, 19C4, ool. by 0. Tollin (Burns coll.). Isle of Pines. — A pair observed circling about the crown of La Tres Hernvanos mountains, Nueva Gerona, Apr. 3, 1910, about 2 li)f) The Wir.soK Bulletin— Nos. 76-77. p. m., offering an excellent view with the field glass from the top of the mountain (Bead ms.). POBTO Rroo. — Specimen (Ridgway). com. resident (Gundlach), present (Cory). BUTEO PLATYPTERUS INSTJLICOLA. Antigua. — Resident, seen by Ober (Lawrence) ; taken (Cory) ; one adult male May 29, '90, coll. by Cyrus S. Winch, and three im- mature females, Sept. 7 (2), and Nov. 26, '03, coll. by H. G. S. Branch (Riley). BuTEO PLATYPTEEUS KIVIEREI. Dominica. — Not abund., found by Ober (Lawrence) ;^oll. by Mr. Ramage (Schlater) ; (Cory) ; very com. all over (Clark) ; com., widely distributed and much more tame and unsuspicious than in the U. S. ; particularly com. in the vicinity of Bass-en-ville ; ob- served from time of my arrival until departure (Verrill). BUTEO PLATYPTEBUS ANTIIXABrit. Martinique. — (Lawrence) : found present by W. B. Richardson (Cory). Santa Lucia. — ^(AUen) ; collected by Mr. Ramage (Sflater) ; (Cory). Bakbadoes. — Ligon'.5 History shows clearly that when the greater part of the island was clothed in natural fortests, a species of Buz- zard was indigenous. This may have been B. latissimus l=platyp- terus'\. Ligon writes: "The birds of this place (setting two aside) are hardly worth the pains of description ; yet in order, as I did the beasts, I will set them down. The biggest is a direct Bussard, but somewhat less than our grey Bussard in England, somewhat swifter of wing ; and the only good thing they do is, sometimes to kill rats" (Fielden) ; (Cory) ; locally extinct (Clark). St. Vincent. — Everywhere abundant — Ober (Lawrence) ; found all over the island and is very com., breeds (Lister) : (Cory) ; very com. all over ; spring of '03 a nest was found in the Botanic gardens at Kingston (Clark). Bequia. — (Cory) ; it occurs regularly on the northern end — north of the Spring estate — where it breeds ; Ober gives this bird as oc- curring on the Grenadines, but this must be a mistake, as except- ing Bequia and Mustique, it is wholly unknown to the natives, nor could I find any trace of it (Clark). Mustique. — Occasionally visits (Clark). Cannouan. — ( Cory ) . Carbacou.— (Cory) ; I saw one on Aug. 27, '04, near the late .John Grant Wells' residence at Hermitage, but as he does not record it from that island, it must be a rare straggler there (Clark). Burns — On Broad-wingild Hawk. 1!)7 Grenada. — Not nl>vuul. rei-ideiit, at tliif- time — Mar. 2'i — it is eii- .Hiitiied in incubation — Ober (Lawrence) ; numerous, breeds (Wells) ; living specimen presented by Hon. Sir W. Francis Helz-Hutchinson, July 20, '91, to the Zoological Society of London (Sharp). Tobago. — Collected by W. W. Brown, Jr., during Apr. and May, '92 (Cory) ; immature female in T'. S. National Museum (Riley). Flight. This bird i,s an easy, graceful, and at times, quite rapid flyer. Buteolike, it is fondl of soaring in circles. It can move with the ease and silence of an owl. Indeed, Sennett informs us that when he shot one in a dense woods on the lower Rio Grande, he was quite surprised that it was not an owl when he picked it up. When disturbed in the timber, its flight seems heavy ■' and sluggish. Audubon, Gentry, Preston, Blanchan and perhaps others have noticed a peculiarity of its amusement flights, which take place occasionally during mi- gration as well as during the breeding season, which is best discribed by Gentry : "It moves in wide spiral circles, without apparently vibrating the wings. These movements are pro- longed at will, and often last for a considerable time. Their object cannot be the detection of prey, which such great height would assuredly favor, as it is seldom that its apparent absorp- tion is broken, even when its most favorite quarry comes in full view. It is purely the result of pleasurable emotions. When weary thereof, it glides earthward with a momentum truly wonderful; but just before it reaches the ground, it checks its velocity with surprising skill." Without attempting a display of mere words, Preston's ac- count adds something to our knowledge : "On warm summer days, this bird forsakes its ordinary flapping flight and the shadows of the woods, and indulges in a series of serial per- formances befitting a bird of higher station. Suddenly, one will start up briskly from some dead tree in the forest, and begin its upward course in short circles, rising quickly and easily, by gradually widening spirals, assisting itself by vigor- ous flapping until well up, when the metallic scream ceases, and with full spread wings and tail it soars lightly back and 198 The Wilson Bulletin— Nos. 76-77. forth, still tending upward until almost out of sight, and with arrowy swiftness the gay fellow descends with long sweeps and curves, closing the act with a horizontal dash far over the woods and marshes." A. B. Klugh, Guelph, Ontario, informs me that on Septem- ber 11, 1903, he observed a flock going through a performance never before or since witnessed by him. They were sailing around at various altitudes over a large "bush." Every few minutes, one would close its wings, shoot down a sharp in- cline almost to the tree tops, and then swoop upwards again. As they checked their descent, they produced a tremendous noise almost like an explosion. This noise gave one the im- pression that he was about to be hit on the head, and it made him duck every time, even though aware of what produced it. Gentry thinks its flight recalls that of B. lineatus, and Saun- ders likens that of Archibuteo lagopns sancti-johaiinis to it, in method of execution. Food. The rather sedentary Broad-wing most frequently waits for its prey while perched on a convenient stub or dead limb. A slight stir below and it bends forward with dilating pupils, cat-like, with twitching tail, swaying body, light foothold ; it springs forward with marvelous quickness, snatching up the object with its talons ; if its captive is not too heavy, it carries it to one of its favorite perches, there to dievour it unless dis- turbed, when it reluctantly retires after a whistled protest. Very small mammals are swallowed whole, and the larger skinned and even the leg bones clean-stripped and left at- tached to the hide. Birds are plucked of primaries, rectrices and a few breast feathers, flinging them aside with a quick flirt of the bill ; after tearing off and devouring the head, the body is ripped open and the intestines eaten, piece by piece the limbs and body follow. Large snakes, toads and frogs are usually skinned, and smaller ones torn in sections after the head has been disposed of. Crawfish are eaten piecemeal, and insects, spiderh, etc., usually disappear intact. I have seen it fly toward its nest with a mouse dangling from a single Burns — On Broad-winged Hawk. 199 sharp talon in its throat, and a medium-sized snake grasped firmly with both feet ; yet kite-like, it will sometimes securely hold an uninjured beetle, grasshopper or earthworm, in one foot bent forward to breast, and resting on the other, delicately pick the tidbit to pieces- At times it is said to hunt on the wing, circling in the air, upon sighting its quarry it becomes stationary for an instant and then descends with considerable velocity, thrusting forward its feet with lightning-like rapid- ity, securely grappling its victim only when its body follows or its legs bend in the rise ; unlike the Osprey which seems to have the power to clutch with extended leg, its hold is secure only upon this movement. Digestion is- comparatively rapid and the indigestable parts, consisting of the nicely-cleaned bones enveloped in the hair, feathers, etc., are regurgitated in the form of pellets before fresh food is taken. After going to considerable pains to secure most of the lit- erature bearing on the food subject of this species, I find little of it available because much can be traced back to the often careless statements of the early writers, and some of it un- doubtedly original, seems to lack authenticity. For instance, after informing us that it very rarely feeds upon small birds, one writer includes in a partial inventory of its fare, eight species of birds : a number equal to the examination of at least one hundred stomachs though he nowhere states that be ex- amined a single one ; moreover, corroborative evidence is lack- ing, not a single species given by him appearing in the com- piled list I shall presently offer. Dr. Fisher, who has devoted much time to the food habits of the Hawks and Owls from an economic standpoint, states in regard to this species: "Among the mammals the smaller squirrels and wood mice are the most frequently taken, though field mice and shrews also are found in the stomach contents. During August and September a considerable portion of the food consists of the larvae of certain large moths which are common at this season, and it is the exception not to find their remains in the stomach examined. Grasshoppers, crickets and beetles are also greedily devoured. The only act which seems 200 The Wilson BuLLr/nN — Nos. 76-V,. to be injurious to agriculture is the killing of toads and small snakes ; the former of which are exclusively insect-eaters, the latter very largely so. In one respect the enormous value ranks above all other birds, and that is the destruction of im- mense numbers of injurious larvae of large moths, which most birds are either unable or disinclined to cope with," Bristol Co., Mass. Nest of two young, three or four days old, also contained a full grown red squirrel f Carpenter ms.). Godbout, Quebec. — The food of some I examined here, seem to consist of mice and small birds, and in one case I found remnants of the Northern Hare, but I do not think it kills them regularly, it was probably found dead. — (Comeau ms.). Ottawa, Ont. — Those that I examined apparently fed on insects, small mammals, snakes and frogs. In fact it appears to be very fond of small wood frogs and grasshoppers. A favorite locality is a cedar swamp where there are lots of frogs and g"arter snakes. — (White ins.). Portage la Prairie, Manitoba. — While with us it feeds upon mice and small rodents, I never had any complaints of its in- terfering with poultry and never found bird remains in its stomach. — (Atkinson ms.). Norwich. Conn.— Chipmunks, red-squirrels and snakes. — (Richard ms.). York Co.. Pa. — On May 1, 1904, I was much surprised to see one swoop down, sieze and carrj' oflf a red squirrel from the middle of the road, not more than thirty feet ahead of me. It then flew to a tree some hundred yards away, where I watched it through my field glass, tear and devour the ani- mal. — (Wisler ms.). "Seldom committing depredations in the poultry yard and rarely killing a small bird of any kind." — (Keys). "Never have I known them to molest poultry." — (Preston). "There were never any signs about the nest that birds or poultry formed part of the food of the young — (Burroughs). "Rarely kills birds and is distinctly a benefit to the agricul- tural intere.sts."- — (Roberts) . Burns — Ox P.jfoAD-wiAc.ico Hawk. :i(i! "It does little or no harm to poultry and hut little to hirds, except in the breeding season when it has j'oung' to feed, when it occasionally catches some of the smaller birds."' — (Riley). "Blacksburg-, Va. — Principally mice, insects, frogs, etc., and occasipnally small birds." — (Smyth). "Howard Co., Md.' — This morning, Dec. 30, ls,S!), my son, Mr. J. AUirry Ellzey, surprised and shot a Broad-wing which had seized near the house a large Plymouth Rock rooster, which he had lacerated and almost denuded of feathers along the back, and certainly would have killed but for timely rescue, in a very few minutes. This is the second instance this season in which Mr. Ellzey has shot this species in the act of seizing Doultry. At West ]>!.iver, some weeks ago, it appeared in greater numbers than ever before remembered and numerous complaints oi its attacks upon poultry were made." — (Ellzey. Doubtless there are a few individuals in a hundred thousand of this species, possessing the strength and spirit, and at some period sufficiently near starvation, to attack and kill a fowl many times its own weight, but the evidence here presented would scarcely convict. I know of several pairs nesting within sight almost, of several thousand domestic fowls, and in the twenty-two years T have known the .species as a local breeder, never heard of it molesting poultry in an\' way. Prof. Ellison A. .Smyth. Jr., of Hlack.sburg, Va., informs me that on ^Tay IS, 1906, a farmer brought him an incubating female and said it had a nest near his house. His wife claimed it was killing her chickens, so he shot it. Its stomach contained part of a young rat. Wm. B. Crispin, Salem, N. J., says it never molests poultry. Samuels writes of an individual missing a red squirrel, then dash at and kill a white-throated sparrow — a feat worthy of one of the Accipiter.<; ; and ATaynard relates at some length the movements of one which had killed and eaten an adult Brown Thrasher. Maynard was better acquainted with the species than Samuels, whom I suspect of not infrequently confusing his birds. T have an immature bird which was shot as it dashed in the midst of a flock of Red-winged Black- 202 The Wh.son Bulletin— Nos. 76-77. birds; its stomach, however, contained grasshoppers and fid- dler crabs. In a nest deserted by the lusty young, July 10, . 1900, I found pellets and other evidence of the forbidden food: (1) hair, skin and jaw of wood mouse, interscapulars of a young Flicker, (3) feathers of a young Wood Thrush.; the nets also contained the rectrices of one or two young Flickers. Dr. Mearns found no trace of feathers or other evidence of its feeding upon birds m the numerous specimens dissected. Banks found three unfledged Thrushes in a specimen taken in New Brunswick, andi Swift a small bird too decomposed to identity, in an Elniira, N. Y., bird. Qias. C. Richards of Norwich Conn., notes that the Blue Jay, Oven-bird and other small birds do not mind this species in the least, and some- times nest almost under the tree occupied by it, but never so near the Accipiters. (Buteo platypferus anPillarum) , Grenada, W. I. "Lizards, rats, snakes, young birds, etc., and occasionally makes a raid on the poultry yard." — (Wells.) St. Vincent, W. I. " In the stomachs of all specimens I examined I found the remains of lizards and snakes. The name by which this bird is known throughout the island (Chicken Hawk) led me to suppose that it was an enemy to chickens. I never observed it molesting poultry. A female was feeding on one of the enormous earth-worms common in those parts." — (Lister.) (B. p. rivieri), Dominica, W. L " Elats lizards as well as small birds."— (Ober.) " In several of the specimens taken, the stomach contained nothing but large caterpillars." — (Clark.) Returning to B. p. platypferus, Henshaw states that its bill of fare includes snakes, toads and frogs, but not many mice and very few birds of any sort; and Allen found por- tions of two or three garter snakes in a nest containing two young ready to fly on July 23, 1898, in New Hampshire. J. H. Fleming informs me that one of the nesting birds of Emsdale, Ont., had a large garter snake on May 18, 1897; and Chas. C. Richards writes that in g'oing to a patch of Burns — On Broad-winged Hawk. 303 woods in Ledyarcl, Conn.. Apr. 28, he saw a Broad- wing sit- ting on a dead limb overlooking huckleberry pasture and cultivated land. It was looking intently at something in the bushes, which proved to be a blacksnake at least five feet long. Doubtless the bird was waiting for the reptile to get clear of the bushes before, tackling it. Mcllwraith states that near the end of April or early May, it may be met with in the woods of Southern Ontario, usually sitting quietly on the lower branch of a tree near some wet place, watching for frogs; Bagg finds it in like situations on the shores of the little lakes of the Adirondack region, feeding to a consider- able extent on frogs ; one killed had two pairs of frogs legs in its stomach ; and Sage states that all specimens examined at Portland, Conn., show that it feeds upon frogs. The male apparently carries food to the sitting female. Henry W. Beers observed at Trumbull, Conn., May 12, 1903, a male perched near a nest with three eggs, with a fish in his claws; and John L. Calcord, New Vineyard, Me., flushed a female from her nest and eggs, May 30, 1905 ; the male came about carrying a wood mouse in his claws. F. B. Spauldings, Lancaster, N. H., May 13, 1898, found a nest . of fresh' eggs containing a dead snake about a foot long. "It is fond of the larvas (or caterpillars) of the big night-flying moths." — (Hetishaw.) " Have examined the stomachs of a good many and found principally catepillars and grasshoppers." — (Kumlien.) " In July, 1882, my nephew, Mailcolm Storer, being at Moosehead lake, (Maine), had the curiosity to examine the stomach of a (Broad-winged) Hawk he had shot there, and was surprised to find that it contained a large number of ■catepillars in all stages of decomposition through digestion. They were of greenish color, with yellowisli ring or blotches, and were as thick and almost as long as a man's little finger." —(Storer). I "Mines, Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta, Venezuela. Stomach of specimens taken Jan. 17 and 22, 1879, were 'full 304 The Wilson Buixetin— Nos. 76-77. of large grasshoppers, spiders, etc-.!' — (Slavin and Godman.) "Western Ecuador. Dans I'estomac des chenille de lepi- doptre, et des morceaux de blatte." — (Berlepsch and Tac- zanowski.) "Gualequiza, Ecuador, male, fish scales, locusts, beetles and frogs." — (Sclater.) "Making a specialty of the large caterpillars of the sphinx- emperor moths, such as the cecropia caterpillars so destructive to shade trees. This is one of the few birds that venture to attack these formidable-looking creatures." — (Weed and Dearborn.) The young are well cared for and fed with insects or small bits of flesh soon after leaving the shell. F. H. Car- penter found a full grown red squirrel in a nest of small young, Bristol Co., Mass., June 14, 1901 ; and my own note^ read as follows : June 10, 1906, freshly killed meadow mouse, and small pallet of mouse hair ; young 8 days old. July 2, 1907, frequent pellets the size of the end of my thumb, of mouse hair and some bones ; also bits of crawfish and a decayed wood mouse under several layers of leaves; young 22 days old. July 1, 1906, no pellets but numerous tufts of mouse hair; young 29 days old. July 23, 1901, large ground mole freshly killed, young 41 days old. "The stomachs of four birds examined, one had just eaten a part of a rabbit, one a red squirrel, one a snake, and the crop of the, fourth was filled with bones of young birds taken from the nest. I have several times seen this hawk catching grasshoppers, but never a mouse." — (Hardy.) Clark says : " This hawk [Buteo platypterus cmtillarum] is a great plague to poultry raisers on St. Vincent, but on the other hand it is . of use to the agriculturist, as it feeds largely on the mole-cricket, which, since the introduction of the mongoose and the consequent killing off of the large ground lizards, have increased to an alarming extent. I once took 18 of these insects from the stomach and crop of a single hawk." I'.UKNS — On Broad-winged Hawk. 205 RESULTS OF TIIK EXAMINATION OF TWENTY-ONE STOMACHS. Linda, Minn., June :i, '9;'., female, sm. garter snake and bunch of hair, Bemj. T. Gault. Mt. Ephraim, X. J., May 12, Of, female, sparrow, phoebe, fledg- ling size of robin, Anna A. Mickle. Raleigh, -N. C, August 26, '89, male, 1 beetle, 1 green ,i;rasshop- per, C. 