BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME FROM THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND THE GIFT OF 1891 /\:/0f/^^ , ^.^ ak/fj... Cornell University Library F 1776.H19 1897 The story of Cuba :her struggles for lib 3 1924 020 383 844 Cornell University Library The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924020383844 /7/ MURAT HAl^TEAD THE STORY OF CUBA HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY THE CAUSE, CRISIS AND DESTINY OF THE PEARL OF THE ANTILLES BY '^4/, y MURAT HALSTEAD Graphically illustrated with Numerous typical Photographic Reproductions and Original drawings. FIFTH EDITION— REVISED AND ENLARGED AUGUST ist, 1897. CHICAGO CUBAN LIBRE PUBLISHING CO. Copyright, 1897, BY THE WERNER COMPANY, 5^^ THE AUTHOR'S PREFACE. The first words that invite the eye in a book are the last written. When the preface is prepared the work is finished. This volume is up-to-date, but the story of Cuba is not all told. The tragedy goes on. The tri- umph is to come. The logic of all history contemplates the conclusion we confidently declare. It is, that the end of foreign domination over the discoveries of Columbus and his followers, draws near. Cuba is the splendid stage on which is performed the last act of the drama of Spain in America. It is Spain's war with her children. All nations are spectators — our own with the greater share of interest and sympathy. It is as the first President Harrison wrote of our revolution — " hard, hard indeed, is the struggle for liberty and the contest for independence ! " There is to the student of the Cuban story, a series of surprises in the revelation of the immensity of the Island, the riches of her resources, the certainty of her rights and the cruelty of her wrongs, the marvelous position she holds in the trop- ical seas ; and there comes, with the enchantment of her " fatal gift of beauty," beyond the endowment of Italy, the conviction that the people who should inherit this land, are honorably and bravely represented in the S 3'' THE AUTHOR'S PREFACE. rebellion, and that the righteousness that exalts a na- tion is in their cause of liberty. There are hundreds of books about Cuba. Many are meritorious. We have gathered from those that are authorities, or that excel in the picturesque, and care- fully credited, characteristic passages, that confirm or illustrate ; but above all other writings, in whatever form given, acknowledgments of obligations are due to the newspapers — the New York Journal, Herald, World, Sun, and Mail and Express, whose correspond- ents, adventurous and courageous, are the able and the only historians of the war. The author remembers them as comrades in difficult good works, and with pride in the association, inscribes to them this sorrowful story, of the fairest of islands that shall grow lovelier yet in lib- erty. They have honored the press and served the country. INTRODUCTION. The Story of Cuba is a tragedy. The beautiful island, when found by civilized man, was peopled by a gentle race, kindly, innocent, indolent, loving ; living on fish and fruit, corn and sweet potatoes, under the shade of royal palms, in orchards of pineapples and oranges ; the very wilderness brilliant with flowers, and birds of glittering plumage ; the guileless tribes happy and harm- less as if they were chosen children of God, dwelling apart in Paradige. These dainty savages were seized and held, and per- ished in servitude to the fierce, remorseless adventurers, who, in the passion of empire and greed for gold, were insensible to the considerations of humanity and the charity of Christianity, and into the bitter gloom of whose selfishness there entered no soft sentiment of mercy and no ray of the enlightenment of good will to men or of the generosities of statesmanship. Then followed African slavery as a benevolent miti- gation of the barbarism that consumed the poor Indians in their tenderness and timidity ; and it is a Cuban tra- dition that the sharks that now swarm on the shores of the Island were introduced by following the slave ships from the waters of Africa to devour the victims that, overcome by the torments of the terrible voyages, were flung into the sea. For a century Cuba was the base of operations of the 7 INTROD UCTION. expedition of the conquering Spaniards in tropical Amer- ica, and for another century the fleets, with the spoils of the conquest of the West, sailed from her harbors, and then, for a century, the West Indies became the scene of a tremendous contest for naval supremacy by England, France and Spain. After England won the mastery of the ocean, Napoleon, losing the sea power at Trafalgar, attempted to coerce all continental Europe into his schemes of aggrandizement, and Spain, resisting his pretensions, was crushed for a time by his imperial genius, but closed with him in a war to the knife, that endured until the conqueror was conquered ; but not until after parcelling out his American possessions, and then the crumbling of Spanish dominion in the New World began. Before our revolutionary war — it was in 1762 — Ha- vana was besieged and captured by the English, and the episode of their occupation of her harbor, and open- ing it to commerce, stimulated the Cubans to marine enterprise ; but though they had been long faithful, and began to prosper after the fall of the French empire, and had a right to share the progress and dignity of Spain, to which they were loyal in affection through her misfortunes, they were swiftly reminded of colonial disabilities ; and then came the conflicts that are cul- minating in the condition of the Island, the richest that the seas encircle, where the Spaniards and their children are carrying on a war of desolation that is ruining both. The higher class of the public men of our country have always been interested in Cuba, and she has had a charm for our people in proportion to the elevation of their intelligence. The logic of Spanish history is the loss of Cuba. The same causes that cost Spain, INTROD UCTION. Mexico, and Peru, and Chili, and Bolivia, Central Amer- ica, Venezuela, and the rest, mean also that the long struggle of the Cubans for liberty will close in triumph. With Cuba's destiny in the hands of her own people, she will obey the irresistible attraction of our Union to be one of the United States. With the advantages of recent personal observation of the situation in Cuba, receiving polite attentions and extensive information from the Spanish authorities, and enjoying the confidence of Cubans, and the candid ex- pression of their interpretation of events, it is with a sense of duty to the veracity of history, that I propose to recite with sincerity the Cuban story of four hundred years. MURAT HaLSTEAD. CONTENTS. PAGES Introduction 7 CHAPTER I. FIRST EVENTS AND EARLY INFLUENCES. The Discovery — Columbus Enchanted — His Dreams — Beauty of Earth, Ocean and Sky — The Gentle Natives Smoke Cigarettes — Some Slow Centuries — The British Conquest — Dawn of Revolution in the Ever Faithful Island — The Slavery Embarrassment — Thomas Jefferson and Charles Sumner — A Despotic Political Economy 23-31 CHAPTER II. EUROPE AND AMERICA AND THE INDIES. British Conquest of Cuba — American Revolution and Cuban Insurrections — Americans Interested in Cuban Affairs — The Lopez and Virginius Massacres — Terrible Scenes of Bloodshed — Cuban Martyr's Letter to his Wife , 32-S4 CHAPTER IH. ORIGIN AND CONDUCT OF CUBAN WARS. Spanish Passion for Cuba — Growth of Cuban War Spirit — The Ten Years' War Compared with the Present — -Gomez and Campos in Both — Ta- con's Tyranny — Slavery Abolished — -"Book of Blood" — Edinburg Review on War of '6&-'78 55-69 CHAPTER IV. SPANISH STORY OF THE TREATY OF ZANJON. Was the Famous Compact that Closed the Ten Years' War Fairly Drawn and Honorably Executed, or a sham, with Nothing for Cuba in it? — — The Side of Spain Set Forth on the Highest Authority, with Cita- tions of the Reform Laws and the Liberal Autonomist Circular 70-87 II 1 2 CONTENTS. CHAPTER V. THE SPANISH WAR POLICY. PAGES The Way the Present War Opened, and How it Progressed — Personal Characteristics of Prominent Figures — Campos, Weyler, Gomez, the Maceos and Garcia — The War Shitted to the West End — The Prize of the Victor Praised in Prose and Poetry 88-IOI CHAPTER VI. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PRESENT CUBAN WAR. The Press of Cuba — Its Limitations — An Assault on American Senators — The Comic Style of Abusing Uncle Sam — ^Interview with Captain- General Marin — His View of the Zanjon Reforms and Rebel Ingrati- tude — Refers to the Ten Years' War and to the Robbers — The Retir- ing Captain-General does not get a Hearing in Havana 102-109 CHAPTER VII. LEADING QUESTIONS OF RACES AND CRIMES. The Blacks as Soldiers and in Caricature — Preoccupation on Both Sides in Cuba with the United States — Habits of Exaggeration — Governor- General Weyler Interviewed, and Defends his Policy — Too Much Attention to Wild Stories — Brutalities of Bandits — The Machete the Sword of Cuba 110-122 CHAPTER VIII. THE ORDERS AND ADMINISTRATION OF WEYLER. A Vigorous and Comprehensive Series of Orders, Declarations, Decrees and Commands, and Promises of Restoration of Order in these Prov- inces on the 15th of March — The Difference Between the Proclama- tion and the Performance — The Weyler Administration Signally Fails — The Daring and Success of the Maceos — A Hard Blow at a Sore Time and Place 123-137 CHAPTER IX. THE FORCES NOW ENGAGED IN CUBA. The Conduct of the War — Spanish Force Almost 200,000 Armed Men — 65,000 Cubans in Arms, but Poorly Armed — Cavalry a Most Impor- tant Factor — Sanitary Regulations Lessen Spanish Loss by Sickness — Opinions of Experts — Suggestions of Strategy — Statistics of the Population of Combatants — Women in the Army for Protection 138-147 CONTENTS. 1 3 CHAPTER X. THE CUBAN GOVERNMENT. PAGES Cubitas the Capital — A Letter from the President — Proclamation and Let- ter from Gomez, the Hero of the War, and a Letter from Maceo 148-157 CHAPTER XL THE PLAY OF PRESIDENT PIERCE FOR CUBA. American Interest in Cuba, and English Jealousy — The Famous Confer- ence at Ostend in 1854, between Buchanan, Mason and Soulfe, the Ministers to England, France and Spain — Mr. Marcy's Warlike Letters and Soulfe's Courtly Ways — Cuba we must have, in Peace if Possible, by War if Necessary, was the Policy of Pierce — The Famous Mani- festo by Three Ministers— A Record of the Past Applicable to the Present — Buchanan's Nomination for the Presidency 158-180 CHAPTER Xn. ENGLISH FAILURE IN THE WEST INDIES. The Testimony of the Eminent Historian, James Anthony Froude — The Mismanagement of the English Islands by Free Trade Orators — Negro Predominance — The Spanish Islands are Peopled with the Children of Spaniards — Black Labor and Beet Sugar — Cuba and the United States, as an Englishman puts the Questions of Destiny 181-191 CHAPTER XIII. THE CITY OF HAVANA. Life in the Capital of Cuba during the War Time — ^Hotel Apartments and Furniture — Breakfasts — Barber Shops — Bar Rooms — Narrow Streets — The Double Standard — The Water Jug — A Hot Weather Town — A Tender-Necked People — The Casino and the Castle and the Royal Palms in the Garden 192-214 CHAPTER XIV. THE BRITISH AND PROVINCIAL CONQUEST OF CUBA. How the Island was Invaded, and Havana Captured, After a Bloody and Deadly Siege, in the Summer of 1762, by the British Under Lord Albe- marle, Helped Just in Time by a Force of 2,300 Men from Connecti- cut, New York, and New Jersey, Under General Lyman and Colonel Israel Putnam, and then Returned to the Spaniards — Frightful Losses of the Invaders — Havana Looted, and a Prize Money Scandal — The 14 CONTENTS Greed of the British Officers — Did the Provincial Troops Establish a. Preemption Right to the Island ? — Colonial and English Sympa- thy — Washington's Brother in the British Service in the West Indies — A Connecticut Chaplain's Journal of the Plague at Havana — Sad Fate of General Lyman 215-252 CHAPTER XV. EARLY INCIDENTS OF THE PRESENT WAR. The Ibarra Band the First Organized — Coloma and his Fianc6, being Captured, are Married in Moro Castle — Efforts Made for Peace, but the Disturbance Spread Rapidly — General Campos, President Marti, Gomez and Maceo Land in Cuba — Marti's Death — The Cause of Guer- illa Warfare 253-271 CHAPTER XVI. BATTLE OF BAYAMO AND RESULTS. Campos' First Sharp Check — Spaniards Much Shaken — Severe and Inter- esting Battle — General Santocildes Sacrifices his Life to Save that of Campos — Maceo does not Permit his Sharpshooters to Pick Off Cam- pos — Maceo's Humanity to the Wounded 272-277 CHAPTER XVII. THE MASSACRE AT GAUTAO. A Seaside Breakfast and the Cuban Flag — The Road into the Cuban Re- public — How the Rebels Foraged — The Gulf and the Sharks — The First News of the Massacre — The Tale of a Volunteer who Partici- pated — Eighteen Pacificos Killed to two Soldiers — Marcy Reports — Adventures of Correspondents— Talk with General Weyler on the Subject — The Dismal Scene at the Palace 278-290 ' CHAPTER XVIH. HORRORS OF MORO CASTLE. A Newspaper Correspondent A rbitraril y Arrested — A Night and Two Days in an Ugly Dungeon — Neglect of Prisoners — A Case of Mistaken Identity — Released, but Apology not Made — The Claim of Clemency, not Justice, Insisted Ul-on— The Exclusive Society of Gray Rats not Agreeable 291-300 CONTENTS. 1 5 CHAPTER XIX. THE SECOND YEAR OF THE SECOND WAR. PAGES The Condition of the Country Approaching the Second Rainy Season of the Struggle — Why the War-Cry went forth in February — The Saga- city of Gomez in Choosing Time and Place — Preparing for his Re- markable Campaign — The Policy of Destruction — Why it was Adopted — The Way the Spaniards are Retaliating — Cuba Laid Waste by Both Combatants — War, Pestilence and Famine — The Terrible Privations and Distress of the People 301-31 1 CHAPTER XX. THE PICTURESQUE IN THE WAR. The Camps of the Rebels and the Palace of the Governor-General — How the Wounded Cubans are Cared for — The Inside of the Rebellion in the Woods, and the Secret Doors of the Palace — The Cuban Women in the War, and an American Woman Interviews the Redoubtable Weyler, and he Shows Photographs of his Family, and Gives her Flowers. 312-341 CHAPTER XXI. AN IRREPRESSIBLE CONFLICT OF TESTIMONY. The Double-Entry Historical Bookkeeping of the Battles in Cuba — The Remarkable Characteristics of Discrepancy — The Havana and Key West Stories Discolored and Distorted Out of Recognition — The Re- sponsibility for Nickel Novel Cuban Reports — Dynamite and the Press— The War in the West End 342-355 CHAPTER XXII. THE RECORD OF DESOLATION AND DESPAIR. The Torch is Mightier than the Sword — Lists of the Plantations and Towns Burned — Dramatic Scenes and Thrilling Incidents in the Doomed Island — The Work of Destruction the Only Occupation — Utter Col- lapse of Business — Famine Close at Hand — Inhumanity and the Cu- ban Cry for Cartridges — A New York Deserter — A Business Man has One Hope of Escaping Ruin — The Truth of the Civil Government of Cuba— The Cry for Cartridges 356-392 CHAPTER XXIII. THE CAUSE OF CUBA. Cuba is Governed by Spain for Spain — Cubans are Taxed to Protect Spain — Impolicy Prepared for Revolution — Rebellion Forced by Mis- 1 6 CONTENTS. PAGES government — Public Papers as Testimony — A Ruler of Spain Polite to General Grant About Cuban Independence 393~4II CHAPTER XXIV. THE CRISIS IN CUBA. This War not a Ten Years' War— The Fighting too Fast and Furious to Last— The Crisis Financial, Industrial, Social, Military and Political —General Lee's Important Functions — The Policy of the Administra- tion—Senator White's Speech — James Creelman's Story of Massacre — The Power and Duty of the United States— The Mutual Hatred of the Creole and the Spaniard, and Influence of the Abolition of Slavery 4'2-444 CHAPTER XXV. THE DESTINY OF CUBA. A Personal Word — Account of a Mysterious Missionary — Comparison of Campos and Weyler — Spain has Lost Cuba — The Destiny of the Pearl of Islands is to be one of our States — Gentlemen are Rebels — The Volunteers as Business Men — Cubans Worthy to be our Fellow Citizens 445-472 CHAPTER XXVI. POINTS OF PICTURES. Sugar Plantation — Tobacco Fields — Royal Palms — Cocoanut Palms — Cuban Vegetation — Moro Castle Cell — Valley of the Yumuri — San- tiago — Royal Family — The Object Lesson of Cuba and Long Island Contrasted on the Scale as to Size — The Spanish Hill-top and Car Fortifications — Cuban Pictures too Beautiful to Paint, Except with a Poetic Pen 473-491 CHAPTER XXVII. STATISTICAL AND DOCUMENTARY. Organization of the Cuban Army, as Reported by General Gomez — Com- merce of Spain with her Colonies — The Authentic Figures of the Population of the Island, Showing the Proportion of Whites and Colored People — Official Cuban Letters and Proclamations 492-504 CHAPTER XXVIIL NATURAL RICHES AND NATIVE CHARMS OF CUBA. The Cultivation of Sugar Cane — Picture of a Cuban Garden — The South- ern Cross — Cuba as Eden — Sugar Making — Tobacco Raising — The CONTEA TS. I 7 Forests and Fruits — Beauty of the Nights — Cuba Compared with New York — The Precious Woods — Mountains and Rivers — Solid Encyclopaedical Information — The Cry of a Poor Man S^S-SS' CHAPTER XXIX. THE ANCIENT RECORDS OF THE ISLAND. The Words in Spanish and Rendered in English with which Columbus Reports the Discovery of Cuba — The Words in which he Reported the Smoking of Tobacco by the Islanders — The Account of the First Mass Celebrated in the New World 532-54' CHAPTER XXX. THE SITUATION WHEN WEYLER ARRIVED. Monotony of Military Situation — The Trocha as a Spanish Delusion — Strange Paralysis of the Army of Spain — How It Pays to Keep Full Prisons — Corrupt Sluggards — The Combats at Cacarajicara and Man- zanillo — Troubles of American Correspondents — Captain - General Weyler's Personality — Gossip About Him — The Filibusters— The Strained Relations with Spain in 1873 — Sickles and Fish Dispatches — Settlement of the Virginius Case 542-580 CHAPTER XXXI. OUTLINE HISTORY OF CUBA FROM MAY, 1 896, TO JANUARY, l8g7 A Memorable Year — A Long Period of Spanish Stagnation — The Rainy Season Recess — Maceo Disturbs Peace in Pinar del Rio — Weyler's Policy — Bird's-eye View of Cuban Provinces — Resemblance to New England — The Famous Trocha — Conflict of Testimony — Common Carelessness as to Truth — The Death of Maceo, and Variety of Fiction Founded on It — Dr. Zertucha a Sinister Character — Two American Correspondents with the Spaniards Give Interesting Infor- mation — The Story of a Fight at Sea — Fantastic Falsehoods — Cas- telar's Political Poetry — No Spanish Reform — Cleveland and Con- gress — .Importance of Diplomatic Form and Dignity 581-601 CHAPTER XXXII. SPANISH FINANCIAL CRISIS AND AMERICAN POLICY. Fighting in a Cloud — A Mystery of Horror — The Situation after Twenty- eight Months of War — How the Spanish Army is Wasted — Cuba in Congress — Belligerency Resolution — Policy of the Administration — The Foresight of Gomez — Fortunes of East and West Cuba — Crisis in Spanish Finance — Spain Agitated — Prospect for Peace — General Woodford Minister to Spain 602-625 C— 2 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Murat Halstead Frontispiece Map of Cuba, showing operations of the Insur- gents Face Contents Havana 22 Butchery of the Crew of the Virginius, Captain Fry Bid- ding His Men Farewell 39 The Virginius Martyrs 47 General Martinez Campos 59 Group — De Lome, Castillo, Hannis Taylor 73 D. Valeriano Weyler 89 Antonio Maceo 97 Charge of Cuban Cavalry 119 Sugar Cane Plantation 133 Women Cavalry 145 General Maximo Gomez 155 Queen Regent of Spain and Children 169 View near Santiago 183 Moro Castle 193 Avenue of Palms, Havana 203 Corridor in the Casino 211 Alphonse XHL, King of Spain 225 A Narrow Street and Cathedral 241 Cuban Junta 257 Cisneros and Marti 267 Cubans in Ambush, Typical Fort, etc 285 Cell in Moro Castle 297 Valley of the Yumuri 313 19 20 LIST OF ILL USTRA TIONS. Cubans Fighting from Tree-tops 323 Fruit Stand in Havana 333 A Close Encounter 35^ Spanish Outpost near Remedios 3^1 Landing Arms, etc., from the Bermuda 373 Coffee Plantation 397 Cocoanut Palm 415 Destruction of a Railway Train by Dynamite 433 Defense of a Barricade of Sugar Barrels 451 Tobacco Plantation 461 Attack on a Fortified Railroad Train 479 Cuban Attack on Fort near Vueltas 489 President Cisneros and Cabinet 507 Templete Chapel 533 Calixto Garcia 543 Repulsing the Spaniards at Alto Songo 561 The Death of Maceo 589 < -a > < THE STORY OF CUBA CHAPTER I. FIRST EVENTS AND EARLY INFLUENCES. The Discovery — Columbus Enchanted — His Dreams — Beauty of Earth, , Ocean and Sky — The Gentle Natives Smoke Cigarettes — Some Slow Centuries — The British Conquest — Dawn of Revolution in the Ever Faithful Island — The Slavery Embarrassment — Thomas Jefferson and Charles Sumner — A Despotic Political Economy. When Christopher Columbus found Cuba he was in the midst of his wonderful dream of the Indies, and all the world had for him become enchanted. He sailed on his immortal voyage, believing that he would find the beautiful country of which he had read in the story of Marco Polo, and as he sailed from island to island, finding each new discovery more romantic than the last, he interpreted all the incidents to confirm his belief that he was nearing Cipango, and would very soon have the opportunity of delivering the letters, with which he was equipped from Ferdinand and Isabella, to the Great Khan. He and his followers asked the simple natives, whether meeting them in their canoes or under their fruit-trees, for gold, and thought the responses meant that a great country was close at hand, and that could be none other than the mysterious land of whose fabulous riches the most famous of wanderers, who had traveled furthest East, had told. The Island that he called Isabella, for the beloved sovereign of Castile, his benign patroness, proved espe- 23 24 THE STORY OF CUBA. cially captivating to the great navigator, and he wrote of it: "Everything is green as April in Andalusia. The singing of the birds is such that it seems as if one would never desire to depart. There are flocks of par- rots that obscure the sun. There are trees of a thou- sand species, each having its particular fruit, and all of marvelous flavor." Inspired by his eastern romance, he detected in the air " spicy odors," and enjoyed a fragrance from the blossoming groves, that he. said " was the sweetest thing in. the world," and there were many precious trees of which he knew nothing, but that they would be of great price in Spain ; and that was so, bothof the wood and of the fruit. The great land, a little way over the exquisite waters, of which he heard continually, was Cuba,, and when at last he saw it on the morning of the 28th of October, 1492, he was not surprised, but his soul was sailing along the shores of Japan, half around the world away. He was in the midst of the season of rains in the Indies he was discovering, and in the very month destined to celebrity for awful hurricanes in that region, but the ocean was as silk under his adventurous prow, the water was almost transparent as the air, and places of anchor- age were chosen by the appearance of the bottom of the sea. At first view the Cuban mountains reminded the discoverer of those of Sicily, so lofty were they in the crystal sky. He sighted land near Neuvitas del Prin- cipe, and thought he found " noble and profound rivers," whose shores were overhung with blooming trees, and he was struck by the extraordinary wealth of color of the flowers, and the majesty of the royal palms. He called the Island Juana, for Prince Juan, and then, when HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 2$ Ferdinand died, the name was changed to Fernandina, and then Santiago, and then for the Holy Virgin ; but the old Indian name, Cuba, conquered all competition, and has asserted itself triumphantly for four hundred years ; typically, we may trust, after the sorrowful cen- turies of its final American destiny. As Columbus sailed along the splendid shores, he fan- cied he was about to find the city where the Great Khan dwelt, and sent expeditions of inquiry, and as they sought the kingdom of the far East, they were particu- larly anxious for gold — a few ornaments made of that metal appealing to the imagination. The messengers hunting the Khan — who was only 13,000 miles away — made a great discovery, that of the Indians smoking tobacco, nearly in the form that is the favorite indulgence of the Cubans to this day — the cigarette. The exaltation of mind of the Discoverer influenced every scrap of his writings. The wings of his fancy were broad and free as he followed his false clue. The realities around him surpassed the creations of fancy, and there was an ineffable harvest of glory, but it did not enter into his visions that he had found a hemis- phere. The nature of the people of this marvelous land, dwelling in houses built of palms, and living on a bill of fare of fruits afforded nowhere else, seemed to the great Genoese, whose romances compete with his his- tory in their benignity, to be admirable material to be- come children of the Church, and he beheld in the riches unfolded before his eyes the resources that should enable him to snatch the Holy Sepulchre from the grasp of the infidel. The first idea impressed upon Columbus by Cuba was, that it was indeed afl island, and then his conviction 26 THE STORY OF CUBA. was formed, and never departed from him, that it was a continent, and it was not circumnavigated until 1508, when it was ascertained to be almost the same size as England. His point of first contact was on the north shore of the second province, as the Island is now or- ganized from the east end. His westward voyages did not reach the extremity of the land in that direction. He rounded the eastern point, encountered the high land of -Hayti, and, fascinated by the Caribbean Sea, touched in a later voyage the South American coast. He knew not what he had done, but had scanned the northern coast of the southern continent, and Cuba re- mained the most superb land he personally found in the New World he gave Spain ; and it is more deeply iden- tified with his memory than anything else he revealed to mankind, and richer than Cipango itself, as the trop- ics are richer than the temperate zones. The first three centuries of Cuban history did not, in a marked degree, develop the elements of discord be- tween Spain and her richest colony, that in the latter half of her fourth century have proven so irrepressible and disastrous. The story of the, Island for the earlier centuries would have been tedious had it not been for the incidents of external contention by which she was interested and influenced. A volume appeared in New York, in 1850, that is regarded by the Cuban revolutionists as correctly defin- ing their cause as it was at that time ; and the argument of this work, " Cuba and the Cubans," was that the Island had been under martial law for a quarter of a century; the captain - general having been, in 1825, invested " with the whole extent of power granted to the Governors of besieged towns." This has been the HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 2J state of the Island for nearly three quarters of a cen- tury, and it is the phrase of felicitation among the insurgents that now after one year's war they " besiege all the towns " — that is by land — the Spaniards holding only the soil of the country they cover with troops, and the cities commanded by their fleets. It is the Cuban boast, therefore, that they have " limited " the territory of the operation of martial law. In the stories of Cuba after her first three hundred years, the importance of the United States, the great power close at hand, is continually manifest. This pas- sage, from "Cuba and the Cubans," page 52,is an example: During the second period of democratic, or what was called constitu- tional government, which commenced in 1820, the Masonic societies came into vogue as they did in the mother country. They adopted dif- ferent plausible pretexts — though to speak the truth, they were little more than clubs for amusement and revelry. One of them, called the " Soles de Bolivar," went so far as to discuss whether, in case of a Columbian invasion, it would be more expedient to avoid a collision in the presence of the slaves, by giving way peaceably before the invading army. Hap- pily for Cuba, and certainly in consequence of the judicious interference of the United States, which foresaw in the preservation of its tranquility the advantages of a fruitful commerce, the invasion did not take place. And if the Island has since had to lament the gradual encroachments of the executive, in all the several branches of its politics and administra- tion, it has also been preserved from the sanguinary results which the premature establishment of ultra free institutions has produced in all the numerous countries which once formed the dominion of Spain in America. For the difficulty of annexation, from the lesser influence the United States then possessed among nations, and the controlling importance of the shipping interest in that country. The trouble here, as it is plain to see, was slavery and the natural opposition of the slave holders to " the premature establishment of ultra free institutions." However, the book we quote undertook to show that the 28 THE STORY OF CUBA. freedom of Cuba would certainly come speedily, and in that made a miscalculation of at least forty-five years. The question of the annexation of Cuba to the United States was subordinated on both sides — until the abolish- ment of slavery by the ten years' war, closing in 1878 — to the consideration of the slave questions, and but for this Cuba would have escaped from Spain without aid long ago. Senator Lodge cleverly, in his speech before the Mas- sachusetts State Convention, read a few lines that were " written in order to be precise " as follows : For myself I cannot doubt that in the interest of both parties, Cuba and Spain, and in the interest of humanity, also, the contest should be closed. This is my judgment on the facts so far as known to me. Cuba must be saved from its bloody delirium or little will be left for the final conquerors. Nor can the enlightened mind fail to see that the Spanish power on this Island is anachronism. The day of European colonies has passed, at least in this hemisphere, where the rights of men were fiist proclaimed and self-government first organized. [Applause. 1 The words were Charles Sumner's, spoken in i86g, when the ten years' war had been going on one year — the same length of time the present warfare has raged. Mr. Sumner was, of course, hindered in his sympathies with the Cuban rebellion of that time because the rebels were largely slave holders, and it was not given him to see that when the conflict pending, as he spoke, was over, Cuba should be free in the sense that there would be an end of slavery on her soil. We may go back to the far-seeing statesman, Thomas Jefferson, who found, when the Louisiana Purchase was proposed, that the constitution which he sought to con- strue with a sharp outlook for the suppression of doubt- ful powers, was broad enough to permit the nation to HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 29 buy the mouth of the Mississippi, and we find him writing, as recently quoted in the United States Senate by Mr. Vest of Missouri : Napoleon will certainly give his consent without difficulty to our re- ceiving the Floridas, and with some difficulty possibly Cuba. That he would give us the Floridas to withhold intercourse with the residue of the colonies cannot be doubted. But that is no price, because they are ours in the first moment of the first war, and until a war they are of no particular necessity to us. But, although with difficulty, he will consent to our receiving Cuba into our Union, to prevent our aid to Mexico and the other provinces. That would be a price, and I would immediately erect a column in the southernmost limit of Cuba, and in- scribe on it Ne Plus Ultra, as to us, in that direction. We should then have only to include the North in our confederacy, which would be, of course, in the first war, and we should have such an empire for liberty as she has never surveyed since the creation, and I am persuaded no con- stitution was ever before so well calculated as ours for extensive empire and self-government. As the Mentor went away before this change, and will leave France probably while it is still a secret in that hemisphere, I presume the expediency of pursuing her with a swift-sailing dispatch was considered. It will be objected to our receiving Cuba that no limit can then be drawn to our future acquisitions, Cuba can be defended by us without a navy, and this develops the principle which ought to limit our views. Nothing should ever be accepted which would require a navy to defend it. It was clearly in the mind of Jefferson that Spain might listen to reason and part with Cuba, as France with Louis- iana. In the days when Jefferson and Sumner wrote the passages given, the dark problem of slavery confronted us in nearly half our own States, and complicated the issue of the acquisition of territory with that of the ex- tension or the restriction of slave soil in the republic. The Cuban filibustering expeditions of a former gener- ation, attended, as they were, with the loss of valued lives and the transmission of an inheritance of excitements 30 . THE STORY OF CUBA. and hatreds, were distinctly to provide for the admis- sion of more slave States into the American Union. With slavery abolished throughout America, we can contemplate Cuba without a shadow of slave power to obscure the vision ; and there is the greater reason why the enfranchisement of her whole people should be es- tablished and her self-government absolutely achieved, while it is the true contention that the better form of that accomplishment is her annexation as a State to the United States, as Texas was annexed. There was a narrow policy, involving the greatest men of their day and generation in our country, that would have excluded Texas — the France of America — and that could have abandoned the golden opportunity to acquire California, but the common sense of the common people was wiser far than the statesmanship of the giants of those days. Clay and Webster. It is fortunate that Cuba did not fall into our hands as a slave State, for when the slave power was so great in our government, and a greater peril than we were aware, it must have increased our difficulties, and our sovereign State idea would, at the same time, have taken evil shape. But that is all over. Our free Union, as it stands, is " one and inseparable," and just as cer- tain as that is so, is the fact that the States are imperish- able quantities, never to be subtracted from the sum. Our State method of self-government is that which Cuba wants — the style of autonomy she needs — and the pressure of our mighty forces upon her ways in affairs political, would steady the State to accept her share of our destiny. Cuba, it will be remembered, wasof slow growth, and aroused from the stupor of centuries by the British HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 3 I occupation of 1 762. " Cuba and the Cubans " says of the protracted paralysis of the Island : The truth lies in the fact that after having exhausted the Indian popu- lation, the Island was only held as a military post on the way to the mines of Mexico, with little else to occupy its reduced population than the raising of cattle on lands not appropriated. To the latter years of the past century, commerce was not only confined to Spanish merchant- men but to the periodical voyage of the fleet belonging to the East India Company. Foreign trade has only been authorized in the present cen- tury, when the European wars, forcing the Spanish flag from the seas, an encroachment of contraband trade made it impossible to oppose it. The commercial restrictions were antiquated, and, of course oppressive, and extended to all the relations of Spain and the Spanish provinces. At the opening of the nineteenth century, the now alienated children of Spain claimed that her attitude was one of nobility, actuated by patriotic impulse, and Cuba, repeatedly invaded as a Spanish province, was true to the old colors ; but her loyalty did not affect the steady encroachment of the fatalities of the colonial system of Spain, or the indu- rated and deadly prejudices of her political economy. 32 THE STORY OF CUBA, CHAPTER II. EUROPE AND AMERICA AND THE INDIES. British Conquest of Cuba — American Revolution and Cuban Insurrec- tions—Americans Interested in Cuban Affairs — The Lopez and Virginius Massacres — Terrible Scenes of Bloodshed — Cuban Mar- tyr's Letter to his Wife. One of the most remarkable things in the history of Cuba is the length of time that it was but sparsely pop- ulated, and that the value of the Island, on account of the surpassing riches of its soil, was, if not unknown, surprisingly unappreciated. The West Indies, as territories disputed by European powers, were conspicuous in the record of the eigh- teenth century, and before that they had for a century and a half been famous for pirates, innumerable harbors favoring the concealment of lawless wanderers; and the Spanish treasure ships were attractive prey. There were fierce hatred and jealousy of Spain by England and France, and it was their theory, as the Spaniards had not acquired through Columbus a title to the- New World, that the commerce of Spain was to be appropri- ated by others whenever opportunity offered. The Spanish protected their ships as well as they could, and one of the long-standing orders was that vessels on their way from Mexico to Spain should stop at Havana ; and the situation of that city was so commanding, her growth was out of proportion to the general progress of the Island, and her relative importance steadily in. creased. HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 33 Some of the most famous British seamen were charged by the Spaniards with piracy, and their pro- ceedings were certainly rather irregular. The conquest of Havana, and other important points in Cuba, by the Enghsh, in 1762, was a striking feat of arms; and why they gave up the splendid booty within a year, has never been quite explained ; but it cannot be said the English did not get something for what they gave. It was from the French West Indies that the fleet sailed that helped Washington and Rochambeau at Yorktown, and caused the surrender of Cornwallis by beating back, after many broadsides, the squadron that sailed from New York for his relief, and it was a marvelous com- bination to bring the French from Gaudeloup to the capes of Virginia at the same time that Washington marched away from the Hudson with his French allies, to catch the southern army of England between the James and York rivers, where Cornwallis found him- self after his fiery march through the Carolinas. It was necessary to plan the outlines of this expedition in Paris, and the detail at Dobb's Ferry ; and at that time Paris was further from Yorktown, whether by way of New York or the Indies, than New York is now from Aus- tralia ; and this holds good if we omit the wires through which the nations talk between the continents. The French, during our war of the revolution, were strong competitors with England at sea, and indeed they never gave up the primacy of the ocean to the British till after Trafalgar, and they do not entirely believe it yet ; but Rodney won a victory over the French fleet in the leeward islands, almost as important as the last blow Nelson struck, and the splendid French 34 THE STORY OF CUBA. armament that fought off the British from the capes of Virginia and made captives of a British army was no more. The presence of the British for a year in Cuba im- parted energy to the commerce of the island, and the labor of black slaves began to be productive of sugar. In- deed, slavery and sugar substantially came together, and Cuba received a large accession of valuable people from Hayti when the insurrections and massacres there rele- gated that supurb land a long way toward barbarism, with only the compensations of a rude form of freedom. At the turn of the centuries, when Napoleon shook up the nations, Cuba was faithful to Spain — becoming the ever faithful island — and when the Spanish-American empire fell into ruin, Cuba remained the last and richest of the gigantic inheritance bequeathed by the Italian navigator, who was rewarded by returning in chains from San Domingo, over the line on which he had sailed to make his immortal discovery. There were insurrections in Cuba in 1823, 1829, 1835 and 1844, regarded with increasing interest and sym- pathy by the American people ; and in 1850 occurred the famous Lopez and Crittenden expedition. Narcisso Lopez was a native of Venezuela, who reached the rank of major-general in the Spanish army, married a wealthy Cuban lady, was detected as interested in an insurrectionary movement, and escaped to the United States, where he was devoted to plans for the liberation of Cuba, and, in 1850, sailed from New Orleans in the steamer Pampero with three hundred men. The second in command was a W. S. Crittenden, a graduate of West Point and Mexican War hero, though but twenty- eight years old. HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 35 There was hardly a pretense of disguise in our South- ern States, of the object of the expedition, and the de- tails of it were recklessly given, so that the Spanish authorities were warned, and as they knew Lopez meant to land in the eastern part of the island, letters were sent purporting to be from Cuban patriots, per- suading him to land in the western province, where a rising would be prepared to support him. Lopez fell into the trap. He stopped at Key West to take coal, and landed, as the Spaniards had planned, at Bahia Honda, and marched into the interior, where the insurrection was to take place, and Crittenden re- mained at the seaside as a base of operations. Hearing nothing from Lopez, and knowing, there- fore, his movement was a failure, Crittenden made a desperate attempt to escape in open boats, but was discovered and captured by the Spanish Admiral, Brestillo. The United States consul was appealed to for assist- ance, but declined to interfere ; and did not even, it is said, visit the unfortunate men, because he was alarmed for his personal safety, and there was no doubt at all of the nature of the expedition. The proceedings were prompt. Crittenden and fifty men were shot in groups of six under the walls of Fort Atares, Crittenden refusing to kneel with his back to the firing party, according to the Spanish fancy, but faced them erect, saying he kneeled only to God ! The reports are, that the bodies of the victims were treated with frightful indignities. Lopez found some sympathizers, but there was no demonstration in his favor, as he had expected, and after two skirmishes, he surrendered, and was executed C-3 36 THE STORY OF CUBA. with the garrote at Havana, not being permitted the death of a soldier. Forty-nine of his men were shot, and one hundred and six of them held in servitude, loaded with chains, seven months in Spain. This bloody business caused intense feeling in the United States, and the death of the gallant Crittenden was bitterly lamented and resented. Captain Joseph Fry, of the ill-fated Virginius, is widely known as "The Cuban Martyr." He was a native of Florida, born at Tampa Bay, June 14, 1826, and was a confederate officer of high courage and ca- pacity. He was at Port au Prince, Oct. 7, 1873, with the Vir- ginius, and took on board war material, 500 Remington rifles, 600 sabres, 400 revolvers, and many other articles of unmistakable war material. There is no more serious question of the character of the expedition than of the nature of the cargo, though some of the men seemed of an irresponsible sort. While the Virginius was on the way to Cuba, the Spanish gunboat Tornado appeared, and Captain Fry attempted to return to Jamaica, and urged his ship to the utmost, burning fat, and firing up to such an extent that the pursuers in the night located the ship by the flame from her chimneys. The Virginius and Tornado were built by the same British firm for blockade-runners. The Tornado proved the better boat on this occasion, and gradually came within range. Various causes were assigned for the failure of the Virginius to show speed, and there was a story of treachery, but as she had not been docked for fourteen months, and needed scraping at least once in six months, there was no need of treason in the engine- room to account for her capture. HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 37 There was a dreadful panic on the doomed vessel. The war material was lifted out of the hold by a crane and flung overboard, though there was enough left in the fragments of cases to show what the " merchandise " that was thrown into the sea had been. Many of the party opened their trunks, and threw away everything they regarded as suspicious, and the whole vessel was in wild disorder. The first shot from the Tornado fell wide, but the second struck the smoke-stack of the fugitive, and she was stopped, and surrendered, the captain pro- testing that his papers were regular, that the Virginius was " an American ship, carrying American colors and papers, with an American captain and an American crew," and that the passengers were going to Costa Rica. He, therefore, protested in the name of the American government against detention. The Spanish captain said the Virginius was " a pirate ship," and ordered the American colors pulled down and the Spanish colors run up — and it is said the lowered flag was trampled upon. The Tornado, with her prize, made for Santiago de Cuba, arriving there Nov. ist, and the fierce demonstra- tions of the volunteers alarmed Captain Fry, who does not seem until then to have realized his situation, and he is reported by his friends there to have said : "If I die, it will be for the Cuban cause." The court martial of those recognized as Cuban insurgents was a matter of form, and the decision that the prisoners must be shot to death was soon reached. The Spanish official report of the execution of the patriotic generals who were the leading passengers of the Virginius is the following : 38 THE STORY OF CUBA. Santiago de Cuba, Nov. 4, 1873. To His Excellency, The Captain-General : At 6 o'clock this morning, were shot in this city, for being traitors to their country, and for being insurgent chiefs, the following persons, styling themselves " patriot generals ": Bernabe Varona, alias Bambeta, General of Division ; Pedro Cespedes, Commanding General of Cien- fuegos ; General Jesus Del Sol, and Brigadier Washington Ryan. The executions took place in the presence of the entire corps of volunteers, the force of regular infantry, and the sailors from the fleet. An im- mense concourse of people also witnessed the act. The best of order prevailed. The prisoners met their death with composure. " BURRIEL." There were a few friendly spectators at the execution, which took place in what was appropriately known as the " slaughter-house." Ryan wore a blue shirt with a silver star. The victims were shot in the back, and the bodies beheaded, the heads displayed on spikes, while the trunks were trampled by horses. A correspondent of the New York Herald, named George W. Sherman, was imprisoned four days for attempting to sketch the scene. The American consul attempted to protest, but was restrained in his house by a guard. One account, by an American present, says the people were not in a mood of noisy approbation, but were " excessively quiet." Then came the court martial in the case of the cap- tain and crew. The American consul saw Captain Fry — who was without delay convicted by the alleged court and ordered shot — make his protest, as a preparation for death ; and the captain signed it two hours before he marched to the " slaughter-house." It was Novem- ber 7, 1873. At 4 o'clock in the afternoon the con- demned ofl&cers and crew of the Virginius were naarched by fours to the shooting place, passing and saluting the American consulate, where the flagstaff was bare. HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 41 Captain Fry was of the last group in the procession and shot first, being the only man, though the soldiers stood only ten feet away, who fell dead at the opening volley. The majority of the condemned, as the firing pro- ceeded, were wounded, and killed as they writhed on the ground, the favored method of dispatch being firing rifles in the mouths of those who were dis- abled. The number killed was fifty-three, and ninty- three more were under sentence. Among the executed was the second engineer, who made a declaration to the Spaniards that he had meddled with the engine and caused the capture. He was marched with the rest prevent his comrades from knowing that he had been favored, and shot by mistake, making frantic protests. He probably had not told the Spaniards the truth, and got the just award for his treachery. At this time General Grant was President of the United States; General Sickles Minister to Spain ; the famous orator Castelar, President of Spain, and he, it is believed, ordered the execution not to take place; but, if so, the order did not reach Santiago in time. There came help, after the captain was shot with his crew, from an unexpected quarter, and the incident is the one gleam of white light in this dark chapter. The British steamer Niobe, Captain Sir Lampton Lorraine, ran in at full speed from Jamaica, starting in such a hurry she left some of her crew ashore, and the captain was landed in Cuba before his ship was anchored, and demanded that the massacre should be stopped. He claimed to represent the United States as well as Eng- land, it is said ; and he even threatened to bombard the city. His vigor caused a suspension of the sentences 42 THE STORY OF CUBA. Still remaining to be executed, and the lives of the pris- oners not already put to death were saved. On his way home Sir Lampton Lorraine stopped at New York, where he was honored with an invitation to hold a re- ception, which he declined, and by way of saying to him, " You're a brick," a silver brick from Nevada was pre- sented him bearing this inscription, " Blood is thicker than water. Santiago de Cuba, November,. 1873, to Sir Lampton Lorraine, from the Comstock Mines, Virginia City, Nevada, U. S. A." For some reason not clear, the House of the American Congress laid a resolution of thanks to Sir Lampton on the table. January, 1874, President Grant sent a special message about the Virginius case to Congress, noting that the ship was correctly cleared and had a right to fly the American flag, and that no " state of war existed." The Spaniards contended the Virginius was not entitled to the character given by her papers. By an arrange- ment, which General Grant said was " moderate and just," the vessel and survivers were surrendered to the United States and this was " calculated to cement the good relations which so long subsisted between Spain and the United States." The ship with the American flag flying was delivered at Bahia Honda, but she was unseaworthy and, struck by a storm on the way to New York, was sunk off Cape Fear. Her surviving passen- gers were given up to the United States at Santiago de Cuba, December i, 1873. There was a vast amount of feeling in the United States about the Virginius massacre, but the trouble was the technical rights of the Spaniards prevented any practical measures being taken to call them to account for the shock- ing barbarity of the wholesale executions; but the painful HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 43 circumstances have been well remembered. It was the undoubted filibuster record of the steamer that caused the marked coolness of the message of President Grant. Captain Fry wrote a farewell letter to his wife the night before his execution. " Wherever," says the Bal- iimorean, in first publishing this letter, "the story of the Virginius outrage shall go, the story of this letter will go to. It is a letter that many an eye will weep to read, and that any man at such an extremity might envy the power to write." On Board the Spanish Man-of-War, La Tornado, Santiago de Cuba, Nov. 6, '73. Dear, Dear Dita: — When I left you I had no idea that we should never meet again in this world, but it seems strange to me that I should to-night, and on Annie's birthday, be calmly seated, on a beautiful moonlight night, in a most beautiful bay in Cuba, to take my last leave of you my own dear, sweet wife! and with the thought of your own bitter anguish, my only regret at leaving. I have been tried to-day, and the president of the court martial asked the favor of embracing me at parting, and clasped me to his heart. I have shaken hands with each of my judges, and the secretary of the court and interpreter have promised me, as a special favor, to attend my execution, which will, I am told, be within a few hours after my sen- tence is pronounced. I am told my death will be painless; in short I have had a very cheer- ful and pleasant chat about my funeral, to which I shall go a few hours from now, how soon I cannot say yet. It is curious to see how I make friends. Poor Bambetta pronounced me a gentleman, and he was the brightest and bravest creature I ever saw. The priest who gave me communion on board this morning put a double scapular around my neck and a medal which he intends to wear himself. A young Spanish officer brought me a bright new silk badge with the Blessed Virgin stamped upon it, to wear to my execution for him, and a handsome cross in some fair lady's handiwork. They are to be kept as relics of me. He embraced me affectionately in his room with tears in his eyes. 44 THE STORY OF CUBA. Dear Sweetheart, you will be able to bear it for my sake, for I will be with you if God permits. Although I know my hours are short and few, I am not sad. I feel I shall always be with you right soon, dear Dita, and you will not be afraid of me. Pray for me and I will pray with you. There is to be a fearful sacrifice of life from the Virginius, and as I think, a needless one, as the poor people are unconscious of crime, and even of their fate up to now. I hope God will forgive me if I am to blame for it. If you write to President Grant, he will probably order my pay, due when I resigned, paid to you after my death. People will be kinder to you now, dear Dita, at least I hope so. Do not dread death when it comes to you. It will be God's angel of rest, — remember this. I hope my children will forget their father's harshness, and remember his love and anxiety for them. May they practice regularly their religion and pray for him always. Tell , the last act of my life will be a public profession of my faith, and hope in Him, of whom we need not be ashamed, and it is not honest to withold that public acknowledgement from any false modesty or timidity. May God bless and save us all. Sweet, dear, dear Dita, we will soon meet again. Till then adieu for the last time. Your devoted husband, Joseph Fry. The adventurous life and heroic death of Captain Fry, and his farewell letter, made a deep and lasting impression upon the American people and Cuban pa- triots, and his pathetic history is written in song and story. Major Moses P. Handy witnessed the surrender of the Virginius, going out from Key West as a stow- away on the Despatch, the vessel appointed to receive the surrender. The Major gives the following account of the newspaper men. Every New York journal sent correspondents to the front. The New iTork Herald was represented at first at Key West by W. B. Stephens and Karl Case, who were reinforced by James A. Cowardin and " Modoc " Fox, and finally by J. A. McGahan, one of the most famous HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 45 of war correspondents, who came from the European station on one of our men-of-war, and Julius Chambers. The Tribune bureau was in my charge, and we also had Ralph Keeler at Santiago de Cuba and W. P. Sullivan, now a New York broker, at Havana; McGahan, Stephens, Cowardin, Case and Fox are now dead. The race between the correspondents for news was very hot. Every man as the representative of his newspaper was on his mettle, and enterprise was at a premium. McGahan had the advantage of being ward room guest on a man-of-war. Fox was paymaster's yeoman on the Pinta, the fastest boat in the navy. When we learned that the Virginius was to be surrendered, we all realized that that event would end the campaign. The Despatch made for Bahia Honda. The circum- stances of the surrender are thus related by the major: It was about noon when we passed an old fort called Murillo, command- ing the entrance to the harbor. Speed was then slackened, and the vessel crept cautiously along the narrow, but clearly marked, channel which leads to the smooth water where the Virginius was supposed to be lying. As soon as the Despatch was sighted from the shore, the Spanish flag, bearing the crown, notwithstanding the republic abolishing that mon- archical emblem, was flung to the breeze. We discovered a black sidewheel steamship lying about a mile beyond the fort. It was the Virginius. No other craft, except two or three coasting steamers, or fishing smacks, was then visible, and it was not until we were about to come to anchor that we discerned a Spanish sloop-of-war lying close under the shore, about two and a half miles away. Very soon a boat from the Spanish man-of-war came alongside of the Virginius, and immediately the Stars and Stripes were raised by Spanish hands, and again floated over the vessel which carried Ryan and his unfortunate comrades to their death. At the same moment we saw, by the aid of field glasses, another boat let down from the Spanish vessel. It proved to be the captain's gig, and brought to the Despatch a naval ofiicer in full uniform who proved to be Seflor de la Camera, of the Spanish sloop-of-war Favorita. He stepped briskly forward, and was met at the gangway by Captain Rodgers and Captain Whiting. After an exchange of courteous salutations. Commander de la Camera 46 THE STORY OF CUBA. remarked that he had received a copy of the protocol providing for the surrender of the Virginius, and that the surrender might now be considered to have taken place. Captain Whiting replied that under his instructions the following day was named for the surrender, and that he could not receive it until that time. Meanwhile he would thank the Spanish officer to continue in possession. Nine o'clock on Tuesday morning was then agreed upon as the hour, and after informing the American officer that there was coal enough on board of the Virginius to last six days, salutes were exchanged and the Spanish officer retired. The next morning, half an hour ahead of time, the gig of the Favorita came over to the Virginius. It contained oarsmen and a single officer. As the latter stepped on deck, a petty officer and half a dozen men, who had stood watch on the Virginius during the night, went over the side and remained in a dingy awaiting orders. At 9 precisely by the bells the American flag again flew to the flagstaff of the Virginius, and at the same moment a boat containing Captian Whiting and Lieutenant Marix put away from the Despatch. As they ascended the accommodation ladder of the Virginius the single man on deck \vho proved to be Sefior de la Camera, advanced and made a courteous salute. The officers then read their respective instructions, and Captian de la Camera remarked that in obedience to the requirements of the government and in execu- tion of the provisions of the protocol, he had the honor to turn over the steamer Virginius to the American authorities. Captain Whiting accepted, and learning that a receipt was required, gave one in due form. A word or two more was spoken and the Spaniard stepped over the side, signaled to his oarsmen, and in ten minutes was again upon the deck of his own vessel. Beside the surrendering and receipt- ing officers, I was the only witness of the ceremony. The Virginius was extremely dirty and in bad form, her engines disordered, and she was leaking. On the way to a northern port the ship foundered ; Major Handy says : It was the general opinion among the naval officers that the Sania had endeavored to belittle the whole proceeding by smuggling the Virginius out of Havana, by selecting an obscure harbor not a port of entry as the place of surrender and by turning the duty of sur- render over to a surveying sloop, while the Tornado, which made GEN. B. DE VARONA. GEN. WASHINGTON RYAN, y'li / GEN. PEDRO CESPEDES. gen. JESUSDEL SOL. the; virginius martyrs. (47) HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 49 the capture, lay in the harbor of Havana and the Isabella la Catholica, which had been selected as convoy, steamed back to Havana under cover of the night. The American officers and American residents in Cuba and Key West agreed that our government ought to have required that the Virginius should be surrendered with all the released prisoners on board either at Santiago de Cuba, where the Tornado brought in her ill-gotten prey and where the inhuman butcheries were committed, or in Havana where she was afterward taken in triumph, and greeted with the cheers of the excited Spaniards over the humiliation of the Americans. The difficulty the administration of General Grant had to respond to the public excitement about the Virginius, was the clear truth that she was, when cap- tured, engaged in an unlawful enterprise. Major Handy tells in this connection the story of the mysterious disappearance of Ralph Keeler, a magazine writer of celebrity, turned war correspondent, whose taking off the major charges to the Spaniards, saying: Keeler was probably dead at the moment when his instructions were filed in the telegraph office. He disappeared as effectually as if the earth had opened and swallowed him. How, why or when he died his friends never knew. It is "believed, however, that he was another victim of the hatred which in those days inflamed the Spanish breast against every citizen of the United States. Circumstantial evidence indicated that he was assassinated by Spanish volunteers, and I have always thought of my genial and gifted colleague as one of the murdered Americans now vaguely remembered as the victims of the Spanish bloodthirstiness in the matter of the unavenged Virginius incident. There are many chances for the mysterious departure to the unknown of correspondents serving in the midst of the precarious conditions of civil war, but the mur- ders which the volunteers certainly committed were affairs of the streets, theatres or hotels, and lacked no circumstance of notoriety. There seems to be a blood so THE STORY OF CUBA. madness in the air. In the late February in Havana a madman seized a rifle with sabre attached and assaulted a young man who had asked him an innocent question, knocked him down and stabbed him to death with the bayonet, sticking it through him a score of times, and then cried, •!' Cable my queen that I have killed a rebel!" The statement that this murderer was insane, was distinctly in some sense true. It is not, we must say, a correct use of words to say the the United States was degraded by the Virginius inci- dent. In proportion as nations are great and dignified, they must at least obey their own laws and treaties. When Grant was President of the United States and Castelar was President of Spain, there was a reckless adventure and shocking massacre, but we were not de- graded because we did not indulge a policy of vengeance. LIFE OF CAPTAIN JOSEPH FRY, THE CUBAN MARTYR. BY JEANIE MORT WALKER. On Santiago's placid bay The town of Santiago lay ; And in her walls a deed was done — The foulest e'er the sun shone on. O Cuba ! rarest, brightest gem That decks Atlantic's diadem ! O star of constellation bright That beams upon our ravished sight ! When yet the earth was fresh and young, And stars their matins scarce had sung, And still the heavenly echo rung, With lavish hand then nature flung A shower from her richest store — Which on her breast and brow she wore — Of gems that ransomed kings of yore, Which fell beside the western shore HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. SI Of green Atlantic's swelling flood, And there began to grow and bud, Till soon was seen a group of isles Which wear their mother Nature's smiles ; Cherished and blest beyond the rest Of those who claim the mother's breast ! As parents still love most the face Where their own features they may trace, Of this fair islet galaxy, Which studs the fairy summer sea. Most grand of all, my theme is seen — Lo ! Cuba — great Antilles' queen. Here zephyrs whisper through the palms. With odorous breath of spice and balms ; The orange, rich in golden hue. Hangs ripe and tempting to the view ; The bulbul, from his fragrant nest Upon the green Acacia's crest, With quivering wing and swelling throat. Pours forth his rippling, pearly note ; And as he calls his absent mate From 'mid the stately feathery date, He weaves, with silvery voice and strong, For her a wreath of gems of song. Its massive elephantine leaves The staid banana here upheaves ; And far above the garden wall — Adobe-built, and stout and tall — Its verdant banners wave on high, In rythmic bend to zephyr's sigh ; While, from the distance-softened height. With vines and cocoa-plumes bedight. The mellow tinklings faintly sound. As though in light and fragrance drowned. The train, with bells and trappings gay. Toils up the steep and devious way ; While sauntering idly in the rear. Lags slowly the swathy muleteer. The warm, voluptuous tropic day. Which knows no fall nor year's decay, 52 THE STORY OF CUBA. With sense-intoxicating power Bids all enjoy the golden hour, Unchecked by thoughts of future woe, Of blighting blast, or field of snow ; For here the summer knows no death, The gentle spring no dying breath ; No early grave ingulfs the bloom Nor hides their sweetness in the tomb. Like fair twin souls, from sin set free, And radiant in eternity. The favored children of the year All live and reign immortal here. Here find they what vain mortals seek, And that of which the poets speak — A heaven on earth ; 'tis here it lies. For them a mundane Paradise. Amid the scene depicted here. And mirrored in the waters clear Of Santiago's placid bay, The town of Santiago lay. A prisoner from his grated cell Looked out upon the briny swell, And in his breast an echo found For ocean's heaving, sobbing sound. And as he watched the dying day, And caught the sun's expiring ray — He sat and gazed with yearning eye Upon the soft cerulean sky. He saw Night draw her curtains dark O'er sleeping sea and anchored bark. The eyes of heaven — the gleaming stars — In pity watched him through the bars. He looked out on the glorious night And thought on Him — supremely bright — The Architect of skill divine Who did the starry dome design. Which roofs this balmy southern night Replete with incense and delight — Most grand that he has since his birth HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 53 Beheld, and 'tis his last on earth ! But in this solemn, dying hour, He fears not death nor human power ; He looks his fate full in the face, Supported by his Savior's grace. Yet still his brave heart fondly turns To where his hearthstone fire burns. And where are gathered those for whom He'd laugh at danger scorn the tomb. He thinks of her — his bosom's wife — And of his children, more than life ; Regrets, for this alone, his end. That it with pain their hearts should rend : And now, with heart still fond and true He writes his sad, his last adieu. The night is o'er, the morning breaks. But not a heart among them quakes. A martyr band, and he their chief. They stand unmoved by fear or grief. At sharp command the column starts. And on they move, those patriot hearts. With steady step, unblenching eye ; Thus nobly move they on to die. And as they pass the Consulate Which marks Columbia's flag and State Though powerless to save him now. He greets it with a loyal bow. And now they reach a massive wall Where lies imbedded many a ball ; For other victims on this spot Have died beneath the murderous shot At the wall's base, a ditch their lies, Where drops the doomed one as he dies ; And here the hapless victims halt, And kneel beside the waiting vault ; The guard steps back — a breathless pause — A deadly aim each soldier draws. The signal comes — a flash — a roar — And Freedom's sons lie red with gore ! 