New York 
 
 State College of Agriculture 
 
 At Cornell University 
 
 Ithaca, N. Y. 
 
 Library 
 
The original of tiiis book is in 
 tine Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
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THE SEVENTH CENSUS. 
 
 REPORT 
 
 OP THE 
 
 SUPERINTENDENT OF THE CENSUS 
 
 DECEMBER 1, 1852; 
 
 TO WHICH IS AFPENDED THE 
 
 REPOET FOR DECEMBER 1, 1851. 
 
 PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 WASHINGTON: 
 
 EGBERT AEMSTKONG, PEINTER. 
 
 1S53. 
 
IN THE HOUSE OF EEPEESENTATIVES. 
 
 Janoari 11, 1853. 
 
 Resolved, That one hundred thousand copies of the Report ef the Superintendent of the 
 Census (which accompanies the last message of the President) be printed separately for the 
 use of the members of this House. 
 
 January 12, 1853. 
 
 Resolved, » * » That the Committee on Printing cause to be published by the puUic 
 printer, and bound with said report, (December 1, 1852,) one hundred thousand copies ef Sie 
 Abstract of the Census, reported to the House at the last session, (December 1, 1851.) 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 1. Population of the United States — progress of, considered in com- 
 
 parison with thiit of England, France, Prussia, and Belgium. 
 
 2. House accommodations, considered with reterence to the United 
 
 States, and England and Ireland. 
 
 3. Law of mortality, with statistical tables illustrative thereof, in the 
 
 United States, England, and France, and tables comparing the 
 white, free colored, and slaves, \^-ith respect to the ExpectEition 
 
 of hti3. 
 
 4. The origin of the inhabitants of the severrJ States with respect to 
 
 each other, and with reference to foreign countries. 
 
 5. Deaf mutes — number and increase considered. 
 
 6. Bhnd — number of, and increase. 
 
 7. Insane and idiotic, separately considered as to number and in- 
 
 crease. 
 
 8. Education — number of teachers, and taught; academies, colleges, 
 
 and schools. 
 
 9. Pauperism — the number of paupers, (native and foreign,) and cost 
 
 of maintenance, in this and other countries. 
 
 10. Statistics of crime, showing the number of criminal convictions 
 
 (of natives and foreigners) within the year, and the number in 
 prison on the 1st of June, 1850. 
 
 11. Rehgion — number of churches, value, and accommodations in the 
 
 several States, denominationally considered. 
 
 12. Estate, real and personal, of the several Slates. 
 
 13. Agriculture — containing a historj' of the origin, introduction, extent 
 
 of cultivation, and imports and exports, of the principal agricul- 
 tural productions of the several Slates. 
 
 14. Railroads — history of introduction, i_'xtent, cost, and capital of the 
 
 raiho;;ds in the United States; also, dividends and cost of trans- 
 portation, compared with those of Europe as lo c(<st, &c. 
 
 15. Telegraphs — history of ihe lirst introduction; the progress and 
 
 extent of telegraphs, cost of cousirnction, with rales of charges; 
 
 view oi European magneli<; telegraphs. 
 IG. lOsUniated cost of work, and necessary appropriations to complete 
 
 the same. 
 17. Concluding remarks. 
 
REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF THE CENSUS. 
 
 Census Office, December 1, 1852. 
 
 Sir : I have the honor to report that much the largest portion of the 
 topics embraced within the last Census has been prepared for pubh- 
 cation, and that the unfinished parts gf those subjects contemplated by 
 the act of Congress are in such a state of forwardness, that their prepa- 
 ration will not interfere with the printing. Had our duties been limited 
 to the preparation of the statistical ta.bles, this work would, ere now, 
 have been completed ; but, in addition to our ordinary labors, this office 
 has performed a large amount of work in answering calls fi'om members 
 of Congress, State legislatures, various institutions throughout our coun- 
 try, and the representatives ol' foreign governments. Many of our re- 
 ports, in answer to these calls, have been quite voluminous, and several 
 have been printed by authority of State legislatures. The uncertainty 
 which seemed to exist respecting the printing of the Census increased 
 the number of these demands, and induced us the more readily to ac- 
 cede to such requests, especially as they could ;be comphed with with- 
 out retarding the pubhcation by Congress. 
 
 In my last' annual report was pre^nted a full statement of the pop- 
 ulation of the United States, together with a portion of the returns of 
 agriculture and manufactures. At the close of the last session of Con- 
 gress, a report was made respecting the condition of the finances of this 
 office, and its expenditures from its first oi-ganization to that date. 
 
 The classification of the returns has greatly advanced since the com- 
 mencement of , the last session of Congress; and the condition of the 
 work will enable me to present a statement i-especting our agricultural 
 resources and the relative increase of our agricultural productions, and 
 to exhibit some facts respecting the value of real and personal estate, 
 education, pauperism, crime, internal improvements, and other topics 
 having an important relation to the welfare and progress of our country. 
 
 Having obtained, during my visit to Europe last year, from the dif- 
 ferent government departments, official data respecting the population 
 of other countries, it may be proper to make such information available, 
 to_ some extent, in this report ; and I therefore append tables of the pop- 
 ulation of several nations, for different periods in the present century, 
 with othfer statistics of no less interest and importance. 
 
 It might seem, from an examination of that portion of our statements 
 relating to internal improvements alone, that the attention of our people 
 was directed solely to the means of intercommunication for thought 
 or ifieas and the interchange of matter, and that the entire population 
 were concentrating their energies, as it were, in a spasmodic effort to 
 extend railways and telegraphs over the country. A more general and 
 particular observation, however, will prove that, while these interests 
 have only advanced with the necessities of our people, the subjects of 
 education, morals, and religion have not only not been neglected, but 
 have received theii- due share of private attention and public consideration. 
 
6 
 
 While a net-work of internal improvements spreads over our country, 
 there appears to .be no inhabited space without its schfiols and churches, 
 for promoting the education and morals of our people. Institutions are 
 everywhere rising to protect comfortably those visited with the infirm- 
 ities of life, for the restoration of lost or impaired reason, and for the 
 instruction of those whose education was formerly held to be impossible 
 and hopeless ; and it is gratifying to reaKze that the increase of wealth 
 and refinement has not served to blunt the moral sensibilities of our 
 people, and that prosperity has not tended to obstruct, but to enlarge, 
 the avenues to charity and liberality. 
 
 At the commencement of the last session of Congress, I had the honor 
 to report the number of inhabitants of the United States according to 
 the Census of 1850, and to present arable showing the rate of increase 
 for sixty years,, from which it was seen that we had multiplied at the 
 rate of about 3 per cent, per annum for the whole period. It may not 
 be out of place here to avail ourselves of one of the uses of statist^s to 
 exhibit the comparative progress of the population of the mother coun- 
 try for a portion of the period, that, with a full knowledge of her con- 
 dition, We may study the causes of her distress, and while thankful for 
 our prosperity, may avoid those evils under which , she has so much 
 suffered. 
 
 By the Census of 1851 it appears that the population of England, 
 Ireland, Scotland, Wales, and .the islands, including persons in the 
 army» navy, and the merchant service, ahfiounted to a?,619,866; of 
 whom ] 3,537,052 were males, and 14,082,814 females. 
 
 This population is distributed as follows, viz : 
 
 
 Houses. 
 
 Males. 
 
 Females. 
 
 Total. 
 
 
 3,280,961 
 
 366,650 
 
 1,047,:735 
 
 21,826 
 
 8,762,588 
 
 1,363,622 
 
 3,176,727 
 
 66,511 
 
 167,604 
 
 9,160,180 
 
 1,507,162 
 
 3,339,067 
 
 76, 405 
 
 17,922,768 
 
 2,870,784 
 
 6,515,794 
 
 142,916 
 
 167,604 
 
 
 If Bl&nd «-.-.. ...... ...... .... 
 
 
 I*arfc of the aimy and navy out of 
 the kingdom 
 
 
 
 
 
 4,717,172 
 
 13,537,052 
 
 14,082,814 
 
 27,619,866 
 
 There exists ho official record of the population of England previous 
 to the commencement of the present century. The first enumeration 
 of the population of Ireland was made in 1813; but so imperfectlv was 
 the work accompHshed, that English statists place no reliance on the 
 correctness of the returns, and. make no use of them as the basis of cal- 
 culation; so that the only tables upon which we can found statements 
 with reference to the progress of Ireland from time to time, must be 
 made with reference to the termination of each ten years, ending in 
 1831, 1841, and 1851. The first Census of Great Britain was taken in 
 1801, at which date the population amounted to 10,567,893. By the 
 census of 1841 the population of Great Britain and the Islands of Jer- 
 gey, Guernsey, and Man, amounted to 18,658,372. During each ten ' 
 
years, trom 1801 to 1851, the actual increase was as follows, viz -. 
 1.479,562, 2,132,896, 2^184,542, 2,260,749, 2,227,438, being at the 
 rate of 14, 18, 15, 14, and 12 per cent, respectively. The actual in- 
 crease of the population in fifty years has been 10,317,917; the rate 
 per cent, in fifty years 98, the annual rate per cent, being 1.96. 
 
 With respect to Ireland and the returns of 1821, the number of in- 
 habitants at that period was 6,801,827. In 1831, 7,767,401— increase, 
 965,574 ; rate per cent., 14.19. In 1841, 8,175,124— increase, 407,723 ; 
 rate per cent,, 5.25. In 1851, 6,515,794 — decrease, 1,659,330; rate 
 per cent., 20. 
 
 By this statement we perceive that the papulation of Ireland in- 
 creased from 1821 to 1841 at the average rate of about 1 per cent, 
 per annum, while a decrease of 1,659,330 from 1841 to 1851 indicates 
 a most appalling diminution of population, amounting to 2 per cent, per 
 annum, or 20 per cent, for the entire ten years — a reduction amountir^ 
 to jhe total emigration from the whole United Kingdom from 1839 to 
 1850. ♦ 
 
 The contemplation of such a state of affairs is the more melancholy 
 when we consider that the great diminution of population, in place of 
 being .equalized through the period of ten years, must have occuired 
 mainly within one or two years ; a reduction of population sinking the 
 number of people to a lower point than it was in 1821, when the first 
 census of Ireland was taken ; and it would appear in still stronger 
 light if we were to calculate the natural progress the population would 
 have made up to 1846, the year of famine, and estimate what should 
 be the present , population if no unnatural cause had operated to re- 
 duce it. , 
 
 The decrease extended to no less than 31 counties and cities, and 
 varied from 9 to 31 per cent., while the o^Jy increase which occurared 
 was confined to 9 towns and cities, to vraich many probably fled to 
 find rehef. The greatest decrease occurred in the county of Cork, the 
 population of which was reduced 222,246, viz : from 773,398 inhabit- 
 ants in 1841, to 551,152 in 1851 — equivalent to a reduction of 28 per 
 cent. The decrease in the several provinces was as follows, viz : Lein- 
 ster, 305,960; Munster, 564,344 ; Ulster, 382,084; Connaught, 406,942. 
 
 These starthng and appalUng facts proclaim the reality of the suffer- 
 ings experienced from the famine in Ireland ; yet it is some consolation 
 to feel that our distance did not preclude those efforts in her behalf, by 
 our own citizens and government, without which the desolation would 
 have been even more strongly marked. 
 
 During ten years the population of the entire kingdom of Great Brit- 
 ain and Ireland increased firom 26,833,496 to 27,452,262, or at the rate 
 of a little more than half a million in ten years. In the last fifty years 
 England and Wales increased 102 per cent, (males 105, females 97.5,) 
 and Scotland, 78 per cent., (males 84, females 73.) The population of 
 the United States during the past fifty years has increased at tlie rate of 
 337 per cent., and in ten years intervening between the last two Cen- 
 suses, it increased from 17 and a fraction millions to over 23 millions, or 
 36 per cent. During the same period, (leaving Ireland out oi view,) 
 die population of Great Britain increased at the rate of 12 per cent, 
 during ten years, or 1.2 per cent, per annum. 
 
8 
 
 Housiss.— By the last Census it appears that in the United States the 
 number of houses occupied by free persons amoiinted to 3,363,427. It 
 would seem from the British reports that the population of that country 
 is supplied with houses almost in the precise proportion as in our own 
 country. The proportion being so very nearly alike in the two countries, 
 it would be perhaps satisfactory to institute some inquiry concerning the 
 character of what are termed "houses" by the British census, that we 
 may be enabled to judge of the propriety of estimating the degree of 
 comfort enjoyed by the people from theii' house accommodations. _ 
 
 While our country cannot boast the princely residences gf European 
 countries, the occupancy of which is limited to comparatively few per- 
 sons, we think there is a general sufficiency and comfort in the house 
 accommodations of the American people, and that, in the most remote 
 regions of our country, where their accommodations are roost limited, 
 they exhibit a very satisfactory degree of comfort and cleanliness. The 
 fact is notorious, that where wretchedness 'is at all general, there will 
 be found a. population which formed habits and imbibed tastes in a 
 foreign land. 
 
 In comparing the population of Great Britain and Ireland with the 
 inhabited houses, it appears that the whole number of houses in Great 
 Britain amounts to 3,669,437, being nearly one house to each six persons; 
 and that in Ireland the numberof inhabited houses amounts to 1,047,735, 
 being in the proportion of 2 houses to each 13 persons. The fact is some- 
 what extraordinary, that almost precisely in proportion to the diminu- 
 tion of the Irish population since 1841, has been the reduction in the 
 number of houses. By this is not meant the "inhabited houses," but 
 the whole number, including inhabited and uninhabited, built and build- 
 ing, the number of which in 1841 was 1,384,360, to 1,115,007 in 1851, 
 being a reduction of 269, 35i?. The fact is unquestioned that in a very 
 great number of instances in Ireland, the term "house" should be un- 
 derstood merely as applying to something containing human beings, 
 and not as indicating such a structure as the term usually signifies. 
 
 Belgium. — Po])u/ation and Houses. — The population of Belgium on 
 the 31st December, 1845, amounted to 4,298,560-; on the 15th October, 
 1846, to 4,337,196. 
 
 In the cities of Belgium the houses inhabited amount to 170,455, and 
 those uninhabited to 9,302. In the rural communes the inhabited 
 houses number 629,393; the uninhabited, '20,411. Total number of 
 inhabited houses, 799,848 ; uninhabited, 29,713. Of these houses, 78.2 
 per cent, had but one (basement) story; 18.32 per cent, were of two 
 stories, including the basement, and 3.48 per cent, were of tlu-ee or 
 more stories, including the basement. Of the entire number of houses 
 160,500 were insured a gainst fire, for the average amount of 6,811 francs. 
 One-fourth of the Belgian population is found enclosed in cities, and 
 the other three-fourths spread over the rural communes. Of the num- 
 ber of dwelling-houses in cities, 72,407 had but one room for a family ; 
 65,461 had two rooms, and 100,402 had three or more rooms, for a family. 
 In the rural communes 82,047 houses had but one room for a family ; 
 217,324 had two rooms, and 352,925 had three or more rooms, for a 
 family. 
 
9 
 
 Prussia. — For the first time the Prussian government has made pro- 
 vision for the publication of their statistics in an extended form. Their 
 census was taken at the close of the year 1849, of which a portion of the 
 results have been published in one large quarto volume, to be followed 
 by two others, under the direction of Dieterici, Director of the Statistical 
 Bureau. The subjects embraced and the divisions included, are public 
 buildings enumerated as churches and houses for prnyer, school-houses, 
 orphan and poor asylums, buildings for the administration of public af- 
 fairs, justice, customs, &c., buildings for ecclesiastical and communal 
 magistracies, military and hospital buildings, private dwelling-houses, 
 factories, mills, &c., stables and barns. Population : male and female, 
 at the ages of 5, 7, 14, 16, 19, 24, 32, 39, 46, and 60, and those 
 over 60. They are enumerated also according to religion, as far as 
 respects Evangelical Christians, Roman Catholics, Greek Christians, 
 Mennonites, and Jews. The deaf and dumb are returned as to age 
 and sex — enumerating them at the ages of 5, 15, 30, and over, respect- 
 ively ; and the blind are returned by age and sex, at the ages of 15, 30, 
 and over 30, respectively. They enumerate their horses, asses, mules, 
 cattle, hogs, sheep and goa.ts, dividing the sheep into three classes. By 
 their census, (1849,) the population of Prussia amounts to — 
 
 Males ■ 8,162,805 
 
 Females , 8,168,382 
 
 Total 16,331,187 
 
 Number of families 3,180,707 
 
 Number of dwelling-houses 1,945,174 
 
 Number of churches, 16,897 ; school-houses, 23,384 ; asylums for 
 orphans and destitute persons, 5,710; civil, eccl^iastical, military, and 
 hospital buildings, 35^353. 
 
 The Evangelical Christians number 10,020,161 
 
 Roman Catholics! 6,076,252 
 
 Deaf and dumb 11,973 
 
 Blind 9,579 
 

 
 Popula 
 
 10 
 
 tion of France. 
 
 
 
 
 Sex. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Incteaee of 
 population. 
 
 For all the 
 period. 
 
 
 Years, 
 
 Men. , 
 
 Women. 
 
 Yearly. 
 
 1801 
 
 ■ ■ 
 
 13, 311, 889 
 
 14, 312, 850 
 14,796,775 
 15, 930, 095 
 16, 460, 701 
 16,908,674 
 17,542,083 
 
 14, 037, 114 
 14,794,575 
 15, 665, 100 
 16,639,128 
 17,080,209 
 17, 321, 504 
 17, 858, 403 
 
 27,349,003' 
 29, 107, 425 
 30, 461, 875 
 32,569,223 
 33, 549, 910 
 34,230,178 
 35,400,486 
 35,781,628 
 
 
 
 
 1806... 
 1821... 
 1831... 
 1836... 
 1841... 
 1846... 
 1851... 
 
 1,758,422 
 
 1,354,450 
 
 2, 107, 348 
 
 971, 687 
 
 689,268 
 
 1, 170, 308 
 
 381,142 
 
 6.43 
 '4-65 
 6-92 
 3-00 
 2.05 
 3.42 
 1.06 
 
 1.28 
 0.31 
 0.69 
 0.60 
 0.41 
 0.<i8 
 0.21 
 
 
 
 
 
 From the foregoing statement it will be seen that France, with a pop- 
 ulation of" more than thirty-five millions, has increased in the number 
 of her people but little more than the two States of New York and 
 Pennsylvania, with not more than one-sixth her population, in the same 
 period. 
 
 Mortality. — In a former report, the aggregate number of deaths in 
 each State of the Union, during the twelve months prior to June 1st, 
 1850, was given, together with the ratio of deaths to the number living; 
 and some considerations were adduced, showing the most feasible 
 mode of arriving at the law of mortality. The work of condensing 
 this order of statistics has been continued with such discrimination as 
 the nature and value of the returns seemed to require. A great diver- 
 sity of opinions, it is well known, exists, with respect to the salubrity 
 of the northern and the southern, the maritime and the inland localities 
 of our country, and cfe no point, perhaps, could reliable information be 
 more reasonably desired. It is not here proposed to discuss the nu- 
 merous inquiries which this important branch of statistics suggests — ^how 
 far it shall confirm existing opinions, or awaken an interest, and prepare 
 , the way for more full researches. Tlie returns, being the first of their 
 kind in the national Census, may seem to require some mode of veri- 
 fication, and in this view the following investigations have been pre- 
 pared. 
 
 The great mass of the white population of this country is of Teutonic 
 origin, with a considerable admixture of Celtic. Located in temperate 
 latitudes, with a climate not greatly differing from that of Europe, the 
 presumption naturally arises that the same laws of life would prevail, 
 and to nearly an equal degree, on both sides of the Atlantic. In the 
 absence of any assignable and special source of change, the universal 
 law of self-preservation and protection might be assumed to produce 
 like results upon both continents. As has been truly observed, " a race 
 of men launched upon the tide of existence, have, by virtue of all the 
 conditions, a determined course to run, which will make its own way 
 and fiilfil its own destiny, in accordance with a system of laws as un- 
 alterable and supreme as those which control the physical universe " 
 Without enumerating the conditions and circumstances of vital develo' 
 
11 
 
 ment, the practical conclusion arises, that the values of life for different 
 branches of the Teutonic family of nations, in temperate climates, will 
 not greatly differ; and if the ratios of annual mortality and the expecta- 
 tions of life in America should substantially agree with tlie like values 
 in European tables, the general correspondence would affbi-d so many 
 credentials of statistical authority. With respect to the northern Uni- 
 ted States, the returns of Massachusetts have been selected for com- 
 parison with those of the national census of England. In applying the 
 same mode of verification to the middle States, the statistics of Mary- 
 land have been taken, the table described in last year's report being 
 revised, and male and female lives, distinguished. The computations 
 have been executed by Mr. L. W. Meech, whose familiarity with the 
 subject and scientific qudlifications afford a sufficient guaranty. In 
 contrast with these results are set the expectations of life in France. 
 The proportion of deaths and the expectations of life, at its several pe- 
 riods, may thus be compared, as follows: 
 
 (I.) Annual deaths per cent., 1850. 
 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 MARYLAND. 
 
 ENGLAND, 1841. 
 
 • Ages. 
 
 Males. 
 
 Females. 
 
 Males. 
 
 Females. 
 
 Males. 
 
 Females. 
 
 0— 5 
 
 7.105 
 1.168 
 0.452 
 0.572 
 0.998 
 1.253 
 1.513 
 2.067 
 3.482 
 6.767 
 15. 000 
 35.240 
 
 6.052 
 0.983 
 0.573 
 0.831 
 1. 170 
 1.346 
 1.325 
 1.654 
 2.960 
 5.762 
 13. 470 
 27.540 
 
 5.466 
 1.041 
 0.477 
 0.605 
 0.896 
 0. 991 
 1884 
 2.433 
 3.405 
 8.977 
 15.157 
 31. 132 
 
 4.875 
 0.855 
 0.606 
 0.757 
 0.938 
 1.146 
 1. 249 
 1-712 
 3.285 
 7.221 
 12. 280 
 23.430 
 
 6.838 
 
 0. 955 
 
 0.509 
 
 0.718 
 
 0.949 
 
 , 1. 080 
 
 1.410 
 
 2.230 
 
 4.232 
 
 9.150 
 
 19.850 
 
 37.390 
 
 5.860 
 
 5 — 10 . 
 
 922 
 
 10 — 15 
 
 •«(0.545 
 *"0. 801 
 
 15—20 
 
 20—30 
 
 0.942 
 
 30—40 
 
 1.121 
 
 40—50 
 
 1.308 
 
 50—60 
 
 1.938 
 
 60—70 
 
 3.761 
 
 7p-^S0 ■-.. 
 
 8.378 
 
 80—90 
 
 18.850 
 
 90—100. 
 
 34. 570 
 
 
 
 
 
 (II.) Eoppec 
 
 tation of life. 
 
 
 
 -'¥ 
 
 
 MASSACHPSETTS. 
 
 MARYLAND. 
 
 ENGLAND. 
 
 , FRANCE. 
 
 Gompleted age. 
 
 Males. 
 
 Females. 
 
 Males. 
 
 Females. 
 
 Males. 
 
 Females. 
 
 Males. 
 
 Females. 
 
 
 
 10 . , ; 
 
 Years. 
 38. 3 
 48.0 
 40.1 
 34.0 
 27.9 
 21.6 
 15.6 
 10.2 
 5.9 
 2.8 
 
 Fears. 
 40.5 
 47.2 
 40.2 
 35.4 
 29.8 
 23.5 
 17.0 
 11.3 
 6.4 
 3.9 
 
 Years. 
 
 41.8 
 
 47.3 
 
 39.7 
 
 32.9 
 
 25.8 
 
 20.2 
 
 14.4 
 
 9.1 
 
 6.2 
 
 3.9 
 
 Years. 
 44.9 
 49.5 
 42.1 
 35.7 
 29.5 
 22.7 
 16.0 
 10.5 
 7.0 
 4.3 
 
 Years. 
 
 40.2 
 
 47.1 
 
 39.9 
 
 33.1 
 
 26.6 
 
 20.0 
 
 13.6 
 
 8.5 
 
 4.9 
 
 2.7 
 
 Years. 
 
 42.2 
 
 47.8 
 
 40.8 
 
 34.3 
 
 27.7 
 
 21.1 
 
 14.4 
 
 9.0 
 
 5.2 
 
 2.8 
 
 Years. ' 
 38.3, 
 47.8 
 40.0 
 34.0 
 27.0 
 19.9 
 13.3 
 
 8.1 
 
 4.8 
 
 3.2 
 
 Years. 
 40.8 
 47.4 
 
 go .'. 
 
 40.1 
 
 30 
 
 40 
 
 33.4 
 26.6 
 
 ^ 
 
 19.6 
 
 60 ....v.. 
 
 70 
 
 13.2 
 8.1 
 
 80....' 
 
 4.8 
 
 90 
 
 3.2 
 
 
 
12 
 
 The Expectation of life expresses, in years and decimal parts of a 
 year, the future length of life to be lived, on an average, after attaining 
 a given age, Thus,-^on arriving ^t the ^ge. of thirty, the average future 
 life-time gf males, by the Massachusetts table, is 34 years, while that 
 of females is 35 A years. The expectations for other ages and columns 
 of the table will readily be understood from mere inspection ; though the 
 analytic process of deriving the values, requires much ■collateral re- 
 sea,rch and professional experience. As the year is a natural unit of 
 time, universally famihar, the expectation is, doubtless, the simplest 
 method that could be devised for exhibiting, at a glance, the chan- 
 ging value of life. Viewed as a whole, the general correspondence both 
 of the ratios of mortality and the mean length of life, from indepen- 
 dent soitrces, sufficiently verifies their accuracy. 
 
 For general estimates, adopting the current classification of the States, 
 the American Census exhibits the following ratios of mortality, disre- 
 garding the ages at death : 
 
 Eatio to the 
 number 
 living. 
 
 New England States 
 
 Middle States, with Ohio 
 
 Central slave States 
 
 Coast -planting States 
 
 Northwestern States 
 
 United States, total 
 
 1 to 64 
 1 to 72 
 1 to 73 
 1 to 73 
 1 to 80 
 1 to 73 
 
 It will be seen that the values for the three middle divisions strik- 
 ingly agree with the average for the United States, as a whole, repre- 
 senting 1 death to 73 hving, and this is substnntially the ratio stated 
 by Noah Webster for interior towns in 1S05. " The annual deaths," he 
 observes, "amount only to one in seventy or seventy-five of the popu- 
 lation.". 
 
 The inquiry might arise, in examining the preceding abstract, why 
 the rate of deaths in the northwestern States should be so much lower 
 than in the middle States, and especially New England. In reply, 
 the mere ratios of mortality are not conclusive upon the question of rel- 
 ative longevity, without taking into account the proportions of young 
 and aged, and the increase of population.* Without attempting a full 
 explanation, one source of the difference referred to undoubtedly lies 
 in the youthful character of the population of the new States, and the 
 comparative absence of aged persons, who remain in the older States of 
 the Union. The inflnence of this immigration will be understood by table 
 (I,) where, from the age of five to thirty, the deaths are only from one- 
 half to one per cent. ; while above the age of fifty-five, the rate of deaths 
 
 * Corrections have been made for these circumstances in determining, the Expectg,tionB of 
 life, tables U and HI. 
 
IS 
 
 increases from two to thirty-five per cent. Wisconsin, and other north- 
 westerA States, being newly settled by persons chiefly in the prime of 
 life, in the comparative absence of older persons the per-centage of 
 deaths should' be less, as it is indeed given by the Census. This 
 distinction will tend, in a considerable degree, to reconcile apparent 
 differences in the returns. 
 
 , From the year 1'840 to 18^0, the population of the United States was 
 augmented frorp seventeen millions to twenty-three millions, the in- 
 crease being six miUions in ten years. At the rate of annual mortality 
 above stated, the total deaths during" the same period were from two 
 and a half to three millions, being nearly equal to half the residual in- 
 crease by births and immigration. Thus, and in various other ways, 
 which space here precludes our specifying, statistics of the persistence of 
 life, pointing ultimately to the removal of special causes of mortality, 
 are essentially related to national happiness and advancement. 
 
 With respect to the longevity and vital characteristics of slaves and 
 the free colored, the following epitome of life tables is given for three 
 localities, selected from the northern, middle, and southern States. 
 
 The values for New England are deduced from the general Census, 
 embracing 23,020 colored residents ; that of Marylaad is founded upon 
 the total returns of 90,368 slaves; and that of Louisiana upon the ag- 
 gregate of 244,786 slaves, and 17,537 free colored, taken collectively. 
 The relative preponderance of 'female African life is remarkable,' while 
 the prevalent opinion of the greater mortahty of male slaves in Louis- 
 iana is statistically confirmed. The table possesses a higher interest, 
 not only from the definite and comprehensive information contained, 
 but from its being the first of the kind for the colored classes in the 
 United States. 
 
 (ITJ.) Expectation of life for colored persons. 
 
 
 NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 MARYLAND. 
 
 LOUISIANA. 
 
 Completed age. 
 
 Colored, 
 male: 
 
 Colored, 
 female. 
 
 Slaves, 
 male. 
 
 Slaves, 
 female. 
 
 Colored, 
 male. 
 
 Colored, 
 fem.ale. 
 
 
 
 Years. 
 
 39:75 
 
 42.92 
 
 35. 87 
 
 29.77 
 
 22.83 
 
 ' 18.27 
 
 13.89 
 
 9.42- 
 
 6.44 
 
 3.69 
 
 Years. 
 42.-20 
 45.75 
 39.92 
 34.96 
 28.75 
 22.11 
 17. 31 
 13.06 
 7.87 
 4.61 
 
 Years. 
 
 38.47 
 
 .45. 30 
 
 39.^8 
 
 34.41 
 
 27.50 
 
 21.16 
 
 14. 32 
 8.76 
 5.40, 
 3.80 • 
 
 Years. 
 39.47 
 45.00 
 39.62 
 34.62 
 29.00 
 23.17 
 16.71 
 10.57 
 6.80 
 4.00 
 
 Years. 
 
 ■ 28.89 
 
 . 35.92 
 
 30.48 
 
 ^ 26. 87 
 
 23.25 
 
 19.13 
 
 14.75 
 
 '11.33 
 
 5.38 
 
 3.43 
 
 Years. 
 34. 09 
 40.69 
 35.36 
 
 30. 86 
 25. 85 
 21 07 
 
 ]o:. 
 
 20 
 
 30 :.. . 
 
 40 
 
 50 
 
 60 ■.... 
 
 15.27 
 
 10.93 
 
 6.16 
 
 3.34 
 
 70... 
 
 80 
 
 90 
 
 
 Nativity of the Popilation. — One of the most interesting results of the 
 Census is the classification of inhabitants a:ctording to the countries ot 
 their birth, presented in an authentic shape in No. 5 of the accompany- 
 ing tables. We are tiius enabled to discover, for the first time, of what 
 
14 
 
 our nation is composed. The investigations under this head have re- 
 sulted in showing that, of the free inhabitants of the United States, 
 17,737,505" axe natives of its soil, and that 2,210,828 were born in 
 foreign countries ; while the nativity of 39,014 could not be determined. 
 It is shown that 1,965,518 of the whole number o^ foreign-born inhabi- 
 tants were residents of the free States, and 245,310 of the slave States. 
 It is seen that the persons of foreign birth form 11.06 per cent, of the 
 whole free population. The countries- whence have been derived the 
 largest portions of these additions to our population appear in the fol- 
 lowing statement: 
 
 Natives of Ireland in the United States in 1850 •- . - 961,719 
 
 Germany do. do. 573,225 
 
 England ,do. do... 278,675 
 
 British America do. do 147,700 
 
 Scotland do. do 70,550 
 
 France do. do 54,069 
 
 Wales do. do - , 29,868, 
 
 All other countries do. do 95,022 
 
 2,210,828 
 
 The proportion in which the several countries above named have 
 contributed to the aggregate immigrant population, is shown in the sub- 
 joined statement: 
 
 Ireland : 43.04 per cent. 
 
 Germany .25.09 
 
 England 12.06 
 
 British America 6.68 " 
 
 Scotland 3.17 
 
 France 2.44 " 
 
 Wales 1.34 
 
 Miscellaneous '. . . -■ 4.47 " 
 
 This view of the living immigrant 'population is important, as serv- 
 ing to correct many extravagant notions concerning it which have 
 attained extensive currency. 
 
 With a view to trace the relation between the statistics of nativity 
 and those of immigration, I have procured a series of calculations, to 
 ascertain how many of the immigrants into the United States since 
 1790 would be living in 1850, according to the laws of survivorship, 
 given by the English life table. An inspection of the returns at the 
 State Department, of the cuslom-house of New York, and other ports 
 of entry, shows that comparatively few immigrants are above forty- 
 five years of a^e ; that females under that age constitute only two- 
 fifths of the whole number^ and that the total proportion of immigrants 
 "under fifteen" is 21.8 percent.; from "fifteen to thirty," 50.6 per 
 cent.;' and from "thirty to forty-five," including the small number at 
 older ageSr 27.6 per cent. Also, adopting the statistics of immigration 
 contained in the former report, down to 1830, and correcting subse- 
 quent returns for the balance of re-emigration from Canada, according 
 to a comparison of the late Canada returns with those of the United 
 
15 
 
 States, the formula of "life tables" gives 2,460,000 as the nflmber of 
 survivors in 1850. In this calculation, w^hich extends over the space 
 of sixty years, the English life table has been employed; but, owing 
 to pefiuliar causes, the mortality of immigrants is greater than the 
 average which prevails in the land to which they migrate, as well as 
 in the land of their birth ; of which tlie migration of our own citizens 
 to California has afforded an example. Besides this, a large share of 
 the immigrants have been Irish, amorfg whom the expectation of life is 
 low in their ownland, being, at the age of twenty-five, only 32 years, 
 • by the seventeen life offices tables for Irish life ; where, in the EngKsh 
 table, (see Mortality,) the expectation at that age is 37 years. It is 
 furthermore well known, that within the period of cholera visitations 
 the foreign population experienced the dreadful effects of its ravages to 
 a mpst frightful extent-^a fact illustrating their greater susceptibility to 
 disease. In consideration of these and similar facts, deducting ten per 
 cent, from the results of calculation — which all persons of experienced 
 judgment wUl adrnit as an allowance favorable to the foreign popula- 
 tion—the remainder is 2,214,000 survivors in 1850. The number of 
 foreign-born residents in the United States, according to the Seventh 
 Census, was 2,210,000 in 1850. The near correspondence favors the 
 general accuracy of both branches of statistics, and affords proof, if it 
 were wanting, of no trifling force, of the general correctness of the 
 returns of foreign population in the United States. 
 
 Another interesting branch of this inquiry is that which concerns the 
 inter-^migration of our native citizens among the gjates^- The tables 
 presenting a view of this movement will be most usefiil and valuable 
 in tracing the progress of different portions of the country. The facts 
 developed will sho.w how far one section has impressed its own char- 
 acteristics and peculiar customs on others. It is found that out of 
 17,736,792 free inhabitants, 4,112,433 have migrated and settled be- 
 yond the States' of their birth. . Three hundred and thirty-five thousand 
 natives of Virginia, equal to 26 per cent, of the whole, have found 
 homes outside of her own borders. South Carolina has sent forth 
 163,000, w^ich is 36 per cent, of all native citizens of that State 
 living in the. United States at the date of the Census, ^d the very 
 remarkable proportion of 59 per cent, of the number remaining in the 
 State of their nativity. North Carolina has lost 261,575 free inhabit- 
 ants, equal to 31 per cent., by emigration. Among.the northern States, 
 Vermont and Connecticut have contributed most largely to the settle- 
 ment of other parts of the country. Their proportion, about 25 per cent, 
 of their native citizens, would exceed, perhaps, that of either of the south- 
 ern States already mentioned, were the number of slaves in the latter 
 admitted as. an element of the calculation. The roving tendency of 
 our people is incident to the peculiar condition of their country, and 
 each succeeding Census will prove that it is diminishing. When the 
 fertile plains of the West shall have been filled up, and men of scanty 
 means cannot by a mere change of location acquire a homestead, the 
 inhabitants of each State will become comparatively stationary, and 
 our countrymen will exhibit that attachment to the homes of their 
 childhood, the want of which is sometimes cited as a,n unfavorable trait 
 ,in ouf national character. 
 
16 
 
 
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20 
 
 Deaf and Dumb. — ^No one thing, perhaps, better proves the value of the 
 statistical details connected with our Census, than its efficacy in point- 
 ing out the number of the unfortunates who come within the above de- 
 signation, and who are u nable to make known their own wants. Not only 
 does it give us the aggregate in each State, and in our whole country, 
 but its unpublished details so designate and particularize the deaf mutes 
 in the United States, that those who have been led to make their con- 
 dition and improvement a special study, have now, for the first time, the 
 means to arrive at the age, sex, color, condition, and wants of each. 
 It will appear, from the tabular statement annexed, that the number of 
 white mutes in the United States amounts to 9,091, and the colored to 
 632, of which 489 are slaves. The Census of 1840 returned the num- 
 ber of white deaf and dumb at 6,685, and the colored at 979. The 
 latter amount is clearly erroneous, and was calculated to create an 
 opinion that the deaf mutes were so much more numerous among the 
 colored population of the North than among the whites ; in fact, there 
 were, by the Census of 1840, colored mutes returned for counties 
 where no colored persons existed. The proportion of deaf mutes 
 among the colored is less than among the white population ; and among 
 the slaves the proportion is still smaller. Among the white population 
 there appears to be one deaf mute to each 2,151 persons; of the free 
 colored, one to each 3,005 ; and among the slaves, one to each 6,552. 
 
 The directors of several institutions for the deaf and dumb memori- 
 alized Congress at its last session to provide for the publication of a 
 small volume, to be prepared by this office, in which should be given 
 the name, age, sex, residence, occupation, &c., of each deaf mute in 
 the United States. Such a work would be of great value to such in- 
 stitutions, but of more consequence to the unfortunate class it woul^ be 
 specially designed to benefit. It would lead to the discovery of hun- 
 dreds whose abode is unknown, and render available to those unable to 
 proclaim their wants, the blessings of instruction. In addition to its 
 beneficent effects upon the affiicted, the information thus imparted 
 would furnish many interesting details useful in a practical point of 
 view. 
 
 The method of: deaf mute instruction was introduced from Europe, 
 thirty-five years ago. To study into the improvements effected there 
 within that time, institutions in this country have sent, at different pe- 
 riods, commissioners into different portions of Europe, and the result 
 of their investigations appears to have led to the conclusion "that in 
 the matter of intellectual instruction we have very little to learn from 
 European schools, while in the very important point of rehgious in- 
 struction they are painfully inferior." 
 
21 
 
 Deaf and Dumb. 
 
 
 White. 
 
 Free colored. 
 
 Slaves. 
 
 
 Statee and Xerritonefi. 
 
 Male. 
 
 Female. 
 
 Male. 
 
 Fe»»ale. 
 
 Male. 
 
 Female. 
 
 Aggregate. 
 
 
 140 
 
 87 
 
 75 
 
 204 
 
 34 
 
 211 
 
 682 
 
 111 
 
 521 
 
 28 
 
 103 
 
 7 
 
 325 
 
 198 
 
 74 
 
 116 
 
 8 
 
 96 
 
 52 
 
 58 
 
 33 
 
 46 
 
 195 
 
 253 
 
 503 
 
 62 
 
 301 
 
 283 
 
 128 
 
 27 
 
 42 
 
 5 
 
 89 
 
 76 
 
 68 
 
 156 
 
 27 
 
 174 
 
 615 
 
 81 
 
 465 
 
 26 
 
 92 
 
 9 
 
 256 
 
 153 
 
 55 
 
 95 
 
 4 
 
 61 
 
 29 
 
 31 
 
 16 
 
 37 
 
 140 
 
 232 
 
 436 
 
 59 
 
 213 
 
 190 
 
 116 
 
 24 
 
 23 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 230 
 
 New Hampshire 
 
 
 
 
 163 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 2 
 5 
 7 
 
 14 
 1 
 
 19 
 ....... 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 3 
 1 
 2 
 5 
 4 
 4 
 1 
 17 
 2 
 8 
 3 
 1 
 
 
 
 144 
 
 Massacliusetts 
 
 
 
 364 
 
 Rhode Island - 
 
 
 
 64 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 
 
 389 
 
 
 
 
 1,307 
 205 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,004 
 58 
 
 Delaware . - - . . 
 