'S. Brimley. Raleigh, N. C, May 23, '88, female, mouse fur, C. S. Brimley. Raleigh, N. C, May 23, '88, female, remains of crawfish, C. S. Brimley. Troy, Ohio, April 27, "07, male, 2 toads. G. Clyde Fisher. Wayne Co., Mich., April 2.S, '99, female, 3 sm. garter snakes, and beetles, J. Claire Wood. Wayne Co., Mich., April 30, '99, fenjale .luv., H beetles, 1 craw- fish, parts of mouse, J. Claire Wood. Wayne Co., Mich.,May 5, '07, female, 1 sm. garter snake, 1 hy- la, 1 crawfish, J. Claire Wood. Wayne Co., Mich., May 39, '07, male .luv., 1 crawfish, J. Claire Wood. Wayne Co., Mich., May 39, '07, female, 2 green frogs, J. Claire Wood. Wayne Co., Mich., May 26, '07, male, parts of warbler, J. Claire Wood. Blacksburg, Va., May 38, '06, female, parts of young rat, Elli- son A. Smyth, Jr. Ottawa, Ont., May 8, '09, male, large beetles, G. Eifrig. Berwyn, Pa., September ], '91, female, large green caterpiller, mouse hair, F. L. Burns. Bradford Hills, Pa., April 16, '94, female, large bull frog, F. L. Burns. Berwyn. Pa., Apr. 27, '05, female, field mouse, bull frog, F. L. Burns. Salem, N. J., August 9, '05, male im., remains fiddler crab, 1 red-legged and 1 leather-backed locust, F. L. Bums. Paoli, Pa., October 5, '06, female. May beetle larvse, 3 red-1. lo- custs, F, L. Bums. Berwyn, Pa., April 2.3, '09, female, 1 thousand-legs, F. L. Burns. Defuniak Springs, Fla., June 23, '10, male, 2 or 3 grasshoppers and 1 katydid, G. Clyde Fisher. Summary: Langdon, Warren, Fisher, Burns, et al. 115 stomachs examined; 11, contained birds; 31, mice; ,17, other mammals ; 17, reptiles ; 32, batrachians ; 45, insects ; 10, craw- fish : 2, .spiders; 1, thousand-legs; 2, earth worms; and 7 were 206 The Wilson Bulletin— Nos. 76-77. empty. The Broad-winged Hawk has been kftown to have eaten the following species: Lepibs floridamis Cottontail Rabbit,, (Fisher), Lepiis americanus Northern Hare, (Nap. A. Comeau), Microtus pennsylvanicus Com- mon Meadow Mouse, Miorotus pinetorum Short-tailed Meadow Mouse, Evoixtmys papperi Red-backed Mouse, Peromysous leuoopua White-footed Mouse, Mus rmisculus House Mouse, Mus norvegiciis Norway Rat, Arvioola amsterus Wood Mouse (Langdon), Tatnias striatus Chipmunk, Sdurus huAsoniuB Red Squirrel, Blarina hrevi- canda Short-tailed Shrew, Blarina hrevicanda oarolinensis (Fisher), Putoris noveboracensis Common Weasel, (Keys), Colaptes auratus luteus Northern Flicker, (Burns), Sayomis pUcebe, Phoebe (Anna A. Mickle), ZonotrioMa albicnllw White-throated Sparrow, fSamuels), Passer domesticus English Sparrow, ("C. C. F."),iSeivrns auro- capillns Oven-bird, (Fisher), Towostoma rufum Brown Thrasher, (Maynard), Turdus mustelinua Wood Thrush, (Burns), Enmeces sp.f Lizard (Langdon), TJiamnopMs sirtalis Garter 'Snake, Stor- eria occipitomaoiilata Red-bellied Snake (Fisher), lAopeMis vernalU Grass 'Snake, Natrix sipedon Water Snake, B'ufo lentiginosus aw.erioana Common Toad, Rana clamita Green Wrog,Rana pipiens Leopard Frog, Rana sylvatica Wood Frog, Hyla sp.f Tree Toad (J. Claire Wood), Ceratomia anvyntor Elm Spinx larvae (Fisher), Samia oecropia Cecropian Moth larvae (Fisher), Telea polyphemus larvae Polyphemus Moth (Fisher), Lachnostuna ftisca Bay Beetle larvae Polyphemus Moth (Fisher), Lachnostiina fusca May Beetle (King), Tibicen septendecvm Seventeen-year Cicada (Fisher), Mekmoplus fermwr-ruhrvm Red-legged Locust (Burns), M. MvittOr- lus Two Striped Locust, M. atlantis Lesser Migratory Locust Leather-backed Grasshopper (Burns), Thousand-legs (Burns), Black Spider, Dragon Fly, Black Ant (Case). Fiddler Crab (Burns), Astacus fluviatiUs Crayfish, Sitones Mapidiilus Clover- root Cuculis (McAtee), l/iiml>ricvs terrestris Earthworm. Voice. This species is 6ne of the most musical of its tribe. Its characteristic notes have been variously, though not always satisfactorily described'. It may be that it -is somewhat dif- ferent in the various localities and that individuality occurs in some instances, or perhaps we do not all hear alike, at any rate the numerous interpretotions are at variance. Samuels gives it as a shrill "Key, ky-ah, Ky-ak-Ke-ee." To Gentry it sounds like "Ke-ou." Reed, " Cree-ee," job, a shrill BuKNs — On Broap-winged Hawk. 207 scream "Whee-^-e." Blanchan, "Che-e-e-e." Preston likens i,t to thjc Killdeer Plover and tolerably well represented by the syllables "Chee-e-e-e," sharp and piercing when the bird is- angry or drawling and pitiful when an intruder comes too near the nest. Frequently be had almost decided to leave the humble parent in possession of ber treasures, so pleading w;as she, and her attitude so indicative of sorrow. Jackson likens its voice to the grating of a large door on its hinges, and Reed to the creaking of branches. Abbott decribes it as a rather prolonged, mellow whistle that is pleasing and yery different from the cat-like scream of the Red-tail; Mi- not who was not very familiar with the species, thinks it not unlike the familiar cries of the " Hen Hawks." Burroughs calls it the smoothest, most ear-piercing note he knows of in the woods. Mearns calls it a squealing note. In Minnesota it sounds like " Siggee, siggee," something like a Killdeer, a Rose-breasted Grosbeak or the alarm cry of a Red-winged Blackbird to Currie ; while Peobody hears a sbfill shriek of " Tig-g-e^e-e tig-g-e-e-e " that stirs his blood. Widmann describes it as a piercing " Re ee," and it sounds almost exactly like the whistle of the Killdeer to Ralph, which agrees with the description given by Riley " Kill-e-e-.e." According to the latter's experience this cry is never given in a hurry or in quick succession. It might with propriety be called the nest call, as he has never heard it except in the vicinity of a nest. White also favors the Killdeer note. Wintle heard it utter a note very much like a Cowbird. The manuscript notes are almost as widely at variance. A. C. Bent describes the bird whistling her char- acteristic note, so different from that of any other hawk "Kwee-e e e e e," a shrill whistle on a high key, long drawn out, plaintive and diminishing in force. The Red-shouldered occasionally utters a somewhat similar note, but on a lower key and not so prolonged. He also heard a "Ker-weee e e e e" uttered by a bird sailing over the tree tops. Henr\- W. Beers and Harry S. Hathaway think squealing describes its notes better than whistling, and the latter has beard the East 208 The Wilson Bulletin— Nos. .rr,-77. Greenwich, R. I., birds give the Killdeer Plover call several times; -he describes the usual cry as " K-a^nee." Prof. El- lison A. Smyth aptly terms it a whining whistle. The Rev. P. B. Peabody lately describes it as " T'-e-e'-e-e." This note is often heard while the bird is on the wing, which gives the note, under this circumstance, a softened ringing timbre. The Florida bird utters a shrill "Chip-pee" with pronounc- ed accent on last syllable, according to R. , W. Williams. It has also a subdued note tbat is so accurately reproduced by the Florida Blue Jay, that one is often mistaken for the other until the bird is seen. E. F. Pope of Colmesneil, Texas, says it has a habit of circling high overhead and uttering its rather plaintive note of "Zigee-e." John E. Thayer calls its cry Phoebe-like. Dr. Fisher tells us that one of its notes re- sembles quite closejy that of the Wood Pewee. I have no- ticed the similarity, however, the first syllables are not alike and the whole lacks the penetration in the instance of the last named species. With the Broad-wing it is a subdued and plaintive " Che-^wee " or" Che-zvee-e-e." When mating or locating for the season, it lazily skims through the air just above the tree tops, uttering a frequent metallic " Chni-e-e,'' which, unlike the former and more domestic note, is perhaps not wholly a whistle nor more than a sug- gestion of a scream. Once when a captive was harried by a band of Crackles, and again when a female was disturbed repeatedly at its nest containing small young, I heard it utter a peculiar harsh distressed cry " Ka-Ka-Ka-X'o." Owen Durfee once only, detected a difference in the notes of the sexes. May 31, 1904, at Lancastor, N. H., that of the fe- male presumably, being more raucous, and that of the male more shrill. I have noticed it in a pair found nesting May 12, 1907, near Berwyn. The female flushed from the nest and perched in a nearby tree, the male soon appeared from an opposite direction and his "Che-wee-e-e-e " was answered in ten seconds by the female on the near side of the ravine; if she failed to reply in the allotted time, he waited ten seconds longer and whistled again, and she replied after about the Burns — On Broad-winged Hawk. 309 usual interval ; a single whistle sufficed, it was not repeated until after the regular period. The whistle of the male was an octave higher always. The female loomed up large and light in the clear sunlight, without leaves to obstruct the view, as I passed almost directly under her. Chas. C. Richards likens it to the Wood Pewee's last syl- lable, longer drawn out, tone between Wood Pewee and Kill- deer. He has heard its note when it sounded almost exactly like a young Beetle-head's (Black-breasted Plover), as it came back to decoy after one of the flock had been winged. In one instance where the second egg was very small and doubtless the bird aged, it had a cracked whistle on the last of the note. Full note " Peeo-we-e-e^e." Male different from female. Knight gives it as a shrill whistled "Ku-e-e-e.'' It is worthy of note that Dr. Coues found the young cap- tive Swainson's 'Hawks, a closely related species, uttering a " peculiarly plaintive whistle to signify hunger or a sense of loneliness, a note that was almost musical in its intona- tion. The old birds have a harsh scream," and the Verrills state that the note of their newly described Buteo tropilis Tropical Buzzard of San Domingo, resembles that of B. plaiypterus. Ober states that the Dominican form of Broad- wing,B. p. rivieriei, courses above the valley uttering its cry oi"mal Uni Uni." Enemies. Man is the chief, and if may be said with almost equal truth, the only deadly enemy with which the . Broad-winged Hawk has to contend. Some years ago I noticed a fine specimen nailed in the prevailing spread-eagle fashion to a barn door at Paulding's bridge, within a stone's throw of the Bakewell estate where Audubon captured his first ex- ample. I thought that if this was a lineal descendant of that historic bird, inheriting a portion of its peculiar disposition, the hunter responsible for this one's death had no great rea- son to feel proud of either his markmanship or woodcraft. Every person possessing a g^n seems to take a peculiar delight in persecuting this and all other species of the Rap- »10 The Wilson. BuLLEiaN— Nos. 76-77. tores. Truman Yarnall, a- sporting Quaker of Willistawn, Chester Co., Pa., madei thie kiUing pi Ihawks an especial hobby. His method, was simply to ride up within short rifle shot, whichj he could easily do on horseback ; dismount, pass his arm through the reins and ad[jus;t the sight — about this time his horse would toss his, head, anticipating the report of the gun, usually eliciting an impatient ''I do wisli thee would be quiet ! " from his master. I am informed that he killed 130 hawks in a single winter. Lancaster County, Pa., is agricultural to a fault, and J. Jay Wisler writes that the Raptories have a rough time of it; ornithologists, who might spread the gospel of protection, being- few. J. Claire Wood reports that the local hunters of Port Austin Twp., Huron Co., Mich., spoke of having shot hundreds for spjrt in the annual spring flight ; and at Point Pelee, Ont., at farmer sat in his front yard one afternoon and shot 56 without leav- ing his chair! (Taverner and Swales). But from northern New Jersey come the most shocking reports of slaughter : " The sportsman who this season (1900) has dbne the greatest execution is J. Eliner Apple- gate; and he it was who expressed to 318 Broadway such, a bunch of hawks as was probably never seen in this city be- fore. So unique was the display that the birds were strung upon a line and hung outside of the show window facing Broadway, where, suspended by the heads in a festoon the birds attracted an enormous amount of attention from pass- ing pedestrians." "A flight very much in evidence on .April 16l As usual Gil Spear was there to meet them, and he and two of his friends shot close to a hundred during the two days occupied in the passage." Again, "J- P.," writing for Shooting and Fishing, XXIV-XXVIH, 1898-1900, states that Hank White and William Little shot fifty the first day. and the next day when the main flight came along, the former and Howard Hance " killed 298 in all from largest to smallest." C. H. Muirhead of South Amboy, writing for the same journal, states, "I remember after a morning's shooting at Dad Applegate's several years ago, we counted Burns — On Bkoad-winged Hawk. 211 nioTe thaij: six hundred dead hawks, and there were many more killed on the other side of the creek that were not counted." 13r. Shufeldt, in commenting on the above, says : "People entertain terribly mistaken ideas about the part hawks — and owls too, play in nature. A great many farmers have a notion that there are but two kinds of hawks, a big chicken hawk and a little chicken hawk, both of which menace their pros- perity by attacks upon the poultry yard. * * Greedy men ! Doubly greedy farmer ! * * It is said, and with truth, that they prey upon our smaller game bdrds^ — yes, and always to satisfy the instincts of hunger, and never simply for the sport of the thing, as men do all over the world," Not content with the constant unorganized slaughter, many of our state legislatures have passed bounty laws from time to time in recognition of the supposed interests of the rural population. Rhode Island has been swept bare of breeding Broad-wings owing to, recent "scalp act" and to the destruction of timber. Near Toronto, Ont., it seems to be decreasing, one woods usually inhabited, suffered badly from last year's fire and the ax (Eifrig ms.) In the vicinity of Tallahassee, Fla., it invites its own destruction in a man- ner which is characteristic of the species. Just as soon as one enters its haunts it sets up its shrill cry. It is only a matter of locating the nest-tree within the circumscribed area the bird has marked out (Williams ms). Owing to the. fe- male's solicitude for its nest during the breeding season, it falls victim much oftener than the male. I believe most col- lections will show a marked excess of the former over the latter. Disposition in tlie Presence of Other Birds. It is not quarrelsome : a? a rule it will dwell in peace with its neighbors. I have found crows nesting all around it in perfect harmony apparently : and was once almost mobbed, my- self, while robbing a Broad-wing's nest, by\ a party of Fish Crows. Its comparative immunity from attacks of the semi- domesticated species, is doubtless due to its habit of confining 212 The Wilson Buli.etin— Nos. 76-77. its operations within its natural bailiwick — the timber, swamp, and waste places. The few instances of disagreements that have come under my observation, are appended. In common with the Buzzards, it is often teased by King- birds and Crows, but on such occasions shows a quiet dignity and unconcern, which is very striking." — Minot. "It seldom pursues other birds of prey, but is itself fre- quently teased by the little Sparrow Hawk, the King-bird or the Martin." — Holmes. "Though usually a sluggish bird, it will at times show con- siderable courage and dash at an intruder. I have noticed two such instances. Once while in a tree watching a Swallow- tailed Kite, a male Broiad-wing Hawk which was guarding a nest, fought another bird of this species, driving and pursu- ing it a great distance. Then suddenly it turned back 'and al- most struck me in the face as it came on with arrow-like swift- ness." — Preston. V/ilson lost the mate to the one he shot, because it was at- tacked and driven away by a Kingbird. R. P. Sharpies writes me of a pair near West Chester, Pa., found in the same woods for a nuftiber of years until 1907, when they were driven out by a pair of Cooper's Hawks, nesting in the next ravine. I have found the Accipiter and the Buteo dwelling amicably in the same neighborhood. A. C. Bent found the Crows making life miserable for a nesting bird, at one time three chased her ; and on the other hand a nest found May 17, '08, at Rehoboth, Mass., was hardly 100 yards from that of a Cooper's Hawk, and there was also a Red-shouldered Hawk's nest within a quarter of a mile ; showing that the three species can live in harmony as near neighbors. John D. Currie found it nesting in close proximity to the Cooper's Hawk, American Crow, Long-eared Owl and Black- crowned Night Heron. At Chester, Ct,, J. B. Canfield found its nest within 100 feet of the domicile of a Sharp-shin; and Chas. C. Richards, Norwich, Ct., relates an instance of a pair of Broad-wings actually assisting a nesting- Red-shoulder in her endeavors to scare the intruder from her nest. r.i-KN's — 0\' Broad-winged Hawk. 213 Disposition in the Presence of Man. Wilson, who isecured the type specimen in Bartram's own woods, had little opportunity to study the bird's natural tem- perament. His specimen was secured but a short time before Audubon had taken the same species from a nest a few miles further up the Schuylkill. The former figfured the male life size in a spirited attitude for his sixth volume of American Ornithology which appeared in 1813, while the latter drew the female early the same year : each unmindful of the other's greeat work in Nature's realm. In the exact language of Wil- son : "It was perched on the dead limb of a high tree, feeding on something, which was afterwards found to be the meadow mouse, figured on Plate L. On my approach, it uttered a whining kind of whistle, and flew off to another tree, where I followed and shot it. It seemed a remarkably strong built bird, handsomely marked, and was altogether unknown to me. Mr Bartram who examined it very attentively, declared he had never before seen such a hawk. On the afternoon of the next day, I observed another, probably its mate or companion, and certainly one of the same species, sailing about over the same woods . . . T was extremely anxious to procure this also, if pos-' sible ; but it was attacked and driven away by the Kingbird before I could effect my purpose, and I have never since been fortunate to meet with another." The date was May 6th, 1812. Audubon's account, though verbose, is full of interest: "One fine May morning, when nature seemed to be enchanted at the sight of her own great works, when the pearly dewdrops were yet hanging at the point of each leaf, or lay nursed in the blos- soms gently rocked, as it were by the soft breezes of the early summer, I took my gun, and, accompanied by my excellent brother-in-law, William G. Bakewell, Esq., at that time a youth, walked toward some lovely groves, where many songsters at- tracted our attention by their joyous melodies. The woods were all alive with the richest variety, and, divided in choice ; we kept on going without shooting at anything, so great was our admiration of every bird that presented itself to our view. As we crossed a narrow skirt of woods, my voung companion 214 Th,e Wilson Bullijtin— Nos. 76-77. spied a nest an a tree of moderate height, and, as my eye reached it, we both perceiverd th;at the parent bird 'was sittipg on it. Some little consultation took place, as neither of us could determine whether it was a Crow's or a Hawk's nest, and it was resolved that my young friend should climbt the tree, and bring down one of the eggs. On reaching the nest, he sajd the bird, which still remained quiet, was a Hawfe