54 THE STORY OF CUBA. As Rachel, lone and childless left, And of her own by death bereft, Wept sore, and comfort still refused, Columbia ! mourn thy flag abused. Thy children bound by foreign chain. And by the ruthless alien slain. O, where those sacred ashes lie. Weep o'er the grave of noble Fry ! No more from out his grated cell. He gazes at the briny swell ; His children, wife, and native shore Shall see his loving face no more. His voice is now forever hushed. Quenched by the stream of life that gushed From out his body, wounded sore, But painless now forevermore. Shall butchers' scenes like these act still ? Insult our flag, our brethren kill ? From widows, mothers, stricken homes. From rural plains, from city domes. From friendless orphans' severed ties, From graves where buried honor lies. From north to south, from east to west. One answer comes — one sole behest : The answer will be verified When Freedom's banner, hailed with pride. Shall o'er the beauteous island queen Where now red murder's flag is seen And o'er bold Fry's forsaken grave, Forever in sad triumph wave. HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 55 CHAPTER III. ORIGIN AND CONDUCT OF CUBAN WARS. Spanish Passion for Cuba — Growth of Cuban War Spirit — The Ten Years' War Compared with the Present — Gomez and Campos in Both — Tacon's Tyranny — Slavery Abolished — "Book of Blood" — Edinburg Review on War of '68-78. It has seemed that in proportion as the Spanish have lost their colonies their passion for Cuba grew, until latterly Spain has seemed to live and die for the. island, and the more certain appears the drift of destiny and the logic of history, that she and Cuba must part, that they are of incompatible temperament and irreconcila- ble policies, the more fierce and relentless is the de- termination of the people of the Peninsula to hold the Cubans, at all cost, for all time, under their sovereignty. The danger of Spain in letting go is the extent to which she has committed her life to the contest. If she will perish with the departure of her possession, it must be so because she will have it so. Spain chose to selfishly use Cuba — to govern the Island through swarms of office holders, to arbitrarily order the course of her industries, and get the advantage of the products of the Island in the promotion of her own manufactories and commerce. She crushes manufac- tories in the Island that the sugar and tobacco money may go for the Spanish manufactures and the extension of the commerce of Cadiz and Barcelona. 56 THE STORY OF CUBA. Here are two capital mistakes, one political, the other economical, and between them is immense injustice and intolerable oppression. The favored culture of sugar and tobacco has also been fruitful of difficulties that first appeared in comparatively mild forms of disorder, until at last the question arises in the present state of the country, whether the hberty denied to petition, remonstrance, argument — to warfare within the lines of civilization — can be won by carrying fire with the sword, and rearing the edifice of independence upon a smoking desert. This is a great matter — whether the tree of liberty will thrive and bloom growing in bloody ashes ; and the stories of personal outrages and the romantic fictions, that are given to the world in the offi- cial reports of the Spanish Government, and in the gos- sip of the Cubans, that though full of true incidents is yet distorted and discolored, until the weariness of misunderstanding overcomes the faculties of persever- ance and discrimination, and so much is said that little is known — should cease to be of the highest interest. The present war in Cuba is the second and enlarged edition of that which raged from 1868 to 1878, origin- ating in the same grievances of the Cubans and the same abuses of government by the Spaniards. The ten years' war was of like character with this, in the conduct of hostilities, and the leading men on both sides in the two wars are the same. There were the roving bands of insurgents and pursuing columns of Spaniards a quarter of a century ago as now ; the same strong Spanish Hnes across the Island — the same deadly skirmishing and deadlier fevers — the same de- plorable incidents, exasperation and exhaustion. HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 57 Martinez Campos and Maximo Gomez were the great figures at the close of that war as at the begin- ning of this, but there is the change always to be con- sidered that the area of strife is extended, and the destruction of life and property has been vastly aug- mented. Then but three of the six provinces were par- tially laid waste, now the whole extent of the Island is devastated. There is about the same proportion of forces now as then. Both armies have in numbers been multiplied by three, and the insurgents have gained in confidence, and in the freedom with which they apply the torch. Then they were comparatively conservative in dealing with the plantations that they occupied — now, when they have traversed the lands that are the sources of wealth, they have become destroyers, until we may assume — indeed we cannot do otherwise — that the sugar and tobacco crops are at an end while the war lasts, and the whole country is frightfully impoverished, and seems falling into an abyss. When we consider how intense were the sufferings in the ten years' war, how numerous the losses, and com- pare what was done then with what is going on now, we cannot fail to see that this war is so destructive, so consumes men and money, and annihilates industry, that it cannot endure — that one year now is equal in extirpation of civilization and the consumption of all the resources engaged, to five of the long war ; and upon this basis of calculation we come to the conclusion that in some way the war has but about one year to run. Recently a Cuban sympathizer presented in a brief communication the corner-stone of the substantial Cuban grievances, as follows : 58 THE STORY OF CUBA. Should the Cubans allow the grinding of cane and gathering of to- bacco, it would mean the exporting of that merchandise, amountmg to, approximately, $80,000,000. It is well known to those who are engaged in the Cuban trade that about every dollar's worth of merchandise that Cuba exports finds its way back again in other merchandise from all parts of the world. This means that fully $80,000,000 of goods would go through the custom houses inwardly, leaving with the Spanish treasury the usual custom house dues on the same, which, for ten years previous to the present trouble, yielded $20,000,000 per annum. Here is just where the shoe pinches the Spanish foot. The destruction of the sugar crop, etc., thus means to the Spanish treasury a loss of between $20,000,000 and $25,000,000 instead of the paltry $450,000, as the Spanish minister would have the people of this country believe. A Cuban lecturer declares that Spain derives from Cuba from $50,000,000 to $60,000,000 annually, which is rather vague for business, and yet all the profit she gets is indirect, through the personal government carried on by transitory favorites, often both corrupt and incompetent, and if able and anxious to do well, subjected to a sys- tem of selfish extortion, far in excess of the resisting forces of individual integrity. In Clarence King's pamphlet, "Shall Cuba be free?" he very clearly sketches the first flagrancy of discordant relations between Spain and Cuba — the time in the administration of Tacon, sixty years ago. Mr. King says: "General Tacon was the instrument of Spanish greed in Cuba, a soldier of violence and ignorance, who came to the captain-generalcy embittered from a failure to encompass Spanish ends in South America. Tacon was a true type of the Spanish oppressor, born with a contempt for all other than force and hardened by the omnipotence of his Spanish commission." It was when this soldier was in full power that the news of the Constitution, proclaimed in Spain, reached Cuba. Sep- ,rf GENERAI, MARTINEZ CAMPOS, Former Governor General of Cuba HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 6l tember 27, 1836, and a movement was made by Cubans to secure their just share of the Uberties ac- corded Spaniards, but Tacon ordered that there should not be the shghtest change without his express orders. Now Tacon was serving under a royal commission that contained this language: "for the important end of preserving in that precious Island (Cuba) his legit- imate sovereign authority and public tranquility through proper means, has resolved, in accordance with the opinion of his council of ministers, to give to your Excel- lency the fullest authority, bestowing upon you all the powers which by royal ordinances are granted to the governors of beseiged cities. In consequence of this His Majesty gives to your Excellency the most com- plete and unbounded power." There was nothing that Tacon was not authorized or that he scrupled to do, and his action in putting his foot on the liberties of Cuba was confirmed by the Spanish Cortes in these terms : The Cortes, using the power which is conceded to them by the Con- stitution, have decreed: not being in a position to apply the Constitu- tion which has been adopted for the Peninsula and adjacent to the Ultra Marine province of America and Asia, these shall be ruled and administered by special laws appropriate to their respective situations and circumstances, and proper to cause their happiness consequently, the deputies for the designated provinces are not to take their seats in the present Cortes. The ten years' war in Cuba the more interested the United States because we had abolished slavery by the war process, and the same work was done in Cuba in the same way, only that the slaves were more active than with us, in the use of arms to secure their freedom. The Manifesto of the Cuban 62 THE STORY OF CUBA. revolutionary party that has been most extensively circulated in the United States says that before the out- break in 1868, the reform party, which included the most enlightened, wealthy and influential Cubans, ex- hausted all the resources within their reach to induce Spain to initiate a healthy change in her Cuban policy. The party started the publication of periodicals in Madrid and in the Island, addressed petitions, main- tained a great agitation throughout the country, and " having succeeded in leading the Spanish Government to make inquiry into the economical, political and social condition of Cuba, they presented a complete plan of government which satisfied public requirements as well as the aspirations of the people. The Spanish Government disdainfully cast aside the proposition as useless, increased taxation, and proceeded to its exact- tion with extreme severity." It is not unusual as the present war is discussed with Spaniards, for them to admit that the Cubans, in 1868, had real grievances, and fought well, as they say, to gain a true reformation. The same men now affirm there is nothing honest in the present war to fight about. Mr. Clarence King says slavery was practically killed by the ten years' war, and " Campos only bound Spain to publish the death notice. The main concession for which the insurgents accepted peace was the promise of constitutional reform. As a matter of fact, there promptly followed four royal decrees as follows: June 9th, entitling Cuba to elect deputies to the Cortes, one for each 40,000 people ; June gth, dividing the Island into the present six provinces ; June 21, instituting a system of provincial and municipal government, followed on HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 63 August 1 6th by the necessary electoral regulations. But the systerti was immediately seen to be the shadow with- out the substance of self-government. The Provincial Assembly could nominate only three candidates for pre- siding officer. It was the inevitable governor-general who had the power to appoint, not necessarily one of the three nominees, but any member of the Assembly he chose. But all this provincial machinery is in reality an empty form, since expressly by law the governor- general was given the power to prorogue the assem- blies at will. The deputies have never been- able to accomplish anything in the Cortes. Moreover, the crux of the whole financial oppression — tariff, taxes, and absolute control and expenditure of the revenue^ — re- mained with Spain." The revolutionary manifesto says, the compact Spain proposed with the Cubans through Campos, the accep- tance of which closed the struggle — Campos duly re- turning to Spain and Gomez retiring to San Domingo — "was a snare and deceit." Cuba being "granted the liberties of Porto Rico, which had none," and the manifesto continues : "On this deceitful ground was laid the new situation, throughout which has run a current of falsehood and hypocrisy. Spain, whose mind had not changed, hastened to change the name of things. The captain- general was called governor-general. The royal de- crees took the name of authorizations. The commercial monopoly of Spain was named coasting trade. The right of banishment was transformed into the law of vagrancy. The brutal attacks of defenseless citizens were called ' componte.' The abolition of constitu- tional guarantees became the law of public order. 64 THE STORY OF CUBA. Taxation without the consent or knowledge of the Cuban people was changed into the law of estimates (budget) voted by the representatives of Spain. " The painful lesson of the ten-year war had been en- tirely lost on Spain. Instead of inaugurating a redeeming policy that would heal the recent wounds, allay public anxiety, and quench the thirst for justice felt by the people, who are desirous to enjoy their natural rights, the metropolis, while lavish in promises of reform, per- sisted in carrying on, unchanged, its old and crafty system, the groundwork of which continues to be the same, namely : To exclude every native Cuban from every office that could give him any effective influence and intervention in public affairs; the ungovernable exploitation of the colonists' labor for the benefit of Spanish commerce and Spanish bureaucracy, both civil and military. To carry out the latter purpose it was necessary to maintain the former at any cost." The chapter of historical indictment of Spain, charg- ing upon her the blood of Cuba, that is most lurid is "The Book of Blood — An Authoritative Record," and it does not need that the words " Book of Blood " should be printed in red ink, as is the rule, to make it horrible. It, according to the title page, records " the poHcy adopted by modern Spain to put an end to the war for the independence of Cuba," and the date of publication is 1873, showing that it was issued in the midst of the ten years' conflict, and purports to give the earlier parts of the story of that protracted struggle. "The Book of Blood" opens with a reference to the Virginius massacre, and promises a rough sketch of the carnival of blood that took place " during the govern- ments of Generals Lersundi, Dulce, Caballero de Rodas, HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 65 Ceballos, Pieltain and, last but not least, Jovellar, those three last being representatives of the Spanish Repub- lic." This remark about the representatives of the Spanish Republic requires the comment that in the con- tests for liberty in Spain there has not been the brotherly disposition one would expect in the inhabitants of the Peninsula to share with those of the Island, and the sense of wrong thus aroused in Cubans has been a very influential element in feeding the fires of insurrection. The bulk of the dreadful book is occupied with the names of the dead who have died for the cause of Cuba. The frightful lists have every appearance of authority, and are fortified by convincing documents. There is a reserve in paragraphs of the preface which is all the more startling because standing in the midst of denunciations without qualification. We quote: We adjoin a note of those delivered by the captain-general to the mili- tary courts as guilty of treason. We do not know the exact fate of those unfortunates. It is known, however, that many of them have mysteri- ously disappeared, and their families are sure that they have found an obscure grave in the burial grounds of the Cabana or El Principe. We do not pretend to give a table of the crimes committed in Havana and elsewhere, such for example as those at the theatre of Villanueva, the coffee house of the Louvre, the butchery of Cohner, Greenwald and many like cases: or the transcendentally treacherous killing of Augusto Arango under a flag of truce. Neither shall we attempt to catalogue the murders committed by the brutal soldiery in the country, the indiscrim- inate slaughter of defenseless men, women and children, the rapes, the obscene mutilations and the cruelties of every kind perpetrated in our unhappy country by the scourges of America: those are personal crimes which we do not deem just to charge upon a whole people. The " Book of Blood " claims for the Cubans all the hu- manities, and says that at the beginning of the war they took many Spanish prisoners at Bayamo and paroled 66 THE STORY OF CUBA. them, but were rewarded by treachery and cruelty ; and the indictment reads : Meanwhile in all parts of the Island no Cuban taken prisoner of war was spared; to a man they were shot on the spot as so many dogs. Nevertheless, up to August, 1869, many Spanish prisoners of war were captured and not executed by the Cubans. Then the insurgent General Quesada, threatened retal- iation, and in October, 1869, when the war had lasted a year, and the Spanish adhered to the policy of shoot- ing prisoners, the matter was "brought to the notice of the Cuban leaders," and it was ordered that sixty-seven men who were in the Cuban army and had engaged in a conspiracy " to revolt under circumstances of peculiar atrocity " should be executed, and they " were accordingly executed." The conspiritors had enlisted with the purpose of turning over to the Spanish Gen- eral Puello the rebel chieftains. The official organ in Havana said: "Our officers and the Cubans compro- mised in the counter-revolution were shot, thus sealing with their lives their devotion to their beloved mother- country." It is necessary in this connection to give the cele- brated Valmaseda proclamation : Inhabitants of the country ! The re-enforcements of troops that I have been waiting for have arrived ; with them I shall give protection to the good, and punish promptly those that still remain in rebellion against the government of the metropolis. You know that I have pardoned those that have fought us with arms • that your wives, mothers, and sisters have found me in the unexpected protection that you have refused them. You know, also, that many of those I have pardoned have turned against us again. Before such ingratitude, such villany, it is not possible for me to be the man that I have been ; there is no longer a place for a falsified neu- HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY 67 trality ; he that is not for me is against me, and that my soldiers may know how to distinguish, you hear the order they carry : ist. Every man, from the age of fifteen years, upward, found away from his habitation, (finca) and does not prove a justified motive there- for, will be shot. 2d. Every habitation unoccupied will be burned by the troops. 3d. Every habitation from which does not float a white flag, as a sig- nal that its occupants desire peace, will be reduced to ashes. Women that are not living at their own homes, or at the house of their relatives, will collect in the town of Jiguani, or Bayamo, where mainte- nance will be provided. Those who do not present themselves will be conducted forcibly. The foregoing determinations will commence to take effect on the 14th of the present month. El Conde de Valmaseda. Bayamo, April 4, 1869. Secretary Fish, in a letter to Mr. Hale, Minister to Spain, May ii, 1869, protested " against the infamous proclamation of General, the Count of Valmaseda." Diacio de la Mariana of Havana is quoted as saying. May gth : " Said proclamation does not even reach what is required by the neces- sities of war in the most civilized nations." There has been much bitter denunciation of Spain in the conduct of the Cuban wars, that has not had the vitality of the terrible preface of the " Book of Blood," because that which gives power to the volume is the astonishing array of specifications — names, dates, circumstances — furnished in many cases by Spanish authorities. The Edinburg Review of January, 1873, contains an elaborate statement of the grievances and hostilities in Cuba, throwing light on the long war, which is the pivot on which the histories of Cuban sorrows turn. The Review says : 68 THE STORY OF CUBA. The revolution in the mother-country in September, 1868, which drove the Bourbon dynasty from the throne, seems to have precipitated the insurrection in Cuba. It was natural that it should have stirred men's minds in the colony at a time, especially when all were looking forward eagerly to the inauguration of political reforms, or to an attempt to shake off the pressing weight of Spanish rule. The first hope seems to have been that the new government would ameliorate the condition of the colony, in which still a not unimportant party clung to the desire for such reforms as would enable them to remain connected with the country of which they had so long formed a part. This hope was dis- appointed, and the insurgents did not wait long before they took action. The standard of revolt was at length raised by Carlos Manuel de Ces- pedes, on his estate of Demajagua, at a short distance from the town of Yara, in the eastern department. Cespedes was known as an able law- yer and wealthy planter, and he was not slow in attracting to himself a respectable following. At first he found himself at the head of but a small number of patriots, and all his more trustworthy slaves, the latter of whom he liberated on the spot. He was soon joined by his friend, Aguilera, and the two then decided that they would never abandon the cause until they had freed the Island from Spanish rule, and rendered it independent. Their army was small and ill-provided; at first it con- sisted of but 147 men, with but forty-five fowling-pieces, four rifles, a few pistols and the long country knives, or machetes, as their sole arm- ament. In three days the districts of Bayamo, Manzanillo, Jiguani, and Las Tunas joined the insurrection, and Cespedes's army was increased to the number of four thousand men; at the end of the month it num- bered over nine thousand. The first steps of Cespedes had been to seize the town of Yara. On the 13th, three days after the outbreak, the insurgents came into collis- ion with the government troops, and got the best of the encounter. On the 15th they prepared to attack Bayamo, an important town of ten thou- sand inhabitants. On the i8th the town fell into their hands, and Ces- pedes established in it the revolutionary government. The leaders had published at Manzanillo, with the date of October loth, a Declaration of Independence, which document runs as follows : In arming ourselves against the tyrannical government of Spain, we must, according to precedent in all civilized countries, proclaim before the world the cause that impels us to take this step, which, though likely to entail consideirable disturbances upon the present, will ensure the happiness of the future. HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 69 It is well known that Spain governs the island of Cuba with an iron and blood-stained hand. The former holds the latter deprived of polit- ical, civil, and religious liberty. Hence the unfortunate Cubans being illegally prosecuted and sent into exile, or executed by military com- missions in time of peace ; hence their being kept from public meeting, - and forbidden to speak or write on affairs of State : hence their remon- strances against the evils that afflict them being looked upon as the proceedings of rebels, from the fact that they are bound to keep silence and obey ; hence the never-ending plague of hungry officials from Spain to devour the product of their industry and labor ; hence their exclu- sion from public stations, and want of opportunity to fit themselves for the art of government ; hence the restrictions to which public instruc- tion with them is subjected, in order to keep them so ignorant as not to be able to know and enforce their rights in any shape or form whatever ; hence the navy and the standing army, which are kept in their country at an enormous expenditure from their own wealth, to make them bend their knees and submit their necks to the iron yoke that disgraces them ; hence the grinding taxation under which they labor, and which would make them all perish in misery but for the marvelous fertility of their soil. 70 THE STORY OF CUBA, CHAPTER IV. SPANISH STORY OF THE TREATY OF ZANJON, Was the Famous Compact that Closed the Ten Years' War Fairly Drawn and Honorably Executed, or a Sham with Nothing for Cuba in it ? — The Side of Spain Set Forth on the Highest Authority, with Citations of the Reform Laws and the Liberal Autonomist Circular. The principle interest the ten years' war has for Americans, after the bloody chapter of the Virginius Massacre, is in the nature of the treaty by which it was closed, and the extent to which that compact was observed or disregarded ; the good faith that was in it or was lacking ; its terms and the policy that was its consequence. This is but another way of stating that upon the fact of the nature and observance of the treaty of Zanjon turns the justice or the wantonness of the war now raging in Cuba. If that treaty was fair, if it was honest, and has been honorably observed, the Cuban insurrection was unwarranted ; if it was a cheat, and its administration a scandal, the insurrection was demanded, and, upon the presumption of Cuban manhood, inevitable. We have given the Cuban indictment of Spain on this subject, not in detail but in substance and full force, and that there may be fair play, we present the Spanish side, and are enabled to do it on the highest authority. We have from one in the confidence of the Spanish government and zealous and able in the de- fense of Spain — his country — this summary : HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. /I Article 3d. The only political condition set forth in the treaty says : The Spanish government will promulgate in Cuba the laws in vigor in Porto Rico. Two months less two days after Maceo left Cuba, all the laws were enforced, and since then, following the pace of the liberal and democratic reform in Spain, both Cuba and Porto Rico are to re- ceive liberal laws exactly like those of Spain. The Island is represented by sixty-four senators and deputies, the enfranchisement being given to those paying $25.00 taxes down to those who pay only $5.00, until the Home Rule bill was voted just before the Revolution started. The Spanish minister recently communicated to his government the desire that there should be placed in convenient form, and translated into English, the text of the various legal enactments showing the true char- acter of the laws relative to Cuba adopted within the years since the treaty of El Zanjon, and the asssistant colonial secretary has addressed to His Excellency, Don Enrique Dupuy de Lome, a statement, from which we quote the essential points of the defense with which Spain confronts the public opinion of the world : STATEMENT BY THE ASSISTANT COLONIAL SECRETARY OF SPAIN. Since the conclusion of the peace at El Zanjon the political regime of Cuba has been entirely transformed, such full liberty having been estab- lished, and so generous a policy of assimilation having been introduced there, that no other example could certainly be cited of so much having been done by any mother-country for its colonies in so short a space of time. I say this in reference to the laws, and this, surely, has nowhere been more eloquently recognized than in the address of the Junta of the Autonomist party to the people of Cuba at the commencement of the insurrection. The law of July 4th, 1870, declared that children born after that date, of parents who were slaves, those who had already, or should subse- quently, reach the age of sixty years, and those who had served, or as- sisted, the troops during the insurrection in Cuba, were free. They all remained under patfonage, the patron having the rights of a guardian C-5 72 THE STORY OF CUBA. until the emancipated person had reached the age of twenty-two years. In the capitulation of El Zanjon, the insurgents stipulated only for the freedom of those slaves who had served in their ranks. The law of February 13th, 1880, put an end to slavery in the island of Cuba, declaring all, without distincton, to be free. The patronage was to last for five years, and to be discontinued from the expiration of the fifth until the eighth year (1888), when it was to be entirely abol- ished. Two years, however, before that time had expired, the negroes were set at liberty by the decree of October 7 th, 1886, which declared the patronate terminated. The last vestige of slavery was thus obliterated. It thus appears that, in this highly important point, the laws enacted for Cuba granted more than had been called for by the capitulation of 1878, and that what was offered by that instrument was carried out be- fore the time therein provided for had expired. CONSTITUTION. The Constitution of 1876 was promulgated in the island of Cuba on the 7th day of April, 1881. All public liberties and all the rights of citizenship were thereby granted to the island, and it is to be observed that this promulgation involved for the island the following essential change in its political regime : laws were thenceforth enacted for it by the representatives of the nation, whereas it had previously been gov- erned by direct orders from the crown. Since that time Cuba has been represented in the Cortes of the nation by its senators and representatives. The royal decree of October 19, 1888, provided for the enforcement of the law concerning criminal prosecution. In this law provision is made for a highly important reform, viz. : the institution of oral trials in pub- lic, which had very shortly before been established in Spain. Among the principal political laws whereby the principles of liberty inscribed in the Constitution have been developed, the following may be cited : By the royal decree of November ist, 1881 (Gaceta of November loth), the law of June isth, 1880, was made to embrace the island of Cuba. That law regulates the right of meeting proclaimed in Article 13 of the Constitution, every peaceful meeting being authorized, provided that notice be given twenty-four hours beforehand to the Governor of the Province concerning the place, purpose and time of the meeting. CANOVAS DEL CASTILLO, Prime Minister of Spain. ,,_, HANNIS TAYLOR, BNRIQUE; DUPUY DE LOME, ^ , ^^^^^^ Minister to Spain. Spanish Minister to the United States. HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY, 7$ The law of the Peninsula of January 7th, 1879, was made applicable to Cuba by the royal decree of April 7th, 1881, and when that law was amended in a more liberal sense by the law of July 26th, 1883, the addi- tional liberty thus provided for was extended to Cuba by the decree of November nth, 1886. The principle was maintained that the provi- sions of the common law are sufficient to punish offenses of the press, and that the ordinary courts are sufficient to take cognizance thereof. THE LAW CONCERNING THE CIVIL REGISTER, AND THE LAW CONCERNING CIVIL MARRIAGES. The former of these laws, which bears date of January 8th, 1884, and the latter, which bears date of November 13th, 1886, were supplementary in providing for the religious toleration which is proclaimed by the con- stitution in its nth Article. PROVINCIAL AND MUNICIPAL ORGANIZATION. The provincial law of June 21st, 1878, and the municipal law of the same date, are organic laws. The colonial provinces were assimilated by these laws to the European provinces, for said laws were the same that were then in force in the peninsula. Representatives and town boards were provided for where only the historical municipalities with their alienable offices, and a whole regime of privileges had previously existed. The local services were placed in charge of the representa- tives. The services, included roads, canals (both for navigation and irrigation), provincial public works, works of beneficence and instruc- tion, together with the management of all the provincial funds. To the town boards were granted similar powers with respect to highways, sew- ers, water, markets, slaughter-houses, fairs, vigilance, guard duty, and municipal government. REFORMS IN THE RIGHT OF SUFFRAGE. These reforms have also been extended to Cuba. Universal suffrage not having been granted, solely owing to the great difficulty existing everywhere where the negro race is in the majority, or where it may exert a decisive influence in elections. The law concerning voters in election for representatives in the Cortes, which was promulgated by the royal decree of December 27th, 1892, provides that every citizen twenty-five years of age, who pays the sum of five dollars in taxes to the State, •jS THE STORY OF CUBA. shall have the right to vote, and this right is enjoyed by negroes as well as white persons. All the quotas paid for various reasons are computed, and the sum thereof is that which serves as a rule in determining this right. In this law there are likewise provisions which secures the representa- tion of the minority in elections of representatives to the Cortes. This is a very important reform, and its extension to the election of repre- sentatives and members of town boards is one of the many reforms pro- claimed in principle by the "basis" of March 15th, 1895, the enforce- ment of which is now pending. The provisions relative to education form a highly important group. OFFICIAL EDUCATION. As long ago as 1880 autonomy was granted to the University of Habana, and such ample provisions were granted to it that but one uni- versity in the peninsula (that of Madrid) enjoys privileges equally great. The power to appoint both male and female teachers, up to a certain grade in the island, was subsequently granted to the rector of that uni- versity. Institutions of secondary education were organized in 1883, and high schools were organized throughout the island. Finally, in 1887, freedom of education was proclaimed to the same extent and in the same manner as in the peninsula. There is thus no reason in Cuba to complain of the illiberality of the laws. If there has been any shortcoming in respect to morals, the nation is not to blame; none but the colonial provinces are to blame for this; if we proposed to seek comfort in comparisons, it would not be necessary to look for them in South America, in the countries that have emancipated themselves from the Spanish mother-country, because examples (some of them very recent) of acts of violence, anarchy and scandalous out- breaks could be found in the States of the Union itself. In respect to another matter, a great deal of foolish talk is indulged in. From the statements of some people it would appear that Cuba does nothing but contribute, by the taxes which it pays, to alleviate the burdens of the peninsular treasury; whereas, in reality, just the contrary is the truth. The nation has, of late, guaranteed the conversion of Spanish debts in Cuba, which took place in 1886 and 1890. Owing to these operations, and to the fact that all taxes which did not HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. yj have to be met directly by its government have been rigorously elim- inated from the budget of Cuba, it was possible to reduce the Cuban budget from forty-six and one-half millions of dollars, which was its amount at the close of the former war (for the fiscal year 1878-79), to a little moire than twenty-three millions of dollars, as appears from the budget of 1893. The financial laws have been assimilated, and if the system of taxation has not been entirely assimilated, this is because of the fact that direct taxes are very repugnant to the popular feeling in Cuba, especially the Tax on_landrwhich is the basiB' "cT fTHF P enjni"u^O)udget. It appears, however, that our Cuban brethren have had no reason to complain in this respect. The direct tax on rural property is two per cent, in Cuba, whereas in Spain it is seventeen, and even twenty per cent. It is evident that every budget must be based upon something ; in Cuba, as in all countries in which the natural conditions are similar, that something must necessarily be the income from customs duties. Notwithstanding this, it may be remarked that in the years when the greatest financial distress prevailed, the Spanish Government never hesitated to sacrifice that income when it was necessary to do so in order to meet the especial need of the priiicipal agricultural product of Cuba. Consequently the Spanish commercial treaty with the United States was concluded, which certainly had not been concluded before, owing to any fault of the Spanish Government. Under that treaty, the principal object of which was to encourage the exportation of Cuban sugar, which found its chief market in the States of the Union, many Spanish industries were sacrificed which have formerly supplied the wants of the people of Cuba. That sacrifice was unhesitatingly made, and now that the treaty is no longer in force, is due to the fact that the new American tariff has stricken sugar free from the list. Attention may also be called _to the fact that the colonial_provinces_ alone enjoy: exemption Xrom._the,- blop^ tax, CijBa~never having been oyiged to furnish military recru|ts. The disqualification of the Cubans to hold public office is purely a myth. Such disqualification is founded on the text of no law or regula- tion, and in point of fact there is no such exclusion. In order to verify this assertion it would be sufficient to examine the lists of Cuban officers, especially of those employed in the administration of justice and in all branches of instruction. Even if it were desired to make a comparison of political offices, even of those connected with the functions which are 78 THE STORY OF CUBA. discharged in the Peninsula, the proportion would still be shown in which Spaniards in Cuba aspire to both. The fact is that a common fallacy is appealed to in the language habitually used by the enemies of Spain, who call persons "Peninsulars" who were not born in Cuba, but have resided there many years and have all their ties and interests there, and do not call those " Cubans " who were born there and have left the Island in order to meet necessities connected, perhaps, with their occu- pation. This was done in the Senate, when the advocates of the separa- tion of Cuba only were called "Cubans," while those only who refused allegiance to the Spanish mother-country were called patriots. In conclusion, I will relate a fact which may appear to be a joke, but which, in a certain way, furnished proof of what I have just said. When Rafael Gasset returned from Habana, he came and asked me for some data showing the proportion of Cubans holding office under our Govern- ment. I asked him, as a preliminary question, for a definition of what we were to understand by " Cuban " and what by "Peninsular;" he immediately admitted that the decision of the whole question was based upon that definition, and I called his attention to the fact that here, in the Ministry of the Colonies, at the present time, there are three high governmental functionaries. One is a representative from Habana, being at the same time a professor in its University, and another, viz., your humble servant, is a Spaniard because he was born in Habana itself. Is the other man a Peninsular, and am I not a Cuban ? GUILLERMO. Assistant Colonial Secretary of Spain. This has all the force and all the fault of an official paper, and is the most complete condensed presentation of the Spanish defense for alleged failure to comply with the obligations undertaken on behalf of the gov- ernment, when the Cuban revolutionary leaders gave up the fight in 1878 under the persuasion of Martinez Campos, and Maximo Gomez retired to San Domingo. The response to this elaborate citation of law is that Cuba got the show of power to protect herself, and Spain held the reality in the captain-generalcy with unlimited capacity for the exercise of all the potential- HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 79 ities of military despotism, and clung tenaciously by force of arms to the injurious political economy, that was the fatality in the case and with it all the dullness and selfishness of the Spanish system. There has been an improvement of legal phraseology, but the system is the same. We have from the Spanish minister, and state the origin of the paper that there may be no question of authority, a translation of the reform bill voted in the Cortes in Spain last year, and not inforced on account of the rebellion, "but which" his excellency says, "will be promulgated in the Island as soon as a part of it is pacified." It would seem from this that there is not a portion of Cuba pacified large enough to experiment with, and that is the fact, for the forces of the revolu- tion pervade all the Island outside the cities by the sea, those held by garrisons in the interior, and the camps and bivouacs of the Spanish troops. The Reform bill seems to have been an effort to do something with limitations that held hard to the old ways. There was proposed, as a measure of pacification — for the elements of the ten years' strife were manifestly mustering for another struggle — that there should be certain changes of importance, and a copy of the law from the Colonial Department of Spain is before us, beginning with this solemn official form : COLONIAL DEPARTMENT LAW. Alfonso III., by the grace of God, and by the Constitution, King of Spain; and, in his name, and during his minority, the Queen Regent of the Kingdom: To all those who may see and hear these presents, be it known : that the Cortes have decreed, and we have sanctioned, the following : 80 THE STORY OF CUBA. Article ist. The system of government of the Island of Cuba, and its civil administration, shall be readjusted on the following basis : Basis ist. — The municipal and provincial laws now in force in the Island shall be modified in so far as may be necessary to the following ends : All questions relating to the constitution of municipalities, and to the aggregation, segregation and demarcation of municipal districts, shall be determined by the council of administration after considering a report made by the respective provincial chamber of deputies. The provincial law shall also be modified in all such points as this "basis" shall designate as coming within the jurisdiction of the Council of Administration. All questions relating to the constitution of town-councils, to matters pertaining to elections, competency of nominees, and the like, shall be determined by the provincial chamber of deputies. It will be observed that the word readjust is used as the key to the intention of this instrument. The date arranged was perhaps the most critical in the history of the Island — March 15, 1895. The war-cry had been "sent forth" February 24, 1895. In the Council of Administration, if anywhere, was the healing capacity for " modification " and " readjust- ment," and it was agreed that this council should be constituted as follows : The governor-general, whether permanent or provisional, shall be President. The governor shall appoint by royal decree fifteen councillors. The council shall have a secretary's office, with the personnel neces- sary for the transaction of business. Every member of the council shall, as such, have the right to vote. To hold the office of councillor, in addition to a residence of four years in the country, some one of the following qualifications is required : To be or to have been president of the Chamber of Commerce, of the Economic Society, or of the Planters' Club. To be or to have been rector of the university, or dean of the col- lege of lawyers of the capital of a province, for a period of two years. HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 8 1 To have been for a period of four years before the election one among the fifty largest taxpayers in the Island, whether on real estate, or for the exercise of a profession. To have exercised the functions of senator of the kingdom or dep- uty to Cortes in one or more legislatures. To have been once or more than once president of one of the provin- cial chambers of deputies of the Island ; to have been for two or more terms of two years each a member of the provincial commission, or for eight years a provincial deputy. To have been for two or more terms of two years alcalde or mayor of a capital of a province. To have been councillor of administration for two or more years, previous to the promulgation of this law. Whenever the cobncil may deem it expedient it may summon to its deliberations, through the medium of the governor-general, the heads of the administrative department, who shall not therefore, however, have a vote. The council shall be composed, in addition to the above-named mem- bers, of fifteen councillors, elected according to the same census as are the provincial deputies. The council of administration shall decree whatsoever it may deem expedient for the conduct of the public works throughout the Island ; of the telegraphic and postal communications, both by land and sea ; of agriculture, industry and commerce ; of immigration and colonization ; of public instruction and of beneficence and health ; without prejudice to the powers of supervision and other powers inherent in the sovereignty reserved by the laws to the national government. It shall make up and approve the annual budget, making in it the necessary appropriations for the above-named departments. The administrative council, it will be seen, under this plan, must be composed of the official class, and fifteen members are appointed by the governor and a like number elected under restrictions, as in case of the provincial deputies; and the law that is the promise of liberty, if order prevails, provides — It shall be incumbent of the governor-general, as the supreme head of the government of the Island, to execute all the decrees of the council. 82 THE STORY OF CUBA. There would not seem to be much danger that radi- caHsm could break forth in a council, constituted as we have seen, but the iron hand is nigh, as follows : Whenever the governor-general shall judge any decision of the coun- cil to be contrary to the laws or to the general interest of the nation, he shall suspend its execution and shall himself take such provisional meas- ures as the public needs — which would otherwise have been neglected, because of such suspension — may require, immediately submitting the matter to the minister of the colonies. If any decision of the council shall injure unduly the rights of any individual, those who by their vote have contributed to its adoption shall be held responsible for the indemnification or compensation of the per- son so injured by the courts, which shall have jurisdiction in the matter. The governor-general, after the consultation with the advisory coun- cil, may suspend the council of administration or without that reduisite may decree the suspension of its members if there remains such mem- bers of them as shall be necessary to its deliberation: First. — When the council or any of its members trangress the limits of their legal powers to the prejudice of the governmental or judicial authority, or to the risk of a disturbance of the public peace. Second. — For delinquency. And, in addition, that there may be no mistake as to the absolutism of the master, the "basis " proposes that When in his judgment the resolutions of his majesty's government might be productive of injury to the general interests of the nation or to the especial interests of the Island, he may suspend their publication and fulfillment, informing the minister concerned of such suspension and of his reasons for making it, in the speediest manner possible. To superintend and inspect all the public departments. To communicate directly concerning international questions with the representatives, diplomatic agents and consuls of Spain in America. To suspend the execution of capital punishment, whenever the grav- ity of the circumstances may require it, and the urgency of the case is such that there is no opportunity to apply to his majesty for pardon, after consulting with the advisory council. To suspend, after consultation with the same council, and on its HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 83 responsibility, whenever extraordinary circumstances prevent previous communication of the government, the guarantee expressed in Articles 4th, 5th, 6th and 9th, and paragraphs ist, 2nd and 3rd of Article 13th of the Constitution of the State, and to apply the riot act. As the supreme head of the civil administration of the Island it shall also be in the province of the gov- ernor-general: To maintain the integrity of the administrative jurisdiction, in accord- ance with the ordinances governing questions of jurisdiction and powers. To promulgate the general orders necessary for the carrying out of the laws and ordinances, communicating them to the colonial depart- ment. That nothing may be wanting to make the domi- nance, of the great office of the Island complete and conclusive, it is declared as if it were a boon for order : The governor-general shall be the representative of the national government in the island of Cuba. He shall exercise, as viceregal patron, the powers inherent in the patronato of the Indies. He shall have the supreme command of all the armed forces, on land and sea, stationed in the Island. He shall be the delegate of the minister of the colonies, of state, of war and marine, and all the other authorities of the Island shall be subordinate to him. It cannot occasion surprise in countries where the people have some authority that this programme was found unsatisfactory by those already rising in revolu- tion, because they regarded the treaty of Zanjon as administered, if not in itself, inadequate. And yet those who held in Cuba that Spanish rule there could be so liberalized as to make insurrection wholly without warrant, issued a circular, using this lan- guage as to the policy of reform of which we have just recited the remarkable limitations. 