 15 
 1 
 
 67 
 
 29 
 
 11 
 
 20 
 
 6 
 
 28 
 
 13 
 
 22 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 16 
 
 28 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 ""45" 
 23 
 
 4 
 21 
 
 4 
 25 
 13 
 12 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 24 
 22 
 
 Maryland . 
 
 254 
 
 District of Columbia. . . 
 
 19 
 711 
 
 North Carolina 
 
 South Carolina 
 
 407 
 145 
 252 
 
 Florida 
 
 
 
 22 
 
 
 1 
 3 
 
 ....... 
 
 2 
 
 211 
 
 
 108 
 
 Louisiana . 
 
 128 
 
 Texas 
 
 58 
 
 Arkansas 
 
 
 
 89 
 
 
 * 
 
 i" 
 
 6 
 4" 
 
 2 
 3 
 2 
 1 
 
 377 
 
 
 539 
 
 Ohio 
 
 947 
 
 Michigan -. . 
 
 
 
 122 
 
 Indiana . 
 
 
 
 518 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 475 
 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 259 
 
 
 
 
 51 
 
 'Wisconsin 
 
 
 
 
 
 65 
 
 California. - - 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 Minnesota Territory.. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Oregon Territory 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Utah Territory 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 New Mexico Territory . . 
 
 19 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 28 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Afffi^re^ ate .... ...... 
 
 5,027 
 
 4,058 
 
 78 
 
 65 
 
 276 
 
 213 
 
 9,717 
 
 
 Blind. — By the table annexed, it will be seen that the number of per- 
 sons in the United States who are destitute of sight is 9,702, of whoni 
 7,997 are white, and 1,705 colored, of which latter 1,211 are slaves. By 
 the Censusof 1840, the number of white blind persons in the United States 
 was returned at 5,030 ; the colored ditto, 1,892. The same error re- 
 specting the colored blind existed with the last Census as has been shown 
 to exist respecting the deaf and dumb. We present a table giving the 
 numbers and proportions of the deaf and dumb, blind, insane, and 
 idiotic, among the white, free colored, and slaves, respectively. From 
 this table it wiU be seen that muteness and insanity ai'e more prevalent 
 among the whites, and blindness and idiocy among the colored. Among 
 die white population there appears to be one blind person for each 
 
22 
 
 2,445 persons; among the free (jolored, one to each 870; and among 
 the slaves, one to each 2,645. 
 
 An analysis with respect to native and foreign population, made 
 from the returns, by Harvey P. Peet, LL. D., presents the fact that 
 the blind and insane are mu^h more numerous among our foreign pop- 
 ulation, which he attributes to "home-sickness, change of climate, and 
 the various hardships of an emigrant's lot," which have a strong influ- 
 ence in inducing insanity, and perhaps bhndness. 
 
 Blind. 
 
 
 White. 
 
 Colored. 
 
 Slaves. 
 
 
 States and TerritorieB. 
 
 Male. 
 
 Female. 
 
 Male. 
 
 Female. 
 
 Male. 
 
 Female. 
 
 Aggregata 
 
 Maine 
 
 115 
 
 69 
 
 89 
 
 270 
 
 39 
 
 110 
 
 738 
 
 114 
 
 443 
 
 10 
 
 96 
 
 7 
 
 261 
 
 182 
 
 91 
 
 128 
 
 10 
 
 82 
 
 75 
 
 36 
 
 36 
 
 45 
 
 199 
 
 249 
 
 370 
 
 72 
 
 189 
 
 156 
 
 104 
 
 28 
 
 34 
 
 86 
 
 65 
 
 49 
 
 220 
 
 22 
 
 67 
 
 483 
 
 72 
 
 355 
 
 17 
 
 97 
 
 7 
 
 275 
 
 205 
 
 61 
 
 96 
 
 2 
 
 82 
 
 55 
 
 31 
 
 23 
 
 30 
 
 186 
 
 172 
 
 283 
 
 50 
 
 151 
 
 97 
 
 76 
 
 19 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 
 Qft"^ 
 
 New Hampshire 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 136 
 138 
 497 
 
 Vermont 
 
 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 4 
 1 
 
 12 
 29 
 10 
 20 
 
 7 
 30 
 
 5 
 56 
 13 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 i" 
 
 15" 
 2 
 
 ■"■4" 
 
 8 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 22 
 
 17 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 41 
 
 3 
 
 65 
 
 15 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 1 
 1 
 6 
 11 
 5 
 
 
 
 Rhode Island 
 
 
 
 64 
 
 192 
 
 1,272 
 
 213 
 
 829 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 
 
 New York 
 
 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 
 
 Peunsylrania 
 
 
 
 Delaware 
 
 
 
 46 
 307 
 
 23 
 996 
 532 
 222 
 309 
 
 26 
 308 
 217 
 218 
 
 76 
 
 81 
 468 
 530 
 665 
 122 
 349 
 257 
 211 
 
 47 
 
 50 
 
 
 22 
 
 137 
 57 
 31 
 38 
 
 8 
 73 
 35 
 60 
 12 
 
 3 
 29 
 46 
 
 21 
 1 
 
 202 
 
 60 
 
 25 
 
 42 
 
 4 
 
 68 
 
 51 
 
 66 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 District of Colimibia. . . 
 
 North Carolina 
 
 South Carolina. 
 
 Georgia 
 
 
 
 Mississippi 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 Texas 
 
 Arkansas 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Michigan 
 
 
 
 Indiana 
 
 4 
 1 
 2 
 
 5 
 3 
 1 
 
 
 
 Illinois 
 
 
 
 Missouri 
 
 11 
 
 17 
 
 Iowa 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 
 
 
 
 California 
 
 
 
 
 
 Minnesota Territory . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Oregon Territory 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Utah Territory 
 
 2 
 
 70 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 98 
 
 New Mexico Territory. 
 
 28 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Aggregate 
 
 4,519 
 
 3,478 
 
 239 
 
 255 
 
 562 
 
 649 
 
 9,702 
 
23 
 
 Insane and Idiotic. — The number of insane persons in the United 
 States is given at 15,768 ; of whom 15,156 are whites, 321 free colored, 
 and 291 slaves. The number of idiots returned is 15,706, distributed 
 as follows: whites, 14,230; fj-ee colored, 436; slaves, 1,040; total in- 
 sane and idiotic, 31,474 ; total whites, 29,386; total J^lacks, 2,088. By 
 the Census of 1 840 these two classes of persons were returned together — 
 a thing not generally understood — and presented the following numbers; 
 white insane and idiotic, 14,508; colored insane and idiotic, 2,926; 
 total, 17,434. These figures make it appear that with the white pop- 
 ulation in the United States there exists one insane person for each 
 1,290 individuals; among the free colored, one to each 1,338 ;«and 
 among the slaves, one to each 11,010. With respect to idiocy, the 
 white population presents one to each 1,374 persons; the free colored, 
 one to each 985; and among the slaves, one to each 3,080. Want of 
 time will not permit a sufficiently detailed examination to arrive at the 
 causes which present these unfortunate beings in such greater number 
 than they appeared in 1840. From the manner of taking the Census 
 of 1860, they could not be rated higher than their actual numbers; and 
 it follows, therefore, that the returns of 1840 must have been deficient, 
 or that an error occurred in placing the figures in the tables. A more 
 particular examination of both sets of returns will be made previous to 
 the printing of the Seventh Census, in which it is hoped the discrep- 
 ancy will be satisfactorily explained. Throughout our country in- 
 creased attention is being paid to the amelioration of the condition of 
 this class of our population — a feeling kept in active operation, and 
 JXiade to yield continually practical fruits, mainly through the instru- 
 sneniality and devoted zeal of one American lady, whose reputation is 
 EJOt limited, and whose influence is not confined to her native country. 
 
24 
 
 
 Whites. 
 
 Free colored. 
 
 Slavesi 
 
 
 States and Territories. 
 
 Male. 
 
 Female. 
 
 Male. 
 
 Female. 
 
 Male. 
 
 Female. 
 
 Aggregate 
 
 Mnina 
 
 279 
 
 188 
 
 276 
 
 781 
 
 121 
 
 218 
 
 1,198 
 
 197 
 
 924 
 
 29 
 
 226 
 
 10 
 
 505 
 
 220 
 
 108 
 
 157 
 
 4 
 
 106 
 
 71 
 
 83 
 
 24 
 
 38 
 
 258 
 
 271 
 
 695 
 
 71 
 
 300 
 
 137 
 
 140 
 
 19 
 
 27 
 
 2 
 
 254 
 
 197 
 
 276 
 
 848 
 
 127 
 
 231 
 
 1,346 
 
 178 
 
 918 
 
 28 
 
 251 
 
 3 
 
 417 
 
 242 
 
 84 
 
 124 
 
 2 
 
 102 
 
 56 
 
 67 
 
 15 
 
 22 
 
 195 
 
 217 
 
 640 
 
 64 
 
 269 
 
 109 
 
 131 
 
 21 
 
 21 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 536 
 
 N^w Hampshire 
 
 
 
 
 385 
 
 
 
 
 
 559 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 10 
 3 
 9 
 
 18 
 3 
 
 16 
 6 
 
 23 
 4 
 
 19 
 4 
 1 
 1 
 
 8 
 1 
 4 
 
 18 
 8 
 
 33 
 7 
 
 29 
 4 
 
 27 
 1 
 2 
 1 
 
 
 
 1,647- 
 252 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 462 
 
 
 
 
 2,580 
 
 
 
 
 386 
 
 
 
 
 1,891 
 
 
 
 
 70 
 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 22 
 9 
 3 
 7 
 1 
 
 18 
 12 
 14 
 1 
 2 
 8 
 8 
 
 15 
 
 ""36" 
 15 
 6 
 16 
 
 1 
 17 
 10 
 29 
 
 i 
 
 13 
 
 8 
 
 553 
 
 District of Columbia. . . 
 virffinia.- . ....... 
 
 23 
 
 1,026 
 
 Iforth Carolina 
 
 South Carolina 
 
 Georffia .... .... ...... 
 
 491 
 204 
 306 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 245 
 
 
 149 
 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 1 
 
 208 
 
 Texas 
 
 41 
 
 
 63 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 1 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 6 
 
 478 
 
 Efintuckv ...... ...... 
 
 507 
 
 Ohio 
 
 1,352 
 
 
 
 
 136 
 
 
 8_ 
 3 
 1 
 
 
 
 579 
 
 
 
 
 249 
 
 Missouri ..... . .... 
 
 a 
 
 7 
 
 282 
 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 43 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 MiniiRsota Territory 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Oregon Territory 
 
 ■ptahTeiTitory 
 
 New Mexico Territory . . 
 
 4 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 3 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Afi^rre^ate.. 
 
 7,697 
 
 7,459 
 
 144 
 
 177 
 
 117 
 
 174 
 
 15,769 
 
 .^a«ta 
 
 
25 
 
 Idiotic, 
 
 
 WHtes. 
 
 Frea colored. 
 
 Slaves. 
 
 
 States and Territories. 
 
 Male. 
 
 Female. 
 
 Male. 
 
 Female. 
 
 Male. 
 
 Female. 
 
 Aggregate. 
 
 
 330 
 
 208 
 
 171 
 
 465 
 
 65 
 
 182 
 
 1,032 
 
 242 
 
 799 
 
 38 
 
 147 
 
 3 
 
 560 
 
 338 
 
 139 
 
 264 
 
 23 
 
 219 
 
 88 
 
 67 
 
 58 
 
 51 
 
 439 
 
 428 
 
 769 
 
 113 
 
 520 
 
 213 
 
 IBS 
 
 45' 
 
 45 
 
 2 
 
 225 
 
 140 
 
 109 
 
 320 
 
 39 
 
 114 
 
 689 
 
 168 
 
 587 
 
 40 
 
 121 
 
 4 
 
 385 
 
 266 
 
 103 
 
 212 
 
 6 
 
 144 
 
 53 
 
 37 
 
 39 
 
 40 
 
 350 
 
 321 
 
 611 
 
 74 
 
 386 
 
 155 
 
 118 
 
 48 
 
 31 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 4 
 1 
 4 
 1 
 3 
 8 
 9 
 
 34 
 7 
 
 32 
 3 
 
 64 
 
 12 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 558 
 
 New Hampsliire 
 
 Vermont .. 
 
 
 
 
 352 
 
 
 
 
 281 
 
 MassacliuBetts 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 1 
 10 
 
 28 
 
 12 
 
 21 
 
 1 
 
 56 
 
 20 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 791 
 
 
 
 
 107 
 
 
 
 
 300 
 
 New York ... ... 
 
 
 
 1,739 
 426 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,448 
 101 
 
 
 3 
 41 
 
 1 
 31 
 
 
 393 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 125 
 
 74 
 
 26 
 
 59 
 
 4 
 
 80 
 
 36 
 
 28 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 36 
 
 48 
 
 95 
 
 64 
 
 24 
 
 39 
 
 3 
 
 62 
 
 28 
 
 28 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 25 
 
 an 
 
 1,285 
 
 774 
 295 
 577 
 
 North Carolina 
 
 South Carolina 
 
 Florida 
 
 37 
 
 
 505 
 
 Mississippi ........... 
 
 1 
 5 
 1 
 2 
 2 
 13 
 10 
 3 
 7 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 h" 
 
 7 
 9 
 
 210 
 
 Louisiana .- . 
 
 173 
 
 Texas 
 
 108 
 
 
 103 
 
 Tennessee -.-. .... ,...- 
 
 854 
 
 
 849 
 
 Ohio 
 
 1,399 
 190 
 
 
 
 
 Indiana ..... ...... 
 
 6 
 1 
 
 
 
 919 
 
 Illinois . ---. 
 
 
 
 371 
 
 
 11 
 
 18 
 
 333 
 
 
 
 
 93 
 
 "Wisconsin 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 77 
 
 California . ...... 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 Minnesota Territory . _ . 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Oregon Territory 
 
 Utah Territory 
 
 New Mexico Territory . v 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 22 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 
 
 38 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 8,276 
 
 5,954 
 
 234 
 
 202 
 
 585 
 
 455 
 
 15,706. 
 
 
26 
 
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 t^ 
 
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 ■* 
 
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 ri< 
 
 
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 ■^ 
 
 CO 
 
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27 
 
 Education. — It was intended to accompany this report with a tabular 
 statement, presenting the statisti'cs of education in the United States. 
 We are compelled to defer such table to a future period for want of 
 time to complete it. It may be satisfactory to state that near 4,000,000 
 of our youth were receiving instruction in the various educational in- 
 stitutions of the country on the 1st of June, 1850, or at the rate of one 
 in every five free persons. The teachers number more than 115,000, 
 and the coHeges and schools near 100,000. I will endeavor to furnish 
 in a few weeks a detailed statement of the condition of the American 
 people as respects education, to which time it wiU be proper to defer 
 extended remarks. 
 
 Pauperism. — No State in the Union is without its legal provisions for 
 the protection and support of the" indigent population. In many they 
 receive a care and attention which places them in an enviable condi- 
 tion, compared with some of the laboring classes of other countries. 
 
 By the table annexed to this report, it will be perceived that the 
 whole number of persons who have received the benefit of the public 
 funds of the different States for the benefit of indigent persons, amounts 
 to 134,972. Of this number there were 68,538 of foreign birth, and 
 66,434 Americans ; while of the whole number reofeiving support on the 
 first day of June there were 36,916 natives, and 13,437 foreigners, 
 making a total of 50,353 persons. Of those termed Americans, many 
 are free persons of color. The entire cost of the support of these indi- 
 viduals during the year has amounted to $2,954,806. This' aggregate 
 may seem startling to persons who have paid but little attention to 
 pauper statistics in our own and other countries, and it may be useful, 
 and perhaps not amiss, to compare these facts with results as they are 
 officially developed abroad. 
 
 In 1818, about $39,000,000, and during the years 1832, '33, and '34, 
 more than $100,000,000, was expended for the relief and maintenance 
 of the poor of England and Wales, exclusive of the immense expendi- 
 ture of the Poor Law administration in the unions and parishes. In 
 1842 and '43, the amount of $50,000,000, and during each of the years 
 
 1847, '48, and '49, there was expended $28,500,000 in England and 
 Wales. The entire number of paupers, relieved by the public funds 
 in England and Wales for nine years, from 1840 to 1848, inclusive, 
 amounted to 13,193,425, equal to 1,649,178 persons per annum; in 
 
 1848, the nuniber relieved was 1,876,641, by which it appears that one 
 person in eveiy eight was a pauper. The average number of those 
 annually reheved, who are represented to have been "adult and able- 
 bodied paupers," amounted to more than 477,000; and it is on British 
 authority asserted that in 1848 more than 2,000,000 in England and 
 Wales were kept from starvation by relief from public and private 
 sources. The total public expenditure for the poor in England and 
 Ireland, in 1848, amounted to $42,750,000. Within the past seventeen 
 years, the Poor Law fund expended in England and Wales amounted 
 to $426,600,000. This enormous expenditure, accompanied, as it is, 
 by immense private contributions, falls far short of relieving the wants 
 of the poor of Great Britain. While her population embraces a large 
 number of persons of princely estates, and other classes composed of 
 individuals of every variety of income, combining with it ease, com- 
 
28 
 
 fort, and elegance, the statistics of the'nation prove that the substratum 
 of pauperism, or want, is of a magHitude alarming to the English 
 moralist and thinker, as well as to the statesman, and of an extent and 
 nature harrowing to all. 
 
 The expenses of the organized benevolent institutions of France 
 amounted, in 1847, to 52,000,000 francs. The number of distressed per- 
 sons relieved amounted to about 450,000 annually. We have no means of 
 arriving approximately at the number of paupers in France, as the insti- 
 tutions above referred to are confined to the cities and large towns, 
 while among the rural communes, which contain several millions of 
 landed proprietors, there are large numbers of persons in receipt of pub- 
 lic support. It appears from a report of M. Duchatel, Minister of Com- 
 merce, that 695,932 persons received public alms at their own houses. 
 
 The Netherlands, in 1847, with a population of 6,167,000, contained 
 11,400 charitable institutions, which contributed to the support of 
 1,214,055 persons — about one-fifth of the entire population. 
 
 Fauperism. 
 
 States. 
 
 Maine 
 
 New Hampshire . 
 
 Vermont 
 
 Massachusetts . . . 
 
 Ehode Island 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 New York 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 PennaylTanla 
 
 Delaware 
 
 Maryland 
 
 Virginia 
 
 North Carolina . . 
 South Carolina . . 
 
 Geor^a 
 
 Florida 
 
 Alabama 
 
 Mississippi 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 Texas 
 
 Arkansas 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Michigan 
 
 Indiana 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Missouri 
 
 Iowa 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 ;e 66,434 
 
 While No. of paupers who 
 received support within the 
 year ending June 1, 1850. 
 
 Native. 
 
 4,553 
 
 2,853 
 
 2,043 
 
 6,530 
 
 1,115 
 
 1,872 
 
 19,275 
 
 1,816 
 
 5,898 
 
 569 
 
 2,591 
 
 4,933 
 
 1,913 
 
 1,313 
 
 978 
 
 64 
 
 352 
 
 248 
 
 133 
 
 7 
 
 97 
 
 994 
 
 971 
 
 1,904 
 
 649 
 
 860 
 
 386 
 
 1,248 
 
 100 
 
 169 
 
 Foreign. 
 
 Total. 
 
 950 
 
 747 
 
 1,611 
 
 9,247 
 
 1,445 
 
 465 
 
 40,580 
 
 576 
 
 5,653 
 
 128 
 
 1,903 
 
 185 
 
 18 
 
 329 
 
 58 
 
 12 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 290 
 
 8 
 
 11 
 
 155 
 
 609 
 
 541 
 
 322 
 
 411 
 
 1,729 
 
 35 
 
 497 
 
 5,503 
 
 3,600 
 
 3,654 
 
 15,777 
 
 2,560 
 
 2,337 
 
 59, 855 
 
 2,392 
 
 11,551 
 
 697 
 
 4,494 
 
 5,118 
 
 1,931 
 
 1,642 
 
 1,036 
 
 76 
 
 363 
 
 260 
 
 423 
 
 7 
 
 105 
 
 1,005 
 
 1,126 
 
 2,513 
 
 1,190 
 
 1,182 
 
 797 
 
 2,977 
 
 135 
 
 666 
 
 Whole No. of paupers on 
 June 1, 1850. 
 
 Native. 
 
 68,538 I 134,972 
 
 3,209 
 
 1,998 
 
 1,565 
 
 4,059 
 
 492 
 
 1,463 
 
 5,755 
 
 1,339 
 
 2,654 
 
 240 
 
 1,631 
 
 4,356 
 
 1,567 
 
 1,113 
 
 825 
 
 58 
 
 306 
 
 245 
 
 76 
 
 4 
 
 67 
 
 577 
 
 690 
 
 1,254 
 
 248 
 
 446 
 
 279 
 
 251 
 
 27 
 
 72 
 
 36, 916 
 
 Foreign. 
 
 326 
 
 186 
 
 314 
 
 1,490 
 
 204 
 
 281 
 
 7,078 
 
 239 
 
 1,157 
 
 33 
 
 320 
 
 102 
 
 13 
 
 180 
 
 29 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 
 12 
 
 30 
 
 14 
 87 
 419 
 181 
 137 
 155 
 254 
 17 
 166 
 
 13,437 
 
 Total. 
 
 3,535 
 
 2,184 
 
 ' 1,879 
 
 5,549 
 
 696 
 
 1,744 
 
 12, 833 
 
 1,578 
 
 3,811 
 
 273 
 
 2,001 
 
 4,458 
 
 1,580 
 
 1,293 
 
 854 
 
 62 
 
 315 
 
 257 
 
 106 
 
 4 
 
 67 
 
 591 
 
 777 
 
 1,673 
 
 429 
 
 583 
 
 434 
 
 505 
 
 44 
 
 238 
 
 Annual cost 
 of sup- 
 port. 
 
 $151,664 
 
 157,351 
 
 120,462 
 
 392,715 
 
 45,837 
 
 95,624 
 
 817, 336 
 
 93, 110 
 
 232,138 
 
 17,730 
 
 71,668 
 
 151,722 
 
 60,085 
 
 48,337 
 
 27, 820 
 
 937 
 
 17,559 
 
 18,132 
 
 39,806 
 
 438 
 
 6,888 
 
 30, 981 
 
 57,543 
 
 95,250 
 
 27,556 
 
 57, 560 
 
 45,213 
 
 53,243 
 
 5,358 
 
 14, 743 
 
 50,353 I 2,954,896 
 
29 
 
 Crime. — The statistics of crime form a subject of our investigation. 
 From the returns, it appears that the whole number of persons con- 
 victed of crime in the L'nited States, for the year ending the first day 
 of June 1850, was about §7,000 ; of these, 13,000 were native and 
 14,000 foreign born. The whole number in prison on the first day of 
 June was about 6,700, of whom 4,300 were native and 2,460 foreign. 
 It will be borne in mind that the native prisoners include colored con- 
 victs, the number of whom it is impossible to state, as time has not 
 sufficed to admit of the more particular separation into classes other 
 than native and foreign. Our criminal statistics, when fully understood, 
 will present many subjects for reflection, and open a wide and interest- 
 ing field for the study of the Christian, moralist, and statesman. 
 
 Churches. — The assistant marshals were required to give an account 
 of churches, includmg halls and chapels, if statedly used as places of 
 public worship, belonging to all religious denominations. By the re- 
 turns made, it appears there are 36,011 churches in the several States, 
 and 210 in the District of Columbia and the Territories. The churches 
 in California and the Territories are not fully returned ; but the reli- 
 gious denominations in those places are not supposed to have possessed 
 numerous or large buildings. The halls and school houses which are 
 used in many of the thinly-settled portions of the country, and in cities, 
 by societies which are unable to build houses of worship for their own 
 use, are not included. By the " aggregate accommodations," in the 
 table, is meant the total number of seats for individuals. Under the 
 "value of church property" is included the valuation of each of the 
 churches and property owned by the different religious denominations. 
 
 By the annexed tables it will appear that the total value of church- 
 property in the United States is $86,416,639, of which one-half is 
 owned in New York, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania. In the table 
 we specify the principal, out of more than 100 denominations returned, 
 although between some of these there are but slight shades of differ- 
 ence in sentiment or form of church government. About 30 are re- 
 turned as "African," 30 as "Independent," and 20 as "Protestant," 
 without distinguishing them more particularly. These, and aU the 
 churches not properly classed under the heads given, are included in 
 "minor sects." All the varieties of Baptists, Methodists, and Presby- 
 ' terians, are included under their general heads, except where distinctly 
 specified. 
 
 There is one church for every 557 free inhabitants, or for eveiy 
 646 of the entire population. 
 
 The average number the churches will accommodate is 384, and the 
 average value $2,400. 
 
 Churches are more numerous, in proportion to the population, in 
 Indiana, Florida, Delaware, and Ohio; and less nmnerous inCahfornia, 
 Louisiana, and Iowa. 
 
 Those in Massachusetts are the largest, and have the greatest av- 
 erage value. 
 
 The following tables present interesting facts respecting the relative 
 value and size of the churches in the several States, and those of dif- 
 
• 30 
 
 ferent denominations. They also show the number of churches to the 
 total population in each State : 
 
 States. 
 
 .§9 
 
 M 
 
 
 fc.g 
 
 CI ?3 
 
 ® .9 
 
 •K-fe* 
 
 9 P< 
 PS O 
 
 1^-^ 
 
 .g 
 
 .^ 
 
 Maine 
 
 Kew Hampshire 
 
 Vermont 
 
 Massachusetts.. 
 Rhode Island... 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 New York 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 Pennsylvania . . . 
 
 Delaware 
 
 Maiyland 
 
 Virginia 
 
 North Carolina . 
 South Carolina . 
 
 Georgia 
 
 Florida 
 
 Alabama 
 
 Mississippi 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 Texas 
 
 Arkansas 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Michigan 
 
 Indiana 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Missouri 
 
 Iowa 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 California 
 
 Total... 
 
 851 
 
 603 
 
 564 
 
 1,430 
 
 221 
 
 719 
 
 . 4, 084 
 
 807 
 
 3,509 
 
 180 
 
 909 
 
 2,336 
 
 1,678 
 
 1,163 
 
 1,723 
 
 152 
 
 1,235 
 
 910 
 
 278 
 
 164 
 
 185 
 
 1,939 
 
 1,818 
 
 3,890 
 
 362 
 
 1,947 
 
 1,167 
 
 773 
 
 148 
 
 244 
 
 23 
 
 685 
 
 528 
 
 556 
 
 695 
 
 667 
 
 515 
 
 758 
 
 606 
 
 658 
 
 508 
 
 641 
 
 608 
 
 517 
 
 574 
 
 525 
 
 507 
 
 624 
 
 666 
 
 1,862 
 
 1,296 
 
 1,133 
 
 517 
 
 540 
 
 509 
 
 1.098 
 
 507 
 
 729 
 
 882 
 
 1,298 
 
 1,250 
 
 7,173 
 
 304, 477 
 233, 892 
 226, 444 
 682, 908 
 
 98, 736 
 
 305, 249 
 
 1,896,229 
 
 344,933 
 
 1, 566, 413 
 
 55, 741 
 390, 265 
 834, 691 
 558,204 
 453, 930 
 612, 8Q2 
 
 41, 170 
 388, 605 
 275, 979 
 104, 080 
 
 54,495 
 
 39, 930 
 606, 695 
 672, 033 
 1,447,632 
 118,892 
 689, 330 
 479, 078 
 241, 139 
 
 37, 759 
 
 78, 455 
 9,600 
 
 358 
 389 
 401 
 478 
 447 
 425 
 464 
 427 
 446 
 310 
 429 
 357 
 333 
 391 
 356 
 271 
 315 
 303 
 374 
 332 
 216 
 313 
 370 
 372 
 328 
 354 
 411 
 312 
 255 
 322 
 417 
 
 $1, 
 1, 
 1, 
 
 10, 
 
 1, 
 3, 
 
 21, 
 3, 
 
 11, 
 
 3, 
 2, 
 
 2, 
 
 1, 
 
 1, 
 1, 
 
 712, 152 
 
 401,586 
 213,126 
 205,284 
 252, 900 
 554, 894 
 132,707 
 540, 436 
 551,885 
 340,345 
 947,884 
 849, 176 
 889, 393 
 140, 346 
 269, 159 
 165, 400 
 132, 076 
 754, 542 
 782, 470 
 200, 530 
 89, 315 
 208, 876 
 260, 098 
 765, 149 
 723,200 
 512,485 
 476, 335 
 558, 590 
 177, 400 
 350, 600 
 258, 300 
 
 36, Oil 
 
 646 
 
 13, 849, 896 
 
 384 
 
 86,416,639 
 
31 
 
 DenominatioiiB. 
 
 # # 
 
 Baptist . - 
 
 Christian 
 
 Congregatio.nal 
 
 Dutch Eefomied . . -■- 
 
 Episcopal ^ 
 
 Free , 
 
 IMends 
 
 *Genaan Eeformed 
 
 Jewish 
 
 "Lutheran .'. ' 
 
 Mennonite 
 
 Methodist 
 
 Moravian 
 
 Preshyierian 
 
 Roman Catholic .,. 
 
 Swedenbo^an 
 
 Tunker 
 
 tTnion 
 
 Unitarian 
 
 TJmversalist 
 
 Minor Sects 
 
 Total 
 
 si 
 
 8,791 
 
 812 
 1,674 
 
 324 
 1,422 
 
 361 
 
 714 
 
 327 
 
 31 
 
 1,203 
 
 110 
 12,467 
 
 331 
 
 4,584 
 
 1,112 
 
 15 
 
 524) 
 
 6lS 
 
 243 
 
 494 
 
 325 
 
 36,011 
 
 3, 130, 878 
 296, 050 
 795, 177 
 181,986 
 635,213 
 108, 605 
 282, 823 
 156, 932 
 16, 575 
 531, 100 
 29, 900 
 
 4,209,333 
 112, 185 
 
 2, 040, 316 
 620*950 
 ^ 5, 070 
 35,075 
 213, 552 
 137, 367 
 205, 462 
 115, 347 
 
 13, 849, 896 
 
 <1 
 
 356 
 365 
 475 
 561 
 440 
 300 
 396 
 479 
 534 
 441 
 272 
 337 
 338 
 445 
 558 
 338 
 674 
 345 
 565 
 415 
 354 
 
 384 
 
 
 ■"2 « 
 
 £ & 
 ^ S 
 ^ ft 
 
 pl0,931 382 
 
 845, 810 
 
 7, 973, 962 
 
 4, 096, 730 
 
 11,261,970 
 
 252,255 
 
 1, 709, 867 
 
 965, 880 
 
 371, 600 
 
 2,867,886 
 
 94,245 
 
 14, 636, 671 
 
 443, 347 
 
 14, 369, 889 
 
 8, 973, 838 
 
 •108,100 
 
 46, 025 
 
 690, 065 
 
 3,268,123 
 
 1,767,015 
 
 741, 980 
 
 -ii- 
 
 86, 416, 639 
 
 $1,244 
 1,041 
 4,763 
 
 12, 644 
 
 7,919 
 
 698 
 
 2,395 
 
 2,953 
 
 11,987 
 2,383 
 856 
 1,174 
 1,339 
 3, 135 
 8,069 
 7,206 
 885 
 1^114 
 
 13, 449 
 3,576 
 2,283 
 
 3,400 
 
 ' The German Keformed and Lutheran denominations use the same building in many places. 
 
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 H, 
 
46 
 
 Real and Personal Estate.— The table of real and personal estate owned 
 by individuals is made up from official returns of property for taxation. 
 Where the assessment has been made on a sum less than the intrinsic 
 worth, the assistant marshals were instructed to add the necessary per 
 centage. For the purposes of taxation the fuU amount is not generally 
 given — in rural districts espfecially. Stocks or bonds owned by States, 
 or by the general government are not represented. The value of slaves 
 is included. 
 
 Valuation of real and personal estate of the inhabitants of the United 
 States, for the year ending June 1, 1850. 
 
 States and Territories. 
 
 Heal and personal estate. 
 
 Assessed value. 
 
 True or estima- 
 ted value. 
 
 Maine 
 
 New Hampshire 
 
 Vermont 
 
 Massacliusetts 
 
 Rhode Island 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 New York 
 
 *New Jersey 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 Delaware 
 
 Maryland 
 
 Virginia 
 
 North Cfcolina 
 
 South Carolina 
 
 Georgia 
 
 Florida 
 
 Alabama 
 
 Mississippi.. 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 Texas 
 
 Arkansas 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Kentucky. ..'.'. .1 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Michigan 
 
 Indiana 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Missouri , 
 
 Iowa .'. 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 tCalifomia 
 
 District of Columbia. 
 
 Total . 
 
 Minnesota Territory (not returned in full). 
 
 Utah Territoiy 
 
 Oregon Territory 
 
 New Mexico 
 
 Aggregate . 
 
 $96, 765, 8G8 
 
 92,177,959 
 
 71,671,651 
 
 546,003,057 
 
 77,758,974 
 
 119,088,672 
 
 715, 369, 028 
 
 190, 000, 000 
 
 497,039,649 
 
 16, 406, 884 
 
 208,563,566 
 
 381, 376, 660 
 
 212, 071, 413 
 
 283,867,709 
 
 335,110,225 
 
 22,784,837 
 
 219,476,150 
 
 208, 422, 167 
 
 220, 165, 172 
 
 51, 027, 456 
 
 36,428,675 
 
 189,437,623 
 
 291,387,554 
 
 433, 872, 632 
 
 30, 877, 223 
 
 152,870,399 
 
 114,782,645 
 
 98, 595, 463 
 
 21,690,642 
 
 26,715,525 
 
 22, 123, 173 
 
 14,018,874 
 
 5,997,947,525 
 
 986,083 
 5,063,474 
 5, 174, 471 
 
 6, 009, 171, 553 
 
 $122,777,571 
 
 103,652,835 
 
 92,205,049 
 
 573,342,286 
 
 80,508,794 
 
 155,707,980 
 
 1,080,309,216 
 
 200,000,000 
 
 722,486,120 
 
 21,062,556 
 
 219,217,364 
 
 430,701,082 
 
 226,800,472 
 
 288,257,694 
 
 335,425,714 
 
 22,862,270 
 
 228,204,332 
 
 228,951,130 
 
 233,998,764 
 
 52,740,473 
 
 39,841,025 
 
 201,246,686 
 
 301,628,456 
 
 504,726,120 
 
 59,787,255 
 
 202; 650, 264 
 
 156,265,006 
 
 137,247,707 
 
 23,714,638 
 
 42,056,595 
 
 22,161,8?2 
 
 14,018,874 
 
 7,124,556,200 
 
 984,083 
 5,063,474 
 5,174,471 
 
 7,135,780,228 
 
 _ . 'j^ — _»p_ 
 
 * In New Jersey, as the real estate only was returned, the above is partly estii^tiii ' 
 t Only thirteen oouaties la Califoruia are returned. 
 
47 
 
 Agriculture.' — As agriculture is a branch of industry coeval with the 
 history of mankind, its connexion -wdth the general welfare of the nation 
 so intimate, its reciprocal bearing on manufactures so immediate — ^both 
 admitted to form the base of prosperity and power of the people, as it is 
 a branch of science, the prosperity of which, in all its resources, affects 
 individuals of every order, and without which there could be no com- 
 merce — it has seemed proper, while exhibiting the actual condition of 
 agricultural industry in the middle of the century, to present, in con- 
 nexion therewith, some history of the character, introduction, and in- 
 crease, of the most important of the agricultural productions of our 
 country, and of their former and present commercial consequence to 
 ourselves and other governments. Realizing that all human life is 
 dependent upon it, and that the earth would be nearly depopulated by 
 a yearjp failure, nearly all the nations of the earth, from the remotest 
 period j have maintained institutions pre-eminently calculated "for the 
 piromotion of agriculture, honoring husbandry, and encouraging the 
 advancement of the science. 
 
 Agriculture is now fostered by the nations on the continent of Europe, 
 is pubhcly taught in institutions designed for this special purpose, as 
 well as in many of their colleges, and the result has been that, as 
 formerly, while the ancients encouraged agriculture and it received 
 the attention of orators, and its praises and precepts were recited by 
 the bards and sung by poets, and moriarchs participated in its labors, 
 learning and agriculture went hand in hand, so that the greatest 
 geniuses of the age identified themselves with its promotion ; so in 
 these later years, where properly fostered and encouraged, it has re- 
 ceived the attention of some of theigreatest intellects and scholars, who 
 have striven to throw most light upon this " grand art of rendering 
 mankind happy, wealthy, and powerful." 
 
 In view of what has been done by other nations, of the little which 
 has been accomplished by the official documents of our countryj and 
 in view of the fact that we possess no regularly organized office for the 
 dissemination of agricultural information — although such an establish- 
 ment was urged by Washington, and many of his successors in office to 
 the present time — it is hoped that the devotion to this subject of more 
 space than that needed for a mere table of figures representing our 
 products of agriculture will be tolerated, and that you wiJl,,approve of 
 the short history attempted for each of our great productions of agri- 
 culture, well calculated, as such an account will be, to make our people 
 better acquainted with the importance of their productions recipro- 
 cally, and lead to a more general and perfect sympathy among our 
 citizens. The subject is one worthy more able pens, and we would 
 shrink from the task, conscious of inabiUty to do it justice, were it not 
 supposed that this feeble effort may present points of practical value 
 for embellishment by others better adapted to the duty. 
 
 Improved land. — The statement under this head in the agricultural 
 table shows that the average quantity of improved land, by which is 
 meant only such as produces crops, or in some manner adds to the pro- 
 ductions of the farmer, is about 7^ acres to each inhabitant ;. but as per- 
 haps two-fifths of the population live in towns and villages, and are en- 
 gaged in other pursuits than those of agriculture, the proportion of im- 
 
48 
 
 proved land to be assigned to each person occupying or working it may 
 be assumed as not less than twelve acres. In the New England States 
 the average for the whole population is a httle more than four acres to 
 each person ; in New York and Pennsylvania, 3.9 acres ; in the other 
 middle States, the same. In Virginia, the proportion is about seven 
 acres ; in South Carohna, six acres; in Kentucky, twelve acres ; and 
 in Tennessee, five acres. The value of the farms in the United States 
 is returned at $3,270,733,093. 
 
 Unimproved land. — This return is to be understood as including the 
 unimproved land connected with, or belonging to, those farms from 
 which productions are returned. In the present unsettled state of large 
 portions of the country, this classification is of less practical utiUty 
 than it will become at a future day, when similar returns will enable 
 U|g to form calculations respecting the quantity of land brought into 
 requisition annually for agricultural purposes. The following table 
 will exhibit the quantity and value of the improved and unimproved 
 land belonging to the farms and plantations of the several States, and, 
 of course, includes the value of the buildings thereon : 
 
49 
 
 Statement ^showing the number of acres of improved and unimproved land, in 
 farms, the cash value thereof, and the average cash value per acre, in each 
 Stdbte and Territory, 
 
 States and Territories. 
 
 Maine . 
 
 New Hampshire . : . . 
 
 Vermont , 
 
 Massacliuaetts 
 
 Rhode Island 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 New York , 
 
 New Jersey '... 
 
 Pennsylvania , 
 
 Delaware 
 
 Maryland 
 
 District of Colombia 
 
 Virginia 
 
 North Carolina . : . . . 
 
 South Carolina 
 
 Georgia 
 
 Florida .... ..<s ; 
 
 Alabama , 
 
 Mississippi , .'. 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 Texas ..' 
 
 'Arkansas 
 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Kentucky , 
 
 Ohio..... 
 
 Michigan . 
 
 Indiana 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Missouri 
 
 Iowa 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 CaUfomia 
 
 Minnesota Territoiy , 
 
 ^Oregon do 
 
 Utah do 
 
 New Mexico ..do 
 
 Acres of im- 
 proTedland. 
 
 Acres of unim- 
 proved land 
 in farms. 
 