aj?d unable to fly. I desired him^ to coyer it with hjg handkerchief try-to secure it, asd bring it down together with, the eggs. All this was accomplished without the lea^t d^culty. I looked, at it with iudescribaible pleasure, as I sqiw it was new to me, ajid then felt vexed that it was not of a more spirited nature, as it had not defended itself or its eggs. It lay quietly in the hand- kerchief, and I 'carried it home to my father-in-law's, showed it to the family, and went to my room^ where I instantly begaiP drawing it. The drawing which I then mg,d"? is at this moment before me, and is dated 'Fatland Ford, Pennsylsvanja, May 37, 1812.' I put the bird on a stick made fast to my table. It merer ly moved its feet to grasp the stick, and stood erect, but raised its feathers, and drew in its neck on its shoulders. I pas3ed my hand over it to smooth its feathers by gentle pressure. It moved not. The plumage remained as I wished it. Its eye, directed toward mine, appeared truly sorrow:ful. I measured the length of its bill with the compass, began my outliues, con- tinued measuring part after part as I went on, and finished the drawing without the bird ever moving once. My wife sat at my side, reading to me at intervals, but our conyefsation had frequent reference to the singularity of the incident. The drawing being finished, I raised the window, laid hold of the poor bird, and launched it into the air, where it sailed oflE until out of my sight, without uttering a single cry, or deviating from its course." Incredible as Audobon's account may seem to many, due allowance being made for the embroidery of retrospection, it is no doubt true in the main. There are times when individ- uals of the most timid or the most wary species may be ap- proached and handled, especially during the most critical period Burns — On Broad-winged Hawk. 315 of incubation. Nor is his experience altogether unique ; I have perfectly authentic evidence of a similar instance in recent vears. I regret that my correspondent has withdrawn its pub- lication at this time. "I have always found it cowardly, and to evince no disposi- tion to repel an invasion of its nest. It would seem, however, that the disposition of this bird under certain circumstances is very variable. Mr. A. G. Boardlman, of Maine, who has found several nests, and secured the eggs, finds it to be couragous and spirited. A man whom he had employed to obtain a nest, was attacked with great fury, while ascending the tree; his cap was torn from his head, and he would have been seriously in- jured if the bird had not been shot. Another instance is men- tioned by Dr. Wood, where the hawk had attacked a boy cllmh. ing to 'her nest, fastened her talons in his arm and could not be removed until beaten ofif and killed with a club." — Warren. "Last summer, when in company with the Bangs brothers at Tyngsborough, I noticed a small hawk perched on top of a dead stub in a wood. While I was endeavoring to obtain a shot, it flew a short distance, alighting in a spot where I could not see it, but I continued to walk in the direction it took and, after going as 'far as I thought it had flown, stopped to examine the branches of the trees, when I was surprised to see the ob- ject of 'my search, sitting on a low limb a few yards away, gaz- ing quietly at me." — Maynard. "They are gentle in disposition and never attempt to strike a person, although they are very solicitous about their eggs and young. For days after they have been robbed, these birds will utter their complaints when anyone approaches their homes." — Ralph in Bendire's Life Histories. "One day while stationed in a tall larch [N. Wi. Minn.] watching a pair of Swallow-tailed Kites which were nesting hot far away, a Broad-wing seemed much disturbed at my ■p'resehce. Perching himself on top of a dry larch, within easy gunshot of me, he kept up a continual cry, screaming forth his shrill e e e. Now and again he darted by me so close as to fan me with his wings ; then he reecimens of the Red-tailed, Red-shouldered, Spar- row, Cooper's, Sharp-shinned, Broad-winged, and American Osprey. Randolph H. Howland, in answer to a recent in- quiry from me, states that no large flights of the Broad- wings have beien observed by him, although he has seen the bird in small groups, namely : a flock of 7 on Apr. 18, and 5 on May 9, 1905 ; and 11 on May 13, 1906. At Hartford, Conn., Sage gives the average date of arrival as Apr. 10- 330 The Wilson Bulletin— Nos. 76-77. 20; and in Maine by Knight as early in April. Wm. Wood, East Windsor, Conn. (Ata. Naturalist, V, 1871, p. 759-60), informs us that in 1856 his attention was called to twenty or more hawks — species not stated — that were diving, screaming and going through various gyrations high in the air, and passing to the N. E. in the early spring. Early in' April, 1860, a similar migration was witnessed, when the number in sight at one time was about fifty. About the last of March or first of April, 1870, a friend of his observed a flight, when the air seemed filled with diving and scream- ing hawks passing northward and seventy were counted in sight at one time. In all of these flights they were not in flocks according to the common acceptance of the word, but were in pairs or groups of about four usually. Rev. Job states that about the middle of April or later there is some- times witnessied a great flight, especially of the Broad- winged HIawk. Along the Housatonic Valley, in Conn., he has seen loose squadrons of them. Dr. Allen mentions flights at Springfield, Mass., for several years quite regular in ap- pearance, in autumn as well as spring. Earliest Latest Locality Trs. observ. Av. date. date. date. Lexington, Ky. 2 Apr. 18, '05, May 7, '04. Cliicago Vic. 8 Apr. 22, Feb. 11, '97, May 5, '00. Lorain Co., 0. 7 Apr. 17, Mar. 13, May 10, Toronto, Ont. 11 Apr. 22, Mar. 6, '97, May 13, '99. Ottawa, Ont. 4 Apr. 29, Apr. 24, '08, May 19, Pierre, S. Dak. 2 Mar. 25, '06, Apr. 12, '07. Tolma, No. Dak. 2 Apr. 4, Apr. 20 Winnipeg, Man. 1 May 3, '05. Edmonton, Alb. 1 May 8, '03. Philadelptiia Vic. 12 Apr. 14, Mar. 1, '04, Apr. 30, '05. Princeton, N. J. 3 Feb. 7, '06, Apr. 22, '07. Franklin Co., Me. 11 May 1, Apr. 14, '96, M^ 28, '06. Autumnal. — The retrograde movement can be traced in the east through Rhode Island, Connecticut, southeastern New York, northern New Jersey, eastern Pennsylvania, and Maryland and Virginia, when it is lost. No general move- ment, in the middle west south of the Great Lakes appears. The Canadian contingent does not utilize the various pas- sages between these large bodies of water to anv extent as Burns — On Broad-winged Hawk. 331 far as I have been able to obtain information ; doubtless many cross the St. Lawrence and join the 'eastern flight of mixed species, and probably many take the westerly course until Wisconsin offers an unobstructed passage south. At Godbout, Quebec, Napoleon A. Comeau writes that the re- turn or southern migration is in the first week in October. Some years it is very abundant. This was especially the case in the fall of 1904, when hundreds were seen daily. In the migrations it flies high and nearly every one keeps to the same line of flight. J. H. Fleming noted a flight along the ridge north of Toronto, Ontario, Sept. 31-22, 1905 ; and various writers report flights of regular occurrence in the province. A visitation of Bread-wings occurred at Middletown Springs, Vt., in the fall of 1904, but W. S. Hickox informs me that it did not compare to the invasion of Goshawks in the fall of 1906. Dr. Shufeldt, commenting on the large mixed flights of annual occurrance in Connecticut, says : "The- latter part of October is a good time to see it, es- pecially after there has been a sharp frost or two. Any high, cleared land is the locality to be sought, and if the movement is on and the day clear, one will soon be struck by the number passing. They do not fly very high as a rule, and here the trend is westward, while after they arrive on the Atlantic coast the flight is southward. They sesm to pay but very little attention to objects below, and one may shoot at them all day without very materially changing po- sition. On they come, flying in undeviating files, and often the individuals not more than five or ten minutes apart, or even less. They come at random, regardless of kin or kind, and they keep coming until the sun goes down." In certain sections of Rhode Island, according to Dunn, largie flights of hawks may be seen during the latter part of August, and through September and October, whenever there; is a stormy N. W. wind. They seem to follow the coast, as three miles back from the shore only a few strag- glers can be found. Specimens of the Marsh, Sharp-shinned, 333 The Wilson Bulletin— Nos. 76-77'. Cooper's, Goshawk, Red-tailed, Red-shouldered, Broad- winged, Duck, Pigeon and Sparrow Hawks were obtained. H. S. Hathaway writes me that quite a few are shot for the bounty offered by the state during the fall flight in Septem- ber, which follows the southern shore. At Bay Ridge, Long Island, Wilmot Townsend observes : " I have not seen them' save on the annual flights, which oc- curred very regularly each autumn, Sept. 34 to 37. I say occurred, for I have not observed them for some years past, • — ^say fivie or six, the neighborhood being alf built up and the birds finding no place to halt, have largely deserted us. I remember the flight of Sept. 37, 1893, was marked by the unusual number of Broad-wings that appeared, circling as is their habit, by hundreds, high in the air. It was a very unusual flight, both as to numbers of various species (Broad- wings predominating) and as to weather conditions, Tenjp. 53°. Wind light N. N. W., with high barometer and a crys- tal sky." Trowbridge has given a great deal of time and attention to this phenomenon. He informs us that " at New Haven, Conn., Sept. 16, 1887, there occurred another great flight of hawks, and I wasi again fortunate enough to witness it. There was little wind at first, and the hawks did not appear until nine o'clock in the morning, when a few Sharj)-shinned Hawks were observed. But later on the wind increased in force. Thousands of hawks of different species flew past, and Broad-winged Hawks, both adults and young, appeared soaring in immense clusters. In one great flock alone there must have been 300 hawks, the greater part were undoubt- edly Buteo platypterus, although with field glasses I dis- tinguished several species in the flock, one week later, on Sept. 34, after a number of days of southerly winds, there occurred a flight which lasted from six o'clock in the morn- ing until noon. I was informed by several collectors, who were out shooting at the time, that three flocks of Broad- wings passed over them, and they were able to secure a num- ber. Slept. 18, 1890^ when a large flight occurred, the day Burns — Ox Broad-winged Hawk. 233 was warm and parth' cloudy, but there was a light breeze from the N. W., and there had been southerly winds for a long period previous, which seemed to show that the south winds had temf)orarily checked the migration of the hawks. During this flight, the hawks flew higher than usual, but I observed two immense flocks of Broad-wings, and I saw several of them shot down, together with Sparrow, Sharp- shinned and Cooper's Hawks, all of which were plentiful. Sept. 20, 1893. Few hawks noted this date. Obtained two Broad-winged, a Sparrow and a Pigeon Hawk. Sharp-shins were very abundant. Sept. 21, early in the day there ap- peared a flock of about 85 Broad-wings circling low over the city. I hastened out and soon stood in a position favorable for observation, where I saw hundreds of them and secured eight beautiful adults with the greatest ease. I even took a selection of plumage, as the birds passed a few yards over- head, battling against the strong wind which blew from the N.. W., as they flew along the coast." Trowbridge's List of Hawk Flights, which have occurred in Southern Connecticut During the Years 1885-1894: Date. Weather. Wind. Broad-winged Hawk:. Sept. 22, 1886. Clear. N. W., light. Abundant. Sept. 16, 1887. Clear and cool. N. W. very strong. Great flight all day. Sept. 17, 1887. Clear and cool. N., light. Abundant early in morning. Sept. 24, 1887, Clear and cool. N. W. to N., strong. Abundant also A. velox. Sept. 18, 1890. Fair and warm. N. W., light. Abundant. Sept. 20, 1893. Clear and warm. N. W., mod. fresh. Abundant. Sept. 21, 1893. Clear and cool. X. X. W., very strong. Great flights. Willard says its numbers are most noticeable at Utica, N. Y.. during the months of July and August, when the appearance of so many in the air at a time, one might con- sider it a very abundant bird : and Barbour of an extensive flight at Lake Minnewaska : " The birds were in most cases circling, sometimes sailing straight forward, beating of the wings being extremely rare. As, in clear weather, the birds were very high, and in bad weather the light was very poor, 334 The Wilson Bulletin— Nos. 76-77. I will not insist too strenuously upon my identification of the hawks as Broad-wings, but I am substantially certain. The flocks were moving,' in the main, from N. E. to S. W., but parts of some of the flocks turned off to the west. They were accompanied, or followed, occasionally, by Red-shoul- dered ; once or twice, apparently, by Fish Hawks ; twice by Marsh Hawks, and once by an Eagle. The flocks seen by me then, numbered as follows: Sept. 15, 30; Sept. 16, 15; Sept. 17, 11 and 30; Sept. 20, 35, 35, 50, 66, 10, 23, 50, 15, 40; Sept. 21, 30." He also publishes a letter from Kirk Monroe, who observed the same phenomenon at the Ice Caves of the Shawangunk mountains, near Ellenville : " Sept. 18, the forerunners were a few stragglers that only caused commeints by their undeviating and unhesitating southward flight. These leaders were, however, quickly followed by other birds in ever increasing numbers until the marvelous flight e;!ctended as far as the eye could reach to the eastward; and upward to a point when the great birds appeared no larger than sparrows. When the hawks first aroused curiosity by their numbers, one of my companions undertook to count them, but having counted 50 in less than one minute, he gave up the attempt, and was glad to have done when, at the end of an hour the incredible flight still continued without pause or diminution. I cannot venture even to guess how many hawks passed above us during that time; but know that they numbered well up among the thousands. I would add that three days after encountering this remarkable flight, I witnessed another of the same char- acter, only this time numbering but two or three hundred individuals, taking the same southerly direction over Sam's Point, but a few miles from the caves visited on the previous occasion." Sixty miles S. W. of Ellenville and Lake Min- newangunk, N. Y., in Sussex Co., N. J., von Lengerke has observed for a number of years the migration of thousands of hawks. He says: "On Sept. 22, '07, the number ex- ceeded any ever observed before. I was on the top of a mountain near Stag Lake, about 1200 ft. above sea level. I Burns — On Broad-winged Hawk. 335 was armed with a Hensoldt binocular eight power glass. The day was clear, and at one time late in the forenoon, sev- eral thousand hawks, Broad-wings mostly, were in view. They > came from a northeasterly direction. A constant stream, very high up, could be seen for a long while, and they were going in the direction of the Delaware Water Gap. Over the valley to the S. W. the birds seemed to col- lect into an immense flock, while hundreds, if not thousands, of birds were gyrating around and around; describing smaller and larger circles in the air, in height of from, I should judge, 600 to 2000 ft. above the earth. Most birds were Broad-wings. There were, however, other hawks, such as Red-tails and Red-shoulders among them, while the Ac- cipiter genus was represented by some Cooper's and more Sharj)-shinned, which, however, were mostly flying lower and took no part in the general evolution: Some days I have observed about every species of hawks that we find in this part of the country, from the same stand. The most extensive migrations occur just before a storm." Horsfall adds his observations while at Shawnee, Pa. : " The line of flight for hawks, and also other birds, such as Crows, Black- birds, Nighthawks, etc., was down the west side of the Del- aware river just below the crest of the hills, until reaching a point about two miles above the Delaware Water Gap, when they would invariably rise over a low comer of the hills and pass on to the S. W. by W,. going north of the Kittating mountain range. No birds were observed to go through the Gap, though I would not say that none do." Randolph H. Rowland observed at Upper Montclair, N. J., a flock of 5 on Nov. 29, '04, and 8 on Aug. 30, '05. (Karl V. S.) Rowland records at the same place, Sept. 18, 1893, 37 shot from three blinds on Orange mountain, and others seen. The most common were the Broad-winged and Sharp-shinned Hawks. Babson mentions large flocks of the Broad-wings migrating high in the air, over Princeton ; and Philip Laurent that he never at any time found the latter common, although he saw a flight of the Piereon Hawk, 2o6 The Wilson Bulletin — Nos. 76-77. some sixteen years ago on Five Mile Beach, which at that time was not the summer resort that it is today. He saw at least 50 birds in the air at one time, and they were work- ing southwest. Leonard Pierson reports a flight of lo at Wayne, flying -S. W., between 2:30 and 4:30 p. m. Sept. 25, '07. William B. Evans saw a flock or about 30-50 individuals on Sept. 13, 1905, between Clifton and Burmont, on the P., B. and W. R. R., Delaware Co., Fa. ; and extensive migra- tions of unidentified hawks occur near Berw^n, but at so great a height few are reported. The Red-shouldered Hawk, which does not summer with us, outnumbers, ten to one, any other species coming to earth at this season. I am informed by H. Justice Roddy, that he noted in Sept., 1888, while at a signal station on top of Pilot Knob, Perry Co., Pa., a great migration of the Broad-wing. He counted not less than. 1000 individual® moving S. E. An occasional Cooper's and Red-tailed Hawk accompanied the flight. J. H. Riley, Fall Church, Va., has upon one or two occa- sions seen a dozen, probably more, during a day's shooting late in the fall, and always supposed they were migrating, as they were nearly always flying toward the south. Rev. G. Eifrig noted, near Cumberland, Md., Sept. 21, '01, 11 a. m., a flock of about 25 circling in a very picturesque way over Will's run. The circles of the several birds had different centers, but overlapped more or less. Fine sunny day, no wind. Ellzey mentions the extraordinary number of hawks. Broad-wings predominating, during the fall of 1889, in Howard Co., Md. Prof. Ellison A. Smyth saw a flock of 14 in pairs, and in threes and fours, but nearly all in sight at once, near Blacks- burg, Va. All were flying very high toward the S. W. They would stop and circle for a minute or two then con- tinue until all had disappeared. Scott quotes Atkins to the effect that on Oct. 21, 1887, he ,saw at Key West, Florida, a large flock of hawks, 150 or inore, mainly of this species. Andrew .Mlison says that it liuRNS — On r.KDAD-wiNGEij Hawk. 237 gathers in small flocks for migration, together with the Ictima in late summer, and usually all are, gone from Mis- sissippi by Sept. 1. Taverner and Swales, who have made extensive observa- tions on Lake Erie at the southernmost point of Canadian mainland, ]'oint Pelee, Ont., inform us that it arrives about the last of August, but does not appear in any mmibers until the main body comes down with the Sharp-shins. Even then not more than a dozen, have been seen at an)' one time — Sept, 18, '06. Keay; listed but three in Sept. '01. Later, B. H. Swales writes me that as yet no spring records, but in the fall he has found the birds in small numbers from Aug. 30 ('10) to Oct. 14 ('06). The birds cross the lake in sight of the chain of islands extending to the Ohio shore. J- Claire Wood has observed no autumnal flight in Wayne Co., Mich., even when the southward movement is at its height in Sep- tember, not more than (i or 7 birds are seen in a day, and more often none. At Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, George E. Atkinson re- ports that about the middle of August the young and fall plumaged birds are noted commonly abcut the city. It seems more affected by low temperature than the other hawks and leaves usually in September. Hatch states that it departs from Minnesota about Sept. 1. Kumlien says it sometimes appears in Wisconsin in immense flocks, many hundred can be seen at cne time, remembering one such flight in 1871, when he killed six at a single discharge. At the time of the autumnal flights they are very fat and seem to be principal!