84 THE STORY OF CUBA The Liberal Autonomist party having always condemned revolutionary steps must now condemn, and does so condemn, with a better reason for it and more decidedly, the revolt started on the 24th of February, when reforms had just been voted with the concurrence of our repre- sentatives by the Cortes, and the importance of these reforms can hardly be overrated. It has been recognized by all who give them a fair con- sideration, without prejudice or malice, and even by those who were fiercely opposed to them at the beginning. If SO much can be said of that which in the Ameri- can atmosphere seems so httle — what objection can be made too strong to the forms of misgovernment that it was considered the decree of reform was to remedy ? In the Autonomist circular to which we refer, and which it is the Spanish fashion to regard as of the largest moment, the party much praises itself, saying : The Autonomist party condemns perturbation because it is a legal party that has faith in the means afforded by the constitution, in the effectual agency of work, in the indisputable force of ideas; and affirms that revolutions, when not made under entirely exceptional circum- stances, produced only at long periods in history, they are terrible scourges, great calamities for civilized countries, which by means of peaceful evolution, of reform in fundamental laws, of progress, and of the presence of public opinion, succeed in realizing all their reasonable purposes, and all their legitimate aspirations. Moreover, our party is necessarily Spanish because it is essentially and exclusively autonomist; and colonial autonomy, which is originated by the reality of a colony, of its wants and peculiar requirements, implies the entity of a metropolis in the fullness of its sovereignty and historical rights. This is the reason why our party from the beginning did inscribe on its standard liberty, peace and national unity as its mottoes. Certainly this is a superbly expressed programme, and the Autonomists go on to say rebellion was threatening order and liberty, and had already (April, 95) — HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY 85 Caused the suspension of constitutional guarantees, thus preventing the free use of rights we had obtained, so ample indeed, that the very pro- moters of disorder have been using them at pleasure in favor of their own purposes ; and we are not yet under martial law, with all its conse- quences, because the illustrious governor, who, in showing coolness and calm energy, is entitled to deep gratitude on the part of Cuba, has pre- served and communicated to the supreme government the confidence deserved by sensible Cuban people, and would not restrain public liberty to any more than a strictly necessary extent. In consequence of the rebellious outbreak, our constitutional rights, the value and effectual agency of which have been proved by the very seces- sionists in their unrestricted actions, always under the protection of laws that they were endangering and discrediting, are at present suspended and at the mercy of military authorities, now fortunately addicted to a prudent and humane policy. If the new regime adopted by the Cortes could have been established in full peace, and under the circumstances that were created in favor of concord and progress through liberty, it would have caused its beneficial effects to be felt immediately, preparing the way for further progress ; but it could never produce such results if it were established under the influence of anxiety, anger, resentment, and indignation prevailing in civil wars, or of renewed mistrust and suspicions. All work intended to obtain administrative, financial and tariff reforms, demand peace as a first condition, and it will have to be postponed for time indefinite. We had already secured the abolition of slavery, the rights insti- tuted by the Constitution, such as speech, free meeting, free associa- tion, free education and religion, in the same degree and with the same guarantees as in the Peninsula; public trial by jury, and civil marriage ; all the modern civil and criminal laws of the mother-country, a most important point to a people that had lived until lately under laws made before the present century; the abolition of differential and export duties, the reduction of over 35 per cent, of fiscal taxes, which had been increased in consequence of the last war; the public and official acceptance by all parties of a large portion of our administrative plan, and the abandonment of the useless principle of assimilation to adopt those of political individuality and partial self-administration whose normal development must lead to the full realization of our plat- form. And instead of these improvements and further progress that the country reasonably expects, what can the pretended liberators offer to us ? The horrors of civil war, the armed contest among the very natives 86 THE STORY OF CUBA. of the country, which perhaps in no distant time might become a strife of the worst description ; and after that, a more complete ruin and a fatal move backwards in the way of civilization. This document, in association with the programme of reformation which we have presented, is fully and fairly the Spanish case — the "readjustment" and the "modifica- tion" actually decreed. The representation of it at the be- ginning of the present war of which the liberal Autono- mists thirteen months ago said in the pronunciamento,we have quoted, "in faithful warning" to those committing themselves to the current of the revolution, was this: All signs are leading to the belief that the rebellion, limited to one portion of the Eastern province, has succeeded with but few exceptions, in getting only those men who belong to the most ignorant and misera- ble classes, who are the victims of the lamentable want of advancement in which they were left to live in that fine section of Cuba as an easy prey for agitators, having no cohesion or discipline, for which reason it is expected that they will have to disband or surrender. To this end, will have co-operated, besides the forces rapidly accumulated by the metropolis, the sensible and liberal policy of the government and of its highest representative, and the general disposition of the country, indif- ferent to the Satanic incitations of the stubborn, while loyal to their ideals of order, progress and liberty. It cannot be doubted that the pacifier to whose ability was due the re-establishment of peace, and oi the constitutional r^ime in 1878, has come once more to solve the present problems in the same spirit of noble, righteous and generous con- fidence in the people. But in the present crisis, the same as in all others, it belongs to the people to make -the greatest and most persistent effort, following the lines of that dignified policy and even acting in advance of emergencies, in order that peace be soon restored, that dis- agreements and diffidence disappear, that constitutional regime be rein- stated, and that the new administration system of the colony be inaugu- rated in the same righteous and harmonious spirit in which the two gov- erning parties of the metropolis bound themselves to maintain it, while we promised to abide by it if loyally respected. This is the only way to secure its fruitful and beneficial effects, and an eradication of abuses which are universally condemned. HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. S/ The conclusion of this manifesto is in these stately terms : The Liberal party of 1868 retired and left its place to the revolution- ists of Yara, because after the reporting committee had finished its work, it was found that the legitimate expectations of said party had been frustrated and the most solemn promises of the metropolis had been postponed. The Liberal party of 1878 that, being more fortunate, has seen how those promises were kept, will not lower its flag or leave its place to those who come to spoil the results of our labor, to make us recede while on the path to calm progress, to ruin the land and to darken the prospects of our future with the horrible spectre of poverty, anarchy and barbarism. Havana, April 4, 1895. This manifesto, it should be specially marked, actually vindicates the war of '68-78, and claims the fair execu- tion of the treaty. The Autonomists have been disappointed, for the war has spread far beyond the bounds of former high- watermarks of insurrection — indeed, over the whole Island — and the great Pacificator has gone home con- fessedly beaten. The Liberal Autonomist party and all its policies set forth in this eloquent and plausible address have totally failed. This presentation of the alleged "readjustment" on which Spain relied for the Pacification of Cuba, and of the calculations of the necessary application of forces to produce order, are the more impressive because made from Spanish documents not yet familiar to the people of the United States, and they show with greater strength than the stories of a thousand incidents of the horrors of the war, the causes of the prostration of the Spanish cause in Cuba. C— 6 88 THE SrORY OF CUBA. CHAPTER V. THE SPANISH WAR POLICY. The Way the Present War Opened and how it Progressed — Personal Characteristics of Prominent Figures— Campos, Weyler, Gomez the Maceos and Garcia— The War Shifted to the West End— The Prize of the Victor Praised in Proze and Poetry. General Martinez Campos had great celebrity for his success in closing the war of 1868-1878 by the convention known as the Treaty of Zanjon. He is conspicuous in the gallery of the captain-generals that is an attraction in the Spanish palace at Havana, and there his figure is slender and his attitude alert as he was twenty years ago. He was the first man thought of in Spain when the rebellion broke out in Cuba in February, 1895, to put it down ; but he found it a much more serious afifair than he had before encountered, and he so far recognized the belligerency of the Cuban insurrectionists as to attempt carrying on war in a civilized way. The struggle gradually assumed far greater proportions than he had imagined possible, and his enemies charged that his tenderness in dealing with rebels was the great fault that filled insurgent ranks. That, however, was a gross injustice to a competent soldier. There is a great deal of intense politics in Havana, and soon all the politicians except a few mod- erates were against him. Then he was recalled, and his successor. General Weyler, is believed by all Cubans to have been indebted for the appointment to his rep- D. VAI^ERIANO WEYIvER. HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 91 utation for seventy. Now Campos does not deserve his good name for benignity, nor Weyler the ful- ness of his fame for brutaUty and barbarism. They have had a greater task assigned them than is under- stood, for the Spaniards have not reaHzed that they have lost Cuba and that all the captain-generals hence- forth are foredoomed failures. The failure of Weyler must be swifter than that of Campos. The likeness of General Weyler is given in full uni- form with all his decorations. When he landed in Cuba, the cannon sounding, the flags flying, the brass bands playing, the sun shining, the Spaniards cheering, and walked in the street one block to the palace square through masses of people, guarded by firm lines of soldiers, he wore all the bravery that the picture shows, and, in addition, a sword and hat from which floated a tall and fluttering white plume. He had been told there was a plot to assassinate him at this time, but took the chances coolly. The Spaniards have had some experience of dynamite thrown by anarchists, and a bomb might have been hurled from a housetop or a window upon the new captain-general. The Cuban revolutionists declared they could not af- ford to do it, for if they became assassins they would lose the sympathy of all civilized people. In the pal- ace on busmess he is dressed with extreme simplic- ity, in black clothes with no mark of rank but a sash of red and yellow around his waist. Mr. Rappleye, an American correspondent, who added art as a pen painter to his news service, drew this striking personal sketch of the captain-general whose failure in Cuba will be one of the decisive features of the progress of the Island to independence : 92 THE STORY OF CUBA. General Weyler is one of those men who creates a first impression, the first sight of whom never can be effaced from the mind, by whose presence the most careless observer is impressed instantly, and yet, taken altogether, he is a man in whom the elements of greatness are concealed under a cloak of impenetrable obscurity. Inferior physically, unsoldierly in bearing, exhibiting no trace of refined sensibilities nor pleasure in the gentle associations that others live for or at least seek as diversions, he is nevertheless the embodiment of mental acuteness, crafty, unscrupulous, fearless and of indomitable perseverance. He is one of the most magnetic men in whose presence I have ever stood — yet not attractive. His overwhelming personality is irresistible — yet he is unpleasant of appearance. Campos was an exceptional man. Marin was commonplace. Weyler is unique. Campos and Marin affected gold lace, dignity and self-consciousness. Weyler ignores them all as useless, unnecessary impediments, if anything, to the one object of his existence. Campos was fat, good-natured, wise, philosophical, slow in his mental processes, clear in his judgment, emphatic in his opinions, outspoken and, withal, lovable, humane, conservative, con- structive, progressive, with but one project ever before him, the glorifica- tion of Spain as a mother-land and a figure among peaceful, enlightened nations. Weyler is lean, diminutive, shriveled, ambitious for immortality irrespective of its odor, a master of diplomacy, the slave of Spain for the glory of sitting at the right of her throne, unlovable, unloving, exalted. My journey through the forest of gold lace terminated before the closed door of General Weyler's official abode. There an adjutant, more bedizzened than the rest of the dazzling multitude, trod softly to the portico, gently opened the way, retired again without a word, and we were alone in the presence of the man. And what a picture ! A little man. An apparition of blacks — black eyes, black hair, black beard, dark — exceedingly dark — complexion ; a plain black attire. He was alone, and was standing facing the door I entered. He had taken a position in the very centre of the room, and seemed lost in its immense depths. His eyes, far apart, bright, alert and striking, took me in at a glance. His face.- seemed to run to chin, his lower jaw protruding far beyond any ordinary indication of firmness, persistence or will power. His forehead is neither high nor receding ; neither is it that of a thoughtful or philosophic man. His ears are set far back ; and what is called the region of intellect, in which are those mental attributes that might be defined as powers of observation, calcu- lation, judgment and execution, is strongly developed. HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 93 The grand old man of the war is Maximo Gomez, a man of the greatest miHtary capacity that has been dis- played in this war, and that will give him a permanent place among the great captains. He is, of course, charged by the Spaniards with selling out to them when Campos played pacificator at Zanjon, but his little farm in San Domingo and his wife and children earning their living as music teachers and seamstresses, while his son, at the command of the father, protects mother and sisters, and holds a clerkship, does not look like enrichment by bribery — to say nothing of returning to plunge again into war in Cuba against, as he well knows, tremendous odds. The year of the military life of Gomez, just closed, has been not only the most brilliant in his long life, but it will rank high as a series of military achievements in which great things were accomplished by small means. There is no praise of accomplishments in war more exalted than that. Before us is a letter, dated Manzanillo, March 12, 1895, from Herminio C. Leyva to Bartolome Masso, showing no less clearly than the manifesto of the Lib- eral Autonomists the absolute assurance of speedy suc- cess, with which the Spaniards disregarded the lessons of the ten years' skirmishes without decisive results, and accepted the challenge of the Cuban separatists to another trial of arms. Now the separatists stood on the ground which we have shown from Spanish reports to be firm and well taken — that the alleged reforms, whatever they might have seemed as con- cessions and readjustments to the Spaniards them selves, gave the reformation into the hands of the official class, the primal curse of Cuba because foreign 94 THE STORY OF CUBA. — and to the captain-general, shorn of no shred of his arbitrary power, but as always an absolute military despot. Leyva wrote to Masso : Before leaving Manzanillo, I want to make the last effort to prevent bloodshed amongst brothers. You are still in time to avoid it, and if you do not do so, every drop of blood that is shed will serve to stain your name in history. True patriotism, Mr. Masso, is like bravery, grand, sublime ; but just because both are really great, they should not be mistaken for rashness, as this would belittle them and even drag them about the ground. You are a man of intelligence and heart ; I am sure of it, even with- out having had the pleasure of your frequent society, and now appeal to those two qualities of yours, asking you to meditate and use them at least in favor of that large number of inexperienced Cubans driven by you to insurrection with a patriotic idea (this is evident to me) but under an impression that is entirely mistaken ; for the mothers of said men will in the future, curse your name when the present situation has been made clear to all, if you insist in leading them to a useless sacrifice, as the campaign undertaken by you, besides being quite unjustified, must now prove fruitless and even injurious to the happiness of our country. You may see, and I tell you so again, after our interview at " La Odiosa," that other provinces are not helping you ; on the contrary, they will oppose yours, for the country has already understood that Cuba's welfare is not to be secured by war, and as war would be a sort of political suicide, and there is no civilized country that will commit suicide knowingly. Moreover, think and consider that Spain has ample means to quell the revolt in a short time ; troops are coming from Puerto RicQ, eight battalions have left the peninsula, and as many more as may be wanted will come. The insurgents have no war material, and you need not expect any from abroad, I assure you. Then one half the number of men you have on the field are without arms, and will return to the towns as soon as the government troops begin operations against you. Julio Sanguily is a prisoner in La Cabana, Juan Gualberto Gomez surrendered, Yero is in San Domingo, Guillermon is ill with hemorrhage and surrounded by troops in the Guantanamo mountains ; Urbano San- HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 95 chez Hechavarria and two of his brothers are in Mexico. What can you expect under these circumstances ? So the time has come, in my opinion, for you to prove to the whole world that you are a true patriot, by laying down the arms ; a course that, far from discrediting you in politics, would exalt your name to the high position in which I wish to see it forever. We do not need to recite the contrast there is between this utterance of March, '95, and the leaves of history written in blood and fire, through the whole extent of the Island during the year following which wit- nessed the complete defeat and humiliating retire- ment of the Pacificator Campos ; and on the succeed- ing days there has been shown the discomfiture of Weyler who has, irrespective of all the stories of outrage and all the announcements of triumph, failed at a more rapid rate than his predecessor. The Maceos look so much alike, it is fortunate one wears a full beard and that the other does not. They are mulattos and full brothers, and Antonio is the cav- alry leader who has the greater celebrity, and, next to Maximo Gomez, the largest share of the glory of the war. It is understood to be the Cuban's best thance to strike for liberty when he is on a horse and has a machete in hand. Then he rides in for war to the knife, and that is the way the Maceos are fond of fighting. The Spaniards make much of the conspicuity of the Maceos, in the efforts to persuade people that the insurrection is an affair of black men chiefly, and means the conversion of Cuba into a larger San Domingo. The Maceos are said to be, and no doubt truly, very ambitious to advance the black race, and^Tt is the Span- ish policy to counteract them by giving black men in 96 THE STORY OF CUBA. the .SpanisbL arm y Jhat sort of consideration that Mr . Lowell described in sketching Englishmen in their j$ay wit h Americans, as a " certain^oindes££rLsi.aii.r , It is believed the veteran soldier, General Calixto Garcia, who bears on his forehead a scar that shows hand-to-hand fighting with sabres, joined the Cuban forces in March, and it is considered that he is an accession of importance to the patriotic cause. The Cuban forces have in the ranks as brave men as are anywhere produced, but they do not have many gener- als of both experience and capacity, and there is no doubt of the warm welcome Garcia received when he joined the fighting men. The greatest surprise in the course of the war in Cuba is that the scene of it should have been shifted from the east end, which has long had the reputation of being rebellious, to the west end, which never, until after Maximo Gomez and the Maceos flanked Havana and entered Pinar del Rio, had been supposed to be ac- cessible to an enemy. When the central board of the Liberal Autonomists addressed the people of Cuba a year ago, opposing a resort to arms, they opened with the sharply defined expression of the confidence the partisans of Spain positively felt : Although the revolutionary onset is doomed to suppression — being already isolated and limited to our Eastern province, it has given rise to political and financial difficulties so serious for the present and for the future, that notwithstanding its lack of strength, it has succeeded in cre- ating intense excitement in the peninsula, and suspicious fears in the countries that have dealings with ours. It was the inability of Campos to justify this confi- dence that drove him defeated to Spain. The west end ! I 1 I ^♦^5°'- ANTONIO MACEO. //A/i' SI'KUGdl.KS POJi l.llll'.KJ'Y. yy has become the seat of war, and there the Maceos have carried out the policy of devastation, ruining many of the finest plantations in the world. And then the in- numerable little isl.inds southward, and the harbors, af- ford incomparable facilities for the filibuster, and there are ambuscades in the midst of a plenteous land for the insurgents. Thus is more than doubled by the invasion of the rebels, the difHcullies and dangers to the Spaniards, of the enterprise of conciucst they have undertaken. In a work on the " Pearl of the Antilles," written by Anto- nio Gallenga in 1H73, we read of the war as it then raged : 'I'hc Sicrif' M.ifstia, or main chain, running along the whole southern co.ist. from Calio Cruz lo I'uiila di; Mayzi, rises to a height of 8,000 feet, /'. f., on a level with the loftiest Apennines. What culture there was in this region is rapidly disappearing. Many of the landowners, with such w(^ahli .is they were able to save from the wreck of their esl.iles, have migrated to the United .States, to Jamaica, or other British possessions; olliers have sold their sl.ives and cattle to the planters of the western, or Ilavan,i, department; Jind even in those districts from which, out of sheer exhaustion, the scourj^e of war has been removed, .•i).;rieulture and industry find it difficult to revive, owing to the want of public confidence, as well as to the utter absence of c.ipital and labor. 'The western department has remained untouched throughout the struggle. Il.'ivan.a has little reason to distress itself about the Cuban insurrection. This prosperous, pleasure-loving city can all'ord to make itself .IS easy about C-espedcs .uid his rebels as New York ever was to the skirmishes with the Modoc or other Red Indians on the borders of the reniolest territories, or Mil.m with respect lo I'allavieini's att.icks on the brigand fastnesses in the Hasilicata. Indeed, as 1 have before hinted, the Havana peojjle have had not only nothing to lose, but simply loo much to gain, from the calamities by which two-thirds of the Island have been laid desolate, lOO THE STORY OF CUBA. All is now sadly changed for the Spaniard, and the proud and brilliant city of Havana. The war has roared and flamed at' her gates, and even her milk and water supplies have been threatened, and her vegetable gar- dens have been robbed by rebels, and the writer has seen half an hour from the great city the flag of the rebellion flying from a hilltop. It is by comparing the present conflict with that which was compromised eigh- teen years ago, that we can measure with an approxi- mation to accuracy the development of the insurrec- tionary movement. And we can hardly appreciate the passions aroused, if we do not bear in mind the splendor of the prize over which the bloody contention goes on. We read, in " Bal- lou's Cuba " (1854), before the habit of civil war was fixed in the soil of the Island and blood of the people : The virgin soil of Cuba is so rich that a touch of the hoe prepares it for the plant; or, as Douglass Jerrold says of Australia, " Just tickle her with a hoe, and she laughs with a harvest." So fertile a soil is not known to exist in any other portion of the globe. It sometimes produces three crops to the year, and in ordinary seasons two may be relied upon — the consequence is, that the Monteros have little more to do than merely to gather the produce they daily carry to market, and which also forms so large a portion of their own healthful and palatable food. The profusion of its flora and the variety of its forests are unsurpassed, while the multitude of its climbing shrubs gives a luxuriant richness to its scenery, which contributes to make it one of the most fascinating coun- tries in the world. Nowhere are the necessities of life so easily supplied, or man so delicately nurtured. The richest soil of the Island is black, which is best adapted to the purpose of the sugar planter, and for this purpose it is usually chosen. So productive is this description of land that the extensive sugar planta- tions, once fairly started, will run for years without the soil being even turned, new cane starting up from the old roots, year after year, with abundant crops. This is a singular fact to us who are accustomed to HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 1 01 see so much of artificial means expended upon the soil to enable it to bear even an ordinary crop to the husbandman. The red soil is less rich, and is better adapted to the planting of coffee, being generally preferred for this purpose, while the mulatto-colored earth is considered inferior, but still is very productive, and is improved by the Monteros for planting tobacco, being first prepared with a mixture of the other two descriptions of soil, which, together, form the richest compost, next to guano, known in agriculture. We should add to this the wards of the poet Long- fellow, on the poetry of Spanish America, in the North American Review for January, 1849: Cuba, that garden of the West, gorgeous with perpetual flowers and brilliant with the plumage of innumerable birds, beneath whose glowing sky the teeming earth yields easy and abundant harvest to the toil of man, and whose capacious harbors invite the commerce of the world. In the words of Columbus, " it is the most beautiful land that ever eyes beheld." And the lines of James M. Phillippo, inspired by the Cuban sky, sparkle even beside the prose of a great poet : Ye tropic forests of unfading green. Where the palm tapers and the orange glows, Where the light bamboo weaves her feathery screen, And her tall shade the matchless ceyba throws: Ye cloudless ethers of unchanging blue, Save, as its rich varieties give way. To the clear sapphire of your midnight hue, The burnished azure of your perfect day. 102 THE STORY OP CUBA. CHAPTER VI. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PRESENT CUBAN WAR. The Press of Cuba — Its Limitations— An Assault on American Senators — The Comic Style of Abusing Uncle Sam — Interview with Captain- General Marin— Hi's View of the Zanjon Reforms and Rebel In- gratitude—Refers to the Ten Years' War and to the Robbers — The Retiring Captain-General does not get a Hearing in Havana. The journals of Havana are, under the pressu re of the niihtarLV-^ajathodtiesi^^lemL-^tiicial mjh eir utteranc^ — It is the theory of the authorities that the press of the great city of Cuba is unanimous in its attachment to the government, and the prevaiUng harmony of journalism is the subject of felicitation. Of course, the liberty of the Press does not exist under the conditions of martial law. Fancy a Cuban journal attempting to vindicate the rebellion — to praise the character of the leaders of it — to accuse the authorities themselves of high crimes and misdemeanors ! Such a publication would be a challenge to instantaneous and mortal combat, and the first issue of such a journal would be the last. In reviewing the speeches in the Senate on Cuban af- fairs, by Mr. Cameron of Pennsylvania and Mr. Call of Florida, there was an expression of a resentment in the journals of concord towards the public men of the United States, who presumed to espouse the cause of the revo- lutionists. The leading journal of Havana, the Diacip de la Mariana, treated its readers to a very abusive ar- ticle relating to Senators Call and Cameron, under the HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 103 caption " Blockheads." It had held Mr. Call as an in- vincible champion, but "there is always a match for every bully," and in the Senate there was " another ad- juster of foreign lands in the person of Mr. Cameron, who is shod and clothed, and we don't know if he gets any money, which would be hard to collect, from the Cuban filibusters." The Diacio, after some very personal observations, re- marked: " We will have to call the attention of the North Americans to the formidable invasion that idiotic politics has made in their parliament, if only that they may put a stop to the shamefully ridiculous position in which the Yankee legislators and their similars are placed before the eyes of the people who have sound and good minds;" and the able editor closed the Instructive efifusion by saying : " Spain is quite serene, but energetically dis- posed not to consent, that this or any other strange government, violating the laws of nations, shall try to mix in a matter so much our own as this war of Cuba." The cornicjournals of Cuba are ^ganish-of-xourse ; while tEeTnsurgents have no metKcui.- o£ -gfitting-intQ circul ation ev en thei r state pape£ §L olhfil. than such as Anarchists possess in Russia. There may .hs. secret printing places, fcut tharrwhichTis Hot for the Cuban cause is usually in manuscript. One of the favorite themes of the cartoonists who serve the official class in Cuba is " Uncle Sam," and he would not be recognized, except by the stars and stripes with which he is decorated. He does not seem to be in any way related to our Brother Jonathan. He is a lank, elderly gentleman of breezy postures, with ample hair and slender limbs and disheveled coat-tails, or he is a very fat person, closely resembling a pig, always with stars on his hat and I04 THE STORY OF CUBA. stripes on his stomach. The Spanish idea imparts to " Uncle Sam " a tremendous mouth with ample diges- tion, a bulbous, disreputable nose, broken teeth and bad manners towards colored people of both sexes. "U. S." is either conducting himself with familiarity toward a black woman, or handing a torch to a black man, bidding him go and burn canefields or houses, and he is doing this with a diabolical leer. This style of art is seen also in personifying insurrec- tion in a brutal black man whose lips are excessive, imposing his attentions upon a slender, graceful fig- ure — a young white woman who represents Cuba, and regards him with horror. A black man is always equipped with a knife with which he is assassinating a Cuban woman, or a big blacking brush with which lie is supposed to be blotting Cuba from the map. This is of course an appeal to racial feeling, and indicates a degree of it one would not suspect from the ease of the black people on the promenades and in the various public functions of Havana life. The suggestion is of course that the rebellion in Cuba is going the way with that of Hayti, which resulted in the memorable desolation by fire and massacre. There seems to have been a time in the Island in the course of the present war when the crop of art was more extravagant than in the period when we gave it close examination, for there were several Uncle Samuels of more flagrant bad form and scandalous associations than any in recent issues of the Don Quixote — the old numbers being pasted on bulletin boards and hung up before shops to attract customers. Perhaps these were of the gentle times of Campos, of which so much is heard now that he is gone. HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. I OS The newspapers of Havana have had a most precari- ous and hazardous iaeld of enterprise, and it is due them to say that as a rule they are conducted with abihty and dignity and are decent and make the best of a troubled situation. They are large, well printed, and display fairly the intelligence that is permitted to get into print. Their office equipment is good, and they have neither the remarkable merits nor faults of those whose enterprises are carried on with the scorching energy characteristic of American journalism. The restrictions that exist in Cuba to sending Ameri- canisms to America by telegraph have become tolerably familiar, and it may be interesting to illustrate the newspaper methods of the Spaniards to record an ex- perience in offering news to a newspaper of Havana. Captain-General Marin occupied the great office, after the departure of Campos, until the arrival of Weyler, and was so polite as to talk with me very freely and express himself in an interesting way. He stated the case of Cuba as he understood it forcibly and handsomely, and my report of the interview was cabled to New York just as it was prepared. A Cuban jour- nalist took a copy of it, and proposed to publish it in the paper to which he was attached, regarding it as a matter of particular interest. He was very glad, indeed, to get it, but it never appeared. Just as it was about to be given to the people of Havana, an unseen hand snatched it away, as if to yank it to oblivion. This talk of General Marin is valuable as the clearest and most consecutive statement that has been made of the claim of the Spaniards that they rule reasonably and are fighting in the cause of good government. I06 THE STORY OF CUBA. The refusal to have this appear in Havana only in- creases its interest for the general public. When I was shown into Captain - General Marin's private room in the celebrated palace, he came forward — a grave man with iron-gray hair and strong, kind face, and the interpreter gave him a flattering account of myself and friends, naming public men, saying I could be trusted with historical matters, adding that talking to me would be having speech, through the news- paper I represented, with the people of the United States, and that when I was in Washington city, a few days before, there was a general complaint that the actual state of affairs in Cuba was but indifferently known. The general had just come in from the front, and his first word was one of inquiry of what in par- ticular I wished to be informed, and was told that the people of the United States were deeply interested to know what the situation in Cuba was ; to hear upon responsible authority the cause of the rebellion and the extent of it. They felt that a crisis in the affairs of the Island was at hand ; they were interested to know his judgment as to the measure of success of his own campaign ; and, looking to the new administration as a transition, were concerned to have expressions as to the state of the country from the officer in command between Campos and Weyler. General Marin said he was pleased to have the op- portunity of talking to me, knowing that I was the representative of that part of the press which was seri- ous in matters of state in the States, and not of the press of a frivolous nature. And he recognized the United States as a great mass of serious people. Al- though he was very busy, he was willing to rob himself HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY, IO7 of some of his time to talk with one who would speak to the- States. He said : As for the character of the war, it was not like any other contest. There was offered in it a chance for the mob to join a loose, undisciplined army of irresponsible disorderlies, and it was anarchy in a state of semi- organization converting the country people through terrorism into de- stroyers of property and into spies. It was so far anarchism as to pro- mote all devastation and fill the land with every form of violence and outrage. The country people at large did not fear the Spanish troops because they were disciplined and observers of the laws and of civilization, were orderly, responsible and humane. Consequently, the people were not frightened into giving information to the Spanish army, but they were compelled, through fear, to serve the insurgents as informers on the least provocation, or without any. The country people were accused by the rebels of loyalty to the government, and were abused, if not killed, and their property destroyed. When the insurgent forces arrived at a town, which they never held, they recruited all the idle and evil men, and the captain-general added that he was glad the good citizens did not join them. So much so, that he mentioned that the ex-rebel chief, Marcos Garcia, mayor since the last war of Sancti Spiritu, has not agreed with the insurgents who destroyed towns and scared the people by threaten- ing that if they allowed the garrisons to be in their midst, they were to be punished with fire and sword. Therefore, as the country was so large and the towns so distant from each other, it was a hard matter to garrison the places that needed protection, and at the same time put in the field large armies. The rebels had no responsibility for any such thing as civilization. They/were the destroyers, while the Spaniards we re the preservers. It did not occur to a"Spanish army,'even wEenfighting in a foreign country, to destroy towns. The Spanish troops were always willing to fight and were always brave and had all the recources of an established government and were always in their place. They attacked the rebels wherever found and always beat them, though the insurgents often had the greater numbers. The rebels had the peculiarity of considering their retreats victories. They had no idea of war as an orderly business. Now, war was an art and the insurgents had no idea of it. They had no knowledge of the honor of arms. C-7 ll\i Io8 THE STORY OF CUBA. Maximo Gomez tries to show the world that he is conducting a civil- ized campaign and does make a pretense as to somethmg of that sort after his own fashion ; but that is of little effect on the bulk of his fol- lowers, as such ideas as he professes do not get into their heads. Here the captain-general repeated that the rebellion was a semi-bar- barously organized anarchy, and that he was a man who respected ideas. In the last war or rebellion, when the best of the people were mixed in it, there had been an idea behind the attempted revolution, as Cuba had not then all the liberties Spain enjoyed. But for this war there was really no cause, and in his opinion Cuba was as free as any other country. She enjoyed a free press, representation in the Cortes, franchise, laws and an equal footing with the mother- country. Maximo Gomez, not being a Cuban, but a foreigner — a soldier of fortune — and Maceo, a mulatto with ambition and a purpose, were natural leaders of anarchism, with nothing to lose. The captain-general was asked if he could indicate what the policy of his successor. General Weyler, would be, and he replied the policy of the general would undoubtedly be one of great activity and energy ; that he would find much to do. He had himself initiated a policy of pressing hard upon the rebels with good effects. General Marin was informed of the anxiety in the United States about the probable duration of the war, and was asked if he could give any im- pression as to the time in which it might possibly be brought to a finish. It was stated to him also that his reply to this question would be re- garded in the United States as important. The General said a definite date for the close of the war could not be fixed, though there w as no doubt in the world of the ultimate success of Spain in re:£stab- lishing her authority all over the Island. "The trouble as to time was that after the last semblance of war had disapeared still the country would be disturbed by bandits, and it would possibly be found that getting rid of them would be tedious." It still seems curious that this moderate and clear exposition of the cause of Spain, eagerly sought for pub- lication by La Discussion, a leading Havana journal, HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 109 should have been suppressed in Cuba. One captain- general, however, differs from another in policy as in glory, and two days after the interview with Marin we listened to the thunders from the forts of the salutes that greeted General Weyler ; and Gomez was then so near Havana that it was said he could count the guns and interpret their dull boom quite as well as the Spaniards themselves. no THE STORY OF CUBA. CHAPTER VII. LEADING QUESTIONS OF RACES AND CRIMES. The Blacks as Soldiers and in Caricatures — Preoccupation on Both Sides in Cuba with the United States— Habits of Exaggeration — Governor- General Weyler Interviewed and Defends his Policy — Too Much Attention to Wild Stories — Brutalities of Bandits — The Machete the Sword of Cuba. Representations of blacks as the rebels-in-chief and cane-burning demons with forked toe-nails, as they are constantly caricatured in the dreadful Spanish sheets alleged to be humorous, are not consistent with the professions of General Weyler, who has invited the distinction of treating black men with consideration. Negro soldiers are often on guard at the gates of the government palace, and I have seen black workingmen, with personal errands, presenting themselves in their workday clothes at the door of the governor's reception room, and quickly admitted. When General Weyler was asked what his policy towards the negroes was, he said, " Just the same as to others." He was not favorable to discrimination as to color, and when engaged in the war of 1868-1878 his cavalry escort was of black men, a fact, he said, "show- ing his esteem for them as soldiers." The combatants on both sides in Cuba are surpris- ingly preoccupied with the United States, dwelling in conversation upon the pecuHarities of the people and the purposes of the nation. The Spaniards are not, as a HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. I 1 1 rule, prepossessed in our favor, but irritated by the impression that we are a perpetual menace. They sus- pect when they do not know, that an American is a sympathizer with the Cuban rebellion, and if one of our people is strong in his Spanish talk, it occurs to the aver- age Spaniard that he is doing it with some selfish and probably deceptive and hostile design. The Spaniards are angered by the intense interest the Cubans take in what is going on in the United States. It is not per- mitted to give space in the journals of Havana to the proceedings of the American Congress that relate to the condition of the Island. One day there came, by way of Tampa and Key West, a Savannah paper, containing a column of information about one of the resolutions and discussions in the Senate of the United States. I was attempting to send by cable signed editorials eluci- dating Cuban matters, and proposed a reference to the contents of the Savannah paper, and to state the mis- apprehensions that all parties in Cuba entertained as to the true intent and meaning of what was going on at Washington. I should not have expected to be allowed to print such incendiary matter as this was from the government standpoint in a Havana paper, but could not see the harm of sending it by wire for purposes of journalism in New York ; and it did not occur to me there would be objection to the discharge of a high explosive at that distance from Havana, but there was. My disquisition did not depart from the " Pearl of the Antilles," and was lost to the North American world. There is something touching and pathetic in the cre- dulity of the Cubans regarding the matters most, vital to them. I say Cubans without qualification, for 4hey are all — with such r are e xceptions, that we do not 112 THE STORY OF CUBA. need to note them — against the continuation of the rule of Spain. Their distinctions are in degrees of des- peration. The present generation at least, has grown up in an atmosphere of rebellion, and politics means conspiracy. They have not lived generously on the news of the day, as the Americans and Englishmen and Frenchmen do, also the Germans, Austrians and Italians in a lesser degree, and their faculty of discrim- ination is not trained. The space that should be occupied exclusively by facts is largely reserved for fancies. I was present when some shocking news was told by an eye-witness, who had been personally engaged in a bloody affair, and there were those at hand filled with excitement, asking leading questions, when a cool gen- tleman, an American, with perfect command of the Spanish language interposed, saying : " Let us get this story as it is; do not try to get him to tell it any worse than it is; it is bad enough." Nothing can be stated too wild to find believers, and exaggerations are heaped upon each other until the truth is lost even in outline. A romance that the Spanish minister had used money to get up a riot in Washington found ready believers; so will the wild fancy that Senator Sherman was once in the slave trade ! There were full particulars one day of a furious engagement near Havana. There had been a heavy government train, so the tale was told, on the way through the disputed country, at- tacked and captured by Maceo, when a Spanish col- umn came along and the insurgents retired with cart- ridges and other spoil, but left thirty wounded in the hospital, all of whom were murdered ! All the details any one could desire were furnished. There was no HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 1 13 train, no fight, no murder — nothing at all ! " Perfectly- trustworthy " correspondence by secret lines of com- muniGation arrive stating highly important matters altogether imaginary. There is so much confidential information, " highly unimportant if true," that the human understanding is bewildered, and a great deal of it finds its way into print. The Cuban stories are rather more fantastic than the Spanish official reports. This is the result of military repression, with its smouldering hates and rivalries and jealousies, and the elaborate hypocrisies, the sinister finesse of malignant politeness — a part of the penalty of tyranny. It is the Cuban custom when stating the grievances that caused the war, to neglect the more substantial grounds of dissatisfaction with the Spanish form of government, and tell of personal affronts and outrages, and both sides are free in charging against antagonists the supreme crime of barbarous and fiendish treatment of women. General Weyler has, above all, been as- sailed with accusations of brutalities that are incredible. It would be indelicate to hint the class of crimes that one is assured have more than anything else disting- uished his career, and the Cubans are surprised if you dare to doubt the authenticity of their animosity. They go on to implicate entire Spanish regiments in criminal- ities so hideous that to the sober understanding they seem preposterous; and yet are insisted upon to the last detail of infamy. Consideration for human nature invites incredulity. The Spaniards are equally facile in their accusing conversation, and with the list of offenses the Cubans charge upon them they return upon the Cubans ; and 114 THE STORY OF CUBA. the first thing in the indictment on their side, too, is that women have been abused. General Weyler in- vited questions and answered freely touching the tales told of himself. I do not refer now so much to the general tempest of detraction, but to the especial won- ders of cruelty; and he was fiercely earnest in denounc- ing all representations of his enemies as false, and said it was strange indeed that he should be attacked by the American newspapers for what he did not do, and at the same time those papers had only sympathy for the rebels who committed all they imputed to others. They were themselves the firebugs, the murderers, the destroyers, the ravishers; and the pretense of patriotism covered it all. He was charged with having dozens of prisoners shot every morning — the rifle firing heard just at day-break — a crash of rifles — a morning cere- mony — the bodies of the dead had been seen — the dis- position of the bodies had been made known ! "All this was imposture and false entirely," said Weyler. "Why," said he, " Campos killed three and I have killed^ none ! not one ! ! And I shall kill no one unless it may be some guilty leader who has been proven to deserve death." I could not doubt the truth of what the captain-gen- eral told me about the killing of prisoners — for those who said there were dozens shot daily named no one, and could not tell what prisoners, if any, were missing. There could be no reason for shooting obscure men in secret save mere killing, and it has not come to that. The prisoner-shooting stories located at the fort were not so, and yet they turned up every day, always about the same. The foundation for the persistent rumor seemed to be that loaded rifles were discharged HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 1 15 in the morning. General Weyler said that not only- had he not ordered any executions, when no one else had a right to do it, but he would deal severe- ly with officers who killed prisoners without his ex- press order. There have, however, since been execu- tions by shooting at the fort, not consistent with Weyler's statement. But one who meant to have men shot as a daily lesson would be very unlikely to assume the personal responsibility for the execu- tions and proclaim it to the newspapers of the United States and all civilized lands. The monster Weyler is said to be would boast of his bloody work — make a merit of assassination, never deny a crime, but with the fallen fiend declare : " Evil be thou my good." He has, however, the habit of the Island, of credulity that receives every tale of horrors commit- ted by the enemies as "the truth and nothing but the truth," and he confounds the sanguinary and incendi- ary incidents of th e ope rations of the organize d insurg- ents with the killings an3~robberies and burnirigs By the bariHits^=^'h5~fcands of mere outlaw_s-^wHo'add greatly to the aggFegate of the rnysteries and missies ofjjie^ar. ^ The general was asked of what military advantage it would be to the insurgents to be recognized as having belligerent rights, and he answered, "none at all," on the contrary they would have to stop their house burn- ings and outrages of women, and he intimated that was all they knew how to do. The Cubans have so strong a case against Spain of misgovernment it is a pity to mar or shadow it by obscuring that which is substantial with clouds of romance. It is the misfortune of environment that Il6 THE STORY OF CUBA. they do so, but they think it is only self-defense for them to be as romantic as the Spaniards whose literary labors in preparing history for bulletins are as incessant as they are inaccurate and ineffectual. I happened to have information that was reliable of the preparation of one Spanish bulletin that was written four times before it was permitted to go, and it was not passed until all resemblance to the truth had been rubbed out. This peculiarity is not confined to Spanish official literature in Cuba. It is one of the familiar jests that, according to the bulletins, three times the number of insurgents engaged during the Carlist war were killed in action and counted dead on the field. Spaniards and Cubans do not do themselves justice, in the torrents of reproaches and accusations with which they characterize each other, and express the fierce in- tensity of the hatreds they have cultivated for genera- tions, and that are now inflamed to a degree unknown in former times. One reason for the extraordinary indulgence of ani- mosity, is found in the consciousness of all con- cerned, that the affairs of the contested island are in an extremely critical state, and that if conclusions cannot be reached, Spanish industries and the opulent commerce of the country will be totally destroyed. Those who have followed closely and intelligently such histories as are attainable of the course of events in Cuba, are informed that much importance is attached to the depredations of the bands of miscreants now haunting all the provinces, and whose occupation is simply that of murderous thieves. The fact that the Island is infested by these scoun- drels is not purposely made prominent by the combat- HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. WJ ants, who are organized, bear arms and profess to be fighting in a civiUzed way. The Spaniards charge the outrages the vagabonds are guilty of to the rebels, and the rebels charge them to the Spaniards, and the whole truth is not mentioned on either side, for it would wipe away some of the bloody chapters of popular litera- ture. If a lot of fellows are found by Spaniards with telegraph wires around their necks, dangling to trees or telegraph poles, the cry is : " Here is evidence of the horrible barbarism of the insurgents. See what Gomez or Maceo have been about ! These are innocent men, be- cause they loved dear Spain ! " If the insurgents ride that way the suspended corpses naturally shock their sensibilities, and they point out the testimony that the " butcher and brute Weyler " has been having patriots murdered. The truth is that the ghastly spectacle marks the scene of the close of the career of some ban- dits, or means that the bandits have been assassinating some country people who were passing that way, or that hapless travelers have been massacred for their clothing or that which they might have in their pockets. Some of the newspaper men, in the days when they were occasionally permitted to pass the Spanish lines, made narrow escapes from robbers who have no senti- ments as to the dominion of Spain or the independence of Cuba, but have taken to the road to live by crim- inal courses, protected by the prevalent disorder. These wretches do more than all the troops in arms, however vicious and uncontrollable many of them are, to give the inhabitants of the desolated Island a bad name, and add the fame of frightfully evil deeds to the general disaster and augment to awful proportions the horrors of war. I I 8 THE STOR Y OF CUBA. Early in April there was news from Havana of the execution by the garrote of five men, and the cable, un- restrained this time by the censors, told of the terrors of the execution, and millions read the hideous story, believing that the ruthless Spaniards were putting to death, ignominiously, brave men whose crime was pa- triotism. In fact, the garrote was employed to strangle a group of murderers who engaged in robbing a farm- house, were taken red-handed and with the spoil they had gathered. It suits the Spaniards very well to say these men were rebel brigands, and it serves the Cubans a purpose in harmony with their passionate desires to admit the con- struction, that the Spaniards have been guilty of another massacre. The military conditions of Cuba unfortunately lend themselves to this sort of mutual misrepresentation. The columns of Spaniards and insurgents are in motion nearly all the time, and all the roads are unsafe, while many fugitives are fleeing far and near, hoping to find places of refuge. The brigandage that is rife all over the Island, save the towns, where there is at least mili- tary law, is one of the most deplorable of the misfor- tunes of the war, and will be of the lingering results of the struggle hardest to eradicate. Whether the Span- iards or the Cubans are asked, and the inquiry is inces- sant, how long the war will last, the answer from both sides is substantially the same. It is impossible to say how much time will be required to put down the gangs of robbers, as there is really no cure for them except to hunt them and kill them. The machete is the sword of the Cuban soldiers, and will be famous forever. It is not the delicate weapon HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 121 sometimes pictured, nor the mere cane-knife that flour- ishes in the accounts of the warfare in " the Pearl of the Antilles." It is a heavy, straight sword, usually with a horn handle, and without a guard, with a fine edge on one side that curves to a point. The back of the big knife is square and solid, the prevalent idea that there is a double edge being an error. The scabbard is plain, firm leather, and the belt that supports it is, as a rule, narrow. There are competing machetes on the market, one made in New England and the other in Old Eng- land, and they are alike good stuff. The scythe-blades American farmers attach to a wooden handle, and call a corn-knife, closely resemble the machete in looks and use as an agricultural implement, only the scythe is not often straight, and the edge is on the inner side of the curve. The primary object of the machete is not cutting sugar-cane, as supposed by the average citizen, though it serves that purpose excellently ; it is in cutting paths through tropic vegetation. It is impossible to travel in an uncultivated part of Cuba, or along a narrow road, as most of the roads are, without something to cut away the shrubbery, the vines, the wild pine and cactus, and the thousand thorny boughs and bushes. The rebels, hastening across the wild regions, make way for them- selves with machetes, and the most effective stroke is upward, shaving away the prickly verdure, striking the dense, upreaching limbs as hedges are roughly trim- med ; and there is developed in this habitual hard labor wonderful muscular force and expertness in delivering a blow with the big knife, taking an ascending sweep. This weapon becomes perfectly familiar, and to save 122 THE STORY OF CUBA. an excessive strain, it is keen as a razor and heavy as a cleaver. It is about the length of a dress-sword, but there is variation, according to personal strength and taste, of several inches, and that is not held important, for the knife is not used as a fencing-sword or a stabber, and is in no way like the rapier, or the steel with which the Romans conquered the world by thrusting under their shields and upward with the heavy dagger called the sword of Rome. The Cubans handle the machete so constantly that they do it gracefully and deftly, cutting open green cocoanuts with a single blow, and without spilling a drop of the milk or touching their fingers ; and, it is said, in battle the Spanish rifle-barrels are sometimes clipped off, while it is a common incident for a soldier to lose an arm at a blow. The most dreaded cut, the one when the blade rises — the same motion as in trimming thorn-bushes — is the more terrible blow because it is queer, and seems uncanny, and to be a diabolically cunning and tricky style of fighting. There is a peculiar, wild, shrill cry the Cubans give that announces a machete charge — a " rebel yell," sure enough, fierce and prolonged — and it means going in at the high speed of horses, for " war to the knife," and there is no doubt and no wonder that the Spaniards are alarmed always by that battle-cry. There has been more hand-to-hand fighting in Cuba than in any other war of modern times. HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 1 23 CHAPTER VIII. THE ORDERS AND ADMINISTRATION OF WEYLER. A Vigorous and Comprehensive Series of Orders, Declarations, Decrees and Commands, and Promises of Restoration of Order in these Provinces on the isth of March — The Difference between the Proclamation and the Performance — The Weyler Administration Signally Fails — The Daring and Success of the Maceos — A Hard Blow at a Sore Time and Place. There has been world-wide controversy over the pol- icy of Captain-General Weyler. The universal Cuban view is singularly simple and radical. It is that Cam- pos was retired because he would carry on war with methods not inconsistent with civilization, and that Weyler was appointed to be barbarous. The definition of the truth about this is important, and the task of being just one that is serious and almost novel, because on this point partisanism is at a scorching heat, and a spirit of moderation is denounced as treason to patriot- ism, or uniting disorder with cowardice. We have at hand a complete set of Weyler's orders up to the end of March, the first dated Feb. lo, 1896, and give such portions of them as are characteristic and have caused excitement and comment. That is to say, we produce the extracts that possess a degree of popular interest. The first of the Weyler orders, addressed to the in- habitants of Cuba, after a reference to " the difficult circumstances of the present time," concluded : I take charge of my duties with the expectation ever constant m me, of preserving its possession for Spain, determined, as she is in this pur- 124 THE STORY OF CUBA. pose, to spare no kind of strenuous exertions, of which she is giving evident proofs. For the accomplishment of said purpose I rely upon the bravery and discipline of the army and navy, the unshaken patriotism of the corps of volunteers, and very particularly the true assistance that will be ten- dered by the loyal inhabitants, born here or in the peninsula. It is not to be said here, for you already know it, that although I am always liberal to the vanquished, and to every one who renders any ser- vices to the cause of Spain, I shall not be found wanting in determina- tion and energy, which are my characteristics, to punish with all the severity sanctioned by law those who may help the enemy in any way, or try to abate the dignity of our national name. Laying aside for the time being all political ideas, my honorable mis- sion now is to end the war, considering you only as being Spaniards, who will help me loyally to vanquish the insurgent ; but I shall be no impediment when her majesty's government, knowing what you are and what you deserve, and also the state of tranquility that may be attained by these provinces, grants to you, in due time, those reforms deemed proper in its estimation, doing this with the good will of a loving mother toward her children. Inhabitants of Cuba, assist me with your efficient co-operation, and by so doing you will protect your own interests, which are identical with those of the fatherland. Long live Spain ! Long live Spanish Cuba ! Your Governor-General, Valeriano Weyler, Marquis of Tenerife. Havana, the loth of February, 1896. On the same date there was an address issued to the volunteers and firemen — the firemen are a highly organ- ized and armed force — saying : It is gratifying to me to have been appointed your chief, for I meet again those volunteers and firemen who fought with me in the last war, and who, with their bravery, energy, and patriotism, saved order, pro- tected the towns and villages, and contributed powerfully to preserve Cuba for Spain. HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 125 This was followed by an exhortation to continue to do well, and a promise of "perfect attention" to that which volunteers and firemen might do. In an address to the "Soldiers in the Army of Cuba," the captain-general paid, rather unexpectedly, this tribute to his predecessor : My hope is, that while under my orders, you will continue giving proofs of the courage and endurance which are peculiar to the Spanish soldier, and that you will win new victories, to be added to those ob- tained by you under the command of my illustrious predecessor, his excellency Captain-General Martinez de Campos. February 19th, the captain - general addressed the people, stating the fixed determination of Spain to " overcome the insurrection, and having referred to his " personal character " as an element in affairs, he added : It must be quite clear to you that the state attained by the insurrec- tion, and the incursion lately made by the principal ringleaders, in spite of active pursuit by our columns, are in some way the effects of indiffer- ence, fear, or discouragement on the part of the people, for it is hard to understand why some should remain passive while their plantations are set on fire, or otherwise destroyed, or how some Peninsulars can sym- pathize with the insurgents. It is by all means necessary to oppose such a condition of affairs, and to reanimate the spirits of the citizens by making them perceive that I am equally determined to tender efficient protection to the loyal and to apply the law with all its severity against those who help or exalt the enemy, or try to abate the honor of Spain, or that of the army of volunteers. Then it is also desirable that those who are on our side show their good disposition by their own actions in such way that no ground be left for doubts, proving that they are Spaniards, for the defense of the fatherland demands some sacrifice on the part of her children. C— 8 126 THE STORY OF CUBA. An order appeared in which the general-in-chief of the army in operations assumed, according to the code of military justice, the judiciary authority belonging to his civil capacity, and this was therefore decreed : All prisoners taken by the troops during an engagement with the enemy will be submitted to summary proceedings, for which all judicial for- malities shall be avoided that are not absolutely indispensable to pass judgment. And the captain-general added the declaration : No capital sentence shall be executed until I have received the testi- monials of the sentence, which must be sent to me immediately, except when there is no communication, and the sentence refers to the crime of insult to a superior officer, or military sedition, which will be executed, afterward giving me information to that effect. February 25th there was a requisition for ten per cent, of the number of horses used for running cabs, stages and tram-cars. This, which had special applica- tion to Havana, to be executed immediately by a com- mittee of military officers. March 3d was issued a circular about the election of members of the new Cortes, whose functions commence nth of May next, and it was decreed that : In order that the next elections be made with complete liberty of ac- tion, and with total absence of anything contrary to the extant princi- ples of legality, you should bear in mind the following instructions, which I deem necessary to carry out what her majesty's government has directed. One of said instructions— perhaps the most important of all — is that you resolutely prevent any interference with the free will of the electors, and you will be entitled to the gratitude of the government if you use your prudence and diligence to realize that purpose, prevent- ing any possible violence or coercion being committed against the voters. HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. \2'J The captain-general earnestly recommended all offi- cers to " stimulate the electors to make use of this right," but " be sure that the authorities depending on the administration will absolutely abstain from exert- ing any action that may affect the independence of the voting," The election decree concludes: I trust that your prudence, tact and energy will cause the precepts of law to be respected by facilitating the freest use of suffrage, and not leaving unpunished any transgression that may be committed in refer- ence to the elections. However, there was no danger there would be a rush to vote the " ensuing May " anywhere within the juris- diction of the government against the government ! March 4th a long decree was issued stringently regu- lating the sale of petroleum, because the insurgents used it for incendiary purposes. March 8th it was officially made known by decree of the captain-general : That, after being pressed and defeated by our troops, the largest rebel bands that were in the provinces of Pinar del Rio and Havana are at present demoralized and moving east, for which reason now is the time to undertake an energetic pursuit against the small parties of bandits, rather than of insurgents, remaining in said provinces. Then followed elaborate instructions very carefully devised — the main thing being to reinforce the troops with the civil guard to stop the ravages by the rebels in the western province — a precaution that shows the captain-general was aware of the impending danger that has given him the gravest anxieties and inflicted upon the Spanish cause the most disheartening losses. 