 039,596. 
 251, 488 
 601, 409 . 
 133, 436 
 356,487 
 768,178 
 408, 968 
 767, 991 
 628, 619 
 580, 862 
 797,905 
 
 16,267 
 360, 135 
 453, 977 
 072,651 
 378, 479 
 349, 049 
 435, 614 
 444, 358 
 590, 025 
 639, 107 
 781, 531 
 175, 173» 
 368,270 
 851, 493 
 929, 110 
 046, 543 
 039, 545 
 938, 425 
 824,682 
 045,499 
 
 62,324 
 
 5,035 
 
 132, 857 
 
 16, 333 
 166,201 
 
 118,457,622 
 
 2,515,797 
 
 1,140,926 
 
 1,524,413 
 
 1,222,576 
 
 197, 451 
 
 615,701 
 
 6, 710, 120 
 
 984,955 
 
 6,294,728 
 
 •375,282 
 
 1,836,445 
 
 11, 187 
 
 15, 792, 176 
 
 15, 543, 010 
 
 12, 145, 049 
 
 16, 442, 900 
 
 1, 236, 240 
 
 7, 702, 067 
 
 7, 046, 061 
 
 3,939,018 
 
 14,454,669 
 
 fe*l,'816,684 
 
 13, 808, 849 
 
 10, 972, 478 
 
 8,146,000 
 
 2, 454, 780 
 
 7,746,879 
 
 ' 6,997,867 
 
 6,794,245 
 
 1,911,382 
 
 1, 931, 159 
 
 3,831,571 
 
 23,846 
 
 299, 951 
 
 30, 516 
 
 124,370 
 
 184,621,348 
 
 Total. 
 
 4,555,393 
 
 3,392,414 
 
 4, 125, 822 
 
 3, 356, 012 
 
 553, 938 
 
 2, 383, 879 
 
 19, 119, 088 
 
 2,752,946 
 
 14, 923, 347 
 
 956, 144 
 
 4,634,350 
 
 27,454 
 
 26, 152, 311 
 
 20, 996, 987 
 
 16,217,700 
 
 22,821,379 
 
 1, 585, 289 
 
 12,137,681 
 
 10,490,419 
 
 5, 5^, 043 
 
 15,093,776 
 
 2,598,215 
 
 18, 984, 022 
 
 22, 340, 748 
 
 17, 997, 493 
 
 4, 383, 890 
 
 12,793,422 
 
 12,037,412 
 
 9,732,670 
 
 2, 736, 064 
 
 2,976,658 
 
 3, 893, 895 
 
 28,881 
 
 i2Sl, 808 
 
 46,849 
 
 290,571 
 
 303,078,970 
 
 Cash value of 
 land, improved 
 and unimp'd. 
 
 $54,861,748 
 
 ,55,245,997 
 
 63,367,227 
 
 109, 076, 347 
 
 17, 070, 802 
 
 72,726,422 
 
 554,546,642 
 
 120,23^,511 
 
 407, 876, 099 
 
 18,880,031 
 
 87,178,545 
 
 1, 730, 460 
 
 216,401,441 
 
 67, 891, 766 
 
 82, 431, 684 
 
 95,753,445 
 
 6, 323, 109 
 
 64,323,224 
 
 54,738,634 
 
 1h, 814, 398 
 
 16, 398, 7*r 
 
 15,265,245 
 
 97,851,212 
 
 154,330,262 
 
 358,758,603 
 
 51,872,446 
 
 136, 385, 173 
 
 96,133,290 
 
 63,225,543 
 
 16,657,567 
 
 28,528,563 
 
 3, 874, 041 
 
 161,948 
 
 2,849,170 
 
 311, 799 
 
 1,653,952 
 
 3,270;733,093 
 
 Average 
 cash val. 
 per acre. 
 
 $12 04 
 16 28 
 15 36 
 32 50 
 30 82 
 30 59 
 29 00 
 43 67 
 27 33 
 19.75 
 18.81 
 63 03 
 
 8 27 
 
 3 23 
 5 08 
 
 4 19 
 3 99 
 
 5 30 
 5 22 
 
 13 71 
 1 09 
 5 88 
 
 5 16 
 
 6 91 
 19 93 
 11 83 
 10 66 
 
 7 99 
 6 50 
 6 09 
 
 9 58 
 99 
 
 5 61 
 
 6 58 
 6 65 
 5 69 
 
 av. 10 79 
 
 Value of Farming Implem£nts and Machinery,— -Y or no stronger proof 
 of the ingenuity, and activity of the American mind need we search 
 than that developed in the readiness with which laj^of -saving expe- 
 dients for carrying on the commonest operations in ^agriculture Eire 
 discovered and applied. One hundred and fifty-one millions of dollars 
 would appear to be at this time invested in implements and machines 
 for aiding and abridging the work of the hands in cultivating the earth 
 and in preparing its produce for cctisum.ption. In most civilized coun- 
 tries of the Old World, so great is the density of the population, and 
 so low the prices of labor, that less necessity is created for 'such rrla- 
 chines ; and nowhere does the same amount of ingeniiiiy appear to 
 
50 
 
 have been exercised in their preparation as is evinced by our nae- 
 chanics and husbandmen. 
 
 In some portions of ithe Old World, where theinegessity of improve- 
 ment is felt and acknowledged by the intelligent, a predominating jjre- 
 judi'ce not unfrequently exists among others in the community against 
 what is new, and prohibits the introduction of anything not stamped 
 with the approval of their ancestors. Here, however, no such senti- 
 ment influences the fa;rmer to reject a use&l invention. 
 
 No greater delight was enjoyed by foreigners in London, during the 
 great Industrial*Exhibitioh, than that by Americans on the trial of the 
 reaping machines, and the triumphant success of the American reaper. 
 Of the whole sum expended in articles of this character. New York 
 , has invested $22,084,926 ; Pennsylvania, ^14,722,541 ; Louisiana, 
 $11,576,938," (perhaps to a great extent in machinery for crushing 
 sugar cane;)' Ohio, $12,750,585; Kentucky, $5,169,037; Virgin'ig, 
 $7,021,772. 
 
 Domestic Animals. — When we consider the social condition of jiations 
 long congregated and civilized, and necessarily existing; under, the im- 
 ■ pulses of utilitarianism, it is not surprising, that trnan, whether possess- 
 ing a permanent abode, or having emigrated to a distant land, should 
 becoHie attached to those animals which liave proffered to him their 
 perfect obediMice, sagacity, courage, strength, velocity, milk; fleeces, 
 flesh, &,c.,and should regard them with admiration,.gratitude, and even 
 affectioA. Such, doubtless, was the case Avith roost of the a4venturers 
 who first sought a new home on our shores, and brought with them 
 those animals which would render them the most assistance and sub- 
 serve the best purposes for clothing and food. 
 
 ^The first animal's brought to America Jrom Europe were imported 
 by Columbus, in his second voyage, in ,1493. He left Spain as Admiral 
 of seventeen ships, bringing a collection of European trees, plants,, emd 
 seeds of various kinds, a number of horses, a bull, and several cows. 
 '• The first hgrses brought into any part of the territory at present em- 
 biraeed in the United States were landed in Florida by Cabeca de 
 ^aca in 1527, forty-two in number, all of which perished or were 
 otherwise killed. The next importation was also brought to Florida, 
 hy De Soto, in 1539, which consisted of a large number of horses and 
 swine, Eunorig, which were thirteen sows, the progeny of the latter 
 soon increasing to several hundred. 
 
 The Portuguese took cattle and swine to Newfoundland and Nova 
 Scotia in the year 1653. Thirty years afi;er, they had multiplied so 
 abundantly that Sir Richard Gilbert attempted to land there to obtain 
 supplies of cattle and hogs for his crew, but was wrecked. 
 
 Swine and other domestic animals were brought over to Acadia by 
 M^ L'Escarbot, a French lawyer, in 1604, the year that country was 
 settled. In 1^08, the French extended their settlement into Canada, 
 and soon after introduced various animals. 
 
 In 1609, thrqe ships fi:om England landed at Jamestown, in Virginia, 
 with4nany immigrants, and the following domestic animals, namely: 
 six riiares, one Horse, six hundred swine, five hundred domestic fow)b, 
 with a few sheep and goats. Other animals had been previouislj iiw 
 
51 
 
 troduced there. In 1611, Sir Thomas Gates brought over to the same 
 settlement one hundred cows, besides other cattle. In 1610, an edict 
 was issued in Virginia, prohibiting the killing of domestic animals of any- 
 kind, on penalty of death to the principal, burning the hand and loss 
 of the ears to the accessory, and twenty-four hours' whipping to the 
 concealer. As early as the year 1617, the swine had multiplied so 
 rapidly in the coloiiy, that the people were obliged to palisade James- 
 town, to prevent being overrun with them. In 1627, the Indians, near 
 the settlement, fed upon hogs which had become wild, instead 6f game. 
 Every family in Virginia at that time, who had not an abundance of 
 tame hogs and poultry, was considered very poor. In 1648, k)me 
 of the settlers had a good stock of bees. In 1657, sheep and malres 
 were forbidden to be exported from the province. By the year 1722, 
 or before, sheep had somewhat multipKed, and yielded good fleeces. 
 
 The first animals introduced into Massachusetts was by Edward 
 Winslow, in 1624, consisting of three heifers and a buU. In 1626, 
 twelve cows were sent to Cape Ann. In 1629, one hundred and fif- 
 teen cattle were imported into the plantations on Massachusetts bay, 
 besides some horses and mares, several conies, and forty-one goats. 
 They, were mostly ordered by Francis Higginson, formerly of Leices- 
 tershire, whence several of the animals were brought. 
 
 The first importation into New York was made from Holland, by the 
 West India Company, in 1625, comprising one hundred and thtee ani- 
 mals, consisting of horses and ^^^tle for breeding, besides as many 
 sheep and hogs as was thought expedient. 
 
 In 1750, the French, of Illinois, were in possession of considerable ; 
 numbers of horses, cattle, and swine. 
 
 The present stock of the.Un|ted States consists of the offspring c£; 
 the animals first introduced, the crosses of the. original breeds with one ■ 
 another, or the intermixture of the progeny of these crosses with those - 
 of more recent importation, and the pure-bloftded animals brou^ti 
 directly from Europe, or the crosses of these with one another. 
 
 The principal breeds of horses, adapted for specific purposes, in jJi©- 
 middle, northern and western States, are the Norman, the Canadum,, 
 the Morgan, the Conestoga or Pennsylvanian, the Virginian, and the 
 Kentucldan. For carriages of heavy draught the Conestogas are re- 
 garded by many as^he best. For the saddle, draught, and other useful i 
 purposes, the Morgans are highly prized, especially in New York, ^or 
 roadsters, the Normans a.nd Catf^i^ans are frequently sought. For' 
 blood, the Virginians and Kentuckians generally take the lead. 
 
 Among the various races of cattle existing among us, where strict r 
 regard is paid to breeding with a definite object in view, a preference- 
 is given to the Durhams or shorthorns, the Herefords, the Ayrshires, , 
 and the Devons. The Durjiams, from their rapid growth, early matu- 
 rity, and capability of taking on fat, are adapted only for high keeping, 
 or to the richest pastures of the middle and northern States, and those- 
 of Ohio.. Kentucky, and other parts of the West. Th^ malesy when 
 judiciously crossed with the other breeds, or with the common cows off 
 the country, often beget the best of milkers, and for this purpose they 
 have been especially recommended. The Herefords, on thetjonljrary, 
 from their peculiar organization, are better adapted for poor) or.indif' 
 
52 
 
 ferent pastures, and regions subject to continued drought j and for this 
 reason they are well suited for California, New Mexico, Texas, and 
 other parts of the South. The oxen of this breed are ^ood in the yoke, 
 and the cows, when properly fed, give an abundance of milk. The 
 Ayrshires are best suited for a cool, mountainous region, or a cold, 
 rigorous climate. They succeed well in Massachusetts, New Hamp- 
 shire and Vermont, and are highly prized for their tameness, docfle 
 tempers, and rich mUk. The Devons, from their hardihood, compara- 
 tively small size, and pecuUar structure, appear to be adapted to almost 
 every climate, and to all kinds of pasturage. From their stoutness, 
 good tempers, honesty, and quickness of action, they make the best 
 teams, and in this respect their chief excellency consists. The cows 
 make fair milkers, and their flesh very good beef. They also possess 
 great aptitude to take on fat. 
 
 The kinds of sheep most sought for are the pure-blooded Merinos, 
 the Saxons, the Cots'wolds, the Leicestershires, the Oxfordshires, and 
 the South Downs. . The Merinos^ (including the RambouiUets,) the Cots- 
 wolds, the Leicestershires, the Oxfordshires, and the Saxons, are the 
 most highly prized for their wool. The South Downs are particularly 
 esteemed for the excellence of their flesh, and their wool is valuable 
 for many purposes on account of the facihty with whicb it can be 
 wrought. 
 
 The prevaihng breeds of swine in the middle, northern and western 
 States, are the Berkshire, the Leicestershire, the Suffolk, the Essex, the 
 Neapolitan, and the Chinese. Prom these and other varieties various 
 crosses have been produced, the more important of which are the Py- 
 field, the Woburn, th^ Bedford, the Grass, and the Mackay. The Nea- 
 politans are particularly well adapted for- a southern climate. 
 
 In 1627, the plant^ons on James river contained about 2,000 head 
 of horned cattle, goats in great abundance, and wild hogs in the forest 
 without number. In 1639, there were in Virginia 30,000 cattle, 200 
 horses, and 70 asses; and in 1648, there were 20,000 cows, bulls, and 
 calves, 200 horses and mares, 60 asses, 3,000 sheep, 5,000 goats, swine 
 both tame and wild, hens, turkeys, ducks, and geese, innumerable. 
 There were exported from Savannah, in 1755, 48 horses, and 16 steers 
 and cows; in 1770,345 horses, 30 mules, and 25 steers and cows; and 
 in 1772, 136 steers and cows. In 1820-21, there were exported from 
 the United States 853 horses, 94 mules, 6,018 horned cattle, 11,117 
 sheep, and 7,885 swine; in 1830-31, 2,184 horses, 1,540 mules, 5,881 
 cattle, 8,262 sheep, and 14,690 swine; in 1840-41, 2,930 horses, 1,418 
 mules, 7,861 cattle, 14,639 sheep, and 7,901 swine; in 1850-61, 1,364 
 horses, 2,946 mules, 1,350 cattle, 4,357 sheep, and 1,030 swine. 
 
 According to the Census returns of 1840, there were in the United 
 States 4,385,669 horses and mules, 14,971,686 neat cattle, 19,311,374 
 sheep, and 26,301,293 swine; of 1850, 4,335,358 horses, 559,229 asses 
 and mules, 28,360,141 horned cattle, (including 6,392,044 milch cows 
 and 1,699,241 working oxen,) 21,721 ,814 sheep, and 30,316,608 swine. 
 
 Horses. — ^In the tables of 1840, horses, inules, and asses were re- 
 turned together; in those of the late Census the number of horses is 
 given in one column, and asses and mules in another. The increase in 
 the aggregate number of these three classes of animals during the ten 
 
53 
 
 years was 559,063, It is presumed the greatest increase has occurred' 
 in the number of mules. Many suppose that the great extension of 
 railroads has a tendency to dispense with the use of large numbers of 
 horses; but one, very good reason for the small apparent increase in the 
 number of horses exisjs in the fact that the enumeration of 1850 omits 
 all in cities, and includes only or mainly such as are employed in agri- 
 culture, or owned by farmers. In the State ot New York, where there 
 are less than a thousand mules, there appears to be a decline m the 
 number of hotses and mules together of 26,566; in Pennsylvania, of 
 about 13,000 ; in New England, of 77,000, or more than 25 per cent.; 
 while in all these States railroad conveyance has almost superseded 
 the use of horses for traveUing purposes along main routes of travel. 
 We would more readily attribute the apparent diminution to the omis- 
 sion to enumerate the horses in cities ^nd towns, than to any superse- 
 ding of horse power, which the opening of railroads would often bring 
 into requisition in various other operations not required previously. In 
 Ohio and the new States of the Northwest, the iiicrease of horses has 
 kept pace with that of the population. The four and a quarter millions , 
 of these noble animals in the United States constitute a proportion or 
 one to five of the inhabitants. New York has one horse to seven per- 
 sons, Pennsylvania, one to six and six-tenths, Ohio, one to four, Ken- 
 tucky, one to three free inhabitants. The number of horses in the Uni- 
 ted States is more than three times as large as that in Great Britain. 
 
 Asses and Mules. — As mentioned in the preceding paragraph, we 
 find, in the tables of 1840 no basis of' comparison in regard to the rais- 
 ing of asses and mules. By the returns of 1850, it is shown that the 
 number of these aniirials' in the Union is 559,070, of which all but 
 30,000 are found in the southern States. For various employments 
 the mule is far better adapted to that region th%n the horse. Extreme 
 and long-continued heat does not enfeeble him,' and the expense of his 
 subsistence and general cai;e is* much less in comparison with the ser- 
 vice he is able to perform. In some tfortherh > States a considerable 
 number was reared formerly for export, and a brisk trade was 
 kept up with the West Indies in this4 kind ofltock. What are now 
 exported from the points which femerly monopolized this branch of 
 traffic, are brought from the South. Tennessee is the largest producer 
 of mules, of which the number in that State, in 1850, was 75,303. 
 Kentucky stands next, haiving 65,609. In Nqjw Mexico the number 
 of mules was 8,654, greater by nearly four-fifths than the horses re- 
 turned for that Territory. Much attention has been given to the im- 
 provement of mules in- some of our southern States, and those sent 
 firom Kentucky, Tennessee, .and Missouri, to be employed in army 
 transportation in Mexico,' were often not inferior in height to the horses 
 of that country, and were at all. times superior to them in strength, en- 
 durance, and usefulness. 
 
 MUck Cqws. — ^Under the general term of " neat cattle" were embraced 
 in the Sixth Census the three descriptions of animals designated in that 
 of 1850 as milch cows, working, oxen, and other cattle. ' The aggre- 
 gate of the three classes, in 1840, was 14,971,586; in 1850, 18,355,287. 
 The increase, therefore, between the two periods, was 3,383,701, or 
 about 20 per cent. They appear to be distributed quite equally over 
 
54 
 
 the Union. The amount of butter produced gives an average of some- 
 thing over 49 pounds to each milch cow. ■ The average productioa of 
 cheese to each cow is 16§ pounds. As with horses, the same allowance 
 must be made, on account of the omission of cows, except in conmexion 
 with agriculture. The only schedules in which thejive stock of the coun- 
 try cpiild be enumerated, were those used for obtaining the agricujtiaral 
 products of fa^ms. . From the fact that the schedules for enumerating 
 agricultural productions and live stock were not used in cities, their live 
 stock was necessarily omitted. 
 
 Butter and Cheese. — The Census of 1840 furnishes us no statistics 
 from which we can accurately detennine the quantity of butter and 
 cheese then produced. The value of both is given under the heading 
 of " value of the products of the dairy" at the sum of S33,787,008. 
 It is presumed that the marshals made their returns in accordance 
 with the piices governing , in their respective districts, which would, 
 difier so widely as to render any assumed average a mere conjecture. 
 New York is far in advance of any other Stale in the productiyeness of 
 its dairies. They yield one-fourth of all the butter and nearly oner 
 half the cheese produced in the Union. Pennsylvania, which makes 
 40,000,000 pounds of butter, i^ less prolificin cheese than several smallelr 
 States. In this latter article, Ohio is before all other competitors, ex-: 
 cept New York. 
 
 The following table shows the amount of daiiy, products e:^ported 
 from the United States for several years past : 
 
 Years. 
 
 Butteiv^pound's. 
 
 Cheese — ^pounds. 
 
 Value. 
 
 1820-'21 SSr. 
 
 1830-'31 
 
 1,069,024 
 1,728,212 
 3,785,993 
 2i055,133 
 3,408,247 
 3,'&51,952 
 3,587,489 
 3,436,660 
 4,214,433 
 2,751,086 
 3,406';242 
 3,876,175 
 3,994,542 
 
 766,431 
 
 1,131,817 
 
 1,748,471 
 
 2,456,607 
 
 3,440,144 
 
 7,343,145 
 
 7,941,187 
 
 8,675,390 
 
 15,673,600 
 
 12,913,305 
 
 17,433,682 
 
 13,020,817 
 
 10,361,189 
 
 $190,287 
 264,796 
 
 1840-'41 «. 
 
 l841-'42 1. ... 
 
 504,815 
 385,185 
 
 508,968 
 758,829 
 878,865 
 
 1842-'43........ 
 
 1843-'44i.. 
 
 1844-'45 
 
 1845-'46 .- 
 
 1,063,087 
 1,741,770 
 1,361,668 
 1,664,157 
 1,215,463 
 1,124,652 
 
 1846-'47 
 
 1847-'48 
 
 1848-'49 
 
 1849-'50 
 
 1850-51 
 
 
 Sheep. — There was between 1840 and 1850 an increase of 2,309,108 
 in the number of sheep in the United States. It will be useful to ob- 
 serve with some closeness the pi'ogress of sheep-breeding in different 
 parts of the country. We perceive that in New England there has 
 occurred a remarkable decrease in their number. There were in that 
 division of the Union in. 1840, 3,811,307; in 1850, the rlumber had de- 
 clined to 2,164,452; being a decrease of 1,646,855, or 46 per cent. 
 
 In the five Atlantic middle States^ New York, New Jersey, Pennsyl- 
 
55 
 
 ♦ 
 
 Tania, Delaxvare, and Maryland, there was a decrease from 7,402,851 
 to 6,641,391, equal to 1,761,460, or about 22J per cent. In Pennsyl- 
 vania there was a gain, however, during this period, of 155,000 sheep. 
 
 We see that while thfre has been a positive diminution of 3,408,000 
 Ih the States above named,, tliere has been an augmentation of 5,717,608 
 m those south of Maryltnd and west of New York. Ohio has gained 
 most largely, having been returned as pasturing in 1840, 2,028,401 ; and 
 in 1850, 3,942,929 ; an increase of 1,914,528, or nearly 100 per cent. 
 
 In each of the States south and west of the lines above indicated, 
 there has been a very large proportional increase in this kind of stock, 
 and there is reasonable ground for the opinion that the hilly lands of 
 Virginia, North and South Carolina, Tennessee, and the prairies oi 
 Illinois, Iowa, and Texas, will prove highly favorable foi the rearing 
 of sheep fof their wool and pelts. 
 
 New Mexico has the extraordinaiy number of 377,271 sheep — more 
 than six to each inhabitant ; proving, the soil and climate of that Territory 
 to be well adapted to this description of stock, and giving promise of a 
 large addition from that quaiter to the supply of wool. The importance 
 of fostering this great branch of national production is shown by the 
 fact, as assumed by an intelligent writer on the subject, that our popu- 
 lation annually consumes an amount of wool qqual to seven pounds for 
 each person. * 
 
 If this estimate be even an approximation to correctness, we are yet 
 very far short of producing a quantity adequate to the wants of the 
 country ; and it is equally clear that we possess an amount of unem- 
 ployed land adapted to grazing, sufficient to support flocks numerous 
 enough to clothe the people of the world. 
 
 Value of Live Stock. — The very large sum representing the value of 
 live stock in the United States cannot be considered extravagant, in 
 view of the immense number of. animals returned. It is an item of 
 agricultural capital which affords a good indicaion of the wealth and 
 prosperity of the country. • 
 
 Wheat.— 'Wheat, where the soil and climate are adapted to its growth, 
 and the requisite progress has been made in its culture, is decidedly 
 preferred to all otoer grains, and, next to maize, 4s the most important 
 crop in the United States, not only on account of its pneral use for 
 bread, but for its safety and convenience for exportation. It is not 
 known to what country it is indigenous, any more than our other culti- 
 vated cereals, all of which, no doubt, have been essentially improved 
 by man. By some, wheat is considered to have been coeval with the 
 creation, as it is known that upwards of a thousand years before our 
 era, it was cultivated, and a superioi: variety had been attained. It has 
 steadily followed the progress of civilization, from the earliest times, in 
 all countries where it would grow. 
 
 The introduction of this grain into the North American colonies dates 
 back to the earliest periods of their settlement by Europeans, It was 
 first sown, with other grains, on the Elizabeth islands, in Massachusetts, 
 by Gosnold, at the time he explored that coast, in 1602. In 1611, 
 wheat, as well as other grains, was also sown in Virginia, and by the 
 year 1648 there were cultivated many hundred acres in that colony. 
 jy^M^lt premiums were offered as an encouragement of its growth, 
 
56 
 
 in 1651, it was not much cultivated for more than a century after, in 
 consequence of the ill-directed attention to the culture of tobacco. 
 
 Wheat was introduced into the valley of the Mississippi by the 
 "Western Company," in 1718, where, from the careless mode of cul- 
 tivating it by the early settlers, and the sudden alternations of tempera- 
 ture, 'it would only yield from five to«Jght fold, running to straw and 
 blade without filling the ear. In 1746,. however, the culture had so far 
 extended, that six hundred barrels of flour were received at New Orleans 
 from the Wabash; and by the year 1750, the French of Illinois raised, 
 three times as much wheat as they consumed, and large quantities of 
 grain and flour were sent to the same place. 
 
 Pi-ior to the Revolution, the primitive soils of New York, New Jer- 
 sey, and of New England, appear not to have rewarded the cultivation 
 of this grain much, if any, beyond the wants of the inhabitants. Con- 
 siderable quantities were raised on the Hudson, and in some parts of 
 New Jersey and Pennsylvania, which were exported to this West Indies, 
 and New England, and to Great Britain, France, Portugal, and Spain 
 in years of scarcity, previously to 1723. 
 
 In 1776, there was entailed upon this country- an enduring calamity, 
 in consequence of the introduction of the Hessian or wheat fly, which 
 was supposed to have been«brought fi-om Gerrnany in some straw em- 
 ployed in the debarkation of Howe's troops, on the west end of Loiig 
 Island. From that point this insect gradually spread in various direc- 
 tions, at the rate of twenty or thirty miles a year, and the wheat of the 
 entire regions east of the Alleghanies is now more or less infested 
 with the larvae, as well as in large portions of the States bordering on 
 the Ohio and Mississippi, arid on the great lakes; and so great have 
 been the ravages of these insects that, the cultivation of this grain m 
 many places, has beeMtetbandoned; 
 
 The geographical ra^e of the wheat region in the Eastern Continent 
 and Australia, lies principally between the thirtieth and sixtieth parallel 
 of north latitude, and betweerf the thirtieth and fortieth degrees south, 
 being chiefly confined to France, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Sicily, Greece, 
 Turkey, Russia, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Poland, Prussia, Nether- 
 lands, Belgium, Great Britain, Irteland, Northern and Southern Africa, 
 Tartary, India, China, Australia, Van Dieman's Land, and Japan. 
 Along the Atlantic portions of the Western Continent, it embraces the 
 tracts lying between the thirtieth and fiftieth parallels ; and in the coun- 
 try westward of the Rocky mountains, one or more degrees further 
 north. Along the west coast of South America, as well as in situations 
 within the torrid zone, sufficiently elevated above the level of the sea 
 and properly irrigated by natural or artificial means, abundant crops 
 are often produced. . 
 
 The principal districts of the United States in which this important 
 grain is produced in the greatest abundance, and forms a leading article 
 of commerce, embrace the States of New York, New Jersey, Pennsyl- 
 vania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, Ohio, Kentucky, Michigan, In- 
 diana, Illinois, Missouri, Wisconsin, and Iowa. The chief varieties 
 cultivated in the northern and eastern States are the white flint, tea, 
 Siberian, bald. Black sea, and the Italian spring wheat; in the middle 
 and western States, the Mediterranean, the Viiginia white May, the 
 
57 
 
 blue stem, the Indiana, the Kentucky white bearded, the old red chafl^ 
 and the Talavera. The yield varies from ten to forty bushels and up- 
 wa^-ds per acre, weighing per bushel, from fifty-eight to sixty-seven 
 pounds. 
 
 It appears that on the whole crop of the United States there was a 
 gain, during the ten years, of 15,645,378 bushels. The crop of New 
 England decreased from 2,014,000 to 1,090,000 bushels, exhibiting a 
 decline of 924,000 bushels, and ind icating that the attention of fanners has 
 been much withdrawn from the culture of wheat. Grouping the States 
 from the Hudson to the Potomac, including the District of Columbia, 
 it appears that they produced, in 1849, §5,085,000 bushels, against 
 29,936,000 in 1839. (In Virginia there was an increase of 1,123,000 
 bushels.) These States embrace the oldest wheat-growing region of 
 the country, and that in which the soU and climate seem to be adapted 
 to the J)ermanent culture of the grain. The increase of production in 
 the ten years has been 6,272,000 bushels, equal to 17.4 per cent. The 
 area of tilled land in these States is 36,000,000 acres, only 30 per cent. 
 o£ the number of acres returned for the whole United States, while the 
 proportion of wheat produced is 46 per cent, of the entire crop of the 
 country. In North CaroUna there has been an increase of 170,000 
 bushels ; but in the southerri States generally there was a considerable 
 decrease. Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin contributed to the 
 general aggregate, under the Sixth Census, only 9,800,000 bushels ; un- 
 der the last they are shown to have produced upwards of 25,000 000 
 bushels, an amount greater than the whole increase in the United 
 States for the period. 
 
 When we see the growtti of wheat keeping up with the progress of 
 population in the oldest States of the Union, we need have no appre- 
 hension of a decline in the cultivation of this important crop. 
 
 The amount of flour exported from New Jersey, in 1751, was 6,424 
 barrels ; from Philadelphia, in 1752, 125,960 baiTels, besides 86,500 
 bushels of wheat; in 1767, 198,816 barrels, besides 367,500 bushels 
 of wheat ; in 1771, 252,744 barrels ; from Savannah, in 1771, 7,200 
 pounds ; from Virginia, for some years annually preceding the Revolu- 
 tion, 800,000 bushels of wheat. The total exports of flour from the 
 United States in 1791 were 619,681 barrels, besides 1,018^339 bushels 
 of wheat ; in 1800, 653,052 barrels, besides 26,853 bushels of wheat ; 
 in 1810, 798,431 barrels, besides 325,924 bushels of wheat; in 1820-21, 
 1,0'50,119 barrels, besides 25,821 bushels of wheat; in 1830-31, 
 1,806,529 barrels, besides 408,910bushels of wheat; in 1840-41, 1,515,- 
 817 barrels, besides 868,585 bushels of wheat ; in 1845-46, 2,289,476 
 barrels, besides 1,613,795 bushels of wheat ; in 1846-47, 4,382,496 
 barrels, besides 4,399„951 bushels of wheat ; in 1850-51, 2,202,335 
 barrels, besides 1,026,725 bushels of wheat. 
 
 According to the Census of 1840, the wheat crop of the United 
 States amounted to 84,823,272 bushels ; in 1849, according to the 
 Census of JL850, 100,503^899 bushels, although in some of the largest 
 wheat-growing States the crop of 1849 fell far below the average. 
 
 In the State of Ohio, especially, there was great deficiency, as was 
 made apparent by the returns of the wheat crop for the ensuing ytar, 
 made in pursuance ofcan act of the legislature of that State. From 
 
58 
 
 the almost universal returns of # short crop," by the marshals in that 
 State, in 1849, which fell below that of 1839, 2,000,000 bushels, and 
 the ascertained crop of 1850, we are fully satisfied that the average 
 wheat crop of Ohio, would appear 30 per cent, greater than shown by' 
 the Census returns. The same causes which operated to diminish th* 
 wheat crop of Ohio, were not without their effects ujnon that of other 
 States bordering on the upper portion of the v&lley of the Mississippi. 
 
 In the London Exhibition very little wheat was exhibited equal to 
 that from the United States, especially that from Genesee county^ in. 
 the State of New York — a soft, white variety-*— to the exhibitor of which 
 a prize medal was awarded by the Royal Cotnmissioners, and recently 
 transmitted to Mr. Bell by the President of the United States, the 
 chairman of the American Executive Committee. The red Mediterra- 
 nean wheat exhibited from the United States atlrax;ted much attention. 
 The wheat from South Australia was probably supeiior to any exhib- 
 ited, while much from our own country fell but little behind, and was 
 unquestionably next in quality. 
 
 Rye. — This grain is supposed to be a native of the Caspian Ca-uba.- 
 sian desert, and has been cultivated in the north of Europe and Asia 
 from time immemorial, where it constitiates an important article of 
 human subsistence, being generally mixed with barley or wheat. Its 
 introduction into western Europe is of comparatively, recent dale, as 
 no mention is made of it in the " Ortus Sanitatis," published at Augsburg 
 in 1485, which treats at length of barley, millet, oats, and wheal. . 
 
 Rye was cultivated in the North American colonies soon after their 
 settlement by the English. Gorges speaks of it as growing in Nova 
 Scotia in 1622, as well as of barley and wheat. Plantagenet enume- 
 rates it among the productions of North Virginia, (New England,) in 
 1648, and alludes to the mixing of it with maize in the formation of 
 bread. It was also cultivated in South Virginia by Sir William Berke- 
 ley previous to that year. 
 
 Geographically, rye and barley associate with one another, and grow 
 upon soils the most analogous, and in situations alike exposed. It is 
 cultivated for bread in northern Asia, and all over the continent of 
 Europe, particularly in Russia, Norway, Denmark, Sweden, Germany, 
 and Holland ; in the latter of which it is much employed in the manu- 
 facture of gin. It is also grown to some extent in England, Scotland, 
 and Wales. In this country it is principally restricted to the middle 
 and eastern States, but its culture is giving place to more profitable 
 crops. 
 
 The three leading varieties cultivated in the United States are the 
 spring, winter, and southern, the latter differing fi-om the others only 
 from dissimilarity of climate. The yield varies from 10 to 30, or more, 
 bushels per acre, weighing froft 48 to 56 pounds to the bushel. 
 
 The production of rye has decreased 4,457,000 bushels in the ag- 
 gregate ; but in New York it is greater than in 1840 by about 40 per 
 cent. Pennsylvania, which is the largest producer, has fallen ofFfi'om 
 6,613,373, to 4,805,160 bushels. Perhaps the general diminution iii 
 the quantity of this grain now produced may^|>e accoyftted for by sup- 
 posing a correspondmg decline in-l4ie"demaiid &r*disti^i^ purposes, 
 to which a large part of the crop is applied. 
 
59 
 
 This grain has never entered largely into our foreign commerce, as 
 the home consumption for a long period nearly kept pace with the sup- 
 ply. The amount exported from the United States, in 1801, was 
 392,276 bushels ; in 1812, 82,705 bushels ; inil813, 140,136 bushels. 
 In 1820-'21, there were exported 23,523 barrels of rye flour; in 1830- 
 '31, 19,100 barrels; in 1840-'41, 44,031 barrels; in 1845-'46, 38,530 
 barrels ; in 1846-'47, 48,892 barrels, in 1850-'51, 44,152 barrels. 
 
 During the year endirig June 1, 1850, there were consumed, of rye, 
 about 2,144,000 bushels in the manufacture of malt and spirituous 
 liquors. 
 
 According to the Census returns of 1840, the product of the country 
 was 18,645,567 bushels; in 1850, 14,188,637 bushels. 
 
 Maize, or Indian Corn.— Among the objects of culture in the United 
 States, maize, or Indian corn, takes precedence in the scale of crops, 
 as it is best adapted to the soil and climate, and furnishes the largest . 
 amount of nutritive food. Where due regard is paid to the selection 
 of varieties, and cultivated in a proper soil, it may be accounted as a 
 sure crop in almost every portion of the habitable globe between the 
 44th degree of north latitude and a corresnonding parallel south. Be- 
 sides its production in this country, its prmcipal culture is limited to 
 Mejtico, the West Indies, most of the States of South America, France, 
 Spain, Portugal, Lom^ardy, and southern and central Europe gener- 
 ally. It is also cultivated with success in northern, southern, and 
 western Africa, India, China, Japan, Australia,^ and the Sandwich 
 Islands, the groups of the Azores, the Madeiras, the Canaries, and liu- 
 merous other ocean isles. 
 
 Although there h^ been much written on the Eastern origin of this 
 grain, it did,not grow in that part of Asia watered by the Indus at the 
 time of Alexander the Great's expedition, as it is not among the pro- 
 ductions of that coun&y mentioned by Nearchus, the commander of 
 the^ fleet. Neither is it noticed by Arrian, Diodorus, Columella, nor any 
 other ancient author. And even as late as 1491, the year before Co- 
 lumbus discovered America, Joan: di Cuba, in his " Ortus Sanitatis," 
 iHakes no mention of it. It has never been fotmd in any ancient tumu- 
 lus, sarcophagus, or pyramid ; nor has it ever been represented in any 
 ancient painting, sculpture, or work of art, except in America. But in 
 this counfry, according to Garcilaso de la Vega, one of the Earliest 
 Peruvian historians,, the palace gardens of the Incas were orna- 
 mented with maize in gold and silver, with all the grains, spikes, stalks, 
 and leaves ; and in one instance, in the "Garden of Gold and Silver," 
 there was an entire corn field of considerable size, representing the 
 maize in its exact and natural shape, a proof no less of the wealth of 
 the Incas, than of their veneration for thjf important grain. 
 
 In further proof of the American origin of this plant, it maybe stated 
 that it is still found growing in a wild state, from the Rocky mountains, 
 in North America, to the humid forests of Paraguay, where, instead of 
 having each grain naked, as is always the case after long cultivation, 
 it is completely covered with glumes, or husks. It is, moreover, a well 
 authenticated fact that maize was found in a state of cultivation by the 
 aborigines, on the island of Cuba at the time of its discovery by Go- 
 
60 
 
 Iambus, as well as in most other places in America first explored by 
 Europeans. . ' 
 
 The first successfiil attempt of the English in North America to cul- 
 tivate this grain was made on James river, in Virginia, in 1608. The 
 colonists sent over by the "London Company" adopted _the mode then 
 practised by the Indians, which, with some modifications, has been 
 pursued ever since. The yield at that time is represented to have lieen 
 firom two hundred to more than a thousand fold. The same increase 
 was noticed by the early settlers in Illinois. The present yield, east 
 of the Rocky mountains, when judiciously cultivated, varies froni . 
 twenty to one hundred and thirty-five bushels to an acre. 
 
 The varieties of Indian corn are very numerous, exhibiting many 
 grades of size, color, and conformation. Among these are the shrubby 
 reed, that grows on the shores of Lake Superior; the gigantic stalks of 
 the Ohio valley; the tiny ears, with flat close-chnging grains of 
 Canada; the brilliant, roimded little pearl; the bright-red grains and 
 white cob of the eight-rowed hematite; the swelhng ear of the big 
 white; and the yellow gourd seed of the South. 
 
 From the flexibility of this plant, it may be acclimatized, by gradual 
 cultivation, from Texas to Maine, or from Canada to Brazil; but, in 
 either case, its character is somewhat changed, and often new varieties 
 are the results.. The blades of the plant are of great value as food for 
 stock, and form an article but rarely estimated sufficiently, when 
 considering the agricultural products of the southern and southwestern 
 States especially. 
 
 The increase of production frorn 1840 to 18-50 was 214,000,000 
 bushels, equal to 56 per cent. The production of New England has 
 advanced from 6,993,000 to 10,377,000 bushels, showing an increase 
 of 3,384,000 bushels — nearly 50 per cent. New York, New Jersey, 
 Pennsylvania,, Delaware, and Maryland increased 20,812,000 bush- 
 els — more than 50 per cent. In the production of this crop, no State has 
 retrograded. Ohio, which in 1840 occupied the fourth place as a corn- 
 producing State, now ranksas the first ; Kentucky, second ; Illinois, third ; 
 Tennessee, fourth. The crop of Illinois has increased from 22,000,000 
 to 57,500,000 bushels, or at the rate of 60 per cent, in ten yeai's. 
 
 Of the numerous varieties, some are best adapted to the southern 
 States, while others are better suited tor the northern and eastern. 
 Those generally cultivated in the former are the southern big and 
 small yellow, the southern big and small white-flint, the yellow Peru- 
 vian, and the Virginia white gourd seed. In the more northerly and 
 easterly States, they cultivate the golden Sioux, or northern yellow-flint, 
 the King Philip, or eight rowed yellow, the Canada early white, the 
 Tuscarora, the white flour, and the Rhode Island white flint. 
 