}- young birds. Later Kumjien and Hollister state that this migration seldom lasts but a day or two and is of irregu- lar occurrence, and the flocks are invariably of this species alone. In Missouri, Widmann finds the migration from the north brisk during the fourth week in Septem:ber, when on some days dozens may be seen sailing ove,r in loose flocks. It does not stop over as long as the Red-tail and Red-shoulder, but small parties may be met wit-h during the first half of 338 The Wilson Bulletin— Nos. 76-77. October, after which it becomes rare, though the last may be noted a month later (Nov. 11, '97, Keokuk-Currier). He in- forme me that on Sept. 32 and 33„ during a little migration at Washington and New Haven, Mo. — 55-65 miles west ofSt. Louis, on the Missouri river : 30 were seen on the forenoon and afternoon of the 33nd and 9 at 8:30 a. m. on the 33rd. They went south soaring at a considerable height, but the light being good the color of the underparts, especially the two whitish bands on the tail, could be plainly seen, and to- gether with the general contour, rn)ade( identification easy. (There was also a migration of Cooper's Hawks going on). Broad-wings do not winter in Missouri ; all are gone by the end of October. Irving H. Wentworth writes me that they arrive from the north about the first, week, of September and remain until early spring, frequenting the heavy timber in "bottoms" and along streams, in Kendall Co., Texas. Earliest Latest Locality. Yrs. Observ.Av. date. date. date. Franklin, Me. 4 Sept. 27, Sept. 12, '04, Oct. 7, '05. Montclair, N. J. 3 Sept. 26, Aug. 13, '05, Noy. 29, '04. Princeton, N. J. 2 Oct. 31, '07, Dec. 9, '06. Philadelphia Vic. 4 Sept. 14, Sept. 1, '92, Oct. 5, Toronto, Vic. 7 Sept. 18, Sept. 11, '03, Sept. 28, Edmonton Alb. 1 Sept. 5, '03, Chicago Vic. 6 Sept. 10, Aug. 9, '98 Oct. 4, '94. Tolma, N. Dak. 2 Sept. 10, Oct. 20, Station. Blanchan says : " No retre;at is too lonely for these de- voted mates, that ever delight in each other's company. While its range is wide, it is locally common in few places and rare in ' others, a lover of wild, unvisited regions.' Reed states : " Some localities seem to have a strong attrac- tion for them, particularly heavy pieces of woodland, and near some lake or pond, and they return to the same place year after year." Willard has found that it is found in some numbers in all upland wood tracts," while Ralph, writ- ing of same locality, says it is " the Hawk of the Adiron- dack wilderness, and it replaces in this locality the Red- Burns — On Broad-winged Hawk. 339 tailed and Red-shouldered Buteo®, whicli are so common in the smaller woods of the more settled parts of this state. I think that with the exception of the Pigeon Hawk and Gos- hawk, which probably breed here also but are very rare, they are the only Hawks that nest in the interior of these woods, but along the borders they are sometimes found breeding in the same situations as the more common species. They are very fond of living near water in close proximity to the lakes and streams which are so numerous in the Ad- irondack region. The smaller lakes especially are favorite places of resort, and when a pair takes possesion of one they apparently hold it against all intruders of their kind." In Minnesota, Preston graphically describes the " hidden re- treats, where the tangled wilderness of lakes and forests guards in lonely silences the streams which feed the Red River of the North, I found the Broad-winged Hawk breed- ing abundantly. At home with the Barred Owl, and unmo- lested by stealthy tread of wildcat or lynx, he is in this re- gion indeed a ' bird of the wilderness.' He chooses the heavy, close woods about small lakes, where food is abund- ant and shelter near, and where he may hide himself." In Ontario, "unlike the Red-shouldered Hawk, it is par- tial to the thick swampy woods near a creek" (Macoun). Bendire says it is " most often found in the more extensive woods near water and in swamps, and much less frequently in the more open and cultivated sections." While Gentry finds " it prefers high open woods and waste grounds chiefly of a marshy nature, seldom venturing near human habita- tion." In the vicinity of Lancaster, N. H., a mixed growth of woods seems to be preferred, and many times, trees beside small streams are chosen for the nest. Rarely is the bird seen away from the woods in which its nest is located, dur- ing the breeding season : and it is very much attached to its old nesting haunts, returning for several years in succession (Spaulding ms). In the western part of Bristol, Co., Mass., where the prevailing heavy timber consists of hardwoods, 340 The Wilson Bulletin— Nos. Tfi-??. t its chosen haunts are in the more remote and largest tracts of medium-sized chestnut and oaks, usually in high and dry woods. In Bristol and Plymouth counties, it is a quiet, re- tiring, forest-loving species, and for that reason may be eas- ily overlooked. I have never seen it circling high in the air and screaming as both the Red-tailed and Red-shouldered Hawks are wont to do, and almost never see it except in the breeding season, and then only in the deep woods. Al- though it breeds on the average a month later than the Red- shouldered, it frequents practically the same localities (Bent ms.). In Fairfield Co., Ct nn., its persistancy of nesting is not so marked as with the Red-shouldered, and my experience is rather at variance with other writers in this respect. It pre- fers to take rather open situations for nesting, and very fre- quently the nests are located close to where woodchoppers have just finished off chopping (Beers ms.). About Nor- wich, Conn., the nest is generally found near the head of a small ravine; if a brook runs through it, from brook to quarter way up hill. Any little gullies in outskirts of heavy timber near a pond hole or where the ground is fairly clean ; and when the above conditions do not exist, not over 75 yards from the edge of the woods and near a cart n-ad. Whichever location is selected, nest will be within sight of water and near farms, never in a wilderness. Mv experience is that it never travels far, and I have not seen one half a mile from its nest (Richards ms.). At Stephentown, N. Y., the nesting sites are all in the vicinity of water, swamps, small streams or ponds, and often close to wood roads, wood paths or little cpenings in the woods, or near edge of large tracts, not far from open pastures or meadows. These nest- ing sites were all mixed woodland, in which hemlock or pines were well represented (Hoag ms.). Near Auburn, N. v., a nest was built near the edge of a quite heavily timbered small swamp, perhaps 20 acres in extent, having standing water. The principal growth of trees were elm and black ash ; on the west and S. W. sides of the swamp was upland. Blrns — On Bkoad-winged Hawk. 341 timbered with be;ech and maple (Rathbun ms.)". Four or five pairs are known to nest near West Chester, Pa., year after year. The nest is always in the deep woods, and as it is nr)t built until the leaves appear, it is not so apt to be seen as the nests of the t-arlier hawks (Sharpies ms.). In Pennsylvania it haunts the wild rocky wooded ravines above the small streams and close to small ponds and swamps. While it is not unknown to the large gfrove, it loves the continuous woods over which it can pass undisturbed and unseen from one feeding ground to another; shunning the cultivated area altogether or traversing it only to visit some nearby swamp or pond (Burns ms.). Near Washington, D. C, it departs from its usual habit, selecting rather open timber probably because heavy timber is scarce near the District (Riley). In Florida it was found in the center of oO acres wood- land (Williams ms.). In Illinois and Missouri it prefers small woodland areas, or groves, of some few acres in extent (Smyth, Jr. ms.). Near Edmonton, Alberta, a nest was located in the dense woods, and was found by the bird calling when close at hand (Stansell ms.). In the vicinity of Minneapolis, Minn., there seem to be more Broad-wings nesting than any other place I know of. The country is wooded with hardwood, slightly rolling, with some high hills and considerable bodies of water. There are a good man}- marshes also, and low places, and in and around such places I always found it nesting invariably in thick woods of good-sized timber, near the edge, with a free sweep in one direction. Three or four nests were in tama- rack swamps where the water was a foot deep during nest- ing time. Every year I could count on finding the nest of each pair that I knew, usually within half a mile at the ut- most of last year's nest. One nest which was within ten feet of a highway but in thick woods and invisible from the road in summer, was used three times with an interval of one year between each using. With rare exceptions I found only one pair nesting in each piece of timber and alwa\s 243 The Wilson Bulletin— Nos. 76-77. within a few hundred yards of water, and in fact many times right on the bank of some water (Currie ms.). The single nest found near Omaha, Neb., was in a woods half a mile distant and 150 feet above the Missouri river, near the crest of a ridge (Shoemaker ms.). In Tyler Co., Texas, it is confined exclusively to the oak ridges in the dry pine woods, at least I have never found a nest in any other kind of locality (Pope ms.). The ideal station, and I refer to a definite existing local- ity in S. E. Pa., would seem to be a tract consisting of up- land, hillside and swamp, well covered with mixed hard- wood timber, with here and there an unoccupied clearing, an unfrequented public highway, cart road or path, with room enough for the silent deadly swoop after the unfortu- nate mouse or red squirrel ; also a small stream or pond, in the shallow reaches of which it can snatch the crayfish, and surprise the frog or trout-eajting water snake on the borders of the pools. The verdant foliage supplies it with number- Jess insects and fat larvae. As it sits upon one of its favorite perches, well hidden by a leafy screien, should a chance hu- man intrude, it cranes its neck and utters its plaintive whis- tle, which the uninitiated attributes to the cry of one of the numerous small woodland birds or the creaking of two op- posing branches in the wind. Fortunate indeed is the na- ture student who is familiar with the Broad-winged Hawk m its home. Mating. I believe this species frequently if not always mate for life, but unfortunately direct evidence is wanting. Circumstantial evidence in 'the way of certain peculiarities of situation, nest building and material, individuality of the shell markings, etc., may apply only to the female. However, the fatalities con- stantly occuring in the ranks ,of the adults, and the yearly accession of the increase, make the business of mating fairly brisk, though so seldom reported. The birds are then posi- tively noisy, and very restless. That keen oologist, Preston, reporting from -the small tributaries of the Red River of the Burns — On Broad-winged Hawk. 243 North, Minn., states that " during the mating season (which begins about the first week in May), the clear, shrill screams constantly echo in the dim woods, as one answers back to another from some chosen perch." Rev. Peabody observed ■'at the margin of a field, a pair copulating, the male swooping down upon his mate as she rested lightly in a sapling top." Meams, Cantwell and Swales have found the adult mated to an immature, in one or more instances. Situation of Nest — Almost every variety of forest tree has been utilized at one time or another, but the most abundant or characteristic species of the locality is apt to be the favor- ite. In central Alberta it is found in birch or poplar. In the vicinity of the Muskoka lakes, Ont., Spreadborough al- ways found its nest in the large black birches ; while White found it to prefer a hemlock or swamp ash near Ottawa, and Young of the same Province, states that the black or yellow birch seems to be the favorite. In Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont, yellow birch is used more than all other species of trees combined, and as one collector writes, most of them are pretty difficult to climb. In the western part of Bristol Co., Mass., it seems to prefer to nest in chestnuts, though there are numerous groves of white pine. In the eastern part of Bristol Co., and Plymouth Co., where the large tracts of heavy timber are principally white pine and where chestnuts are rare or almost unknown, it nests almost invariably in the pines, though oaks are frequently available (Bent. ms.). In Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York and Pennsylvania, chestnut is the favorite, with more than an occasional beech, hemlock, oak, maple, birch, or hickory. Babson of Princeton. N. J., found the several nests which came under his observa- tion, to be in low oaks. Renova, Clinton iCo., Pa., the oak, maple, black birch and chestnut are chosen, never an ever- green (Pierce ms.). Fleetwood, Bucks Co., Pa., all have been in chestnut trees (Liebelspefger ms.). In Chester Co., Pa., it has a strong preference for the chestnut (Sharpies ms.). Shufeldt describes a nest in Maryland, near Tacoma Park, fifty feet up in an 'ill-shapen oak with short crooked limbs, in 944 The Wilson Bulletin— Nos. 76-77. a rather open piece of woods of some extent, and near the hilly bank of a small stream. One nest in Putnam Co., West Vir- ginia was in a tall hickory (Morgan ms.) ; and another near Blacksburg, Montgomery Co., Virginia, was in an enormuos white oak, fully seventy feet up, the main trunk about five feet in diameter (Sm)rthe Jr., ms.). Virginia and North Carolina nests have usually been found in pine, maple, oak, chestnut, tulip poplar and magnolia ; and Florida birds seem to prefer pine with an occasional magnolia. In the middle west or Great Lakes States, it seems to be uncommon enough as a breeder to have developed no marked preference; but in Minnesota, Preston found it in the basswood, elm, oak, and larch. Cant- well says small red oaks are favorites and others have found it in oaks, poplar, beech, maple, pine and walnut, with the oaks and basswood the favorites. Dresser states that it nests high up in cottonwoods almost inaccessible, on the Colorado in Texas, and at Colmesneil, Tyler Co., Tex., it seems partial to large red oaks and as a rule doesn't place the nest very high up, one nest however, was sixty-five feet up in a pine (Pope ms.). On St. Vincent, West Indies, Lister says of Buteo platpyerus antillarum, that its nest is often built in a bread-fruit tree; and Clark states that it is. usually placed in a large tree, often a bread-fruit or cabbage palm. While on Grenada Island, Wells has found its nest on the fronds of the palmetto, and on large trees like the silk-cotton {Ceibra). Verrill states that B. p. rivieiri of Dominica builds a nest of sticks, grass and trash in high trees or on cliffs. The nest is usually placed in the many-forked crotch of the main stem, which not only forms a secure base but also often the substantial supporting timbers of the rudely constructed home. Sometimes it is placed on several small branches against the trunk, an old nest of some sort furnishing the foundations usually. Parely is 'it found well out on a forked branch away from the main bole. Preston mentions one in a drooping branch of an elm on a steep bluff. 30 feet above the Pelican river, Minn., which was visited at risk of life and IklRNS Ox BUOAD- WINGED HaWK. -MS limb; and another instance near Fairfield. Conn., May 14, 'Si), by a pair very much attached to the home site on Heatherstone hill, built 45 feet up and' 1? feet out from 'the body of a large white oak (Hamlin ms.). A set was taken by Forge in Man- atoba frcttii the top of a stump 30 fe€t high (Jackson ms.). The height from the ground varies from 3 feeit in the broad- forked bole in Minnesota as recorded by George Cantwell, to the 87 foot oak of Delaware Co., Pa., essayed by Harry G. Parker, and the 90 foot black ash of Kalamazoo, Mich., made famous by Dr. Gibbs. One hundred and sixty-seven nests in the Canadian and Transition zones average '33 feet from the ground, the west averaging 10 feet less than the east. Massachusetts much low- er than those of the heavy timber of New Flampshire and Con- necticut. Manitoba and Minnesota not infrequently exhibit nests at altitudes of 10 feet. In the upper Austral zone, 113 nests average 40 feet; and 12 nests in the lower Austral zone average 49 feet. Occasionally we hear of some inaccessible (Swales, Wayne Co., Mich. ; N. G. Wood, Ann Arbor, Mich. ; Smyth, Blackburg, Va.. all in large oaks; and Fleming, Ems- dale, Diet. Parry Sound, Ont., in large tamarack). Owen Durfee writes me that at times, it uses a fiat platform on the top iof a branching stub and this seems to be more of its choice for a site in the heavier timber on the Connecticut coast and in the northern woods. In this case, when the tree branches evenly making a flat platform, the nest will often have barely enough sticks on its circumferance to keep the eggs from rolling out. At such times it is difficult to locate the nest, if elevated, unless the bird is seen leaving it Chas. C. Richards describes a nest 70 feet up in a big hemlock, made of hemlock sticks and twigs, almost invisible from the ground. Harry S. Hathaway and John H. Flanagan found a singular nest containing a runt egg, May 13, 1906, in Rhode Island. It was 15 feet up in a red maple, the nest was about as large as the sitting female, and had the appearance of having lodged in the forks formed by a limb about iy2 inches in diameter growing almost parallel with the trunk of some 6 inches. 