128 THE STORY OF CUBA. The decrees of the captain-general show the inten- sity of his temper — the emphasis of his method, his precision of phrase, and energy of expression, with the fixed resolution to be thoroughgoing in every respect. His appearances on paper are quite formidable, but the notice that the rebels were being hotly pursued was followed by an aggressive campaign by the Maceos in the western provinces, demonstrating the failure of the captain-general to enforce his authority even in the neighborhood of Havana. The captain-general addressed to the generals of the army corps, civil and military governors, and chiefs of columns and military commanders, the following severe instructions : The towns and villages must help in the work of their own protection, and see that no guides are wanting for the Spanish troops. They should also give all possible information in regard to the enemy, if they are in the neighborhood, and not let it again happen that the latter be better informed than ourselves. The energy and severity employed by the enemy will mark our own course of conduct, and in every case you will proceed to arrest and place subject to my disposal, or to submit to the courts, all those who by any of the orders which have been expressed, should help or show their sympathy to be with the rebels. After public spirit has been reanimated, you should not forget the convenience of adding strength to the corps of volunteers and guerillas that may be in the district, without failing to organize a guerilla band of twenty-five citizens for each battalion of the army, and to propose to me whatever you deem proper, directly or through the authority upon whom you depend, to realize my plan. But this should not lead you to consider yourselves authorized to decide anything which is not prescribed by law or by decree, unless it is urgently demanded by circumstances. I trust that you will abide by these instructions, and tender your faithful concurrence to the development of my thoughts, for the benefit of the Spanish cause. Havana, Feb. 19th, 1896. Valeriano Weyler. HS.R STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 129 This order was regarded by the Cubans, sympathetic with the rebeUion, as extremely menacing and vin- dictive, as it was plainly seen the purpose was forcing those most anxious to pursue a neutral position to take sides — with, if they acted according to their sentiments, terrible consequences to themselves. The news of the Weyler appointment had appalled the Cubans and those able to do so, and, unable to enter the insurgent army, were fleeing to Mexico by hundreds on every steamer while he was crossing the Atlantic. The declaration of February 19th increased the panic, and the public dis- tress was agonizing. Stringent decrees were at once issued threatening: All those who invent or propagate by any means, news which may either directly or indirectly favor the rebellion, will be considered as guilty of a misdemeanor against the safety of the fatherland. As is stated in Art. 223, case 6th, of the Code of Military Justice, inasmuch as they so facilitate the operations of the enemy. The propagation of false news was placed in the list of crimes with those of burning houses and destroying railroads and telegraph and telephone lines, and also: Those who consent to serve the enemy as guides if they do not report immediately to the authorities to show that they were compelled by force, or at once prove their loyalty by giving the troops any information asked of them. This touched one of the sorest points of the Span- iards, whose greatest and incurable trouble is, the rebels are constantly perfectly informed of the move- ments of the Spanish columns that have to grope their way, for, as a rule, the inhabitants do not tell on the insurgents and are vigilant and untiring to report all the activities of the Spaniards. 130 THE STORY Of CUBA. The rigor of the military law was applied " to those who by means of carrier pigeons, rockets or other sig- nals, send news to the enemy." And in such cases the captain-general said that capital punishment or prison for life " be applicable by law, shall be tried in sum- mary proceedings." The Spaniards attached much importance to the use of carrier pigeons, though they could hardly have done more than suggest possibilities of furtive communication. This following command caused a great sensation : All rural inhabitants of the Sancti Spiritus district and of the province of Puerto Principe and Santiago de Cuba, will make their concentration at the towns having any division, brigade, column, or other troops of the army, and then get documents of personal guarantee, within eight days after the present decree has been at the nearest township. Most rigorous regulations as to "passes" in the country were proclaimed, and it was ordered that : Storekeepers established out in the country will empty their shops, and the chiefs of columns will take such steps as may favor the success of operations in regard to buildings or other property, which while not being of considerable value, may afford shelter to the rebels in the in- terior of the woods or on the open country. The country stores were ordered to be emptied, be- cause they were a great resource for the rebels. Conceding the vigor of the orders of the captain-gen- eral, and the intimate knowledge they show of the state of the Island, as well as his keen general intelligence, we have to announce that the failure of his administra- tion was early declared by events that were unavoidable. He was forced to reply to the sugar makers, who called and begged to know when they could grind cane. HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY, 131 Of course he was confident, as ever Campos was, that he could soon accomplish great results, and, at least, speedily restore order in part of the Island. It was his policy first to find the army, for he said Campos had attempted to get along without a chief-of-staff, and had not kept books, so there were many troops missing. This had caused the rumor to go far that 15,000 Spanish soldiers had disappeared. " Aha !" said some Cubans, " they have come over to us ; " and "Aha ! " said others, " they are dead, or they are fraud soldiers put on the roll to steal with ! " But Campos had not kept books, and Weyler found the missing men. There were also reinforcements sent to arrive in time to support him, and it was his policy to press the insurgents to the utmost. He did not spare orders to rush the troops into action, and thought for a time his ideas were being carried out hopefully. He pointed out on his maps where his columns had the main forces of the rebels surrounded, and later he had them " more surrounded." He had them moving east, and he was overtaking them. " See here," said he, point- ing to the centre of the province of Pinar del Rio, south- west of Havana, "they were, and, here," sweeping his hand along the map eastward far as southeast Matan- zas, " they are ; and they must go further." They were bound for the woods of Santa Clara, he said. This was his state of mind, and apparently the mili- tary situation, when the sugar planters called and wanted to know what they could depend upon. It was an all-important question. If the Spanish government could not protect the sugar interest, the Island ceased to be of value, and was no longer, in a commercial sense, worth holding. It was not a question of the direct tax- 132 THE STORY OF CUBA. ation on sugar, but of the trade of the Island— the shipment of nearly one milUon tons of sugar, to pay for the imports on which the duties were laid amounting to eighteen million dollars a year. The captain-general hesitated, but pressed for a business reply, and feeling some of the confidence he desired to inspire, he ven- tured to say, he could promise that by the 15th of March they might count upon it that cane grinding would be safe in the three western provinces, and he hoped also in a part of Santa Clara ! This was very satisfactory, and published, produced surprise and cheerfulness. Why, of course, if that was all there was of the rebellion, it would soon be over ! The captain- general, to do him justice, had to hedge a httle. He said the sugar men were too enthusiastic ; he was not quite certain, but he was greatly and confidently expect- ant that he would have three provinces, and, possibly, part of another, in order by the middle of March. The promise, however, that sugar should be ground safely all over the west end by March 15th was fixed in the public mind, and regarded as a test of the comparative power of the contending forces to manifest themselves in the open country. The Spaniards were assaulting the insurgents, who were large bodies of marauders roving about, using incendiarism and the terrorism of robbery and murder to compel the secret service of the country people — who would be good Spaniards if it were not that they were in fear, and caused by panic to be criminals. All that was required was a strong head and heart and hand, such as Weyler possessed, and the legitimate authorities would soon regain their accustomed and ancient sway ! On the other hand, the rebels had to say that they HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. I35 actually held all the Island but the seaside towns under the guns of ships of war, and the garrisoned places ; and all the garrisoned towns were substantially be- sieged. The sugar and tobacco interests were for the time destroyed, and would not be allowed to revive while they were sources of Spanish revenue. Now this was not a matter of contention between the official bul- letins and the Tampa and Key West grapevine dis- patches, over the results of skirmishes here and there in "the woods." This was a large matter and some- thing positive. It was business. There was a time fixed in which something palpable was to be done. Whichever way the fortunes of the miserable war should decide the answer to be, there could be no doubt as to the material and determining fact. There was exul- tation among the insurgents that their enemy had invited so conspicuous a trial of strength, at a time and place and in a way, too, that gave them advantages. At this moment the armies of Gomez and Maceo had passed the fanciful line of the Spaniards and were going east, and the friendly intelligence from their col- umns was that they could not get Cubans to fight a great battle, and were sorely troubled by the care of wounded men, and had upon the whole to get away from the hotly contested places and go into retirement in the fastnesses of the forests and swamps and moun- tains, to see what the rainy season would do for them ! There was the regular report that Gomez was broken down and thinking of trying to escape from the Island to his home in San Domingo, and that the Maceos were his rearguard. They were to be regarded as fortunate to have crossed " the trochu ! " The first act of desperate warfare was the hanging of 136 THE STORY OF CUBA, a Spanish planter near Havana, who had been guilty of carrying on farming operations without concern as to the insurgent policy. He was killed, and his cane burnt, and it was proclaimed the act of a small band of desperados left behind for acts of assassination, arson, and robbery to keep up a sham of warfare and frighten the timid. The work of destruction was carried on, however, and when the fateful 15th of March had passed it was demonstrated that sugar making was at an end. There was not a district in the Island in which it was safe to " grind." In the first and foremost event in magnitude of the administration the captain-general had failed to keep his word ; and the strong Weyler, like the weak Campos, had been unable to fix lines of limitation on the surging sea of rebellion. Wherever the captain-general had drawn a mark and said " thus far and no further," the waves had rolled over the forbidden territory. It was soon seen that the Maceos had not retired from the west end. Gomez might be "Oriented," but Maceo was not, and then the question arose whether the daring rebels would not be caught and crushed by the superior Spanish forces ; and that is constantly threatened. Again the Spanish columns were used to form a fence of steel across the Island, and once more the rebels rode about the country at their pleasure. Again the burning cane fields reddened the southern sky as beheld from Havana. Again there were merciless burnings in all the provinces where military protection had been prom- ised, and the priceless tobacco plantations of the west end were utterly ruined. And still the Maceos were enabled to elude the regular troops, and strike at vil- lages and towns, gaining supplies ; and the broader the HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 1 3/ swath of destruction the greater the number of recruits for the army of independence. The captain-general at one time said he wanted no more men from Spain — had enough to carry out his poHcy ; and he had, of course, if this was a war of numbers, a clash of military organ- izations of the modern kind. But it is a war of skir- mishers, precisely the sort of war in which Spaniards and their tropical children have always distingushed themselves, and the rebels are resisting the army in the jungles of Cuba, and in the broad plantations, too, by their remarkable mobility, as the Seminole Indians in the everglades of Florida baffled our regulars. The captain-general, after a further study of the situation, concluded he wanted a few more batallions of cavalry, and they will not be able to cope with the veteran insur- gents, while Maceo, receiving, we presume, the car- tridges landed from the Bermuda in strange security from the Spanish cruisers, suddenly changed his tactics and had startling success in aggressive movements just at the time and place where his blows inflict the great- est possible damage to the Spanish cause, but in doing so he may have held Spaniards in too light esteem, for there is an unusual tone of confidence in the cables that he is hard pressed. 138 THE SrORY OF CUBA. CHAPTER IX. THE FORCES NOW ENGAGED IN CUBA. The Conduct of the War — Spanish Force Almost 200,000 Armed Men — 65,000 Cubans in Arms, but Poorly Armed — Cavalry a Most Im- portant Factor — Sanitary Regulations Lessen Spanish Loss by Sick- ness—Opinions of Experts — Suggestions of Strategy — Statistics of the Population of Combatants. — Women in the Army for Protection. The Spanish army in Cuba, at the beginning- of this war, numbered 17,000, and amounted, with the rein- forcements, Jan. I, 1896, to 119,000. Since that date there have been large accessions, so that taking account of losses there are, of Spanish regulars at the seat of war, not less than 130,000. There is to be added 63,000 volunteers guarding the various cities, and with the military police and the navy, the Spanish force pressing upon Cuba exceeds considerably 200,000 armed men. The resources of Spain in population are : Spain's total population 18,000,000 Number having no profession, of which 6,764,406 are females and 1,963,113 are males 8,727,519 Men engaged in agriculture . . . „ 4,033,391 Women engaged in agriculture 828,531 The industrial census is insignificant compared to the agricultural. Public office-holders q^ 2^7 Prisoners 64,000 Professors and school-teachers (male) 24,642 (female) '. ^^^^o People attending school (male) i 009 810 " (female) ■■' ^giioo Physicians 20^4^4 Lady Physicians yg HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 139 Literary writers (male) 1,171 " " (female) 74 Actors and actresses 3,497 Servants (male) 89,958 (female) 319, 95^ Professional beggars (male) 39,279 " " (female) 51,946 Priests and friars 43,528 Nuns 28,549 Spaniards who read and write (male). .3,417,855 ) " " " " (female). 2, 686,615 ' ^'^°'^'47° The population of Cuba is between 1,600,000 and 1,700,000, and there are not less than 50,000 men serv- ing the Cuban cause in the field, and they claim 65,000, an enormous proportion of the available population. A Spanish military expert in a Madrid journal, has given a very interesting and generally accurate, though manifestly prejudiced, account of the character of the war. He says : Had we in Cuba a large force of cavalry when the revolution started, things would have taken another turn. It is to be regretted that nothing has been done to remedy this defect. What are the tactics employed in the present war ? Is there anything new about them, anything extraordinary ? Not a thing. In this, as in the last war, the only means of action is the horse. They ride incessantly here and there, and when their horses are tired, they seize any they come across. They frequently rest during the day, and march at night, in as light order as possible, carrying only a ham- mock, a piece of oilcloth, cartridges, machete and rifle. They live by marauding. The country people feed them, and help them so far as they can, and where these insurgents don't find sympathy, the machete, the torch and the rope are good arguments. In the woods they find good shelter, places for storage and for hospitals. They are divided in groups, rhore or less numerous, to which they give the pompous names of regiments and brigades, and they never accept fight unless their number is far superior to that of our troops. They place themselves in ambush, selecting narrow passages in the woods, I40 THE STORY OF CUBA. fords and lagoons. They always run after firing, and if pursued, they leave a small body charged with firing on their pursuers, while the main body advances rapidly and then stops, and, by circling around, get to the rear of our troops and harrass them. When they go a long distance, they divide into small parties, make the journey at night in the woods, and then the several groups assemble, until necessity compels them to part again, and meet anew on a preconcerted spot. Their infantry is always in loose order, hiding among the bushes, and always protected by the cavalry. At times a group separates from the main body, the mission being to attract the attention of the government troops, while the main body charges " al machete." Such are the insurgents of Cuba, and their ways of fighting. Let us, the expert says, consider the best means of be- ing rid of them, and he makes these propositions, show- ing the nature of the war raging. ist. Deprive them of mobility by seizing their horses, and then pre- vent them from getting others. 2d. Deprive them of their resources by destroying all the fruit trees, and killing all the cattle. 3d. To end the espionage, concentrate the population of the country, and punish severely those who serve the insurgents as'spies, messengers or correspondents. 4th. See that they do not receive munitions of war or provisions, by watching closely the coast and the environments of the cities, especially the points near railroads. 5th. Divide and demoralize thera, so far as possible, with a vigorous and constant persecution, especially with calvary and infantry, mounted temporarily on horses. 6th. Prevent them from having any advantage in combats, by sup- pressing all detachments not of absolute necessity, to give the columns freedom of play, and in case the rebels divide into parties, in like manner divide the troops to pursue them. 7th. Stop their tactics of ambush and their false retreats, by means of constant flanks, either double or simple, and do not pursue them with- out echeloned reserves. 8th. Prevent them from passing. freely from one province to another by use of long lines of troops, duly garrisoned and fortified, and with easy means of communication established in all of the largest part of its length. HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. I4I 9th. Prevent them from surrendering and then returning to the field of war again. loth. To demoralize the insurgents, make a point of capturing their chiefs and their confederates, who, while not in the fighting ranks, are ready to help them whenever the opportunity occurs. The final recommendations of ttiis writer are to con- duct operations with secrecy, to carry on correspond- ence in cipher, with the keys often changed ; to forbid newspaper correspondents to be with troops, and to take possession of all carrier pigeons ; and he says : " It must not be forgotten that the organization of a good body of guides and confidents, remunerated liber- ally and with guaranty of secrecy, is indispensable in all wars, and in this of Cuba more especially." There arrived in Cuba from Spain, during the war from 1868 to 1878, 166,228 soldiers. In 1869, 29,717 arrived; in 1875, 26,401; in 1876 there were 36,355 arrivals. The whole number were not in the Island at one time. The losses in the field and by sickness were large, and also the returns to Spain on the expiration of service. The following figures are of&cial, and the terrible showing is made that out of 90,245 Spanish soldiers in Cuba, in 1877, there were 17,677 deaths. Died. Per cent. In 1869, of 35,570 5.5°4 1456 In 1870, of 47,242 9.395 i4-82 In 1871, of 55,357 6,574 i3-6i In 1872, of 58,708 7,780 14.56 In 1873, of 52,500 5,902 13.00 In 1874, of 62,572 5,923 18.22 In 1875, of 63,212 6,361 13.60 In 1876, of 78,099 8,482 14.44 In 1877, of 90,245 17,677 17-40 In 1878, of 81,700 7.500 10.89 14.2 THE STORY OF CUBA. The yellow fever was especially violent in 1877, as will be remembered, and broke out in the United States the following year. The Spaniards claim that they have so improved the sanitary state of the army that they lose fewer men now with 130,000 men on the rolls than they did in the former war' with one-third that number ; that is, they lose now four to five per cent., when in former years the loss was near twenty per cent., and they give these figures. The dead by actions of war in the previous war was 8}4 per cent. ; the sick 9^4 per cent. Of the infantry and cavalry 1,017 ofificers perished, and other arms of the war, 250. The marine infantry had 3,240 loss, crews of warships, 1,758, and vol- unteers, 5,000. The losses of officers in relation to the troops was 5 percent, inactions of war, and 12.3 per cent, in sickness. One reason for the betterment of the sanitary condi- tion of the Spanish army is the vigorous enforcement of regulations forbidding the excessive indulgence in fruit, which was the habit of the men newly arrived. This, with their exposure on muddy roads and grounds, in the hot and rainy season, caused the pestilence to be so fatal. This is very important, especially from the Cuban point of view, as they depend a good deal on the "friendly fever," as they grimly call it, saying it is a strong ally of the cause of liberty. In the manifesto of the Cuban revolutionary party to the United States, signed by Enrique Jos Varona, we read of the ten years' war, " Blood ran in torrents. Public wealth disappeared in a bottomless abyss. Two hundred thousand Span- iards perished. Whole districts of Cuba were left HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 143 almost without male population." The whole number of men lost, and the amount of money spent are over- stated; but all excesses of estimate removed, the aggre- gates are appalling, and show how ruinous the misgov- ernment of Cuba is, both to the peninsula of the home country _and the Island that fights to be free. In the calculations that the thoughtful will make in the contemplation of the figures, it should be noted and studied that the war that broke out in 1895 is far more expensive in money and destructive of life than that which closed in 1878. The losses of this war as compared with that are three times as great. This pro- portion stands, if applied to the extent of the country wasted, the sugar and tobacco fields burned and tram- pled, and the combatants engaged on both sides. With this in mind, the rate at which the Spaniards and Cubans are rushing in the strife of mutual destruction to ruin becomes frightfully evident. THE CUBANS GOOD HORSEMEN. The strength of the Cuban insurgents, the secret of the surprising fight they have made, surrounded as they are by the Spanish fleets and armies, is in their horses and swords. Many thousands are as good horsemen as the world has seen — equal to the Cossacks or the cow- boys — and the Spaniards, when mounted, are no match for them, for the Spanish peasantry do not live on horseback. The insurgents have a few thousand good rifles and are well provided with pistols, but they have never had a fair supply of cartridges. The best modern arms are but clubs unless the ammunition is expressly manufactured for them. This, and the fact that the Cubans cannot take care of their wounded except by C-9 144 THE STORY OF CUBA. carrying them to hiding places, is the explanation of the often elusive policy of rebel commanders in the field. The stroke of business that it is the joy of the Cubans to perform, is to harrass and develop the Spaniards with a skirmish fire, picking off the officers by sharp-shoot- ing, and, if a favorable opportunity offers, to ride in, sword in hand — and the sword is the dreadful machete, a weapon capitally drawn by the artist. On a horse, with this tremendous knife uplifted, the Cuban rebel is at his best, and there never was cavalry more formid- able. It is this horseback and machete method of fight-, ing that the mulatto brothers, the Maceos, prefer and that has made them terrors as well as heroes. AMBUSCADES FREQUENT AND EFFECTIVE. The nature of the warfare between many columns of Spaniards and squadrons of insurgents, cavalry and companies of footmen is such that there are numerous incidents of ambuscade skirmishes that are games of hide-and-seek, and of deadly encounters hand to hand, and also of long-range firing, when the Spaniards have the advantage, through abundant cartridges, of making the most smoke and having the greatest obscurity in which to prepare picturesque reports. The insurgents have become experts in barricades and devices of rough fortifications for their protection, which may be for- given them as fighting men, for there never was a war not utterly savage in which the wounded were so ill- cared for. WOMEN IN THE CUBAN FORCES. There has been so much that is imaginary in regard to the Cuban war made to serve as true to fact, that ^ WOM^N CATAI.&Y. (HS) HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 1 47 some of the really queer things occuring are not respect- fully received. At first no one believed, who had not seen them, that there were women in the Cuban army ; but there is no doubt about it. They are not at all miscalled Amazons, for they are warlike women and do not shun fighting, the difficulty in employing them being that they are insanely brave. When they ride into battle they become exalted and are dangerous creatures. Those who first joined the forces on the field were the wives of men belonging in the army, and their purpose was rather to be protected than to become heroines and avengers. It shows the state of the Island that the women find the army the safest place for them. With the men saved from the plantations and the murderous bandits infesting the roads and committing every lamentable outrage upon the helpless — some of the high-spirited Cuban women followed their husbands, and the example has been followed and some, instead of consenting to be protected, have taken up the fashion of fighting. 148 THE STORY OF CUBA CHAPTER X. THE CUBAN GOVERNMENT. Cubitas the Capital — A Letter from the President — Proclamation and Letter from Gomez, the Hero of the War, and a Letter from Maceo. The patriots of Cuba locate their government at Cubitas, and claim its permanency there since about six months after the beginning of the war, which was de- clared Feb. 24, 1895. The recommendation of the place is that it is beyond the range of Spanish artillery, and where it cannot be reached by the forces of the govern- ment without extreme agility and effort along moun- tain paths and passes, through endless ambuscades; and then there would be nothing important found, the few papers being easily removed, and possibly destroyed without much loss, save in matters of form. There have been several reports that Spanish expedi- tions were on the way to capture this capital, but per- haps there would be a demand for guides that could not be met. There has been a strong suspicion that the capital city was like the headquarters of General Pope's army, "in the saddle," and this was not necessarily said in derision or serious disrespect, for it is certain the real objective point of Spain in putting down the rebellion is not the capital, but the camp, as the head of the re- bellion is not the president, but the general-in-chief. This is but a parallel to General Grant's policy in Vir- ginia, which was not the taking of Richmond, but the destruction of General Lee's armv. HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY 149 Recently a letter has appeared in the journals, dated " Executive Headquarters, Republic of Cuba, Cubitas, March 17th. This paper, published in the New York Times, closes : You ask me for my views regarding annexation. The fact that I am, and for nearly twenty years have been, an American citizen, and more proud of it than of anything else connected with earthly things, should in itself be sufficient to give a proper idea of my feelings upon that question. Cuba is properly American — so much so as is Long Island — and I be- lieve there can be but one ultimate disposition of it — to be included in the great American sisterhood of states. I am not authorized to speak for Generals Gomez and Maceo, or, in fact, for any of the other leaders of the rebellion, but I do know that each and all are intensely American in hope and sentiment. In closing, let me again thank your paper, in the name of the people of Cuba, for its noble stand in the holy cause of lib- erty. And allow me to extend, through your influential journal, an in- vitation to the American government to send a representative to Cubitas. Salvator Cisneras-Betoncourt, President. It will be noticed that the Cuban president claims to be a citizen of the United States ! Some of these gen- tlemen have latitudinarian views of the obligations of citizenship. Maximo Gomez, the generalissimo of the army of liberation of Cuba, issued a proclamation last Decem- ber, which is very characteristic of the man, and most interesting for its expression of individuality, rugged force in definition of policy, and the most particular and striking vindication of his character that has anywhere appeared. In the beginning of that year Jose Marti, the president of the Cuban revolutionary government, called at the door of Gomez's humble house in Monte Christo, San Domingo, and honored him by depositing in his hands the command and organization of the army ISO THE STORY OF dUBA. of the liberation of Cuba. In opening his proclamation he says : " When, at seventy-two years of age, I decided to abandon my large family, in whose company I was living calmly and happily ; when, in a word, I was em- barking myself on the coast of San Domingo to come back to my idolized Cuba, I could not hide the emo- tions that took possession of me, nor could I make allu- sions to the magnitude of the colossal enterprise that I was about to undertake. Born, educated, and having spent the greater part of my existence on the field of battle, it was not possible for me to ignore the question as to what kind of men would form my army, and against what kind of an enemy I had to fight in order to fulfill what I had promised on my word of honor, that if I did not die, I would have Cuba as soon as possible among the free nations." He added it was impossible that the expressions of Spanish resentment against him and the reflections of the Autonomistic party should fail to reach his ears. The Spanish claimed that he was a traitor. He does not deny having served as a major in the Spanish reserve, but having resigned when the glorious outcry of "Yarra" was raised, he feels he was free to join Cuban forces. In respect to the Autonomistic party, which calls him an adventurer, he says, "Ah ! The men who fought for half a score of years to give them a nation, honor, and liberty; an adventurer ? The one who gained with his own blood the first rank in that army which filled the world with admiration for its persistency and courage; an adventurer ? The one who abandoned his own happy land without accepting the rich booty to which the shameful peace of the Zanjon invited him; an ad- HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 15 I venturer ? The one who could have offered as an ex- cuse for his non-return his many years and the conse- quent fatigue, he who abandons everything and flies to occupy the place that his own brothers had reserved for him ? Ah ! He cannot be an adventurer, who, loaded with years and troubles, remembers still, as if were his own, the vow made by Cespades and Agramonte, twenty-seven years ago, ' to vanquish or to die.' " But these offenses he feels are mitigated by the fact that his army is filled with physicians, lawyers, mer- chants, engineers, farmers and mechanics, who when necessity obliges, know how to change the tools which give them their living for the machete and the rifle, a race whose acts make him forget all ingratitude. Up to December he has been busy with the organi- zation, and sees how far the army of liberation, com- posed of 50,000 men, may reach.. " I have," he said, "complete confidence in my general staff, am sure of the support of the Cuban colonies in foreign countries, who collect about $300,000 monthly. I never think of belligerency to attain victory; if they recognize it, all right ; if they do not, we will achieve the liberty of Cuba. "It does not matter to me that 120,000 soldiers are sent here by the government; of these, 50,000 are only unhappy beings sent here as military show; 20,000 from 20 to 25 years old whom I classify as half troop, for they only give results as detachments and there re- mains 40,000 good men from 25 to 40 years old, while it is not necessary to mention the 10,000 who belong to the number of the deceased either by bullet, dynamite, machete or sickness." It entered into Gomez's calculation that Spain might send 40,000 additional men, making 80,000 good sol- 152 THE STORY OF CUBA. diers against him, but he does not beheve soldiers trained to operate in Europe can attain results in Cuba, because of its gigantic mountains, the impenetrable thickets, the doleful plains, and the secret paths. His " soul grows sad " in thinking of the " criminal government that sends thousands and thousands of men, who come, like an innocent flock, to find their death in a country which they do not know," where every- thing and every one is against them, and not knowing the infamy which they are to defend. He exclaims : " Unfortunate government, where are you going to replace that youth the nation loaned you ? Do you not understand that you cannot conquer an army that fights of free will ? . . . Are you not horrified with the load of responsibility of burying in Cuba 10,000 Spaniards ; but what can we do ? They have made up their minds to fight, and we will fight, though I cannot realize what is going to become of so many people when the government will have no more with which to negotiate loans, like the one lately made in Paris, at five per cent, and half of brokerage, where the national treasury has had to give as a guarantee Cuba, when the French can obtain millions at one per cent, with common guarantees. Gomez believes that the Spanish soldiers will not fight without their pay, and that if he successfully passes the winter, and strikes that army in the summer, because of hunger and their destitute condition, entire battalions, and some of the forty-two generals of the Spanish army, with their deep military knowledge, will pass over to his side and increase his army. The Cuban army, he says, will open their arms and accept every one who is willing to live in Cuba, happy HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 153 and tranquil ; but until that happy day arrives he finds himself, as general-in-chief, obliged to dictate painful measures to assure the execution of his plans. It is necessary, he claims, to destroy the railroad lines, to cause the Spanish soldiers to make long journeys; to fatigue them and wear them out ; to destroy by fire such places as might help the enemy : to burn the sugar cane and destroy the plantations, and he advises those who are not with the revolution to go to the cities. Spain will be the responsible party for the des- olation. He promises to treat prisoners with respect, and to meet the cowardly conduct of the Spanish in shooting his officers by pardoning theirs. In conclusion he says : " What will be the future of these unhappy people if the Spanish are triumphant ? The rural elements being absolutely destroyed, their cities having been the scene of the most frightful mis- ery; with the debt of the past war and that of the pres- ent, which will amount to as much as $500,000,000; having to maintain an army of 50,000 men, in order to annihilate the Cuban race so that they will not think of repeating the disaster, every one who is able to do so will emigrate before so much misfortune ; and there remains no solution but to turn their eyes towards the revolution, thus after a few years making Cuba, which is a young and rich people, the most enviable country on earth. In its government they will have a place in which all the honest men may find a home without its being necessary to say from whence they came; a gov- ernment which constitutes itself without debt, without any compromise, and upon the basis of republican lib- erty, has to be prosperous, rich and happy, because they follow the doctrines of Christ. 154 THE STORY OF CUBA. " And we will conquer and be free, cost what it may, or happen what will, and though we have to raise a hospital in each corner and a tomb in each home." A letter from Gomez, dated March 15th, said to have been written near the Matanzas border, was secured by John T. Rays, an American on the staff of the rebel commander-in-chief, and delivered by him to an insur- gent mail-carrier, at a point not more than twelve miles from the city of Havana. Gomez dwells upon the debts of Spain, and the abil- ity of Cuba to meet anticipations soon after its inde- pendence, and he is charged with saying : We are not looking for English sympathy. We know that England has long had her eye on Cuba, and I am firmly of the opinion that but for the grand message of President Cleveland with reference to Venezu- ela, the custom houses of our Island would now be controlled by the Bank of England, and thousands of red-coated soldiers would be assist- ing Spain. This may be Gomez, but it has not quite the sound of him. As to General Weyler, we find this the atti- tude of the rebel chieftain : He is nearly worn out and hoarse from proclamations and speeches, and his military judgment is far inferior to that of General Campos, and we have marched with even greater ease from one section of the country to the other. Weyler's coming has benefited the Cuban cause in many ways. His record was against him, and the world knew that Spain intended to be cold-blooded and inhuman when she sent him. The people of Cuba knew this also, and thousands of men who were not inclined to join one side or the other while General Campos remained, are now bearing arms with our flag. The majority of Spaniards are not fiends and butchers by any means, and when a human devil is sent to lead them in the work of murder and outrage, they naturally refuse to follow him. Although massacres have occurred and although homes have been ruined and GENERAL MAXIMO GOMEZ. (•55) HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. I57 womanhood outraged by order of Weyler, the lovers of liberty may. thank God that he was sent to command Spain's army in Cuba. We are charged with burning homes, destroying railroads and bridges, and laying growing fields waste — and the charges are in a meas- ure true. We have carried out such plans, believing that in such a cause, and against such an enemy, we were right. But no man can truthfully say that we have outraged God and love and humanity, even for liberty's sake. I am here to lead an army against Spain, against her army, her towns, her revenues, and I shall wage it so long as the Al- mighty Father gives ..'■ -trength. A letter from Maceo is also published, and he says, dating from Pinar del Rio : When I last marched my army into Pinar del Rio, and when General Gomez followed, so did almost the entire land force of the enemy, and her navy was all ordered to the Pinar del Rio coast line. While they were watching us at this end of the Island, three of the best expeditions of the war made successful landings in the far east. Let Spain send her reinforcements. She could not with 25,000 reinforcements put down this rebellion. Although we are daily receiving arms and ammunition, we are con- stantly compelled to turn away, but it will not always be so, and I will venture to say that within two months we shall have 75,000 fully armed men in the field. We could have double that number if we had the arms for them. We are praying for belligerency and for arms and for artillery. Give us these, and before the year 1897 comes round you will witness a Cuban president installed in the captain-general's place at Havana. God bless Cuba and God bless the American people. Antonio Maceo, Lieutenant- General. The verification of the letters of the Cuban chiefs is an uncertain business, but it is known that the insur- gents in the field do have communication with their friends in the Cuban cities and this country, and there are constant surprises at the success of their dangerous mail service. 158 THE STORY OF CUBA. CHAPTER XL THE PLAY OF PRESIDENT PIERCE FOR CUBA. American Interest in Cuba and English Jealousy — The Famous Con- ference at Ostend in 1854, between Buchan':i Mason and SouI6, the Ministers to England, France and Sp. _ — Mr. Marcy's Warlike Letters and Soul6's Courtly Ways — Cuba we must have, in Peace if Possible, by War if Necessary, was the Policy of Pierce — The Fam- ous Manifesto by Three Ministers — A Record of the Past Applic- able to the Present — Buchanan's Nomination for the Presidency. It is an agreeable task to give the credit due to the American soldiers for the conquest of Cuba by the British in 1762. The reinforcements that arrived at Havana from New York were essential to the success of the immense expedition that had almost exhausted its strength in the siege of the Moro, when the provincials sailed through storm and were saved from shipwreck to the rescue. The records of their gallantry and sac- rifices are but fragmentary, yet the magnitude of their deeds, though worthy the admiration of their race and age, were insufficient to win the gratitude or secure the justice of the king in whose name they took service and gained a prize rich as the other India. This was the period of American loyalty to England. Great Britain and her American colonies had together triumphed over the French, who abandoned the con- test for North America when they burnt their fort at the junction of the Allegheny and Monongahela, and sailed down the Ohio to the land where the floods of the Mississippi overcome the tides of the Gulf. HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTV. 159 Together they were conquerors of Cuba, though the Island was bravely and bitterly defended. We say the conquest of Cuba, because the surrender of Havana substantially included all. If our fathers could then have rested on a ratified paper beginning " We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect Union, establish justice, insure domestic tran- quility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and posterity, do ordain and establish this constitution for the United States of America " — if there had been the rule of fundamental law rather than the caprice of a monarch and the favor and folly of his flat- terers, Cuba would have been ours then and forever; and it should be considered now as one of the appeals to the equity of empires whether we did not acquire, through the blood the grandfathers of the American nation shed and the bones they laid in the soil of Cuba, cer- tain inalienable preemption rights that entitle us, under lineal inheritance and irrepealable immemorial laws, written and unwritten, to possess the Island and pre- serve it from ruin. A preemption right is that to pur- chase certain lands in preference to others, and with the history of Cuba an open book before us, we may without immodesty assert the endurance of the priv- ilege, and Spain, as a part of her indemnity, should claim from Great Britain the prize money carried to England from Havana, where even the bells of the churches had to be ransomed. We did not get the sil- ver and gold, and may insist upon our right of pref- erence to the land. It has always been the understanding that the ulti- mate manifest destiny of Cuba belongs to her people l6o THE STORY OP CV£A. as our people, for the grasp of Spain in time must re- lax on the gem of the Gulf as on Mexico and Peru and Florida and Hayti, and the rest. More than once those we helped to batter the Moro and bombard Havana into submission appeared on the scene where we aided them to victory with sentiments and policy to our dis- advantage, and we have discovered repeatedly in that region the evidence of English-speaking opposition, not to say animosity ; and even now the British empire would regard it a diplomatic and sea power master- stroke worthy of the last century, to promote the ma- terialization of a League of the West Indies under Eu- ropean protection, if the direct dominance of England should seem too positive a form of proceeding, Such a confederation signifies a barrier before us, and the imperial abrogation of the Monroe doctrine would be the shrinkage of our pretensions, including the abandon- ment of a policy in which we have cherished a generous sentiment and indulged an elevated pride for more than seventy years. The Astor Library contains an old pamphlet with the title page ; " Remarks on the Cession of the Flori- das to the United States of America, and on the Ne- cessity of Acquiring the Island of Cuba by Great Brit- ain." The author is J. Freeman Rattenbury, Esq., and the date of publication 1869. This passage expresses the truculent spirit of the pamphleteer and hints at hos- tilities in more important quarters : Should the American government, inflated by their partial successes in the last war with Great Britain, determine upon taking violent pos- sessions of the Floridas, Spain tnust, however reluctantly, resent the in- sult, and call upon her allies for assistance against the common enemy of their Alliance, and we shall not, I presume, refuse the summons: HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. i6i we have already a subject of deep interest to discuss with the United States, the unexpiated murder of Arbuthnot and Ambruster* which, not- withstanding the feeble efforts of the administration to palliate, in op- position to the manly and indignant feelings expressed in the motion of the Malrquis of Lansdowne, remains a foul charge against the American character, and an insult to our own. We quote again Mr. Rattenbury : " The people of Cuba," he said, "anticipated from the weakness of Spain, and her decreasing influence on the American continents, the possibiUty of her cession, as was the case with Florida to the United States," and upon this he becomes thus expansive : The people of the United States, dreading the proximity of our arms, are actively nourishing this apprehension of evil and are ready to aid the first manifestations of a desire to throw off the sovereignty of Spain. But for the intolerable egotism of the people of the Union, and for the contempt they have excited by their vanity and ambition, Cuba would have long since unfettered her dependence upon the Spanish Monarch, and have thrown herself into the federal embrace of the North American Union. *In 1817 — two years after the battle of New Orleans, it will be observed — An- drew Jackson took the field to put an end to the deviltry of the Seminole Indians. Spain did not cede Florida to the United States till i8ig, and we did not take pos- session of it till 1821. The Seminoles made incursions from Spanish territory into our own. Jackson seized the Spanish fort. St. Mark, and found a Scotchman there named Arbuthnot, and at Suwanee he seized Ambruster, both British sub- jects. They were convicted by court martial of inciting savages to hostility, and Jackson hanged them, though the court (military) had only sentenced Ambristerto be whipped. Then Jackson marched into Pensacola in spite of Spanish remon- strances. These proceedings caused much angry excitement in England and there were threats of war. There was a great row in Congress and Jackson threatened to cut off the ears of certain insolent senators. John Quincy Adams, the Secre- tary of State, defended him. It was on account of the use of the incident of the Arbuthnot and Ambruster executions for abuse of Jackson when he was a candidate for the Presidency, that there was intense feeling. Jackson was the first governor of the territory of Florida and he imprisoned the departing Spanish governor for trying to carry away papers, and the attempt to censure Jackson in Congress for this arbitrary act failed. General Jackson was a positive character. 1 62 THE STORY OF CUBA. During the presidency of Mr. Jefferson, while Spain bowed beneath the yoke of France, from which there was then no prospect of relief, the people of Cuba, feeling themselves incompetent in force to maintain their independence, sent a deputation to Washington, proposing the annexa- tion of the Island to the federal system of North America. The Presi- dent, however, devoted to French influence, vainly calculating upon the triumphs of that nation on the ruins of the British power, until the im- portant victory of Trafalgar dissipated the delusion, declined the prof- fered acquisition. While I hazard the opinion that the people of Cuba will be adverse to the sovereignty of Great Britain, coupled with the restrictions of our colonial policy, I am far from believing that they would feel disinclined to the transfer of their allegiance, provided our possession of the Island should leave them, in their present situation, free to the commerce of the world. Advancing in the scale of consequence by becoming tribu- tary to the first commercial and maritime nation of Europe, secure in property and liberty, under our protection the Island of Cuba would in- crease in population and in wealth with a rapidity unequaled, and would amply repay the British government for its fostering care and protec- tion, while its rich mountains and fertile plains would present to the re- dundancy of our population a delightful refuge from the misery of pov- erty and despair. It is our bounden duty, it is our imperative policy, to anticipate the rivalship of the United States, and by erecting a power capable of con- tending with them in their own hemisphere, prevent the destruction of our commerce, which will otherwise inevitably follow our neglect of those precautionary measures, for, in spite of the infatuated indifference which marks our policy toward the republic, in spite of the apathy with which we view their rapid progress in wealth and power, hereafter the contest for the empire of the sea will be between England and the North American Union, a warfare suited to the prejudices of their people, and the character of their country. Not in this spirit, perhaps, but to this effect — in diplo- matic phraseology — possibly Great Britain may reappear in the affairs of Cuba. This English writer gives un- common force to the Cuban annexation movement in the time of Jefferson, who, though censured for French affiliations, did well in the transaction of the Louisiana HER STRUGGLES POR LIBERTY. 1 63 Purchase, and as Senator Hoar says, he comes down to us with the Declaration of Independence in one hand and the Louisiana Purchase in the other ; and we might as well give him our distinguished considera- tion without disputation. It was not certain he had the chance to gain Cuba without costly complica- tions. It should be remembered, too, that Jackson's victory at New Orleans confirmed our title to the lands sold by Napoleon ; and the English conten- tion, if they had won at New Orleans, would have been that Napoleon had no right td sell the mouth of the Mississippi. They gave that up, however, when they returned shattered from New Orleans, where they suf- fered an astounding disaster, to recuperate on the way home at Havana, which their country once gained in "the game of the iron dice," and their king passed it along like a snuff box. If they had held that prize instead of fooling it away in alleged diplomacy, very many things would have been changed. If it had been ours in 1815, the British New Orleans fleet and army would not have landed on the continent. It is most interesting to trace the shifting currents of influence by which Louisiana and Florida became ours without excessive offense to Spain. We never took ad- vantage of her to the provocation of war, while Cuba, whose surpassing fertility made her the prize beyond comparison to be desired, incessantly attracted to us in peace and war, was always repelled through partizan timidity if not by rude blundering. That which on the Island was alluring to one class of our statesmen was repulsive to another. We refer to the existence in our Southern States, and in Cuba, until abolished by the sword, of the institution of slavery. 