 The extended cultivation of this grain is chiefly confined to the east- 
 ern, middle, and western States, though much more successfully grown 
 in the latter. The amount exported from South Carolina in 1748 was 
 39,308 bushels; fi-opi North Carolina, in 1753, 61,580 bushels; fi'om 
 Virginia, fbr several years preceding the Revolution, annually, 600,000 
 bushels; from Philadelphia, in 1752, 90,740 bushels; in 1767-68, 
 60;205 bushels ; in 1771, 259,441 bushels. 
 
 The total amount exported fi-om this country in 1770 was 578,349 
 
61 
 
 bushels; In 1791, 2,064,936 bushels, 351,695 of which were Indian 
 meal; in 1800, 2,032,435 bushels, 338,108 of which were in meal; in 
 1810, 1,140,960 bushels, 86,744 of which were in meal. In 1820-'21, 
 there were exported 607,277 bushels of corn and 131,669 barrels of 
 Indian meal; in 1830-'31, 571,312 bushels of corn and 207,604 barrels 
 of meal; in 1840-'41, 535,727 bushels of corn and. 232,284 barrels of 
 meal; in 1845-'46, 1,286,068 bushels of corn and 298,790 bairels of 
 meal; in 1846-'47, 16,326,050 bushels of corn and 948,060 barrels of 
 meal;* in 1850-'51, 3,426,811 bushels of corn and 203,622 barrels of 
 meal. More than eleven millions of bushels of Indian corn were con- 
 sumed in 1850 in the manufacture of malt and spirituous liquors. 
 
 According to the Census of 1840, the corn crop of the United States 
 was 377,531,875 bushels; of 1850, 592,326,612 bushels. 
 
 Oats. — The oat, when considered in connexion with the artificial 
 grasses and the nourishment and improvement it affords to live stock, 
 may be regarded as one of the most important crops we produce. Its 
 history is highly interesting,' from the circumstance, that, while in many 
 portions of Europe^ when ground into meal, it forms an important aliment 
 for man, one sort at least, has been cultivated from the days of PBny, 
 on account ot its superior fitness as an article of diet for the sick. The 
 country of its origin is somewhat uncertain, though the most common 
 variety is said to be indigenous to the island of Juan Fernandez. An- 
 other oat, resembling the cultivated variety, is also found growing wild 
 in California. . ^ 
 
 This plant was introduced into the North American colonies soon 
 after their settlement by the English. It was sown by Gosnold, on the 
 Elizabeth islands, in 1 602 ;. cultivated in Newfoundland in 1622, and 
 in Virginia, by Berkeley, prior to 1648. 
 
 The oat is a hardy grain, and is suited to climates too hot and too 
 cold either for whpat or rye. Indeed, its flexibility is so great, that it 
 is cultivated with success in Bengal, as low as latitude 25 degrees 
 north, but refiises to yield profitable crops as we approach the equator. 
 It flourishes remarkably well when due regard is paid to the selection 
 of varieties, throughout the inhabited parts of-Europe, the northern 
 and central portions of Asia, Australia, southern and northern Afi-ica, 
 the cultivated regions of nearly aU North America, and a large portion 
 ofSouth America. 
 
 In this country the growth of the oat is confined principally to the 
 middle, western, and northern States. The varieties cultivated are 
 the common white, the , black, the gray, the imperial, the Hopetown, 
 the Polish, the Egyptian, and the potato oat. The yield of the com- 
 mon varieties varies from forty to ninety bushels and upwards per 
 acre, weighing from twenty-five to fifty pounds to the bushel. The 
 Egyptian oat is cultivated south of Tennessee, which, after being sown 
 in autumn and fed off by stock in w;inter and spring, yields from ten 
 to twenty bushels per acre. In the manufacture of malt and spirituous 
 liquors, oats enter but lightly, and their consumption for this purpose 
 does not exceed sixty thousand bushels annually in the United^ States. 
 
 * The fluctuations in the amounts exported in 1845-'46-'47 of this, as well as the other 
 kinds of grain cultivated in this country, were occasioned by the great famine in Irelaqd, 
 oaused by the failure of the potato crops of those yearei. 
 
62 
 
 The oat, like rye, never has entered much into our foreign commerce, 
 as the domestic consumption has always been nearly equal to the 
 quantity produced. The annual average exports, for several years 
 preceding 1817, were 70,000 bushels. 
 
 By the Census returns of 1840, it will be seen that the total produce 
 of the United States was 123.071,341 bushels; of 1860, 146,678,879 
 DUshels. 
 
 Rice — ^the chief food, pernaps, of one-third of the human race — ^pos- 
 sesses the advantage attending wheat, maize, and other grains, of pre- 
 serving plenty during the fluctuations of trade, and is also susceptible 
 of cultivation on land too low and moist for the production of most 
 other usefiil plants. Although cultivated principally vsrithin the tropics, 
 it flourishes well beyond, producing even heavier and better filled 
 grain. Like many other plants in common use, it is never found wild, 
 ^t is to be understood that the wild ricej or water oat, Zizania aquatica, 
 which grows along the muddy shores of our tide-waters, is a distinct 
 plant from the common rice, and should not, be confounded with it,) 
 nor is its native country known. Linnaeus considers it as a native 
 of Ethiopia, while others regard it of Asiatic origin. 
 
 At the Industrial Exhibition in London, last year, there were dis- 
 played many curious samples and varieties of rice, grown without irri- 
 gation, at elevations of 3,000 to 6,000 feet on the Himalayas, where 
 the dampness of the summer months compensates for the want of 
 artificial moisture. At the exhibition above alluded to, American rice 
 received not only honorable mention for its very superior quality, but 
 the Carolina rice, exhibited by E. J. Heriot, was pronounced by the 
 jury " magnificent in size, color, a:nd clearness," and to it was awarded 
 a prize medal. The jury were free to admit that the American rice, 
 though originally brought from the Old World, is now much the 
 finest in quality. 
 
 The common variety is cultivated throughout the torrid zone, wherever 
 there is a plentiful supply of water, and will mature, under favorable 
 circumstances, in the Eastern Continent as high as the forty-fifth paral- 
 lel of north latitude, and as far south as the thirty-eighth. On the 
 Atlantic side §f the^Western Continent it will flourish as far north.as 
 latitude thirty-eight degrees, and to a corresponding parallel south. 
 On the western coast of America it will grow as far north as forty or 
 more degrees. Its culture is principally confined to India, China, 
 Japan, Ceylon, Madagascar, Eastern Africa, the south of Europe, the 
 southern portions of the United States, the Spanish Main, Brazil, and 
 the valley of Parana and Uruguay. 
 
 This grain was first introduced into Virginia by Sir "William Berke- 
 ley, in 1647, who received half a bushel of seed, from which he raised 
 sixteen bushels of excellent rice, most or all of which was sown the 
 following year, It is also stated that a Dutch brig from Madagascar, 
 came to Charleston in 1694, and left aboijt a peck of paddy (rice in 
 the husk) with Governor Thomas Smith, who distributed it among 
 his friends for cultivation. Another account of its introduction into 
 Carolina is that Ashby was encoyraged to send a bag of seed rice to 
 that province, from the crops of which sixty tons were shipped to 
 England in 1698. Jt soon after became the chief staple of the colony. 
 
63 
 
 Its eulture was introduced into Louisiana in 1718, by the "Company 
 of the West." 
 
 The present culture of rice in the United States is chiefly confined 
 to Souui Carplirta, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, 
 and Texas. The yield per acre varies from twenty to sixty bushels, 
 weighing from forty-five to forty-eight pounds when cleaned. Under 
 favorable circumstances, as many as ninety bushels to an acre have 
 been raised. 
 
 Another variety is cultivated in this country, to a limited extent, 
 called Cochin-China, dry or mountain rice, from its adaptation to a dry 
 soil without irrigation. It will grow several degrees further north or 
 south than the Carolina rice, and has been cultivated with success 
 in the northern provmces of China, Hungary, Westphalia, Virginia, 
 <|pid Maryland ; but the yield is much less than that of the preceding, 
 being only fifteen to twenty bushels to an acre. It was first introduced 
 into Charleston from Canton, by John Bradby Blake, in 1772. 
 
 The amount of rice exported from South Carolina in 1724 was 
 18,000 barrels; in 1731, 41,957 barrels; in 1740, 90,110 barrels; in 
 1747-48, 55,000 barrels; in 1754, 104,682 barrels; in 1760-61, 100,000 
 barrels; fironj Savannah in 1755, 2,299 barrels, besides 237 bushels of 
 paddy, or rough rice; in 1760, 3,283 barrels, besides 208 bushels of 
 paddy; in 1770, 22,120 barrels, besides 7,064 bushels of paddy; 
 from Philadelphia in 1771, 258,375 pounds. The amount ex- 
 ported from this country, in 1770, was 150,529 barrels; in 1791, 
 96,980 tierces; in 1800, 112,056 tierces; in 1810, 131,341 tierces; in 
 1820-21, 88,221 tierces; in 1830-31, 116,517 tierces; in 1840-41, 
 101,617 tierces; in 1845-46, 124,007 tierces; in 1846-47, 144,427 
 tierces; in 1850-51, 105,590 tierces. 
 
 According to the Census of 1840, the rice crop of the United States 
 amounted to 80,841,422 pounds; of 1850, 215,312,710 pounds. 
 
 Tobacco. — Tobacco, from the extent to which it is cultivated, its im- 
 portance in commerce, and the modes of employing it to gratify the 
 senses, exhibits one of the most remarkable features in the history of 
 man. From the solace only of the wild Indian of America, it has be- 
 come one of the luxuries of the rich, and gives pleasure to the poor 
 throughout the habitable globe, from the burning desert to the frozei. 
 zone. In short, its use for snuff, for cliewing, or for smoking, is almost 
 universal, and for no other reason than a sort of convulsion, (sneezing), 
 produced by the first, and a degree of intoxication by the last two 
 modes of usage. This plant is indigenous to tropical America, and 
 was cultivated by the aborigines in various parts of the continent pre- 
 vious to its discovery by Europeans. Columbus found it on the island 
 of Cuba, in 1492, where he was invjted by a chief to partake of a cigar. 
 In 1496, Romanus Pane published the first account of it as growing in St. 
 Domingo, calling it cqhoha, cokobla, and gioia. Sir Richard GrenviUe 
 found it in Virginia, in 1585, when the English, for the first time, saw 
 it smoked by the natives in pipes made of clay. It is believed to have 
 been introduced into England by Raleigh's colonists on their retnrn 
 from Virginia, in 1586. Soon after the setdement of Jamestown, fi-om 
 the increased demand in Europe, and the pecuhar adaptation of the 
 soil to its culture, considerable quantities were raised, and numerous 
 
64 
 
 individuals, interested in the colony, qontributed to induce that taste 
 for it which had already been diffused among all classes. • 
 
 In 1611, tobacco was first cultivated in Virginia by the use of the 
 spade ; previous to which, it had dhly been raised after the rude manner 
 of tl^ Indians. In 1616, it was cultivated in that colony to so alarm- 
 ing, an extent that even the streets of Jamestown were planted with it, 
 and various regulations were framed to restrain its production ; but every 
 admonition to the settlers was disregarded-. James I. attempted, by 
 repeated proclamations and publications, to restrain its use, but his 
 efforts had very little effect ; and the colonists continued to experience 
 a more rapidly-increasing and better demand for this staple than for 
 any other in the province. 
 
 Previous to the war of Independence, its culture had spread into 
 Maryland, Carohna, Georgia, and Louisiana, from which nearly aU Eu- 
 rope was supplied ; but at present, most of the sovereigns of the Old 
 World derive a considerable part of their revenue from the cultivation 
 of this plant. 
 
 Independent of its production in the middle and southern States of 
 the Union, tobacco is extensively cultivated in Mexico, the Spanish 
 Main, Cuba, Brazil, Trinidad, St. Domingo, Turkey, Persia, India, 
 China, Australia, the PhUippines, and Japan. It has also been raised 
 with success in nearly every country in Europe, Egypt, Algeria, the 
 Cape of Good Hope, the Canaries and numerous other islands jn the 
 ocean, Canada, New Birunswick, and on the western coast of America. 
 
 ■ The prmcipal varieties cultivated, in the United States are the Vir- 
 ginian, the large-)eaved, the dwarf, the Cuba, and thp common green 
 tobacco. 
 
 In 1622, there were raised in Virginia 60,000 pounds. The amount 
 exported from that colony in 1639 was 120,000 pounds ; annually for ten 
 years preceding 1709, 28,868y666 pounds; annually for several years 
 
 E receding the Revolution, 55,000 hogsheads; in 1758, 70,000 hogs- 
 eads ; from North Carolina, in 1753, 100 hogsheads; from Georgia; <in 
 1772, 176,732 pounds. The amount exported from the United Colonies 
 in 1772 was 97,799,263 pounds ; in 1780, 17,424,267 pounds ; from tb* 
 United States, in 1787, 99,041,000 pounds; in 1791, 101,272 hogs- 
 heads, 81,122 pounds manufactured, and 15,689 pounds of snuff"; in 
 1800, 78,680 bogheads, 457,713 pounds manufactured, and. 41,453 
 pounds of snuff; in 1810, 84,134 hogsheads, 495,427 pounds manufac- 
 tured, and 46,640 pounds of snuff; in i820-'21, 66,858 hogshe|,ds, 
 1,332,949 pounds manufactured, and 44,552 pounds of snuff; in 1830- 
 '31, 86,718 hogsheads, 3,639,856 pounds manufactured, and 27,967 
 pounds of snuff'; in 1840-'41, 147,828 hogsheads, 7,503,644 pounds 
 manufactured, and 68,553 pounds of snuff"; in 1850-51, 95,945 hogs- 
 heads, 7,235,358 pounds manufactured, and 37,42^ pounds of snuff. 
 
 According to the Census returns of 1840, the amount of tobacco raised 
 in the United States was 219,163,319 pounds ; of 1850, 199,752,646 
 pounds; showing a decrease in its culture of 19,410,673 pounds. 
 
 Cotton.- — Cotton, which administers so . bountifully to the wants of 
 civilized as well as to savage man, and to the wealth and economy of 
 the countries producing it, stands pre-eminent in the United States, both 
 as regards its superior staple and the degree of perfection to which its 
 
65 
 
 cultivation has been brought. One or mbre of its species is found grow- 
 ing wild throughout. the torrid zone, whence it has been disseminated, 
 and become aii important object of culture in several countries thereto, 
 adjacent, from time immemorial. It is mentioned by Herodotus as 
 , growing in India,, where the natives' manufactured it into cloth ; by 
 Theophrastus^as a product pf Ethiopia; and by Pliny as growing in 
 " ^gypt) towairds Ai-abia, and liear the borders of the Persian Gulf. Nieu- 
 hoff, who visited China in 1655, says that it was then cultivated in great 
 abundance in that coufttry, where the seed had been introdaced about 
 five hundred years before.' Columbus found it in use by,the American 
 Indians of Cuba in 1492 ; Cortez, by, those of Mexico, in 1519 ; Pizarro 
 and Almagro, by the Incas of Peru, in 1532 ; and Cabega de Vaca, by 
 the natives of Texais and Califoinia, in 1536. 
 
 Of the precise period of the first introduction of the cultivation of 
 this plant into the North American colonies, history is silent. In a 
 pamphlet entitled "'Nova Brittania offering jmost excellent fruits by 
 planting in Virginia," published in London m 1609, it is stated that 
 cotton would grow as well in that proviiice as in Italy. It is also 
 stated, on the, authority of Beverley, in "'his History of Virginia, that Sir 
 Edrnund Andrds, while governor of the colony, in 1692, "gave particular 
 marks of his favor towards the propagating, of cotton, which, since his 
 time, has been much neglected." It further appears that it was culti- 
 vated for a long time in the eastern parts of Maryland, Virginia,; Caro- 
 lina, and, Georgia, in the garden, though not at all as a planter's crop, 
 for domestic consumption. In another pamphlet, entitled "A State of 
 the Province of Georgia, attested updn oath, in the Court of Savannah," 
 in 1740, it was -averred that " large quantities have been raised, and it 
 is much .planted ; but the cotton, which in some parts is perennial, dies 
 here in the winter ; which, nevertheless, the annual is not inferior to 
 m goodness, but requires more trouble in cleansing fi'om the seed." 
 ' About the year 17.42, M. Dubreuil invented a cotton gin, which created 
 an epoch in the cultivation of this product in Louisiana. During the 
 Revolution, the inhabitants of St. Mary's and Talbot counties, in Mary- 
 land, as well as those of Cape May county. New Jersey, raised a suf- 
 ficient quantity of cotton to meet their wantp for the time. It was for- 
 merly prodjiced in small quantities, for family use, in ithe county of 
 Sussex, in Delaware, -,near the headwaters of therChoptank. 
 
 . The seed of the Sfea Island cotton was oi-iginally obtained from the 
 Bahama islands, in about the year 1785, being the kind then known in 
 the West Indies as the "AnguiUa cotton." It was'first cultivated by 
 Josiah Tattnall and Nicholas TurnbuU, oh Skidaway island, near Sa- 
 vannah; and subsequently by James Spaulding and Alexander Bisset, 
 on St. Simon's island, at the mouth of the Altamaha, and on Jekyl 
 island, by Richard Leake, ^or many years after its introduction; it 
 Was confined to the more elevated parts of these islands, bathed by the 
 saline atmosphere, and surrounded by the sea. Gradually, however, 
 the cotJ;on culture was extended to the lower grounds, and beyond the 
 limits of the islands to the adjacent shores of the "continent, into soils 
 containing a mixture of clay; and lastly, into coarse clays,' deposited 
 along the great rivers, where .th'ey meet tTie,ocean tides. 
 
 Previous to 1794 — the year ailer thfe invention of Whitney's saw gin , 
 5 
 
66 
 
 — the annual amount of cotton produced in North America was com- 
 paratively inconsiderable ; but since that period, there is probably nothing 
 recorded in the history of industry, including its manufacture in this 
 country and Europe, that would compare with its subsequent increase. 
 
 In the Eastern hemisphere, the growth of cotton is principally restrifct- 
 ed to the maritime countries lying between the 40th degree of" north 
 latitude and a corresponding parallel south. On the easterly side of the 
 Western Continent, this plant will perfect its growth in most of the dis- 
 tricts adjacent to the tidal waters, including the regions bordering on 
 the Mississippi, the Amazon, and thfe Parana, between latitude^ Stf 
 degrees north and 40 degrees south; and on the west coast of America, 
 between the 40th parallel north and a corres^oiiding degree south". 
 
 The growth of this staple is chiefly confined to India, China, Japan, 
 Austraha, Persia, Turkey, southern Europe, Arabia, Egypt, Algeria', 
 southern and western Africa, the southern section of the United States, 
 British Guiana, New Granada, Venezuela, Peru, Brazil, Uruguay, the 
 West Indies, aind numerous other ocean isles. 
 
 According to Dr.Royle, who has recently investigated the subject, 
 the different varieties of cottdh may be classed under four distinct 
 species, in the following manner : - 
 
 1. Gossypium indicum, or herbaceum— the cotton plant of India, China, 
 Arabia, Persia, Asia Minor, and some parts of Africa. 
 
 2. Gossypium arboreum — a tree cotton, indigenous to India. 
 
 3. ^ossypium barbadense — the Mexican or West Indian cotton, of which 
 the Sea Island, New Orleans, and upland Georgia, are varieties; It 
 was long since introduced into the island of Bourbon^! and thence into 
 India; hence it acquired the name of " Bourbon cotton." 
 
 4. Gossypium perumunum, or accuminatum — ^which yields the Per- 
 nambuco, Peruvian, Maranham, and Brazilian cotton, especially dis- 
 tinguished by' its black seeds, which adhere firmly together. This 
 variety has long since been introduced into India. 
 
 The chief varieties cultivated in the United States are the black seed, 
 or Sea Island, {G. arboreum,) known, also, by the UEmie of "long- 
 staple," from its fine, white, silky appearance and long fibres; the 
 green seed, {G. herbaceUm,) called " short staple," from its shorter, white 
 staple, with green seeds, and commercially known by the name of 
 " upland cottoii;" and two kinds of Nankin or yellow, (G. barbadense,) 
 the Mexican atid Petit gulf. The average yield is about five hundred 
 pounds per acre. 
 
 The earUest record of sending cotton from this country to Europe'is 
 in the table of exports from Charleston, in 1747-'48, when seven bags 
 were shipped; another parcel, consisting. of 2,000 pounds, was shipped 
 in 1770 ; and a third shipment of seventy-one bags was made in 1784, 
 which England seized, on the ground that America could not produce 
 a quantity so great. The amount exported from the ' United States in ' 
 1791 was 189,316 pounds; ina793, 487,600 pounds; in 1794, 1,601,760 
 poundsi in 1795, 6,276,300 ppuhds; in 1800, 17,78&,803 pounds; 
 in 1810, 93,261,462 pounds; in 1&20-'21, 124,893,405 pounds; in 
 1830-'31, 276,979,784 pounds; in 1840-'41, 530,204,100 pounds; in 
 1850-'51, 927,23.7;089 pounds. 
 
 According to the Census returns of 1840, the amount cultivated was 
 
67 
 
 790,479,275- pounds; of 1850, 987,449,600 pounds; showing an in- 
 crease of 196,970,325 pounds. 
 
 It appears that the culture of cotton is rapidly diminishing in Vir- 
 ginia and North CaroHna. In those States it is doubtless giving place 
 to other productions of the soil.~ There has been a very heavy falling 
 off, also, in Louisiana, and no appreciable increase in Mississippi; but 
 the diminution iij the former State, and the failure of any advance in 
 the latter, are accounted for by the terrible inundations of the Mississippi 
 and its tributaries. But for that calamity, it is probable that their in- 
 creased yield would have equalled .that of Alabama, which now oc- 
 cupies the first place as a cotton-planting State, and has alinost doubled 
 its production since 1840. Immense as the extent and value of this 
 crop has become, it is not extravagant to anticipate a rate of in(irease 
 for the cijrrent decennial period, which wiU bring up the aggregate for 
 the year, 1860 to 4,000,000 bales. • -. 
 
 The ,average annual yield for the five years ending with 1835, was 
 estimated at 1,055,000 bales; for the same period ending in 1840, 
 1,440,000 bales; for alike period terminating with 1850, 2,270,000 
 bales. Had no disturbing cause interrupted the progressive advance, 
 the amount of 1850 would have exceeded 3,000,000 bales. 
 
 . Wool. — Analogous in the uses for which it serves to cotton, wool is 
 a product of only less importance to the prosperity of the country than 
 that leading staple of our agriculture and commerce. 
 
 It is a very gratifying fact that tljpugh the number of sheep has in- 
 creased in ten years but l2 per cent., the aggregate weight of their 
 fleeces has augmented 46 per cent. 
 
 , In 1840, there were 19,311,374 sheep, yielding 35,802,114 pounds of 
 wool, equal to 1.84 pourid per head. * 
 
 In 1850, the average weight of each fleece was 2.43 pounds, from 
 which it would appear that such ari improvement had taken place in 
 the various breeds of tl^e American sKeep as to increase their average 
 product about 32 per cent, throughout the United States. And a critical 
 analysis of the returns of sheep and wool proves not only that our breeds 
 are capable of such improvement, but that it has actually taken place. 
 
 In Vermont, thegi:eatest attention'has been given to sheep-breeding; 
 time, money, and intelligence having been freely applied to the great 
 object of obtaining a breed combining weight and fineness of fleece. 
 yThese efforts have succeeded so well, that although the number of sheep 
 in that State had declined nearly one-half in the period from the Sixth to 
 the Seventh Census, the yield of wool remained nearly the same. The 
 average weight of the fleece in this State in 1840 was 2.2 pounds, and in 
 1850 it had increased to 3.71, the gain being almost equal to 70 per cent. 
 
 In Massachusetts, also, where strenuous exertions have been niade — 
 though not on so large a scale as in Vermont— to improve their sheep, 
 a correspondingly beneficial result has been obtained, and the average 
 weight of the fleece has been increased from 2.5' to 3.1 pounds. 
 
 The Slate of New York produced 226,000 pounds more wool in 1850, 
 from 3,453,000 sheep, than from 5,118,000 in 1840, showing that the' 
 weight of the fleece had been raised from less than two to nearly three 
 pounds. ' 
 
 Our imports of wool during the past ten years have varied as follows : 
 
68 
 
 Quantity and mTue of wool imported into the United States from 1841 to 
 
 1850, inclusive. 
 
 Date. • 
 
 '-Quantity in pounds. 
 
 Value in dollars. 
 
 1841 
 
 15,006,410 
 11,420,958 
 3,517,100 
 14,008,000 
 23,833j040 
 16,558,247 
 ' 8,460,109 
 11,341,429 
 17,869,022 
 18,669,794 
 
 $1,091,953 
 
 1842 
 
 797,482' 
 
 1843 — 9 months. . . , 
 
 245,000 
 
 1844 
 
 851,460 
 
 1845 
 
 1,689,794 
 
 1846 
 
 1,134,226 
 
 1847 
 
 55^,622 
 
 1848 
 
 857,034 
 
 1849 *. 
 
 1,177,347 
 
 1850 * . 
 
 1,681,691 
 
 
 
 By this statement it is shown that the quantity of wool brought into 
 the country of late years amounts to almpst one-third of that produced 
 .in it, while at former periods, as from. 1841 to 1845, the amount was 
 ■nearly one-half. Thelargest proportion of this imported wool came from 
 Buenos Ayres and the neighboring States on the Rio de la Plata, and 
 is of a coarse and cheap variety, costing from six to eight cents per 
 ..pound. It always will be cheaper to bring this kind of wool from re- 
 gions where sheep are reared without care or labor, than to produce it 
 at home; but there is no country in the world iii which sheep may, by. 
 judicious treatment, be made a source of greater wealth and comfort to 
 its inhabitants than the United States. 
 
 The importations of wool in 1650-51 exhibit a remarkable increase 
 over the preceding or any , former year, amounting in quantity to 
 32,548,693 pounds, and to the value of $3,800,000. 
 
 Beans, and Peas. — Yarious kinds of pulse, from the facility with 
 which they are produced in almost every country of the globe, and the 
 highly nutritive properties which they usually possess, have, been a 
 favorite food for man and animals among aU nations, and in every age 
 of the world. " Thus we find that the Athenians employed sodden 
 beans in their feasl^g dedicated to ApoUo, and that the Romans presented 
 them as an oblation in their solemn sacrifice called "Fabaria." Pliny 
 informs us that they offered bean-meal calces to certain gods and god- 
 desses in these ancient rites and ceremonies; and Lempriere states that 
 bacon was added to beans in the offerings toiCama, not so much to 
 gratify the palate of that goddess as to represent the simplicity of their 
 ancestors. 
 
 The bean came originally from the East, and was cultivated in. 
 Egypt and Barbary in the earliest ages of which we have any records. 
 It was brought into Spain and Portugal in the early part of the eighth 
 century, whence some of the best- varieties were introduced into other 
 parts of Europe, and finally into the United States. 
 
 The first beans introduced from Europe irito the British North Amer- 
 
69 
 
 lean coloijies -were by Captain GosnoM, in 1602, who planted theni 
 on the Elizabeth islands, near the coast of Massachusetts, where they 
 floijrished well. They were also cuhivatedin-Newfoundland as early 
 as the year 1622; in NeW Netherlands in 1644; and in Virginia prior 
 to 1648. French, Indian, or kidney beans were extensively cultivated 
 by the Indians of New York and New England long" before their settle- 
 ments>by the whites; and both beans and peas, (calavances,) of Various 
 hues, -were cultivated by the natives of Virginia prior to the first land- 
 ing of Captain John < Smith. Among these were embraced the cele- 
 brated cow pe.a, (Phaseolus,) or Indian pea-, at present so extensively 
 cultivated at the South for feeding stock, as well as for the purposes 
 of making' into fodder,. and for ploughing under, like clover, as a fallow 
 crop. 
 
 The varieties of beans cultivated at present in the United States, as 
 field an.d garden crops, are too numerous to admit of repetition in this 
 .report. For field culture, the common small white, the red-eyed 
 China, the turtle-soup, the Mohawk, and the.refugee are preferred; for 
 garden culture, .the' Mohawk, the early six-weeks, the early Valentine, 
 the yellow" six-weeks, the black Valentine, the royal white kidney, the 
 Carolina, or Sewee, the cranberry, the London horticultural, and the 
 Dutch caseknife. Thei yield usually varies from thirty to sixty bush- 
 els per acte, weighing sixty-three pounds to the bushel. 
 
 The common pea is supposed to have been indigenous to the south 
 o£. Europe, atid was cultivated both by the Greeks and Romans. Its 
 introduction into the British North American colonies probably dates 
 back to the 'early periods of*their settlerment by Europeans, as it is 
 enumerated in several instances among the cultivated products of this 
 country/by our early historians. 
 
 The cultivation of the pe|,, as a field crop, is principally confined to 
 the middle, eastern, and western States, the varieties of which are dis- 
 tinguished as the early and the late ripening. The early varieties are 
 generally small and dark-colored, amoirg which the grey and grass are 
 the most common,. The yield varies from twenty-five to forty bushels 
 per acre, weighing sixtyTfour pounds to the bushel. The marrow-fats 
 are among the. richest of the field peas, which are much preferred for 
 good lands. The small yellow are thought to be best for poorer soils. 
 A very prolific "bush pea-" is cultivated in the southern States, bearing 
 pods six or seven inches in length, which hang in clusters, and are 
 fiUed with fine white peas, much esteemed for the table, either green 
 or dry. 
 
 The amount of peas exported from Savannah, in 1755, was 400 bush- 
 els; in 1770, 601 bushels; from Charleston, in 1754, -9,162 bushels; 
 from North Carolina, in 1753, 10,000 bushels; annually from Virginia, 
 before the Revolution, 5,000 bushels; annually from .the United States, 
 twenty years preceding 181Y, 90,000 bushels. The amount of beans 
 annually exported dming the last-named period from 30,000 to 40,000 
 bushels. 
 
 Buckwheat. — Buckwheat is cultivated in almost eveiy part of the 
 temperate and arctic climates ofthe civilized world for the farinaceous 
 albumen of its seeds, which, when properly cooked, affords a delicious 
 article of food to a large portion ofthe human race. It also serves as 
 
70 
 
 excellent fodder to milch cows, apd the straw, vhen cut green and con- 
 verted into hay, as well as the ripened seeds, are, fed" to cattle, poultry, 
 and swine. It is believed to be a native of central Asia, as it is sup- 
 posed to have bfeen first brought to Europe in the early part of the 
 twelfth century, at the time of the Crusades for the recovery of Syria 
 from the dominion of the Saracens ; while others contend that it was 
 introduced into Spain by the Moors, four hundred years before* 
 
 This grain appeal's not to have been much cultivated in this country 
 prior to the last century, as it is not often mentioned, by writers on 
 America previous to that period. Holm, in his History of Pennsylvania," 
 (Nieu Swedeland,) pubhshed at Stockholm in 1702, mentions it among 
 the productions of that province; and Kalm, the Swedish naturahst, 
 who visited this country, in 1748-'49, speaks of it as growing in Penn- 
 sylvania, New Jersey, and New York; arid several American writers 
 on agricultural subjects have treated of it, since. 
 
 The cultivation of buckwheat, in one or other of its species, is prin- 
 cipally confined to Great Britain, France, Switzerland, Italy, Nether- 
 lands, Germany, Sweden, Russia, China, Tartaiy, Japan, Algeria, 
 Canada-, and the middle and northern portions of the United States. 
 
 In tliis country, from thirty to forty-five bushels per acre may be con- 
 sidered as an average yield in favorable seasons and situations, but 
 sixty or more bushels a,re not unfrequently produced. 
 
 This grain heretofore has never entered into our foreign commerce. 
 According to the Census returns of 1840, the annual quantity raised in 
 the United States was 7,291,743 bushels; of 1850, 8,956,916 bushels. 
 
 Barley: — ^Barley, hke wheat, has been cultivated in Syria and Egypt 
 for more than three thousand years; and it was not until after the 
 Romans adopted the use of wheaten bread, that they fed this grain to 
 their stock. It is evidently a native of a warm chmate, as it is known 
 to be the most productive in a mild season, and, will grow within the 
 tropics at an elevation of three or four thousand feet above the level of 
 the sea. It is one of the staple crops of northern and mountainous 
 Europe and Asia. 
 
 The introduction of barley into, the North American colonies may be 
 traced back to the periods of their settlements. It was sown by Gos- 
 nold, together with other English grainy, on Martha's Vineyard and 
 the Elizabeth islands, in 1602, and by the colonists in Virginia in 1611. 
 By the year 1648, it was raised in abundance in that colony; but soon 
 after, its culture was suffered to decline in consequence of the more 
 profitable and increased production of tobacco. It has also been 
 sparingly cultivated in the region? of the middle and northern States 
 for malting arid distillation, and has been employed, after being hulled, 
 as a substitute for rice. Although beUeved to have been indigenous to 
 the countiles bordering on the torrid zone, this grain possesses the re- 
 markable flexibility of maturing, in favorable seasons and situations, on 
 the Eastern Continent, as far north as seventy degrees, and flourishes 
 well in latitude forty-two degrees sOuth. Along the Atlantic side of 
 the continent of America, its growth is restricted, to the tract lying be- 
 tween tlje thirtieth and fiftieth parallels of north latitude, and between 
 thirty and forty.degrees south. Near the westerly coast its range lies 
 principally between latitude twenty and sixty-two degrees north. 
 
71 
 
 Barley is at present extensively cultivated in the temperate districts 
 and islands of Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia. In Spain, Sicily, 
 the Canaries, Azores^ and Madeira, two crops are produced in a year. 
 In North America, its growth is principally confined to Mexico, the 
 middle, western, and northern States of the Union, and to Canada, 
 New Brunswick, Nova Scotia,' and Newfoundland. 
 
 The barley chiefly cultivated in the United States is the two-rowed 
 variety, which is generally preferred, from the fulness of its berry and- 
 Tts freedom from smiit. The yield varies from thirty to fifty, or more, 
 bushels per acre, weighing from forty-five to fifty-five pounds to the 
 bushel. 
 
 Barley has never' been much exported from this country, as we' have 
 been consumers rather than producers of this grain. In 1747-'48, 
 there were shipped from Charleston to England, fifteen casks. 
 
 The consumption of barley for the, past year in the manufacture of 
 malt and spirituous liquors amounted to 3,780,000 bushels. 
 
 According to t^ie Census returns of 1840, the annual amount of barley 
 raised in the United States was 4,161,504 bushels ; of 4850, 5,167,016 
 bushels. 
 
 Potatoes. — The common English or Irish potato, (Solarium tubero- 
 sum,) so extensively cultivated throughout most of the temperate coun- 
 tries of the civilized globe, contributing, as it does, to the necessities of 
 a lasrge portion of the human race, as well as to the nourishment and 
 fattening of stock, is regarded as of but little less importance in our 
 national econcjmy than maize, wheat, or rice. It has been found in an 
 indigenous state in Chili, on the mountains near Valparaiso and Men- 
 doza; also near Montevideo, Lima, Quito, as well as in Santa F6 de 
 Bogota, and more recently in Mexico, on the flanks of the Orizaba. ! 
 ' The history of this plant, ;in connexion with that of the sweet potato, 
 is involved in obscurity, as' the accourits of their introduction into Europe 
 are somewhat conflicting, and often they appear to be confounded with 
 • one another. The conmion kind was doubtless introduced into Spain 
 in the early part of the sixteenth century, from the neighborhood of 
 Quito, where, as ^eU. as in all Spanish countries, the tubers are known 
 as papas. The first published account of it we find on record is iri La 
 Cronica del Peru, by Pedrp de Cieca, printed at Seville, in 1553, in 
 which it is described, and illustrated by an engraving. From Spain it 
 appears to have found its way into Italy, where it assumed the same 
 name as the truffle. It was received by Clusius, at Vienna, in 1598, 
 in whose time it spread rapidly in the south of Europe, and even into 
 Germany. To England, it is said, to have found its way by a different 
 route, having been brought firom Virginia by Raleigh's colonists in 1586, 
 which would seem improbable, as it was unknown in North America 
 at that time, either wild or cultivated; and, -besides, Gough, in his 
 edition of Canrfden's Brittania, says it was 'first planted by. Sir Walter 
 Raleigh on his estate at Youghall, neeir Cork, and that it was culti- 
 vated in Ireland before its value was known in England. Gerard, in his 
 Herbal, pubhshed in 1597, gives a figure of this plant, under the name 
 of Batata Virginiana, to distinguish it from the sweet potato, Batata Ed- 
 ■ulis, and -recommends the root to be eaten as a " delicate dish," but not 
 as a common food. "The sweet potato," says Sir Joseph Banks, 
 
72- 
 
 " was used in England as a delicacy long before the introduction of 
 our potatoes; it was imported in considerable quantities from Spain 
 and the Canaries, and was supposed to possess the power of restoring 
 decayed vigor." It is related that the common potato was accident- 
 ally intro4uced into England from Ireland at a period somewhat earlier 
 than that noticed by Gerard, in consequenceof the wrecking of a vessel 
 on the coast of Lancashire, which bad a- quantity on board,. In 1663, 
 the Royal Society of England took measures for encouraging the culti- 
 vation of this vegetable, with the view of preventing famine. Notwith- 
 standing its utiHty as a food became better known, no high character 
 was attached to it ; and the writers on gardening towards the epd of 
 the seventeenth century, a hundi"ed years or more after its introduction, 
 treated of it rather indifferently. " They are much used in Ireland and 
 America as bread," says one author, " arid may be propagated with 
 advantage to poor people." The famous nurseiymen, London and 
 Wise, did not consider it worthy of notice in their Complete Gardener, 
 published in 1719. But its use gradually spread, as its excellencies 
 became better understood. It was near the middle of the last century 
 before it was generally known either in Britain or North America, since 
 which it has been niost extensively cultivated. 
 
 The period of the introduction of the common potato into the British 
 North American colonies is not precisely known. It is. mentioned, 
 among the products of Carolina and Virginia in 1749, and among those 
 growing in New York and New England the same year. 
 
 The - culture of this plant extends through the whole of Europe, a 
 large portion of Asia, Australia, the southern, and northern parts of Af- 
 rica, and the adjacent islands. On the American Continent, with the 
 exception of some sections of the torrid zone, the culture of this root 
 extends from Labrador on the east, and Ngptka Sound on the west, to 
 Cape Horn. It resists more effectually than the cereals the frosts of 
 the north. In this country it is principally confined to the northern, 
 middle and western States, where, from the coolness of the chmate,"it 
 acquires- a farinaceous consistence, highly conducive to the support of 
 animal life. It has never been extensively cultivated in Florida, Ala- 
 bama, Mississippi, nor Louisiana — ^perhaps from the greater facility of 
 raising the sweet potato, its more tropical rival. Its perfection, how 
 ever, depends as much upon the soil as on the climate in which it 
 grows; for in the red loam on the banks of Bayou Boeuf, in Louisiana, 
 where the land is new, it is stated that tubers are produced as large, 
 savory, and as free from water, as ciny raised in other parts of the 
 world. The same may be said of those grown at Bermuda, Madeira, 
 the Canaries, and numerous other ocean isles. 
 
 The chief varieties cultivated in the northern States are the Carter, 
 the kidneys, the pmk-eyes, the Mercer, the orange, the Sault St. Marie, 
 the Merino, and the western red ; in the middle and western Statps, 
 the Mercer, the long red, or Merino, the orange, and the western red. 
 The yield varies from 50 to 400 bushels and upwards per acre, but 
 generally it is below 200 bushels. 
 
 Within the last ten years an alarming disease, or " rot," has attacked 
 the tubers of this plant abouf the time they are fully grown. It has not 
 
73 
 
 only appeared in nearly every part of our own country, but has spread 
 dismay,at times throughout Great Britain and Ireland, and has been felt 
 mdre or less seriously in every quarter of the globe. To the greater 
 uncertainty attending its cultivation of late years, from this cause, 
 must be attributed tiie deficiency of the crop of 1849 as compared 
 with that of 1839. This is one of the four agricultural products 
 ■which, by the present Census, appears smaller than it was ten years 
 since. 
 