246 The Wilson Bulletin— Nos. 76-117. Doubtless verbose accounts of the adventures of collectors are out of place in a paper of any scientific pretentions, but it seems almost a crime not to chronicle the accomplishments of some one of that nervy and self-reliant class known as field oologists. Calvin L. Rawson, the famous "J- M. W.," than whom there does not exist a more genial writer; says few sports are more dangerous, and no work more exhausting than long hard climbs to the nests of rapacious birds. I here record the species of trees used by the Broad-wing as nesting sites, according to their popu]anty:C astana dentata chestnut, Qiiercus sp. ozk,Pinus sp. pme,Betula Ititea yellow, or gray hirch.Acer sacchdrinum sugar, hard or rock maple, Fagus americana beech, Betula sp. birch, P. strobus white pine, Q. alba white oak, Q. velutina Q. rubra black oak, Q. prinus chestnut oak, Tilia americana American linden or bass- wood,T.fM^o canadensis hemlock,Po/)w/«.y grandidentata pop- lar, Hickoria alba hickory, H. ovata shellbark, A. sacchdrinum white or soft maple, Q. maeroca'^pa burr oak, A. rubrum red maple. Magnolia virgin iana magnolia, B. lenta, B. niger black birch, B. populifolia white birch, Populus deltoides Cottonwood, Fraxinus niger black or water ash, F. americanus white ash, Q. pelustris pin oak, Ulmus sp. elm, U. fuhm red elm, Juglans niger black walnut, /. cinerea white walnut, Picea sp. spruce. Populus candicaus Balm of Gilead, P. pennsylvanicus wild cherry. Nidification. Construction and Composition of Nest — During the often protracted ■ period of hesitation as to the availability of the various nesting sites, the former nests are visited and the birds are quite noisy, but soon after the site is selected by the female, silence is observed and both sexes assist at nest build- ing, gathering the dead sticks from the ground, carrying them to the tree in their talons. Chas. C. Richards saw a male with a piece of bark about 4 inches long in one set of claws, at right angles with his Ixidy, fly toward the nest from the south, while at about the same time the female appeared from the Copi/rujlitcd Bkoau-wingeu Hawk (Bitteo pliitiipieiii-->) I'osition of nest. Relioboth, M'ass., May 20, 1900 (Photographed by Owen Durfee) Burns — On Broad-winged Hawk. 247 east with a small stick 4 to 6 inches long, in the same position. The species is a very crude builder and prefers to utilize an old stnicture of the crow, hawk, or squirrel, if the situation is favorable, rather than build the foundations itself ; though not infrequently it does so, dropping more or less material at the base of the tree. Love for a former home will often influence it to return to a former site in a few years, even after every vestage of its former nest has disappeared. G. M. Allen has recorded a pair at Intervale, N. H., which nested for sev- eral seasons in a large beech. The nest was a high pile of sticks, evidently the accumulation of years. Rarely, however, it will occupy the nest of the previous year, either using it as a foundation for a new structure, or pulling out ithe old, re- line it. F. E. Newberry gives an instance |of a nest of a Red- shoulder robbed at East Greenwich, R. I., and a Broad-wing taking possession after removing the old lining. The period of construction is ofttimes protracted, but too much curiosity leads to the desertion of the location and no time of its dur- ation can be given. An occupied and newly built nest taken by me at Berwyn, May 13, '99, was found to contain the fol- lowing material: 20 white oak twigs, 6 to 10 inches long; 36 chestnut twigs, 4 to 16 inches ; 50 chestnut oak twigs, 5 to 16 inches long and many-branched ; 77 dead sticks probably prin- cipally chestnut ; 2 chestnut blossoms, 46 chestnut bark scales, 1x2 to 2x6 inches ; and a few leaf sprays. It was placed upon a foundation consi-sting of a Crow's nest, from which it was separated. Dead sticks, twigs and pieces of bark principally, occasion- ally corn husk, bits of moss and live twigs of any easily obtain- able variety of tree; lined with a quantity of rough bark scales frcMji the trunks of the chestnut, oak, maple, beech, balsam, spruce, hemlock, pine or birch, according to locality, only one kind being -used in a nest ; often a few green twigs of the spruce, poplar, hemlock, fir or red cedar are added ; more rare- ly, strips of inner tree bark, or red cedar, wild grape vine or pine bark, or bits of moss, usnea or lichen-covered bark may be used; and in two instances (Mass., N. J.) pine needles, and 348 The Wilson i_iuLi.ETis— Nos. 76-77. in one instance (Florida) chicken feathers, formed the lining in part Audubon, followed by Brewer, Zadock Thompson and Holmes, and later by Gentry, Goss, Hatch and Dugmore ; have stated that the nest is lined variously with strips of bark, root- lets, moss and feathers of the domestic fowl. Lining of this nature appear more characteristic of the Red-shouldered Hawk, and the error probably originated with Audubon taking the description at second hand from his brother-in-law or from the fact of the nest being profusely feathered by the moulting fe- male. Entirely new nests have better and more bulky appearance than the old patched up ones. In Central America, Salvin and Godman found no marked difference in the nest, roughly made of sticks, with a lining of bark and a few live twigs, some- times built very near the ground. The Grenada bird builds a large bulky structure of dry sticks, according to Wells. An almost invariable custom of the Broad-wing is that of placing sprays of fresh green leaves and sometimes blossoms, of the chestnut, oak, poplar, maple, wild cherry, basswood, cot- tonwood, elm, pine, spruce, hemlock, balsam, 'and in one in- stance, evergreen vine and swamp grass, in the nest, under and around the eggs or young ; seldom more than (one kind of leaf used in the individual nest, though it is frequently renewed. The sprays are broken from 'the tops of trees and carried to the nest by means of the beak. In rare instances when the leaves have not appeared, green twigs with buds and blossoms attached, have been employed. Rev. Job has shown in photographic reproduction, the fe- male on a stub close to the nest, with a piece of bark in her bill, evidently for the purpose of adding to her nest, and he informs me that on May 18, '08, he photographed the same bird as she brought a long strip of bark into the nest. Rarely, a few evergreen vines, wood plants or swamp grass may be used. Various reasons have been advanced for this very com- mon trait of the Broad-wing, but all appear to be equally fal- lacious. There is very little ground for the theory of ornamen- tation or that the bird possesses the artistic sense in the slight- lU'RNS — On BROAD-wiNGiiD Hawk. 249 Raptorics should require protection from predatory animals. It is more likely the lingering- vestige of the instinct that led its reptilian ancestors to employ decaying vegetation to de- velop the embryo. No doubt the moist tender leaf imparts more or less heat to the eggs, and as the habit is not abandoned until after the brood is able to clamber to the side of, the nest, it serves the treble purpose : first a soft and warm bed for the callow young, and as the decaying refuse accumulate and the large tree ants, wood lice and ticks multiply, the successive layers become a matter of sanitation and protection. Almost all or our nest building Raptorcs are more or less addicted to this habit, none to the extent of this member, however. It seems to have an overpowering desire to bear something green to the nest after the real drudgery of construction is past. The references following the species below, give a more or less de- tailed account of green leaves in the nest, though seldom in the quantity and certainly not so consistently as in the instance of Buteo platyptertis. Ictinia tnississippienKii Mississippi Kite, Goss, Bendlre's Life Hist. N. A. Bds., 1892, 177; Singley, Davies' Nests, and Eggs, N. A. B*.., 3rd ed., 1889, IGC ; Sliort, Oologist, XXI, 1904, 37-39 ; Peabody, O. and O., XVII, 1892, 170. Accipiter veloa- Sharp-shinned Hawli, Fisher, Hawlss, and Owls U. S., 1892, 34. Astus atricapiVm Goshawli, Eifrig, Auli, XXIII, 1906, 314; Ma- coun, Cat Can. Bds., II, 1903, 229. Parahuteo vnicinctiis Harris's Hawlf, Goss, Bendire's Life Hist., 235. Buteo huteij European Buzzord, .Seebohm, British Birds, p. 205. Buteo iorealis horealis. Red-tailed Hawk, Burteh, Oologist, XXI, 1904, pp. 42-43; Sharp, IWd. XXII, 1905, 43-44. Buteo horealis calurus Western Red-tail, Dunn, Oologist, XIII, 1906, 73. Buteo Uneatus- Hneatiis, Red-sljouldered Hawk, Burteh, Oologist, XXI 1904, 42-43; Wood, JMcl. XXIII, 1896, 5; Brooks, IMd. 21- 22; Fisher, Hawlcs and Owls U. S. 65. Buteo Hneatiis alkni Florida Red-shouldered Hawk, Singley, Dames' Ne^^ts and ISggs, 1889, 175. Buteo Uneatus elegans Red-bellied Hawk, Bendire, Life Hist. X. 250 The Wilson Bulletin— Nos. 76-77. A. Bds., 228; Sharp, Oologist, XXII, 1905,' 43-44; Condar, VIII, 1906, 145. Buteo ahbreviatus 2tone-tailed Hawk, Mearns, Bendire's Life Hist. N. A. Bds., 230-31. Buteo SKainsoni Swainson's Hawk, Bendire, Life Hist. 289. Fi^er, Hawks and Owls, 77; Sharp, Oologist, XXII, 1905, 43-44; Wheelock, Bd?. Cala., 152; Seton, Bds. Manitoba, 234; Macoun, Cat. Can. Bds., 236, quoting Raine. Buteo braohyurus Short-tailed Hawk, Pennock, Bendire's Life Hist. N. A. Bds., 247. Asturina plagiata Mexican Goshawk, Bendire, Life Hist. N. A. Birds, 252-3; Stephens, Davies' Nests and Eggs N. A. Birds, 179-80. Aquila chrysaetos Golden Eagle, Bendire, Life Hist., 96; Cam- eron, Auk, 1908, 252.. Measurements cannot be had! with any degree of accuracy, especially in diameter, on account of the nests' irregularity; but it varies from 11 to 30 inches in outside diameter, 36 aver- aging 19 inches. Outside depth 6 to 18 inches, averaging 10 inches. Inside diameter 6 to 9 inches, averaging about 7.50 inches ; and inside depth from a fraction to 5 inches, the average 2.50 inches. It is somewhat smaller and lacks the neatness of the Cooper's Hawk nest. The exterior as well as the interior soon becomes flecked with the down feathers of the moulting birds and is a sure indication of its occupancy. A. C. Bent found a nest at Rehobeth, May 17, '08, contain- ing three eggs 24 feet up in a small white birch which was but 4 inches in diameter immediately beneath a most insignifi- cant nest, flimsily built, about 14x13 inches outside and 6x7 inches inside, lined with a few slabs of outer bark. Wm. B, Crispin, Salem, N. J., found a nest on May 27, '00, in a crotch of small pine, 1 5 feet up. The nest was small and flat, made of a few sticks, and lined with pine needles only. The nest was so small that it would probably have been overlooked but for the sitting bird. Depcsition — At Berwyn, Pa., one day intervenes deposi- tion, ordinarily, i.e. in a set of three eggs, the order is : first, third and fifth day. Sometimes two or more days intervenes. J. H. Flanagan found a nest in Kent Co., R. I., containing one zgg, for which a fresh hen's egg was substituted, May 19, '06. Burns — On Broad-winged Hawk. 351 On the 27111 the nest contained a second egg which showed no incubation, while the hen's egg upon being broken exhibited incubation of about a week. Dates for Complete Sets — Audubon states that the eggs "are deposited as early as the beginning of March . . but not until a fortnight later in niountanious parts of the districts in which the birds most frequently breed. Yet the only set of eggs he mentions having seen, was as late as May 30. Some of his immediate successors compromised upon "early April,'' and a host of later writers, even up to the present time, either boasting of their utter lack of personal experience with the domestic calendar of the species or distrusting their own ob- servations ; blindly accept the rather general statement of Au- dubon or his imitators, causing endless confusion in the ranks of the amateurs. The number of sets of eggs of Buteo lineatus and other early breeding ^4 c«'/'jfn'wp.s innocently masquerading under the name of B. platypterus is appalling. Any one con- sulting the Bibliography at the end of this paper will see a number of corrections, preferably ilby the collector or writer acknowledging erroneous identification ; and there can be little doubt that others would be discovered were it possible to have an expert handle the specimens. The date for fresh eggs in complete sets varies according to locality, of course, but it is coincident with the bursting of the leaf bud's on the surrounding deciduous timber, and right here it might be remarked that the immunity from persecution en- joyed by this species during the breeding season lis as much due to the thickening screen of leaves nature speedily throws around its habitation as the birds' inoffensive habits. As C. L. Rawson says : "Not one farmer in fifty has ever seen the bird to know it. . . Even the Lillibridges whose homestead has long been between two of the best breeding stretches of chest- nut timber in many a furlong, did not know it, though they had shot, trapped and robbed nests of all the other local birds of prey." Some latitude is to be expected in my averages through the probable inaccuracies in the reported state of incubation, there- 252 The Wilson Bulletin— Nos. 76-77. fore to be regarded as approximate only. 15 sets from the Lower Austral zone average April 28, extremes April 9 — Maj- 18. 331 nests from the Upper Austral and Transition zones average May 16, extremes April 34 — June 25. 37 sets from th^ Canadian zone average May 25, extremes May 5 — June 32. Western sets appear to average about tw^o days later than cor- responding territory in the east, and sets found in evergreen trees appear to average about the same period earlier than those in deciduous trees. The extreme dates are for the most part unimportant, representing as they do single instances of ex- tremely early laying and of final efifort after repeated failures. The normal egg producing period in a given locality is con- fined within about two weeks time, although the females may be about the nest for a month previous to deposition. I have in my possession a female shot from the nest April 17, '95, at Bradford Hills, Chester Co., Pa., in which dissection showed the egg developed to the size of large shot. In respect to the set recorded from Oneida Co., N. Y., on April 24, a very un- usual date, Egbert Bagg writes: Langworthy was a good ob- server and perfectly trustworthy. He is dead many, many years, so I can get no iniormation from him, but I am almost certain that Dr. Ralph authenticated this record before we used it. W^e were very particular in this respect and 25 years has not disproved a single record on our list. I have looked through my journal and can find only one other record and that was for a full set of four May 14. Red River of the North, Minn. The time to expect eggs in this region is during the latter half of May (Preston). At Minneapolis, Minn., May 12 to 30. I never look for its eggs any other time, though I have found a set or two both before and after. I always figured upon starting out to collect its eggs on the first date and felt confident of finding complete sets of fresh eggs (Currie ms.). In Ontario it is a late breed- er, seldom laying its eggs before the last week in May, though once I found its eggs earlier. May 8, '88 (Macoun quoting Rev. C. J. Young). Lancaster, N. H., May 4, '91, the earliest date; June 3, '04, the latest date: no second sets taken CSpaulding Bkoad-winged Hawk (Buteo platijpterus) Top and si(j The Wilson Bulletin— Nos. 76-77. arate, prove in four instances out of five, that the smallest was also the initial Dr. Cones remarked that he had noticed that the variation, however great, is less in absolute bulk than con- tour in eg-gs in general. Total Eie;g.s Set Av. Max. Igth. Max. sm. di. Min.lgth. Miu.sm.di. 9 I 1.89x1.50, 2.00(xl.44), (1.91x)1.571.72(xl.42), (1.72x)1.43. 182 2 1.91x1.52, 2.12(x].54), (2.06x)1.69,1.74(xl.52), (1.76x)1.30. 274 3 1.93x1.54, 2,15 (xl.51), (2.02x) 1.64, 1.75 (xl.53), (1.92x)1.30. 44 4 1.89x1.52. 2.09(xl.52), (1.96x)1.58, 1.80(xl.47), (1.82x)1.40. 500 averaging 1.92x1.53, (49x39 mm.). Sets of 1 average .03x.03, sets of 2, .Olx.Ol, and Mts of 4, .03x.01 less, and sets of 3 (which are with sets of 2, the typical numher.) .Olx.Ol ; more than the general average. There appear no consistent geographical variations in size, whatever advantage is gained by the increase in the size of the set northward, up to the maximum dimensions in sets of three eggs, is lost again in the smaller measurements of sets of four eggs which are the production of northern birds exclusively. Minnesota is apt to produce the slim egg of maximum length and minimum diameter, while Pennsylvania, with New York second and New Hampshire and Vermont third, produces an egg of average length and maximum diameter ; in reality the egg of the greatest capacity. Ernest 11. Short gives the aver- age size as 1.9.S and l.-5.'i, and the largest egg he regards as really authentic 8.06x1.6], taken by L. C. Snyder in Oswego Co., N. Y. Some of my correspondents as well as myself have remarked upon the variation of individual eggs in lesser di- ameter, often exhibiting from .01 to .03 according to position of calipers. Offering a layman's explanation, this may be diK to uneven pressure before deposition, or perhaps the weight of the bird's body after deposition when the shell is more plas- tic C. F Stone has noticed this variation in eggs of the Red- shouldered Hawk he has measured, also. In the oviduct of a breeding Broad-wing shot on April 88, '06, by a friend, were three eggs in formative process : the largest would probably have been dropped in a short time, the shell was of a leathery Burns — On Broad-winged Hawk. ■i57 texture, pale blue in color and even a few shell marks present ; this could be subjected to considerable pressure without break- ing, immediately after removal. Old works on the science almost invariably give the dimen- sions of the B. lineatiis for B. platyptcnis, and the archaic methodis of measurement were not wholly to blame. Errone- ous identification is responsible for a great many specimens of the former labeled as the latter. When Chas. C. Richards measured the Lorenzo Blackstone collection of Broad-winged Hawk eggs in the State Hall, Norwich Free Academy, he also measured the smallest set of Red-shouldered Hawk's eggs in a series of 37 sets. They were 1.96x1.64, 1.9?>4xl.68, 2.06j4xl.86J^, and were the smallest he ever saw of the spe- cies. His own smallest specimens in a set, of the same bird, are 2.()?xl.64, 'i, 04x1. 66, -J.OO^^xl.lir,. In the matter of ex- change, when a so-called Broad-\ving's eggs runs over 1.60 in width, he thinks the collector's reputation should be O. K'd. That the dimensions of the eggs of the two species overlap, there can be no question, and in a region where both species occur, the oologist cannot be too careful in his identifications. H. W. Beers took a set of eggs in Fairfield Co., Ct., on May 14, '96, which is unique in the wide range in individual shells, 2.08x1.53, 1.92xl..")o, 1.57x1.27, the last named being a runt measuring little more in length than the smaller diameter of the .first egg. An egg collected by T. and J- Flannagan in Kent Co., R. I., on May 19, '06, in a maple at the edge of a swamp takes the palm for dimensions. It is 1.30x.96 and is well marked with splashes and blotches of rufous brown and lilac. The texture of the shell is coarse and somewhat gran- ulated and a little malformed on one side, and of a dull finish. The nest was found on the 13th with ,the bird sitting on this runt, which proved infertile. J. H. Flanagan states that he has more than 200 sets of hawk's eggs of the different species of his own take and this is his only runt in hawk eggs. Prob- ably the parent would have proved an aged bird, perhaps un- mated. 258 The Wilson Bulletin— Nos. 76-77. Verrill gives the measurements of B. p. rivierei eggs as 1.80x1.50 to 1.85x1.55. Description of Eggs — Someone professes to see only two points of interest in a bird's egg — "^One is what the egg is in, the other is what is in the egg." However, there are some very good people interested in the shell. Fragile, exquisitely, beautiful specimens, more precious to. their possessors than the finest old china, have passed from one generation of oolo- gists to another, gems that love or money could not buy. A series, and sometimes the eggs of a set, show considerable variation in shape, ranging from elliptical ovate to oval; short ovate being the most typical, and ovate-pyriform , the rarest.'