1 64 THE STORY OF CUBA. Vice-President Wilson, in his " Rise and Fall of the Slave Power in America," introducing the episode of the Ostend Manifesto, a momentous paper, says : When the Spanish colonies in America became independent they abol- ished slavery. Apprehensive that the republics of Mexico and Colorabig would be anxious to wrest Cuba and Porto Rico from Spain, secure their independence, and introduce into those islands the idea, if they did not establish the fact, of freedom, the slave-masters (of the United States) at once sought to guard against what they deemed so calamitous an event But after the annexation of Texas there was a change of feeling and purpose, and Cuba, from being an object of dread, became an object of vehement desire. The propagandists, strengthened and emboldened by that signal triumph, now turned their eyes toward this beautiful "isle of the sea," as the theatre of new exploits; and they determined to secure the "gem of the Antilles " for the coronet of their great and growing power. During Mr. Polk's administration an attempt was made to purchase it, and the sum of $100,000,000 was offered there- for. But the offer was promptly declined. What, however, could not be bought, it was determined to steal, and filibustering movements and expeditions became the order of the day. For no sooner was President Taylor inaugurated than he found movements on foot in that direction; and, in August, 1849, ^e issued a proclamation, affirming his belief that an " armed expedition " was being fitted out "against Cuba, or some of the provinces of Mexico," and calling upon all good citizens "to discoun- tenance and prevent any such enterprise." Reference is had in Wilson's History to the ill-fated Lopez expedition, which was, of course, in the interest of the formation of more slave states in the United States, and it was that influence that made the most of the tragedy. August, 1854, President Pierce instructed Secretary of State Marcy to cause a conference of the ministers of the United States to England, France and Spain — Buchanan, Mason and Soule — to be held with a view to the acquisition of Cuba, in this emulating the success of Polk with Texas, regaining imperial domains. HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. l6S Mr. Marcy, secretary of state, August i6, 1854, ad- dressed Mr. Soule, minister to Spain, a letter stating he was directed by the president " to suggest a partic- ular step from which he anticipates much advantage to the negotiations with which you are charged on the sub- ject of Cuba." Mr. Soule of Louisiana was minister to Spain for that express purpose and was a man of re- markable talents, courtly accomplishments, striking presence and of rare persuasive capacity. His eye and voice were fascinating, and he was well chosen for the work cut out as his task. Mr. Marcy proceeded to make the president's suggestion in these terms : " It seems desirable there should be a full and free inter- change of views between yourself, Mr. Buchanan and Mr. Mason, in order to secure a concurrence in reference to the general object." The idea was that the ministers should consult together, compare opinions as to what might be advisable, and adopt measures for perfect concert of action in the negotiations with Madrid. The presi- dent had full confidence in Mr. Soule's intelligence, and yet he thought, said Mr. Marcy to him, "that it cannot be otherwise than agreeable to you and to your colleagues in Great Britain and France, to have the consultation suggested, and thus bring your common wisdom and knowledge to bear simultaneously upon the negotiations at Madrid, London and Paris." When- ever the interview took place, Mr. Soule was desired to communicate to the government " the results of opinion or means of action to which you may in common arrive through a trustworthy confidential messenger, who may be able to supply the details not contained in a formal dispatch. " The precaution to provide that some things 1 66 THE STORY OF CUBA. should not be put on paper will be observed as in char- acter with the entire proceedings. In extensive des- patches Mr. Marcy had advised Mr. Soule : " It was be- lieved by the president that there was no hope, by pur- suing the ordinary course of negotiation, of arriving at such an adjustment of our affairs with Spain as could be satisfactory to this country. If she could be induced to give a fair consideration to our complaints for injuries perpetrated, and oifer a full reparation for them, yet the more difficult matter — an arrangement in respect to the future — would still remain to be made," and " prepar- atory to resorting to an extreme measure, he thought it would be expedient to make a solemn and impressive appeal to Spain, by an extraordinary commission ;" and " if, in her infatuation, Spain should determine not to regard it, but persist in maintaining the present order of things, not only the people of this country, but the governments of others, would see, in such a course on the part of the United States, an anxious desire and a settled determination to exhaust all peaceful means for redress and future security." There is in this unmistakably the contemplation of war with Spain, unless she gave up Cuba peaceably. Mr. Marcy proceeded to assure Mr. Soule "that in con- sidering this measure, it did not occur to the president, or any of his advisers, that the institution of an extra- ordinary commission in a case so unusual, and of such great importance, could warrant an inference that' our minister at Madrid had not faithfully and ably done his duty, and given satisfaction to the govern- ment. Such an inference is repelled by the fact that he was to have been included in the commission, and placed at its head, if it could be said to have any gradation." HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 167 But, there had interposed events in Spain such that she was in a transition state, and so the conclusion was reached at Washington, " before its administration shall have resumed a stable and tranquil condition, it would not be opportune as to time, or of any practical util- ity, to press particular demands on the consideration of the Spanish government." The Spanish revolution had changed the aspect of things, and it was more important to look to the future than the past. The president's views were unchanged, of course, but he desired "additional hopes of success in the great objects contemplated," and thought the new government should not be pressed ; " but even at this crisis " Mr. Marcy was bound to say, " few subjects of greater moment can be pressed upon it than the management of Cuba. To this subject, as bearing upon the interests of the United States, and in its present con- dition threatening the peace of two countries, you will direct your particular attention." The process was changed, but the policy was unrelenting. It will be observed that the peace of the two countries was threat- ened ; several back logs were kept in the fireplace ! Mr. Marcy gives space to thoughts about the condition of Spain in a semi-confidential way, and adds, " These remarks are intended to apply, not only to the lesser questions between two governments, but equally to the greater and higher ones, more especially what concerns the relation of Cuba to the United States." The president had thought it might be well he should be clothed by Congress " with additional power with reference to our relation with Spain ; " this " in anticipation of sundry eventualities which may present themselves in the recess of Congress," It was, however, concluded the 1 68 THE STORY OF CUBA. better way to defer an " extraordinary commission," and "extraordinary powers " for the president, and shift the scene of activity from Washington. Mr. Soule, under date of Aix-la-Chapelle, Oct. 15, 1854, wrote to Mr. Marcy : I had not been more than two days at the Pyrenees, when I received the despatches numbered 18 and 19, which Colonel Sickles had in charge from you to deliver in my hands. They informed me of the course which it was the wish of the president I should pursue in the ascertain- ment of the best mode through which could be accomplished the main object of my mission, viz : the acquisition of the island of Cuba from Spain. The Ostend conference was the substitute for the extraordinary commission. The one object was Cuba. The conference met at Ostend the 9th of October, 1854, continued in conference three consecutive days, and adjourned to Aix-la-Chapelle, where notes were pre- pared. It was " infinite satisfaction " that "cordial har- mony " marked every step, and the sentiments of the three ambassadors were unanimous on all points ! Mr. Soule said, in a letter to Mr. Marcy, transmitting the joint, report : "The question of the acquisition of Cuba by us is gaining ground as it grows to be more seri- ously agitated and considered. Now is the moment for us to be done with it ; " and he added, "if it is to bring upon us the calamity of a war — let it be now, while the great powers of this continent are engaged in that stupendous struggle which cannot but engage all their strength and tax all their energies as long as it lasts, and may, before it ends, convulse them all. Neither England nor France would be likely to inter- fere with us. England could not bear to be suddenly shut out of our market, and see her manufactures par- HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 171 alyzed, even by a temporary suspension of her inter- course with us. And France, with the heavy task now on her hands, and when she so eagerly aspires to take her seat as the acknowledged chief of the European family, would have no inducement to assume the burden of another war." This was improving the Crimean war. The memorandum agreed upon by the three minis- ters in extraordinary conference assembled, was the em- bodiment in form of the suggestions set forth in the letters of Marcy and Soule. This portentous document presents very forcibly the value of Cuba as an acquisi- tion by the United States, irrespective of the primary purpose to strengthen slavery in our country. The first business when the need of swift action while Europe was engaged in the Crimean war — and Spain, in a revolutionary and transition state, became the inspiration of the policy of the administration, was that our peace- able intentions should be carefully set forth — especially the generosity of offering the Spanish a greater sum of money than Cuba was worth to them ; and then, if they would not listen to reason, we were to act upon the pre- sumption that there could be no repose for the Union un- til Cuba was included in our boundaries. If Spain acted in a stubborn manner and upon a " false sense of honor," we must act in accordance with the law of self-preser- vation — and prevent the flames from a burning house destroying our home. We would be "unworthy our gallant forefathers," and commit "treason against our posterity," if we permitted "Cuba to be Africanized and become a second San Domingo." The study of these papers, it must be admitted, affords some explanation of the excessive sensibility that Spain shows to the shadow cast by America upon Cuba. The manifesto is so in- 172 THE STORY OF CUBA. teresting in its application to present conditions that its complete production is required to make intelligible the whole story of Cuba, and we give it here : THE OSTEND MANIFESTO. Aix-la-Chapelle, Oct. 18, 1854. Sir: The undersigned, in compliance with the wish expressed by the president in the several confidential despatches you have addressed to us respectively, to that effect, we have met in conference, first at Ostend, in Belgium, on the 9th, loth, and nth instant, and then at Aix la-Chapelle, in Prussia, on the days next following, up to the date hereof. There has been a full and unreserved interchange of views and senti- ments between us, which we are most happy to inform you has resulted in a cordial coincidence of opinion on the grave and important subjects submitted to our consideration. We have arrived at the conclusion, and are thoroughly convinced that an immediate and earnest effort ought to be made by the government of the United States to purchase Cuba from Spain at any price for which it can be obtained, not exceeding the sum of $ \~L ^ (i . ' '■ The proposal should, in our opinion, be made in such a manner as to be presented through the necessary diplomatic forms to the Supreme Constituent Cortes about to assemble. On this momentous question, in which the people, both of Spain and the United States, are so deeply in- terested, all our proceedings ought to be open, frank and public. They should be of such a character as to challenge the approbation of the world. We firmly believe that, in the progress of human events, the time has arrived when the vital interests of Spain are as seriously involved in the sale, as those of the United States in the purchase, of the Island, and that the transaction will prove equally honorable to both nations. Under these circumstances we cannot anticipate a failure, unless pos- sibly through the malign influence of foreign powers who possess no right whatever to interfere in the matter. We proceed to state some of the reasons which have brought us to this conclusion, and for the sake of clearness, we shall specify them under two distinct heads: 1. The United States ought, if practicable, to purchase Cuba with as little delay as possible. 2. The probability is great that the government and Cortes of Spain HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 173 will prove willing to sell it, because this would essentially promote the highest and best interests of the Spanish people. Then, 1. It must be clear to every reflecting mind that, from the peculiarity of its geographical position, and the considerations attendant on it, Cuba is as necessary to the North American republic as any of its present members and that it belongs naturally to that great family of states of which the Union is the providential nursery. From its locality it commands the mouth of the Mississippi and the immense and annually increasing trade which must seek this avenue to the ocean. On the numerous navigable streams, measuring an aggregate course of some thirty thousand miles, which disembogue themselves through this magnificent river into the Gulf of Mexico, the increase of the population within the last ten years amounts to more than that of the entire Union at the time Louisiana was annexed to it. The. natural and main outlet to the products of this entire population, the highway of their direct intercourse with the Atlantic and the Pacific states, can never be secure, but must ever be endangered whilst Cuba is a dependency of a distant power in whose possession it has proved to be a source of constant annoyance and embarrassment to their interests. Indeed, the Union can never enjoy repose, not possess reliable secur- ity, as long as Cuba is not embraced within its boundaries. Its immediate acquisition by our government is of paramount impor- tance, and we cannot doubt but that it is a consummation devoutly wished for by its inhabitants. The intercourse which its proximity to our coast begets and encour- ages between them and the citizens of the United States, has, in the progress of time, so united their interests and blended their fortunes that they now look upon each other as if they were one people and had but one destiny. Considerations exist which render delay in the acquisition of this Island exceedingly dangerous to the United States. The system of immigration and labor lately organized within its lim its, and the tyranny and oppression which characterize its immediate rulers, threaten an insurrection at every moment which may result in direful consequences to the American people. Cuba has thus become to us an unceasing danger, and a permanent cause of anxiety and alarm. But we need not enlarge on these topics. It can scarcely be appre- hended that foreign powers, in violation of international law, would inter- 174 THE STORY OF CUBA. pose their influence with Spain to prevent our acquisition of the Island. Its inhabitants are now suffering under the worst of all possible govern- ments, that of absolute despotism, delegated by a distant power to irre- sponsible agents, who are changed at short intervals, and who are tempted to improve the brief opportunity thus afforded to accumulate fortunes by the basest means As long as this system shall endure, humanity may in vain demand the suppression of the African slave trade in the Island. This is rendered impossible whilst that infamous traffic remains an irresistible temptation and a source of immense profit to needy and avaricious officials, who, to attain their ends, scruple not to trample the most sacred principles under foot. The Spanish government at home may be well disposed, but experience has proved that it cannot control these remote depositaries of its power. Besides, the commercial nations of the world cannot fail to perceive and appreciate the great avantages which would result to their people from a dissolution of the forced and unnatural connection between Spain and Cuba, and the annexation of the latter to the United States. The trade of England and France with Cuba would, in that event, assume at once an important and profitable character, and rapidly extend with the increasing population and prosperity of the Island. 2. But if the United States and every commercial nation would be benefited by this transfer, the interests of Spain would also be greatly and essentially promoted. She cannot but see what such a sum of money as we are willing to pay for the Island would affect it in the development of her vast natural resources. Two-thirds of this sum, if employed in the construction of a system of railroads, would ultimately prove a source of greater wealth to the Span- ish people than that opened to their vision by Cortez. Their prosperity would date from the ratification of the treaty of cession. France has already constructed continuous lines of railways from Havre, Marseilles, Valenciennes, and Strasburg, via Paris, to the Span- ish frontier, and anxiously awaits the day when Spain shall find herself in a condition to extend these roads through her northern provinces to Madrid, Seville, Cadiz, Malaga, and the frontiers of Portugal. This object once accomplished, Spain would become a centre of attraction for the traveling world, and secure a permanent and profitable market for her various productions. Her fields, under the stimulus given to industry by remunerating prices, would teem with cereal grain. HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 1 75 and her vineyards would bring forth a vastly increased quantity of choice wines. Spain would speedily become what a bountiful Provi- dence intended she should be, one of the first nations of continental Europe — rich, powerful, and contented. Whilst two-thirds of the price of the Island would be ample for the completion of her most important public improvements, she might with the remaining forty millions satisfy the demands now pressing so heavily upon her credit, and create a sinking fund which would gradually relieve her from the overwhelming debt now paralyzing her energies. Such is her present wretched financial condition, that her best bonds are sold upon her own bourse at about one-third of their par value ; whilst another class, on which she pays no interest, have but a nominal value, and are quoted at about one-sixth of the amount for which they were issued. Besides, these latter are held principally by British cred- itors, who may, from day to day, obtain the effective interposition of their own government for the purpose of coercing payment. Intimations to that effect have been already thrown out from high quarters, and unless some new sources of revenue shall enable Spain to provide for such exigencies, it is not improbable that they may be realized. Should Spain reject the present golden opportunity for developing her resources and removing her financial embarrassments, it may never again return. Cuba, in her palmiest days, never yielded her exchequer, after deduct- ing the expense of its government, a clear annual income of more than a million and a half of dollars. These expenses have increased to such a degree as to leave a deficit, chargeable on the treasury of Spain, to the amount of six hundred thousand dollars. In a pecuniary point of view, therefore, the Island is an encumbrance instead of a source of profit to the mother-country. Under no probable circumstances can Cuba ever yield to Spain one per cent, on the large amount which the United States are willing to pay for its acquisition. But Spain is in imminent danger of losing Cuba with- out remuneration. Extreme oppression, it is now universally admitted, justifies any peo- ple in endeavoring to relieve themselves from the yoke of their oppres- sors. The sufferings which the corrupt, arbitrary, and unrelenting local administration necessarily entails upon the inhabitants of Cuba cannot fail to stimulate and keep alive that spirit of resistance and revolution against Spain which has of late years been so often manifested. In this condition of affairs it is vain to expect that the sympathies of the 176 THE STORY OP CUBA. people of the United States will not be warmly enlisted in favor of their oppressed neighbors. We know that the president is justly inflexible in his determination to execute the neutrality laws; but should the Cubans themselves rise in revolt against the oppression which they suffer, no human power could prevent citizens of the United States and liberal-minded men of other countries from' rushing to their assistance. Besides, the present is an age of adventure in which restless and daring spirits abound in every portion of the world. It is not improbable, therefore, that Cuba may be wrested from Spain by a successful revolution; and in that event she will lose both the Island and the price which we are now willing to pay for it — a price far beyond what was ever paid by one people to another for any province. It may also be remarked that the settlement of this vexed question, by the cession of Cuba to the United States, would forever prevent the dangerous complications between nations to which it may otherwise give birth. It is certain that, should the Cubans themselves organize an insurrec- tion against the Spanish government, and should other independent nations come to the aid of Spain in the contest, no human power could, in our opinion, prevent the people and government of the United States from taking part in such a civil war in support of their neighbors and friends. But if Spain, dead to the voice of her own interest, and actuated by stubborn pride and a false sense of honor, should refuse to sell Cuba to the United States, then the question will arise. What ought to be the course of the American government under such circumstances ? Self-preservation is the first law of nature with states as well as with individuals. All nations have, at different periods, acted upon this maxim. Although it has been made the pretext for committing flagrant injustice, as in the partition of Poland and other similar cases which history records, yet the principle itself, though often abused, has always been recognized. The United States has never acquired a foot of territory except by fair purchase, or, as in the case of Texas, upon the free and voluntary application of the people of that independent state, who desired to blend their destinies with our own. Eyen our acquisitions from Mexico are no exception to this rule because, although we might have claimed them by the right of conquest HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 177 in a just war, yet we purchased them for what was then considered by both parties a full and ample equivalent. Our past history forbids that we should acquire the island of Cuba without the consent of Spam, unless justified by the great law of self- preservation. We must, in any event, preserve our own conscious rec- titude and our own self-respect. Whilst pursuing this course we can afford to disregard the censures of the world, to which we have been so often and so unjustly exposed. After we have offered Spain a price for Cuba far beyond its present value, and this shall have been refused, it will then be time to consider the questons, does Cuba, in the possession of Spain seriously endanger our internal peace and the existence of our cherished Union ? Should this question be answered in the affirmative, then, by every law, human and divine, we shall be justified in wresting it from Spain, if we possess the power; and this upon the very same principle that would justify an individual in tearing down the burning house of his neighbor if there were no other means of preventing the flames from de- stroying his own home. Under such circumstances we ought neither to count the cost nor re- gard the odds which Spain might enlist against us. We forbear to enter into the question, whether the present condition of the Island would jus- tify such a measure. We should, however, be recreant to our duty, be unworthy of our gallant forefathers, and commit base treason against our posterity, should we permit Cuba to be Africanized and become a second San Domingo, with all its attendant horrors to the white race, and suffer the flames to extend to our own neighboring shores, seriously to endanger, or actually to consume, the fair fabric of our Union. We fear that the course and current of events are rapidly tending toward such a catastrophe. We, however, hope for the best, though we ought certainly to be prepared for the worst. We also forbear to investigate the present condition of the questions at issue between the United States and Spain. A long series of injuries to our people have been committed in Cuba by Spanish officials, and are unredressed. But recently a most flagrant outrage on the rights of American citizens, and on the flag of the United States, was perpetrated in the harbor of Havana under circumstances which, without immediate redress, would have justified a resort to measures of war in vindication of national honor. That outrage is not only unatoned, but the Spanish government has deliberately sanctioned the acts of its subordinates, and assumed the responsibility attaching to them. C— II 178 THE srORY OF CUBA. Nothing could more impressively teach us the danger to which those peaceful relations it has ever been the policy of the United States to cherish with foreign nations, are constantly exposed, than the circum- stances of that case. Situated as Spain and the United States are, the latter have forborne to resort to extreme measures. But this course cannot, with due regard to their own dignity as an in- dependent nation, continue; and our recommendations, now submitted, are dictated by the firm belief that the cession of Cuba to the United States, with stipulations as beneficial to Spain as those suggested, is the only effective mode of settling all past differences, and of securing the two countries against future collisions. We have already witnessed the happy results for both countries which followed a similar arrangement in regard to Florida. Yours, very respectfully, James Buchanan, J. Y. Mason, Pierre Soule. Hon. Wm. L. Marcy, Secretary of State. It was a good while before the people of the United States ceased to be too much surprised to have clear understanding of the full purport of the Ostend mani- festo, and of the Cuban policy of slavery extension, of which it was an expression. There was a strange frankness about the proceedings of the three ministers, out of our diplomatic line or method, if we had one that could be defined. The whole proceeding, it is easy to see, was mortally offen- sive to Spain, and the offer to purchase the Island only made the insult the keener. The touch of our presiden- tial strategy, it must be confessed, was rather clumsy to be acceptable. At this time Stephen A. Douglas was the " Young America" and "manifest destiny " man of the democ- racy to succeed Pierce in the presidency, and the words "manifest destiny " meant Cuba. There were strong articles in the reviews, and the idea was abroad that Douglas was to be president, and Cuba ours, as a matter HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 1/9 of course. But there was a destiny not manifest to Mr. Douglas, and it was the nomination and election, in 1856, of James Buchanan, the first signer of the Ostend manifesto, to be president of the United States. Mr. Soule was prominent in the Cincinnati convention that nominated Buchanan, and Breckinridge and the Pierce administration was favorable to the succession of Buchanan, who was expected to press the annexation of Cuba at all hazards, and he would have done so, no doubt, if the questions that resulted in war among our- selves had not diverted our tendencies. There is reason to think the deciding influence that elevated Buchanan to the great office was the Cuban enterprise. If it had not been for that, Young Ameri- can Douglas would have been president, and there would have been incalculable changes, of which it is very vain to speculate. It seemed for some years that Mr. Douglas was the one man in the country sure to be president. He was immensely popular in the Northwest and had a strong hold in the South. He had a grand voice and was a brainy man in the cultivation of his reputation among the people. His first great stroke in Congress was his speech for the restoration of the fine imposed by a crank judge in New Orleans upon General Jackson before he beat the British, for his declaration of martial law, and he had Jackson's blessing for that. He made great pro- gress for a young man, and was vigorous and aggres- sive as a speaker and a man of policy. He had done, his share in exciting attention to the position of Cuba relative to the United States, and shaping the course of his party to the immediate annexation of the Island. l8o THE STORY OF CUBA. The cabinet of Mr. Pierce was strongly southern in tendency, and the president was firmly for the rights assumed by the leaders in that section. The Ostend conference took the direction of Cuba's destiny, so far as we were concerned, out of the hands of Mr. Douglas, and Mr. Buchanan was so placed as to get the usufruct of it. The South did not sustain Douglas at Cincin- nati when Buchanan came to the front, and the south- ern crisis came on, Douglas siding against the sec- tional extremists of his party on the ultra doctrine that loomed behind the repeal of the Missouri compromise, and going further than prudence counseled in confront- ing Lincoln in their celebrated debates. The result was the slaughter of Douglas in the Charleston con- vention, the division of the Democratic party, the elec- tion of Abraham Lincoln, and the great war of the states and sections. The personal power ot Douglas was very considerable. He had qualities very different and, as an executive man, superior to those of Buchanan, who was a polished gentleman but not a natural leader as Douglas was. Unquestionably, Douglas would have been president instead of Buchanan or instead of Lincoln, probably both, if it had not been for the help Buchanan got from his Cuban affiliations, and the development of a south- ern policy that Douglas could not be depended upon to consent complacently to make his rule of life the performance of his purposes. As president he would have been too formidable for a faction of his party. HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. l8l CHAPTER XII. ENGLISH FAILURE IN THE WEST INDIES. The Testimony of the Eminent Historian, James Anthony Froude — The Mismanagement of the English Islands by Free Trade Orators — Negro Predominance — The Spanish Islands are Peopled with the Children of Spaniards — Black Labor and Beet Sugar — Cuba and the United States, as an Englishman puts the Questions of Destiny. The most instructive work on the West Indies is that of James Anthony Froude, who visited those islands ten years ago with all his prejudices and powers, and gave the result to the world in an attractive volume. His complaint, which runs through the work, is that the orator demagogues of England, and he refers expressly to Mr. Gladstone, had misgoverned the colonies and impaired the empire. "The West India Colonies," says Froude, "had once been more to the English 'than casual seedlings' left to grow or wither accord- ing to their own strength." More than any other writer, Froude has illuminated the questions we must have in mind in contemplation of the problem of the annexation. He goes to the bot- tom of history at once, saying the West Indies "had been regarded as precious jewels which hundreds of thousands of English lives had been sacrificed to tear from France and Spain. The Caribbean Sea was the cradle of the naval empire of Great Britain. There Drake and Hawkins intercepted the golden stream that flowed from Panama into the exchequer at Madrid, and furnished Philip with the means to carry on his war with I 82 THE STORY OP CUBA. the reformation." And "in those waters the men were formed and trained who drove the armada through the channel into wreck and ruin. In those waters the cen- turies which followed, France and England fought for the ocean empire, and England won it — won it on the day when her own politicians' hearts had failed them and all the powers of the world had combined to humil- iate her, and Rodney shattered the French fleet, saved Gibraltar and avenged Yorktown." We have here one of the historical pictures for which Froude's writings are famous, and behold in the West Indies one of the centres of imperial influence upon the world. He has not a high opinion of the black man who needs first, according to this political philosopher, to be saved from himself — and the West Indies should have been governed on the model of the Eastern Em- pire of England, and not according to the politics of eloquence. And presently Froude comes to the source of wealth in the Island, saying: Once the West Indies had a monopoly of the sugar trade. Steam and progress have given them a hundred natural competitors; and on the back of these came the unnatural bounty, the new beet-root sugar com- petition. Meanwhile the expense of living increased in the days of inflated hope and " unexampled prosperity." Free trade, whatever its immediate consequences, was to make everybody rich in the end. When the income of an estate fell short one year it was to rise in the next, and the money was borrowed to make ends meet. When it didn't rise, more money was borrowed; and there is now hardly a property in the Island that is not loaded to the sinking point. Tied to sugar-growing, Barbadoes has no second industry to fall back upon. The blacks who are heedless and light hearted, increase and multiply. Here is a lesson in political economy profound as the picturesque in history from the same hand is brilliant; HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 185 and the sketch of Havana which follows is very strik- ing and true, and has application to the Cuban policy. Havana is a city of palaces, a city of streets and plazas, of col- onnades and towers, and churches and monasteries. We English have built in these islands as if we were but passing visitors, wanting only tenements to be occupied for a time. The Spaniards built as they built in Castile; built with the same material, the white limestone that they found in the new world as well as in the old. The palaces of the nobles in Havana, the residence of the governor, the convents, the cathedral, are a reproduction of Burgos or Valladolid, as if from some Aladin's lamp the Castilian city has been taken up and set down again upon the shores of the Caribbean Sea. The buildings are on the old massive model, and however it may be with us and whatever the event- ual fate of Cuba, the Spanish race has taken root there, and is visibly destined to remain. They have poured their own people into it. In Cuba alone there are ten times as many Spaniards as there are English and Scotch in all our West Indies together, and Havana is ten times the size of the largest of our West Indian cities. Froude touched the torment of the Island when he said : " A few years since the Cubans born were on the eve of achieving their independence like their brothers in Mexico and South America. Perhaps they will yet succeed. Spanish, at any rate, they are to the bone and marrow, and Spanish they will continue." Here we strike an error, and the mistakes of this writer are rock-built. The Cuban is not the Spaniard. He is an evolution. He has been taught the value of liberty in a hard school, and when he has the force to accomplish it, he is pre- pared for enfranchisement and Republican government.* * Froude, writing of the Union Club in Havana, and startled by the names of gentlemen there that represented the grand old bouses of Spain, this which is an example of accuracy occurs : The house of Columbus ought to be there also, for there is still a Christophe Colon, the direct linear representative of the discov- erer, disguised under the title of the Duque de Veragua. A perpetual pension of I 86 THE STORY OF CUBA. It is the forced conclusion of this historian that the EngHsh did well by Havana when they abandoned it after they captured it in 1762, and he goes on "the Spaniards have done more to Europeanize their islands than we have with ours. They have made Cuba Span- ish — Trinidad, Moninica, St. Lucia, Granada, have never been English at all, and Jamaica and Barbadoes are ceasing to be English. Cuba is a second home to the Spaniards, a permanent addition to their soil. We are as birds of passage, temporary residents for transient purposes with no home in our islands at all. Once we thought them worth fighting for, and as long as it was a question of ships and cannon, we made ourselves supreme rulers of the Caribbean Sea ; yet the French and Spaniards will probably outlive us there." Then comes the point that the French and Spaniards in the West Indies will probably " Remain as Satellites of the United States." And next we have, page 293, this powerful testimony from one certainly not disposed to flatter us : The opinion in Cuba was and is, that America is a residuary legatee of all the islands, Spanish and English equally, and that she will be forced to take charge of them in the end, whether she likes it or not. Spain governs unjustly and corruptly ; the Cubans will not rest till they are free from her, and if once independent, they will throw themselves on American protection. The most comprehensive and apt testimony of all is this, pages 316 and 317: $20,000 per year was granted to the great Cliristophe and his heirs for ever as a charge on the Cuban revenue. It has been paid to the family through all changes of dynasty and forms of government and is paid to them still. But the Duque resides in Spain and the present occupation of him, I was informed, is the breed- ing and raising bulls for the Plaza Toros at Saville. HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 1 8/ The Americans are the freest people in the world ; but in THEIR freedom THEY HAVE TO OBEY THE FUNDAMENTAL LAWS OF THE Union. Again and again in the West Indies Mr. Motley's words CAME BACK TO ME : " To BE TAKEN INTO THE AMERICAN UnION IS TO BE adopted INTO PARTNERSHIP." To belong to a crown colony of the British Empire, as things stand, is no partnership at all. It is to belong to the power which sacrifices, as it has always sacrificed, the interest of its dependencies to its own. The blood runs freely through every vein and artery of the American body corporate. Every single citizen feels his share in the life of his nation. Great Britain leaves her crown col- onies to take care of themselves, refuses what they ask, and forces on them what they had rather be without. If I were a West Indian, I should feel that under the stars and stripes I should be safer than I was at present from political experimenting. I should have a market in which to sell my produce where I should be treated as a friend ; I should have a power behind me and protecting me, and I should have a future to which I could look forward with confidence. America would restore me a home and life ; Great Britain allows me to sink, contentingherself with advising me to be patient. Why should I continue loyal when my loyalty was so con- temptuously valued ? But I will not believe that it will come to this. The English historian goes on to declare that the planters of the West Indies ceased to be useful to Eng- land, and adds : We practiced our virtues vicariously at their expense; we had the praise and honor, they had the suffering. They begged that the eman- cipation might be gradual; our impatience to clear our reputation re- fused to wait. Their system of cultivation being deranged, they peti- tioned for protection against the competition of countries where slavery continued. The request was natural, but could not be listened to, be- cause to grant it might raise infinitesimally the cost of the British work- man's breakfast. They struggled on, and even when a new rival rose in the beet-root sugar, they refused to be beaten. The European pow- ers, to save their beet-root, went on to support it with a bounty. Against the purse of foreign governments the sturdiest individuals can- not compete. Defeated in a fight which had become unfair, the plant- ers looked and looked in vain to their own government for help. Finding none, they turned to their kindred in the United States; and there, at I 88 THE STORY OF CUBA. last, they found a hand held out to them. The Americans were willing, though at a loss of two millions and a half of revenue, to admit the poor West Indians to their own market. But a commercial treaty was neces- sary; and a treaty could not be made without the sanction of the English government. The English government, on some fine-drawn crotchet, refused to colonies which were weak and helpless, what they would have granted without a word, if demanded by Victoria or New South Wales, whose resentment they feared. There could not be a more destructive denunciation of the British colonial system or a more admirable pre- sentation of the advantages that we possess. We have room for states, and Cuba is at the gates of the Gulf that is our southern boundary, and belongs, in spite of Spanish monopoly, to our commercial system. No Eng- lishman could speak with higher authority on this sub- ject than James Anthony Froude, and no one has uttered more weighty words for the cause of the annex- ation of Cuba to the American Union. This is the policy of patriotism. The following extract, from a message of President John Quincy Adams, notes the state of public interest in Cuba at the time Spain was losing her great colonies on the continent : The condition of the islands of Cuba and Porto Rico is of deeper im- port, and more immediate bearing upon the present interest and future prospects of our Union. The correspondence herewith transmitted will show how earnestly it has engaged the attention of the government. The invasion of both those islands by the united forces of Mexico and Colombia, is avowedly among the objects matured by the belligerent states at Panama. The convulsions to which, from the peculiar compo- sitions of their populatio7i, they would be liable in the event of such an invasion, and the danger therefrom resulting of their falling, ultimately, into the hands of some European power other than Spain, will not admit of our looking at the consequences, to which the Congress of Panama may HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 1 89 lead, with indifference. It is unnecessary to enlarge upon this topic, or to say, more than all, our efforts in reference to this interest will be 10 preserve the existing state of things. The italicized lines show the tender places in the public mind of that time. In a volume, " Cuba and the Cubans," heretofore quoted, pleading the cause of Cuba, and giving in his- toric form the grievances her people held against Spain, and glimpses of destiny, we read : It is certain that the government of the United States did not hesitate to sympathize with the Greeks in their struggle for liberty, and were only prevented by a constitutional objection from granting them substantial national aid. To preserve a settled state of things, the United States, as has been shown, promptly interfered to prevent the invasion of Cuba by Mexico and Colombo. How far the same government ought now to interfere, again to preserve things from change, or how far it ought to forward the change, it is not necessary to discuss here. Spain is too weak much longer to hold her Cuban possessions. It needs but to strike the blow, and independence is achieved to the Island. In this instance the first step is emphatically half the journey, and that step will not long be delayed. Cuba has the power, as well as the will and wisdom, to be free. It cannot be kept forever in bonds, endowed as she is with a population of 1,200,000; with a revenue of $20,000,000; with the intercourse and light attending f 60,000, 000 of outward and inward trade; with a territory equal to that of the larger states; with a soil teeming with the choicest productions; with forests of the most precious woods; with magnificent and commanding harbors; with an unmatched position as the warder of the Mexican Gulf, and the guardian of the communication with the Pacific; Cuba, the Queen of the American Islands, will not consent always to remain a manacled slave; and when the chains are to break, the United States can no more say, "Cuba is naught to us," than Cuba can detach herself from her anchorage in her portals of the American sea, or her sentinelship over against the entrance of the thousand- armed Mississippi. Then arises the question, what is to become of Cuba ? She will re- 1 90 THE STORY OF CUBA. main independent ; she will come under the protection of England, or she will form one of the confederated United States. So far as the interests of Cuba are concerned, a connection with Eng- land of the advantageous character which that country would inevitably grant to the Island, or annexation to the United States, would be more for its welfare and prosperity, than for her to maintain the position of soli- tary independence. It is rational, then, to suppose she would adopt one of the two remaining positions. That Cuba should ever fall under the power or influence of England is a thing simply out of the question. The United States cannot permit any European power to erect a Gibraltar that will command both north and south, and which can at any moment cut 't two the trade between the Gulf and Atlantic states, and break up at pleasure the sea communi- cation between New Orleans and New York. In a military point of view, Cuba locks up in a closed ring the whole sweep of the Mexican Gulf. Its 700 miles of coast is one mighty fortress ; each one of its hundred hill-crowned bays is a haven of shelter to an entire navy, and an outpost to sentinel every movement of offense, and to bar out every act of hostile import. Standing like a warder in the entrance of the Gulf of Mexico, yet stretching far to the east, so as to overlook and intercept any unfriendly demonstration to either of the great thoroughfares of South America or the Pacific, it is in a position to overawe the adjacent islands, and watch and defend all the outside approaches to the Isthmus routes to the Pacific, while it guards the portals of the vast inland sea, the reservoir of the Mexican and Mississippi trade, the rendevouz of California tran- sit, and, what has not yet been duly heeded, the outlet of a new-born mineral wealth, which is yet to control the mineral markets of Christendom. In short, it makes a complete bulwark of the Mexican Gulf. This is all true now, except the non-fulfilment of the prophecy of speedy release — which was written half a century ago — from the yoke of Spain, and there has been the immense change of the abolishment of slavery in the United States and Cuba, perfecting the prepara- tions for the annexation of Cuba on the lines of liberty. The testimony of the English historian, that his coun- trymen are not competent to take care of Cuba, is HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 19I important and pertinent, and will be more and more seriously regarded. The latest thing is a league of the West Indies with European protection, but the Island has a nobler destiny, and what it is any atlas of the Americas displays. 192 THE STORY OF CUBA. CHAPTER Xlll. THE CITY OF HAVANA. Life in the Capital of Cuba during the War Time, — Hotel Apartments and Furniture — Breakfasts — Barber Shops — Bar Rooms — Narrow Streets— The Double Standard— The Water Jug— A Hot Weather Town — A Tender-Necked People — The Casino and the Castle and the Royal Palms in the Garden. Havana has many marks of antiquity and of a place where the expenditure of money has been lavish. It is largely a city of palaces on streets that would be regarded as alleys in New York. There are elegant marble structures on narrow and dirty thoroughfares, and many very respectable houses wretchedly situated. The people are not allowed to build as they please. There is an official engineer whose taste must be regarded. The habit of the builders is thick walls, high ceilings, tile floors and roofs ; solid and lofty por- ticos ; all expert preparations for hot weather, and yet the heat is not so formidable for its excess as its con- tinuity. It is very rare the temperature reaches go° — 89° Fahrenheit is called the maximum and 50° the min- imum. Cities in our Northern States show figures of 30° below zero and 105° above ; a range of 135,° while in Havana the degrees between the extremes are but 40. The even temperature of Cuba is accounted for by the relations of the sun and the ocean and the generous temper of the winds. The view given of the city in this volume is one hkR STRUGGLES FOR LISMRTV. 195 not familiar. It is Havana as seen from the opposite side of the harbor, the mouth of which is in the distance and the tower of Moro Castle on the right. The white lime stone, of which Havana is chiefly built, appears to advantage. The city is of remarkably massive struc- tures. There has been much marble used, and the strong towers and colonnades are of imposing presence ; and such is the strength of the walls and the scarcity of inflammable material, the roofs and floors being of tile, a great deal of bombardment would be required to do serious damage. The key of the city in a military sense is the fortress on elevated ground between the cemetery and the captain-general's garden, and that is always garrisoned by a most reliable regiment and equipped with modern artillery. The view of Moro Castle that we give is not the one most popular, which displays the city also, but it is that seen on the left by the passengers on the New York steamers arriving and also on the right in departing. As we see the castle in this drawing, Havana is on the right, the harbor directly ahead, and the front of the fortification looks upon the Atlantic, the course to Florida being directly from the sail-boat, over the rocks on the extreme left ; and there is said to be many cav- erns, through which the rush of the waves makes music ; but the tides are not sufficient to cause a com- motion, and the winds, therefore, are solely responsible for the agitation. In the caves, the sharks that haunt the Havana harbor are said to be at home. Moro is not now regarded a very strong fortress. The real reliance for the protection of the harbor is in fortifications on the hills beyond, from which the Brit- ish and Yankees, under General Putnam, pounded the 196 THE STORY OF CUBA. castle when they took the town and looted it, Lord Albemarle's share of cold cash being about ;^ioo,ooo. One of the most striking features of the scenery of cul- tivated Cuba is the Avenue of Palms. The Royal Palm is the most stately of trees. The trunk is so tough that it will often turn rifle balls that would strike through an ordinary wood. The palms rarely attain the height of 100 feet, but their grace makes them seem taller. When the flaunting leaf in order falls, it brings with it some feet of green husk of the tree which, as it grows, sheds the lower leaf always, so that there is the elegant trunk with its splendid plumage held on high, feathery and brilliant. The cast off envelope is used to cover bales of tobacco and the whole tree is admi- rably adapted to the wants of the people. Standing in delicate grandeur along the roads, these palms remind one of the Lombardy poplars trimmed to a top-knot of foliage that line the turnpikes of France, but the palm seems to tell tales in whispers of Egypt and the Orient. Doubtless it was the palm in Cuba that confirmed to Columbus his fancy when he landed, that he had found Cipango or Cathay — lands of Asiatic mystery. The once opulent planters of the Island were fond, in the days of pomp, of approaching their country palaces through avenues of royal palms, and now the solemn, neglected trees tell of the glories of the days that are gone. One of the beauties of Havana, of the most venerable associations, is the chapel erected on the spot where the first mass was celebrated in the New World. The ser- vice was under a noble tree, one of the giants of the Cuban forests, the Cieba ; and not that tree, but one of the kind, rises above the snowy marble of the chapel HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 197 and is reverently regarded. The location is between the palace and the landing. Havana is paved with granite and harder stone blocks. The streets are excessively noisy, and, as a rule, unclean. It is thought remarkable in Washington city that dust arises within four hours after a shower. In Havana one hour after the streets are flooded, under the flaming sun and high wind, dust resumes its sway. The most splendid residences in the city are of mod- est exteriors, but when you walk in, there are "marble halls" to remember in dreams, and areas surrounded with carved galleries, and floored as with solid snow, where the merchant princes and sugar and tobacco planters, before the evil days, sat in caned chairs and smoked under the stars. There is not a fireplace to warm a room, or a window shielded with glass in the city, but there are openings from all sorts of structures on the streets — apertures guarded by bars of steel, often decorative, always strong, and each with two sets of curtains, and two of shutters ; and there is one great charm, the highest achievement of architecture is ventilation. The beautiful picture, from a photograph of the cor- ridor of the Havana casino, is valuable for displaying the splendor of the cool interiors of the highest class of buildings the Spanish race have reared in the tropics. It has been said that the tropical Spaniard is an exag- geration of the Spaniard at home — the Spanish charac- teristics, made picturesque, appear. The general expres- sion of Havana, as compared with that of the grand old cities in Spain, gives a hint of this. My gigantic eastern window, twenty feet high and eight feet wide, has the brilliant narrow frame of col- C— 12 1 98 THE STORY OF CUBA. ored glass and two sets of shutters, the outer one with open work, by which the air may be regulated, and the inner of solid timber, behind which one might laugh a siege to scorn, if trouble came in that form. The shutters opened, the windows are festooned with lace curtains, and beyond, far out over the street, is a white balcony. When I enjoy one of many rocking chairs on this marble projection, the snowy form of Isabella, shining in the light of the moon and the electric lamps, is straight before me, and far down the Avenue of Parks shines the light of the famous Moro Castle — not a powerful fortress, any more, they say, but a gloomy, picturesque structure at which the American girls passing that way will forever, no doubt, snap their Kodaks. This would be a fine place to burn Cuban tobacco. The window" shutters and door are of blue frames and gray panels. The mighty walls are a mournful green with gold mould- ing running around the ceiling and the door and the windows, and separating the corners that are a deeper blue than the great expanse of colors, from the other shade. There are in this enchanted apartment, including the floor, four distinct blues and three greens ; and I trace two other blue tints, and crimson and orange, and some specks of rainbow mixture in the spread on the bed, which one is supposed to pull over the knees when midnight cools the air in sultry midwinter ! The Span- ish yellow predominates in the upper and inner window curtains — but, as they are six feet beyond reach, one does not become familiar with them. There are scarlet trimmings around the canopies of mosquito curtains, that on a steel frame adorned with bronzes and mother- of-pearl, making the bed Oriental, as it were ; and the HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 199 ribbon loops that hold back the gauzy curtains of the bed are vivid crimson. The splendid Spanish arms on broad, golden shields, are at the head and foot of the sumptuous couch ; and there are curtains trimmed with lace that hide the legs of the steel bedstead, and have the effect of pantalets. I cannot make oath that "the towering wardrobe, which has not a hook in it, and the elaborate washstand, and the superb commode are solid mahogany, but they should be ; and if a table with long, crooked, black legs, that stands against the wall, is not ebony, it is a fraud — and I do not care whether it is or not. There are so many frauds, so what is the difference ? Do not regard me as boastful about this bedroom, for it is but a type of the Cuban sleeping apartment. As for the breezy balcony, upon which there is room for more than one rocking chair — but it is quite vacant because too lonesome for one — the marble balcony, so cool and white, from which I hoped to see the Southern cross, but cannot — the fault being in the latitude, I be- lieve ; and as for the moon that climbs the divine sky of Cuba, we should say: " Roll on, silver moon; light the traveler on his way." If it were as big and magnetic as it was before the war, before the world knew war in my time, I would go down and buy the fragrant flowers that they silently sell apparently far into the nights ; but perched in my bower, so to say, catch the faint perfume and behold the blush of the roses, and am car- ried away by precious memories to the " land that is fairer than this," and hear once again loved voices sing- ing as long, long ago ; and the burden of the song is still, " Beautiful star, thou art so near and yet so far." The window shutters, mind, there is only a little col- 200 THE STORY OF CUBA. ored glass in the windows, as the shutters naturally fall into their places, and, as the gorgeous bed is located, when my eyes open to the morning light, it streams in, red as blood. The glass covering that particular spot is a perfect circle, and it is divided, like a globe, into zones, only there are no temperate zones. The torrid one extends over all the temperate regions, and is a rich red, while the frozen poles are intensified sky blue. One must testify the regularity of the habits of the Cubans. There is sensitiveness to uniformity in the servants that gives one a hint of Chinese exactness. When I touch the button at the head of the bed at 7 o'clock in the morning, and feel bound by the iron rules in the air to do it, a bearded friend appears in 150 seconds, puts in a grim face on which there is no trace of a smile, and says one word, " Coffee ?" I nod like a wooden man, and say, " Good morning." Five minutes pass, there is a light knock, and a man, dressed in undershirt, breeches and shoes, appears, and bears on a silver waiter two silver pots, one with the handle for the right hand, holding black coffee, and one with the handle for the left hand, full of hot milk. There is a small roll of delicious bread and a smaller roll of good butter, and they never vary a hair's breadth ; two oranges, all the juicy cells opened by the keen knife that has shaved the skin away and not shed a drop of orange blood. The notable thing about the two oranges, next to it that they are good, is that usually they are of the same size ; but if one is larger than the average the other is that much smaller, and this is as invariable as if the oranges were weighed on scales that accounted for the hundredth part of an ounce. The coffee and oranges and bread and butter are not HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 20l your breakfast. The breakfast hour is 1 1 o'clock, and that meal begins with olives .and radishes and sardines and several other delicacies ; then comes a broiled fish, a wall-eyed perch, with a dash of Spanish colors in his skin, and after chops, or steaks, eggs, or one of many omelets. Then come cucumbers, slender but long, and cut in thick slices, with oil and vinegar, pepper and salt. With cuts of cucumber, surrounded by slices of toma- toes, both vegetables juicy, the general effect is that de- scribed by the pious colored man when he undertook to tell about cold fat possum and sweet potatoes, and failed, but mentioned in despair, it was just " too good." Perhaps the Cuban ii o'clock breakfast does not con- duce to energy, but rather to meditation, especially if it is mingled with Spanish claret. There is exactness in the hotel service throughout. When the 1 1 o'clock breakfast and 7 o'clock dinner come off, the same people appear at the same round tables, and dishes are served in an order and accord- ing to a system that must have its traditions, history, laws and mathematics. One may trust that whatever shall happen in the fields of battle in Cuba, or the Parliament of Spain, there will be nothing done that can disturb the peace- ful and perfect order of the bedrooms and dining- rooms of Havana, the attractions, manners and cus- toms of which must have grown, for they could not have been invented. The very northern or southern cities, as a rule, have narrow streets. Only in the temperate zone do you find ample thoroughfares. One notes this peculiarity of close building in the -most northern and southern of my personal observation, Reyjkavik and Havana — the 202 THE STORY OF CUBA. capitals of Iceland, that barely touches the Arctic region, and of Cuba, just within the tropical belt. The outer as well as the inner walls of the buildings are expected to shelter the people from excessive cold or heat. In Havana the important business streets are re- markably narrow, one containing many fine shops being but twenty-five feet from house to house, and, in consequence, the sidewalks on some of the squares cannot be traversed by two persons side by side; and as the walks are a foot above the pavements, when one meets a pedestrian he has to put one leg over the curbstone and give room — that is unless both are slen- der and accommodating. There is so much of stepping off into the street done that it is important to do it gracefully, though the act itself is regarded as a matter of course. I have found it advantageous to glide behind a stout lady and follow her closely, the great majority of those she meets yielding her the wall and waiting with one leg off the sidewalk, until we have marched by in procession, as it were. When one comes to a square, with the sidewalk broad enough for two single files of the populace to proceed in opposite directions, there is a cheerful sense of relief. The roadways are so restricted in these streets that three carriages cannot move abreast. If one has stopped, so that the hubs protrude over the sidewalk, which is fashionable, carriages cannot pass on the space unoccupied. Care has to be taken that two carriages waiting, one on either side of the street, shall not be located exactly opposite each other, for if they did there would be a blockade ; and so on the great shopping streets carriages can move but one way. In many places awnings are spread from house to house AVENUE OF PALMS, HAVANA HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 205 two stories high, covering the whole street, and useful in resisting sunshine or rain. The cafes are especially large and handsome. It is curious to see in February the marble floors sprinkled with sawdust and dampened with a view to coolness, like beer halls in our own land in the thirsty days of July ; and it is still more conducive to geographical re- flection to eat in a hotel dining and breakfasting room on a level with the street, and find the favorite tables those nearest wide-open doors. There are three money standards in this country — American gold, Spanish gold, and silver, and there is a great time in close calculations. I noticed a newly- arrived American citizen in a cafe, treating three friends to beverages of their several selections, and par- taking of his own hospitality, and you will observe this means four drinks. Payment was made with an Ameri- can five-dollar gold piece, and, settling the account, he received in change a five- dollar Spanish gold piece and forty cents. He was so well pleased that he "treated" again, this time paying with the Spanish gold piece, and his change was five silver dollars and forty cents. "Now," said he, "I'm going to study out this thing and get up a scheme. It seems there is money to be made by taking to drink. The more liquor I buy, the more money I've got. This must be the double standard." There was twenty per cent, premium on American gold compared with Spanish, and twenty per cent, on Spanish gold as compared with silver, so my friend's computation was correct. He had out of $5.00 spent $1.20 in drink, and still had $5.80 in silver, 206 THE STORY OF CUBA. The money reformers and patriots here, I am in- formed, want " more money," in the sense of more kinds of money, and the financiers contemplate an ex- traordinary issue of paper. When that happens, my friend can pay for the drinks with a silver dollar and get back a paper dollar and a lot of change. Talking of the " double standard," why, the Cubans have the triple standard — two gold standards and one silver one, and, owing to our preservation of the " parity," our silver paper stands at a premium over Spanish gold, and American silver beats the Spanish two to one. The average American barkeeper, no doubt, holds the Cuban brother in contempt, but he should not. They manufacture cocktails in Havana with great energy and rapidity. From the moment the compounder seizes two glasses and fills one with ice and swipes into the other the liquors and the bitters, and the sweets, and then, with a swinging motion, dashes the ice and fluids from glass to glass, clinking the crystal in a way that would delight a German's sense of sound, not a moment is lost, until after it is all in one glass and flung through a strainer into another that must be just brimming full, and then the assurance of the American appetite is expected to grasp the decoction with the same furious avidity with which it is compounded and well shaken before taken. It should not be forgotten that there is a large and very heavy glass and a small one. It is the latter from which you imbibe. The big one is planted, when its share of the work is accom- plished, in the centre of the counter with a bang, and the final thwack is given with an air of triumph and jocose gesture. The Cuban water jug is a delight, for, as a basis of HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 20/ joys, Havana has an abundance of pure water and a monument to the engineer who laid out the works. The jug is a round, brown one, with two holes in it near the handle, which is on top. One hole is, perhaps, an inch in diameter, to pour the water in, and the other small, the size of the hollow of a large quill, and this is in a nob that marks the place. It is the old story of the bung and the spigot. Filled with water, the jug is hung on a long iron rod, swinging from the top of the workroom, and located in a spot that is draughty. The currents of air make the thick, porous jug " per- spire," and the water is not ice water, but cool and wholesome. The Cuban way of drinking is not to touch the vessel with the lips, but to open the mouth and, holding up the jug, tip it until the water streams into the throat, making a curve and falling five or six inches, striking the root of the tongue. A series of parks bisect the city. There are fine shade trees, and they rise from deserts of sharp sand. Once in place of sand there was turf, but it was thought the grass was objectionable, and the sod was cut away. One of the old planter princes lives in a white marble mansion that is magnificently appointed, and in magni- tude and sumptuous taste would take high rank if lo- cated on one of the best streets in New York city, and yet the New Yorker would call the dingy street before his doors and windows, all fortified with iron rods that are very handsome, disgusting names. This gen- tleman has a large family, and insists that his sons with their wives, and daughters with their husbands, shall all live under his ample roof ; and he rejoices in many grandchildren. It is said the average of births in the house is one a month. 