 Sweet Potato. — The sweet potato (Batatas edulis) is a native of the 
 Ea;st Indies, and of inter-tropical America, and was the "potato" of 
 the old English writers in the early part of the fourteenth century. It 
 was doubtless intrbduced into Carolina, Georgia; and- Virginia, soon 
 after their settlement by the Europeans, being mentioned as one of the 
 cultivated products of those colonies as early as the year 1648. It 
 grows in excessive abundance throughout the southern States, and as 
 far north as New -Jersey and the southern part of Michigan. 
 
 The varieties cultivated are the purple, the red, the yellow, and the 
 white, the former of which is confined to the South. 
 
 The amount of sweet potatoes exported from South Carohna in 
 1747-48 was 700 bushels ; that of the common potato exported from 
 the United States in 1820-'21, 90,889 bushels; in 1830-'31, 112,875 
 bushels ; in 1840-'41, 136,095 bushels ; i;i 1850-'51, 106,342 bushels. 
 
 According to the Census returns of 1840, the. quantity of potatoes, of 
 all sorts, raised in the Union, was 108,298,060 bushels; of 1850, 
 104,055,989 bushels, of which 38,259,196 bushels were sweet. 
 
 American Wini. — The extent of our territory over which the wine 
 culture may be advantageously diffused, has long afforded a subject of 
 much speculation. It early attracted the attention of the first colonists, 
 who n&t only attempted to form vineyards of the European vine, but 
 to make wine from our own native grapes. Although the subject has 
 been zealously and sedulously pursued at various periods since, all 
 those dwelhngon the easterly half of the continent who have made trial 
 of the foreign grape, have never been able to bring their designs to per- 
 fection ; and those who have tested their skill in our native varieties 
 have only met with partial success, yet, a degree of perseverance and 
 enthusiasm seeijS' to have pervaded all the votaries of this delightful 
 pursuit, and a warm and mutual interchange of views and sentiments 
 has existed among them, which has been comparatively unknown in 
 other species of culture. Although the operators in recent times, from 
 being interspersed over so great an extent of territory, are conse- 
 quently more widely separated, still the connecting link, by a friendly 
 co-operation in one common cause, may justly and appropriately as- 
 similate their united exertions to that joyous, period in the history of 
 France when, during the reign of Probus, thousands of all ages aild 
 sexes united in one spontaneous and enthusiastic effort for the restora- 
 tion of their vineyards. Indeed, when the far greater hnaits of our do- 
 main are consideredj the combined efforts of our fellow-countrymen 
 cannot fail to produce effects even more important, from the great ex- 
 tent of their influence, and cause each section of our republic recipro- 
 cally to respond to^ the efforts of others, with all their attendant advan- 
 tages and blessings. 
 
74 
 
 The earliest attempt to establish avineyard in the British North Amer- 
 ican colonies was by the "London Company," in Virginia, prior to 
 1620, By the year 1630, the prospects were sufficiently favorable to 
 warrant the importation of several French vignerons, who, it was alleged j 
 ruined them by bad management. Wine was also made in Virginia in 
 1647; and in 1651, premiums were offered' for its production. On the 
 authority of Beverley, who wrote prior to 1722, there were vineyards 
 in that colony which produced 750 gallons a year. 
 
 Beauchamp Plantagenet, in his "Description of the Province of New 
 Albion," pubHshed in London in 1648, states that the English settlers in 
 Uvedale, (now in Delaware,) had vines running on mulberry and sassa- 
 fras trees, and that there were four kinds of grapes. " The first," says he, 
 "is the Tholouse Muscat, sweet scented ; the second, the great foxe and 
 thick grape, after five moneths reaped, being boyled and salted, and 
 well fined, it is a strong red Xeres ; the third, a light claret; the fourth, 
 a white grape, creeps on the land, maketh a pure gold-color wine: 
 Tenis Pale, the Frenchman, of these four, made eight sorts of excellent 
 wine ; and of the Muscat, acute boyled^ tiiat the second draiight will 
 fox [intoxicate] a reasonable pate, four moneths old; and here may be 
 gathered and made two hundred tun in the vintage moneth, and 
 replanted, will mend." 
 
 An attempt to establish a vineyard near Philadelphia was made by 
 William Penn, in 1683; also by Andrew Dore, in 1685; but neither 
 succeeded. 
 
 In 1769, the French settlers on Illinois river made upwards of 100 
 iogsheads of strong wine firom the American wild grape, 
 
 The quantity of wine annually produced in the United. States has 
 become a subject of some discussion since the appearance of the return 
 in the Seventh Census on that interest. The Census of 1840 gave 
 124,000 gallons as the produce of that year. It has been stated in the 
 public prints that since that period the culture of the grape, and the 
 manufacture of wine therefrom, have grown into a business of consid- 
 erable importance in the States bordering on the Ohio river, and that 
 'several hundred acres have been planted in vineyards in that valley, 
 which yield at the rate of more than 45,000 gallons of wine a year. The 
 total product of the Union, in 1850, was given at 221,'2^9 gallons. But 
 during the intervening period there had been added to our own territory 
 California and New Mexico, which, in the latter year, produced 60,718 
 gallons. This quantity deducted from the aggregate, leaves 160,531 gal- 
 lons for the portion of the Union covered by the returns of 1840 — vindi- 
 cating a gain of only 36,000 gallons. This is probably an understate- 
 ment, but it seems to prove that no considerable progress has yet been 
 made towards supplymg, by a home production, the demand, to meet 
 which, importations of foreign wines to a very large amount are annu- 
 ally made. 
 
 The consumption of wine in the United States, though by no means 
 general, amounts in the aggregate to a large sum. The imports dur- 
 ing the year ending June, 1851, were 6,160,000 gallons, of wliich, pro- 
 bably, three-fourlhs consisted of the wines of France. The value or 
 invoice cost of the article was $2,370,000. The average consumption 
 of foreign wines was, therefore, in quantity, but about one-quarter of 
 
75 
 
 a gallon for each person, and in value only ten cents. The coinci- 
 dence is somewhat remarkable, that this is almost precisely the rate of 
 consumption of imported wine among the people of Great Britain. 
 But in France, according to official returns, there is produced and re- 
 tained for consumption 900,000,000 gallons of wine, allowing 25f gal- 
 lons to each person in the population. 
 
 It appears, from other tables in our Census returns, th^t the quantity 
 of ale and spirituous liquors produced in the United States, in 1850, 
 exceeded 86,000,000 gallons. The amotlnt exported was balanced by 
 the imports, and the quantity rejected, in forming the above estimate, 
 for the sake of preserving round numbers ; the consumption of malt 
 . and spirituous Hquors for manufacturing purposes, aitd as a beverage, 
 appears to have been at the rate of nearly four gallons per head. It 
 is the opinion of many, whose inquiries upon the subject entitle them 
 to respect, that among what are called "civihzed" nations, the vice ot 
 inebriation has always been found to prevail most extensively where 
 the vine is not cultivated; while, on the other hand, where this species 
 of culture is widely disseminated, the temperance of the people is pro- 
 verbial. If such be the case, we may proudly hope that the day is not 
 far distant when America will fully establish and claim a rivalry with 
 the most favored land of the vine and the oHve, and exultingly disclaim 
 being tributary to any foreign clime. 
 
 Pounds of Hops 'produced. — A gratifying increase has taken place in 
 the culture of this useful article. The gain has been nearly 200 per 
 cent. Almost the whole of the increment, however, has been in the 
 State of New York, which, from less than half a million of pounds in, 
 1840, now produces more than two and a half millions, which exceeds 
 five-sevenths of the whole crop of the United States. 
 
 In connexion with this circumstance, it may be mentioned that New 
 York also stands foremost in the production of ale, beer, and porter, 
 in the manufacture of which the larger part of the hops raised is con- 
 sumed. The breweries of this State produced 645,000 barrels of ale, 
 &c., in 1850, being more than a third of the quantity returned for the 
 whole Union. , 
 
 Flax and Hemp. — During the last half cental j^gieat efforts have 
 been rnade in Europe, and to some extent, of late, in' the United States, 
 to iricirease and improve the production and manufacture of flax and 
 hemp. Formerly they were considered as indispensable crops among 
 our planters and farmers ; but their use has been superseded, in a meas- 
 ure^by the cotton of the South., 
 
 Common flax is a native of Britain, where it has been cultivated 
 from time immemorial, and, from its hardihood and adaptation to a 
 wide range of temperature, it has been grown in almost every country 
 on the Eastern Continent, from Egypt to the polar circle, and in North 
 America, from Texas to Newfoundland. 
 
 Hemp— which is supposed to be a native of India, but long since ac- 
 climatized and extensively cultivated in Spain, Italy, and several other 
 countries in Europe, particularly in Poland and Russia, as well as in 
 different parts of America— ralso forms an article of primary importance 
 in commerce, and is of extensive utility. 
 
 Both of these products were introduced into the North American 
 
76 
 
 colonies soon after their setdement by the English. They are men- 
 tioned as growing in New England prior to 1632, and bounties were 
 offered for their cultivation in-- Virginia as early as 1751. Captain 
 Matthews' sowed, yearly, both hemp and flax, which he caused to be 
 spun and woven, prior to the year 1648. In 1662 an edict was passed 
 requiring each poll in Virginia to raise annually and manufacture six 
 pounds of hnen thread ; but, from the change of the laws and the ces- 
 sation of the bounties, the' culture declined. 
 
 In the late Exhibition at London of the Works of Industry of All 
 Nations, both of these materials held a conspicuous rank. Flax was 
 exhibited, the growth of Great Britain, Ireland, Holland, Belgium, 
 France, Spain, 'Portugal, Italy, Prussia, Germany, Poland, Russia,. 
 Turkey, Egypt, India, Van Dieman's Land, Canada, and the United 
 States, and hemp' from all of these countries except Britain, Ireland, 
 Canada, and Van Dieman's Land. 
 
 The fibre of flax and hemp has never been produced in this country 
 in sufficient abundance to form much' of an article of foreign com- 
 merce, but flax-seed was formerly shipped to Europe in large quanti- 
 ties. There were exported' from New Jersey, in 1751, 14,000 pounds 
 of hemp; from Savannah, in 1770, 1,860 pounds; from the United 
 States, in 1850-51, 4,769 hundred weight. The amount of flax seed 
 exported from Philadelphia in 1752 was 70,000 bushels; in 1767, 
 84,658 bushels; in 1771, 110,412 bushels; from New York, in 1755, 
 12,528 hogsheads; from the British North American colonies, in 1770, 
 312,612 bushels; from the United States, in 1791, 292,460 bushels; 
 in 1800, 289,684 bushels; in 1810, 240,579 bushels; in 1820-'21, 
 264,310 bushels; in 1830-'31, 120,702 bushels; in 1840-'41, 32,243 
 bushels; in 1850-'51, 9,185 bushels. 
 
 According to the Census returns of 1840, there were raised in the 
 United States 95,251f tons of flax and hemp; of 1850, 35,093 tons of 
 hemp and 7,715,961 pounds of flax. 
 
 The correctness of the returns as to hemp, in the Seventh Census, 
 has not yet been perfectly verifiedi There has been some doubt 
 whether, in a number of instances, the, marshals have not written tons 
 where they mea.nt\pounds. If, however, the returns are allowed to 
 stand without reduction, it would appear that the cultivation of hemp 
 or flax has materially changed since' 1840., In the returns of that 
 year, as stated above, both of these articles were included under the 
 same head. In 1840, those of Virginia gave 25,594 to: is of hemp and 
 flax together. In 1850, only 141 tons of hemp and 500 tons of flax 
 were returned. Such a falling off would amount to almost an aban- 
 donment of the culture of hemp in that State, which there is no reason 
 to suppose has taken place. 
 
 The discovery of new methods for separating the fibrous from the 
 woody j)arts of the flax plant has doubtless given a vigorous stimulant 
 to its c'uUivation in the United States. The process of Chevalier 
 Clausen first attracted general attention among us in 1850. Though 
 considerable quantities of flax have been produced in firfmer yestrs, it 
 has been raised principally for the seed., which commanded a remune- 
 rating price. The want of a cheap and speedy process for separating 
 
77 
 
 the textile from the rehise parts of the stalk has occasioned a vast an- 
 nual loss of useful material to the country. Should the attempts which 
 have lately been made to apply Clausen's invention succeed, the pro- 
 duction of flax in the United States may become of great importance, 
 and be advantageously used, not only alone, but in the manufacture of 
 mixed fabrics, as it appears capable of being spun with wool, silk, and 
 other fibres. 
 
 Silk Cocoons. — The culture and manufacture of silk, like rnany pro- 
 ductions of nature and art, are difficult. t#trace from their origin. AU 
 that we kno'w concerning them is, that they have come to • us from the 
 East in a state of comparative perfection. It seems to have been in 
 Asia that silk was first known, and was called Serica, from the name 
 of the country in which its use was supposed to have been discovered. 
 The Chinese claim to have manufactured this delicate luxury as early as 
 2,^00 years before the Christian era, at which time their attention was first 
 attracted to the operations of the silk worm on wild mulberry trees. 
 It was soon after found that they thrived much better in rooms than in the 
 open air, and produced cocoons of rpuch larger size and superior qual- 
 ity. From that period the culture of silk rapidly increased, and sub- 
 sequently became a source of great wealth, and spread from China to 
 India, Persia, and Arabia, where, down to the present time, it has con- 
 tinued to be abundantly produced. 
 
 The expedition of Alexander the Great into Persia and India, first 
 brought silk to Ihe knowledge of Europeans, about 350 years before 
 Christ. About the beginning of the sixth century, after the Roman 
 Empire had been transferred to Constantinople, two monks arrived in 
 the court of the Emperor Justfnian, from a mission into China, bring- 
 ing with them the seeds of the mulberry, and communicated the dis- 
 covery of the mode of rearing silk worms. Although the exportation 
 of the eggs of the insects from China was prohibited on pain of death, 
 by the liberal^promises and persuasions of Justinian, they were induced 
 to undertake to import some from that country; returning from the expe- 
 dition through Bucharia and Persia, in the year 655, with the eggs of the 
 precious insect, which they had obtained, concealed in the hollow of 
 their canes, or pilgrim staves. ' From. Constantinople, the silk culture 
 spread into Arabia, thence into Spain and Portugal, Greece, Sicily 
 Italy, and other parts of Europe. 
 
 The introduction of this culture into the North American colonies, 
 dates back to the first -settlement of Virginia. James I., who was anxr 
 ious to promote this branch of industry, several times urged the " Lon- 
 don Company" to encourage the growth of mulberry trees, and ad- 
 dressed a letter to them on the subject, in 1622, conveying strict in- 
 junctions that they should use every exertion fbr this purpose, and 
 stuxtulated the colonigts to apply themselves diligently and promptly to 
 the breeding of silkworms, and the establishment of silk works, bestow- 
 ing their labors rather in producing this rich commodity than to the growtb 
 of tobacco — an article to which his majesty had recorded and published 
 his violent aversion. The company thus incited, showed much zeal in 
 their endeavors to accomphsh the Icing's wishes. A considerable num- 
 ber of mulberry trees was planted; buthttle silk was produced, owing 
 to difficulties ixivolved by their dissolution soon, after. In about the 
 
78 
 
 year ,1651, the reanng of silkworms again became a subject of interest 
 in Virginia, and premiums were offered for its encouragement ; but it 
 does not appear that the business was. ever prosecuted to any extent. 
 
 The silk fculture was introduced into Louisiana, in 1718, by the 
 "Company of the West." 
 
 In the infant settlement of Georgia, in 1732, a piece of ground be- 
 longing to goyernment was allotted as a nursery plantation for white 
 mulberry trees, and the attention of some of the settlers was soon en- 
 gaged in rearing silkworms^ In 1726, a qnantity of raw silk was 
 raised in that colony, which was manufactured into a piece of stuff, 
 and presented to the queen. 
 
 In 1749, an act of Parliament was passed for encouraging the growth 
 of silk in Georgia and Carolina, exempting the producer from the pay-> 
 ment of duties on importation into London. A bounty was also offered 
 for the production of silk, and a man named Ortolengi, from Italy, was 
 employed to instruct the colonists in the Italian mode of management. 
 A lew years before the Revolution, considerable quantities of raw ma- 
 terial began to be raised, which was said to be equal, in some cases, 
 to the best Piedmont silk, and worked with less waste than the Chinese 
 article. 
 
 In Carolina, the culture was undertaken by the small farmers. In 
 1766, the House of Assembly of this province voted the sum, of ^1,000 
 towards the establishment of a silk filature at Charleston, under the 
 direction of Mr. Gilbert. 
 
 In Connecticut, attention was first directed to the rearing of silk^ 
 worms in 1760. Dr. Aspinwall, of Mansfieldj from motives of pa- 
 triotism, used his best exertions to introduce this important branch of 
 rural economy. He succeeded in forming extensive nurseries of the 
 mulberry at New Haven, Long Island, Pennsylvania, and other places. 
 Half an ounce of mulberry seeds was sent to each parish in the colony, 
 with such directions as his knowledge of the business enabled him to 
 impart. In 1783, the legislature of Connecticut passed an act grant- 
 ing a bounty on mulberiy trees and raw silk. It here may be stated 
 to the honor of Connecticut, that she is the only State in the Union, 
 which has continued the business.without suspension, and probably has 
 produced more silk, from the time of -her commencement up to the 
 year 1830, than all the other States. 
 
 In the year 1769, on the recommendation of Dr. Franklin, through 
 the American Philosophical Society, a filature of raw silk was established 
 in Philadelphia, by private subscription, and placed under the direc- 
 tion of an intelligent and skilful Frenchman, who, it is said, produced 
 samples of reeled silk not inferior in quality to the best from France and 
 Italy. In 1771, the managers purchased 2,300 pounds of cocoons — all 
 the product of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware. The enter- 
 prise was interrupted by the Revolution. A similar undertaking was 
 again attempted in Philadelphia, in 1830, under the supervision of 
 M. J. D'Homergue, and cocoons were brought in abundance to the es- 
 tablishment from various parts of the country, and so continued for some 
 time afterwards ; but, for want of capital, the enterprise failed. 
 
 In about the year 1831, the project of rearing silkworms and estab- 
 
79 
 
 lishing filatures of silk was rene^ved in various parts of the Union 
 and the subject was deeme,dto be of so much importance thatit not only- 
 attracted the attention of Congress, but afterwards received encourage- 
 ment from the legislatures of several States, by bounties offered for 
 all the raw silk prqduced within their limits for, certain periods of time. 
 The business soon began to be prosecuted with extreme ardor, and con- 
 tinued for several years, resulting in the estabhshment of several nurse- 
 ries of^raulberry trqes, and ending in the ^downfall of the famous 
 "Morus Multicaulis speculation," in 1845. 
 
 The amount of raw silk exported from Georgia in 1750 was 118 
 pounds; in 1755, 138 pounds; in 1760, 558 pounds; in 1766, more 
 than 20,.000 pounds; in 1770, 290 pounds. From South Carolina, in 
 1772, 455 pounds. In the year 1765, there were raised on Silk Hope 
 Plantation, in South Carolina, 630 pounds of cocoons; in Mansfield, 
 Connecticut, in 1793, 265 pounds of raw silk; in 1827, 2,430 pounds; 
 in 1831, 10,000 pounds; in Connecticut, in 1844, 176,210 pounds; m 
 the United States, the same year, 396,790 pounds. (See Patent Office 
 Report.) 
 
 According to the Census returns of 1840, the amount of silk cocoons 
 raised in the United States was 61„552| pounds ; of 1850, 10,843 pounds., 
 From the above. It is obvious that the production of cocoons has de- 
 creased, since 1840, 46,789 pounds; and since 1844, 382,027 pounds. 
 
 Sugar. — Sugar, so extensively used in every country of the habitable 
 globe, and forming, as it does, one of our chief staple,s, supphes its com- 
 merciar demand mainly from the juice of the cane, which contains it 
 in greater quantity and purity than any other plant, and offers greater 
 facilities for its extraction. Although sugar, identical in its character, 
 ex;ists in the maple, the cocoanut, and the beet-root, and is economically 
 obtained to a considerable extent, yet it is not often sufficiently pure 
 to admit of ready separation from the foreign matter combined with it, 
 at least by the means the producers usually have at hand. 
 
 The history of cane sugar, like that of many other necessaries of 
 life, is involved in great obscurity. It appears to have been imper- 
 fectly known to the Greeks and Romans, as Theophrastus, who lived 
 320 years before Christ, describes it as a sort of "honey extracted 
 froni canes or reeds." And Strabo, who states on the authority of 
 Nearchus, the commander of the fleet in the expedition of Alexander 
 the Great, says that "reeds in India yield honey without bees." We 
 are also informed that sugar candy has been made in China from very 
 remote antiquity; and that large quantities of it have been exported 
 from India, in all ,ages, whence it is most probable • that it found its 
 way to Rome. 
 
 Sugar cane occurs in a wild state on many of the islands of 
 the Pacific, but in no part of the American Continent, notwithstand- 
 ing a contrary opinion has been expressed. Its cultivation and the 
 manufacture of sugar were introduced into Europe from the East, 
 by the Saracens, soon aftier their conquests, in the ninth century. 
 It is stated by the Venetian historians, that their countrymen imported 
 sugar from Sicily, in the twelfth century, at a cheaper rate than they 
 could obtajn it from Egypt, where it was then extensively made. The 
 
80 
 
 first plantations in Spain were at Valencia, but they were extended to " 
 Granada, Murcia, Portngal, Madeira, and the, Canary islands, as early 
 as the beginning of the fifteenth cenlury; From Gomera, one of these 
 islands, t^e sugar cane was introduced into the West Indies by Colum- 
 bus, in his second voyage to America, in 1493. It, was cultivated to 
 some extent in St. Domingo, in 1506, where it succeeded better than 
 in any of the other islands. In 1518, there were twenty-eight 
 plantations in that colony, established by the Spaniards, where ap aburt- 
 dance oi sugar was made, which, /or a long period formed thq princi- 
 pal part of the European suppUes. Barbadoes, the oldest English set* 
 tlement in the West Indies, began to export sugar iff 1646, and in the 
 year 1676, the trade required four hundred vessels, averaging 150 
 tons burden. 
 
 The introduction of sugar cane into Florida, Texas, California, and 
 Louisiana, probably dates back to their earliest settlement, by the 
 Spaniards or French. It was not cultivated in the latter, however, as 
 a staple product, before the year 1751, when it was introduced with 
 several negroes, by the Jesuits, from St. Domingo. They commenced 
 a small plantationon the banks of the Mississippi, jiist above the old 
 city of New Orleans. The year following, others cultivated the plant, 
 and made some rude attempts at the manufacture of sugar. In 1758, 
 M. Dubreuil established a sugar estate, on a large scale, and erected 
 the first sugar mill in Louisiana, in what is now the lower part of New 
 Orleans. His success was followed by other plantations, and in the 
 year ] 765, there was sugar enough manufactured for home consumption; 
 and in 1770, it had become one of the staple products of the colony. 
 Soon after the Revolution, a large number of enterprising adventurers 
 emigrated from the United States to Lower Louisiana, where, among 
 other objects of industry, they engaged in the cultivation of caaie, and 
 by the year 1803, there were no less than eighty-one sugar estates on 
 the Delta alone. Since that period, while the production of cane sugar 
 has been annually increasing at the South, the manufacture of maple 
 sugar has been extending in the North and West. 
 
 The common sugar cane is a perennial plant, very sensitive to cold, 
 and is therefore restricted in its cultivation to region^ bordering on the 
 tropics, where thei'e is little or no frost. In the Eastern hemisphere its 
 production is principally confined to situations favorable to its growth, 
 being between the fortieth parallel of north latitude and a correspond- 
 ing degree south. On the Atlantic side of the Western Continent it 
 will not thrive beyond the thirty-third degree of north latitude and the 
 thirty-fifth parallel south. On the Pacific side it will perfect its growth 
 some five degrees further north or south. From the flexibility of this 
 plant, it is highly probable that it is gradually becoming more hardy, 
 and will eventually endure an exposure, and yield a profitable return, 
 much further north, along the borders of the Mississippi, and some of 
 its tributaries, than it has hitherto been produced. In most parts of 
 Louisiana the canes yield three crops from one planting. ' The first 
 season it is denominated "plant cane,'* and each of the subsequent 
 growths "ratoons." But sometimes, as on the prairies of Attakapas 
 and OpelousaSi and the higher northern range of its cultivation, it re- 
 
81 
 
 quires to be replaced every year. Within the tropics, as iri the West 
 Indies, and elsewhere, the rat.oons frequently continue to yield abund- 
 antly for twelve, fifteen, and even twenty- four years, from the same robts. 
 
 The cultivation of this plant is principally confined to the West In- 
 dies, Venezuela, Brazil, Mauritius, British India, China, Japan, the 
 Sunda, Philippine, and Sandwich islands, and to the southern districts 
 of the United States. The varieties most cultivated in the latter are 
 the striped blue, and yellow ribbon, or Java; the red ribbon, or 
 violet, from Java; , the Creole crystalline, or Malabar; the Otahfeite, 
 the purple, the yellow, the purple-banded, and the grey canes. The 
 quantity of sugar produced on an acre varies from five hundred to 
 three thousand' pounds ; averaging, perhaps, from eight hundred to one 
 thousand pound* 
 
 Hitherto the amount of sugar and molasses consumed in the United' 
 States has exceeded the quanAty produced; consequently, there has 
 been no direct occasion for their exportation. In the year 1815, it waS 
 estimated that the sugar made on the banks of the Mississippi, alone, 
 amounted to ten million pounds. In 1818, the entire crop of Louisiana 
 was only twenty-five million pounds ; in 1850, it had reached the enol"- 
 mous quantity of 226,001,000 .pounds, besides about twelve million 
 gallons of molasses. 
 
 According to the Census of 1840, the amount of cane and itlaplfe 
 sugar was 165,100,809 pounds", of which 119,947,720 pounds were 
 raised in Louisiana. By the Census of 1850 the cane sugar made in 
 the United States was 247,581,000 pounds, besides 9,700,606 gallons 
 qf molasses; maple sugar, 34,249,886 pounds, amounting to 281,830,- 
 886 pounds, showing an increase, in ten years, of 126,730,077 pounds. 
 
 Hay and Fodder. — The hay and fodder crops, including the dried 
 blades, shucks, and tops of Indian corn, as well as of the succulent corn 
 plants and other green forage, cultivated solely for soiling, or for drying 
 into fodder, chopped straw, the haulm of beans, peas, potatoes, &c., 
 which are by no means inconsiderable, are far the most valuable of any 
 in the United States. The culture of hay is at present principally 
 confined to the eastern, middle, and western States, from which the 
 southern markets are mainly supplied in the form of pressed packages 
 or bales. 
 
 In the earlier settlements of the Atlantic States north of Virginia, the 
 cattle of the inhabitants were chiefly dependent upon the wild indigen- 
 ous grasses — such as the white clover, herd's grass, (red top,) wire 
 grass, Indian grass, (Andropogon,) and the coarser herbage of salt 
 marshes, beaver meadows, and other swampy grounds. In the middle 
 and southern colonies they foraged upon the wild herbage of the coun- 
 try, in the same manner as the existing cattle do on the buffalo grass 
 of Louisiana, Texas, New Mexico, &c., as well as on the leaves, 
 boughs, and fruit of trees. 
 
 The principal indigenous grasses which have been successfully cul- 
 tivated in the United Slates are the Kentucky blue grass, the red top, 
 (herd's grass of Pennsylvania,) the white clover, and the fowl meadow, 
 or bird grass; the latter of which formerly grew in abundance around 
 Massachusetts bay, and was much relished by the cows, horses, hogs, 
 and goats of the early settlers, and upon which they thrived. 
 6 
 
82 
 
 Among the foreign cultivated grasses in this country, the Timothy, 
 (herd's grass of New England,) ranks pre-eminent. It is said to have 
 received the name of Timothy Irom its first introducer into Maryland,' 
 Mr. Timothy Hanson. It is a native of England, and is cultivated as 
 a favorite in Sweden and other parts of northern Europe. The next 
 in extent of cultivation among our forage crops of foreign origin is the 
 common red clover, which is widely naturalized, and is dihgently cul- 
 tivated by all good farmers. The precise period of its introduction is 
 not known; but, on the authority of Watson, in his "Annals of Phila- 
 delphia," John Bartram had fields of it prior to the American Revolu- 
 tion; and, according to Dr. WilUam Darlington, it was introduced 
 into general cultivation in Chester county, Pennsylvania, between the 
 years 1790 and 1800. Its congener, the creeping white clover, indi- 
 genous or naturahzed in Europe, is extensively cultivated in the middle 
 and northern States from imported seed'. The other European grasses, 
 which have been only partially introduced into this country, and which 
 have met with favor, are the cock's-foot, or orchard grass, and the 
 perennial ray grass. The latter affords a tolerably good pasture, and 
 makes a handsome sward for a yard or lawn ; but as a meadow grass 
 fOT hay it is regarded as inferior in value to any of the preceding. 
 
 According to the Census returns of 1840,, the hay crop of the United 
 States was 10,248,108? tons; of 1850, 13,838,579 tons, showing an 
 increase of 3,590,470 tons. 
 
STATEMENT 
 
 OF 
 
 AGREULTURAL PRODUCTIONS, VALUE OF IMPROVED AND UNIM- 
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 IN 
 
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98 
 
 Railroads in the United States. — In no other particular can the pros- 
 perity of a country be more strikingly manifested than by the perfec- 
 tion of its roads and other means of internal communication. The 
 system of railroads, canals, turnpikes, post routes, river navigation, 
 ■ and telegraphs, possessed by the^ United States, presents an indication 
 of its advancement in power and civilization more vs^onderful than any 
 ether feature of its progress. In truth, our country in this respect oc- 
 cupies the first place among the nations of the vs^orld.' 
 ■ From returns received at tnisofficej in reiply to special circulars, and 
 other sources of information, it is ascertained that there were, at the 
 commencement of the year 1852, 10,814 miles of railroads completed 
 and in use; and that 10,898 miles were then in course of construction, 
 with a prospect of being speedily brought into use. While the whole 
 of these 10,898 miles will, beyond reasonable doubt, have been finished 
 within five years, such is the activity with which projects for works of 
 this character are brought forward and carried into effect, that it is not ex- 
 travagant to assume that there wiH be completed within the limits of the 
 United States before»the year 1860 at least 35,000 miles of railroads. 
 
 The Quincy railroad, for the transportation of granite from the quar- 
 ries at Quincy to Neponset river, and the Mauch Chunk railroad, from 
 the coal mines to the Lehigh river, in Pennsylvania, were the first 
 attempts to introduce that mode of transportation in this country ; and 
 their construction and opening, in the years 1826 and 1827, are prop- 
 erly considered the commencement of the American railroad system. 
 From this period until about the year 1848, the progress of the im- 
 provements thus begun was interrupted only by the financial revul- 
 sion which followed the events of 1836 and 1837. Up to 1848, it is 
 stated that about 6,000 miles had been finished. Since that date an 
 addition of 5,000 miles has been made to the completed roads, and, 
 including the present year, new lines, comprising about 14,000 miles, 
 have been undertaken, surveyed, and mostly placed under contract. 
 
 The usefulness and comparative economy of railroads as channels 
 of commerce and travel have become so evident, that they have in 
 some measure superseded canals, and are likely to detract seriously 
 from the importance of navigable rivers for like purposes. In a new 
 country like ours, many items of expense, which go to swell the cost of 
 railroads in England and on the Continent, are avoided. Material is 
 cheap ; the right of way usually freely granted ; and heavy land dam- 
 ages seldom interpose to retard the progress of an important work. It 
 is difiicult to arrive at a clear approximatioh to the average cost of 
 railroad construction in the United Sta,tes. Probably the first import- 
 ant work- of this class undertaken and carried through in the Union 
 was the cheapest, as it has proved one of the most profitable, ever 
 built. This was the road from Charleston, in South Carolina, to Au- 
 gusta, on the Savannah river. It was finished and opened for traffic in 
 1833. The entire expense of building the road and equipping it with 
 engines and cars for passengers and freight was, at the date of its 
 completion, only $6,700 per mile ; and EiU expenditures for repairs 
 and improvements, during the eighteen years that the road has been in 
 operation, have raised the aggregate cost of the whole work to only 
 $1,336,615, or less than $10,000 per mile. 
 
99 
 
 It is estimated that ihe 2,870 miles of raili-oads finished in New Eng- 
 land have cost $132,000,000, which give^n average of nearly $46,000 
 per mile. In the middle States, where the natural obstacles are some- 
 what less, the average expense per mile of the railroads already built 
 is not far from $40,000. Those, now in course of completion — as the 
 Baltimore and Ohio railroad, Pennsylvania Central and other lines, the 
 routes of which cross the Alleghany range of mountains — will probably 
 require a larger proportionate outlay, owing to the heavy expense of 
 grading, bridging, and tunnelling. In those States where land has be- 
 come exceedingly valuable, the cost of extinguishing private titles to the 
 real estate requires, and the damages to property along the routes, 
 form a heavy item in the account'bf general expenses of building rail- 
 roads. In the South and West the case is reversed; there the propri- 
 etors along the proposed hne of a road are often willing and anxious to 
 give as much land as may be needed for its purposes, and accord 
 many other advantages in order to secure its location through or in 
 the vicinity of their possessions. Ip the States lying in the valleys of 
 the Ohio and Mississippi the cost of grading, also, is much less than at 
 the eastward. Where the country is wooded, the timber can be ob- 
 tained at the mere cost of removing it irom the track ; and through 
 prairie districts, Nature seems to' have prepared the way for these struc- 
 tures by removing every obstacle from the surfiice,'while fine quarries 
 of stone are to be found in almost every, region. These favorable cii;- 
 cumstances render the estimate of $20,000 per mile in all the new 
 .States safe and reliable. 
 
 The primary design of nearly all the great lines of railway in the 
 United States has been to connect the seacoast with the distant inte- 
 rior ; to effect which object it was necessary to cross the Alleghanies, 
 which intersect every line of travel diverging to the West from the 
 great commercial cities of the sea board. * 
 
 The ibllowing are some of the vast enterprises which have been un- 
 dertaken to accomplish this great purpose, which have either been fin- 
 ished or are in such a state of progress as leaves no doubt of their 
 being brought, to a successful issue within a few years : 
 
 First. The railroads C9nnecting Portland, the commercial capital of 
 Maine, with the British provinces, and through their' public works, the 
 St. Lawrence river* and the lakes, with the western States of the 
 Union. 
 
 Second. The railroads from Boston westward, connecting at Albany 
 with the roads of central New York, and, by the more northern route, 
 traversing New Hampshire and Vermont, continuing towards the West 
 by the Ogdensburg railroad, and bringing Montreal, the chief commer- 
 cial city of Upper Canada, into communication with the capital of New 
 England. 
 
 Third. The New York and Erie railroad, extending from New 
 York city to Lake Erie, and intended to form a part of a continuou.^ 
 line from the Hudson to the Mississippi — a project likely to be effected : 
 within the ensuing ten years. 
 
 Fourth. - The Pennsylvania Central railroad, from Philadelphia, to ■ 
 Pittsburg, with numerous diverging branches, to points north and 
 south of the general dii-ection. This great route will reach St. Louis 
 
100 
 
 by a nearly due "wtst course through Ohio, Indiana, a,nd Illinois. The 
 Pennsylvania section will beftompleted about the end of 1862. 
 
 Fifth. The Baltimore and Ohio railroad, one of the most magnifi- 
 cent works of the day, will pass from Baltimore through Maiyland 
 and Virginia to Wheeling, on the Ohio. At the latter point, it will 
 form, a connexion with the system of roads traversing the West and 
 Northwest. It crosses the AUeghanies by the most favorable passes, 
 "atid, to avoid a very high grade, a tunnel has been cut, perhaps the 
 longest arid most expensive in the world. 
 
 Sixth. The roads proposed to be constructed under authority of 
 Virginia, and already commenced, intended to establish communica- 
 tion between tide-water and the inferior, and southwestern parts of 
 that State, and to continue the same through Tennessee to the Missis- 
 sippi. These routes pass through the mount^ains at the southeast cor- 
 ner of Virginia) and the works are in a state of less forwardness than 
 those upon any other of the great lines referred to in this connexion. 
 
 Seventh. The several lines of'raioad from Charleston and Savan- 
 nahy penetrating South Carolina and Georgia, concentrating in north- 
 eastern Alabama, and reaching the level region of the Mississippi by 
 the valley of the Tennessee river. TBese roads, by their western con- 
 tinuation, will intersept lines running ro every important point between 
 the mountains and t^ Mississippi. 
 
 Eighth. The Mobile and Ohio railroad, from the Mexican gulf to 
 Cairo, on the Ohio river, and thence by the Illinois Central railroad to 
 the lakes, a distance in a straight line of about eleven hundred miles. 
 
 It will be seen at a'glance that the leading idea in all these vast enter- 
 prises was to overcome the barrier presented by this chain of mount- 
 airts, to a direct and unrestricted intercourse between the sea board 
 and the West, and to supply the want of those natural channels of com- 
 merce, navigable rivers, extending into the section we desire to reach. 
 The enormous aggregate of expense of the numerous works specified 
 above, undertaken with this one object, and their importance as public 
 improvements, maybe estimated fi-om the following brief notice of the 
 New York and Erie railroad, which occupies the third place in our 
 preceding enumeration : The longest continuous line of railroad in the 
 world, and that in the construction of which the greatest natural obsta- 
 cles have been overcome, is that which extends frorft the Hudson river, 
 tiarough the southern counties of New York, to Lake Erie. Its length 
 is four hundred and sixty-nine iniles, and it has branches of an addi- 
 tional length of sixty-eight miles. Nearly its whole course is through 
 a tegion of mountains. The bridges by which it is carried over the 
 Delaware and Susquehannah rivers, and other streams, and the viaducts 
 upon which it crosses the valleys that intercept its route, are among the 
 noblest monuments of power and skill to be ibund in our country. The 
 most of these works are of heavy masonry ; but one of them is a wooden 
 bridge, one hVindred and eighty-seven feet in height, with one arch, the 
 span of which is two hundred and seventy-five feet. One of the via- 
 ducts is twelve hundred feet long, and one hundred and ten feet high. 
 
 The aggregate cost of this important work was $Q3,580,000, and 
 the expense of construction was $42,333 per mile. The road was 
 ■ originally suggested in 1829; a company Was organized in 1833; it 
 was finished in May, 1851, and opened with great ceremony for travel 
 
101 
 
 and transportation in that month. The State advaTTced three millions 
 of dollars towards the work, and afterwards released the^ompany from 
 the obligation to pay the loan. It will be seen that the execution of this 
 great work was pursued through nineteen years, and was not accom- 
 plished without calling into requisition both the resources of the State 
 and the means of her citizens. 
 
 The following table presents, in a convenient form, some of the prin- . 
 cipal facts connected, with rail^ads in the United States on the' first 
 January, 1852: ^ . • 
 
 States with railroads, in operation, 
 or in process of oonstruetiori. 
 
 a i 
 
 So 
 
 on CJ -H 
 
 nsfi 
 
 5.2 
 
 » a 
 
 o 
 >n 
 
 CD 
 
 Ph 
 
 ••§■1 
 
 .a § 
 
 I- 
 
 Maine 
 
 • New Hampshire . . 
 
 Vermont 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 Rhode Island 
 
 Connecticut J 
 
 New York 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Delaware 
 
 Maryland . 
 
 Virginia 
 
 Nprth Carolina 
 
 South Carolina 
 
 Georgia 
 
 Alabama - 
 
 Mississippi --.• 
 
 Louisiana . 
 
 Texas 
 
 3J5 
 
 489 
 
 380 
 
 ,089 
 
 50 
 
 547 
 
 ,826 
 
 226 
 
 ,146 
 
 45 
 376 
 478 
 249 
 340 
 7(4 
 121 
 
 93 
 
 63 
 
 127 
 
 47 
 
 59 
 
 67 
 
 32 
 
 261 
 
 745 
 
 111 
 
 774 
 
 11 
 
 125 
 
 8]8 
 
 385 
 
 298 
 
 229 
 
 190 
 
 273 
 
 Kentucky . 
 Ohio 
 
 Michigan . . 
 
 Indiana 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Missouri 
 
 Wisconsin.. 
 