. Of the latter type are a set collected at Chippewa, Co., Mich., and described by C. F. Stone;, and another taken at Salem, N. J., by W. B. Crispin. The ground color runs from pure white to grayish, bluish, greenish, and cream-white, grayish-white being the most fre- quent; the "dirty-white" ground color of most writers being exactly what it seems— dirty, soiled by the bird's feet. 'The shells exhibit almost maximum range and development of col- oration in North American Raptores, and a typical set very rarely contains more than two eggs of the same type ; not infrequently all are difterent. In -sets of two or three, one egg is almost certain to be of the gray or lavender sub-shell type and the remainder overlaid with pigment. In sets of four, the second tgg may be an example of heavier sub-shell mark- ings or lightly overlaid with russet or brown. The eggs of this species also present the odd characteristic of confluent pigmentation at the smaller end or apex as frequent as at the base. Six fairly distinct types are discernable without resort to combinations: (a) Immaculate, or with faint shadow mark- ings. Not so infrequent as generally supposed, (b) Semi- obscured sub-shell markings of impure black or red and violet, producing the different grays, and the lilac-gray, heliotrope and lavender. Present in at least one egg of almost every set. (c) Sub-shell markings and surface stains of ecru-drab, fawn and drab. A rare form of coloration, (d) Surface pigmenta- Burns — On Broad-winged Hawk, 259 tion of yellow-browns, wood-brown, tawny-olive, cinnamon, raw sienna, raw umber, russet, etc. A not uncommon type pro- ducing perhaps the least attractive coloration, (e) Red-browns, mars, prouts, burn-umber, walnut, vandyke, chocolate and seal brown. The most common pigmentation, occuring in fully half of the eggs, (f) .Subdued reds, rufous, brick, hazel, chest- nut, burnt sienna and claret brown. A not infrequent pigmen- tation and producing very rich combinations ; usually when present at all, occurs more or less on all eggs of a set. Ap- pears most frequently on Minnesota specimens. A white ground shows off the pigments to the best advant- age, but the tinted grounds often aid the production of beauti- ful combinations. The most varied and brilliant series comes from Connecticut, though New Hampshire, Vermont, Massa- chusetts, Rhode Island, New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia and in the west, Manitoba and Minnesota, produce many beau- tiful eggs, greatly eclipsing the series from which Major Ben- dire took his descriptions. Mr. Riley recently infoi^med me that the 'U. S. National Museum now has a series of 76 eggs and the variations are very great. Most of them have come in since Bendire composed his work, and many of them are much handsomer than any he figured. My own personal experience in southeastern Pennsylvania has been that the eggs taken by myself pale into insig-nificence in comparison to the brilliant examples taken by PI. W. Beers in Connecticut. In descrip- tions, the blotches represent the larger, the spots the medium and the dot the smallest markings. In nearly all of the pairs visited by Beers, there has been a striking resemblance of eggs for two or often three years, and .then perhaps a jump from one extreme to another : from very plain to the most remark- able type or vice versa. Chas. C. Richards describes a set taken at Norwich, Ct., May 15, '08, in which one of the eggs was a solid bluish-white like a Cooper's Hawk, only smaller, the other, shell markings of lavender heaviest at the large end, and over this a few light brown spots and blotches. He finds that the texture of the shells of this species is so porous that if the surface be damp- 360 The Wilson Bulletin— Nos. 1&-11. ened, the markings in the shell will come out quite strong. R. M. Barnes gives at some length the markings upon a set collected June 10, '07, at H)'de Park, Mana., by C. P. Forge. All three show the effects of rotary action in the oviduct before the excessive deposition of pigment had thoroughly set, but curiously spiral or screw-like in formation, as if in progression. H. S. Hathway took two sets at East Greenwich, R. I., in which some of the eggs were strikingly similar to specimens of the Red-shouldered Hawk. Referring to Bendire's plate 7, No. 1 is like his figure 2 of the Red-shoulder, No. 3 like his figure 12 but more evenly speckled, and No. 3 similar but more color on small end, and all in size and shape as his figure 12 of the Broad-wing. No. 1 of his second set is almost identical with figure 13, No. 2 like figure 3 of the Red-shoulder, only more heavily marked, and No. 3 similar to figure o of same species, only more evenly marked. A set in the collection of T. H. Jackson, was taken by G. L. Hamlin at Bethel, Ct., and is described as of the size and shape of Swallow-tailed Kite's eggs and almost as hand- somely marked. Ground-color, creamy-white, heavily blotched with two shades of brown, heaviest about larger ends. On the surface of one egg in a set of three collected by Albert Lock- wood for John Gath, Lorrington, Ct., and described by J. Warren Jacobs, there appear markings in the form of the bust of a man in colonial dress, holding cocked hat in hand near left shoulder. Placed under a glass the blotches lose all re- semblance of course. T. H. Flanagan took a ■^et in Kent Co., R. I., on May 19 and 27, '06 ; the first heavily marked with ru- fous, the larger end covered as thickly as a Duck Hawk's ^^g, the remainder more sparingly and evenly marked ; the second beautifully marked over the entire surface with large splashes of lilac and a few of rufous. Gerard A. Abbott describes a set in his collection selected from over a hundred eggs, taken at Minneapolis, Minn. Two eggs are almost completely covered over one-third with a peculiar brick-red on the smaller ends; the third is blotched about equally over entire surface and! some of the markings are heliotrope. A similar set is described by Richards from the collection of I.oren.^o F.lackstone, Norwich, J'uRxs — Ox Broau-wingei) Hawk. 261 Ct. H. W. Lieers took a set at Bridgeport, Ct., in '09 that is described as different from any in his really wonderful series. The markings on both eggs are confined to the small end which is nearly solid bright rose-pinkish tint, and when fresh he thought them rtjore beautiful than anything he had hereto- fore taken. Second and third sets of the season are easily recognized. Richards gives the following instances in detail : First set, May 12, '08, bluish-white, (1) heavily sub-marked with lavender, un- der a bright rich hazel in spots and blotches, heaviest at larger end ; (2) heavily sub-marked all over in spots and blotches with lavendar, heaviest at ends, two or three brown spots over this, compar: 'e to Fig. 10, pi. 7, Bendire's Life Histories. Second Set, May 29, '08, (1) similar to first described in previous set, lacking heavy markings at larg^e end ; one blotch about an inch square of lavender, center of shell has about two-dozen dark brown spots from the size of a pin to Xo. 12 shot ; (2) dull white, heavily blotched and spotted with chestnut, a few pale lavender spots and small blotches at large end. The second series-first set, May 5, '08, bluish-white, spotted and blotched all over with pearl-gray and heliotrope, giving a marked appearance, and a few fine spots of rich hazel-brown on surface, looking like a large whip-poor-will's eggs without gloss: (2) faintly spotted all over with hazel-brown, brick red and small blotches of bright chestnut, with a wash of claret stain nearly all over, have' never seen any egg colored like this ; (3) greenish-white, shell markings of lavender with a pinkish tint, spotted and blotched all over with light brown. Second set. May 30, '08, 200 yards from first nest, (1) almost exactly like first egg of first set, except brighter and shell markings are all heliotrope and has a few blotches and spots of rich hazel-brown; (2) greenish-white, beautifully spotted and blotched all over with rich hazel and chestnut, forming a ring around larger end, one small blotch in the center of .the shell has a wash of the pecu- liar claret on the second tgg of the first set. Third set, June 8, '08, incubation four or five, days, 100 yards from the second and 250 yards from the first nest. The single egg a composite 263 The Wilson Bulletin— Nos. 76-77. of the first and second egg's of first set, the color all run to- gether and bleached out as if pigment was about exhausted. Around the smaller end are streaks of lilac and brown that look as if laid on with a brush foul with lint. Buteo platypterns antillamm according to Wells, deposits two eggs, buff color, spotted and blotched with reddish-brown. Clark, however, states that three eggs are usually laid and that he has had the opportunity of examining through the kindness of Dr. Dunbar B. B. Hughes, a number of eggs of this bird, in the collection of the late John Grant Wells, which were ob- tained in Grenada, W. I. Six sets were represented. The eggs were all bluish-white, unspotted. The natives at St. \'incent also informed him that this bird laid unspotted eggs. Biiteo platypterus rivieri eggs are described by Verrill as dull white, heavily washed and blotched \vith rufous, umber and greyish-brown. Description of a Series of Sets — From over 100 sets never before described I have selected 15 sets showing, it is believed, every type of coloration known ; the whole, added to those al- ready described under previous sub-heads, making a truly mag- nificent series, which, aside from their value as natural history specimens are a delight to the eye of the lover of the beau- tiful. Set I. Easton, Ct., May 30, '03, col. H. W. Beers, chestnut, 35 ft. Ground color white with very slight gloss and just a sugges- tion of green, 1.98x3 .58, quite lightly but regularly spotted" and blotched with a stain-like light mars brown, 1.96x1.60, shell mark- ings, so far' beneath the surface or so light as to suggest a shadow rather than a describable tint. A few faint flecks of mars brown dispersed over surface, comparing with the typical Aocipiter cooperi egg except in size, shape and texture; slightly granular at large end. 1.97x1.55, practically if not actually imsiwtted. I could de- tect a few faint flakes of undeterminable color besides the nest stains. Shell slightly granular at large end. The palest set I ever examined. Ovate. Desc. b.v F. L. B. Set II. Chester Co., Ta., May 12, '88, col. by Thomas H. .Jackson, chestnut, 48 ft. Dnll grayish-white ground. 1.94x1.62, almost plain, sprinltled with dots size of "pinhead all over, running into fine lines at greater end similar to markings on an Oriole's egg. BEOAD-vviNtiEij Hawk [Biitco platypterus) A series of eggs in the collection of II. W. Beers, Bridgeport, Conn Burns — On Broad-winged Hawk. 263 1.93x1.61, very similar though much more beavil.v marlsed at greater end. 1.95x1.65, quite heavily marked around small end with olive brown blotches and dottings. Set. III. Easton, Ct., May 18, '08, col. H. W. Beers, chestnut, 30 ft. Almost dead white. 2.04x1.61, smaller end and almost to th'e middle scratched with countless microscopical hair lines of pale Vandyke brown with a few spots and scrawls of a heavier calibre over two-thirds of this area. 1.07x1 .fiT, almost entire sur- face clouded with longitudinal shell markings of smoke and drab, heaviest in a broad ring about one end, possibly the larger, though the egg appears an almost perfect oval. There are three or four tiny specks of walnut or pale vandyke brown. Oval. Desc. by F. L. B. Set IV. Tnitabull, Ct., May 19, '99, col. H. W. Beers, chestnut, 25 ft. Dead white, l-.90xl.44, palest possible shell markings of drab gray, most numerous about larger end, with scattered stip- pling of walnut at base, thicker and paler at apex. 1.79x1,39, shell markings of ecru drab and drab, the latter confluent In broad band around smaller end principally, overlaid on surface of minor third and a few scattered to base, with fine spots and blotches of burnt umber. This is a most remarkable looking egg, one which would attract attention in any collection. Ovate. Desc. by P. L. Burns. Set V. Bervyn, Pa., June 5, '95, col. P. L. Burns, chestnut, 47 ft. White ground. 1.76x1.45, wood brown appearance, heaviest at larger end, stippled or flea-bitten look more often present in the eggs of the Sparrow Hawk. Short ovate. 1.83x1.51, surface stain in large blotches confluent on one-half of the smaller end, extend- ing on this side out to the center, of a very pale mars brown, al- most faun. A few shadow-like shell stains of no definite color. Ovate. Set VI. Calais, Maine, May 17, '94, col. George A. Boardman. Dull wliite. 1.92x1.52, evenly sprinkled all over with fine dots, small spots and irregular blotches of pale tawny olive, and raw sienna. 1.99x1.50, more sparingly splashed with Irregular small blotches and scattering dots of wood brown and raw umber. 2.01 x 1.51, irregularly splashed with blotches, chiefly about the smaller end, with wood brown and prout's brown. All of these colors have probably faded. Oval to elliptical oval. Desc. by A. C. Bent. Set VTI. Carver, Mass., May 22, '01, col. A. C. Bent, white pine, 40 ft. Dull white. 1.93x1.53, partially clouded with lavender gray, heavily blotched, particularly about the small end, with vin- aceous and heliotrope purple, underlaid with irregularly broken blotches or clusters of confluent small dots of cinnamon rufous. 364 The Wilson Bl'lletin— Nos. 76-77. 1.89x1.50, heavily clouded with lavender and pale heliotrope purple, particularl.v about the small end, nearly concealing the ground color, also sparingly washed with vinaceous cinnamon, with one blotch and a few dots of chestnut. Ovate to oval. Set. VIII. Carver, Mass.. May 2(i, 'OC, col. A. C. Bent, white pin?, 24 ft. Hull white. 1.95x1.52, heavily blotched, principally about the larger end, in an irregular and open pattern, with cinna- mon, overlaid with spots of burnt umber and chestnut. 1.9.'!xl.50, nearly covered with small dots, confluent into blotches and con- cealing the ground color of the larger end, of russet, overlaid with spots of burnt umber and washed at the large end with bright vinaceous-rufous. 1.92x1.50, uniformly spotted with lavender gray, and sparingly with russet and chestnut. Ovate to oval. Set IX. Berwyn, Pa., May 11, '88, col. F. L. Burns, chestnut, .S8 ft. Cited as deposited. White. 1.96x1.54, speckled and spotted over the entire surface, blotched at smaller end, with mummy brown; on the .smaller end the blothes are laid on so teavy in places as to appear deep Vandyke brown. 1.88x1.63, infinitisimal dots and specks over surface, assuming an almost solid stippled- like appearance on minor third, all of a walnut brown. This flea- bitten semblance gives the ground a creamy-white look whenever visible. 1.83x1.60, under shell markings gathering at the minor end. A few surface markings of mars brown. This egg is of the type illustrated by Bendire in fig. 12. Set X. Monroe, Ct., May 15, '05, col. H. W. Beers, chestnut. 40 ft. Dead white. 1.90x1.56, spotted and blotched with mars brown, the centers of the largest splotches sugge'sting burnt umber, con- fluent in broad band n'nst back of middle and extending almost to base. 1.91x1.51, heavily staimed about smaller end with chocolate, overlaid with walnut, scattering irregularly to base in detached spot?. A richly marked set of the most frequent type. Ovate Desc. by F. L,. B. Set XI. Monroe, Ct.. May 24. '06, col. H. W. Beers, chestnut. 25 ft. Pale greenish-white. 1.92x1.49, a band of vandyke brown confluent blotches centered with the darker seal brown, forming a cap about larger end and has the appearance of having been so thin a stain and the shell so absorbent that it spread and blurred as upon blotting paper, the color regularl.y punctured with minute bubble-like dots showing the ground color beneath. Two- thirds of the shell unspotted. 1.94x1.53, desultorily smeared in blotches about larger half with clove brown, which appears half obliterated as from a ^^a*h before wholly dry. Most of the shell unspotted entirely. A unique set. Ovate. Desc. by F. L. B. JU'RNS — On BEOAD-wiNGEn Hawk. Sd.") Set XII. Kaston, C't., May ]5, '(12, col. 11. \V. B'wrs, oliestnut, 35 ft. White. 2.00x1.50, heavily blotched with burnt umber and walnut, forminjj; a whorl about the base and practically coveriiis the grovind. 1.00x1.49, heavily marked with mars brown, ground invisible at base, which has a few scrawls of ^valnut . P.. Set XIII. Trumbull, Ct., May 12, '03. col. H. ^y. Beers, chest- nut, .50 ft. Dead white. 2.02x1 ..5S, very large blotches, some of them .50x.7Fi in diameter, of a deep rich walnut, almost liver brown, over the larger end and extending in lesser spots on one side only, to near apex. 2.00x1.55. comparatively immense shell markings of drab-gray, one being .50x1.25, chiefly back of greater diameter and spreading in smaller spots toward smaller end, which remains unspotted. Th^ese shell markings are partly overlaid with pale Vandyke brown, with here and there a spatter of mars brown. A very striking and handsome set. The second not so richly col- ored as the first, is of the type exemplified in Bendire's fig 11, but much better colored. Ovate. Desc. by F. L. B. Set. XIV. Carver, Mass., May 25, '07, col. A. C. Bent, white pine, 31 ft. Pale bluish-white. 2.03x1.51, heavily marked with large irregular blotches, spots and dots of cinnamon rufous, brick red and burnt umber, the latter overlying the lighter colors. 1.92x 1.51, heavily marked, principally about the small end with vinac- eous rufous and burnt sienna, the latter on top of the lighter spots. 1.89x1.49, more sparingly blotched and spotted, principally in a ring near the large end, with cinnamon rufous and burnt um- ber. Ovate to oval. Set XV. Hyde Park, Mana., June 12, '07, col. C. P. Forge, wil- low bueh, 10 ft. Ground color white to soiled white. 1.89x1.49, almost completely obscured by vast numbers of small irregularly shaped bluish-gray markings, darker at smaller end and showing a slight rusty tinge of color, 1.87x1.48, very thickly marked about the smaller end with very light rusty red in small blotches, almost running Into each other and scattered over the large end. 1.9fixl.5.5, heavily marked over the larger end with a mass of light rusty, reddish markings, almost obscuring the ground color on that end. and scattered rather thickly over balance of the surface. 1.82x1.40. rather thickly marked with vrey many irregularly shaped blotches of bluish-gray and lavender, a few bordering on a light ru=ty red in color. Desc. by R. M. Barnes. 