208 THE STORY OF CUBA. The cafe capacity of this city is enormous. There are hundreds that would be attractive in any city, all constructed to be airy, and they cook chicken almost as well as in Paris, and beat the Parisian salads. The lettuce is a dream, and as they dress it along with to- matoes, it allures one to excess. The claret is good, but the French have a patent on that which is pure as water ought to be, and adds the color of the rose to the fragrance of the vineyard. I have had here as tender beefsteaks as Delmonico ever served, and shall carry from this Island lasting regrets that the Spanish do not know how to cook fish. Fancy stewing a lovely silverside, and serving it with tomato sauce ! Let me say, before possibly forgetting, a word about olives. They are small and juicy and delicate and refreshing, and take the sting of a cigarette out of one's mouth as nothing else can. The taste for little olives is one very easily acquired, and the trouble is the tendency to make a meal of them only. The Spanish have cul- tivated the omelet, and ought to make some compen- sation for spelling " eggs " " egss " ! The " grumbled e-g-s-s with onions " is a dish that stands trial, and pre- pares the stomach for serious employment. And, oh dear, the pineapples ! Honey in the comb that melts, honey and all, in the mouth, and is so satisfying one wants to drop gently into slumber and have visions of the gardens of the gods ! I do not dare more than hint at the mangoes and mames, and a brown pod of sweet cream that grows bigger than the average orange on bushes, and has a flavor that beats apple blossoms and clover fields. The dusky pod has a skin so thin that it is peeled with a spoon, and then one bulb is divided between three tall glasses — was the first time HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 209 we tried it — crushed and watered until it looks like ice- cream soda at Huylers. Ice was added — the Cubans have delicious ice — home-made. A silver spoon with a long handle was. inserted, and, though the month was February, the atmosphere was August, and we had val- uable thirsts quenched by quaffing the milky flood — no alcohol, thanks ! This fruity apotheosis is fresh from the " divine sky " of Cuba, that, Dana says, yields pure gold. I did not think he told the truth that time, but he did. And this same vegetable is convertible, at night especially, into a cup of blooming snow, that is as vanilla ice-cream might be if it were translated and frozen in heaven. I borrow this exquisite comparison from an account Joe Jefferson gave when he was so young it was a joke to play the part of an old man, in telling the ineffable heights to which the favorite Gulf of Mexico fish, the Pompino, ascended in the measure of merit. " The Pompino," said Jefferson, "is just the shad translated and caught without a hook in Heaven." But perhaps if one sought to find the limitations of the iridescent glories of the fruits of the tropics, a hint of the far-off line drawn upon the products that are the riches of everlasting summer, could be found in the story of Tom Corwin, who protested when a lady insisted upon pour- ing molasses into his coffee, that he feared she was making it "too sweet." "Dear Mr. Corwin," said she, " if it was all 'lasses, it could not be too sweet for you." The apples that grew in Ohio were good food for boys ; and there are those living who, before the Mexican war, assisted the pigs in assimilating the superfluous crop, and kept their teeth white gnawing 210 THE STORY OP CUBA. pippins, who, even under the palms of Cuba, have grateful remembrances of the orchards of the Miami country. The noisy streets of Havana are very trying. In this land of prodigious rains and a fierce sun, a pavement of wood could hardly fail to be offensive. The wooden pavement doe.s not smell nicely in Paris or London, and here the odor would be alarming. I fear asphalt would become pulpy. Turnpikes in town, however well made, would increase the plague of dust. One day I had a streak of luck — was in haste — called a cab- man and gave direction ; and lo ! he tore through the rattling streets at a speed equal to a jaunting car in Dublin when you have treated and tipped the driver. This is revolutionary, and I hope it will not be noticed by the authorities. I am told it never happened before. The business men of this city are bearing themselves bravely under very depressing circumstances. Many cannot be making expenses, but are holding on hope- fully, believing something will happen to close the war and allow a return to the conditions of prosperity. The day I was wafted across the harbor in a sail-boat, "my winged boat, a bird afloat," and took a cab, ac- companied by the administrator of the transportation, between the ship and the hotel, the people said it was cold, and looked upon those exposed to the inclem- ency of the weather with interest. The very coldest group of people I ever saw was in Venice, where the band played in St. Mark's Square, the festive Venetians out to hear the icy music were actually blue, and with chill despair gathered their cloaks around them and were as marble in dignity. It was my impression until now that Italy was a HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 213 southern country as well as Cuba, but there is a differ- ence. The " cold day " in Havana I was happy to be able to walk a few minutes without an overcoat and not find myself in a profuse perspiration, but saw the drivers of the cabs believed the air dangerously frigid. When the Cuban is in trouble he generally gets it "in the neck," and he thinks a cold spell seizes mankind by the throat. His protection from chills is a scarf wound about under the chin. It is fun to see the cabman muffled to the ears, his nose and brow only visible, driving with a hump in his back, feeling that the mighty North is taking liberties in the Land of the Sun. It is only in exceptional cases that the Americans have the advantage of the Cubans in the services of barbers. We enjoy in Havana cool and spacious bar- ber shops, with reclining chairs, and the barber is as deliberate, artistic, and courteous as anywhere the state of one's hair is highly esteemed. My barber here is almost the barber of my soul. He is tall and erect, with military bearing, and, .when I take his chair, lights a cigarette and puffs with evident pleas- ure while he adjusts a faultless towel and applies the lather with gravity and elaboration, and I behold under his nose a spark and an ash, that is momentarily expected to alight on my nose ! But this apprehension has never been justified. When the time comes to han- dle the razor, the cigarette is removed, a long jet of the precious smoke passes into space, and the mowing ma- chine is so deftly applied, that where there was a field of gray stubble there is soon a satin lawn. This city has sentiment in it. The mules in the ser- vice of the carters are decorated with colored tassels on 214 THE STORY OF CUBA. their head harness, and apparently know they are admired, even as the gentlemen in London know they are admirable when they walk out with roses in their buttonholes. The cathedral of Havana is in a closely built quarter of the city, with a small granite-paved square in front and narrow side streets. The front is of venerable as- pect and imposing architecture — a heavy stone tower on either hand — the inside is ornate and brilliant. It is here the remains of Columbus — his bones in an urn — were believed to have been placed, when they were, if the treaty was executed, removed from San Domingo at the time that Island was ceded to France. The prob- ability is that they were deposited in Havana, and that the fraud alleged to have been perpetrated by which they were retained, while other bones were conveyed to meet the obligation, was itself a fraud. The bust of Columbus, in marble, on the wall where the bones are said to be, and probably are, is commonplace and true only to the type of men who were early in discovery and exploration of the West Indies. There has been laid inside the cathedral a ponderous and obstructive foundation for a monument to Columbus, but there will be nothing lamentable to grieve over if it always re- mains unfinished. HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 21$ CHAPTER XIV. THE BRITISH AND PROVINCIAL CONQUEST OF CUBA. How the Island was Invaded, and Havana Captured, After a Bloody and Deadly Siege, in the Summer of 1762, by the British, Under Lord Albemarle, Helped Just in Time by a Force of 2,300 Men from Connecticut, New York, and New Jersey, Under General Lyman and Colonel Israel Putnam, and then Returned to the Spaniards — Frightful Losses of the Invaders — Havana Looted, and a Prize Money Scandal. The Greed of The British Officers — Did the Provincial Troops Establish a Preemption Right to the Island ? — Colonial and English Sympathy — Washington's Brother in the British Service in the West Indies — A Connecticut Chaplain's Journal of the Plague at Havana — Sad Fate of General Lyman. When we consider the British capacity to possess good land, and habit of holding fast all they get, and recall how highly the West Indies were esteemed by Europeans in the last century, and that Cuba was worth all the rest of the Archipelago in natural pro- ductions and exhaustless fertility, in commanding situ- ation, military and commercial, and in commodious harbors, it is the strangest of Cuban stories that this priceless Pearl of the Antilles should have been the spoil of one of the greatest English expeditions that ever crossed the Atlantic, and handed back to Spain, as if with His Britannic Majesty's festive compliments, as an incident of a transaction not extraordinary. This happened fourteen years before our Declaration of Independence, and perhaps the British idea was their American colonies possessed so much land there was no 2l6 THE STORY OF CUBA. occasion for more. If it had been within English statesmanship to contemplate the grandeur of the Republic of the United States, their sense of pro- priety as the holders of the soil would surely have impressed them that Cuba should be identified in politics as in commerce with the bulk and potency of the continent. After a struggle that was dangerous, and cost thou- sands of lives, Havana, with about one-fourth of Cuba, was surrendered to Lord Albemarle, and if it had been the will of the British government, the whole Island would have belonged to the crown. There was a diplomatic quirk, and Cuba was Spanish again, and when our original colonies became states and United States, we acquired Florida and Louisiana, and were careless about the land between the Mississippi and the Pacific, until we found the Mexicans in our way, and were at the expense of war to regain Texas and California. Froude, the British historian, delivers the judgment that it was well the British gave up Cuba, after her fair conquest, to Spain, because the Spaniards gave their own blood to the colonies, and built in Cuba, not light structures, but with ponderosity, as in the old peninsula, the most effective method of declaring them- selves at home and resolute upon permanency. In many ways British sovereignty in the Island would have changed our fortunes. Almost positively, even after the American colonies had separated from the mother-country, and Rodney defeated the French finally in the West Indies, it would have been within the power and policy of Great Britain, had she continued to hold Cuba as a possession, to have captured New BER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 217 Orleans, and fenced us in on the west with the Missis- sippi as was done on the north with the St. Lawrence, The EngHsh must have had a period of modesty, if not timidity, for not only was Rodney not acting under urgency from home when he won his tre- mendous victory over the French — his activity was disapproved, and orders to be quiet were on the way when he took the responsibility for an aggression that gave his country almost unparalleled prestige, compen- sating her largely for the loss of the heart of North America, and winning for himself a place among the loftiest reputations in the history of naval heroes. The same nerveless faltering that surrendered Cuba was that which sought to restrain Rodney. If there had been the courage in the conduct of imperial affairs in 1762 that appeared forty years later, England might have been reinforced in the Napoleonic wars with American troops, as she was in the great French and Indian wars in the middle of the eighteenth century, and in the enterprise, the fruit of which was the futile conquest of Cuba, from which the British general and admiral sailed away laden with booty of gold and sil- ver, and with a fleet of Spanish ships caught in the harbor of Havana. This episode reads like a romance of piracy, for when the spoil was divided, and the high officers got their share, and the dead were buried, the great fleet departed and the Spaniards held, after all, the Pearl of the Antilles. Lord Albermarle first appeared off the coast of Cuba with an enormous armament — nineteen ships of the line and six frigates and nearly two hundred trans- port and slave ships — and landed June 17th, 1762. The capture of Havana was the object of the expedition, c— 13 2l8 TBB STORY OF CUBA. but the resistance of the Spanish was resolute and the climate deadly to the troops that had been serving in northern latitudes. The fact has not been as prominent in our histories as it should have been that, on the 28th of July, in the midst of the sickly season, when five thousand British troops and three thousand sailors were sick and de- spondent, scratching the burning stones to throw up the trenches from which they were besieging the Moro Castle, suffering from the frightful heat and perishing with thirst, for water was scarce, and there was daily a fearful list of deaths — when there was a dread appre- hension that the season of hurricanes was coming, there arrived from New York a welcome reinforce- ment of twenty-three hundred men under General Lyman of Connecticut, one thousand men from that state, eight hundred from New York, and five hun- dred from New Jersey. General Lyman and Colonel Israel Putnam had been in the Indian and French wars together, and raised the regiment of one thou- sand men in their state that took so decided a part in the Cuban conquest. Lyman was in command of the brigade, and Lieutenant-Colonel Putnam was acting colonel of the Connecticut regiment. As they approached the coast of Cuba there was a storm, and the ship, carrying Putnam's fortunes and five hundred men, was driven on rocks about thirty miles from Havana and totally lost, but owing to Yankee skill every man was saved on rafts constructed of the spars and other timbers of the vessel lashed together by harpoon lines, of which there was a good stock aboard. It was one of the most remarkable escapes in the records of shipwreck, and not only were the HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 219 Connecticut men saved from the rage of the sea, but they were not, when cast away on a hostile shore, molested by the Spaniards. The whole force of the provincial troops joined Lord Albemarle's army in good form, reporting in fine health and zealous for service. This arrival put heart in the British and discour- aged the Spaniards. The work of the siege was carried on with renewed vigor, and on the 13th of August the city surrendered, and the news was most welcome to the exhausted English, while the American troops had been stricken by sickness and were dying at a dreadful rate, a single month's exposure having resulted in a deplorable condition of the men, many of whom were already gone, killed in the trenches or passing away in the insufficient hospitals. Of the fate of the gallant provincials, we read in Trumbull's "History of Connecticut," that "New England, by her zeal in this enterprise, sustained a very considerable loss of men. Scarcely any of the private soldiers, and but few of the officers, ever returned. Such as were not killed in the service were generally swept away by the great mor- tality which prevailed in the fleet and army." Trumbull says of the immense enterprise carried out with such hardship, so costly and triumphant and so easily squandered with facile imbecility : Lord Albemarle was appointed to command the operations by land. His lordship had been trained to war from his youth, under the com- mand of the Duke of Cumberland.' The fleet destined for the service was under the command of Admiral Pocock, who had before com- manded with such success in the East Indies. The object of the expe- dition was the Havana. In this centred the whole trade and navigation of the Spanish West Indies. The fleet sailed from Portsmouth on the 220 THE STORY OF CUBA. 5th of March. This was to be reinforced by a squadron from Mar- tinique, under the command of Sir James Douglass. On the twenty-sev- enth of May two fleets formed a junction at Cape Nichola, the northwest point of Hispaniola. The fleet consisted of thirty-seven ships of war, with nearly an hundred and fifty transports. The land force on board was about ten thousand men. Four thousand regular troops from New York were ordered to join them at the Havana. A considerable number of provincials enlisted under their own officers and served in this ardu- ous enterprise. The whole land force, when collected, would amount to about fifteen or sixteen thousand men. The admiral was not insensible how much the success of the expedi- tion depended on despatch, that it might be carried into execution before the coming on of the hurricane months. Therefore, instead of keeping the common track of the galleons to the north of Cuba which was much the safest, though far the most tedious passage, he determined to pursue his course from east to west, through the Straits of Bahama. This is a narrow passage, about seven hundred miles in length. It is bounded on the right and left with so many shoals and sands that the navigation is dangerous for single ships. Yet such were the cautions and admirable dispositions of the admiral that he carried this fleet of nearly two hundred sail safely through this perilous passage. On the 5th o'f June, Havana, the object of this long voyage, and of so many anxious hopes and fears, presented itself to the view of the fleet and army. On the seventeenth the troops were landed, and for more than two months every exertion of courage, every art of war, with the most invincible patience and perseverance, under almost insuperable difficulties, were unitedly employed by officers and soldiers, by the fleet and army, for the reduction of this important island. The fort- resses were strong by nature and art. The enemy made a gallant and noble defense. The climate was burning, and the want of water great and almost insufferably distressing. Never were British valor and reso- lution put to a severer trial. Some of the soldiers dropped down dead, under the pressure of heat, thirst and fatigue. Before the middle of July the army, in this unwholesome and burning region, and under the rigor of such extraordinary services, was reduced to half its original numbers. Five thousand soldiers and three thousand seamen were ill at one time. The hearts of the most sanguine sunk within them while they saw this fine army wasting by disease, and they could not but tremble for that noble fleet which had so long been exposed along the open shore and must, in all human probability, suffer inevitable ruin should HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 221 the hurricane season come on before the reduction of the place. As the season advanced the prospect grew more and more unfavorable. But when the troops were on the point of total despondency the arrival of troops from North America revived their drooping spirits, gave fresh vigor to their operations, and was of the most signal service. Such was the zeal of the New Englanders in his majesty's service, that not only many of them enlisted with a particular view to the reduc- tion of the Havana: but such of them as had assisted in the conquest of Martinique, and by reason of sickness had set off in three ships for their native country for their recovery, soon finding their health re- stored, ordered the ships about, and steering directly for Havana, shared in the dangers and honors of that glorious enterprise. In Flollister's " History of Connecticut " we read of the conduct of Putnam in the shipwreck scene, and the fate of the heroes : A terrible storm now arose, and the transport that bore Lieutenant- Colonel Putnam, with five hundred men, making one-half of the Con- necticut regiment, was driven on a rift of craggy rocks and wrecked. Thus separated from the rest of the fleet, so that he could hope for no aid from any external source, the surf rolling mountain high, and dash- ing against the sides of the ship with such force that she threatened to part her timbers at every stroke of the sea, this brave officer, looking calmly in the face of death, maintained, above the noise of the waves, a discipline that enabled him to issue all his orders without interruption, and secured an obedience to them as perfect as if the bold-hearted men whom he commanded had stood upon the ridges of their own cornfields. In this appalling situation every man who could wield a saw or a ham- mer was employed in making rafts from spars, planks, and the scanty and scattered materials that came to hand. In this way a part of the men were landed at the great risk of being drifted far out into the sea. After a few of the men had been safely disembarked, ropes were lashed to the rafts, and those who had thus gained the shore, aided in pulling their companions to the beach. Such was the address and caution ex- ercised by Putnam in this most critical of all conditions, that not a man was lost. Colonel Putnam now pitched his camp and remained several days within twenty-four miles of the enemy at Carthagena. At last the storm abated, and the convoy soon after took them aboard and carried them to Havana. 222 THE STORY OF CUBA. The climate proved fatal to a large proportion of our soldiers who went upon this expedition. Of the thousand brave men who sailed for Havana, and who aided in reducing it, with all its shipping and military- stores, to the dominion of the British crown, a mere handful ever re- turned to lay their bones in their native soil. A few officers, and here and there a straggling soldier, wasted to a skeleton, were the sole sur- vivors of that fatal campaign, in which victory and death went hand in hand. This historian HoUister worthily celebrates the re- cord of the colony of Connecticut in the memorable French and Spanish wars, which lasted eight years, when closed by the peace of 1773, saying that during those years : "The sons of the colony had found their graves in every part of the continent, and had been laid to rest beneath the waters of the West Indian seas. No colony, in proportion to her population, had fur- nished an equal number of men. Again and again she had sent into the field a duplicate supply of troops be- yond those demanded of her, to make up for the defic- iency that she had but too good reason to think would exist in some of those provinces less embued with the spirit of liberty and less devoted to the cause of human- ity. She had also paid out of her own treasury, after deducting the pittance that she had received from par- liament, more than four hundred thousand pounds — far surpassing, according to her wealth, the amount paid by any other of the colonies ; and the exploits of her gallant officers — her Lymans, her Whitings, her Par- sons, her Dyers, her Spencers, her Hinmans, her Coits, her Fitches, her Durkees, her Woosters, her Putnams, and her Wolcotts — were as glorious as their fame will be immortal." C. C. Hazewell says, in his paper on the "Conquest of Cuba," contributed to an early number of the Atlantic HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 2 23 Magazine : " Of the many conquests which were made by the Enghsh in the Seven Years' War, no one was more remarkable than that which placed Havana and its neighborhood in their hands, virtually giving them possession of the Island of Cuba ; and the manner in which they disposed of their mag- nificent prize, when George III. forced peace upon his unwilling subjects, was among the causes of their failure to conquer the Thirteen States in the War for Independence." It is related that among the laborers of the English " were five hundred black slaves, purchased, for the use of the expedition, at An- tigua and Martinique." This was, of course, a long time before the English developed their talent in abolishing slavery. The English fleet attempted to support tfie siege of the Moro, but " were roughly received by the Spaniards, and lost one hundred and eighty-two men, besides being greatly damaged in hull, masts, and rig- ging, so that they were forced to abandon the conflict without having made any impression on the fortress, though they had effected an important diversion in favor of the land batteries." The Spaniards made one desperate sally, and if they had succeeded, the siege would have been abandoned ; but they were beaten back with heavy loss, and " in this action a battalion of North Americans bore a prominent part, aiding to drive the first Spanish column to the water, where one hundred and fifty men were drowned." The commander of the Moro, when the castle was stormed — an operation which cost the English but two officers and thirty men — refused to retreat, and was mortally wounded. The Spaniards lost on the spot 530 men besides the drowned, and the English turned their 224 ^'^^ STORY OF CUBA. batteries upon the city and pounded it with forty-five guns. When it was surrendered, besides " Havana and its immediate territory, the terms of the surrender placed in the hands of the EngHsh as much of the Island of Cuba as extended one hundred and eighty miles to the west, which belonged to the government of the pface. This was a great conquest, and it was in the power of the conquerors to become masters of the whole Island." The news of the capture of Havana reached Phila- delphia in fourteen days, and was published in the Boston Gazette, September 13th, with the concluding statement that the spoil amounted to "fourteen million milled dollars." The victory was celebrated all over New England, and throughout the colonies great pride was taken in belonging to the conquering nation. Hazewell says of the Canadian conquest : " It is certain that those vic- tories had greatly exalted the American heart ; and now that they were followed by the conquest of Cuba, made at the expense of a great nation with which England was at peace when Quebec and Montreal had passed into her possession, it is not strange that our ancestors should have become more impressed than ever with the honor of belonging to the British empire. They were not only loyal, but they were loyal to a point that resembled fanaticism." The Boston Gazette states that one of the captured Spanish ships had five million dollars on board, that almost forty million dollars in specie had already been counted, and that the share of Lord Albemarle would give him an income of twelve thousand pounds per annum, and Admiral Pocock was to have an equal ALPHONSE XIII, KING OF SPAIN HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 22/ amount ; and this was only an exaggeration. Gov. Ber- nard of Massachusetts, at the request of the assembly, issued a proclamation for a public thanksgiving on the 7th of October. After enumerating various causes for thankfulness that existed, all of which related to victor- ies won in different parts of the world, his excellency proceeded to say : " But above all, with hearts full of grat- itude and amazement, we must contemplate the glori- ous and important conquest of the Havana, which, considering the strength of the place, the resolution of the defendants and the unhealthiness of the climate, seems to have the visible hand of God in it, and to be designed by His Providence to punish the pride and injustice of that prince who has so unnecessarily made himself a party in this war." The great British officers took the spoil, giving the soldiers and inferior officers but little, and in the division, these figures showing the relations of rank to gold as well as glory, but not in the sense that Burns wrote : " The rank is but the guinea's stamp ; the man's the gold," etc. Sir George Pocock was placed on the same footing as Lord Albe- marle, and Commodore Keppel with Lieutenant-General Elliot ; the shares of the two former having amounted to ^122,697 los. 6d. each, and of those of each of the two seconds in command ^^24,539 los. id. The spoil was in fact equally divided between the two services, having amounted altogether to ^736,185 3s., or ^368,092 iis. 6d. each. But although the services and chiefs were placed on an equality, the same rule could not be observed with the officers and privates. The share of a major-general was ^^6,816 los. 6}^d., that of a brigadier-general, ^1,947, IIS. 7d.; that of an officer of the staff, ;£'^(i\ 14s. 6d.; that of a captain, ;^i84 4s. 7jS^d.; that of a subaltern ;£ii6 3s. ^d. ; that of a sergeant £fi i8s. 8d; that of a corporal £^G i6s. 6d., and that of a private soldier, ^/^ is. 8^d. The share of a captain in the navy was 228 ril/i STO/iY OF cunA. £^\,(ioo los. lod.; of a lieutenant /,2,34 ;3s. 3^(1.; of the otljcr com- missioned officers, /^ii8 5H. m_^i|.; of warr.'iiit oflicci'H, /, 17 5s, jd., and of ordinary seamen, ^,'3 14s. 9^d. Ilazewcll says of the bad bargain luij^-Iand marlc in the treaty by which she gave up Cuba : She had oljtained I'lorida, which was of no worth to her, and she had given up the Havana, which might fjavc been made o/ie of her rnontiiHC- ful acquisitions. That place l747 KI'OM S'liri II CAKOIJNA. ist Regiment (four (ornpariics; , 320 77th, Montgomery's, I !(,<:. Q5tb, Burton's '. 585 v\'351 The whole fleet consisted of : Ships of the line 23 Frigates, bomb-ketches, fire-ships, and their tenders 24 Transport ships, with troops on board 93 Artillery ships 16 Hospital ships 8 Provision ships 24 Ships with fascines 4 Ships with negroes 2 Ships with horses 3 Ships with the baggage of general officers 6 Total 203 The governor of Jamaica had been ordered to raise 2,000 " stout negroes " for laborers, and 500 " negroes accustomed to arms," but Lord Albemarle feared de- lay, and " prudently gave orders, at all events, for the purchasing of 800 or 1,000 negroes at Martinique, bt. Christopher's, and Antigua." The Spaniards got together nearly 30,000 men, and their fleet continued at anchor in the harbor. The siege of the Moro was one of the severest strug- gles in modern warfare — the Spaniards fought in first- class style, and gave the British gun for gun. When the work was hardest and the fight hottest, there arrived a reinforcement, white and black, gratefully received from Jamaica ; but we quote the English historian : 232 THE STORY OF CUBA. A much more useful fleet was expected from North America with a reinforcement of men and stores ; and accordingly a thousand impatient and languishing looks were cast out for it ; but all in vain ; not one ship of it yet appeared. Notwithstanding, such was the spirit of the men and the ardor of the officers, that twenty guns were mounted by the i6th. But in order to account for the rapid erection of these works, we must inform the reader that all the artillery, ammunition, and stores, being ready on shore, were now carried by a reinforcement of fifteen hundred negroes, which had arrived from Jamaica, whose legislature behaved on this occasion in a manner that does them infinite honor. Though the or- dinary price of labor there was fifteen pence sterling a day, these negroes were furnished for the use of government, at the moderate rate of five pence sterling. The Spaniards made a brave sally for the relief of the Moro and failed, and the English had new hopes, and these hopes " became more lively by the arrival, on the 27th of July, of part of the long expected reinforce- ment from North America, under Brigadier Burton, which had sailed from New York on the nth of June." The fall of Havana was on the 13th of August, and the Spanish fleet surrendered by the capitulation com- prised the following ships of war : El Tigre, of 70 guns commanded by the Marquis del Real Transporte, Admiral and Commander-in-chief. L' America .- 60 *=" Infanta 7° El Soverano 70 La Reyna 7° El Aquilon 7° El Conquestador 60 El Santo Antonio 60 ) ^^^^ ^^^^^ launched and fitted out. El Santo Geniare 60 ) La Thetis ^^ I -r 1 v, .1, ai , ., \ Taken by the Alarm. La Vanganza 22 j •' El Marte 18 Taken at Mariel by the Defiance. El Neptuno 70] El Asia 60 r Sunk in the entrance of the harbor. La Europa 60 J 0"e of ^° [ On the stocks. One of 60 J ffEJi STJiUGGL£S FOR LIBERTY. 233 And besides, one royal company's ship was taken, one sunk, and a third burnt. Mante remarks : In the acquisition of the Havana were combined all the advantages that could be procured in war. It was a military victory of the first magnitude; it was equal to the greatest naval victory by its effects on the marine of the Spaniards, who lost on that occasion a whole fleet. The vast quantity of tobacco and sugar collected at the Havana on the Spanish monarch's account, sold on the spot, exclusive of the ships and merchandise sent to, and sold in England, for seven hundred thousand pounds, which was divided amongst the conquerors. Though a great part of the provisions brought from England had been spoiled by the heat of the climate, the most distressing circumstances of the campaign was the scarcity of water. Of the vast catalogue of human ills, thirst is the most intolerable. On this occasion it soon caused the tongue to swell, extend itself without the lips, and become black as in a state of mortification; then the whole frame became a prey to the most excruciating agonies, till death at length intervened and gave the un- happy sufferer relief. In this way hundreds resigned themselves to eternity. A greater number fell victims to a putrid fever. From the appearance of perfect health, three of four short hours robbed them of existence. Many there were who endured a loathsome disease for days, nay weeks together, living in a state of putrefaction, their bodies full of vermin, and almost eaten away before the spark of life was extinguished. The carrion crows of the country kept constantly hovering over the graves which rather hid than buried the dead, and frequently scratched away the scanty earth, leaving in every mangled corpse a spectacle of unspeakable loathsomeness and terror to those who, by being engaged in the same enterprise, were exposed to the same fate. Hundreds of carcases were seen floating on the ocean. The Earl of Albemarle being expressly ordered when the Havana service should be over to return the same number of troops to North America that he might receive from thence, he embarked the fifth bri- gade for that continent; but most of them died in the passage or in the hospitals immediately on their arrival; and the artillery sent with them was entirely lost at sea. The troops which remained were not much more fortunate, being by this time so reduced by sickness that even seven hun- dred could not be mustered in a condition to do duty. 2 34 THE STORY OF CUBA. It was a great victory — an awful sum of wretched- ness. Thousands of young men perished, and the Island was tossed over to Spain as though it had not on it the costly stain of the English and American blood — shed there, it seemed, for prize money only. The lowest estimate of the plunder of Havana is $14,- 000,000, but the poor men got a lean share and the great chiefs were enriched. Colonel Cleveland, who com- manded the artillery, selected the church bells for an item of plunder, and the bishop protested to Albemarle, who replied that, " when a city was besieged and taken, the commander of the artillery receives a gratification, and that Colonel Cleveland had made the demand with his lordship's concurrence." The bishop offered to redeem the bells one thousand dollars, and the colonel named thirty thousand as his price — but Albemarle thought ten thousand would do — and the bells were ordered taken down. Then the bishop paid the " gratification," and the bells still are ringing. Albemarle concluded he wanted more money and wrote this polite note to the venerable bishop : Most Illustrious Sir: — I am sorry to be under the necessity of writing to your lordship what ought to have been thought of some days ago, namely, a donation from the church to the commander-in-chief of the victorious army. The least that your lordship can offer will be one hundred thousand dollars. I wish to live in peace with your lordship and with the church, as I have shown in all that has hitherto occured, and I hope that your lordship will not give me reason to alter my inten- tions. I kiss your lordship's hand. Your humble servant, Albemarle. As the bishop could not pay, and threatened appeal to the courts of England, Albemarle issued a proclama- tion declaring " that the conduct of the bishop was se- RER STRU6GLM.S POR LIBERTY. 235^ ditious ; that he had forgotton that he was now a sub- ject of Great Britain ; and that it was absolutely neces- sary he should be expelled from the Island, and sent to Florida in one of the British ships of war, in order that tranquillity might be maintained, and that good corres- pondence and harmony might continue between the new and the old subjects of the king, which the conduct of the bishop had visibly interrupted." Many remem- ber Albemarle in Havana well, and hate him yet. He not only had a monstrous appetite for money — he so mis- used a church — made a stable of it, the Spaniards say, that it was so defiled it has never been reconsecrated. It it is a solemn stone affair — with a grim steeple that was thought a few years ago to be leaning and danger- ous, but it bore itself so stiffly it could not be pulled down, and the conclusion was it must be perpendicular ; and so it stands and is regarded as a monument of the English occupation that should be a reproach to any people. There is no episode of our colonial history more im- pressive as showing the martial and adventurous char- acter of the people, and their union with the English in national spirit and sympathy, than the important part they took, with hearty good will and cheer, in their most timely and powerful reinforcement of the Havana expedition, that culminated in a glorious feat of arms, but terminated in a prize-money scandal, and an out- break of frightfully fatal disease, and the ridiculous, uncalled-for resubmission of the inestimable Island to Spain with a long train, not yet ended, of lamentable consequences. Unfortunately the records are so imper- fect that the story can only be presented in fragments. We have much pleasure in recognizing the success of C — 14 236 THE STORV OP CUBA. the New York Branch of the Society of Colonial Wars in collecting and making available the scanty but precious material. There are abundant documents comparatively of the revolutionary times, but the pres- entation of such papers as exist relating to military matters for the colonial period, while intelligently at- tempted, was rather due to fortunate accidents than to systematic effort. The report of the Committee on Historical Docu- ments of the Society of Colonial Wars on the part the colonies took in the expeditions against the Spanish, 1 740-1 742, published in the Society's Year Book of 1894, and addressed to the general court of the Society of Colonial Wars in the state of New York, is valuable for showing the steadiness with which the colonies were relied upon to aid the English in establishing themselves in the West Indies. The report on histor- ical documents opens with the statement that there was an effort made to prepare a muster-roll of the col- onial troops, but "after a good deal of investigation into the public records of the several states of Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, New York, Connecticut, New Hampshire, and Massachusetts, and after communicating with a number of officials and gentlemen of learning in these states, your committee is unable to prepare a complete muster-roll." A requisition was made by George II., in the thir- teenth year of his reign, upon all the colonies north of Carolina, to send four battalions to assist the expedition against Cartagena under Admiral Vernon. At a general assembly held at Williamsburg, August I, 1740, an act was passed directing the treasurer of the colony to pay Lieutenant-Governor William Gooch, HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 237 Esq.. five thousand pounds, to be applied towards pro- viding victuals, transports, and other necessaries for the soldiers raised in the colony for service in the Spanish war (5 Hening's "Statutes at Large," page 121 ). "The act recites that his most sacred Majesty (George II.), for vindicating the honor of his crown, for secur- ing the trade and commerce of his subjects, and for revenging the cruelties, depredations and insults com- mitted by the subjects of Spain upon those of Great Britain, thought it necessary to enter into a war with Spain." The result was his majesty wanted help and " rec- ommended and required of his good subjects " to pro- vide certain expenses. The committee report : There is little doubt that at least three companies were formally enrolled from Virginia, for it appears in the Executive Journal under date of August 6, 1740, that the following were commissioned : Captains : Lawrence Washington, Charles Walker, Richard Bushrod. Lieutenants : Francis Moss, Bellony, Lewis Browne. Ensigns : William Fitzhugh, Hugh Ross, Young, Pilot Under date of May 31, 1740, there is an entrv in the Executive Journal of an estimate of "three hundred and fifty pounds of shipping required to transport men that have or shall be raised in this colony for his majesty's service." It is well known that Lawrence Washington actually served in this expedition. The "Magazine of Ameri- 238 THE STORY OF CUBA. can History," Vol. II., page 436, N. Y., 1878, has a let- ter from him, written from Jamaica, 1741. Lawrence Washington was a brother of George Washington, and Mount Vernon, that was inherited by George, was named by Lawrence after his old friend and companion in arms, Admiral Vernon, who had charge of the expedition. The destruction by fire of the capitol building at Richmond destroyed the rolls, but there are hopes that copies may be found in the foreign office, London. The only New York muster-roll is this of a company raised in New Rochelle : Captain . Anthony Lispenard. Lieutenant : Will Le Conte. Ensign : Joseph Pell. Privates : Joseph Donaldson, James Cambey, Thomas Bolt, Nicholas Vallet, Robert Clement, Darius Lunt, John Constant, Jr., John James Pilliond, William Bridges. The prominence of Connecticut in the Havana ex- pedition, 1762, has been apparent, and by the courtesy of the Historical Committee we have the advantage of using the advance sheets of the Society of the Colonial Wars' 1895 Year Book, a valuable publication. The Journal of a chaplain with the expedition has the fol- lowing title page : HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 239 " Extracts from the Journal of the Reverend John Graham, Chaplain of the First Connecticut Regiment, Colonel Lyman, from September 25th to October 19th, 1762, at the Siege of Havana. Printed by Order of the Fourth General Court of the Society of Colonial Wars in the State of New York, Office of the Society, ^-j Liberty Street, New York, 1896." Committee on Historical Documents : Edward F. DeLancey, Gouverneur M. Smith, M. D., William G. Ver Planck, Abraham B. Valentine, Charles Isham, Secretary. The Journal is introduced with this note : This Journal gives, with the fervid and formal religious language of a Connecticut Congregational clergyman of the last century, vivid state- ments of the sufferings of the British army, regulars and provincials, at the siege of Havana in 1762. It also contains valuable statements of the numbers of the British regiments, and the names of the provincial troops, and the names and strength of the men-of-war engaged in the reduction of that strong Spanish city; facts that are difficult to obtain, except in large public libraries. The Rev. John Graham, who was born in Exeter, New Hampshire, in 1722, and who graduated from Yale College in 1740, was of the same name and profession as his father. The elder Rev. John Graham, M.A., received his degree from the University of Glasgow. He emi- grated to Boston in 1718, and married, first, Abigail, a daughter of Dr. Chauncey. At the time of the birth of John, junior, he was settled at Exeter, but removed later to Stafford, Conn., and was subsequently ordained minister over the Church in Woodbury, Conn., where he remained forty-two years — until his death. The son was, in 1746, minister of the West Parish of Suffield, then in Massachusetts, but since 1752 in Connecticut, and practiced medicine, as well as administering the affairs of his congregation. In 1 76 1 he accompanied the expedition against Havana, in the capac- ity of chaplain to the provincial forces, under General Phineas Lyman 240 THE STORY OP CUBA. of Connecticut, an intimate friend of tlie Graham family. The Con- necticut Brigade of twenty-three hundred men joined the regular troops and other provincials at Staten Island, whence the expedition sailed on the i8th of November, 1761. The combined forces, having captured Martinique on February 14th, and Havana on August 13th, 1762, succumbed to an epidemic of fever, by far the deadliest foe they had encountered. The Journal of Graham, although fragmentary, gives a vivid picture of the sufferings of these victors, and of their anxiety to relinquish their conquest. The author was not always careful to write himself juinor, hence there might be difficulty in identifying him as the chaplain, since his father had already served with Lyman in the operations against Crown Point. Allusions, however, in the Journal to his children. Love and Narcissus, appear to settle this question beyond a doubt. The Rev. John Gra- ham, Jr., like his father, was twice married, the girl and boy he men- tions being children by his first wife, Mary Sheldon. At the outbreak of the Revolution he was an ardent Whig, and so continued to the end. He died in 1790. Notices of the Grahams may be found in Spagu6s' " Annals of the Pulpit," and in Dexter's " Yale Biographies ; " also in Cothren's " History of Ancient Woodbury." Many of the manuscripts and letters of the family were in the posses- sion or the late John Lorriraer Graham, of Flushing, Long Island. The committee are indebted for this Havana Journal to the courtesy of the Rev. B. F. De Costa, D.D., of this city. New York, Dec. 16, 1895. The Rev. John Graham's Journal was in two parts, and only the second has been found, but hope of recov- ing the first has not been abandoned. That which we have and reproduce in full — for it is a broken block of honest history and beyond estimation in value — begins after the capture of Havana, and says nothing directly of the siege, but gives a quaint and vivid picture of the plague which confirms the frightful narrative we have quoted from the historian, Mante. AND CATHEDRA!,, HAVANA HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 243 JOURNAL OF THE REV. JOHN GRAHAM, SHOWING HOW THE PROVINCIAL SOLDIERS PERISHED BEFORE HAVANA OF A FEVER THAT WAS LIKE THE PLAGUE. Saturday, Sept. 25, 1762. — A pleasant morning, nothing extraordi- nary happened the last Night — but Sable night in gloomy Majesty sat upon the Camp, a Season, when men used to labour and fatague in ye day retire from Labour to recline their weary Limbs, and refresh them- selves with rest. . . . But in Camp how wide the difference, the Season true, invites to Rest but alas the heavy murmurs that humme among the Tents, and bursting groans from throbbing hearts Seized with panick, horror and Surprise because febrile flame kindles upon their vitals, or Tyrant pain, Tyger like preys upon their Bones or as a harpy Devours their entrails, forbids repose— nor Sooner did I deposit my weary Limbs in Bed and embrace the delectable pillow, but groan echoes to groan, and Sigh rises upon Sigh not unlike the waves and bil- lows of a Raging Sea. . . . Thus wit>h our Melancholly Camp a fatal desease enters tent after Tent, and with irresistable force strikes hands with soldier after Soldier, and with hostile violence Seizes the brave, the bold, the hearty and the Strong, no force of arms, no Strength of Limbs, no Solemn vows, no piteous moans, no heartrending Groans, no vertue in means, no Skill of Physicians can free from the Tyrant hand, but death cruel death that stands Just behind, draws the Curtain, Shews himself to the unhappy prisoner, and with peircing Sound Cried thou art, and at once throws his fatal dart, and fast binds them in Iron Chains — or Some disease in a Milder way Salutes them, and more gently treats them, but by Sure and certain Steps flatters them along by Slow degrees till they are introduced into the hands of unre- lenting death. . . . Others roll from Side to Side, and turn into every posture to find ease from pain that wrack their Tortured limbs — others that are yet untouch'd with diseases Called from their rest to help the distressed; hearken and likly you'l hear them as they pass along, return oaths for groans and Curses for Sighs horrible to /tear! Thus death in Camp reigns and has Tryumphed over Scores already, and dis- eases has hundreds fast bound as prisoners — and how few alas how few are prisoners of Hope. But are Soldiers the only persons attacked or exposed ? Verilly no, where are the Capts. the Lt. and Ensign that lately appeared and adorned our Camp, now Succepded by others in the Same Command ; are they 244 ^^^ STORY OF CUBA. not becom victims to Deatli, and Now held prisoners in the Grave on this Barbarous land, their deposited with many of their bold Soldiers till the last trumpit shall wake the Sleeping dead. . . . But heark mithink I hear a different voice, uttering heavy Groans where is it ? Surely its in the next Tent, O the officers of the field, Certainly no defference paid to Rank — The 2d in Command in the Regiment is Seized with Cold Chills that pass through every part, throws all nature into vio- lent agitation and Shakes the whole frame ; a febrile flame Succeeds, this alternate, till his vigorous and active limbs becomes feeble, and his ruddy Countenance, put on a pale and Languide hue — yet he lives. . . . Thus night after night are we accosted with the cries and Groan of the Sick and dying. Lamentations, Mourning and Woe in all most every Tent ; and what hearts so hard ? Who so past all Sensation, thats invested with any Degree of humanity, as not to feel a Sympathetic Smart. . . . Sabbath Day, Sept. 26, 1762. — This the day by divine appointment Sanctified and set apart to divine Use and Service ; that we in the Dic- alogue are Commanded to Remember and keep holy. . . . No occurances uncommon in Camp this Day — no publick Services. Monday, Sept. 27, 1762. —The affairs in Camp are as usual— a Rumor prevails, that the I'roops are to Embark in a few days. An account of the Troops that Served in the Siege of the Havanah : Regular Troops. 4 Independt Companies. ist, 4th, 8th, 9th, 15th, 17, 2. Companies Gorham Rangers. 22, 27, 28, 34, 35, 40. 5th, 42. ist Connecticutt Regment. 2d, 42, 43, 46, 48, 49, 56, 6. Companies New York. 58, 60, 65, 72, 73, 77, 90, 2. Do. New Jersey. 95. 3. Do. Rho Island. 