 112 
 
 93 
 828 
 427 
 600 
 176 
 
 32 
 
 748 
 
 414 
 
 1,892 
 
 20 
 
 915 
 
 1,409 
 
 515 
 
 421 
 
 30, 000 
 
 9,280 
 
 9, 056 
 
 7,800 
 
 1, 3(16 
 
 4,674 
 
 46, 000 
 
 8,320 
 
 46, 000 
 
 2,120 
 
 9,356 
 
 61, 352 
 
 45, 000 
 
 24, 500 
 
 58,000 
 
 50, 722 
 
 47, 156 
 
 46, 431 
 
 237, 321 
 
 45, 600 
 
 37, 680 
 
 39, 964 
 
 56,243 
 
 33, 809 
 
 55, 405 
 
 67j 380 
 
 53,924 
 
 583, 188 
 317,964 
 314,120 
 994, 499 
 147,544 
 370,791 
 
 3,097,394 
 489,555 
 
 2,311,786 
 
 91, 535 
 
 583, 035 
 
 1,421,661 
 868, 903 
 668, 507 
 905, 999 
 771,671 
 606j 555 
 517,739 
 212,592 
 
 1,002,625 
 982, 405 
 
 1,980,408 
 B97, 654 
 988, 416 
 851,470 
 682, 043 
 305, 191 
 
 19.44 
 34.26 
 34.68 
 127.49 
 112. 97 
 79.33 
 67.33 
 58.84 
 50.25 
 43.17 
 62.31 
 2^17 
 19.30 
 27.28 
 15.62 
 15.21 
 12.86 
 11.15 
 
 0.89 
 21.98 
 26.07 
 49. 55 
 
 7.07 
 29. 23 
 15.36 
 10.12 
 
 5.65 
 
 10,843 
 
 10, 898 
 
 Since the first edition of this report was put to press, information has 
 been received^ tending to prove that 2,500 miles of railroad, in progress 
 at the beginining of 1852, had been completed during the yea», and that 
 3,652 miles of new road had been placed under contract, making the 
 aggregates o"f 13,266 miles of railroad in operation, and 12,681 miles 
 in progress, on the 1st of January, 1853. These facts display a ratf of 
 increase in the extension of the railroad system greater than the expe- 
 rience of former years had authorized us tQ.anticipate. New York has 
 3,047 miles of railroad. This is the greatest absolute amount pos- 
 
102 
 
 sessed by an^ State; but Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Ohio exceed 
 it in proportion to their area and population. Several other States — as 
 Illinois, Indiana, Georgia, South Carolina, and Wisconsin — have a 
 greater extent of railway accommodation, according to population, 
 than New York. Of the southern States, Georgia, Alabama, and Mis- 
 sissippi are proceeding most rapidly in the construction of these im- 
 provements. In the North, Illinois and Ohio take the lead of all other 
 States. But it will be more satisfactlty to copy in this place a table, 
 exhibiting the progress which each State is making, and has made, in 
 such enterprises. It is extracted from the American Railroad Journal, 
 and has been scrutinized with great care, and is believed to be a state- 
 ment as nearly the exact as any that can be made. 
 
 Tahle showing the nwriber of miles of railroad in operation, and in course 
 of construction, in each State of the Union, on the first of January, 1863. 
 
 States. 
 
 No. of miles in 
 operation. 
 
 No. of miles in 
 progress. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Maine 
 
 New Hampshire 
 
 Vermont 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 Rhode Island 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 New York 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 Delaware 
 
 Maryland 
 
 Virginia 
 
 North Carolina 
 
 South Carolina 
 
 Georgia 
 
 Florida 
 
 Alabama 
 
 Mississippi 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 Texas '^..■. 
 
 Tennessee .•. 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Indiana 
 
 Michigan 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Missouri 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 394 
 
 500 
 
 427 
 
 1,140 
 
 50 
 
 627 
 
 2,123 
 
 254 
 
 1,244 
 
 16 
 521 
 624 
 249 
 599 
 857 
 
 23 
 256 
 
 95 
 
 ^3 
 
 32 
 185 
 
 94 
 
 1,385 
 
 755 
 
 427 
 
 296 
 
 Total. 
 
 50 
 
 13,266 
 
 111 
 42 
 
 66 
 
 32 
 198 
 924 
 
 85 
 903 
 
 11 
 
 610 
 248 
 296 
 691 
 
 728 
 875 
 200 
 
 509 
 
 661 
 
 1,755 
 
 979 
 
 1,772 , 
 515 
 470 
 
 12,681 
 
 505 
 542 
 427 
 
 1,206 
 
 82 
 
 -825 
 
 3,047 
 339 
 
 2,147 
 
 ' 27 
 
 521 
 
 1,234 
 497 
 895 
 
 1,548 
 23 
 964 
 970 
 263 
 32 
 694 
 755 
 
 3,140 
 
 1,734 
 427 
 
 2,068 
 515 
 520 
 
 25,947 
 
103 
 
 Measures are in progress for establishing railroads in California, 
 with the object of connecting San Francisco with some of the principal 
 towns of the State; and no doubt, ere the lapse of many years, that 
 important division of the Union will be in possession of as large a pro- 
 portion of these facilities for travel and business as her population and 
 resources require. 
 
 From the brief sketch of American railroads should not be excluded 
 some mention of several projects which are not only closely connected 
 with the interests of the United^tates, but possess something of national 
 importance. The first of these, in point of vastness of design, is the 
 e^nterprise of building a railroad from the Mississippi river to the Pacific 
 ocean. The routes proposed in this great work are almost as numerous 
 as the persons who claim the merit of having first suggested and brought 
 forward the scheme of thus completing the chain of railroad connexion 
 between the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the Union. Although the 
 importance of such a work to the prosperity of the nation cannot be 
 doubted, there is reason to suppose that many years wiU elapse before 
 the resources of the country will be found, sufficient for its accomplish- 
 ment. No scientific survey of any route west of the frontier of Mis- 
 souri has been made, but it is not probable that any could be found 
 that would bring the line of travel be^een the Mississippi and the 
 ocean within the limit of 1,600 miles. ' 
 
 The natural obstacles to be overcome are the Rocky mountains and 
 the Sierra Nevada, the deserts Ijetween the Missouri and the former 
 chain, and those of the great basin, the flying sands, and the wa»t of 
 timber. Further explorations mp,y lead to the discovery of means to 
 overcome these difficulties. Should the cost not exceed the average of 
 western roads, it would' form no objection to the enterprise, since it 
 would be only about $32,000,000, or only twenty-five per cent, more 
 than has been expended upon the Erie railroad — ^less than fifty per 
 cent, greater than the aggregate expenditure upon the Baltimore and 
 Ohio railroad, and not two-thirds of that incurred by the State of 
 Massachusetts on her railroads. And even though the average cost 
 should be as heavy as that of the most expensive roads in the country — 
 those of New England, for example — the aggregate expenditure required 
 for the completion of this great national enterprise would not exceed 
 $72,000,000, which is not a larger sum than has been invested in such 
 improvements in England in a single year. The only question, then, 
 affecting the probability of the construction of the Pacific railroad is 
 that of practicability. . r 
 
 This can only be determined by thorough surveys of some or all of 
 the routes proposed, firom the valley of the Rio Grande, the Arkansas, 
 the Missouri, and the upper Mississippi. If this road were completed, 
 and the route continued westward by steamship to Calcutta, it would 
 reduce the time required for the circuit of the globe, by the American 
 overland route, to ninety-three days, as follows : 
 
104 
 
 From New York to San Francisco 4 days. 
 
 San Francisco to Hong-Kong 25 " 
 
 Hong-Kong to Calcutta , 6 " 
 
 Calcutta to Bombay 13 " 
 
 Bombay to England 35 " 
 
 London to New York. 10 « 
 
 93 days, 
 
 ; Another project for connecting, by thcTneans of cheap and rapid con- 
 veyance, the two coasts of our confederacy, which deserves, as it has 
 received, very great attention, is the proposition to build a railroad 
 across the isthmus of Tehuantepec, in Mexico. The difficulties which 
 surround this undertaking are chiefly of a diplomatic character, upon 
 the ultimate decision of which the success of the enterprise depends. 
 An American company has taken the work in hand, and caused a pre- 
 liminary survey to be made, which establishes its feasibility. The 
 length of the road, according to the report of the surveyors, will be 166 
 ^miles from sea to sea; but only about 80 mUes from the head of navi- 
 gable water on either side. $ 
 
 The cost of the road, with all the necessary equipments, station- 
 houses, &c., is estimated at ^7,848,000. The time expected to be 
 required for its construction is three years. With this connecting link 
 of communication completed, the veyage from New Orleans to San 
 Francisco will be performed in eight or nine days. 
 
 ^he subjoined table, prepared for the most part from actual returns, 
 exhibits the amount expended upon roads in opei-ation on the 31st 
 December, 1851: 
 
 New England States $131,940,000 
 
 New York 76,000,000 
 
 New Jersey 9,040,000 
 
 Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia -81,600,000 
 
 North Carolina 3,800,000 
 
 South Carolina 9,860,000 
 
 Georgia 13,000,000 
 
 Mississippi. 1,400,000 
 
 Alabama 2,000,000 
 
 Louisiana 1,000,000 
 
 Tennessee. • 2,000,000 
 
 Kentucky 1,670,000 
 
 Ohio 17,560,000 
 
 Indiana 9,000,000 
 
 Illinois 2,600,000 
 
 Michigan 10,000,000 
 
 Wisconsin 300,000 
 
 Cost of completed railroads in the United States 372,770,000 
 
 Probable cost of those in progress 220,000,000 
 
 Total amount of capital invested in railroads, Decern-* 
 
 berSl, 1851 .*.. 592,770,000 
 
 •tr 
 
105 
 
 For the purpose of comparison with the foregoing, the subjoined 
 statement has been prepared, showing the number of miles of railroads, 
 with their costs, according to the most generally received authorities in 
 all the countries of Europe in which those, improvements have been to 
 any considerable extent introduced : 
 
 1 
 
 MUes. 
 
 Aggregate. 
 
 ., . , — 
 
 Cost' per mile. . 
 
 Great Britain and Ireland 
 
 Gjprman States, including Prus- 
 sia and Austria 
 
 6^890 
 
 5,332 
 
 1,018 
 
 532 
 
 200 
 
 17(^ 
 
 $1,218,000,000 
 
 325,875,000 
 
 238,905,000 
 
 46,288,000 
 
 15,000,000 
 
 15,000,000 
 
 $177,000 
 
 61,000 
 254,000 
 
 France 
 
 Belgium 
 
 49,000 
 
 Russia 
 
 75,000 
 
 -Italy 
 
 88,000 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 14,jl42 
 
 1,859,068,000 
 
 
 The preceding table was made bef^e the opening of the railway 
 from St. Petersburg to Moscowf>which, being nearly 400 miles in 
 length, would add largely to thes^statistics, so far as refers to Russia. 
 In France, also, during the past season, 1,500 miles of railway, in ad- 
 dition to that stated in the table, were opened, making the whole ex- 
 tent of railway in that country, iri July last, about 2,500 miles ; and it 
 is expected that, during the course of the ensuing year, 1,800 miles ad- 
 ditional will be completed^ ' # - 
 
 By these statistics it is made to appear that the average 'cost of 
 European railroads was $130,300 per mile. The average cost of 
 American railroads completed previous to the commencement of the 
 present year was $34,307 per mile. The excess of expenditure, 
 therefore, in the construction of European roads over those in the United 
 States, is $95,993 per mile, or about 280 per cent.; but it may be re- 
 marked that the estimated average cost of construction in the United 
 States of all the roads completed and in progress does not exceed 
 $27,300 per mile; so that the actual excess' is $103,000 per mile. 
 
 The foregoing statements develop the striking" fact that the United 
 States possess an extent of railroad nearly equal to that of the rest of 
 the world combined ; and, at our present rate of progression, we are 
 likely, in a few years, far to exceed it. 
 
 , In the infancy of the American railroad system, a favorite means of ' 
 providing funds for their construction was the advance of loans from 
 the treasuries of the respective States in which they were situated; but 
 this plan has been superseded by the use of private capital, and, within 
 the last ten years, frequent recourse has been had to the expedient of 
 loans and subscriptions by counties, cities,' and towns through which 
 the roads pass'. Loaris of this character, however, are in all cases 
 made under the sanction of authority conferred by the State legisla- 
 tures. The bonds representing these transactions with the stocks of 
 
106 
 
 the companies have been estimated to amount to $300,000,000. This 
 sum may be assumed as the amount of the capital invested in those 
 roads now in progress, and those which may have been completed 
 since the opening of the year. If, then, we add this sum to the esti- 
 mated cost, of the roads finished in December, 1851, we shall have 
 $672,770,000 as the total amount of investments in railroads in the 
 United States. * 
 
 "From the jjest data accessible at thisjfime, we prepare the following 
 table, representing the financial condition of some of the railroads of 
 the States, selected as affording a* fair exemplification of the whole 
 system in this country : * ^ . ^, 
 
 Length of|Aggregate cost, 
 roads. 
 
 * Massachusetts . 
 
 New- York 
 
 . Georgia , 
 
 1,089 
 
 1,826 
 
 754 
 
 $56^595,288 
 76,000',000 
 13,000,000 
 
 Net income. 
 
 3,260,670 
 1:,0*2"3,000 
 
 Declared 
 dividends. 
 
 6.2 
 
 5 
 
 7.5 
 
 Estimated ac- 
 tual profits. 
 
 7.5 
 
 9.44 
 10 
 
 The figures under the head of "estimated actual profits" present 
 the assumed net income after the addition to the amount of the divi- 
 dends of the surplus earnings, reserved profits, and all receipts in ex- 
 cess of expenditure not included inwhe calculation of which the divi- 
 dend is a result. 
 
 The rates of fare on our raihoads are lower than on those of any 
 country of which wdlhave returns, affording the means of comparison. 
 In New England, the average rate per mile is slightly over two cents ; 
 from New York to Washington, it is three cents and a half per mile. 
 From New York to Cincinnati, the railroad and steamboat fare together 
 is less than two cents per mile. From New York to Albany, the price 
 of passage is a fraction over one cent per mile, and the average rate 
 upon all the New York raOroads has been stated at two cents and one- 
 fifth per mile. 
 
 Telegraphs. — As telegraphs have formed a subject of inquiry, it is 
 deemed proper to present some account of the information obtained 
 respecting this recent but widely extended and daily enlarging means 
 of communication. At the present time it is a subject engrossing much 
 of the attention of our own citizens, and frequent apphcations are made 
 to this office, firom foreign countries, for information regarding the 
 minvticR of the system as conducted in the United States. 
 
 Here, the telegraphic system is carried to greater extent than in any 
 other part of the world, and the numerous lines now in full operation 
 form a net-work over the length and breadth of the land. They are not 
 confined to the populous regions of the Atlantic coast, but extend far 
 into the interior, cumlj^e sides of the- highest mountains, and cross the 
 almost boundless prairies ; and ia a few years a continuous communi- 
 cation will be established between the capital of the nation and the 
 
107 
 
 shores of the Pacific, as It now exists between the Atlantic, the great 
 . lEikes, and the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 It is to American ingenuity that we owe the practical" application of 
 the magnetic telegraph- for the purpose of communication between dis- 
 tant points, and it has been perfected and improved mainly by Ameri- 
 can science and skill. While the honor is due to Professor Morse for 
 the practical apphcation and successful prosecution of the telegraph, it 
 Is mainly owing to the researches and discoveries of Professor Henry, 
 and other scientific Americans, tjiat he was enabled to perfect so valu- 
 able an invention. . % 
 
 The first attempt which was mSde to render electricity available for 
 the transmission of signals, of which, weihave any account, was that of , 
 Le Sage, a Frenchman, in 1774. From that time to the present, there 
 have been numerous inventions and experiments to effect this object; 
 and from 1820 to 1850, there wer8 no less, than sixty-three claimants 
 for different varieties of telegraphs. We wUl direct attention only to 
 those of Morse, Bain, arid House, they being the only kinds used in 
 this country. 4; 
 
 During the summer of 18.32, Professor S. F. B. Morse, an American, 
 conceived the idea of an electric or electro-magnetic telegraph, and, 
 after numerous experiments, announced his invention to the public in 
 • April, 1837. 
 
 On the 10th of March, 1837, Hon. Levi Woodbury, then Secretary 
 of the Treasuiy, issued a circular requesting information in regard to 
 the propriety of establishing a system of telegraphs for the United 
 States, to which Professor Morse replied, giving an account of his in- 
 vention, its proposed advantages and probable expense. At that time 
 he " presumed five words could be transmitted in a minute." Professor 
 Morse having petitioned Congress for aid to enable him to test the prac- 
 tical operation of his invention, an appropriation of $30,000 was made 
 for this purpose; and in June, 1844, he erected the first telegraphic 
 line in the United States, between Washington and Baltimore, a length 
 of 40 miles. 
 
 This hne was extended to Philadelphia and New York, a distance of 
 250 miles. It reached Boston in 1845, and became the great line of 
 the North, from which branched two others, one from Philadelphia to 
 Pittsburg, Cincinnati, and St. Louis, 1,000 miles; the other from New 
 York to Albany, Buffalo, Cleveland, Chicago, and Milwaukie, 1,300 
 miles. Another hne,fl,395 miles in length, connects Buffalo, Niagara, 
 Toronto, Montreal, Quebec, and Halifax. 
 
 Two lines run south to New Orleans — one from New York, Washing- 
 ton, and Charleston, 1,966 miles — ^the other from Cleveland, Ohio, and 
 Cincinnati, via Nashville, 1,200 miles long. 
 
 The only line constructed with government aid was that connecting 
 the cities of Washington and Baltimore. The others have been estab- 
 lished by private enterprise. This line is at present, perhaps, the best 
 appointed and most rehable in the world. The following table exhibits 
 the annual receipts of the "Magnetic Telegraph Company," extending 
 
108 
 
 from Washington to New York, which was the first organized in this 
 country : 
 
 From January 27, 1846, to July 1, 1846 $4,228 77 
 
 " July 1, 1846, to July 1, 1847 32,810 28 
 
 " " 1847, " 1848 62,252 81 
 
 " " 1848, " 1849 63,367 62 
 
 "? " 1849, " 1850 61,383 98 
 
 " 1850, " 1851 67,737 12 
 
 " » 1851, « 1852 103,860 84 
 
 ■f:. . '■■■(• 
 
 Total amount received up iojalj, 1852 385,641 42 
 
 « .. ** *' ... '. 
 
 ^1 The number of messages sent over this line in the last six months 
 
 was 154,514, producing $68,499 23, 
 
 The amount of businessji which a well-conducted office can perform 
 is immense. Nearly seven hundred messages, exclusive of those for 
 the press, were sent in one day'over the Morse Albany line ; and a few 
 days after, the Bain line at Boston sent and received five hundred com- 
 munications. Another office, with two wires — one five hundred, the 
 other two hundred rpiles in length — after spending three hours in the 
 transmission of public news, telegraphed, in a single day, four hundred 
 and fifty private messages, averaging twenty-five words each, besides 
 the address, sixty of which were sent in succession, without a word 
 of repetition. 
 
 The apparatus cannot be worked suceessfully without skilful ope- 
 rators, good batteries and machines, and thorough insulation of the 
 conductors. The expense of copper wire, wh^h was at Gist used, has 
 caused it to be superseded by iron, which is'^und to answer the pur- 
 pose as well, though it is requisite to give the iron wire six times the 
 weight of a copper one, to gain the same conducting power with equal 
 lengths. About two hundred andfift;y pounds of iron wire are required 
 to a mile. Its insulation is eflfected by winding it around or passing it 
 through caps or knobs of glass, or well-glazed stoneware, or enclosing 
 it with gutta percha. The wires are generally supported on spars or 
 posts, from twenty to thirty feet in height, nine inches in diameter at 
 the base, four and a half at the top, set in the ground five feet deep, 
 and placed from twelve to fifteen rods apart. 
 
 Although the wires have been buried m the earth, in some countries, 
 and experiments tried here to efiect this object,"Jt would appear, from 
 the latest information received, that this method is unsuccessfiil, and 
 will be relinquished. 
 
 The cost of construction, including wire, posts, labor, &c., is about 
 one hundred and fifty dollars per mile. 
 
 The only constant and economical battery used in the United States 
 is Grove's, consisting of cups of zinc, with strips of platinum, in an 
 earthenware or porcelain cup, which cup is filled with nitric acid and 
 ,is placed inside of the zinc cup, in a tumbler containing diluted sul- 
 phuric acid. The main battery on a line, (from four to fifty cups,) re- 
 quires renewing once in every two weeks, and daily in unfavorable 
 weather and in local batteries of two or three cups. 
 
109 
 
 The earth itself has been made to furnish a supply of electric force ; 
 a single pair of zinc and copper plates buried sufficiently deep below the 
 surface to be in the wet sub'Soil, will cause a current of low intensity. 
 The earth acts as the return wire to any given nunjber of distinct 
 wires, without in the least aiFecting the regularity of the action of any 
 of them. 
 
 The average performance of the Morse instruments is to transmit 
 from eight thoiisand to nine thousand letters per hour. The usual 
 charge of transmission is twenty-five "cents for ten words, or less, sent 
 one hundred miles. 
 
 The following table will show the rates of telegraphic communication 
 bet\yeen the city of Washington and some of the. principal cities of the 
 Union. The distances are given frorii a table prepared at the Post 
 Office Departnient. 
 
 Telegraphic charges from Washington to the following places for mes- 
 sa^s containing ten words or less. 
 
 M 
 
 Places. 
 
 Eates. 
 
 Albany N. Y. . . 
 
 Augusta Me. . . . 
 
 Baltimore ,Md 
 
 Baton Rouge - . -La. . . . 
 
 Boston - . . .. .Mass.. . 
 
 Buffalo :: N. Y... 
 
 Chicago ■-Ill 
 
 Cincinnati Ohio . . 
 
 Cleveland do 
 
 Detroit Mich. . . 
 
 Dubuque ^ Iowa . . 
 
 Erie ,Pa 
 
 Frankfort Ky. . . . 
 
 Harrisburg Pa 
 
 Hartford Conn... 
 
 Indianapolis la 
 
 Jackson it .Miss. . . 
 
 LouisvUle Ky. . ... 
 
 Madis&n , Wis 
 
 Memphis. Tenn.. . 
 
 Milwaukie , Wis. . . ', 
 
 Nashville Tenn.. . 
 
 Natchez Miss. . . 
 
 New Albany la 
 
 Newport - — R. I. . . 
 
 New Orleans La. . . . 
 
 New York.. ^. N. Y. . . 
 
 Philadelphia ! Pa 
 
 Pittsburg '. . Pa 
 
 376 
 
 $0 80 
 
 619 
 
 1 15 
 
 40 « 
 
 20 
 
 1,539 
 
 2 25 
 
 448 
 
 75 
 
 703 
 
 90 
 
 1,238 
 
 1 25 
 
 578 
 
 70 
 
 439 
 
 80 
 
 970 
 
 1 00 
 
 1,449 
 
 1 70 
 
 439 
 
 1 00 
 
 669 
 
 2 00 
 
 ' 124 
 
 45 
 
 345 
 
 75 
 
 639 . 
 
 1 00 
 
 1,325 
 
 2 00 
 
 720 
 
 95 
 
 1,413 
 
 1 55 
 
 1,305 
 
 1 70 
 
 1,332 
 
 1 35 
 
 1,142 
 
 1 35 
 
 1,694 
 
 2 05 
 
 723 
 
 1 10 
 
 414 
 
 75 
 
 1,408 
 
 2 20 
 
 232 
 
 50 
 
 142 
 
 30 
 
 307 
 
 45 
 
110 
 
 Telegraphic cAar^g-es— Continued. 
 
 Places. 
 
 Miles. 
 
 Bates. 
 
 Portland 
 
 Portsmouth 
 
 Providence 
 
 
 Me.... 
 
 N. H... 
 
 .. ...R. I 
 
 555 
 503 
 405 
 989 
 861 
 624 
 1,371 
 331 
 112 
 
 $0 95 
 1 00 
 
 75 
 
 St. Louis 
 
 Sr)rinoiield . 
 
 
 Mo 
 
 111. .. 
 
 1 20 
 1 45 
 
 Svracuse 
 
 
 N. Y. .. 
 
 90 
 
 Vicksburg 
 
 Wheeling 
 
 Wilmington 
 
 ..... ....... 
 
 Miss.. . 
 
 Va 
 
 Del.-.. 
 
 2 30 
 50 
 25 
 
 Messages passing from one jvery distant point to another have usually 
 to be re-written at intermediate stations; though, by an improved 
 method, the seaboard line has, in good weather, transmitted communi- 
 cations direct between New York and Mobile — a distance of near 
 1,800 miles — without intermediate re-writing. By the Cincinnati route 
 to New Orleans — a distance of nearly 2,000 miles— the news brought 
 by an Atla^ic steamer at 8 o'clock A. M., has been telegraphed from 
 New York to that distant point, and the effects produced in the market 
 there returnell to New York by 11 o'clock A. M. The Congressional 
 reports from Washington are usually received simultaneously in Balti- 
 more, Philadelphia, and New York ; and all^ jhat is necessary at the 
 intermediate stations is for an operator to be J)resent and receive the 
 message as it is developed on paper by the instruments. 
 
 The electric telegraph has been applied in this country to a new and 
 highly important purpose — that oi the registration of astronomical ob- 
 servations ; thus establishing the best possible means for the determina- 
 tion of the difference of longitude. The observatories in different parts 
 of the country are connected by telegraphic wires ; and the most deli- 
 cate experiments, dependent upon the appreciation of minute portions 
 of time, have been successfiiUy performed. This method has been 
 recently used for the determination of the wave time of electrical cur- 
 rents. 
 
 The great extent of the telegraphic business, and its importance 
 to the community, is shown by a statement of the amount paid ibr 
 despatches by the associated press of New York, composed of the 
 seven principal morning papers — the Courier and Enquirer, Tribune, 
 Herald, Journal of Commerce, Sun, Times,. and Express During the 
 year ending November 1 , 1852, these papers paid nearly fifty thousand 
 dollars for despatches, and about' fourteen thousand dollars ibr special 
 and exclusive messages not included in the expenses of the association. 
 The Morse system is used generally throughout the United States. 
 It is used in Prussia, wherever intelligence is transmitted great dis- 
 tances. The great German- Austrian Telegraphic pnion, comprising all 
 the States of Germany and Austria, after^defiberating in convention at 
 
Ill 
 
 Vienna, came to the conclusion that none but the American system 
 would fully accomplish their object for international correspondence. 
 
 Alexander Bain, a native of Scotland, patented ai\ electro-chemical 
 telegraph on the 12th December^ 1846 ; and another patent was granted 
 to him in connexion with Robert Smith, in October, 1849. The ad- 
 vantages which the inventor attributes to the electro-chemical telegraph 
 are, "1st. More economy and simplicity in the primitive construction. 
 2d. More rapidity in the transmission of despatches. A single wire, 
 with a good insulator, can transmit 1,200 letters a minute. 3d. An 
 electric current, more feeble than ordinary, suffices to cause the appa- 
 ratus to work. 4th. More simplicity and economy in the correspond- 
 ence and superintendence. 5th. Fewer chances of error in the des- 
 patches sent." The Bain telegraph used in this coyntry has been 
 materially improved by Henry J. Rogers. 
 
 The following is a list of the Bain telegraphic lines in the United 
 States : j^^g; 
 
 New York to Boston, (250 miles each) "^j 2 Avires 500 miles. 
 
 Boston to Portland 1 " 100 " 
 
 Boston to Burlington, Vermont, and thence to Og- 
 
 densburg, New York 1 " 350 " 
 
 Troy to Saratoga 1 " 36 " 
 
 New York to Bufialo, (513 miles each) 2 " 1,026 » 
 
 7 " 2,012 « 
 
 Five lines, having seven wires and a length of 2,012 miles. 
 
 The "House printing telegraph" was invented by Royal E. House, 
 a Pennsylvanian, and patented April 18, 1846. 
 
 The first line operating with this instrument was completed in Au- 
 gust, 1850, by the Boston and New York Telegraph Company, between 
 those cities. It has been patented in England by Jacob Brett, 
 
 The difference between Morse's and House's telegraph is, principally, 
 that the first traces at the distant end what is marked at the other; while 
 House's does not trace at either end, but makes a signal of a letter at 
 the distant end which 'has been made at the other, and thus, l)y new 
 machinery, and a new power of air and axial magnetism, is enabled 
 to print the signal letter at the last end, and this at the astonishing rate 
 of sixty or seventy strokes; or breaks, in a second, and at once records 
 the information, by its own machinery, in printed letters. Morse's is 
 less complicated, and more easily understood; while House's is very 
 difficult to be comprehended in its operations in detail, and works with^ 
 the aiddition of two more powers — one air, and the other called axial 
 magnetism. One is a tracing or writing telegraph; the other, a signal 
 and printing telegraph. 
 
 The Allowing are the House lines in operation : 
 
 The Boston and New York Telegraph Company; two wires; length, 
 600 miles. 
 
 A fine is being constructed to connect -wjith the Boston line, runmng 
 from Springfield, Massachusetts, to Albany, New York, there to inter- 
 
112 
 
 sect the New York and Buffalo line,. using the same instruments, ex- 
 tending frojtn New York to Buffalo, a distance of 570 rniles. 
 
 One wire is now in operation, connecting with Poughkeepsief, Troy, 
 Albany, Utica, Syracuse, Lyons, Rochester, Albion, Lockport, and 
 Buffalo. The same line to continue to St. Louis, Missouri, connecting 
 with Cleveland, Cincinnati, and Louisville, will soon be completed, 
 forming the longest line in the' world under the direction of one com^ 
 p%ny, the whole length being 10§)6 miles. 
 
 ' The New Jersey Magnetic Telegraph Company, using House in- 
 struments, extends from Philadelphia to New York, two wires, 132 
 miles each. lA hne also extends south to Baltimore and Washington. 
 The whole length of House lines in the United States is about 2,400 
 miles. ' • 
 
 List of Telegraphs in the United States. 
 
 Wires. 
 
 Miles. 
 
 3 
 
 250 
 
 2 
 
 250 
 
 1 
 
 250 
 
 1 
 
 100 
 
 1 
 
 100 
 
 1 
 
 350 
 
 1 
 
 350 
 
 1 
 
 34 
 
 1 
 
 97 
 
 1 
 
 74 
 
 3 
 
 513 
 
 2 
 
 550. 
 
 1 
 
 150 
 
 1 
 
 36 
 
 1 
 
 40 
 
 2 
 
 550 
 
 1 
 
 440 
 
 1 
 
 460 
 
 7 
 
 260 
 
 1 
 
 100 
 
 1 
 
 260 
 
 2 
 
 800 
 
 2 
 
 250 
 
 1 
 
 400 
 
 1 
 
 410 
 
 2 
 
 150 
 
 Total miles 
 of wiie. 
 
 New York and Boston Telegraph Co 
 
 Merchants' Telegraph Co., N. Y. and Boston. 
 
 House's Printing Telegraph. 
 
 Boston and Portland 
 
 Merchants' Telegraph Co., (Boston and Port- 
 land) 
 
 Portland to Calais 'i 
 
 Boston to Burlington, Vt., and thence to Og- 
 densburg, N. Y. 
 
 Boston to Newburyport 
 
 Worcester to New- Bedford 
 
 Worcester to New London 
 
 New York, Albany, and Buffalo 
 
 N. Y. State Telegraph Co., N. Y. to Buffalo. . . 
 
 Syracuse to Ogdensburg 
 
 Troy to Saratoga 
 
 Syracuse to Oswego 
 
 House Telegraph Co., New York to Buffalo. . 
 
 N. Y. and Erie Telegraph, N. Y. to Dunkirk. . 
 
 N. Y. and Erie Railroad Telegraph, New York 
 and Dunkirk 
 
 Magnetic Telegraph Co., N. Y. to Washington . 
 
 House Line, New York to Philadelphia 
 
 Troy, and Canada Junction Telegraph Co., 
 Troy and Montreal.- .'. . 
 
 Erie and Michi|;an Telegraph Co., Buffalo to 
 Milwaukie .'. 
 
 Cleveland to Cincinnati 
 
 Cincinnati to St. Loui's, via Indianapolis , 
 
 Cincinnati to St. Louis, via Vincennes 
 
 JJleveland and Pittsburg 
 
 750 
 600 
 250 
 100 
 
 100 
 350 
 
 350 
 
 34 
 
 97 
 
 74 
 
 1,539 
 
 1,100 
 
 150 
 
 36' 
 
 40 
 
 1,100 
 
 440 
 
 460 
 
 1,820 
 
 100 
 
 g60 
 
 1,600 
 500 
 400 
 410 
 300 
 
lis 
 
 List of Telegraphs in the United States — Continued. 
 
 Wires, 
 
 Miles. 
 
 Total miles 
 of wire. 
 
 Cleveland and Za«esville ! 
 
 LaJke Erie Telegraph Co., Buffalo to Detroit. 
 
 Cincinnati and Sandusky city , '. 
 
 Toledo and Terre Haute 
 
 Chicago and St. Louis ^ . . 
 
 Milwaukie and Green Bay 
 
 Milwaukie and Galena 
 
 CMcago' to Galena, Whitewater and Dixon . . 
 
 Chicago and Janesville. j._. 
 
 BlifFalo and Canada Junction Telegi;aph (^. 
 New York and New Orleans, by Charlestoii.«. 
 
 Harper's Ferry to Winchester, Virginia 
 
 Baltimore to Cumberland 
 
 Baltimore to Harrisburg 1 . . 
 
 York and Lancaster 
 
 Philadelphia and Lewistown, Delaware 
 
 Philadelphia and New York * 
 
 Philadelphia and Pittsburg 
 
 Philadelphia and Pottsville 
 
 Reading and Harrisburg a- 
 
 Troy and Whitehall V" " "^^ 
 
 Auburn andElmira. ., — #. ..'... 
 
 Pittsburg and Cincinnati .' — 
 
 Columbus and Portsmouth, Ohio , . 
 
 Columbia and New Orleans - 
 
 New Orleans to Balize 
 
 Cincinnati and Mays viUe, Kentucky 
 
 Alton and Galena. . - — : '. 
 
 St. Louis and Independence 
 
 St. Louis and Chicago 
 
 Newark and ZanesvUle, , 
 
 Mansfield and Sandusky. 
 
 Columbus and Lancaster, Ohio 
 
 Lancaster, and Logan. ■ — 
 
 Cincinnati to Dayton. 
 
 Zanesville and Marietta 
 
 Dunkirk, New York, and Pittsburg. 
 
 Camden and Cape May, New Jersey 
 
 Camden and Mount Holly, New Jersey 
 
 New York and Sandy Hook - • 
 
 Cleveland and New Orleans, by Cincinnati. . . 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1*1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1* 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 ,1 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 89 
 
 150 
 400 
 
 ,,, 218 
 
 4aop 
 
 400 
 200 
 250' 
 ''310 
 100 
 
 200, 
 1,966 
 
 32 
 
 324 
 72 
 22 
 12 
 
 120 
 
 309 
 98 
 51 
 72 
 75 
 
 810 
 90 
 
 688 
 90 
 60 
 
 380 
 25 
 
 330 
 40 
 40 
 30 
 26 
 
 100 
 66 
 
 200 
 
 : 100 
 
 25 
 
 80 
 
 1,200 
 
 16,735 
 
114 
 
 The telegraphs in England are the next in importance and extent to 
 those in this country. They were first established in 1845, and there 
 are about 4,000 miles of wire now in operation. 
 , The charge for transmission of despatches is much higher than in 
 America, one penny per word being charged for the first fifty miles, 
 and one farthing per mile for any distance beyond one hundred miles. 
 A message of twenty words can be sent a distance of 500 miles in the 
 United>States for one dollar, while in England the same would coSit 
 seven dollars. 
 
 In June, 1852, the submarine telegraph between Dover and Ostend 
 was completed, and on the 1st of November the first electric commu^ 
 nication was established direct between Great Britain and the Conti- 
 nent of 'iSurope. By a line of wires between London and Dover, via 
 Doncaster and Canterbury, in connexion with the submarine cable 
 across the Straits of Dover, instantaneous communication is obtained 
 between London, Paris, Sweden, Trieste, Cracow, Odessa, and Leghorn. 
 The wires are also bein^carried onward to St. Petersburg ; ^so to 
 India, and into Africa. 
 
 A project has been formed for constructing a submarine telegraph 
 betw'een Great Britain and the United States. It is proposed to "com- 
 mence at the most northwardly point of Scotland, run thence to the 
 Orkney islands, ajid' thence by short water Hnes to the Shetland and the 
 Feroe islands. From the latter, a W^ter line of 200 miles conducts the 
 telegraph to Iceland, thence to Greenland, and across Davis's straits to 
 Byron's Bay, on the coast of Labrador. The entire length of the hne 
 is estimated at 2,500 miles-T- the submarine portions of it at 1,500 miles; 
 and t^e expense of th#1 great international work is estimated at 
 £500,000. .> ^ » 
 
 Another enterprise has been actually started, with every prospect of 
 consummation. A portion of the .line is being prosecuted with vigor, 
 and the company propose transmitting intelligence be^een the Old and 
 New Worlds in four or five days. A charter has been granted by the 
 British Colonial government to the "Newfoundland Electric Company," 
 with a capital of ^100,000, to construct a Hne of telegraph fi-om Halifax, 
 N, S., to Cape Race, touching at Bt, John, crossing the island of New- 
 foundland to Cape Ray,'lhence, by a submarine line of 149 miles, to cross 
 the Gulf of St. Lawrence, a landing being made at Cape East, on Prince 
 Edward's island, and, crossing Northumberland straits by another sub- 
 marine Hne often miles, to land at Cape Torment, in New Brunswick, 
 and so on to the boundary of the United States ; whence, by an inde- 
 pendent line to New York, the connexion is completed. The total dis- 
 tance traversed by this line will be between 1,400 and 1,500 miles, of 
 which 150 are submarine. It is stated that steamers can make ordi- 
 nary passages between Cape Race, Newfoundland, and Galway, 
 L'eland, in -five days. 
 
115 
 
 The following is a list of lines now in operation or construction in 
 Caimda : 
 
 The Montreal Telegraph Company's line extending from Que- 
 bec lo the suspension bridge at Niagara Falls 155 
 
 British North American Electric Telegraph Association, from 
 
 Quebec lo New Brunswick frontier 220 
 
 Montreal and Troy Telegraph Company, from Montreal to New 
 
 York State line 47 
 
 Bytown and Montreal Telegraph Company 115 
 
 "W^estern Telegraph Company, from Hamilton to Port Sarnia, 
 
 at the foot of Lake Huron , . 143 
 
 Niagara and Chippewa line ; . 14 
 
 Brantford to Simcoe and Dover ' 33 
 
 Kingston to Hamilton 256 
 
 Total length in Canada 983 
 
 ' In Prussia the wires are generally buried about two feet below the 
 surface, and carried through rivers in flexible pipes. About 1,700 miles 
 of telegraphic lines are in operation. 
 
 In France there are about 750 miles ; and in Germany about 3,000 
 miles have been completed. • '^ 
 
 In Austria, Saxony, Bavaria, Tuscany, Holland, Italy, Spain, and 
 Russia, great progress has already been made in establishing lines of 
 telegraph, and communication will soon be had between the capitals 
 of all the States in Europe. 
 
 In India, a line has been laid between Calcutta and Kedgeree, 71 
 ■ miles, and an extensive system is projected for that country. The fol- 
 lowing details respecting the telegraph in India is given for the instruc- 
 tion and encouragement of those interested in the construction of lines 
 through somewhat similar regions in our own country. 
 