366 The Wilson Bulletin— Nos. 76-77. Incubation. This bird is a devoted brooder, both sexes assisting, as tes- tified by Messrs. Banks, Bendire, Kgight, and verified by my- self. An almost invariable sign that incubation is progressing, is the down feathers adhering to the nest. Chas. Richards nicely illustrates the secretiveness and close sitting of the species in his notes of a set taken in an open wood or park, Norwich, Ct., May 20, '08. He says that on the 17th a man and woman were practicing at a mark with a 23 calibre rifle within 100 yards of the nest where the hawk was sitting. On Sunday afternoon -54 people were counted within sight of the nest at one time, and a woman with a couple of children roam- inf around. was actually sitting on a rock under the nest, all unconscious of its tenant. George L. Hamlin relates an instance where the birds had been sitting about ten days when a neigh- bor to whom he had revealed the nest, from a mistaken sense of duty, shot the female from the nest. The male completed the incubation, and later, the single young was procured and reared in confinement when nearly fledged. Again, early in May, '93, a nest was found just completed. No eggs were ever deposited and but one bird seen in the vicinity. At every visit he showed as much sohcitude as if it was occupied, and several times upon ascending, fresh green poplar leaves had been added to the lining. The nest was not deserted until the latter part of June ; the conclusion that it was built by an un- mated or bereaved male., seems well founded. An ancient trick, often very much abused, is to replace an incomplete set with the eggs of the domestic hen, and the Buteo's utter lack of discrimination is evinced by brooding over it for many days. The female not infrequently sits on the nest, a short time every day for several days before an egg is laid. J. Claire Wood adds his testimony to mine in this, having witnessed an instance. John H. Flanagan believes incubation begins with the first egg. In support of this he relates two instances : Nest found in Kent Co., R. I., May 18, '01, contained one egg, and two on the 2Gth, one well begun in incubation and one fresh. A set Burns — On Broad-winged Hawk. 367 of four taken May t] , '05, incubation varied from fresh to above one week in one egg. Other sets, however, exhibited uniform incubation, which is the rule. Walter A. Angell took an egg and two young just hatched, from a nest on June 19, 1907, and the egg hatched under a hen the next day. Bendire places the period of incubation at from 31 to 25 days. Near Berwyn, on May 19, '01, at 12 M., I flushed a fe- male from the same nest as that used in '94. Two large eggs lay on a bed of chestnut bark scales, and a single 'hunch of green chestnut-oak leaves, just garnered. Bird not on at 5 -.15 P. M. On May 30, I found the lightest marked egg standing on its greater end, punctured, by a nest twig. It contained a rather medium-sized embryo. The bird was not seen, though the sound e.g-g was warm. May 31 the male was flushed, no additional lining except a single moulted secondary. June 10, at 7 P M., flemale flushed; sides of nest built up neatly, fence- like and about three inches all around with green chestnut-oak leaves and several clusters placed under the egg, the latter slightly cracked at one side. Female protested at the slowness of my decent. June 12, 7 P. M., parent stole off silently and un.seen. I heard the faint peeping of the nestling before I was within ten feet of the nest. It had just hatched and not yet entirely free from the large end of the shell, sprawling upon its breast with chin resting on the side of the nest- The female uttered a protest from a nearby tree, and I hurried down, be- ing just seven minutes from time of strapping on climbers un- til on my road home. I would place the period of incubation of this egg at fully 24 days, as to the best of my knowledge the egg was perfectly fresh on the 19th of A'lay. I regret to say that all other of the severaU tests made by me, were less per- fect through my inability to ascertain the exact dates of com- mencement, though I have been fortunate enough to be pres- ent within an hour of the hatching on more than one occasion. Fred H. Carpenter offers two instances for calculation, both from Bristol Co., Mass.; May 17, '03, two eggs; June 4, no change ; June 12, one young at least two days old, and one ad- dled egg. May 17, '03, three eggs, one taken proved fresh; 268 The Wilson Bulletin— Nos. 76-77. June 4, no change; June 13, one young and one pipped egg. Apparently a period of 33 to 35 days. Young. Care of the Nestling — I have studied the nestlings of five different nests. So silent and secretive are the devoted parents that only one nest was discovered after the brood had! appear- ed. I had passed and repassed almost daily the white oak which stood at the juncture of two woodland paths, without discovering the hidden nest, and it was not until I had finally tarried awhile atithe nest of an Oven-bird close by, that I no- ticed the ground within a radius of perhaps twenty feet plenti- fully besprinkled with the excrement of the three young larger than squabs, that the female at last betrayed, June 19, '00. Contrar>' to the general belief, the forcible ejection of excre- ment is not peculiar to the young alone as any one having an adult captive may discover. In another instance the single nestling hatched on June 13, and left the nest July 33, '01, a period of 41 days. In another instance two out of three eggs hatched on June 3, '06, and the infertile egg disposed of soon after. Later one of the young died andl was probably car- ried away. The remaining nestling was taken by me on July 1, after it had prematurely flushed from the nest on my unex- pected appearance : the period was 39 daj's. Abundance of food is provided and the nest supplied daily with green leaf sprays, by the parents. The tender young are protected from the hot summer sun, inclement weather and cool nights. I have found the male covering 5 days old hawklets. Even when they have become fairly well fledged, one or the other of the birds seem always in attendance in a nearby tree top. The whistled protest of the parents as tliey shadow one through the woods, is all the hint one often has of their presence and un- ceasing vigilence. How long they are guarded after leaving the nest, I am unable to say, but for, a week or two after the nest is vacated, a protesting whistle from a hidden form in the neighboring foliage informs one of the jealous care of the juveniles doubtless also hidden nearbv. The immatures I!itr)Ai)-vviNGED Hawk (liuteo platyptenis) Nestlings about two weeks old ( I'totogi-aplied liy Thomas H. Jackson) ||(_TRN,s — On Broad-winged Hawk. 269 are unmercifully driven out of the adults territory the follow- ing' spring, should they attempt to invade it. Parental care does not survive the winter's frost. Disposition of thI'; Nestling — The spirit of adventure and acquisition which leads men to oological fields, fails to attract man\' to the equally important study of the young; therefore I am compelled to rely almost wholly upon my own data in this respect. I appreciate the fact that in viewing the beautifully painted shell ruined Ijy the struggling chick, the feelings of the oologist are akin to those of the orderly collector of skins ob- serving the plucking of the feathers of a rare bird ; or the photographer, seeing the bird he is about to picture, fall be- fore the gun of a sportsman. The chick utters a peeping cry as soon as out of the shell and appears hungry as soon as its down has dried. I have seen it turn its head and bite at my thumb, when less than a day old. For some days the adults dismember the food and the young soon learn to snatch it piecemeal from their beaks. When from five to eight days old it sits erect and its mouth fiies open at every sound ; it is able to disgorge a pellet the size of a hazelnut, sciratch itself and behave as ' weir to its mates as the best tempered of birds. Development of Juvenile Plumage — The young upon hatching June 3, '06, was well covered with white dbwn, eyes and bill blue-black, cere very pale yellow, feet, tarsi and edge of mouth flesh color; and eight days later the feet and tarsi were the palest possible flesh tint with incipient yellow cast, and the talons blue-black. Another about 10 days old June 20, '07, was entirely covered with down except the abdomen, which was bare ; the skin around the eyes greenish-yellow ; midway between tip and beginning of the curve of the beak was a whitish protubrance ; in all other respects as described in last year's nestling, For my own convenience my subjects have all been taken from the nest at some period and reared in 'captivity. I en- deavored to supply them with their natural and as varied food as they would have received in their nests ; therefore the growth 270 The Wilson Bulletin— Nos. 76-77. of the feather tracts was perhaps altogether normal. Chester Co., Pa., June I'i, '10, one young about 10 days old, weight 4 ounces, still in its nestling down, pupil appears blue and iris deep brown. June 17, about 15 days old, primaries and sec- ondaries developing in quill ; June 18th, greater coverts appear- ing in quill ; 19th, alula, scapulars, inter-scapulars in quill; 31st, coverts coming out quite regularly, also nape and rectrices ; 28nd, 20 days old, primaries, secondaries and tertials bursting sheath, nape down to middle of back, upper tail coverts; 33rd, sides of breast, irides wood brown; 34th, interscapulars show through white down quite prominently, rump pin feathers (compared with young bird in nest July 4, '00, known to be 22 days old ; down covered head, neck and thighs, primaries and secondaries broken sheath and partly developed, breast feathers dashed with tawny but not to middle, irides hair brown) ; 25th, colors distinguishable; 36th, pin feathers down back to rump, under tail coverts ; 37th, pin feathers spreading on abdomen and breast. July 1st I was compelled to kill this bird. On ithe 87th I was away all day and left word that it .should be fed often, but my niece neglected it, and the poor little creature, frantic with hunger, tumbled out of its box in its ef^-'orts to meet me as T entered in the evening, breaking its right leg above the hee! and since almost refused to eat. De- scription : feet and tarsi straw yellow, cere citron yellow, edge of mouth, skin of lores and lower eyelids, pale greenish-blue; irides mouse gray, weight 9 oz., about 29 days old. Two captives taken on July 2, '07, 32 days old, were "Tuck" the larger, older and male bird; and "Nip' the female; natal down, except as herein noted, humeral tract or scapulars evi- dently first showing two or three days back ; alar tract, second- aries, terials, greater upper wing coverts, followed by the pri- maries, primary coverts and alula, rectices less than one-half inch in sheath ; ventral tract, patch appearing on side of breast but not below ; spinal tract, first traces between shoulders ; fe- moral tract, first traces ; irides slightly lighter. July 3rd, spi- nal tract, first traces appearing prominent ; humeral, spreading, showing a V-shap^ tract when wings are closed ; altar-primar- r!r;i5NS — On Broad-winged Hawk. 371 ies evidently later than secondaries, middle wing coverts as well as lesser coverts not yet in evidence except a few scattered feathers, primaries 3.40 on Tuck, 1.70 on Nip; caudal, rectices 1.87 Tuck, 1.40 Nip, upper tail coverts just appearing; fe- moral, first appearance beyond down; vental, slightly extend- ing; capital, dark feathers appearing on crown on Tuck, July 4, humeral tract spreading out over shoulders ; ventral spread- ing a little on breast and extending slightly towards abdomen, crural — scattering, femoral extending downward. 5th, 25 days old, spinal tract spreading out over shoulders, ventral spread- ing a little on the breast and toward the abdomen, crural, scat- tered feathers appearing on the legs and flank extending down- ward to legs. 6th, spinal tract extending toward neck, a thin line from back of shoulder.= to almost small of back and ap- pearing again at rump ; humeral well grown, femoral extend- ing rapidly to tibas ; capital extending on hind head of Tuck, malar in dusky dots, dark feathers just appearing under down of crown in Nip ; alar filHng out rapidly, lining of wings devel- oping, ventral filling out and extending ; caudal, greater upper tail coverts well along and lesser spreading, under tail coverts growing rapidly. 7th, spinal tract broadening between shoul- ders and at rump and scattered almost to hind neck, erectile upon excitement, rump almost complete on Tuck, scattered and less complete on Nip ; alar, upper wing coverts almost all showing, only considerable gaps about median, under wing coverts starting, lining well along, feathers of thumb one inch out of sheath, as they have been for some time ; capital feath- ers extending downward to and on hind head under down, crown feathers appearing above down on Tuck; lores appear- ing in dark dots, ventral feathers practically complete below breast, first band of tail of Nip and second of Tuck. Head, neck, middle of breast, edge of- wing, median wing covert re- gion, back of shoulder to rump and under wings, downy. July 8, Tuck has the richer underparts and more rusty edging of upper plumage so far, and a scattering of dark feathers all over center of crown and hind head, lores extending to eyes and malar to ear coverts ; Nip's rump not at all complete, con- 2?-3 The Wilson Bulletin — Nos. 76-77. sisting of a scattering of feathers, median coverts with frequent bare spaces, first evidence of dark feathers above down on crown, ear patch and lores broadening, second tail band clear of sheath, primaries and secondaries not wholly clear but the dark bands have become prominent ; cast sheaths plentiful. July 10, 30 days old. Tuck has an increase in feather tract of crown, hind head, and almost complete from forehead to shoulders, lores connected with check by broken line over eye, chin feathers appearing on either side, forehead only immacu- late down; lining of wings almost complete, downy tract at base of quill feathers : spinal tract complete from shoulder to rump, thighs and spots on the middle of breast downy, irides plumbeous-gray. Nip, spinal tract almost to rump and creep- ing up back of neck, vental shows a downy line down the cen- ter of breast, breast feathers extending toward throat; middle of crown and hind head exhibiting a sprinkling of dark feath- ers, wing lining not yet complete, eyes darker than Tuck's. July 11, Tuck almost completed juvenile plumage with the exception of inner thighs, anal region, area under wings be- tween rump and femoral tract ; down also remains on the mid- dle of throat, sides and back of neck, forehead and supra- orbital region, though the darker feathers have developed un- der all except the middle of the throat, third band appeared on tail, a sub-malar streak and under primary coverts have appeared. Nip is not so well along, though the spinal tract is complete ; the head almost as far along except forehead, chin and throat ; wing lining shows a downy line at roots of quill feathers, scattered feathers creeping up on throat ; 12th, Tuck still has some down areas on a line over eye, middle of fore- head, eyelids, posterior half of orbital ring, just back of ears, and middle of chin. Nip has a greater extent on the same places ; 13th, little change, less down ; 14th, Tuck, under wing coverts ; 15th, third dark band on tail. Tuck's eyes almost pear gray, down almost absent except on middle of chin. Nip, down above eye and to a small extent back of it, a little on forehead and more on middle of throat and chin; July 17th, fourth dark tail band on Tuck: 19th, fourth dark tail Burns — On Broad-winged Hawk. 'i73 band on Nip ; 20th, fifth dark tail band appearing- ; 23rd, Tuck has lost all traces of down ; 28th, Nip has six , bars on tail, same as Tuck, and has no longer traces of down under chin or about eyes. August 3rd, seven bars on tail ; 9th, both hawks' eyes at last a clear pearl gray without the brownish, cloudy effect. A female designated " Buteo " was taken from the nest July 1, '06, when 29 days old, when the juvenile plumage was de- veloping under nestling down, the tips of nearly all the feath- ers bearing tufts of down, the occupit, lores, middle of breast, etc., only in the natal stage, irides pearl gray. July 4, wing 15:50, tail 3.50; 6th, second bar appearing on lengthened tail, barring appearing on primaries and secondaries ; 7th, down off of back and wings, confined to ends of rectrices, wing coverts and head; 9th, tail shows five narrow dark bars, down almost absent from head and chin, whole upper plumage ex- hibits silky sheen; 10th, down yet present on wing coverts, strip over eye, middle of forehead, middle of chin, scattered on malar; 15th, down disappearing from all but middle of chin and throat ; 22nd, chin down absent ; 2ord, seven dark bars on tail, irides darker ; August 5, rufous edging of upper plumage worn away ; Sept. 17, irides a light burnt umber. It will be noted that the irides became pearl gray in 29-34 days. Juvenile plumage shows first signs of development when the bird is 1~> days old and is completed by the 45th-51st day, a period of about one month to five weeks. Jefferies notes eleven primaries, ten coverts, and a terminal claw, in the young examined. Development of Instinctive Habits — A nestling at 10 to 12 days of age snatched bits of meat from my fingers, rejeict- ing a bit with a piece of bone in it, throwing the morsel some distance ; and peeped lustily for more. It could turn about the box very quickly, prance on one foot at the time and go through the motions of preening its own feathers, and slept with the crown of its head on 'the bottom of its nest with its beak be- tween its thighs. First attempt to pick up food was when it had attained the age of 17 days, unsuccessfully attempted to 274 The Wilson Bulletin— Nos. 76-77. hold the meat in its claws by one foot then the other forward. Fed to the limit of -the capacity of its crop, it would flatten out on its breast with extended wings and head for a sun bath, and learned to pull food from my hand with the twisting mo- tion of the adult. As my head came to the level of the nest of a pair of nest- lings 22 days old, they arose upright with wide open mouths and while they almost fell over backwards with surprise, they seemed as yet devoid of fear. The female, for so it proved, showed the most spirit and enterprise though a day behind the male in growth. At 23 days of age they stood upright in home- made nest, dressed their plumage, whistled in a chucking voice, picked the dismembered bits of 4 English sparrows from my fin- gers, gathered tliem up from the nest and snatched them from one another. When 24 days old the wing and leg exercises be- gan They danced with raised wings, heads bent toward lifted toes and wings almost touching above. During the day they occasionally lay on their sides with extended legs and slept at night squatting on their keels with heads partly under left wings. The next day they fought one another over the food, plucking at one another's heads and necks, the male, which is the largest, on the defensive. Both whistle, grasp and tear food with talons and beaks. On the 26th day the male grew timid, dined with its back toward me, blanketed its food with its wings ; the female on the contrary fearlessly faced me, con- tinued its whistled "chucks," and then turned upon its nest mate and whipped him thoroughly. 