5300 Negroes from Jamaica, Barbados and the Windward Islands. Navy— 17 Ships of the Line, 23 Frigates. Tuesday, Sept. 28, 1762. — The last night as well as the preceding day. Sultry Hott, had but little rest — my Ears constantly acosted with the groans and outcrys of the Sick and distressed : that the Camp is no other than a constant Scene of Woe, and misery opened, where the act- ors are a Collect Society of the most unhappy and unfortunate, forlornly wreched — Cast upon some Barbarous Land, among a Savage kind that know no pity, but there tender Mercies are Cruelty — where they are Smitten by the Sun by day, and the Sickly moon by night that in ye day the drought consume them, and Hurtfull damps by night — nor releafe HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 245 can be aforded, there pitying friends that stand around with pained hearts, can only tell them necessary Comforts and means are not to be had — what a word is this to be Sounded in Ears of those ready to die. But turn my thots, and who are these — behold a Number, Straggling along the road — awf ull, how they look ? what appearance do they make ? not unlike walking ghost. Just come from the Shades — but viewing more narrowly find them to be men. Crawled out of their Tent, wasted with Sickness : their flesh all consumed, there bones looking thro the Skin, a Mangie and pale Countenance, Eyes almost Sunk into there heads, with a dead and downcast look — hands weak, knees feeble. Joints Trem- bling — leaning upon Staves like men bowed and over loaded with old age, and as they Slowly move along Stagger and Reel, like drunken men — pityfull objects. Passing by these, there lyes one fal en down thro weakness by the wayside, there another, and another, yea Sundry more, in the Same Condition, unable to help themselves — there two or three fainted away — others crawling, according to their strength, not unlike the Snail in motion, with a little water to reveive them, as the best Cordial that can be produced. There sets a Number that walked a few rods and there strength is exhausted and are seated on the ground to recruit, that they may return to there Tents. Younder goes four of the stouter Sort lugging their Capt. that stept a little from his tent, fainted away. Back to his Tent again. There goes one. Supported by one under each Arm — goes did I say ? rather he is in this manner Carried, for scare has he power to Set one foot before the other, nor can his feeble trem- bling knees one half support his frame, tho but a Shadow. There another and another in like manner convey along from one tent to another. Just behind is brot along another in his Blanket strung upon two poles — Carried by four. Just by. Six Soldiers take up there Captain upon their Shoulders as he lies pale and helpless in his bed, his bedstead serves as a Byer, and his Curtains waving in the wind as a pawl, in this manner conveyed from his Tent in Camp to a Neighbouring Room, if possible to prevent the extinction of the remaining Sparks of Life. There is one, two, three Graves open'd, here they come with as many Corps, there blankets both there winding sheet and Coffins ; scarce have they finished the interment of these, but a messenger comes in hast to tell them, they must open a grave or two more, for Such a one is dead, and another is dying. Some there rage and fury seems to be turn'd against God himself — and will knaw their tongues for Anguish and pain, and blaspheme the God of heaven, because of their pain and distress, and repent not of their 246 THE STORY OF CUBA. deeds— yea Curse their King and God looking upward — at a little dis- tance another lies, not a murmur heard from his Mouth, but seems to be thankfull for everything he Receives, and thinks every favor to be more than he deserves ; another a little revived feels Some appitite or food, and he complains he shall be Starved to Death —another without Compliment lays hold of anything that comes in his way, and with his Teeth soon puts a period to life, another groans under a Load of Sick- ness, and is ready to Curse the day that he engaged in the Service, Call- ing himself fool, madman, and worse than distracted, for coming to this place ; but still ran along the Tents, here a Number recruited Somewhat — and there Cry is home, home, when shall we go aboard ; when shall we go home : O if I was once at home I should Soon be well : O Crys one we haven't received our price money : no Says, another and never shall ; another makes answere that he dont care nothing about the price money if I cou'd but once get away from this Cursed place for we 'shall all die if we don' go Soon — and if I cou'd but once get from henc they shall never catch me here again : But whats here ? its one of the Ten- ders drunk, anoy'n Swearing at him — thus in different posture under dif- ferent Circumstances and of different temper and disposition they are — and what a Malancholly, Gloomy and afflictive Scene is this ? How hor- rible to behold ? — but retire my thots, and give o'er thy Rove. About 5 o'clock waited on Gen'l Lyman at his Room in the Sheperd Battery with Capt. Ems inform'd that a Subaltern's part of the price money now to be divided, was ^126 Sterling. A pleasant moon Shine Evening, about 12 at night a Smart Shower of rain. Wednesday, Sept. 29, 1762. — Had but little rest. Sleep seem'd entirely to depart from my Eyes, and Slumber from my Eye Leds. Filt not so Current as usual when I arose — afterwards more Comfortable, but felt the want of rest. Thursday, Sept. 30, 1762. — The Commanding officers of every Core, dined with his Lordship, who informed that we should Sail in afewdays and also that in one Spanish Ship Sunk in the harbour, had in her 260,- 000 dollors — nothing but the distresses of Sick and dying to be heard in Camp. This Evening about 10 o'Clock Dr. Hubbard died. The Learned Phiscian, endowed with Skill armed with medicine, came to be an Instrument to rescue others from the Jaws of death — but baf- fled in his Skill, himself attackt, falls a prey to voratious death Nor means, nor Skill, nor Recipies nor forms Could the fine Surgeon Save — but yields to death, and's hide within the grave. Friday, Oct. t, 1762. — This day my daughter Love is nine years of HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 1A,J age — times still gloomy and melancholly in Camp dying 7, 8 and 9 in the Compass of 24 hours Lord let not thine anger consume us. Saturday, Oct. 2, 1762. — All the forepart of the day, very hott, and Sultry about 3 o'clock p.m., the heavens Covered with Blackness, indi- cated heavy Thunder and rain, the Clouds seem'd to break and scatter and but a Sprinkle of rain — then Collected again, and by some distant heavy Thunder were broken and scattered again — again Collected, and a Soaking heavy rain enSued. last till about Sundown, when it ceased raining, but the Clouds not cleared of about y^ before 7 o'Clock the rain came on again — a heavy rain till past Eight when it cleared of, and the Queen of Night in Silver brightness Shone : the heavens calm, and Air Serene and Clear. two heavy Showers in the Night — 4 Vessels arrived in the harbour from the american Coasts. The whole number died out Gen'l. Lymans Regiment Since we Left New York, which then Cosisted of 914 — to this day, is 184. Viz — 2 Captains. I Lieutenant. I Ensign. I Surgeon's Mate. 5 Sergeant's. I Drummer. 173 Privates. Total, 184 Sabbath Day, Oct. 3, 1762. — The this day is by divine appointment is Set apart as holy, and consecrated to holy uses yet in Camp, among the Troops, is set aside as common, and not so much as the least visible Shew or appearance of anything yet is religious carried on ; but God and religion Christ and Salvation are disregarded, contemn'd and dis- piced, and we live as tho there was no God, no future Judgment, but as if we had given and preserved, life to ourselves, and consequently were never to be accountable to any others how we lived, or Spent our days. I asked Col. Putnam in ye Morning what there was to hinder publick Service — he answered, he knew nothing in the world to hinder it— I askt him if it was not duty if there was nothing to hinder — Yes, answered he, by all means, and I wonder in my Soul why we don't have Service ; and add'd we could have prayers night and morning Just as well as not — but 248 THE STORY OF CUBA. then says he, ther'l be but few to attend, theres so many Sick, and so many to attend the sick that there cou'd be a Great many, I replied — we had this to encourage us, where two or three are met together in my Name, Says God, there am I in the midst of them to bless them ; so that it was not numbers that entitled to the blessing — thats true Says he, I will go down to the General and Speak to him about it, bides good by — have heard no more of it Sinse. Spent the day in retirement, affairs in Camp as usual. Monday, Oct. 4, 1762. — A pleasant morning — a pleasant Breeze all the forepart of the Day — went down to the waterside to See Mr. Bancroft, but he was gone, and returned fatagued — in the afterpart of the day vis- ited part of the hospital Tents. Tuesday, Oct. 5, 1762. — Had comfortable rest last night, and much refreshed, this morning — Some unpleasant Salutations — visited the offi- cers Sick in Camp, and the Soldiers in Some part of the Hospital Tents; and what sad Specticles are they, many of them ; a Bony Frame cov- ered with a little Skin, mere skellitans. Wednesday, Oct. 6, 1762. — Nothing more than Common Unless, that the men dont fall Sick anything so fast — nor do the Sick die so fast — and more comfortable prospect of the Recovery of many that have been brought low — visited Gen'l. Lyman, and all the officers sick in Camp — the rest of the day Spent in Reading. Thursday, Oct. 7, 1762. — This Morning Col. Putnam and Lt. Park went of into ye Country to buy fresh provisions. Such aS' poultry, etc. — • in the afterpart of ye day visited part of the hospital Tents. Friday, Oct. 8, 1762. — A pleasant Morning — the day thro a Comfort- able Breeze — the forepart of the day visited all the officers sick in Camp two Ships of war came into the Harbour and one Cat Ship. Nothing extraordinary in Camp happened this day. Saturday, Oct. 9, 1762. — Much labour of mind to waste away the time with most, impatient for the arrival of that day and hour when they shall embark for Home, and Crossing the foaming Seas, shall reach their native Shores, and with wraptured hearts o'er come with Joy, Salute, embrace, and fall into the Arms, of their long wished for, wish- ing, lovely, loving friends. The No. of dead out of Gen'l. Lymans Regment, 207. Nothing re- markable in Camp. Sabbath Day, Oct. 10, 1762. — This Day has been observed as Usual in Camp, a total neglect of all religious Services, as to any visible ap- pearances in General. HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 249 Orders from Head Quarters. That the provincials hold themselves in readiness to embark about the 20th of this instant. Long looked for, long expected, much desired to know the fixed time. Monday, Oct. 11, 1762. — This morning 3 Ships of the Line fell down out of the Harbor, under the Command of Commodore Kipple, who Sa- luted Admiral Pocock with 17 Cannon, the Admiral return'd 15 — one of the 3, a 70 Gun Ship, unhappily went foul of one of ye Sunk Ships in the mouth of the Harbour, and Stuck fast till 3 o'Clock p.m. when She cleared the Ship — Tis said that the Ships are design for Jamacai. A.M., Visited all the sick officers in the Regiment that are in Camp, then visited Gen'l. Lyman, p.m. visited a considerable part of the hospital Tents — at my return found Col. Putnam and Lt. Parks returned from the Country, Lt. Parks Sick — at Evening had the Joyfull news of the prosperous Season in New England and the Smiles of divine provi- dence upon the labours of the field : that they have plentifull Crops, the News bro't in by a vessel last from New London — that arrived this af- ternoon in the harbour. Tuesday, Oct. 12, 1762.— A heavy rain towards morning — a pleasant morning and fine Air. A. M. visited officers in Camp. Sick — ^all seem to be upon the recruit. This morning 3 Ships of the Line more fell down out of the Harbour, to Join Commodore Kepple, who are to Cruize along to the Northward if possible to come across a french fleet that is reported to be out — and then go to Jamaica. Two frigates Joind them that lay at the mouth of the Harbour. Towards night, the heavens were cover'd with blackness, and a heavy rain came on. Severe lightning and heavy Thunder, held till 8 o'clock the heavyest rain we have ever known upon the Land. Wednesday, Oct. 13, 1762. — This Morning another Ship of the line went out to Join the above mentioned Ships upon their Cruize — a little before 4 o'Clock p.m. the rain came on again — continued till late in the Night. Thursday, Oct. 14, 1762. — About 2 o'Clock this morning Ephraim Parks, one of our Family died, a rainy night this morning fair and pleas- ant — in the afternoon very strong wind — at night heavy rain. Friday, Oct. 15, 1762. — A very heavy Rain all the latter part of the night and in the morning, little after sun rise Clear'd of — a pleasant fore noon — this day my youngst Son Narcissus is a year old. a.m. vis- ited the sick officers in Camp. p.m. Orders from head quarters. 6 Trans- 2 so THE STORY OF CUBA. ports appointed for the Connecticutt Troops to Carry them to N. York, who are order' d to imbark Next Tuesday — good news to the Troops. Saturday, Oct. i6, 1762. — A pleasant and comfortable Morning for this Country that has proved so fatal to so many of our Troops. Vis- ited the offices sick in Camp — this day a distrabution of the troops among the transports and, am order' d aboard the Royal Duke, a large Transport Ship of about 500 tuns. Sabbath Day, Oct 17, 1762. — All in a hurry making preparations for the Embercation and laying Stores for the Voige to New York — tho' the day is the Lord's by a special appropriation, yet nothing of religious ser- vice observed, or anything besides the present important affair of pro- viding each one for himself without an relation to another, and as tho' there was no being to be dependant upon but each upon himself. Visited the sick officers in Camp — by Yesterday return, died the last Week 19 Dead before 207 In Gen'l. Lyman Regd. Total 226 Monday, Oct. 18, 1762. — The Camp all in a Tumult, in a hurry em- barking the Sick and laying stores for voyage one running one way an- other hastning another in a hurry doing but little — about 4 o'Clock p.m. embarked on board the Royal Duke, a fine large ship and noble Conve- niences for Officers and Soldiers — the main body of the Connecticutt Troops embarque'd this Day on board the transports appointed for them. Tuesday, Oct. 19. — This day Gen'l. Lyman Reed of the Pay Master Gen'l. the prize money for Connecticutt Troops — and pay'd to the sev- eral Capts. of our Regm't a propotion for themselves and Soldiers. Still lye in harbour. Wedndsday, Oct. 20, 1762. — Weigh'd anchor and fell down to the mouth of the harbour, a.m. went on board the Resolution and Rec'd the adjutant. 100 Dollars and 150 in Bitts. Thursday, Oct. 21, 1762. — Just at night going out of the harbour narrowly escaped running on the Rocks — the Ship struck once, but a wind Sprung up and carried us Clear — stood of to sea all night. Fryday, Oct. 22, 1762. — Return'd Back to find the fleet. Join'd the fleet toward night, when the Capts. of Transports Rec'd there orders from the Commadore. Was very ill all day. ttER STRUGGLES POR LIB&RTY. ^^1 Saturday, Oct. 23, 1762. — More comfortable this Morning, contin- ued on Course towards the metazes. Sabbath Day, Oct. 24. — Had a very ill day unable to move, thick broke out all over— a pleasant day. Monday, Oct. 25, 1762. — the last night towards the latter part strong gust of wind — Continued all day — more comfortable to day but not able to sett up much. Taken out of the money Reed of Dollars 3. Bitts 5. John Graham. 10 March, 1763. The leader of the provincial troops in the Havana ex- pedition was General Phineas Lyman, of whom we have this brief and mournful account in Appleton's En- cyclopaedia : Lyman, Phineas, soldier, born in Durham, Conn., in 1-716 ; died near Natchez, Miss., 10 Sept., 1774. He was bred to the trade of a weaver, but subsequently prepared for college, and was graduated from Yale in 1738 In 1 761 he was ordered to Canada, and in 1762 he was sent with 2,300 men to assist in the capture of Havana, and subsequently placed in com- mand of the entire provincial force during that unlucky expedition. At its close he was deputed by the surviving ofiScers and soldiers to proceed to England and receive the part of the prize money that remained due. A company of " Military Adventurers " had also been formed by his exertions, chiefly composed of those who had served in the late wars, whose object it was to obtain from the British government a tract of land on the Mississippi and Yazoo rivers. Soon after his arrival in England, in 1763, a change of ministry took place, and so many ob- stacles appeared in the way of accomplishing his design that he re- mained abroad until 1772, unwilling to return home and admit failure. He was at last taken back by his son, the wreck of his former self, but not until he had obtained permission from the crown to settle on a tract of land twenty miles square, east of the Mississippi and south of the Yazoo. The " Military Adventurers " having been reorganized. Gen. Lyman began in December, 1773, with a few companions, to make a preliminary survey The party settled near Hatches, but Lyman soon died. 2S^ tUE STORY OP CUBA. As two of the British lords divided more than a milhon dollars, it was not unnatural on the part of the provincial officers to think there was something coming to them; but the wild land in the Yazoo coun- try was in those times a sorry substitute for the Span- ish silver and gold that was carried to England. HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 253 CHAPTER XV. EARLY INCIDENTS OF THE PRESENT WAR. The Ibarra Band the First Organized — Coloma and His Fiancd, Being Captured, are Married in Moro Castle — Efforts Made for Peace, but the Disturbance Spread Rapidly — General Campos, President Marti, Gomez, and Maceo Land in Cuba — Marti's Death — The Cause of Guerilla Warfare. On the 24th of February, 1895, the citizens of Havana were greatly surprised to learn that pubUc order had been disturbed in two different sections of the country. Captain-General Calleja had received an official com- munication from the civil governor of the province of Matanzas, stating that an insurgent band had made its appearance in Ibarra, while the civil governor of San- tiago de Cuba had telegraphed him to the effect that mobs were causing trouble both in Baires and in Jigu- ani. Further information gathered was not reassuring to Calleja, and by his proclamation of the 28th of Feb- ruary, " martial law " was put in force in the two prov- inces named. According to Art. 3 of said proclama- tion, no penalty whatever should be imposed on any rebels who would surrender in eight days. That Ibarra band, the first one in the present war, numbered about thirty men, one of them being Juan Gualberto Gomez, colored, the well-known editor of the popular Havana daily, La Lucha. The chief of the party, however, was Antonio Lopez Coloma, a young man who was in charge of the Ignacia plantation C— IS 2 54 THE STORY OF CUBA. and had organized the band. On his leaving for the neighboring fields, another young man, Armando Gon- zalez, tried to detain him by force; but Coloma killed him on the spot. Four days afterwards the party were encamped in the woods near the Ignacia sugar mill; when a few cavalrymen and a small guerilla band made a sudden attack upon the rebels ; some of them suc- ceeded in escaping, Gomez among them; but others were made prisoners. A romantic incident is deserving of mention here. Lopez Coloma and Senorita Amparo Orbe had been en- gaged for some time, and when he determined to take to the field, she ran away from home to follow him and share his fate. So it happened that she was a pris- oner with her lover in the San Severino Castle of Ma- tanzas ; but was released a few days later, while Coloma had to remain in the fortress. He was subsequently taken to the Moro Castle of Havana, and the young woman having moved to the capital, their marriage took place in that prison. Editor Gomez had escaped unhurt ; but after having ascertained what had happened to Lopez Coloma and most of his companions, decided to surrender to the authorities, which he did, as did likewise the rest of the members of the Ibarra band, who were scattered about the country. He was brought before General Calleja, in Havana, who pardoned him at once, in accordance with said Article 3 of his proclamation ; but while Gomez was still in the governor's palace, the chief-of-police arrived there with an order from the court to arrest him on a charge that he was implicated with two Spaniards, Agapito Anitua and Eladio Lar- ranaga, in the introduction of a lot of firearms and car- HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 255 tridges, of military pattern. The Cuban and the two Spaniards were tried and found guilty. Gomez and Anitua were given twenty year sentences, and Lar- ranaga twelve of hard labor in Ceuta, the Spanish fort- ress on the African coast, opposite Gibraltar. Soon after the dispersion of the Coloma band, it became evident that the spirit of rebellion had already spread through several districts, where secret prepara- tions had been made, as the result of long and careful plotting at home and abroad. Dr. Martin MarreKO gathered about fifty men under the Cuban flag at Jaguey Grande, and Joaquin Pedroso, a young gentle- man of Havana, organized another small party at Aguada de Pasojeros; but these two bands were only a few days in the field. Troops were sent against them and a general dispersion followed. Most of the men surrendered, but Dr. Marrero was allowed to leave for Spain, together with two friends of Pedroso. Before surrendering, some of Marrero's men took refuge in the " Cienaga de Zapata," where they met an unexpected and terrible foe. They had to fight regular battles to protect themselves against swarms of furious alligators, the most aggressive inhabitants of that vast marsh-land. There was trouble of a different kind in Pedroso's party; this gentleman commanded his own band only until it received a reinforcement consisting of a number of highwaymen, under Matagas, who at once instituted himself as supreme chief, notwithstanding all proper protestations. Matagas, like Manuel Garcia, Pregino Alfonso, and some others not so well known, had been plundering the country for many years previous to the outbreak of the present revolution. Manuel Garcia, generally called " El Rey de los Campos de Cuba " 2 5(3 THE STORY OF CUBA. (the kinf^ of the Cuban fields), was killed in an encounter with the tr()()[)s at the same time the above events were takinjj^ pl.iee. In the meantime, Julio San^aiilly, J<)S(; Maria Aj^^ulrre and Ramon I'erez Tru jillo had been arrested. Sanjruilly, a major-general, and Aguirre, a colonel of the Caibans in the last war, claimed Amc:riean cilizcnship ; l\!rez belonged to the ('entral Junta of the Autonomist i)arty in Havana. Nothing could be proven ag.ainst Aguirre or I'crc.z, and they were released after due investiga- tion before a civil court ; but Sanguilly was convicted, and sentenced to prison for life. 'i'iie dispersion of the bands at Jaguey and Aguada led to the belief that j)eace would prevail in the prov- inces of Matanzas and Las Villas. Not so in that of Santiago de Cuba, where a tremendous plot was dis- covered. The conspirators had planned to set (ire to the whole of Santiago and start a general massacre, the first intended victim being Governor ICnrique Cap- riles, who, receiving warning, lost no time in preventing any possible disturbance in liis capital. Numerous bands began, also, to ai)])ear in other districts und(;r " (luiller- mon, Ouintin, IJandera, I'ericjuito, Perez, (Inrzon Goulet, Herrezuelo, iuirique Brooks, the brothers Sartorius, the journalist, Jose Miro, Guerra, l'"eria, Marrero, IJojas, Lora, the brothers i^abi, the Estradas, Reitor and Tam- ayo." Many of these chiefs had served the; Cuban cause during the last war, especially Hart< W a £-1 tn O > M 1-1 749 Capt. Alejo Cantero, Capt. Felix Yurubide and thirteen more. . 15 Cristobal Mendoza i Com. Manuel Torres, Pref. Emi- lio Tellez, Subpref. Macias, and some other officers 8 One who smelt as a rebel i Three rebels 3 Juan Meneses i N. Rodriguez i Emilio Moreno and another. ... 2 Gen. Jose M. Aurrecoechea and his chief-of-staff, Facundo Ca- ble 2 Lope Recio Agramonte i One armed rebel i Two rebels 2 Cap. Francisco Betancourt, Emi- lio Estrada, Carlos Torres, Jose Molina, Francisco Bena- vides, Manuel Montojo and Caballero, Javier B. Varona, Martin Loynaz y Miranda. . . 8 Manuel Zuniga, Evaristo Torres, Francisco Llaurador, Miguel Peralta, Antonio Olivo, An- tolin Varela, Santiago Miran- da, Antonio del Toro 8 Jose Cayetano Santos i One rebel i Eleven shot in different excur- sions II 1,816 D 6 Dec. 8 " 18 a 31 n 10 it 10 iC 14 a 22 n I Jan, IS n 23 Dec. I Jan. 27 Dec. 22 " 3 Jan. 15 " 382 THE STORY OF CUBA. 31 Trinidad, 11 <( (( Guanaja. Colon. — Canoa. 1,816 A negro man i Nicolas Fernandez i Seven prisoners captured with the wife of President Cespe- des 7 Antonio de Armas i Segundo Bejerano and Antonio Aviles 2 D 4 Jan, 5 ff 14 (( 15 c< January. I Santiago. " Vergel. " Cieguito. " Guisa. 7 Santiago. 9 Cienfuegos. " Tunas. — Camaguey. 9 Holguin. 15 Sti. Espiritu. 23 Manzanillo. " Santiago. 24 Santiago. " Consolacion. 25 Vuelta Abajo. " Sti. Espiritu. 26 Cauto. 30 Esperanza. 1871 Jose Catasus, Tomas Stable and Mr. Marcetti 3 Two negro rebels 2 Two rebels 2 Four rebels 4 Augusto A. Dominguez, Dr. Juan A. Corrales 2 Mariano Guerra i Nineteen rebels 19 Antonio Hernandez and two others 3 J. L. Ricardo and another 2 Two rebels 2 R. Guardia y Cespedes i Felipe L. Diaz, Juan Callejas and Severo Gonzales i L. J. Aguilera 1 Two rebels 2 Felipe Rivero, P. Santana, F. Hernandez, N. M. Naranjo, N. Napoles, C Planas, A. Mora, A. Estevez, and Rodriguez.. 8 A mulatto i Pedro Marmol i Bernardino Valdes i 1,884 7 June 4 Jan. 10 u 4 u 14 <( 13 (1 22 (( 31 ii 10 Feb. IS Jan. I Feb. I « 8 it 25 Jan. 28 " 29 " 8 Feb. HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 383 l''ebruary. 1 Cienfuegos. " Trinidad. 2 Cascorro. 6 Margarita. 7 Las Lajas. " San Jorge. " S. Geronimo. 8 Joiral. " Tunas. 12 Loreto. 15 Ciego. 16 Sti. Espiritu. " Jumento. 17 Barajaguas. " Trinidad " Moron " Sagua. 19 Sti. Espiritu. " Naranjo. 23 Camaguey. " Guaramena. 26 Juan Sanchez. " Casanova. j8 San Jose. March. r Trinidad. " Balume. 3 Villar. 6 Caunao. 1,884 A. Rodriguez i M. de la C. Gomez, L. A. Jaura- gui 2 Enrique Uranga i Eight rebels 8 A negro who fled i A rebel i Two rebels 2 Pedro Romero i F. Prieto, N. Milanes and Miguel Marti, 3 A. Lopez Gutierrez i A rebel i Placido Peralta i Jose Cerise 1 A rebel i Leon Pena i A rebel i Brigido Ferrer i A postman i A postman i C. Sosa, E. Miranda Provost Sergeant Callejas , 3 Seventeen rebels 17 Majors M. Perdomo and S. Mila, Capt. A. Paredes, Lieut. E. Rivero, J. B. Agramonte, J. Martinez, P. Ibarra, B. Leiva and F. Echemendia 10 Nine shot 9 A man 1 Miguel Gollo i Camilo Carnesoltas i A negro i M. Cervantes, Jose de Jesus del Sol, Rafael del Sol, M. Her- nandez and F. Rodriguez 5 1.952 D 2 Feb. 7 U 14 U I Mch. I (t I (f 10 U 17 U 23 <( 17 « I u 24 Feb I Mch. I ii. I Pensions, Monts-de-Piete, etc 2,000,000 Justice- ^5,000 Public treasury 708,000 " ;| Public works 588,000 ^-i- Public instruction (superior) c 182,200 ' Common schools ! o M5.909.,2oo • Of this, it is the Cuban claim, sixty-six per cent, of the taxes in the Island goes to the peninsula, as plaiiily as if sent off in treasure ships in the old style.. L ". .: ,. >-■> " s>. DESTRUCTION OF RAHROAD TRAIN BY DYNAMITE HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 435 When it is considered that the Spanish " reforms, " that were withheld, as we are often told, because the insurrection broke forth, were unreal — did not change the fact that the only actual authority was adjusted to remain in Spain — no true home rule even attempted, and the policy of massacre is carried out while business men confer — the impossibility of advancing peace meas- ures is demonstrated, and the horrors of the situation appear the more vividly. The dreadful narratives thrust upon our attention emphasize the deadly nature of the Cuban crisis. There is a culmination of horrors. The wretched fugitives from the bloody fields and country houses in ashes are hasten- ing wildly to Havana and other cities and the towns, flee- ing from murder and famine, to sleep and wander in the unclean streets, to meet the pestilence. How the car- nival of blood, the massacres that are called combats, and the exterminating assassinations are to be prevented, in any way moderated, or even their increase checked, is a question as difficult as the situation is deplorable. The president is called upon to take action. It is not his duty to declare war, with Congress in session, but he must have enough evidence before him to authorize the most serious representations by our consul-general to the captain-general of Cuba, and by the minister to Spain to the government of that country ; and it will not be sufficient for the Spanish general in command to discredit all the news of an unofficial character that comes from Cuba, or for the Spanish government to refuse to listen to offers of good offices from the United States, and to go on speaking of their inflexible pride and indomitable purpose. We know enough about that. We know well that 436 THE STORY OF CUBA. more than forty years ago Spain was hard-pressed in the course of the Ostend conference poUcy, and that it did become her dignity then to decline to accept our suggestions. We are aware that it was the right of Spain to refuse to sell her last great American posses- sion, and she could dothatagain without justly incurring our ill will We are aware of the false representations that were made of the Lopez and the Virginius affairs by the filibusters vyere countenanced in this country — but that was chiefly on account of the inhumanity, the savagry of the shooting of prisoners by scores — but we remember General Prim, when ruler of Spain, treated representations from our government that his country might advantageously give up Cuba, with calm consideration, no display whatever of indignation. We know how frantic the Spaniards grow at the thought that we want Cuba, and with what insanity they assert that she is their own affair, and they will never tol- erate any interference. We beg pardon, but maybe they will ! It is possible that they must. Cuba is an American island — the American island — and we, the United States are the great American power, and have some rights that are imperial, and we can assert them in a spirit of justice, and a potentiality that there is no power on the earth that can hinder. We know it is the most familiar thing outside our country in the history of this hemis- phere — Spain has parted with her enormous American colonies, from Chili to California, and we speak within bounds in saying, because she was incapable of fair play to colonists. She would rule them as she has ruled Cuba, and has therefore lost the position in the world that her American possessions would have given her, HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 437 through her implacable injustice, her irrational and un- appeasable greed. We know, too, that Spain gave up the Floridas to us, and that she once was the proprietor of all the ample shores of the Gulf of Mexico, and they are all gone from her but Cuba, standing a sorrowful, reproachful, solitary sentinel, the sombre.needless guard- ian of the gate of the lost empire. Now, shall she cling with defiant desperation forever to this final fragment of what was the Spanish world, and is now a mournful mon- ument of misgovernment and misfortune, and assert the right to murder a people who refuse to be the servants of her servants, and jeer at us that we have no right of humanity to protest — we the nearest neighbor and pre- dominant power — no privilege of Christianity or chiv- alry, to see that a race born on American soil shall not perish from the earth at the hands of carpet-baggers from over the sea, who refuse all forms of self govern- ment, to those they have oppressed for generations ? Cannot some Spanish statesman rise with the will and the force to save his own country from the ruin that is impending for Spain ? Shall she commit suicide because Cuba is not to be hers again ? Spain is stumbling down a dark and bloody road to her doom, and she should find in herself the manliness and wisdom to preserve her from the inevitable conse- quences of a relentless resolution to avenge herself upon her children, because they resent her stupid and woeful tyranny, and resist, torch and knife in hand, the policy of massacre that threatens to be the most hideous chap- ter of human crime and misery. There is frivolous talk in Spain of war with the United States. We would not be- boastful of ability to assert ourselves, because Spain is a weak power ; but we may, in a war becoming 438 THE STORY OF CUBA. barbarous, interpose with the preservation of our own equipoise, to command the peace ; and we may close the crisis in peace, if we rise to the occasion, ready with the sword and the supreme moral force that has accepted, the challenge of fate and the duty of destiny. Thus we shall impose no calamity on any one, but give relief to Spain, freedom to Cuba, and dignity and glory to ourselves. We are the true and competent America. We need shed no drop of blood — for the price of peace and honor, for us and for all in this crisis, is the courage that accepts the hazard of taking the fateful responsi- bility with absolute resolution. THE CURRENCY CRISIS. There is a currency crisis impending in Cuba. The money measure thus far has been the ounce of gold. The Spanish gold is not so fine as the American, and, therefore. United States gold there commands a pre- mium over Spanish gold — hence the humor of buying a small article, paying in a half eagle, and getting a Span- ish five dollar gold-piece and some silver change in re- turn. Spanish gold is at a premium over silver, and there has been no paper money. The Spanish five dollar piece is the current measure. A bill in a shop or hotel is settled in Spanish gold, and if paid in American gold there is something coming on every dollar, and if the payment is in silver, a number of dollars, equal to the sum named in the bill does not go until the premium is added. The ounce of gold, 900 fine, may be styled the unit, and there are close calculations in paying bills. There has not been a scrap of paper money in circulation in Cuba, but there is to be an issue of notes, and the public are apprehensive, and not HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY 439 at all pleased with the probability, as they remember that the paper floated during the last war was not re- deemed at par, and that its fluctuations in value were exceedingly annoying. In the United States, where a dollar is one hundred cents, and where paper, gold, sil- ver, nickel and copper money are absolutely on a par, many people do not realize the discomfort of a fluctu- ating currency. The present condition of money there should particularly interest the free silver advocates of the United States. Nobody can tell now at what rate the paper money to be issued will pass, but it certainly will not be the same as either gold or silver. A Havana correspondent gives this interesting article : "The monetary unit here is the peso, which takes the form of a large silver piece, about the same size as an American dollar. It is divided into five pesetas, each presumably worth twenty centavos, or cents. The real — worth ten centavos — is the smallest silver piece in circulation, as the half reals have been withdrawn. The centavos are big, clumsy, copper coins, much larger than American cents. The smallest gold coin now issued by the Spanish mint is the centen — on which is stamped the announcement that it is worth twenty-five pesetas, five pesos. As gold is at a premium here and silver at a discount, the values do not agree. The centen is worth from $6 to $6.io in silver, and as much as $6.43 in copper money, but no ordinary man would think of getting change in copper, as he would have to hire a pack mule to take it home, and then he would have to get rid of it in driblets, as cabmen object to taking twenty cents in copper, and small merchants do like- wise, preferring silver and insisting upon getting it. 440 THE STORY OF CUBA. " The gold centen has a premium of six per cent., and the coin passes for $5.30 everywhere. Ten centens are always $53 for the purchase of articles in local busi- ness houses, though importing merchants pay for their goods abroad without getting a premium. All large bills are payable in gold, and the hotels and restaur- ants always specify that the prices given for food and drinks are in gold. The fact is that in paying for food and drinks in cash, silver is taken ; if the bill is paid at the end of the week the guest loses money. For convenience, merchants count the value of the centen as $6 in silver; that is if you see an article in a shop window marked $2.50 gold, that means that you pay on the basis of $6 silver for the centen. "The small shops get very little gold. Their prices are for silver, but when they pay the wholesaler they must get gold. The result is exchange offices all over the city — dozens of them around the markets and main centres of trade. To these Casas de Cambio men go to have their centens turned into silver. The prices of the day are usually posted on the outside, and some- times there is a difference of a cent or two between neighboring places. In the last month the price has ranged from $6.04 to $6.08, varying every day, accord- ing to the demand. Money brokers all announced that they will pay more for large quantities of centens. " Naturally, the chief sufferer is the laborer, who is paid in silver, and who loses all the way through the transaction. Prices of small things are extraordinarily high, even considering the small value of the money. For instance, Rocquefort cheese brings 80 centavos a pound, American soda crackers 45 centavos a pound box, American caramels, cheapest grade, one peso a HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 44 1 pound ; draught beer ten centavos a glass, American, German, or English beer or ale, 35 to 40 cents a bottle, and so on all the way through. Washing is a very expensive item in a hot climate, where constant changes of linen are necessary. The hotel laundries charge 25 centavos for shirts and nightshirts, ten cents for cuffs, and five for collars. " Money was never so scarce in Havana as it is to-day, and yet the capital suffers less in proportion than any other point on the Island. One effect of the war has been to concentrate the population almost entirely in the larger cities ; whole hamlets have been deserted and laid in ruins by one side or the other for fear that the enemy would utilize the houses ; rich men have become poor and homeless, workmen have been sud- denly deprived of all means of earning a livelihood; the supply of provisions has been cut down every- where, and prices of food have increased. A large pro- portion of the residences are offered to let, and hand- some houses could be obtained now for a mere fraction of the money they formerly brought. Many large business houses have already closed their doors, and others have decreased their force of clerks, reduced the salaries of those retained, and even at the present basis find there is no profit, and contemplate giving up until times are better. Outgoing steamers continue crowded with passengers, while those that arrive are practically empty. Beggars spring up at every step in the streets, with tales of starvation and misery — one hears of nothing but poverty." The appearance of paper money will be regarded in Havana as another symptom that the decline of the old order has reached the falling state. 442 THE STORY OF CUBA. The cause of the crisis in Cuba, deeper even than the antiquated economy that discriminates against natives in their own country, or the demonstrably unjust taxa- tion — the corrupt intolerance by the foreign office-hold- ing class, and all the list of vindictive discrimination by the peninsular powers against the producers of the Island, is displayed in a striking characterization of the contending races, by A. Gallenger, in his work, " The Pearl of the Antilles," published in London in 1873. Gallenger says : The real bane of social life in Havana lies in the deep-seated and hardly smothered animosity of race, one and the same race, yet irrecon- cilably divided against itself. There is no hatred in the world to be compared to that of the Cuban for Spain, and everything Spanish. The Creole conceives that he alone is entitled to breathe the balmy air of his tropical Island, and plainly intimates that he longs for the day in which he shall be rid of the Spanish, and of every other alien in- truder coming here to suck the very life-blood from his veins. The peninsular or native Spaniard, who, in order to make things as he wishes, thinks that it is enough for him to declare that they are so, never men- tions Cuba without calling it " this emphatically Spanish Island." He flatters himself that he has crushed the Creole, and affects to ignore him. The worst is, that to a stranger's eye the split is nowhere apparent; the line of demarcation is not visibly drawn. The Guelph and Ghibelline go past with no outward distinction, showing no symptom of the enmity which may at every moment array them in hostile camps. There is no open insurrection within more than 100 miles of Havana; there has been no serious disturbance in the town since the bloody execution of March, 1871. But there is a vast amount of plot and intrigue fatal to all loyal, social, and even domestic, intercourse ; a depth of simulation and dis- simulation, of spoken and acted lies, not to be fathomed by a stranger on a mere superficial survey. The Peninsular is sure of the day; the Cuban is confident of the morrow. The Spaniard relies on brute strength; the Cuban puts his trust in superior intelligence. Between the insur- gent bands in the fields, and their patriot associates in Havana, there is incessant, and by no means unenterprising, communication. The un- derground war is going on in every street, and almost in every house, in HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 443 this city. The Spaniard fancies he can afford to treat the Creole with ineffable disdain. He taunts him with cowardice and unthrift. He looks upon him as a degenerate being, incapable of overt action, of manly resolution, and, perhaps, he is safe enough in Havana itself. But the Cuban bides his time. He reckons on the chapter of accidents, on the chronic disorders of the mother-country, on the sympathies of the Amer- ican Union, of Mexico, of the Central and South American republics, where the name of Spain is as heartily execrated as in the camp of Ces- pedes himself; and, above all things, on the deluge that must needs ensue upon any attempt at the solution of the fatal slavery question. The Creole of the city is certainly a weakly, rickety, frivolous creature, dis- tinguishable by his long, scraggy neck and thin, fluted legs, addicted to indolent habits and enervating pleasures, trained by long schooling to abject submission, destitute of all energy; but there is, as he knows, better stuff among his brethren of the rural population. The Cuban travels and learns, and throughout the Island education is more gener- ally spread than among the ruling race, especially among the lower classes of prejudiced and bigoted peninsular immigrants. The Spanish settlers own very nearly the mass of the landed property, and of the movable wealth of the country; they have the lion's share of the trade of Havana in their hands, partly in consequence of their superior thrift and activity, but in a great measure owing to the privileges and monop- olies awarded to them by a partial, grasping, and unscrupulous adminis- tration. The fortune accumulated by the peninsular father not infre- quently goes to wreck and ruin in the hands of his improvident Creole progeny. Still, the base of the peninsular prosperity, both agricultural and commercial, rests on slavery; and the Creole thinks, not unreason- ably, that with the abolition of slave-labor a new balance of fortune will have to be established, in which all the chances will be in his own favor. It is remarkable that at the time this was pubHshed (1873) slavery had already passed away, though the formal abolition of the institution had not been per- fected. The Spanish influence exerted by Martinez Campos was for ending slavery, and, no doubt, the an- ticipation was that the free blacks would prefer the Spaniards to the Creoles. One of Captain - General 444 '^^^ STORY OF CUBA. Weyler's moves, in the first days of his supreme author- ity, was to invite the friendliness of the black people. The black rebels are among the bravest of the fighters for freedom, and the disappointed and angry Spaniards speak of the " negro insurrection." HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 445 CHAPTER XXV. THE DESTINY OF CUBA. A Personal Word — Account of a Mysterious Missionary — Comparison of Campos and Weyler — Spain has Lost Cuba — The Destiny of the Pearl of Islands is to be one of our Stars — Gentlemen are Rebels — ■ The Volunteers as Business Men — Cubans Worthy to be our Fellow Citizens. The destiny of Cuba is in the darkest and deepest doubt. The problems to be solved, under afflictions the most distressing, afe many and profound. A personal word may be permitted, as I have to express convictions and judgments, and it is but fair the reader should know how they were formed. I arrived in Cuba with, perhaps, the average American informa- tion, opinions, prejudices, feelings, impressions of vari- ous degrees of inaccuracy, arising from imperfections in the sum of gathered information. I remembered that Columbus discovered Cuba, and called the island Juana, believed it was a peninsula jut- ting out from the continent of Asia, and close to Cathay ; that he found a childish race of red-men, who perished in slavery, and that black slaves were intro- duced ; that Columbus had been sent home in chains from Hispaniola, and, dying poor, his remains were transported to the Indies he gave to the world ; that Cuba was the key of the gulf during the centuries of Spanish domination on the shores of that Mediterranean Sea ; that in this century the Island has been disturbed 446 THE STORY OF CUBA. by many disastrous troubles, arising from the total denial to her people of self-government. Of course, I had shared in the American ambition of possession, in the conception of our manifest destiny,- in the regretful remembrance of the tragedies of the shooting of Crittenden and of the bloody scenes at San- tiago, in the wholesale execution of forty men of the expedition of the Virginius ; and the news of the indi- cisive ten years' war passed under my eye as the editor of a daily paper ; but I could not make out much more than a cloud of skirmishes and shadows of questions. The fact that war broke out again in the Island in the early part of 1895, struck me rather as a revival of dis- agreeable memories than a topic of vital interest, and there passed dimly a procession of events : Thomas Jef- ferson's Louisiana Purchase ; Andrew Jackson's settle- ments of all doubts as to the title of the United States to the mouth of the Mississippi at New Orleans, Jan. 8, 1815 ; Jackson's hard-handed dealing with the British subjects and Spanish officers, when he hanged Arbuth- not and Ambruster and seized Pensacola in 181 7, when John Quincy Adams was, as secretary of state, his friend, and John C. Calhoun's position was at least ambiguous. The American appetite for Cuba has long been one of the facts to be taken into account, and behind it was the history that Spain had lost the rest of her American colonies ; and the logic of her colonial history was that she must part with Cuba, and we should make up our minds on the subject. The Americans have been but faintly conscious that the reinforcements of provincial troops from Connecticut, New York and New Jersey — that reached Lord Albemarle before Havana in July, HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. AM 1 762 — decided the war when the EngUsh and " Yankees " together were the conquerors of Cuba, and in the tre- mendous scenes of our conflict of states and sections in which slavery passed away, we had almost forgotten the Ostend conference, that was a marvel of effrontery, designed by President Pierce to yield his administration the glory of annexing Cuba — which would have given him rank with Jefferson in the acquisition of Louisiana, and with Polk, who moved our frontiers to the Rio Grande, and swept within our boundaries forever mag- nificent California. The anxiety to join Cuba to our imperial estate just then was to maintain the latest idea of Southern states- manship before the fatal spectre of secession arose — the balance of power between the North and South recog- nized as the primary, fundamental, and unavoidable grand divisions of our republic. When I landed in Havana my mind was not clear as to what there was of evil remaining from the lately abolished institution of slavery or what was the extent of the racial differences. Of course, the white and black races in Cuba had not been arrayed in parties opposing each other for, owing to the overshadowing power of Spain, the government was that substantially of martial law, suppressing all native contentions. The question seemed open whether the majority of Cubans were black or white, and the story of the burning of cane fields, the lurid sky south of Havana, the daring march of Maceo — the heavens glowing — the broad and smoking paths of the rebel raiders — made a strong suspicion that this might be another San Domingo. There was and there is something fascinating in be- half of Spain in the romance as well as the history of 448 THE STORY OF CUBA. her relations with the Americas. Cortez and Pizarro and De Soto are the early heroes of the continent that appeal with the greatest charm to the imagination ; and if Spain has been cruel in shooting and slaying the red- man, so were our fathers from New England to Mich- igan and Kentucky. Spain has made war horrible and is not able to separate it from cruelties. More than once she has shown herself friendly in her diplomacy. The United States recognized the confederates as bel- ligerents before the Spaniards did ; and notwithstand- ing the just resentment of Spain aroused by the meet- ing of Buchanan, Mason and Soule at Ostend and their proceedings there, where it was proposed to use the op- portunity of the preoccupation of Europe in the Cri- mean war to capture Cuba — notwithstanding the singu- lar arrogance with which our diplomats insisted while Spain herself was shaken by revolution, that she should yield to money or to force the Pearl of the Antilles to us — after all this — Spain surrendered to us the Vir- ginius, and General Prim was not pyrotechnic with im- passioned pride, but courteous in response to the pointed suggestion by President Grant, that the independence of Cuba should be recognized. The sum of this to my mind was, that after all, there had been a good deal of friendly reasonableness in the course of Spain toward ourselves. So far as I could comprehend the irregular and confused news from Cuba for some months after the declaration of the war that is in progress, the character and course of it did not much differ from the familiar experiences of the ten years. There had been rumors of bribery con- nected with the adjustment arranged by Campos, that closed the hostihties, and also of reform, and it did not HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 449 seem to be altogether improbable that there might be another settlement, on the basis of bribery, an influence to which persistent report refers many of the shifts in the affairs of Cuba. There was not visible to the naked eye of the average citizen any striking fact warranting disbelief in the power of Martinez Campos, when he arrived in Havana with imposing pomp, to combine force of arms with persuasion, and the arrival of Gen- eral Pando, with 30,000 men, reinforced the prevalent opinion that the Spaniards would win again and go on in the old way. There was a good deal said in the American Congress and newspapers that was unworthy the nation — frantic demands for impossible things, clamors for executive action that would be not only unbecoming, but absurd ; interpretations by statesmen of national reputation of international law, that would be suppressed by any en- lightened committee presiding over a debate of college students. It was not our place, surely, to insist on action based upon the precedents of piracy to excuse a policy of filibustering. That there was something far more in this war than had been evident in former struggles, was manifest when the Havana despatches told of the steady and swift ad- vance of Gomez and Maceo into the central and west- tern provinces. This was not what was promised by the presence of the most distinguished of Spanish generals, backed by an army of 100,000 men. The Spanish official stories, meagre and colored as they were — as is the habit and flagrant sin of military bulle- tins — told enough to make known that there was at last a real uprising of the Cuban people, one that swept over the breadth and length of the Island, and in the fiery c— 26 45 O THE STORY OF CUBA. flood of which racial sensibiUties, and the factions of men or poHtics, were submerged. The return of Campos to Spain, discomfited and con- fessing failure, the friends of Spain panicky, and the Cubans exultant, appeared to announce the final failure of Spain to conquer Cuba. Then was visible the anc-ient bitterness of the Spaniard, his faith in the efficacy of severity, and the call for General Weyler to take com- mand, because, in part by his friends and in part by his enemies, he had been reputed intelligent, energetic, vin- dictive and merciless. At this juncture I accepted a call to go to Cuba as a newspaper correspondent, and was provided with many letters of identification and endorsements, giving assur- ance of a considerate reception by the official class. A visit to Washington was, valuable in the acquirement of the certain knowledge that whatever might be the lack of qualification in the proceedings Congress was dis- posed to initiate, the executive branch of the govern- ment was in action limited by lack of the authenticities for recognition or intervention. In Havana I found a group of representatives of the leading American journals, particularly those of New York, that are now more than ever searching the world for news. The correspondents were full of enter- prise, courage, and spirit of adventure, flush with audac-; ity, willing to risk life itself for " scoops," and armed' with enormous letters of credit that they might on occasion use gold freely in news service, open or secret, and they have done more than all others to. throw a fierce burning searchlight upon the bloody mysteries of Cuba in war, and the dismal oppres- sions of her people when their agitations are so far w « pq < o u O M P 598,77i Commerce with Porto Rico: Importation in the Island 21,580,125 Exportation from Spain 28,678,899 Difference in favor of export 7,098,774 Commerce with the Philippine Isles: Importations from the archipelago ^ .. . 17,994,838 Exportation from Spain 28,581,122 Difference in favor of export 10,586,284 The principal articles Cuba sends to Spain are: Sugar, 12 millions pesetas; leaf tobacco, money in silver, cocoa, cigars, and cigarettes. What Spain sends: Cotton fabrics 21,000,000 pesetas. Shoss 20,000,000 " Wine 8,000,000 Oil, soap, oats, wheat, flour 3,000,000 " • Twenty cents. 496 THE STORY OF CUBA. Preserved foods, candles, woolen goods, paper for cigarettes and wrapping, garbangos, sausage, and chocolate. Porto Rico sends chiefly: Coffee 12,000,000 Sugar 6,000,000 Tobacco 1,000,000 Spain to Porto Rico: Fabrics 9,000,000 Shoes 3,500,000 Soap, candles, and oil. Constantly objections are urged to the release of Cuba from Spanish servitude, on the ground that the majority of the people are colored. The tables following give the conclusive answer to this line of observation : SYNOPSIS OF THE PRINCIPAL CENSUSES OF THE ISLAND OF CUBA FROM 1768 TO 1879. Yeara. 1768 1787 1792 1804, l8io, 1817, 1819. 1825. 1827, 1830, 1 841, 1846, 1849, 1850. 1852. 1855. 1857- 1859. i860. 1862. 1867. 1869. 1874. 1877. 1879. 109,415 96,440 96,610 133.553 234,000 274,000 276,689 239,830 325,000 311.051 332,352 418,291 425,769 457,133 479,490 492,879 498,752 560,161 589,777 632,797 793,484 833,157 797.596 856.177 963,175 965.735 Colored Freedmen. 22,740 30,847 29,217 55,930 60,000 108,600 119,221 97,000 100,000 106,494 113,125 152,838 149,226 164,410 171,733 169,316 185,444 177,824 175,274 189,848 232,433 248,703 238,927 263,420 272,478 287,827 Colored Slaves. Males. Females. 45,000 28,771 32,800 47,330 75,000 130,000 137,115 135,000 170,000 183,290 208,120 281,250 201,011 199,177 200,000 197,425 222,400 222,355 220,999 224,076 218,722 203,412 217,300 209,432 112,192 89.517 27,000 15,562 17,540 37,126 63,000 87,400 102,579 81,203 120,000 103,652 102,098 155,245 122,748 124,720 122,519 124,422 137,589 149,755 143.254 152,708 151,831 141,203 145,988 "7.343 86,g02 81,570 Total. 72,000 44.333 50,340 84,456 138,000 217,400 239,694 216,203 290,000 286,942 310,218 436,495 323,759 323,897 322,519 321,847 359,989 372,110 364,253 376,784 370,553 344,615 363,288 326,775 199,094 171,087 Grand Total. 204,155 171,620 176,167 273,939 432,000 600,000 635,604 553,033 715,000 704,487 755,695 1,007,624 898,754 945,440 973,742 984,042 1,044,185 1,110,095 1,129,304 1,199,429 1,396,470 1,426,475 1,399,811 1,446,372 1,434,747 1,424,649 Published in No. 3, Vol, XI. of the Revista de Cuba. HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 497 CENSUS OF CUBA, PUBLISHED DECEMBER 31, 1887. Total population 1,631.687 Whites 1,111.303 Negroes , 520,684 Havana Pinar del Rio. . . . Matanzas Santa Clara Puerto Principe. . Santiago de Cuba Totals 344,417 167,160 143,169 244.345 54,232 157,980 1,111,303 Colored. 107,511 58,731 116,401 109,777 13.557 "4,339 520,684 Total. 451,928 225,891 259,578 354,122 67,789 272,379 1,631,687 Per ct. of Col'd Race. 26 26 45 31 20 42 Calculating a3 the average percent, of colored, ai. Provinces. Havana Matanzas Pinar del Rio. . . . Puerto Principe. . Santa Clara Santiago de Cuba Totals 451,928 259,578 225,891 67,789 354,122 272,379 r, 631, 687 Square Kilometres. 8,610 8,486 14,967 32,341 23,083 35,119 122,606 Density. 52.49 30-59 15.09 2.10 15-34 7-75 13-31 The papers following have a vigor and accuracy of application that is acceptable in confirmation of their authenticity : PROCLAMATION OF THE PRESIDENT OF CUBA. [Received by the Junta in New York from Sefior Salvador Cisneros, President of the Republic of Cuba.] Nothing is more difficult at the outset of an enter- prise than to maintain it uniformly deserving the world's approval. The people of Cuba are now face to 498 THE STORY OF CUBA. face with such a difficulty. They were born under the rule of a nation universally regarded as tyrannical and ambitious. They have never learned the lesson of gov- erning themselves. Now, in their struggle for inde- pendence, they have not only to maintain the stress of warfare, but also to learn how to govern themselves. Being a people of advanced ideas, they naturally desire a democratic government, created of the people, by the people, and for the people. The people are the only rulers. Their wishes are above those of the men com- posing the government, and the latter must obey the constitution adopted by the assembly of representa- tives. Those who now form the provisional government of the new republic, actuated by true patriotism, accept this obligation. They know that to establish a nation worthy of this age, and worthy of the heroic struggle of 1868, the people must be the only sovereign, and that such is the desire of all Cubans. For this reason, the provisional government, obedient to the constitution, and actuated by the exactions of common humanity, is compelled to permit a few exceptions to our last orders, which exceptions we shall now explain, in order that our countrymen, our enemies, and the world at large may know the honesty of our course. The revolution, as is the case with all revolutions arising from popular indignation, had at its inception no other rulers than those dictated by the few military chiefs then in arms. A uniform method of procedure was impossible, on account of the different lines of ac- tion adopted by each province in rebellion. Among the dispensations of some of these chiefs are the special permissions they gave to a few sugar planters to con- HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 499 tinue grinding this year. To-day the revolution and its government permits no planters to grind, but they re- spect the dispensation above referred to, in accordance with Article 21 of our Constitution, which reads, "All the debts and promises of the military chiefs, from the beginning of this war to the time in which this Consti- tution is adopted, shall be respected as laws by the pro- visional government." The government obeys the constitution, and this, then, is the only reason why some sugar estates are allowed to work during the present season ; the per- mission is not, as our enemies say, the result of force of arms. The proprietors of these exempted estates have paid war contributions to our military chiefs, and upon no other estates is work possible. In the beginning, when the revolution had no other government than that of the mihtary chiefs, the com- mander-in-chief prohibited the importation of food by towns occupied by the enemy. Now the provisional government, considering that families of non-combat- ants might become the victims of such a measure, has abolished it, and we allow the entrance into Spanish towns of some articles of commerce upon payment of an import duty. Another measure adopted at the beginning of the revolution, and now accepted by us, is that permitting the burning of buildings used by the enemy as forts. It is false that we are inspired in this by personal feel- ings of revenge, as the Spanish government says we are. It is only a war measure. We are uniformly hu- mane. We set Spanish prisoners free, and despite the sanguinary conduct of the enemy toward peaceful people and Cuban prisoners, we shall not retaliate. 