 From Calcutta to Rajmoole, the conductor is laid under ground, in a 
 cement of melted resin and sand. From that village to Kedgeree, it is 
 carried over ground on bamboo poles, fifteen feet high, coated with 
 coal tar and pitch, and strengthened, at various distances, by posts of 
 willow, teak, and iron wood. The bamboo posts are found to re- 
 sist storms which have uprooted trees, the growth of centuries. 
 Though the bamboo soon decays, yet its amazing cheapness makes 
 the use of it more economical than that of more durable and costly 
 materials. The branch road from Bishlopore to Moyapore passes 
 through a swamp ; the country is little less than a lake for five months. 
 The conductor runs on the foot paths between the island villages, and, 
 tor some miles, crosses rice swamps, creeks, and ponds, on which no 
 road or embankment exists. The most difficult and objectionable line 
 was selected to test the practicability of carrying the conductors 
 through fwampy ground, and it has been perfectly successful. The 
 Huldee river crosses the Kedgeree line halfway, and varies in breadth 
 from 4,200 to 5,800 feet. A gutta percha wire, secured in the angles 
 of a chain cable, is laid across and under this' river ; and the chain is 
 
116 
 
 found to a,ffprd perfect protection from the grapnels of the he^vy native 
 boats which are constantly passing up and down. 
 
 The over-ground hnes differ totally from those in tfse in England and 
 America, or any other countiy, in this important respect. No wire is 
 used. Instead.of wire, a thick iron rod, from three to five-eighths of an 
 inch in diameter, weighing one ton to a mile, is adopted ; the heaviest 
 ■wire elsewhere used, being only 250 pounds to the mile. The ad- 
 vantages of these substantial rods are these: They possess a complete 
 immunity from gusts of wind, or ordinary mechanical violence. If ac- 
 cidentally thro.wn down, they are not injured, though passengers, bul- 
 locksjtji^aloes, and elephants may trample on them- Owing to the 
 mass ofPaetal, they give so free a passage to the electric currents, that 
 no insulation is necessary. They are extended from bamboo to bamboo 
 without any protection, and they work without interruption through the 
 hardest rains. The thickness of the wire allows of their being placed 
 on the post without any occasion for the straining and winding appara- 
 tus, whereas the tension of wires exposes them to fracture, occasions 
 expense in construction, and much difficulty in repairs. The thick rods 
 also admit of rusting without danger', to an extent which would be 
 destructive to a wire. And, lastly, in considering repairs, the rods are 
 but little more costly than small wire, and the welding occasions no 
 di|ficulty. 
 
 The ijpportance of this discovery ef the superiority ofrods over wire 
 will be fully appreciated in a country like India, where the line must 
 often run through a howhng wilderness, tenanted by savage beasts, or 
 more savage men. The lines must therefore protect themselves, and 
 this is secured by the use of thick rode. 
 
 The expense of this experimental line was about $200 a mile. The 
 pecuniary returns were originally calculated at about $90 a month; but 
 they have been more than three times that amount. 
 
 CONCLUSION. 
 
 The balance of the appropriation of 1860 was drawn from the 
 treasury on the 4th of September last. It is believed that the addi- 
 tional sum of $26,000 will be required to complete all the purely sta- 
 tistical portions of the work and prepare the same for the press, and to 
 pay the expenses of superintending the printing of the first volume, and 
 preparing the second volume in the manner proposed in my former re- 
 port, and superintending to its completion the whole work, the further 
 sum, of 126,000 will be required to pay all expenses and complete the 
 work by the close of the next fiscal year. 
 
 The more particular the analysis of the returns of the Seventh Censua, 
 the more interesting do they appear, and the more confident are we of 
 their general correctness and reliability. There is no question but they 
 present the most ample materials for representing, with almost perfect 
 accuracy, the social, civil, and physical condition of the American 
 people. While, in the minutiae of some small details, ingenuity may 
 discover discrepajicies in these returns, as in all others, they present 
 
117 
 
 stich ah array of facfs and body of accurate information relating to oiir 
 people and country as exists respecting no other nation. While the 
 savans of the old world are digging into the ruins of cities, removing 
 kiouritains of sand, and excavating subterranean temples, to discover 
 Ihe niost feeble rays pointing out the histoiy of nations of antiqhity, we 
 possess, respecting our own, archives, of which the like would be 
 sought for in vain in any other country, and which furnish every facility 
 for us to know ourselves, and to transmit our true history to posterity. 
 
 The importance of statistical investigations and pubhcatiohs caiindt 
 be more strongly illustrated than by the examples of those nations of 
 the Old World where the power existed iii the throne to admit of their 
 continuance, or suspend their development, as policy, in view of the 
 existing state of the country, would seem to dictate. Statistical re- 
 searches instituted by Louis XIV. after the treaty of Ryswick, werb 
 annihilated in France when it was necessary to smother the revelation.^ 
 of her decay, as they would be illustrated, during the war of the Spanish 
 Succession, and the disasters of Hochstadt and Ratnillies. The same 
 result was exhibited a century after, when the statistical investigations 
 re-established by the First Consul in 1802, after the peace of Amiens, 
 were not allowed to exist, to make manifest the condition of the country 
 after the catastrophe at Leipzig. 
 
 With reference to the present progress of statistical science in Europe, 
 a late French writer, Moreau de Jonnes, remarks that, " A profound 
 peace, whose duration is unexampled, has caused an admirable emu- 
 lation to spring up among all the nations of Europe, which, to repair 
 the misfortunes occasioned by their former numerous wars, and to 
 attain to greater prosperity, have ardently employed themselves in the 
 cultivation of statistics, which is the ba.sis of enterprise, and from the 
 registers of which they obtain instruction in those things affecting th6 
 welfare of the state and people." One of the best evidences of the 
 trJith of his remarks is furnished by the National Statistical Congress 
 proposed to be held at Brussels in September of 1853 — a meeting re- 
 ferred to in my last report, to be composed of delegates from all na- 
 tjons, the convening of which in 1852, was postponed on account of 
 the unsettled state of European affairs. TheSe illustrations serve to 
 show the value and moral force of statistical revelations, and the duty 
 of a self-governed people, like ours, to sustain them, and to demand a 
 proper publication of their developments, and that it should form a work 
 'easily comprehended in all its parts — one not exclusively for the learnedj 
 but adapted to the wants of all who would wish to consult it. 
 
 The preparation of such a work is not only within the compass of 
 possibility, but, with the means possessed, can be readily accomplished 
 by iidusti-y and a reasonable amount of ability. That the expense 
 necessarily attending the publication has been generally exaggerated,' 
 will appear from an examination of the correspondence relating thereto, 
 which has been transmitted to you. Many great men, as Lavoisier, 
 Vauban, Necker, and Ydiang, for want of better means than they pos- 
 sessed, have made use of much more imperfect data than ours to 
 ^rive, approximately, at the truth; and the character of their data, 
 imperfect as it was admitted to be, did not intimidate them from 
 
118 
 
 making useof the materials they possessed, nor deter their governments 
 from adopting their deductions. Of these permit me to present but One 
 illustration — that exhibited by Lavoisier, to'whom a committee of the 
 National Assembly in France applied, in 1790, for information to enable 
 them to prepare, in accordance with the directions of that body, a 
 rational basis for the establishment of taxes. To meet the wishes of 
 the committee, and to form his calculations respecting the quantity of 
 land cultivated, and the quantities of production and consumption, this 
 learned man used, as a means of arriving at the desired facts, the 
 number of ploughs which was supposed' to exist in each commune. 
 The reisults thus amved at were adopted, and subsequent revelations; 
 made upon more sufficient data, exhibited in them a close and wonder- 
 ful approximation to the truth. Our materials present no such hypo- 
 thetical character, but are deemed generally accurate and rehable, and 
 are of a character to warrant their pubhcation. 
 
 Respectfully submitted: 
 
 I have the honor to be your obedient servant, 
 
 JOS. C. G. KENKEDY. 
 
 Hon. Alex. H. H. Stuart, 
 
 Secretary of the Interior. 
 
 EFFECTS OF IMMIGEATION ON THE ADVANCEMENT OF POPDIATION IN 
 
 THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 The effects of immigration upon the progress of population in the 
 United States is a subject on which considerable difference of opinion 
 has heretofore existed, and in the discussion of which many able pens 
 have been from time to time employed. With a view to the attainment 
 of the greatest possible accuracy, the statement published in the report 
 of 1851, presenting in a tabular form the number of immigrants froiti 
 1790 to 1850, with their natural increase in periods of ten years, has 
 been revised; and the result of the inquiries instituted has been to con- 
 firm the correctness of the results then announced. 
 
 The rule adopted in preparing the statement referred to, for deter- 
 mining the actual increase of immigrants, until they became amalga- 
 mated with the mass of the population, was to assume the rate of in- 
 crease of that class to be equal to one-lialf that of the entire b^dy of 
 white inhabitants, of native and foreign birth. By some this rule has 
 "been thought too liberal towards the class of adopted citizens, and by 
 others it has been thought that its effect is to exaggerate the importance 
 of accessions to our population from this source. Upon the side of 
 those who entertain the former opinion it is urged that the proportion of 
 females among immigrants is much less than among native citizens ; 
 that they suffer hardships in their passage across the ocean, and upon 
 their arrival before they become settled, which render them peculiarly 
 liable to disease, and diminish the average length of liie among them ; 
 and, finally, that the state of poverty which is in so many cases- the 
 motive for leaving the shores of the Old World, continues with males 
 and females of the marriageable ages for so long a period after reach- 
 
119 
 
 iiig the XJnited' States, as to disiacline large numbers of them to the for- 
 mation of family ties. These are considerations tending to show that 
 immigrants are subject to laws of mortality less favorable to length of 
 life than natives of the country, and that their natural increase is re- 
 tarded by circumstances which do not operate upon those among whom 
 they settle. But there are certain facts which counteract the influence 
 of such causes, to which attention is now called. If the proportion of 
 female immigrants to males is less than among natives, the proportion 
 of' those within the limits of the child-bearing age is much greater. If 
 immigrants are subjected to special causes of disease and death, the 
 comparative number of children and aged persons among them — that 
 is, of those who most swell the bills of mortaUty in every country — is 
 "remarkably small. If it be true that many more of the industrial classes 
 of Irishmen, Germans, and other, foreigners remain unmarried to a late 
 age, or throughout life, than among the same classes of the native pop- 
 ulation, it must be remembered that such cases are nearly confined to 
 one sex, and that not the one which directly contributes to popHlation. 
 As illustrations of thdse positions the following table and explanatory 
 remarks are submitted : 
 
 Statement showing the sexes and ages of 245,336 immigrants who arrived 
 at New Yorht Boston, and New Orleans during the year ending Sep- 
 tember 30, 1850, compared with the same number of native white inhabit- 
 ants of the United States. 
 
 
 IMMIGRANTS. 
 
 NATIVE INHABITANTS. 
 
 
 Number. 
 
 Per cent, of 
 the whole 
 number. 
 
 Number. 
 
 Per cent, of 
 the whole 
 number. 
 
 Children under 10 years of age ... .... .-.-. 
 
 32,184 
 22, 996 
 55, 180 
 101, 021 
 68,253 
 
 13.12 
 
 9.37 
 
 22.49 
 
 41.14 
 
 27.82 
 
 67.50 
 
 77,771 
 
 36,967 
 
 114,822 
 
 120, 000 
 
 48,850 
 
 31.70 
 
 
 15.17 
 
 Niimljpr of both olafiflflR 
 
 46. 87 
 
 
 48.88 
 
 Number of females between 15 and 40 years. . 
 Proportion of the above to whole number of 
 
 19. 89 
 40.70 
 
 
 
 
 
 This table discloses some facts which certainly have an important 
 bearing' upon the question of the relative progress of our native and im- 
 migrant white population. Of native inhabitants, it is seen that very 
 nearly half are between those ages subject to the most fatal diseases, 
 while of the foreign born considerably less than one-quarter fall in those 
 divisions. And although the proportion of immigrant females to males 
 is only as 41.14 to 48.86, yet the capacity of these females to produce 
 accessions to the population is, when compared with a like number of 
 American females indiscriminately taken, as 58.29 to 41.71. Their 
 superiority, in this respect, is, statistically speaking, 16.58 per cent. 
 .This fact of course insures a greater rapidity of natural increase in 
 
120 
 
 that proportion. If we estimate that the influence of the smaller ratio 
 of children and aged persons among immigrants is ec[ual to an advan- 
 tage of 3.42 per cent, in the rate of their increase, which is a moderate 
 estimate, we shall find that, under the ordinary rules of procreation 
 and mortality, our European population should multiply 20 per cent. 
 , faster than the native white inhabitants. But we niust make some al- 
 lowance for the excessive mortality assumed to prevail among the for- 
 mer before acclimation, which may be supposed to reduce this greater 
 rapidity of advainceinent by about five per cent. And we may presume 
 that it will cease altogether with the decade in which the immigrants 
 arrive ; because after that term the advantage from the greater number 
 of child-bearing women will be almost annihilated, and the counter- 
 active circumstance of the smaller proportion of girls at the time of 
 arrival wiU begin to produce its effect in checking increase. 
 
 These reasons are sufficient to authorize the assumption that immi- 
 gration has no other effect upon the progress of our population than is 
 indicated by the absolute addition of the numbers which arrive, and 
 their natural increase within the decennial term of their arrival. After 
 that period it is proper to consider them as a part of the American 
 race. 
 
 In correcting the statement of 1851, an error was discovered in the 
 table of immigration from 1840 to 1850, caused by the transposition of 
 a figure. The statement for the year 1849 was 296,610, increasing the 
 aggregate for the decennial term by 27,000. 
 
 The statement in the report of 1851, that the number of immigrants 
 from Europe passing into the United States through Canada from 1840 
 to 1850 was balanced by those emigrating to that province through the 
 United States, so that the total addition to our population from this 
 source was represented by the arrivals at our seaports, has been dis- 
 puted, but is amply confirmed by a searching investigation. 
 
 From 1831 to 1842, the population of the two Canadas increased 
 from 797,972 to 1,142,000; being a gain of 344,028 in eleven years, or 
 43.2 per cent. The natural increase of population in Canada is sup-- 
 posed to be a little greater than in the tjnited States ; and for these 
 eleven years it was about 30 per cent., or 239,391; leaving to be ac- 
 counted for by immigration 104,637. During these eleven years there 
 sailed from the ports of Great Britain 356,305 emigrants for the North 
 American provinces, Uf these, about one-eighth, or 44,000, are sup- 
 posed to have landed and remained in the eastern provinces, leaving 
 for Upper and Lower Canada 312,000. We may suppose that 8 per 
 cent, of these died before 1842, leaving 287,000 to be added to its 
 population; but it seems that but about 104,000 were so added, and it 
 follows that the remaining 183,000 emigrated to the United States. 
 That number is 16,000 in excess of the estimate first adopted for our 
 table, which has been corrected in the present edition. 
 
 A Census of Canada was again taken in 1852, and the aggregate 
 population was found to be 1,842,000. Assuming the natural increase 
 for the ten years to have been 27 per cent. — ^that of the United States 
 being 25 per cent. — we have a gain by that means of 308,340. The 
 actual increase being 700,000, there remains to be accounted for by 
 immigration 392,000. There saUed from Great Britain for her Ameri- 
 
121 
 
 can provinces during the ten years, (the two last being estimated,) 
 417,000 emigrants. Deducting one-eighth for the eastern provinces, 
 and 8 per cent, for deaths within the term, amounting to 85,000, and 
 we have for the total immigration into Canada for the period 332,000. 
 It thus appears that there is a surplus of 60,000 inhabitants in Canada 
 to be by some means accounted for. They could have only come from 
 the United States. And^as the number of natives of the United States 
 in Canada, in 1852, was only about 12,000 in excess of those settled 
 there in 1842, it is shown that at least 48,000 foreign emigrants went 
 from the United States into Canada»— more than came from Canada into 
 the Union. 
 
REPORT 
 
 OF 
 
 THE SUPERINTENDENT OF THE CENSUS, 
 
 DECEMBER 1, 1851. 
 
125 
 
 REPORT. 
 
 Census Office, 
 Washington December 1, 1881. 
 
 Sir: T have the honor to report that fiallajid complete returns of the 
 Seventh Census have been received jfroni all, the States of the Union on 
 this side of the Rocky mountains, and from the Territories of New Mexi- 
 co and Oregon. A portion of the California returns was destroyed by 
 the conflagration at San Francisco — an accident which rendered it ne- 
 cessary for the Census agent to prepare new copies from the originals, 
 which are expected here daily. The other returns have been received. 
 
 On the 30tn September, there were employed in this office ninety-one 
 clerks, two messengers, two watchmen, and two laborers. In the month 
 of Nov^ember, it Was found necessary, in order to prepare certain informa- 
 tion in time for the meeting of Congress, to make a large temporary 
 addition to the clerical force of the office, and the number was increased 
 to one hundred and forty-eight, who have performed extra duty. 
 
 The firequent demands made by State officers and private individuals 
 for statistical information have much increased our labors. AU such 
 calls have been promptly responded to, when compliance therewith 
 ■vwould not interfere too much with the progress of business. 
 
 The schedules used in taking the Seventh Census of the United States 
 were arranged on principles different fironi any heretofore used for tha^ 
 purpose. The plan adopted for their construction, while adding im- 
 mensely to the labor of the office, presents on the face of the schedule 
 much more information in the same space, and a better combination 
 of facts relating to persons and things, than has heretofore been attaioed) 
 while it is perfectly simple, without complication, but httle Hable to 
 error, furnishing easy means of detecting and correcting most of the 
 errors which occur. These blanks were prepared under the direction of 
 the Census Board, and were furnished in timely season. They proved 
 t6 be well adapted to the purpose for which they were designed^ 
 Among the great number transmitted through the mails, from every 
 portion of oior territory, not one schedule was received at the office in 
 a mutilated condition, nor in any vsray injured. 
 
 The expenses of the Census Office have been as follows, viz : 
 For printing and stationery, including the.amount report- 
 ed at the first and second sessions of the last Congress, 
 
 and by the Census Board $33,153 71 
 
 For amount paid United States marshals 34,001 25 
 
 For amount paid to assistant iriarshals 891,245 18 
 
 For amount paid for clerk hire and contingent expenses 
 
 of the office 105,929 66 
 
 The aggregate amount appropriated for taking the Sev- 
 enth Census was * 1,267,500 00 
 
 The balance on hand this first day of December, 1861 . . 203,170 00 
 The balance due to marshals and assistant marshals of 
 
 the United States 130,201 00 
 
126 
 
 To pay our contingent expenses, including clerk hire, office 
 rent, fuel, stationery, &c., to the 30th day of June, 1853, 
 there wiU be required an appropriation of $150,000 
 
 The cost of printing the compilation of the Seventh Census forms no 
 portion of this estimate. That must be determined by the plan adopted by 
 Congress for the execution of the work. 
 
 In the few cases where payment \ia.S not been made to marshals and 
 their assistants in full, their accounts have been delayed, either on a;ccount 
 of negUgence in maldng a proper or timely return of their work, or to 
 admit of some further consideration, in cases where the question of 
 amount is, under the act of Congress, to be fixed by the Secretary of the 
 Interior, and the data stOl too imperfect to enable him to decide the matter, 
 without, perhaps, doing injustice to the parties themselves or the govern- 
 ment. 
 
 To such marshals as the act of Congress authorizes the payment of 
 " a reasonable amount for clerk hire, provided the charges under the act 
 for taking the census do not reach $500," the principle has been adopted, 
 to pay m no case a larger amount than that which, added to the other 
 charges of the marshal, wiU make his gross receipt equal to that sum. 
 This construction of the act of Congress is believed to be in accordance 
 with its intention. 
 
 The compensation of some of the assistant marshals, particularly in 
 remote regions of the United States and Territories, which are not in- 
 cluded within the provisions of the supplementary act of August 30, 
 1850, is entirely inadequate to the amount of duty performed. It is my 
 opinion that additional compensation is equally due to some of the mar- 
 s-hals. 
 
 To the marshals and assistants, with but a few exceptions, too much 
 credit cannot be accorded for the prompt and eflScient manner in 
 w^hich they have discharged the duties prescribed by the law, and for 
 the readiness with which they have responded to calls for information 
 on a variety of subjects, some of which were not embraced in the sched- 
 ules. To them is due the credit of returns being made and rendered 
 from this widely-extended country in time to admit of placing the ag- 
 gregate enumeration of population before the Congress succeeding that 
 which enacted the law, and on the first day of its session. The zeal and 
 industry of many of these officers have contributed to furnish mate- 
 rials, rich and various, illustrative of the history, geography, and geolo- 
 gy of the country, and it would be gratifying to the Superintendent of 
 the Census to be permitted to send to each marshal and assistant, who 
 has thus respected the calls upon his time and labor, a copy of that Cen- 
 sus, which their united exertions have contributed to enhance in value. 
 Good results would, doubtless, be experienced in fiiture years from lib- 
 erality thus dispensed. 
 
 When it is remembered that, previous to the date of its commencement, 
 eight days only elapsed after the passage of the act to take the Seventh 
 Census, and, considering the large increase of population, and the im- 
 mense extent of new territory comprised within its scope, it is not to be 
 supposed that this office can be charged with delinquency; in view of 
 he fact that we have received all the returns from every portion, of the 
 
127 
 
 country, (excepting those accidentally destroyed in Galifornia,) within 
 a shorter time than they were received after the commencement of the 
 Sixth Census, for the taking of which the law was enacted fifteen months 
 previous, which gave, ariiple time for executing the preparatory meas- 
 ures. 
 
 In the performance of the present work, there have been engaged 45 
 marshals, and 3,231 assistants, to each of whom, in addition to the 
 schedules, were sent pamphlets of printed instructions, together with 
 "form" schedules ready filled up for their guidance. 
 
 Payment has been made to these officers in two portions — the first on 
 the receipt of the marshal's certific9,te that the assistant had made proper 
 returns to his office ; and the second, after an examination of every item 
 of the work in detail by this office, and adding to or abating the amount 
 certified to be his due, as the result justified. The entire number of pay- 
 ments made to marshals and assistants has been 6,959. In some cases 
 the assistant has preferred to receive payment at one time, after the final 
 examination of his returns. 
 
 In the compilation of the Seventh Census, it has not been deemed 
 necessary to divide the population (as has been done heretofore) into 
 divisions other than by counties, cities, wards, or boroughs. Each 
 county in the United States possesses a copy of its own returns, and for 
 its own purposes it enjoys facilities of arriving at the interests of the 
 separate towns or townships — divisions uninteresting to the community 
 at large. Each separate State possesses also a copy of the complete 
 returns of the whole State, and from these may be able easily to subdi- 
 vide, for State purposes, as minutely as desirable. To include aU the 
 subdivisions of each State would make the work, if not now, very soon, 
 entirely too unwieldy. The subdivisions are, however, laid down in 
 the original returns, and, if it should be deemed desirable, may easily 
 be designated in the general work. 
 
 The original returns should be carefully preserved, and should, as 
 heretofore, te bound for their better preservation. It seemed to me 
 doubtful whether the office possessed the authority to expend more in 
 the preservation of these valuable records than would secure them from 
 injury while in actual use for preparing the Census. The only expense 
 incurred for this purpose has been for book boards, which can be used 
 for binding them. 
 
 Duty to coming generations requires that documents containing so 
 many proofs relating to the history of the present should be carefully 
 guarded from injury or harm. While they contain the last record of the 
 dead for one year, they comprise no insignificant portion of the history of 
 every man, woman, and child Hving ; and long after all those whose 
 names they contain will have passed from earth, will they be appealed to 
 in proof of our once having Hved, for our place of residence, our child- 
 ren, and our property. Those now living use them to learn whether 
 friends or relatives long unheard of may not be found, and the search 
 is not alM^ays made in vain ; they have led to the discovery of lost re- 
 lations, and their developments have brought happiness to many families. 
 
 It would be well worth the expense to have recorded in volumes, 
 alphabetically arranged, the name of every adult citizen, or head of a 
 family, as it appears in the return, with his occupation, and with a 
 
reference to the schedule upoa which it may ,be found. This would 
 furnish facihties of search hereafter, and save unnecessary handling of 
 the papers.. The advantages of such a plan would be somewhat anal- 
 ogous to that in practical operation in England with respect to the 
 'registration of their deaths, births, and marriages. Names to the num-!' 
 ber of 14,000,000 have there been registered ' during the past twelve 
 years, in the ordinary course of events, in one office alone. The re- 
 turns are rendered the more valuable for future reference by the inces- 
 isant vigilance exercised to the detection of errors. 
 
 The utmost care has been exercised to insure correct returns, and the 
 manner of taking our Census has been calculated to effect such a result* 
 In connexion with every" variety of statistics given, the name of each 
 person to whom every entry on the tables apphes has been furnished* 
 In all cases where error or inconsistency could be detected, real or 
 imaginary, the individual has been written to in order that the discrep" 
 ancy might be corrected. ■ The replies have been, for the most part, 
 prompt and satisfactory. It has been necessary, in only three cases, 
 to call the attention of a United States district attorney to require en- 
 forcement of the act of Congress for refusal to reply to the interrogations 
 of the assistants. In all but one of these cases return has been eventu- 
 ally made without the necessity Of making costs to the parties — in that 
 excepted, the individual paid costs before appearance, and made satis- 
 factory return to the office. These facts speak loudly in favor of the 
 general intelligence of our people, and their deference to the laws, and 
 prove that as liberty and intelligence are diffused, these investigations, 
 made for the benefit of the people, cease to be deemed inquisitorial. 
 Here, no fears of an excise duty or tax deter individuals froni contrib- 
 uting to a stock of knowledge, the dissemination of which must lead to 
 the benefit of all. 
 
 The seventh enumeration of the inhabitants of the United States ex- 
 hibits results which every citizen of the country may contemplate with 
 gratification and pride. Since the Census of 1840, there have been 
 added to the territory of the republic, by annexation, conquest, and 
 purchase, 833,970 square miles; and our title to a region covering 
 841,463 square miles, w;hich before properly belonged to us, but was 
 claimed and partially occupied by a foreign power, has been established 
 by negotiation, and it has been brought within our acknowledged 
 boundaries. By such means the area of the United States has been 
 extended, during the past ten years, from 2,055,163 to 3,230,572 square 
 miles, without includi^g the great lakes which lie upon our northern 
 border, or the bays which indent our Atlantic and Pacific shores ; all 
 which has come within the scope of the Seventh Census. 
 
 In the endeavor to ascertain the progress of our population since 
 1840, it will be proper to deduct from the aggregate number of inhabit- 
 ants shown by the present Census, the population of Texas in 1840, 
 and the number embraced within the limits of California and the new 
 Territories at the time of their acquisition. Prom the best information 
 which has come to haad, it is beUeved that Texas contained, in 1840, 
 75,000 inhabitants; and that when California, New Mexico, and Ore- 
 gon came into our poseession, in 1846, they had a population of 97,000. 
 
129 
 
 It thus appears that we have received, by accessions of territory, since 
 1840, an accession of 172,000 to the number of our people. 
 
 The increase which has taken place in those extended regions, since 
 they came under the authority of our government, should obviously be 
 reckoned as a part of the development and progress of our population ; 
 nor is it necessary to complicate the comparison by taking into account 
 the probable natural increase of this acquired population, because we 
 have not the means of determining the rate of its advancement, nor 
 the law which governed its progress, while yet beyond the influence of 
 our pohtical system. The year 1840, rather than the date of the annex- 
 ation of Texas, has been taken for estimating her population, in connex- 
 ion with that of the Union, because it may safely be assumed, that 
 whatever the increase during the five intervening ^ears may have been, 
 it was mainly, if not altogether, derived from the United States. 
 
 Owing to delays and difficulties mentioned .in completing the work, 
 ' which no action on the part of this office could obviate, some of the 
 jeturns from California have not yet been received. Assuming the 
 population of California to be 165,000, (which we do partly by esti- 
 mate,) the total number, of inhabitants in the United States was, on the 
 1st of June, 1850, 23,263,488. The absolute increase from the 1st of 
 June, 1840, has been 6,194,035, and the actual increase, per cent, is 
 36.28. But it has been shown that the probable amount of population 
 acquired by additions of territory should be deducted in making a 
 comparison between the results of the .present and the last Census. 
 These reductions diminish the total population of the'country, as a basis 
 of comparison, to 23,091,488, and the increase to 6,022,035. The 
 relative increase, after this allowance, is found to be 35.27 per cent. 
 The aggregate number of whites, in 1850, was 19,630,738, exhibiting a 
 gain upon the number of the same class, in 1840, of 5,434,933, and a 
 relative increase of 38.28 per cent. But excluding the 153,000 free 
 population supposed to have been acquired by the addition of territory 
 since 1840, the gain is 5,281,933, and the increase per cent, is 37.2. 
 
 The number of slaves, by the present Census, is 3,204,089, which 
 shows an increase of 716,733, equal to 28.81 per cent. If we deduct 
 19,000 for the probable slave population of Texas in 1840, the result 
 of the comparison will be slightly different. The absolute increase 
 will be 697,733, and the rate per cent. 28.05. 
 
 The number of free colored in 1850 was 428,661 ; in 1840,, 386,292. 
 The increase of this class has been 42,369, or 10.96 per cent. 
 
 From 1830 to 1840, the increase of the whole population was at the 
 raj:e of 32.67, per cent. At the same rate of advancement, the absolute 
 gain for the ten years last past would have been 5,576,590, or 445,445 
 less than it has been, without including the increase consequent upon 
 additions of territory. 
 
 The aggregate increase of popiflation, from all souKces, shows - a 
 relative advance greater than that of any other decennial term, except 
 that from the Second to the Third Census, during which time the country 
 received an accession of inhabitants, by the purchase of Louisiana, 
 considerably greater than 1 per cent, of the whole number. Rejecting 
 from the Census of 1810, 1.45 per cent., for the population of Louisiana 
 9 
 
130 
 
 and from the census of 1850, 1 per cent, for that of Texas, California, 
 &€., the result is in favor of the last ten years hy about one- fourteenth 
 of one per cent.; the gain from 1800 -to 1810 b.eing 35 per cent-j 
 and from 1840 to 1850, 35.28 per cent. But, without going behind the 
 sum of the returns, it appears that the increase from the Second to the 
 Third Census was thirty-two hundredths of one per cent, greater thais 
 the increase from the Sixth to the Seventh. 
 
 The decennial increase of the most favored portions of Europe is 
 less than IJ per cent, per annum, while with the United States it is at 
 the rate of 3^ per cent. According to our past progress, viewed in 
 connexion with that of European nations, the population of the United 
 States in forty years will exceed that of England, France, Spain, Portu- 
 gal, Sweden, and Switzerland combined. The relative progress of the 
 several races and classes of the population is shown in the following 
 tabular statement : 
 
 , Increase per cent, of each class of inhabitants in the United States for sixty 
 
 years. 
 
 Classes. 
 
 Whites 
 
 Free colored 
 
 Slaves 
 
 Total colored 
 
 Total population 
 
 1790 
 
 to 
 
 1800. 
 
 35.7 
 
 82.2 
 27.9 
 32.2 
 35.01 
 
 1800 
 
 to 
 1810. 
 
 36.2 
 72.2 
 33.4 
 37.6 
 36.45 
 
 1810 
 to 
 
 1820. 
 
 34 19 
 25.25 
 29.10 
 
 28.58 
 33.12 
 
 1820 
 
 to 
 
 1830. 
 
 33.95 
 36.85 
 30.61 
 31.44 
 33.48 
 
 1830 
 
 to 
 
 1840. 
 
 34.7 
 20.9 
 23.8 
 23.4 
 32.67 
 
 1840 
 
 to 
 
 IBSO. 
 
 38.28 
 10.96 
 28.81 
 26.41 
 36.23 
 
 The Census had been taken previously to 1830 on the 1st of August ; 
 the enumeration began that year on the 1st of June, two months ear- 
 liet, so that the interval between the Fourth and Fifth Censuses was two 
 months less than ten years, which time allowed for would bring the 
 total increase up to the rate of 34.36 per cent. 
 
 The table given below shows the increase from 1790 to 1850, with- 
 out reference to intervening periods : 
 
 Number of— 
 
 In 1790. 
 
 In 1850. - 
 
 Absolute in- 
 crease in Bisty 
 years. 
 
 Incr'se per 
 ct. in intj 
 
 Whites 
 
 Free eolored 
 
 Slaves... .^. 
 
 Total free colored and slaves. 
 Total population 
 
 3,172,464 
 
 59,466 
 
 697,897 
 
 757, 363 
 
 3,929,827 
 
 19,630,738 
 
 428,661 
 
 3,204,089 
 
 3,632,750 
 
 23,263,483 
 
 16,458,274 
 
 369, 195 
 
 2,506,192 
 
 2,875,387 
 
 19,833,661 
 
 518.78 
 620.85 
 359.10 
 379.65 
 491.97 
 
131 
 
 Sixty yea,rs since, tlie proportion between the whites and blacks, 
 bond and 'free, was 4.18 to 1. In 1850, it was 5.4 to 1, and the ratio 
 in favor of the former race is increasing. Had the blacks increased as 
 fast as the whites during these sixty years, their number, on the first 
 June, would have been 4,686,410; so that, in comparison with ths 
 whites, they have lost, in this period, 1,053,660. 
 
 This disparity is much more than accounted for by European emi- 
 ■gration to the United States. Dr. Chickering, in an essay upon emi- 
 gration, published at Boston in 1848 — distinguished for great elaborate- 
 ness of research — estimates the gain of the white population, from this 
 source, at 3,922,152. No reliable record was kept of the number of 
 immigrants into the United States until 1820, when, by the law of March, 
 1819, the collectors were required to make quarterly returns of foreign 
 passengers arriving in their districts. For the first ten years, the re- 
 turns under the law afford materials for only an approximation to a true 
 state of the facts involved in this inquiry. 
 
 Dr. Chickering assumes, as a result of his investigations, that of tlie 
 6,431,088 inhabitants of the United States in IS^O, 1,430,906 were for- 
 eigners, arriviHg subsequent to 1790, or the descendants of such. Ac- 
 cording to Dr. Seybert, an earlier writer upon statistics, the number of 
 foreign passengers, from 1790 to 1810, was,: as nearly as could be as- 
 eertained, 120,000 ; and from the estimates of Dr. Seybert, and other 
 evidence, Hon. George Tucker, author of a valuable work on the Cen- 
 sus of 1840, supposes the number, from 1810 to 1820, to have been 
 114,000. These estimates make, for the thirty years preceding 1820, 
 i834,000. 
 
 If we reckon the increase of these emigrants at the average rate of 
 the whole body of white population during these three decades, they 
 and their descendants, in 1820, would amount to about 360,000. From 
 1820 to 1830, there arrived, according to the returns of the Custom- 
 houses, 135,986 foreign passengers, and from 1830 to 1840, 579,370, 
 making for the 20 years 715,356. During this period, a large number- 
 of emigrants from England, Scotland, and Ireland came into the United ' 
 States through Canada. Dr. Chickering estimates the number of such 
 from 1820 to 1830, at 67,993 ; and from 1830 to 1840, at 199,130— for 
 the twenty years together, 267,123. During the same time, a consid- 
 erable number are supposed to have landed at New York with the pur- 
 pose ®f pursuing their route to Canada; but it is probable that the 
 number of these was balanced by the omissions in the official returns. 
 
132 
 
 From 1840 to 1850, the arrivals of foreign jiassengers in the ports of 
 the United States have been as follows : 
 
 1840-'41 ■ 83,504 
 
 1842 101,107 
 
 1843 75,159 
 
 1844 74,607 
 
 1845 102,415 
 
 1846* ; 202,157 
 
 1847 234,756 
 
 1848 226,524 
 
 1849 '. 296,610 
 
 1850t 173,011 
 
 Total , 1,569,850 
 
 Within the last ten years there has probably been comparatively 
 little immigration of foreigners into the United States over the Canada 
 frontier ; the disposition to take the route by Quebec having yielded to 
 the increased facilities for direct passenger transportation to the cities 
 of the Union; what there has been, may, perhaps, be considered as 
 equalled by the number of foreigners passing into Canada, after landing 
 at New York, many having been drawn thither by the opportunities of 
 employment afforded by the public works of the province. As the 
 heaviest portion of this great influx of imrnigration took place in the 
 latterhalf of the decade, it will probably be fair to estimate the natural 
 increase during the terra at twelve per cent., being about one-third of 
 that of the white population of the country at its commencement. 
 
 Investigations instituted since the date of this report lead to the 
 conclusion that the immigration through Canada virtually ceased 
 with the ten years ending in 1840, and that during the decennialterm 
 from 1840 to 1850, at least 48,000 foreign immigrants passed from the 
 United States into Canada in excess of the number which passed from 
 that province into the States of the Union. This correction does not 
 materially alter the table of immigration up to ] 840, but slightly reduces 
 the aggregate for the sixty years. See note on immigration at the, end 
 of the report for 1852. 
 
 Taking for granted the substantial correctness of the above estimates, 
 and the accuracy of the returns during the last ten years, the following 
 statement will show the accessions to our population from immigration 
 from 1790 to 1850 : 
 
 Number of foreigners arriving from 1790 to 1810 120,000 
 
 Natural increase, reckoned in periods of ten years 47,560 
 
 Number of foreigners arriving from 1810 to 1820 114,000 
 
 Increase of the above to 1820 19,000 
 
 Increase from 1810 to 1820 of those arriving previous to 1810 . 58,450 
 
 * This return includes fifteen months, from July 1, 1845, to 30th Septemher, 1846. 
 
 t The report from the State Department for this year gives 315,333 as the total number of 
 passengers arriving in the United States ; but of these, 30,023 were citizens of the Atlantic 
 States proceeding to California by sea, and 5,320 natives of the country returning from visits 
 labroad. A deduction of 106,870 is made from the balance for that portion of the year from 
 •June 1 to September 30. 
 
133 
 
 Total number of immigrants and descendants of immigrants 
 
 in 1820 359,010 
 
 Number of immigrants arriving from 1820 to 1830 203,979 
 
 Increase of the above 35,728 
 
 Increase from 1820 to 1830 of immigrants and descendants 
 
 of immigrants in the country in 1820 ^ 134,130 
 
 Total number of imimigrants and descendants of immigrants 
 
 in the United States in 1830 732,847 
 
 Number of immigrants arriving from 1830 to 1840 762,369 
 
 Increase of the above , 129,602 
 
 Increase from 1830 to 1840 of immigrants and descendants 
 
 of immigrants in the United States in 1830 254,445 
 
 Total number of immigrants and descendants of immigrants 
 
 in the United States in 1840 1J879,263 
 
 Number of immigrants arriving from 1840 to 18^0 1,521,850 
 
 Increase of the above at twelve per cent , 183,942 
 
 Increase frorn 1840 to 1850 of immigrants and descendants 
 
 of immigrants in the United States in 1840 719,361 
 
 Total number of immigrants into the United States since 
 1790, living in 1850, together with descendants of immi- 
 grants, ..., , 4,304,416 
 
134 
 
 The density of papulation is a branch of the subject which naturally 
 attracts the' attention of the inquirer. The following table has beeia 
 prepared froili the most authentic data accessible to this oflSce : 
 
 Tabh of the area and the number of inhabitants to the square mile in each 
 State and Territory in the Union. 
 
 State. 
 
 Area in 
 
 Population 
 ial850. 
 
 No.of itthsv- 
 bitants to 
 eq. mile. 
 
 Maine 
 
 KTew Hampsiire, 
 
 Ypnnont — , 
 
 Massadmsetts 
 
 Bhode Island 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 New York 
 
 iJew Jersey 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 Delaware ^.. 
 
 Maryland..". 
 