27th day both could be eas- ily handled. When full to bursting, they moved their heads and necks backward, forward and sideways. Female fought for and obtained from the larger male, two live English sparrow nestlings which she killed. I reduced their meals to four a day. On the 38th day, male showed fear plainly, no longer ac- cepted food from my hands, the next day absolutely refused to eat while I was looking, and the day following flew about to avoid me, while the female continued gentle and fearless. On the 31st day the female ate 12 good-sized crayfish, seemed to relish tearing them apart and devouring the pieces, though p.cRNs — On Broad-winged Hawk. 375 when one big fellow caught her by the, leg, she backed away, and did not appear anxious to risk another nip. The male would not come 'down to feed. The next da)' the female refused for the first time to take food from my hands, and the following day began to fly about. When 37 days old, just before a thun- der storm, both retired to the shelter of a box and huddled to- gether in a crouching position, timidly peeped their fears; but two days later during a very heavy shower I observed both now. nearly of a size, exposed to the full force of the storm. They drooped their spread wings forward slightly above the level of their backs at times, seeming to enjoy the bath. When 40 days old both were very wild and made constant attempts to escape thrugh the wire enclosure. This is the age of departure from the home nest. The next two days both birds clawed me fiercely, whistling excitedly, and would not touch food until T departed. When 46 days old the female which has at last outgrown the male, swooped down, snatched a piece of meat and carried it to a favorite perch :and by another week or two, learned to whistle insistantly when hungry, until fed; a long drawn harsh shrilling chc-e-e-e-e-the-c. My first and in some respects most interesting captive was taken when at the age of 2f) days. It flew from the nest when I ascended but unable to sustain flight, came down on the banks of a creek below and was captured after it had turned upon its back and fought savagely, uttering a repeated Chic-chic-chic. It proved to be a female. It refused to eat at first. I had to force food down its throat, but it rapidly responded ,to kind treatment and by the next day perched upon my hand. It made several at- tempts to swallow a mouse whole when 35 days old, then turned its back to me, blanketed its prey with spread wings and tail, for the first time used its beak in 'conjunction with talons to tear and feed ; and in consequence grew fierce and wild over night since it could help itself, and pounced upon a dead mouse and various sparrows with, great gusto. When 39 days old it eyed live and fully fledged English sparrows before striking with right foot, and listened momentarily to their cries. This was its first kill and attempt to pluck feathers 276 The Wilson Bulletin— Nos. 76-77. before eating. On the 40th day it learned to spring from my hand to sieze its prey in its beak before placing it under its talons. Could fly well and began to long for liberty. One week later it beat against the window. It learned to eye its feeding board whenever I appeared, and a stranger so fiercely as to have the appearance of about to attack him; and for the first time used its left foot in striking its victims. It was not until it was 89 days old that it uttered its first "rusty hinge" whis- tle, the adult and harsher cry than the juvenile. Moult and RenewaL Much to my surprise I could discover absolutely no litera- ture on the subject except the following eight words from Maynard : "Like most hawks, these birds moult in August." Of the closely related Swainson's Hawk, Dr. Coues writes: "A moult occurs in August and September; it is protracted, the feathers being very gradually renewed, almost one by one ; the fresh heavily colored feathers contrasting strongly with the ragged and faded ones worn during the summer. The young have no moult at this season. I have no observations upon a spring moult, which probably occurs in both old and young." Newton intimates that Diurnal Birds-of-Prey generally moult in mid-winter or even later. Under the title of "Observations on the Co'lor Changes in the Genus Buteo, Apparently Due to Aptosochromatism" (r/. Bid. lladley Climatological Labora- tory University, New Mexico, III, 7, July, Ut03, 1-14) the late Frances J. Birtwell gave the results of the examination of an adult and juvenile Buteo sivainsoni on Dec. 7 and May 6, and an adult Buteo borealis calurus on Dec. 7, and April 1, con- fined in a basement during the winter, to prove color change without moult. Unfortunately May 30 witnessed the only collection of moulted feathers and the search for new growth on the birds at the time of skinning. Plucked of feathers the adult is found completely covered with a heavy coat of down, even to the tips of the wing bones and heel joints; white, except a dusky streak along the wing bones at the insertion of the greater coverts. BKOAD-wiNGEi) Hawk, 2i) (liiys old. "Nip and Tuck." I'lioto by Lucy Sampson. Hi'RNS — On' Broad-winged Hawk. 37T Oologists, with their intimate knowledge of the breeding habits of the bird, frequentl}' note traces of niouUing about the nest. Fred E. Newberry writes of a bird saiHng over the tree tops dropping a large quill feather at his feet, and of oc- cupied nests profusely feathered ; Chas. C. Richards of three tail and numerous body feathers under a nest in June, from which the young had fled ; and J. Claire Wood observed traces of the adult plumage in the lingering migrant immatures in June, suggesting a transformation into adult plumage during the summer of the second year. ] have frequently gathered moulted feathers in the woods and under the nests, recently dropped, during the nesting period. A skin in the collection of the Phi. Acad. Nat. Sci., taken at Hudson, N. Y., as late as May 'i^K shows no evidence of moulting, however, Trowbridge states that he has found several of the adult specimens shot in Sept. 24. '.S7 ,at New Haven, Ct., moulting about the head- He fails to inform us, however, that otherwise these were in fully renewed plumage. My captives passed through the annual moult I believe in no wise* different from the average bird of the same species in a state of nature. They received sufificient natural and va- ried food, were kept in the open and altogether in a healthy condition. I gathered the moulted feathers once or twice each day and placed them in dated envelopes, and the birds were examined as frequently and as critically as it was possible to db where the subject was a biting, clawing and struggling sav- age. The feathers on one specimen dying in February were actually counted, numbering 2843 ; the smaller feathers of the head, chin, throat, lesser wing coverts and under wing lining, about totaling 1805 feathers, were largely lost in the open cage, but most of the balance and more important plumage, saved as above related. My notes follow : First Moult, Post Juvenile — The spring moult began with the female "Nip" on the morning of April 19, when the 10th and 9th pairs of primaries and first scapulars dropped; by the 34th the 8th primary and first scapulars were cast, followed by the 7th the next day when the 10th, 9th and 8th primaries 278 The Wilson Bulletin— Nos. 76-77. and coverts broke sheath .marking the commencement of the renewal. May 5th the right 6th primary fell and the first alula followed on the 6th. On the 8th, the right 5th primary, several great and middle wing and under tail coverts fell. 9th the 6th left primary, first indication of interscapular and side of breast moult ; renewal of last three primaries and coverts about completed, and the 7th a little nearing bursting quill. 10th, first scapular moult of moment. 11th, middle rectrices, middle tail coverts, smaller alula, increase in scapular and wing covert moult. 14th, beginning of wing lining moult, 7th primary more than half complete, 6th bursting sheath, one tertial cast. 17th, right primaries several days ahead of left, 4th right pri- mary cast, middle tail coverts breaking sheath ahead of rec- trices. 18th, increase of under tail covert moult and first flank feather cast. 19th lesser coverts at bend of wing lost. 23d, 4th primary on right nearly three-quarters grown, 6th and 5th not more than one-half, 4th primary on left, 3rd on right and 2nd left secondaries cast. 24th, outer pair of rectrices, increase in median coverts and first cervix feathers fell. 25th. middle rectrices and coverts one-third grown, last four primaries full, 6th two-thirds, and 5th and 4th bursting quill. 26th, first ab- domen, increase in breast, side, flank and scapular moult. 29th, jugulum moult, rectrices 3rd from center, 3rd primary dropped. June 2, 3rd primary almost complete on right, in quill on left, middle rectrices show the second dark bar, 3rd from center ap- pearing out of quill. Sth, alula moult complete, secondaries one pair about 2nd half coinpleted, another about 6th one-third grown, corresponding coverts bursting quills, interscapulars in two lines up the back, half size and conspicuously dark, hind head renewing and two scattered lines on either side of the breast half size ; long flank, side and abdominal feathers loos- ering up. 9th, left 3rd and right 2d primaries, many breast feathers, throat, fir.st rump, tibse, several tail and wing coverts cast. 10th , middle and lesser coverts with but a scattered re- newal, bend of wing and lining practically renewed, middle rectrices almost complete, outer pair one-half and but two old pairs remaining, upper and under tail coverts but little ad- Burns — On IJroad-winged Hawk. 279 vanced in pin feather stag-e, a row of barred feathers appear on either side of the breast and a solid row of interscapulars on back. 14th, primaries — 1st old only remaining, 3rd and 4th not quite full length on right side; on the left '2nd and 1st old remaining ; secondaries, right, about 3rd and 6th almost three- quarters length, left, 2nd, 5th and 6th same length, middle coverts everywhere in pin feather stage. 2nd greater second- ary covert almost complete. ISth, no marked moult for three or four days, middle rectrices complete, Snd primary on right and 3rd on left appearing, greater coverts keeping pace with secondaries, middle coverts breaking sheath, and scattering of lesser coverts in quill, scattered row of pin feathers running up to crown of head from back, also renewing on forehead, two rows breaking sheath on either side of abdomen and one more on breast, chin naked except from under coat of down. 2Snd right 1st primary dropped. 23rd, under tail coverts equally along with corresponding rectrice. 27th, left 2nd pri- mary one-half grown, 1st not yet cast, scattering of new feath- ers on crown, new growth extending out moderately on breast and back. July oth, 4th from central rectrice appearing, breast and abdomen well covered through new feathers constantly appearing, interscapulars spread over the middle of the back, outside row practically completed, new pin feathers on neck and crown. 8th, extremely heavy moult including last remain- ing left 1st primary. 12th, renewal of primaries complete ex- cept left first, which is one-half. 19th much down pulling out on perch and twigs, secondaries [apparently 7th to 10th just out of sheath, 1st and 4th not yet cast; last two, pairs of rectrices, next to outer one-half, next to middle just breaking sheath; breast, abdomen, back of neck and head still with many pin feathers ; inside of tibae almost featherless. 26th, inside of tibffi and under wings next to body almost bare, some incoming pin feathers ; still renewing on breast, and heavily on back and head; long axillars dropping rapidly, tail almost complete. 28th much down from under wings and flanks being moulted. August 2, primaries complete except left 1st which is three- quarters ; secondaries and tertials scattering, five pairs com- 280 The Wilson Bulletin— Nos. 76-77. plete and four pairs two-thirds grown ; two under primary coverts two-thirds only, all the rest complete ; under wing cov- erts mostly complete toward tip, yet contains some pin feath- ers well forward, and gaps near body ; lining of wings almost complete, greater wing coverts and scapulars apparently com- plete, middle and lesser coverts less forward ; tail, except re- newal of a broken middle rectrix, complete; all body feathers including inside of tibfe, complete. 28th, full feathered some days past, including completed length of second new middle rectrix. A little richer buff and not so heavily marked on breast as the male. Eye growing lighter, ashy-brown. Moulting commenced with the male "Tuck," on May 8th when the 10th primaries and coverts, also alula, were cast in pairs, and completed .September 5th with the renewal of the secondaries. Recapitulation — Female, primary moult began April 19 with the 10th, continuing in regular order in increasing inter- vals until ]st quill on left side was dropped July 9. The new quills generally breaking sheath in from 5 -to 10 days after moult, 10th and 9th breaking forth April 25th, complete by May 9 ; after which there was a gradual slowing ,up the first requiring 24 days to perfect itself. Primary coverts moult and renew simultaneousl)^ with primaries. Secondary moult May 8-July 20 ; renewal complete about August 28 ; occurs in rather irregular order,' apparently in groups of 2nd and 3rd, 6th and 7th, then a break about 9th, several falling together, 4th and 1st completed last. Second- ary coverts a little later than corresponding secondaries. Rec- trices May 11 -July 5, new breaking sheath May 17-July 19, complete June 18-August 2. Sequence — Central, outer, 3rd, 2nd from central, next to outer, next to central, 4 and 3, 5 and 2 coming in almost together. Male — Primary moult began May 11, completed with 1st, Aug. 1 ; renewal, lOth on June 10, 1st on Aug. 28, complete. Rectrices, moulted May 28-July 25, sheath breaking June 2- Aug. 2, complete June 23-Aug. 16. Sequence — Middle, outers 3rd, Snd from central, next to central, next to outer. Feath- lluRNS — On Broad-winged Hawk. 2x1 er> nearly always moult and renew in pair on opposite sides of wina;s, tail or body, sometimes one feather will fall a few days ahead of its counterpart, and it has usually been on the right side. Second Post Nuptial — In li)09 the female began moulting on April 11 and completed by August 31, the periods of heav- iest moulting of the body feathers occurred June 21-22, July 10-12, 21. 30-31. The renewal was visible about May 4, and the new'plumagc entirely completed on Sept. 6. The sequence of the primaries was the same as the first moult except that the 10th did not fall until after the 2nd and previous to the 1st. I was unable to solve the sequence of the secondaries, the moult and renewal taking place almO'St simultaneously about 1-3, 7-9. and -Kl. Sequence of rectrice.s — central, outer, 3rd, 2nd from central, next to central, next to outer ; the central and outer, 3rd and 2nd from central, next to central and next to outer moulting and renewing almost together. Alula — 3rd, 2nd, 1st and 4th, May 2S-Aug. 22. The medium scapulars are the first to moult. Third Post Nuptial — The full, rich plumage of last fall bleached out wonderfully during the winter, and the perfect adult plumage was attained under the same conditions and in the same ordter as last year's, except as follows : PRIMARY MOTI/r. SKI'ONDAUV .\ioui/r. 1010 May 16, left 9th; May 21, right 9th. June 8, left 6th: May 31. right 5th. May " 8th: May •■ 8th. June 20, " 2nd ; June 18. " 1st. May 22, " 7th: May 22, " 7th. July 5 " 6th; July 1. •■ 3rd. June 1. " 6th: May 24, " 6th. July 7. 3rd: July 16, " 6th. June " 5th: May 31. ■■ 5th. July 17, ' 4th: July 18. " 4th. June 5, " 4th; June 8. " 4th. July 25. •■ 1st; July 24, " 2nd. June " 3rd; June 13. ■ 3rd. June 22, " 10th; June 22, June 26. " 10th. " 2nd. July 22, " 1st: July 14, " 1st. The moult began about May 15, and was completed by Aug. 13 ; the renewal was complete by September 1. The upper and lower tail coverts agreeing in time of renewal with correspond- ing rectrix. The under primary coverts began with the short- est, about the time the '3rd primary is dropped, and the longest 282 The Wilson Bulletin— Nos. 76-77. axillers were dropped on June 18, followed irregularly by the smaller feathers, l^p to July 24 the new underparts ap- peared devoid of yellow, but by the last of the month com- menced to take on the rich tint- Freshly cast primaries, sec- ondaries and scapulars, gathered about the nests of breeding birds, seem to indicate that my captive began and continued moulting several days in advance of the wild birds of this locality. If this species has a regular winter moult in its southern home, I can find no evidence of it. All spring migrants I have seen with the exception of one Cuban specimen taken Feb. 2, 1906. which shows little wear, have the bleached out, well worn plumage similar to my captives of the same period. To me the dark phase is synonymous to the new, and the gray phase to the old, well worn plumage of the spring and early summer months. The specimens J. IT. Fleming has examined from his own and the Dwight collection, contain some very interesting South and Central American skins. An adult female, Palcaju, Peru, Nov. '02, has fresh primaries and secondaries, the latter prob- ably the newest ; all wing coverts are worn, there is a good deal of chestnut on scapulars and interscapulars. An adult male, Merida. Venezuela, Dec. 20, '03, is almost fully adult; first primary is nearly full grown, but still in quill at base of both wings, the second primary is new as are all;the others except the third on the right which is sHghtly worn; the sec- ondaries are slightly worn, the secondary coverts more so, a good deal of chestnut shows on the scapulars and back of the neck ; the tail feathers are nearly fresh. Adult female, Merida, Venezuela, Mar. 24, '03, the secondaries and tail feathers are worn and some chestnut bn [interscapular iregion. Adult female, Carrilla, Costa Rica, April r,, '95, the feathers of wings and tail very little worn, the bird practically in ifull plumage. Adult female, Boqueti Chiriqui" Panama, April 25, '03, two of the secondaries very much worn, the rest and 'the primaries are fresh ; the chestnut on interscapular region almost worn off. Burns — On Broad-winged Hawk. 883 Bibliography. Abbott, Charles C, il.D. Catalogue of Vertebrate Animals of New Jersey. In Geology of New Jersey, 1868, p. 762. Abbott, Charles Conrad, M.D. The Birds About tJs, 1875, 170. Abbott, C. C. A Naturalist's Rambles About Home, 1884. In List of the Mammals, Birds, Reptiles, Batrachians, and Fishes of Mer- cer County, New Jersey, 469. Abbott, Charles C. Upland and Meadow, 1886, 24, 26-27. Abbott, Charles C. Rambles About Home. In Appendix. 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[1852, 1853 and 1854 edi- tions same pagination and text] Brewer, Thomas M., M.D. North American Oology, Part I, Rap- tores and Flssirostres. In Smithsonian Contribution to Knowledge, XI, 1859 [Separate 1857], 31-32, pi. 1, flgg. 8, 9 and 10. 2ss The Wilson Bulletin— Nos. 76-77. Brewer, T. M}. L-ist of Birds of Cuba, compiled, from tiae list furnislied by Dr. John Gundlach of Havana. In Trams. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., VII, 1860, 306. Brewer, T. M. Cat.Tlopue of five Birdp. of New England, with brief notes indicating the manner and character of their presence ; with a list of species included in previous catalogues believed to have been wrongly classed as Birds of New England. In Prnc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XVII, 1874-3875, 444. Brewster, William. An ornithological Reconnoissance in West- ern North Carolina. In Atik. Ill, 3886,. 106. Brewster, William. Minot's Land-Birds and Game-Blrds of New England, 3rd ed., 1903, 381-382, 442 and 449. Briggs, Guy H. Black and White Warbler. 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Mus., Univ. of Mich. Reprinted from Ninth Ann. Rep. Mich. Acad. Bci., 1908, ITl. Wood, N. A. Bird Migration at Point Pelee, Ontario, in the Fall of 1909. In Wilson Bui, XXII, 1910, 65. Wood, Williams, M.D. The Birds of Connecticut, No. 15. In Familiar Science and Fanciers' Jour., N. S. II, No. 16, Apr. 1879, 57-58. [Citation by F. B. MIcKechnie.] Woodruff, E. Seymour. Summer Birds of Milford, Pike County, Pa. In Cassinia, IX, 1905 [1906], 47. WoodruflE, E. Seymour. A Preliminary List of the Birds of Shan- non and Carter Counties, Missouri. In Auk, XXV, 1908, 199. WoodTuff, Frank Morley. The Birds of the Chicago Area. In Bui. No. VI Nat. Hist. Survey, Apr. 15, 1907, 96-97. [Citation by B. T. Gault] Worthen, Chas. K. Albinism. Melanism and Hybridism. In Osprey, I, 1B96, 24. Wright, Mabel Osgood. Bird Craft, 1895, 223. Zeledoni Jose- P. Catalogue de las Aves de Costa Ripa, 1882. In Proc. U. S. Mus., VIII, 1885, 27. [Separate.] Zeledon, Jos'e C Catalogue de las Aves de Costa Rica. 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