 Vir^hia 
 
 North Carolina 
 
 South Carolina 
 
 Georgia 
 
 Alabama 
 
 Mississippi 
 
 Xiouisiana 
 
 Texas 
 
 Florida 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Missouri 
 
 Arkansas 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Indiana ,. 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Michigan 
 
 Iowa 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 Califoniia 
 
 Minnesota 
 
 Oregon 
 
 New Mexico 
 
 Utah 
 
 Nebraska 
 
 Indian 
 
 Northwest 
 
 District of Columbia- 
 
 30, 000 
 
 9,280 
 
 9,056 
 
 7,800 
 
 1,306 
 
 4,674 
 
 46, 000 
 
 8,320 
 
 46,000 
 
 2,120 
 
 9,356 
 
 61,352* 
 
 45, 000 
 
 24,500 
 
 58, 000 
 
 50,722 
 
 47, 156 
 
 46,431 
 
 237, 321 
 
 59,268 
 
 37,680 
 
 45,600 
 
 67,380 
 
 ■52, 198 
 
 39,964 
 
 33,809' 
 
 55,405 
 
 56,243 
 
 50,914 
 
 53,924 
 
 188,982 
 
 83,000 
 
 341,463 
 
 219,774 
 
 187,923 
 
 136, 700 
 
 187, 171 
 
 587,564 
 
 60 
 
 583, 188 
 317,964 
 314,120 
 994,499 
 147,544 
 370,791 
 
 3, 097, 394 
 489,555 
 
 3,311,786 
 
 91,535 
 
 583, 0a5 
 
 1,421,661 
 868,903 
 668,507 
 905, 999 
 771,671 
 606,555 
 517,739 
 212,592 
 87,401 
 982,405 
 
 1,002,625 
 682, 043 
 209,639 
 
 1,980,408 
 988,416 
 851,470 
 397,654 
 192,214 
 305,191 
 
 6,077 
 13,293 
 61,547 
 11,380 
 
 19.44 
 
 34.26 
 
 34.68 
 
 127.49 
 
 112.97 
 
 79.33 
 
 67.33 
 
 58.84 
 
 50.25 
 
 43.17 
 
 62.31 
 
 2a 17 
 
 19.30 
 
 27.28 
 
 15.62 
 
 15.21 
 
 12.86 
 
 1L15 
 
 0.89 
 
 1.47 
 
 26.07 
 
 21.98 
 
 10.12 
 
 4.01 
 
 49.55 
 
 29.23 
 
 15.36 
 
 7.07 
 
 3.77 
 
 5.65 
 
 0.07 
 0.03 
 0.28 
 
 51,687 
 
 861. 4S 
 
135 
 
 Frora the location^ climate, productions, and the habits and pur- 
 suits of their inhabitants, the States of the Union may be properly 
 arranged' itito the following groups: 
 
 New England States, (6) 
 
 Middle States, inctuding Maiylsad, Delaware, and 
 01ho,<6) 
 
 Coast planting Spates, including South Carolina, 
 Geoi-^a, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisi- 
 ana, (6)..' 
 
 Central dave States, 'Virginia, North Carolina, Ten- 
 nessee, Kentucky, Missouri, Arlfansas, (6) 
 
 Northwestern States, Indiana, £[liuois, Michigan, 
 WisconBiu, and! Iowa,(5) '. 
 
 Texas 
 
 CalifoTBJa; i. 
 
 Area in 
 square ullles. 
 
 63,272 
 
 151,760 
 
 286,077 
 
 309,210 
 
 250,295 
 237, 321 
 
 188,982 
 
 Population. 
 
 No. of inhar 
 bitants to 
 sq. mile. 
 
 2,728,106 
 8,553,713 
 
 3,557,872 
 
 5,167,276 
 
 2,734,945 
 212,592 
 165,* 000 
 
 43.11 
 56.36 
 
 12.43 
 
 16.71 
 
 10.92 
 0.89 
 0.87' 
 
 There are points of agreement, in the general char9.cteristics of the 
 States combined in the foregoing group^, which warrant the mode of 
 arraagemeat adopted. Maryland is classed, as heretofore, with the 
 middle States, because its leading interests appear to connect it rather 
 with the commercial and manufacturing section to which it is here 
 assigned, than with the purely agricultural States. Ohio is pladed in 
 the same connexion for nearly similar reasons. 
 
 There seems to be a marked propriety for setting- off the new agri- 
 {julturai States of the Northwest by themselves, as a preliminary to the 
 comparison of their progress with other portions of the Union. The 
 occupations which give employment to the people of the central range 
 of States south of the line of the Potomac distinguish them to some ex- 
 tent from that division to which we have given the appellation of the 
 coast planting States. In the latter, cotton, sugar, and rice are the great 
 staples, the cultivation of which is so absofbing as" to "stamp its impress 
 on the character of the people. The Industry of the' central " States is 
 more diversified, the surface of the country is "more" Vrokeh," the modes 
 of cultivation are different, and the minuter divisions of labor create 
 more numerous and less accordant interests. So far as Texas is set- 
 tled, its population closely assimilates with that of the other coast plant- 
 ing States; but it would obviously convey no well-founded' idea of the 
 density of population in that section to distribute their people over, the 
 vast uninhabited region of Texas. For the same reason, and the addi- 
 tional one of the isolation of her position, California is considered dis- 
 tinct from other States. 
 
 Taking the thirty-one States together, their area is 1,456,917 square- 
 miles, and the average number of their inhabitants is 15.54 to the 
 square mile. The total area of the United States is 3,230,572 square 
 miles, and the average density of population is 7.2 to the square mile- 
 
 The areas assigned to those States and Territories in which pubHc 
 lands are situated are doubtless correct, -being taken from the records of 
 
136 
 
 tjie Land OflBce ; but,as to those attributed to the older States, the same 
 means of verifying their accuracy, or the want of it, do not exist. But 
 care has been taken to consuh the best local authorities for ascertaining 
 the extent of surface in those States; and as the figures adopted are 
 lound to agree with, or differ but slightly from, those assumed tO' be 
 correct at the General Land Office, it is probable they do not vary 
 essentially from the exact truth. 
 
 The area of some of the States, as Maryland and Virginia, are stated 
 considerably below the commonly assumed extent of their territory, 
 which may be accounted for from the supposition that the portions of 
 the surface within their exterior limits covered by large bodies of water 
 have been subtracted from the aggregate amount. "This is known to 
 be the case in regard to Maryland, the superficial extent of which, 
 tvithin the outlines of its boundaries, is 13,959 square riiiles ; and is. 
 deemed probable with reference to Virginia, from the fact that many 
 geographers have given its total area as high as 66,000 square miles. 
 
 It appears from the returns that during the year ending on the first 
 of June, 1850, there esca'ped from their owners 1,011 slaves, and that- 
 during the same period 1,467 yveie manumitted, The number of both 
 classes will appear in the following table : 
 
 Manumitted, a$4 Fugitive Slaves — 1850. 
 
 States. 
 
 ManHmitted. 
 
 Fugitives. 
 
 Delaware , 
 
 277 
 
 493 
 
 218 
 
 162 
 
 45 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 19 
 
 22 
 
 16 
 
 6 
 
 159 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 50 
 
 26 
 
 Maryland 
 
 279^ 
 
 Virginia. ....^....... ..... .. 
 
 83 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 96' 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 70 
 
 North Carolina ... 
 
 64 
 
 South Carolina ..... 
 
 16 
 
 Georgia ........ ..... .. . 
 
 89 
 
 Florida 
 
 18 
 
 Alabama 
 
 29 
 
 Mississippi 
 
 41 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 90 
 
 Texas 
 
 29 
 
 Arkansas ... . .... 
 
 21 
 
 Missouri . .. . 
 
 60 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 1,467 
 
 1,011 
 
 
 
 In connexion with this statement, and as affecting the natural in- 
 crease of the free colored population or the United States, it may be^ 
 proper to remark that, during the year to which the Census applies, the 
 Colonization Sooriety sent- 662 colored emigrants to Liberia. Iq our> 
 
137 
 
 calculations respecting the increase of the free colored population, we 
 have considered that class of persons independent of these two causes, 
 which respectively swell and diminish their number. , 
 
 MORTALITY. 
 
 The statistics of mortality for the Census year represent the number 
 of deaths occurring within the year as 320,433, the ratio being as one 
 to 72.6 of the living population, or as ten to each 726 of the population. 
 The rate of mortality in this statement, taken as a whole, seems so 
 much less than thai of any portion of Europe, that it must, at present, 
 be received with some degree of allowance. ' 
 
 Should a more critical examination, which time will enable us to- 
 exercise, prove the returns of the number of deaths too small, such a 
 result will not affect their value, for the purposes of comparison of one 
 portion of the country with another, or cause with effect. The table will 
 possess an interest second to .. none other in the work, and the many 
 valuable truths which they will suggest will betfound of great practical 
 advantage. Medical men will accord to" the Census Board no small 
 meed of credit for the wisdom manifested in an arrangement which 
 will throw more light on the history of disease in the*United States, 
 and present in connexion more interesting facts connected therewith, 
 than the united efforts of aU scientific men have heretofore accomplished. 
 
 The registration of the annual deaths^, as well as of the living, marks 
 an epoch in the history of "life contingencies" in the United States. 
 To trace the effect of the wide range of physical features and naturEil 
 productions upon the human constitution and faculties, presents to 
 every reflecting mind an interesting field of research. Likewise, to 
 investigate the influence of mental occupations and industrial pursuits, 
 and of the wide diversity of climate — from the highlands of Maine to 
 the everglad-es of Florida- — ^upon the persistence and duration of life, is 
 an object of permanent importance, not only in a scientific, but in a 
 commercial and national point of view. For all such inquiries, the re- 
 turns of 1850 furnish facilities, less satisfactory indeed than would have 
 been given by a permanent system of registration, but far superior t» 
 those hitherto available. 
 
 Among the more immediate advantages to be derived from data of 
 this kind, through the medium of life tables, they would form a basis 
 for the equitable distribution of hfe-interests in estates, pensions, and 
 legacies ; they would assign the true valuation of life annuities, assu- 
 rances, and reversions of heritable property, and tend to protect the 
 public from many ill-adjusted financial schemes founded in ignorance 
 of the true probabilities of life. They would correct a multitude of 
 prejudices and misconceptions respecting the healthiness of the different 
 localities, and, besides this, form a common standard of reference in all 
 those moral, sanitary, and mercantile statistics, which have brought to 
 light most valuable truths and generalizations, and which give promise 
 of still greater benefits in the advancement of civilization. 
 
 Without intending to discuss several attempts heretofore made fbr 
 the construction of life tables in this country, let it be observed, as is 
 universally admitted, that the ratio of the annual deaths to the content- 
 
138 
 
 porary number living at each age constitutes the implicit element of 
 computation. 
 
 An enumeration of the living, or of the deaths only, is insufficient for 
 the purpose, unless the population is stationary, or due allowance is 
 made for the changes inwrought by births and migration during the 
 whole century previous. 
 
 The assumption of a stationary population, however, can scarcely 
 be entertained of even the oldest settled parts of the Union. The value 
 EUid prospects of life, and the influence of climate on longevity, are lost 
 oi" obscured, both by recent and remote changes. It is within, the 
 memory of persons now living, when most of our large cities were in 
 their infancy ; when forests were standing on grounds since occupied by 
 the busiest marts of trade, and the corn was waving in the' wind -whpve 
 no^' are the most populous streets. 
 
 Periods of unusual emigration have been followed by a tempo- 
 rary decrease, only to recommence with augmented numbers. But 
 the chief inequality with reference to the present inquiry arises from 
 the fact, that the greaf mass of emigrants are almost exclusively 
 in the prime of life. Traced upon the texture of society, as these 
 changes must be in relative excesses and deficiencies at the several, ages, 
 the joint statistics of the living and ofithe annual deaths afibrd the only 
 feasible mode of arriving at, the law of mortality, independent of those 
 former changes. - . 
 
 A life table for the State of Maryland has been prepared from a joint 
 comparison of the abstracts of the returns of 1850, It comprises 'a 
 very full interpretation of the laws of vitality indicated by the data for 
 the year of enumeration, wjiich may be regarded as one of average 
 mortality. In the present case the investigation relates exclusively te 
 the white population of Maryland, irrespective of city or country resi- 
 dents, or of the sexes, or of foreign or indigenous extraction. 
 
 The results and derived tables are specified at length in the Report 
 on Maryland. From the preliminary table of population there given, 
 it would appear that the line of equal division of the living falls upon 
 the age of twenty; one-half of the white population being under, and 
 the other half above, twenty years of age ; or, distributing with refer- 
 ence to three equal parts, one-third of the population are under thirteen 
 and a half years of age ; one-third are included between this and the 
 age of twenty-nine, and the other remaining third are above twenty- 
 Hine years of age. With respect to the deaths, the points of equal 
 division fall upon ages several years younger than in the corresponding 
 distributions of the living. 
 
 For exhibiting the law of mortality for individual lives, the data of 
 the Census were equated, and reduced to the simple case of 10,368 
 infants born on the same day, and commencing life simultaneously. 
 
 Assuming that like circumstances will continue to prevail during the 
 years to come in this Slate, which may be regarded as certain, the 
 population will continually be affected by the same rate of mortality. 
 And hence we may safely estimate and predict, that, of the specified 
 number of infants at the outset of life, 1,243 will perish prematurely in 
 the first year of existence, and" 9,025, or numbers in that proportion, 
 ■win survive to' enter ilpon their second year. A very considerable but- 
 
139 
 
 decreasing mortality likewise prevails in the second and third years, 
 leaving only 8,183, or about four-fifths of the original number, to com- 
 mence upon their fourth year. But after this age, the juvenile system 
 acquires more firmness, and a greater degree of the vigor and expe- 
 rience to guard against disease. At the age of twenty-one, 7,134 sur- 
 vive to enter upon a more active and responsible career of life; of 
 whom 6,302 attain to thirty-five — the meridian of manhood. Pro- 
 ceeding onward for twenty years, to the age of "fifty-five," only 4,727, 
 or less than one-half the original number, then survive. From this age 
 the numbers are decimated more fi-equently, ahd the vacated places of 
 the fallen are occupied by advancing generations; till, having passed 
 liie mental and physical changes in the round and mystery of life, so 
 graphically .portrayed in the "Seven Ages" of the dramatist, a few 
 become centenarians, and linger on the verge of life, till virtually, at 
 the age of one hundred and six years, aU have closed their earthly ex- 
 istence. 
 
 The table for Maryland also comprises the "Expectations of life." 
 dr the average number of years which the great mass of the white pop-' 
 lilation live after a given present age. This arrangement of the data 
 is justly described as that which is of the most interest to society ; for 
 it points out the average number of years in which one member of the 
 community with another participates in the pleasures and cares of life. 
 
 An individual, for instance, on attaining his thirtieth birthday, has 
 an expectancy oi nearly thirty-five years. At fifty years of age the 
 lease of time's estate (so to express the idea) is limited to a little more 
 than nineteen years longer. The maximum expectation (52.86 years) 
 is at the age of four in this table; in the well-known Carlisle table, it 
 is represented to occur at the age of five ; and at six in the Swedish 
 tahle. The joint expectation for two lives, as in the marriage relation, 
 or the average period during which both shall be living, may now be 
 deternained in like manner, and also for three or more lives of given 
 ages. 
 
 It has been remarked that tables, properly constructed from suffi- 
 cient data, never differ widely from each other. For this reason, and 
 on account of their high value, insertion is likewise given in that report 
 to three standard European tables ; from no one of which does the 
 Maryland table differ in the comparison so much as they differ among 
 themselves. 
 
 Indeed, the duration of life by the Maryland table is found to be 
 almost an exact medium between the British Female Annuitant's and 
 the Carlisle values ; which aflPords strong proof of accuracy. From 
 these tabular forms for Maryland, the probabj^ties of fife can readily 
 be ascertained in a given case, with the valuB of annuities, assurances, 
 and other reversions dependent upon lives; and, when extended to 
 other localities, the results will eventually promote a most important 
 national purpose, one which has long been desired — that of attaining a 
 correct estimate of the standard of human life among different classes 
 of population in this country. 
 
140 
 
 Table of deaths during the year ending June 1, 1850. 
 
 \ 
 
 No. of deaths. 
 
 Batio to the 
 number llvmg. 
 
 Maine 
 
 7,545 
 
 4,268 
 
 3,132 
 
 19,414 
 
 2,241 
 
 5,781 
 
 44,339 
 
 6,467 
 
 28,318 
 
 1,209 
 
 9,594 
 
 19,063 
 
 10,207 
 
 7,997 
 
 9,920 
 
 9,084 
 
 8,711 
 
 11,948 
 
 3,046 
 
 933 
 
 15,206 
 
 11,759 
 
 12,211 
 
 2,987 
 
 28,949 
 
 12,728 
 
 11,619 
 
 4,520 
 
 2,044 
 
 2,884 . 
 
 1 to 77.29 
 
 New Hampshire 3% 
 
 74.49 
 
 Vermont .' . . , 
 
 100.29 
 
 Massachusetts' 
 
 51.23 
 
 Rhode Island 
 
 65.83 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 64.13 
 
 New York 
 
 69.85 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 75.70 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 81.63 
 
 Delaware 
 
 75.71 
 
 Maryland ...» 
 
 60.77 
 
 
 74.61 
 
 North Cairolina 
 
 85.12 
 
 
 83 59 
 
 Georgia 
 
 91.33 
 
 
 84.94 
 
 Mississippi 
 
 69.63 
 
 
 42.85 
 
 Texas 
 
 69.79 
 
 
 83 67 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 64 60 
 
 
 85 26 
 
 Missouri 
 
 55 85 
 
 
 70 18 
 
 Ohio 
 
 68 41 
 
 
 77.65 
 
 Illinois 
 
 73 28 
 
 
 87.97 
 
 T ° 
 
 Iowa 
 
 94.03 
 
 
 105.82 
 
 California 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 47 
 
 1,157 
 
 239 
 
 846 
 
 202.56 
 
 Oregon 
 
 232.82 
 
 
 63.19 
 
 Utah 
 
 47.61 
 
 
 61.09 
 
 
 
141 
 
 AGRICULTURE. 
 
 The great amount of labor requisite to the extraction of the returns 
 of agriculture will admit, at this time, of presenting but limited ac- 
 counts, though, perhaps to some extent, of the most important separate 
 interests. 
 
 The returns of the wheat crop, for many of the western States, will 
 not at all indicate the average crop of those States. This is especially 
 the case with Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, from which, especially the 
 former, the assistant, marshals return a "short crop," to the extent of 
 fifty per cent, throughout the whole State. The shortness of the wheat 
 crop in Ohio, in 1849, is verified by returns made during the subse- 
 quent season, by authority of the Legislature. The causes which 
 affected the wheat crop in those States were not without their influence 
 in reducing that of western Virginia and western Pennsylvania to some 
 considerable extent. 
 
 MANUFACTURES. , 
 
 The period which has elapsed since the receipt of the returns has 
 been so short as to enable the office to make but a general report of the 
 facts relating to a few of the most important manufactures. If, in some 
 instances, the amount of "capital invested" in any branch of manu- 
 facture should seem too small, it must be borne in mind that, where the 
 product is of several kinds, the capital invested, not being divisible, is 
 connected with the product of greatest consequence. This, to some 
 extent, reduces the capital invested in the manufacture of bar iron in 
 such establishments where some other article of wrought iron predomi- 
 nates — sheet iron, for example. The aggregate, ho'syever, of the capital 
 invested in the various branches of wrought iron will, it is confidently 
 believed, be found correct. 
 
 The entire capital invested in the various manufactures in the United 
 States, on the 1st of June, 1850 — ^not to include any estabhshments 
 producing less than the annual value of $500 — amounted, in round 
 
 numbers, to $530,000,000 
 
 Value of raw material 550,000,000 
 
 Amount paid for labor 240,000,000 
 
 Value of manufactured articles „ 1,020,300,000 
 
 Number of persons employed 1,050,000 
 
 More minute particulars respecting these separate interests will be 
 found incorporated in tables A, B, C, D, E, F. 
 
 THE PRESS. 
 
 ' The statistics of the newspaper press form an 'interesting feature in 
 the returns of the Seventh Census. ^ 
 
 It appears that the whole number of newspapers and periodicals in 
 the United States, on the first day of June, 1850, amounted to 2,800. 
 Of these 2,494 were fully returned, 234 had all the facts excepting cir- 
 culation given, and 72 are estimated for Cahfornia, the Territories, and 
 for those that may have been omitted by the assistant marshals. 
 
142 
 
 From calculations made on the statistics returned, and estimated 
 circulations, v^here they have been omitted, it appears that the aggregate 
 circulation of these 2,800 papers and periodicals is abouf 5,000,000, 
 and that the .entire number of copies printed annually in the United 
 States amounts to 422,600,000. . 
 
 The following table will show the number of daily, weekly, monthly, 
 and other issues, with the aggregate circulation of each class : 
 
 
 't Kumber. 
 
 Circulation. 
 
 No. of copies 
 printed annually. 
 
 Dailies .. 
 
 850 
 
 150 
 
 125 
 
 2,000 
 
 50 
 100 
 
 25 
 
 750,000 
 
 75,000 
 
 80,000 
 
 2,875,000 
 
 300,000 
 
 900,000 
 
 29,000 
 
 235,000,000 
 
 Tri-weeklies ............... 
 
 11,700,000 
 
 Semi-weekli§s 
 
 8,320,000 
 
 Weeklies 
 
 149,500,000 
 
 Semi-monthhes ............. 
 
 7,200,000 
 
 10,800,000 
 
 80,000 
 
 Monthlies 
 
 Quarterlies 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 2,800 
 
 5,000,000 
 
 422,600,000 
 
 Four hundred and twenty-four papers are issued in the New Eng- 
 land States, 876 in the middle States, 716 in the southern States, and 
 784 in the western States. 
 
 The average circulation of papers in the. United States is 1,785. 
 There is one publication for every 7,161 free inhabitants in the United 
 States and Territories. 
 
 In accordance with the views expressed in the commission with 
 which the department honored me in May last, I visited, during the 
 three summer months, the capitals of many of the important govern- 
 ments of Europe, for the purpose of examining into the methods 
 adopted for the procuring and classification of such facts as are enu- 
 merated by those governments in their statistical investigations, in 
 order that our own Census might, when published, prove of the greatest 
 value to ourselves, and not seem inferior to those of countries which 
 have the credit of having paid more attention to statistical science, al- 
 thougfh they may not have made greater advances in what we esteem 
 rational forms of government. 
 
 It seems more desirable to possess every ray of light on this subject, 
 when considering that the present Census is one of unexampled import- 
 ance to ourselves and our posterity, as exhibiting our condition to the 
 middle of a century, and illustrative of the progress of a people, flour^ 
 ishing beyond all precedent, under a new form of government — one 
 whose history and example must, as it becomes known, exert an im- 
 portant influence throughout the civili;zed world. This Census, while it 
 exhibits our progress foj; sixty years, with a precision 'and certainty 
 ■which no other country has been able to enjoy, and giving, a reality tp 
 the past unattainable with respect to any other people, discloses the 
 
143 
 
 present statistical history, and that for the fffet time, of a country em- 
 bracing, more than a million square miles of territory, the future destiny 
 of which is inseparably connected with that of the original thirteen 
 States. Not only, however, in connexion with these statistical investi- 
 gations did it seem desirable to avail ou^elves of any improvements 
 introduced into the last Censuses of Europe, to enable us to prepare our 
 own great national work on the best system, but for many of the prac- 
 tical purposes to which statistics are appUed and deemed valuable, it 
 seemed desirable to effect some arrangement by which the pubhcation 
 of the results of the great elementary facts among nations should be 
 made as nearly simultaneous as possible, and classified on the same 
 general principles, as far as the facts taken would justify, in order that, 
 while we use every exertion to analyze society at home,- we may, from 
 their statistics, enjoy the advantage of being able to arrive at a similar 
 . analysis with respect t© other nations, and that, while contemplating 
 our own progress from time to time, we may be able to institute com- 
 parisons with the advancement of other people. Heretofore, at almost 
 every step of investigation, the statist wishing to prosecute inquiriesi 
 respecting different nations, touching the great elements of society, has 
 mpt with the insurmountable difficulty arising^-from the different, ele- 
 ments elucidated, and the diverse methods of combination adopted, 
 which lessen the value of their labors, reciprocally, and, in the absence 
 of more reliablp data, lead to the frequent use of one set of elements 
 to ascertain the condition of some different set, producing results equally 
 unsatisfactory to the man of science, as they are often dangerous, if 
 made the basis of the pohtical economy and legislation of a govern- 
 ment. 
 
 In addition to the effort to efiect a general sympathy or concert of 
 action among nations, with reference to their periodical statistics, it has 
 been my aim, in which I have succeeded, often in the absence of pub- 
 lished records, to procure a knowledge of the" fexact condition of the. 
 people of all classes in each country visited, and learn their true state, 
 with reference to numbers, and the products of their agriculture and 
 manufactures, their social and_ moral condition, the state of education, 
 the price of labor, and the practical management of the farming in- 
 terests; in no case, however, relying upon information not either ob- 
 tained from personal observation od derived ofiicially, and in a maipier 
 which can leave no doubt of its correctness. My opportunities abroad 
 will not only enable me to effect valuable improvements in compiling 
 our Census, but it will be my aim to make the statistical facts useful to 
 the country, by forming them into a report to be supplemental hereto, 
 the completion of which has been retarded by my other official duties. 
 Another object had in view was the procuring information with 
 reference to the manner in which the various offices in Europe, especially 
 those connected with agriculture and statistics, are organized, and the 
 manner in which the information obtained is made available to the 
 government and people. To the attainment of these purposes, ffe* fevr 
 -\)veeks to which my time hmited me, and the diversity of languages 
 amont' those with whom my investigations were pursued, interposed 
 difficulties only surmounted by a zealous determination to effect the 
 duty undertaken — one in which failure must have ensued, were it not 
 
144 
 
 for the official character sustained in connexion with the office Ijere, 
 and that with which the department honored me, as its representative 
 abroad — the one enabling me to impart as much valuable information 
 to others as was solicited in return ; the other giving faciHties of inter- 
 course, and a claim to consideration, which was never slighted by any 
 officer of a foreign governretent. 
 
 In England, in addition to the free intercourse enjoyed with the 
 officers of government connected with statistical matters, several oppor- 
 tunities were offered for bringing the object of my mission before public 
 aAidiences; and invitations were tendered me to address the members of 
 the London Statistical Society at its annual meeting in that city, the 
 Sociity of Actuaries at Richmond, and the British Association at 
 Ipswich, during its annual meeting, which was attended by Prince 
 Albert, one of its members, and many of the most distinguished literary 
 and scientific gentlemen of Great Britain and the Continent. The Sta- 
 tistical Council pf Belgium, M. Quetelet, president, gave mea place in 
 their board at ohe of its regular meetings. On each oppsrtunity it gave 
 me pleasure to present afuU account of the character and extent of our 
 investigations under the act of Congress for taking the Seventh Census, 
 tojEnake a fair and imj^rtial exhibit of our progress in wealth and num- 
 bers during the past ten years, and at the same time urge the propriety 
 of inutual effort towards the attainment of more uniform and useful 
 statistical publications by different governments. The propriety of this 
 measure was felt by individuals who had made statistics a study, anJ 
 tKe necessity for some action was universally conceded ; and it affords 
 me infinite gratification to state that an arrangement has been made for 
 a general Statistical Congress, to be held at Brussels, (Belgium,) during 
 the ensuing fall — a measure which has received the approbation of 
 several of the most distinguished^statists of Europe, and from which 
 the most beneficial results are anticipated. 
 
 Mr. Porter, of the' Board of Trade, has been appointed a delegate 
 to this Statistical Congress from England. He is a gentleman distin- 
 guished no less by his laborious researches and valuable contributions 
 to the science of political economy and statistical knowledge of the 
 British empire, than for the elevated position he holds as a public 
 officer and man of letters. 
 
 PLAN OF UNITED STATES OENSTJS. 
 
 In order that Congress may judge of the propriety of the plan in 
 contemplation for preparing the tables of the population and other sta- 
 tistics, and lie fully advised of any new features introduced into other 
 S)ortions of the work, it has been deemed proper to prepare, in printed 
 brm, the statistics of one State, of which copies will be laid before the 
 members of both houses for their inspection. For this purpose the 
 State of Maryland has been selected, as best adapted, from its central 
 position and combination of more of the various elements which enter 
 into our interests than any other State of its limited extent. 
 
 It has been my endeavor, according to the act, to arrange the facts 
 " in the best and most convenient manner for use." To judge of the 
 character of a statistical work in manuscript would require the. long, 
 
145 
 
 laborious, and, perhaps, unsatisfactory investigation of a Congressional- 
 committee, and Congress would be possessed of no me^ns of forming 
 an independent opinion of the matter. It has been deemed the more 
 proper to lay before Congress a printed copy, inasmuch as the expense 
 of the entire work may readily be known, and some standard of excel- 
 lence in execution clearly and intelligibly understood. * 
 
 The variations from the plans heretofore adapted in the compilation 
 of the deceanial Census, with every portion of which the facilities of 
 comparison are maintained, consist: 
 
 1. In the form — that adopted being in conformity with the size and 
 appearance of the "American Archives." 
 
 2. In accompanying the statistics of each State with a condensed 
 account of the most important events connected with its history from its 
 first settlement, exhibiting the progress of our whole social system, to 
 the year 1850, also, in presenting as short accounts of each separate 
 county, from the date of its settlement, with the date of its organization; 
 an accoantof its physical features, its rocks, minerals, streams, timber, 
 water, and adaptation, naturally and artificially, to the purposes of 
 agriculture, manufactures, and commerce. 
 
 3. In the general geological account of the State. 
 
 4. In the account of its progress in population, from the first to the 
 Seventh Census, inclusive, with tables of population, to make which 
 correctly it has been necessary to refer to the original returns of the 
 Census twenty and thirty years back, a reliance could not be placed 
 on the figures officially given in the printed work. « ^ 
 
 , 5. In the review of its character for the health and longevity of its 
 **inhabitants,,,on account of the prevailing diseases and rates of mor- 
 tality, with full tables, presenting a perfect history of the statistics- of 
 disease and mortality, and calculations of the value of life among the 
 several classes. 
 
 '6. In the number of new subjects embraced in the statistical details 
 and in the. manner of classification, so as to admit of extracting all the 
 essential facts respecting the raw materials of each vari&y of manu- 
 factures, together with other features in which the statist wlU perceive 
 variations from any previous Census. 
 
 Allusion is not made to these things with a view to represent their 
 advantages, or as predicating any argument for their adoption. The 
 plan, with all the disadvantages which must result from the sudden 
 formation of a department for its execution, is the result of much study 
 •and reflection, and, it is thought, will prove useful. Should the work 
 be found to possess real value, the result must be attributed mainly to 
 the abundant materials collected, and the zeal and intelligence of the 
 persons employed thereon ; some of whom are men whose ability 
 should secure a better re^nuneration, which, it is hoped, Congress will 
 be willing to accord. If, however, tlie general plan shall be considered 
 faulty, or by its imperfect execution be deemed unworthy of adoption; 
 it will have been weU thus to bring it to the test, that it may be con- 
 demned. 
 
 The work, of course, has not been submitted to the public for its 
 judgment; but where opinions have been at all expressed by thoso 
 deemed good authority, on the propriety of our classifications, they 
 10 
 
146 
 
 liave been invaxiaKly favorable. Some such have found their way into 
 the public documents. In the thirty-second annual report of the New 
 York Institution ibr the Deaf and Dumb, made to the Legislature of 
 that State, the following language occurs, with respect to our designed 
 classification, of such portions of the work as interested particularly 
 the directors of that institution : " Such a list will furnish valuable ma- 
 terials, never possessed to any extent before, for solving many highly 
 interesting statistical questions ; and its publication is looked for with 
 ranch interest. We shall endeavor, in our next annual report, to set 
 forth the results of a careful analysis of the Census returns, respecting 
 the deaf and dumb." 
 
 So far as the judgment of the public press is concerned, its expression 
 has been much more favorable than could be wished, with its imperfect 
 knowledge of the plan, as expectations may thereby be raised"^ which 
 the results wiU not justify. None of the information, as imparted in 
 the volume of statistics, has been promulgated, it being considered in- 
 delicate to make known to the world information due first to the head 
 of the department, and through him to Congress ; ajid it would not be 
 decorous to forestall the dispassionate judgment of either. 
 
 It has seemed to me that a work, the expense of which is shared by 
 the whole community, should be ar-ranged, as far as possible, for gen- 
 eral utility, and not % compilation of mere columns of figures, interest- 
 ing only to the man of science, for legislative purposes or for reference, 
 but should be so adapted that while it will furnish practical information 
 to the statesman and philosopher, and useful data to the legislator, it 
 will' contain, also, matters interesting to every portion of the community, 
 ftynished somewhat in advance of those deductions from analytical in- 
 vestigations made, years after its publication. To this end, if support- 
 ed by the favorable opinion of Congress, it will be made to evolve all 
 of instruction which zealous efforts, though limited ability, are capable 
 of eliciting from the facts within such period of time, as it must be ac- 
 complished without retarding its publication. 
 
 It may be contended by some that the Gazetteers furnish most of 
 the information , we include. To such it may be replied, that whilst 
 these publications possess great value, and are all replete with instruc-" 
 tipn, many present but a reprint of former editions, with the title page 
 changed to suit the date, and a few unimportant alterations in other 
 respects. Others may contend that the plan presented takes within its 
 scope subjects not legitimately embraced within that of statistics. Such 
 an opinion might be maintained by forming conclusions from our pre-* 
 •vious publications ; but they are, however, at variance with the best 
 authority on this subject. The defii.it'.on of "statistics," as given by 
 one author, consists in "such a description of a country, or any part, 
 as gives the present or actual state thereof." But as it is only by a 
 thorough knowledge of the present ^tate of the country and its inhabit- 
 ants, with their customs, habits, morals, health, and manners of life, 
 that we can form an accurate estimate of the condition of the people, 
 so to enjoy the knowledge necessary for the amelioration of their cir- 
 cumstances, or improve their condition, it is necessary to take a retro- 
 spective glance, and study their past history, and trace it to its first 
 
147 
 
 beginnings, as we snrvejr a river to its source to acquire a knowledge 
 of its geography or of the permanent character of its supplies. 
 
 The term "Census" applies more particularly to wealth and posses- 
 sions than to numbers. It was so understood by the Romans, who 
 first used the term. Livy, in his first book of the History of Rome, 
 chap. 42, speaking of Servius Tullius, says: 
 
 "He then entered on the improvement of the civil polity of the ut- 
 most importance, for he instituted the Census — an ordinance of the most 
 salutary consequence in our empire, that was to rise to such a pitch of 
 greatness, and according to which the several contributions iri peace 
 and war were to be discharged, not by every person indiscriminately, 
 as formerly, but according to the proportionof their several properties." 
 
 And after describing the contributions required in proportion to the 
 wealth of individuals, who appeared on a certain day every year, each 
 ia his own century, and gave in the amount of his property, he con- 
 tinues : " In all these instances, the burden was taken from off the poor, 
 and laid on the iich." 
 
 The Census was completed with great ceremonies and offering of 
 sacrifices, termed closing the lustrum. In his fourth book, he speaks 
 of a " survey" under the Census, and a description of all the lands" and 
 hocuses, and the entire revenue of the Roman people. (B. C. 440,). 
 In the twelfth book, it is stated that "the senate t^en received the sur- 
 vey of twelve colonies, presented by the censors of those colonies." 
 Tacitus mentions that Augustus wrote with his own hand an exact ac- 
 count of his dominions, which is termed a " Census." Although the 
 term " Census" in our constitution is limited to, and contemplates a bare 
 "enumeration" of inhabitants, such construction does not apply to the 
 act of Congress, under which this office is organized, "An act for tak- 
 ing the Seventh and subsequent Censuses," &c., the body of the act 
 rfeferring to the collection of statistics. But it is, perhaps,' unnecessary 
 to go back to antiquity for the meaning of the term Census, or that at 
 statistics, when we have such good modern authority not only as to the 
 meaning of the terms, but the practical carrying into effect what the 
 most distinguished statists understand to be comprised within their' 
 meaning. The term "statistics" originated in England,^ with Sir 
 John Sinclair, with respect to which, in the twentieth volume of his 
 Statistical Account of Scotland, he remarks: "Many people were at 
 fifst surprised at my using the new words, statistics and statistical. 
 The idea I annex to the term is an inquiry into the" state of a country 
 for the purpose of ascertaining the quantum of happiness enjoyed by 
 its inhabitants, and the means of its fiature improvement." With such 
 an understanding of the term, he applied the title " Statistical Account" 
 to a work, perhaps,, of the greatest magnitude, importance, and public- 
 utility ever attempted by one individual, devofed to a perfect history 
 of Scotland. Among almost numberless other features, the Statistical' 
 Account of Scotland contains the ancient and modern names of each- 
 parish, its history, extent, the nature of the soil and surface, extent and' 
 description of seacoast, lakes, rivers, islands, hills, rocks, caves, and- 
 woods, the climate, diseases, longevity, state of the church, manse, and 
 glebe, the minerals, mineral springs, eminent men, antiquities, parochial 
 
148 
 
 records, ■with' an account of the manners, habits, and customs of the 
 people. ♦ 
 
 The collection of the materials occupied seven years and seven 
 months, and their pompiiation engaged the attention of nine hundred 
 learned men, and fill twenty volumes. Its publication led to a Parlia- 
 mentary survey of England and Wales on somewhat similar principles. 
 "If similar surveys," remarked the founder of British statistics, "were 
 instituted in the other kingdoms of Europe, it might be the means of 
 establishing on sure foundations the principles of that most important 
 of all sciences, viz: political or stalistical philosophy — the science 
 which, in preference to any other, ought to be held in reverence. " No 
 science," he continues, "can furnish. to any mind capable of receiving 
 useful informal ion, so much real entertainment; none can yield such 
 important hints for the improvement of agriculture, for the extension of 
 our commercial industry, for regulating the conduct of individuals, or 
 for extending the prosperity of the State ; none can tend so much to 
 promote the general happiness of the species." 
 
 • The exatnple of all enlightened Europe sustains the views of Sinclair, 
 although falling far, very far, behind him in the extent embraced within 
 theirj periodical statistics. 
 
 McCuUoch, in the introductory chap'ter to the last edition of "Smith's 
 Wealth of Nations," uses the following language : " To arrive at a true 
 knowledge of the laws which regulate the production, distribution, and 
 consumption of national wealth, we must draw our materials from a 
 velylCvide surface, study man in every different situation, resort to the 
 history of society, arts, commerce, and government — to the works of 
 philosophers and travellers — to everything, in shcirt, fitted to throw 
 light on the progress of opulence and civilization. W^e should mark 
 the successive changes which have taken place in the fortunes and con- 
 dition of the different ranks and orders of men in our own country and 
 in others ; should trace the rise, progress, and decline of population 
 and industry ; and, above aU, should analyze and compare the influence 
 of different institutions and regulations, and carefully discriminate the 
 various circumstances wherein advancing and declining societies differ 
 from each other. These investigations are so very complex and difficult, 
 that it is not possible, perhaps, always to arrive at a right conclusion. 
 But, though they may not be quite ti-ee from error, they are sufficient, 
 when made with the requisite care and attention, to unfold the princi- 
 pal sources of national opulence and refinement, and of poverty and 
 degradation ; and however defective, they furnish the only available 
 means. for satisfactorily solving the various problems in the science of 
 wealth, and for devising a scheme of public administration, fitted to 
 insure the advancement of nfitions in the career of improvement." 
 
 The commissioners fbr the Census of Ireland, in 1841, in the intro- 
 duction to the Census of that country, which comprises a folio of nearly 
 1,000 pages, and was published in 1843, use the following very appro- 
 priate language : " We feel, in fact, that a Census ought to be a social 
 sufvey, not a bare enumeration." 
 
 In connexion with the population of England, they have published 
 many large folio volumes, containing maps of all the counties and 
 
149 
 
 boroughs in the kingdom. In other portions of Europe, the same ex- 
 panded view is taken of what should constitute a statistical work. 
 
 The European statistical publications, in point of execytion, far ex- 
 ceed our own, which have heretofore been most inconvenient and un 
 wieldy volumes. The only volumes in its possession, which the shelves 
 of the royal library of Belgium are not adapted to hold, are those of onr 
 last Census, which have 6ccupied a place on the floor beneath the 
 .shelves for several years. The inconvenient shape of these volumes 
 has led to their destruction, and almost entire extermination. Their 
 extreme rarity, at this time, leads me to believe that they have, in 
 many instances, unfortunately, been used as so much waste paper, not 
 esteemed worth the room they occupied. . • 
 
 These explanations are deemed necessary only for information re- 
 - latlng to the views of contemporaneous nations, and not as an apology 
 for what is deemed correct and proper in the preparation of our o\va 
 Census. 
 
 Our materials are more varied and of better chara^er than any nai- 
 tion has ever possessed; and shall it be said that, inseijffiible of their 
 value, we have not known how to render them useful? ^, 
 
 Respectfully submitted. 
 
 J. C. G. KENNEDY. 
 
 Hon. Alexander H. H; Stuart, 
 
 Se(;r£Uiry of the Department of the Interior. 
 
150 
 
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