500 THE STORY OF CUBA. Nor do we accept bandits in our ranks. Thosf^ bands which were in existence before the revolution began, and came to us volunteering to fight for Cuban liberty, we have accepted, and will permit to remain with us as long as their conduct is honorable. Others, who intended to dishonor the name of Cuba's soldiery, were promptly punished. There are no bandits to-day in the Cuban camps, as there were in Cuba in the days of Spanish rule. To be known, therefore, to all Cubans, to the enemy, and to the world at large, that a few sugar estates are grinding their crop at present, because we respect their contracts with our military chiefs, and because they pay us high taxes. Thus we prove our strength, and if unhappily, our forces, to-day victorious, should ulti- mately be vanquished, we shall have the courage to des- troy all sugar estates rather than permit the continuance of Spanish tyranny in Cuba. Let Cuba perish if she cannot obtain her independence. Salvador Cisneros, President of the Reptiblic Ciego de Najasa, January, 1896. LETTER FROM GOMEZ. [Received by the Cuban Delegate in New York.] Sagua, March 19, 1896. Thomas Estrada Palma, Delegate of the Cuban Re- public. Dear Friend : The war continues more active and hard, on account of the fierce character which General Weyler has given to it. Our wounded are followed, and assassinated cruelly ; he who has the misfortune to HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. tfi\ fall into the hands of the Spanish troops perishes with- out fail. The peaceful country people only find death and dishonor. Cuba to-day, as in 1868, only presents pools of blood dried by conflagrations. Our enemies are burning. the houses to deprive us, according to them, of our quarters for spring. We will never use reprisals, for we understand that the revolution will never need to triumph by being cruel and sanguinary. We will go on with this war, the ultimate result of which you need not worry about, with success for the arms of the repub- lic. We fight when convenient to us against an enemy tired out and without faith. My plans are well understood by my subordinates, and each one knows what to do. Give us cartridges, so that our soldiers can fight, and you can depend that in the spring campaign the enemy's army will be greatly reduced, and it will be necessary for Spain to send another army, and I do not know whether it would be rash to say that perhaps Spain has not the money with which to do it. We have a great military advantage over the enemy in the incapacity of the majority of Weyler's generals. The false official reports of sup- posed victories with which they cynically pretend to deceive themselves, their government and the world, contribute to the speedy triumph of the revolution. No human work, which has for a base falseness and infamy, can be either firm or lasting. Everything that Spain orders and sends to this land, that she has drenched with the blood of her own children, serves only to ruin her power. And no man so well chosen as General Weyler to represent, in these times and in America, the Spain of Philip II. Much has been said and written about the recogni- 502 THE STORY OP CUBA. tion of belligerency by the American government ; this would be very advantageous to us, and is only justice, but, as when we rose against tyranny, we only counted on the strength of our arms and the firm resolution of victory, we follow our march unconcerned, satisfied that what is to happen will happen. Your friend, Maximo Gomez, a despatch from maceo. In Camp in Cuzco Hills, Pinar Del Rio Province, Cuba, April 14, 1896. W. R. Hearst, J ournal^ New York : Responding to the request of your correspondent, I have to say that I consider the battle of last Saturday, when my troops put to flight the Alfonso XIII. bat- talion, the most important accomplishment of the Cuban army during the war, because it taught the men confi- dence in themselves, and also because it gave the Span- ish to understand that they have no contemptible foe to deal with. The route of that battalion will make cowards of the common Spanish soldiers who may be sent to fight us in the future. Since the battle my sol- diers have been filled with desire to meet the men on trocha in combat. I can hardly restrain them, and I feel satisfied that if it was my policy to attack the trocha at this time, the Spanish army would be cut to pieces. Nothing that I could say about the kindness of the American papers, especially the Journal, in the cause of Cuban liberty could adequately express the gratitude HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 503 that fills my heart and the heart of every true Cuban. You have armed the weak, and made us strong to go on to victory. Freedom for Cuba was never closer to realization than it is now. Your correspondent informs me that doubts have been upon the victory at Pinar del Rio. Let me assure the Americans that we struck that city a heavy blow, putting the troops to flight, burning many houses, and capturing enough arms to place wea- pons in the hands of many of my men who had none before. (Signed) Antonio Maceo. Captain-General Weyler's idea of the limitation of the liberty of the press, according to his latest order on the subject, will interest the foreign newspapers, for jour- nalism has become so expansive that in war time, in any part of the world hereafter, it is likely to strike a great deal of disputed territory. DECREE. Don Valeriano Weyler y Nicolau, Marquis of Tene- rife, governor-general, captain-general of the Island of Cuba, and general-in-chief of this army. Under the authority of the law of public order, dated the 23rd of April, 1870. I Order and Command, 1st. No newspaper shall publish any news concern- ing the war which is not authorized by the staff of- ficers. 2nd. Neither shall be published any telegraphic com- munications of a political character without the author- ity given by the secretary of the governor-general in c — 29 504 THE STORY OF CUBA. Havana, or by the civil governors in the other prov- inces. 3rd. It is hereby forbidden to publish any editorials, or other articles or illustrations, which may directly or indirectly tend to lessen the prestige of the mother- country, the army, or the authorities, or to exaggerate the forces and the importance of the insurrection, or in any way to favor the latter, or to cause unfounded alarm, or excite the feelings of the people. 4th. The infractions of this decree, not included in Articles first and sixth of the decree of February i6th last, will make the offenders liable to the penalties named in Article 36, of the law of the 23rd of April, 1870. 5th. All persons referred to in Article 14 of the Penal Code of the Peninsula, which is in force in this Island, will be held responsible for said infractions in the same order as established by the said Article. 6th. Whenever a newspaper has twice incurred the penalty of said offense, and shall give cause for a third penalty, it may then be suppressed. 7th. The civil governors are in charge of the fulfil- ment of this decree, and against their resolutions, which must be always well founded, the interested parties may appeal within the twenty-four hours following their noti- fication. Valeriano Weyler. Havana, April 27, i8g6. HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. $05 CHAPTER XXVIII. NATURAL RICHES AND NATIVE CHARMS OF CUBA. The Cultivation of Sugar Cane — Picture of a Cuban Garden— The Southern Cross — Cuba as Eden — Sugar Making— Tobacco Raising — The Forests and Fruits— Beauty of the Nights— Cuba Compared with New York — The Precious Woods — Mountains and Rivers — Solid Encyclopsedical Information — The Cry of a Poor Man. The cultivation of sugar cane has been the most inter- esting, because pecuhar and important, of the industries of the Island, and there is a most pleasing account of it in " Cuba Past and Present," written by Maturin Ballou, in 1885, when cane culture was in its glory, mid- way between the two wars, and this picture is from his gallery. " Sugar cane is cultivated like Indian corn, which it also resembles in appearance. It is first planted in rows, not in hills, and must be hoed and weeded until it gets high enough to shade its roots. Then it may be left to itself until it reaches maturity. This refers to the first laying out of a plantation, which will after- wards continue fruitful for years, by very simple pro- cesses of renewal. When thoroughly ripe, the cane is of a light golden yellow, streaked here and there with red. The top is dark green, with long, narrow leaves depending, very much Uke those of the corn stalk, from the centre of which shoots upward a silvery stem, a couple of feet in height, and from its tip grows a white fringed plume of a delicate lilac hue. The effect of a 5o6 THE STORY OF CUBA. large field at its maturity, lying under a torrid sun, and gently yielding to the breeze, is very fine, a picture to live in the memory ever after. " In the competition between the products of beet-root sugar and that from sugar cane, the former controls the market, because it can be produced at a cheaper rate, besides which its production is stimulated by nearly all of the European states, through the means of liberal subsidies both to the farmer and to the manufacturer. Beet sugar, however, does not possess so high a per- centage of true saccharine matter as the product of the cane, the latter seeming to be nature's most direct mode of supplying us with the article. The Cuban planters have one advantage over all other sugar cane produc- ing countries, in the great and inexhaustible fertility of the soil of the Island. For instance, one to two hogs- heads of sugar to the acre is considered a good yield in Jamaica, but in Cuba three hogshead siare the average. Fertilizing of any sort is rarely employed in the cane- fields, while in beet-farming it is the principal agent of success. Though the modern machinery, as lately adopted on the plantations, is very expensive, still the result achieved by it is so much superior to that of the old methods of manufacture, that the small planters are being driven from the market. Slave labor cannot compete with machinery. The low price of sugar ren- ders economy imperative in all branches of the busi- ness, in order to leave a margin for profit. "A planter informed the author that he should spread all of his molasses upon the cane fields this year as a fer- tilizer, rather than send it to a distant market and re- ceive only what it cost. He further said that thousands of acres of sugar cane would be allowed to rot in the THE PRESIDENT AND CABINET OF THE CUBAN REPUBLIC. SALVADOR CiSNBROS, President. SANTIAGO G. CANIZARBS, SEVERO PINA, Interior, Agriculture. RAFAEL PORTUONDO. MARIO G. MENOCAI,, War. , HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 509 fields this season, as it would cost more to cut,* grind, pack, and send it to market than could be realized for the manufactured article. Had the price of sugar re- mained this year at a fignre which would afford the planters a fair profit, it might have been the means of tiding over the chasm of bankruptcy, which has long stared them in the face, and upon the brink of which they now stand. But with a more than average crop, both as to quantity and quality, whether to gather it or not is a problem. Under these circumstances it is dif- ficult to say what is to become, financially, of the people of Cuba. Sugar is their great staple, but all business has been equally suppressed upon the Island, under the bane of civil wars, extortionate taxation, and oppres- sive rule. " The sugar cane yields but one crop a year. There are several varieties, but the Otaheitan seems to be the most generally cultivated. Between the time when enough of the cane is ripe to warrant the getting-up of steam at the grinding-mill, and the time when the heat and the rain spoil its qualities, all the sugar for the season must be made ; hence the necessity for great in- dustry on the large estates. In Louisiana the grinding lasts but about eight weeks. In Cuba it continues four months. In analyzing the sugar produced on the Is- land, and comparing it with that of the mainland— the growth of Louisiana — chemists could find no difference as to the quality of the true saccharine principle con- tained in each." The delightful volume of Richard Henry Dana, Jr., author of "Two Years Before the Mast," on his vacation voyage to Cuba and back, gives an account of sugar making, that belongs with the cane cultivation, and Mr. 5IO THE STORY OF CUBA. Dana's book has an imperishable beauty becoming the enchantment the Island weaves about the visitors who travel from climes of snow to climes of sun. Here is a picture of a Cuban garden, that will linger in the mem- ory, like, the balm of a breeze from the sea of the Car- ibs, or the flavor of fruit, surely the same grown in Eden, for the original Paradise must have been far in the Southland. " The garden contained a remarkable variety of trees, including some thrifty exotics. Here the mango, with its peach-like foliage, was bending on the ground with the weight of its ripening fruit ; the alligator-pear was marvelously beautiful in its full blossom, suggesting, in form of color, the passion-flower; the soft, delicate foliage of the tamarind was like our sensitive plant ; the banana trees were in full bearing, the deep green fruit (it is ripened and turns yellow off the tree), being in clusters of a hundred, more or less, tipped at the same time by a single, pendent, glutinous bud, nearly as large as a pineapple. The date palm, so suggestive of the far east, and the only one we had seen in Cuba, was rep- resented by a choice specimen, imported in its youth. There was also the star-apple tree, remarkable for its uniform and graceful shape, full of the green fruit, with here and there a ripening specimen ; so also, was the favorite zapota its rusty-coated fruit hanging in tempt- ing abundance. From low, broad-spreading trees de- pended the grape fruit, as large as an infant's head and yellow as gold, while the orange, lime and lemon trees, bearing blossoms, green and ripe fruit all together, met the eye at every turn, and filled the garden with fra- grance. The cocoanut palm, with its tall, straight stem and clustering fruit, dominated all the rest. Guava, HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 5II fig, custard apple, and bread-fruit trees, all were in bearing. " Our hospitable host plucked freely of the choicest for the benefit of his chance visitors. Was there ever such a fruit garden before, or elsewhere ? It told of fertility of soil and deliciousness of climate, of care, judgment, and liberal expenditure, all of which combined had turned these half a dozen acres of land into a Gan Eden. Through this orchard of Hesperides, we were accompanied also by the proprietor's two lovely chil- dren, under nine years of age, with such wealth of promise in their large black eyes and sweet faces as to fix them on our memory with photographic fidelity. Before leaving the garden we returned with our intelli- gent host once more to examine his beautiful specimens of bananas, which, with its sister fruit, the plantain, forms so important a staple of fruit in Cuba and throughout all tropical regions. It seems that the female banana tree bears more fruit than the male, but not so large. The average clusters of the. former comprise here about one hundred, but the latter rarely bears over sixty or seventy distinct specimens of the cucumber-shaped product. From the centre of its large, broad leaves, which gather at the top, when it has reached the height of twelve or fifteen feet, there springs forth a large purple bud ten inches long, shaped like a huge acorn, though more pointed. This cone hangs suspended from a strong stem, upon which a leaf unfolds, display- ing a cluster of young fruit. As soon as these are large enough to support the heat of the sun and the chill of the rain, this sheltering leaf drops off, and another unfolds, exposing its little brood of fruit ; and so the process goes on until six or eight rings of 512 THE STORY OF CUBA. young bananas are started, forming, as we have said, bunches numbering from seventy to a hundred. The banana is a herbaceous plant, and after fruiting, its top dies ; but it annually sprouts up again fresh from the roots. From the unripe fruit, dried in the sun, a pala- table and nutritious flour is made." This from Ballou is something to dream of : " Nowhere on the face of the globe would well-directed, intelligent labor meet with a richer reward, nowhere would repose from labor be so sweet. The hour of rest here sinks upon the face of nature with a peculiar charm ; the night breeze, in never failing regularity, comes with its gentle wing to fan the weary frame, and no danger lurks in its breath. It has free scope through the un- glazed windows, and blowing fresh from the broad surface of the Mexican Gulf, it bears a goodly tonic to the system. Beautifully blue are the heavens and fes- tally bright the stars of a tropical night, where familiar constellations greet us with brighter radiance and new ones charm the eye with their novelty. Pre-eminent in brilliancy among them is the Southern Cross, a galaxy of stars that never greets us in the North. At mid- night its glittering framework stands erect. That sol- emn hour past, the cross declines. How glorious the night where such a heavenly sentinel indicates the watches ! ' How often have we heard our guides ex- claim in the savannas of Venezuela,' says Humboldt, • or in the deserts extending from Lima to Truxill, "Midnight is past, the cross begins to bend."' Cuba is, indeed, a land of enchantment, where nature is beau- tiful and bountiful, and where mere existence is a lux- ury, but it requires the infusion of a sterner, a more self-reliant, self-denying and enterprising race to test HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 5^3 its capabilities and to astonish the world with its pro- ductiveness." It is likely to occur to the race the people of the tropics call Yankees, that to occupy and possess the prodigal resources and the exceeding loveliness of Cuba, is the one peculiar luxuriance and delight the Anreri- cans of the great republic require for its symmetry and adornment, and to round out our commerce with the products of the torrid zone. The poetry of Cuba, though the form is prose, is in " Gan-Eden ; or, Pictures of Cuba."* The " Eden " is, in great part, yet a wilderness ; its natural resources and native beauties yet untraveled. " Less than one-third," says the author, who denies us the pleasure of her name, " of the land in Cuba is being under cultivation ; large regions are as little known as the interior of Asia. From every height which the traveler attains, he may descry a horizon teeming with wonder and with fancy, out of the ignorance and si- lence of whose purple mystery no voice has come these hundred years. There are forests — the refuge of the wild dog and the wilder man, the fierce Maroon, the black pioneer of doom, haunting the outskirts of a tyran- nous civilization. There are mountains, unmeasured and ungauged, couching, it may be, above treasures which the vengeful Cemis hid from the greedy murder- ers of his mild worshippers. Much of the inhabited in- terior, too, is as little visited as the western slopes of the southern Alleghanies. The primitive method of traveling, and the antique hospitality of the rural re- * " Gan-Eden; or, Pictures of Cuba." Boston: Published by John P. Jewett & Co.; Cleveland, Ohio: Jewett, Proctor&Worthington; New York : Sheldon, Lam- port & Blakeman, 1854. 514 THE STORY OF CUBA. gions, throw a charm of mediaeval unreality over scenes that may be really explored. " The magnificent vale of Mariel, fair as those outer realms of Paradise over which the eyes of Adam ranged from his ' heaven-kissing verdurous walls ;' the roman- tic cliffs that mirror their wealth of flowers in the green glistening waters of the winding Canimar ; the mighty steeps of the Loma de Indra, from whose heights the view sweeps to either ocean, and away to the dim blue hills of Jamaica ; the endless, fragrant, palm-studded solitudes of the 'southwest ; the picturesque ravines of the northeast, where young girls may be seen riding on the backs of oxen ; the subterranean streams gushing Suddenly into the moonlight from the blackness of the sumideros, or caverns, which honeycomb the surface of the Island ; the hundred sequestered nooks, where still the guagire chants his rude improvisations, melo- dious and full of meaning as the cries of a bellman, or the songs of a gondolier, and charms, in the skilful gymnastics of the zapateado, groups of soft-eyed girls, graceful as the palm-trees arching overhead ; all these you reach over roads that transport you to the Middle Ages. " The great sugar estates lie in the Vueltra Arriba, the 'upper districts,' the region of the famous 'red earth.' The face of this region smiles with prosperity. In ev- ery direction the traveler rides astonished through a garden of plenty, equally impressed by the magnificent extent, and the profuse fertility of the estates, whose palm avenues, plantain orchards and cane fields, suc- ceed each other in almost unbroken succession. So productive are the estates, and so steady is the demand for the planter's crop, that the great sugar planters are, HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. S'S in truth, princes of agriculture. Cholera, sweeping away troops of his slaves, the match of an envious, or the cigar of a careless montero kindling a flame that noth- ing can arrest, are alike powerless to interrupt seriously the prosperous career of an intelligent and enterprising hacendado. " The ruinous practice of absenteeism, which prepared for the Brithish West Indies that sudden ruin, so often and so unjustly charged upon emancipation, is compar- atively unknown in Cuba. "The proprietors generally pass a part of the year on their estates. The master's eye keeps watch over those admirable arrangements and tasteful decorations, which make a great sugar estate so delightful to the stranger. Particularly beautiful are the estates to which a cafetal is attached. The coffee culture was introduced by the French refugees from Hayti, men of taste and refine- ment, who, in laying out the grounds of their new homes, took thought for the beautiful as well as for the useful. The Spaniards generally (Garcilaso to the con- trary notwithstanding), seem to have done but little for the advance of landscape gardening, and the glorious opportunities offered by Cuba to the art have been lit- tle improved excepting in the cafetals. Although Brazil has quite broken down the Cuban cofJee trade, these coffee estates are still numerous in the Vueltra Arriba, where they are kept up on the French models, chiefly as ornaments to the sugar estates, vegetable farms, and homes for the younger or the decrepit ne- groes. " The imposing scale of the operations on a great in- genio, imparts a character of barbaric regal state to the hfe one leads there. The baracoon becomes a town. 5l6 THE STORY OF CUBA. the planter a feudal lord, administrating hospitalities as lavish as the bounty of the climate and the soil. Living in such a region, one soon enters into the spirit of that eastern munificence and profusion which disdain limits and calculations. The singular number falls into disre- pute. A kind of gorgeous superfluity seems only fit and becoming. Your thought is all ' of African and golden joys.' The luxurious seductions of the land persuade you into a charity towards men so superbly tempted. " Looking at them simply as an entertainment, the mills of these great sugar estates are not incongruous with the easy delight of the place. Everything is open and airy, and the processes of the beautiful steam ma- chinery go on without the odors as without the noises that make most manufactories odious. In the centrifu- gal process of sugar making, the molasses passes into a large vat, by the side of which is a row of double cylin- ders, the outer one of solid metal, the inner of wire gauze. These cylinders revolve each on an axis at- tached by a horizontal wheel and band to a shaft which communicates with the central engine. The molasses is ladled out into the spaces between the external and internal cylinders, and the axes are set in motion at the rate of nineteen hundred revolutions a minute. For three minutes you see only a white indistinct whirling, then the motion is arrested ; slowly and more slowly the cylinders revolve, then stop, and behold ! the whole inner surface of the inner cylinder is covered with beau- tiful crystaUizations of a light yellow sugar. Watching this ingenious process, I used to fancy that somewhat in this wise, might the nebulae of space be slowly fash- ioning into worlds. " But the cafetal is after all the great charm of these HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 5^7 northern irigenios. One of the loveHest in the island, I spent a season, the brevity of which I shall always regret. Early in the inspiring morning, my friend Don used to summon me for a drive. A dozen negroes would appear to harness one little lively horse into a light American wagon, bought by my friend for the purpose of driv- ing over the thirteen miles of sugar and coffee estates, on which he has made good, broad roads. A whole pack of dogs started off before us, yelping, leaping and darting in all directions, and then we dashed away at a brisk pace, through the seemingly endless cane fields. The heavy dew, glittering on the waves of green, gave them a soft brilliancy ; the cloudless skies, the buoyant air, beguiled the way, till we drove into the cool shades of the plantaneria, or plantain grove, the unfailing ad- junct of all estates in this land, where plantain and pork are as much the staff of life to the montero and the negro, as are beef and water to the guacho or bacon and greens to the Virginian. The plantain tree, though by no means lofty or imposing — looking, indeed, more like a seedy cabbage with long leaves or an overgrown flag than like a tree — still reaches the height of twenty feet or more, and its heavy, dark green leaves nodding over the ruddy ground, make a delightful shade, a sort of cool baptistery, from which you pass into the statelier sanctuaries of the cafetal. "There the full-leafed orange, thrifty, dark, glossy foliage of the mango, the tall elm-like aguacate, the cone-shaped mamey, cover the land on both sides as far as the eye can reach. Everywhere you see the light, shrubby outlines of the coffee plant springing up beneath the taller trees. Avenues, miles in length, lead to the different quarters of the estate, and formed, as they are. 5l8 THE STORY OF CUBA. of the full exuberant mango, or the branching aguacate, planted alternately with the towering royal palm, be- come forest aisles of surpassing beauty. The height of the palms is immense, many of them rising more than a hundred and twenty feet in the air. Overtopping thus the other trees, their sweeping noble arches do not exclude the sunlight, which pours through the intervals as through the windows of a cathedral, and illuminates the green solemnity of the majestic colonnades. " The cottage of the cafetal was an elegantly propor- tioned little tropical mansion, cool, dark, floored with marble, wainscoted, and furnished with rich, deep-hued Indian woods. A garden, filled with heavy blooms of jasmine and roses, and the gorgeous purple Carolina, and a hundred drooping, odorous flowers, made the air faint with fragrance. A dense grove of orange trees near-by was lighted up through all its recesses by the glowing fruit. Oranges lay all about on the bright red earth, little naked negroes kicking aside, and sati- ated pigs disdainfully neglecting great luscious fruit, which the North would pile with pride upon salvers of silver and porcelain. Whenever we rode over to the cafetal, we always found lying on the marble tables of the saloon a heap of these superb oranges, with the morning still in their fragrance, or a huge golden pine- apple. Pineapples, like poets, appear to the best advan- tage at home. The ripe orange from the tree has a delicate atmosphere of its own, but in substance is hardly better than a well-ripened orange from the fruiterer's shop. "The 'lush banana' is never allowed to ripen on the tree, as it falls out of its sheltering purple glove imme- diately on coming to maturity. HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. Sl9 " I have spoken of the exceeding beauty of the Cuban nights, and of the golden moon, which pours over the tropical landscape a flood of luxurious splendor, quite unimaginable by those who have but watched her climb the northern sky with a wan face, and with sad steps. Beneath the moon, too, and, the stars, the night glances with living meteors. The cucuUos are indeed incon- ceivably brilliant. ' Watchmen of the insects,' a lovely, quick-witted boy of four summers, the child of one of my friends, called these torchbearers when he first saw them ; and flying -in long lines, with their double lights, they do produce an effect sim- il^ to that of the long processions of the watch at Havana. " The light of the cucullo is really strong enough to serve as a candle. It is also very delicate, a fine green luminous- ness, precisely like the effulgence which emeralds shed upon a lovely neck. But the emeralds of inca or sultan may soon be counted, and these glories are showered indifferently into the verandah of the noble and the baracon of the slave. Children delight in them, keep- ing them shut up by forties and fifties in little cages of reeds. They are carefully washed at morning and night, and fed with sugar-cane (if fed with sugar the saccha- rine particles adhere to their legs, and they fall upon each other like Kilkenny cats), and in this way may be kept alive and shining for many days. They have been carried thus to New York, and set free in New York, to the great wonderment of the Gothamites. The nature of their light I do not know. But all the under part of the body is transparent, and the light appears to be under the cucuUo's control, flashing and failing like the bottled up auroras of Prof L — at Cambridge. The calm eter- C— 30 520 THE STORY OF CUBA. nal stars look hardly more divine than these mortal stars, that seem to cheat us poor moths out of our " Devotion to something afar From the sphere of our sorrow." As a money winner the Cuban tobacco ranks next to sugar, and is famous throughout the world. Up to the year 1791 the " Commercial Company of Havana" delivered the tobacco of Cuba to the royal factories in Spain under contracts which were renewed from time to time with the government. The establishment of a government " Factoria de Tobacco " in Havana suc- ceeded that company. The tobacco was classified as superior, medium, and inferior, and was received from the growers at fixed prices ; in 1804 these were six, five, and two and a half dollars per arrobe [A Spanish unit of weight nominally a fourth part of a hundred weight, but with local variations from 25 to 32 pounds avoirdu- pois.] ($24, $20, and $10 per quintal) respectively. " By comparing the different prices with the quantity of each class of tobacco produced, we find that the 'Factoria' paid an average price of $16 per quintal for the leaf tobacco. With the expense of manufacture, the cigars cost the government seventy-five cents per pound ; snuff, fine grain and good color, 42^ cents, and common soft, or Seville, 185^ cents a pound, in Havana. In good years, when the crop (the product of advances made by the 'Factoria' to poor cultivators) amounted to 350,000 arrobes of leaf, 128,000 arrobes were manu- factured for Spain, 80,000 for Havana, 9,200 for Peru, 6,000 for Buenos Ayres, 2,240 for Mexico, and 1,100 for Caracas and Campeachy. HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 521 " In order to make up the amount of 315,000 arrobes (for the crop loses ten per cent, of its weight, in loss and damage in the transportation and manufacture) we must suppose that 80,000 arrobes were consumed in the interior of the Island ; that is, in the country, where the royal monopoly did not extend. The maintenance of 120 slaves and the expenses of manufacture did not exceed $12,000 yearly; but the salaries of the officers of the 'Factoria' amounted to $541,000. The value of the 128,000 arrobes of tobacco sent to Spain, in the abundant years, either in cigars, leaf or snuff, at the customary prices there, exceeded the sum of five million dollars. "It is surprising to see in the returns of exports from Havana (documents published by the Consulado) that the exports for 18 16 were only 3,400 arrobes; for the year 1823, only 13,900 arrobes of leaf tobacco and 71,000 pounds of sugar, the value of which was esti- mated by the custom house at $281,000; and in 1825 only 70,302 pounds of cigars and 167,100 pounds of leaf tobacco and strips ; but we must remember that no branch of the contraband trade is more active than that in cigars. The tobacco of the Vuelta de Abajo is more celebrated, but large quantities are exported which are produced in the eastern part of the Island. The culti- vation of tobacco has been one of the most uncertain branches of industry in Cuba. Trammeled by restric- tions and exactions, it was confined almost entirely to the poorer classes of the population, who were enabled to raise a scanty and uncertain crop through the ad- vances of capital made them by the ' Factoria.' After the suppression of this monopoly, it has had to contend with the more popular and profitable pursuits of coffee 522 THE STORY OF CUBA. and sugar planting, which have successfully competed with it for the employment of the skill, capital, and labor of the Island." The Vuelta de Abajo owes its fine and universally esteemed quality of tobacco probably as much to the physical formation of the country as to any peculiar quality of its soil. Along the northern border of the district, where the best tobacco is grown, lies the high Sierra de los Organos, gathering, in rains upon its northern slopes, the moisture borne landward by the constantly prevailing trade winds, and this, with the effect of the surrounding heated waters of the Carib- bean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico, give to the region south of this ridge a character of climate peculiarly its own. It is in this region that Maceo's raids have been so ruinous to the industry. The hurricanes of Cuba can hardly be regarded as a resource or beauty, and they are not attractive, and picturesque is hardly the word. They received scant attention from Humboldt, who visited the Island in the beginning of the present century, since which only two hurricanes have been experienced there. The first of these occurred on the 4th and 5th of October, 1844. It began about ten o'clock on the evening of the 4th, and continued with great violence until daylight, when the point of greatest descent of the barometer, 28.27, was observed. From that time it subsided, and the torrents of rain began to cease, but the wind continued to blow with great violence until 10 a.m. This storm passed over all the zone of the country comprised between Bahia Honda and Sierra Morena on the north, and Galafre and Cienfuegos on the south side of Cuba. One hundred and fifty-eight vessels were wrecked in HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 523 the harbors and on the coasts, and one hundred and one lives were lost. The crops suffered severely, and 2,546 houses were destroyed. The second hurricane occurred in the fol- lowing year, and was more destructive than the pre- ceding one. It began about midnight of the loth of October, and increased in violence, with torrents of rain and spray, until 10:30 a.m. of the nth, when the barometer had fallen to 27.06, the lowest point it has ever been known to touch in Cuba. Its ravages ex- tended over nearly the same extent of country with that of 1844, but its greatest violence was confined to a circle of about 40 miles radius round Havana. Two hundred and twenty-six vessels were lost, 1,872 houses were blown down, 5,051 partially destroyed, and 114 persons perished. During both of these hurricanes the wind veered to every point of the compass, and the salt spray was car- ried fifteen or twenty miles inland, blackening vegeta- tion as though fire had passed over it. The American Encyclopaedia gives these figures of the extent of the Island : " The greatest length of the Island, measured through the centre, is given by differ- ent authorities from 750 to 793 English miles ; the great- est width, 50 miles west of Santiago, is about 127 miles ; from Havana to the southern coast at Batabano, it is only about 28 miles across the Island. The area of the Island has been variously estimated. In 1825 it was computed by Senor Bauza, at the request of Humboldt, and found to be 3,681 square maritime leagues of 20 to the degree. This included the Isle of Pines, on the southern coast, the area of which is 98 leagues. The latest estimates of the area, converted into English stat- 524 THE STORY OF CUBA. ute miles, are from 42,383 to 45,277. The Isle of Pines contains besides 810 square miles, and other small islands, 970, making that of the whole territory belong- ing to Cuba from 44,163 to 47,057 square miles. The length of shore line on the south side is 301 leagues, and on the north, 272 leagues ; that of the whole Island may be called about 2,000 English miles." It will be observed that in dimensions Cuba closely corresponds with the state of New York. The difficulty of soldiering in this country appears in this outline sketch of the swamps and their relations to the moun- tains and the sea. For the most part low tracts inter- vene between the central elevations and the shore on either side; and in the wet season these are inundated, and rendered almost impassable by the depth of water and the tenacity of the deep black mud. From Jagua to Point Sabina on the south side, the country is a continuous swamp for 46 leagues, and the same may be said of many other less extensive tracts on the north side. There are limestone formations in the Island, cav- ernous like that of such mammoth cave celebrity in Kentucky, and, that nothing may be lacking, there are true marbles and petroleum springs. Once — from 1724 to 1795 — Havana was the port where the ships of Spain were built — [14 vessels of 4,902 guns were constructed there — but this was stopped on the complaint that Spain must build ships at home. Cuba had too many facil- ities for the work to be allowed to carry it on. On all the coasts of Cuba, but principally on the north- ern, are found immense deposits of salt. The astonishing value of Cuban wood was one of the things that were discovered by Columbus. Among the woods are the lignum vitae ; the cocoa wood or cocus, HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 525 which somewhat resembles the Hgnum vitae, and is used for similar purposes, as also for pins, and tree nails, and for turnery, making excellent flutes ; the lance wood, largely exported for carriage shafts, surveyors' instru- ments, and other uses. Mahogany is so abundant, and the quality of the wood is so superior, that it has been, since its first use in London, in 1724, an important item in the exports of the Island. Belonging to the same natural order is the cedrela odorata of Linnaeus, and there much used, as also in the United States, for the inside of drawers and wardrobes. It is the material of the cigar boxes. Humboldt, citing the several species of palm, of which he enumerates five, remarks that " we might believe that the entire island was originally a forest of palms and wild lime and orange trees." These last, which have a small fruit, are probably anterior to the arrival of the Europeans, who carried there the agrumi of the gardens, which rarely exceed ten or fifteen feet in height. There was but little gold found in Cuba, but, what was much better, a great deal of coal. Cuba has but one peculiar animal, and it resembles a big rat. There is also a big snake, quite harmless, and one, not so big, that is venomous, but not numerous or deadly. There are 200 species of indigenous birds, many of them very brilliant. The fish are abundant, and rival the birds in beauty. The oysters are delicious, and the turtles crawl abundantly over the coral islands. The forests and fruits are thus treated by the Encyclopaedia Britannica : "The forests of Cuba are of vast extent, and so dense as to be almost impenetrable. It is estimated that of 526 THE STORY OF CUBA. nearly 20,000,000 acres of land still remaining perfectly- wild and uncultivated, nearly 13,000,000 are uncleared forests. Mahogany and other hard woods, such as the Cuban ebony, cedar, sabicei and granadilla, valuable for manufactures, cabinet work and ship building, are indigenous, and are exported to a considerable extent. The palm is the queen of the Cuban forests, and the most valuable tree on the Island. The most common species, the Palma Real (Oreodoxo regia), is found in all parts, but especially in the west. The fruits of Cuba are those common to the tropics, of which the pine- apple and orange are the most esteemed. Of the ali- mentary plants, the plaintain is by far the most impor- tant." And we quote the same authority on sugar, coffee and tobacco : " The United. States take about 70 or 80 per cent, of the sugar grown in Cuba, the greater part of the re- mainder passing to Europe. The quantity exported in 1873 from the ports of Havana, Matanzas, Cardenas, Sagua la Grande, Remedios, Nuevitas, Santiago de Cuba, Trinidad and Cienfuegos exceeded 600,000 tons, of a value of about ^12,000,000. Besides this, 242,000 tons of molasses were exported. After the ' ingenios ' the ' cafetales ' or coffee estates are the most important establishments. They vary in extent from 100 to up- wards of 1,000 acres, or even more in the mountain districts, the number of hands employed being as high as 100 in the low country, but generally averaging fifty or sixty negroes to 1,000 acres. The first coffee planta- tion was established in 1748, the seeds having .been brought from San Domingo. Though at one time coffee was sent. out from Cuba ip enormous quantities. HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. S^? it does not now figure largely in the exports. Tobacco is indigenous to Cuba; and its excellent quality is cel- ebrated in all parts of the world. The estates devoted to its cultivation are scattered over the greater part of the Island, but the finest qualities of tobacco are those grown in the country west of Havana, known as the ' Vuelta Abajo.' In 1873, 224,765,000 cigars were ex- ported, besides nearly 13,500,000 lbs. of leaf. "The backward state of education is one of the griev- ances of the Cubans. "The Roman Catholic is the only one religion tol- erated by the government. At first there was but one diocese, which included not only the whole Island, but also Louisiana and the two Floridas, all under one bishop. In 1 788 Cuba was divided into two dioceses, each embracing half the Island. The eastern diocese, or that of Santiago de Cuba, was, in 1804, erected into an archbishopric, while that of Havana still remains under a bishop. " The crown revenues of the Island are the rentas- maritimas, including duties on imports, exports and tonnage, and the local or municipal duties levied at some of the custom houses ; the impuestas interiores, including the tax on home manufactures, the sale of stamped paper, the profits derived from the lottery, and the impost on cock-fights ; deductions from the rentas- ecclesiasticas, particularly those called the royal ninths and the consolidated funds, the sinking fund, the media annata, and the annual and monthly revenues of the clergy ; personal deductions, such as from the pay of public functionaries, and the price of exemption from military service ; miscellaneous receipts, as the produce of the sale of royal lands, the rents of vacant livings 528 THE STORY OF CUBA.] and of unclaimed estates, the produce of vendible offices, and casual receipts, including deposits, confisca- tions, donations, and the recovery of arrears." Concerning the mountains, we quote the Encyclopae- dia Britannica : " The highest part of the Island is in the range exten- tending in the southeast from the Punta de Maysi to Cape Cruse, called the Sierra or Montafios de Maestra or Cobre, the summits of which are the Pico de Tar- qulno, 7,670 feet, the highest point of the whole Island ; Gran Piedra, 5,200 feet ; Yunque and Ojo del Toro, 3,500. From this Sierra a ridge of much smaller general elevation follows nearly the central line of the Island westward throughout its extent, rising to form a marked range in the extreme west of Cuba, on which the Pan de Guajaibon attains 2,530 feet. An almost isolated mass of which the Pico de Potrerillo is the summit, 2,990 feet above the sea, rises immediately behind the harbor of Trinidad, near the centre of the southern coastland. " The rivers are necessarily short, and flow toward the north and south. The largest is the Cauto, rising in the Sierra del Cobre, and falling into the Bay of Buena Es- peranza on the southern coast, after a course of fifty leagues, for twenty of which it is navigable by boats, though at low water obstructed by bars. The Sagua la Grande rises in the Sierra del Escambray, and falls into the sea in front of the Boca de Maravillas, being navigable for five leagues. " Situated within, and near the border of the northern tropical zone, the climate of the low coastlands of Cuba is that of the torrid zone, but the higher interior of the Island enjoys a more temperate atmosphere. On a HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 529 mean of seven years, the rainfall at Havana in the wet season has been observed to be 27.8 inches, of the dry months 12.7 or 40.5 inches for the year. At Havana in the warmest months, those of July and August, the average temperature is 82 Fahr., fluctuating between a maximum of 88° and a minimum of 76° ; in the cooler months of December and January, the thermometer averages 72°, the maximum being 78°, the minimum 58° ; the average temperature of the year at Havana, on a mean of seven years, is Tf." But it is fair that our readers should hear a cry from Cuba of poverty, and we find it in " Cuba and the Cubans," by Raimundo Cabrera,, " Oh, we are truly rich ! "From 1821 to 1826, Cuba, with her own resources, covered the expenditures of the treasury. Our opu- lence dates from that period. We had already suffi- cient negro slaves to cut down our virgin forests, and ample authority to force them to work " By means of our vices and our luxury, and in spite of the hatred of everything Spanish, which Moreno at- tributed to us, we sent, in 1827, the first little million of hard cash to the treasury of the nation. From that time, until 1864, we continued to send yearly to the mother-country two millions and a half of the same stufif. According to several Spanish statisticians, these sums amounted, in 1864, to $89,107,287. We were very rich, don't you see ? tremendously rich. We contribu- ted more than five million dollars towards the require- ments of the Peninsular — $5,372,205. We paid, in great part, the cost of the war in Africa. The individual do- ations alone amounted to fabulous sums. " But, of course, we have never voted for our own im- 530 THE STORY OF CUBA. posts ; they have been forced upon us because we are so rich. In 1862, we had in a state of production the fol- lowing estates : 2,712 stock farms, 1,521 sugar planta- tions, 782 coffee plantations, 6,175 cattle ranches, 18 cocoa plantations, 35 cotton plantations, 22,748 produce farms, 11,738 truck farms, 11,541 tobacco plantations, 1,731 apiaries, 153 country resorts, 243 distilleries, 468 tile-works, 504 lime-kilns, 63 charcoal furnaces, 54 cas- ava-bread factories, and 61 tanneries. To-day I do not know what we possess, because there are no statistics, and because the recently organized assessment is a hodge-podge and a new burden ; but we have more than at that time ; surely, we must have a great deal more. " For a very long time we have borne the expenses of the convict settlement of Fernando Po. We paid for the ill-starred Mexican expedition, the costs of the war in San Domingo, and with the republics of the Pacific ; how can we possibly be poor ? While England, France and Holland appropriate large sums for the require- ments of their colonies, Spain does not contribute a sin- gle cent for hers. We do not need it ; we are wading deep in rivers of gold. If the fertility of our soil did not come to our rescue, we must, perforce, have become enriched by the system of protection to the commerce of the mother-country The four columns of the tariff are indeed a sublime invention. Our agricultural industries require foreign machinery, tools and utensils, which Spain does not supply, but, as she knows that we have gold to spare, she may make us pay for them very high. And since our sugar is to be sold to the United States . . never mind what they cost. When there are earthquakes in Andalusia and inundations in Mur- cia, hatred does not prevent us from sending to our af- HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 531 flicted brethren large sums. . . (which sometimes fail to reach their destination). " We are opulent ? Let us see if we are. From the earliest times down to the present the officials who come to Cuba amass, in the briefest space of time, fortunes to be dissipated in Madrid, and which appear never to dis- turb their consciences. This country is very rich, incal- culably rich. In 1830 we contributed $6,120,934 ; in 1840,19,605,877 ; in 1850, $10,074,677 ; in i860, $29,610,- 779. During the war we did not merely contribute ; we bled. We had to carry the budget of $82,000,000. "We count 1,500,000 inhabitants ; that is to say, one miUion and a half of vicious, voluptuous, pompous spendthrifts, full of hatred and low passions, who con- tribute to the public charges and never receive a cent in exchange ; who have given as much as $92 per cap- ita, and who at the present moment pay to the state what no other taxpayers the world over have ever con- tributed. Does any one say that we are not prodig- iously, enviably rich ? " 532 THE STORY OF CUBA, CHAPTER XXIX. THE ANCIENT RECORDS OF THE ISLAND. The Words in Spanish and Rendered in English with which Columbus Reports the Discovery of Cuba — The Words in which he Reported the Smoking of Tobacco by the Islanders — The Account of the First Mass Celebrated in the New World. We reserve for a special chapter the interesting first records of the long story. They possess the greatest value, and have been accurately produced by careful investigation. The accepted account of the first mass in America is wrong. The truth is here set forth. The temple in Havana marks the spot where the first celebration occurred on the site of the city. It was during the voyage the first mass was said that Columbus discovered Jamaica, and he sailed west as far as the Isle of Pines. A few days more would have informed him that he had found a great island, and not a cortinent as he believed all his life. He had been dead two years when Cuba was first circum- navigated. Columbus saw for the first time the land of the island of Cuba in the afternoon of the 27th October, 1492, and on the following day, Sunday the 28th, entered a river on its northern coast. He called this river San Salva- dor, and to the Island he gave the name oi Juana. He then took possession of the new territory for the king and queen of Castile, and sailed along its coast until the 5th of December, in which time he visited five har- HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 535 bors named by him Puerto y Rio de Mares, Mar de Nuestra Senora, Puerto Principe, Santa Catalina y Puerto Santo. Here is his own statement in old Spanish and with the old spelling. " Cuando yo Uegue a la Juana segui yo la costa della poniente y la falle tan grande que pense que seria tierra firme, la prouincia de Catayo, y como no falle asi villas y lugares en la costa de la mar, salvo pequefias pob- laciones, con la gente de las cuales no podia hauer fabla, porque luego fuyan todos, andaua yo adelante por el dicho camino, pensando de no errar grandes ciudades o villas, y al cabo de muchas leguas visto que no hauia innovacion y que la costa me leuaua al setentrion, de donde mi voluntad era.contraria, por que el yuierno era ya encarnado, yo tenia proposito de hazer del austro y tanbien el viento me dio adelante, determine de no aguardar otro tiempo, y bolui atras fasta un senalado puerto da donde embie dos hombres por la tierra para saber si hauia rey o grandes ciudades. Andouieron tres jornadas y hallaron infinitas poblaciones pequenas y gente sin numero, mas no cosa de regimiento, por lo qual se boluieron. Yo entendia harta de otros jndios que ya tenia tomados commo continuamente esta tierra era isla, et asi segui la costa della al oriente ciento y siete leguas faste donde fazia fin : del qual cabo vi otra isla al oriente distante de esta diez e ocho leguas, a la qual luego puse nombre la Espanola, y fui alii y segui la parte del setentrion asi como de la Juana, al oriente clxxxiij grandes leguas por linia recta del oriente, la cual y todas las otras son fertilisimas en demasiado grado, y esta en estremo ; en ella ay muchos puertos enla costa dela mar, sin comparacion de otros que yo 536 THE STOKY OF CUBA. sepa en christianos, y fartos rios, y buenos, y grandes, que es marauilla. Las tierras della son altas y en ella muy muchas sierras y montafias altissimas sin compara- cion de la isla de Teneryfe. Son todas fermossissimas de mill fechuras y todas andabiles y llenas de arboles de mil maneras y altas y parecen que llegan al cielo ; y tengo por dicho que jamas pierden la foja, segun puedo comprender que los vi tan verdes y tan hermosos commo son en Mayo en Spana, y dellos stavan floridos, dellos confruto, y dellos en otro termino segun es su calidad ; y cantaua el ruisefiol y otros paxaricos de mil maneras en el mes de nouiembre por alii donde yo an- daua. Ay palmas de seys o de ocho maneras, que es admiracion verlas por la disformidad fermosa dellas mas assi commo los otros arboles y frutos et yeruas. En ella hay pinares a marauilla, e ay canpifias grandis- simas et ay mjel, y de muchas maneras de aves y frutas muy diversas. En las tierras ay muchas minas de metales et ay gente inestimable numero," etc.* TRANSLATION. " When I reached Juana, I followed its coast to the westward, and found it so large that I thought that it must be mainland, the province of Cathay ; and as I found neither towns nor villages on the seacoast, but only some hamlets, with the inhabitants of which I could not hold conversation, because they all imme- diately fled, I kept on the same route, thinking that I could not fail to light upon some large cities or towns. " At length, after the proceeding of many leagues, and *The above is quoted from \vi% first letter \.a Santangel, the chancellor of the ex- chequer of Aragon, dated at Lisbon, the 14th March, 1493, just on his return from his first voyage. HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 537 finding that nothing new presented itself, and that the coast was leading me northwards (which I wished to avoid, because winter had already set in, and it was my intention to move southwards ; and because, moreover, the winds were contrary), I resolved not to wait for a change in the weather, but returned to a certain harbor which I had remarked, and from which I sent two men ashore to ascertain whether there was any king or large cities in that part. They journeyed for three days, and found countless small hamlets, with numberless inhab- itants, but with nothing like order ; they, therefore, returned. In the meantime I had learned from some other Indians, whom I had seized, that this land was certainly an island ; accordingly, I followed the coast eastward for a distance of 107 leagues, where it ended in a cape. From this cape I saw another island to the east- ward, at a distance of eighteen leagues from the former, to which I gave the name of La Espanola. Thither I went, and followed its northern coast (just the same as I had done with the coast of Juana) 118 full miles due east. This island, like all others, is extraordinarily large, and this one extremely so. In it are many sea- ports, with which none that I know in Christendom can bear comparison, so good and capacious that it is a won- der to see. The lands are high, and there are many lofty mountains, with which the islands of Tenerife can- not be compared. They are all most beautiful, of a thousand different shapes, accessible, and covered with trees of a thousand kinds, of such great height that they seem to reach the skies. I am told that the trees never lose their foliage, and I can well understand it, for I observed that they were as green and luxuriant as in Spain in the month of May. Some were in bloom, others C-31 538 Th^ story op CUBA. bearing fruit, and others otherwise, according to their nature. The nightingale was singing, as well as other little birds of a thousand different kinds, and that in November, the month in which I was roaming amongst them. There are palm-trees of six or eight kinds, wonderful in their beautiful variety ; but this is the case with all other trees and fruits and grasses. It contains extraordinary pine groves and very extensive plains. There is also honey, and a great variety of birds, and many different kinds of fruits. In the interior there are many mines of metals, and a population innu- merable," etc. On the 29th April, 1494, Columbus left La Espafi- ola in order to visit the southern coast of Cuba, and two days afterwards arrived at the harbor of Guanta- namo, which he called Puerto Grande. Following his voyage in another direction, he discovered Jamaica, and then returned to Cuba and reached the Cabo Cruz on the 1 8th May, continued his sailing westwards and found the numerous archipelago now known as El Cayo de las Doce Leguas, which he called Ja'rdines de la Reina (" the Gardens of the Queen "). On the 22d he stopped at the largest of those islands, and gave it the name of Santa Marta. Again going towards the coast, he entered the Hati- bonico River on the 3d of June, and found a great num- ber of natives, who gave the new comers a hearty recep- tion. ' After further exploration, made westwards along the coast, and having discovered the Isle of Pines, that he called Isla del Evangelista, he sailed once more eastwards and landed on the shores of the Hatibdnico on Sunday, the 6th of July, 1494. His first action there was to thank the Almighty for HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY, 539 having preserved him and his men after so many dan- gers and tribulations they had been in. To that effect he ordered that a rustic altar be provided, and on this the first mass was celebrated on Cuban soil. Natives in large numbers witnessed the imposing ceremonial, and were greatly and favorably impressed with the sight of it. An old man, whom all other Indians seemed to respect, was deeply moved, and, through interpreter Diego, addressed Columbus in the following words : " It seems to me that you have just done a good thing, for you have worshipped your God. Although, as I hear, you come from foreign lands with great armaments to conquer many nations and countries, do not fill yourself with pride for that. Know you that in future life there are two different places where the souls go ; one is full of pleasures and happiness, and is re- served for those who were good; in the other one, which is dark and horrible, the bad are to groan. If you are a mortal and fear eternal punishment, do not harm those who do not harm you, and you will surely get your reward." Columbus also felt deeply moved by the words of the old Indian, and answered him he was glad to see that the belief of those natives was so similar to the principles of true religion ; that the king and queen of Spain had not sent him to subject people, but to further enlighten them with the teachings of true religion, and to protect them against the raids of their cruel enemies, the Caribbeans, for which reason all Cubans should look upon him as their friend and defender. The words of Columbus and what the interpreter added in regard to the power and riches of the Castil- 540 THE STORY OF CUBA. ian monarchy, made the old Indian to feel so much as- tonishment and gladness that he wanted to sail with the Spaniards and see the European countries, but his wife and children pleaded so earnestly with him, much to his sorrow, that he finally desisted from his intended voyage. This is the account of the discovery of the use of to- bacco, as given by Father Las Casas, in his " General History of the Indians : " " Hallaron por el caminomucha gente que atravesa- ban a sus pueblos, mugeres y hombres : siempre los hombres con un tizon en las manos y ciertas yerbas secas metidas en una cierta hoja seca tambien a manera de mosquete hecho de papel de los que hacen los mu- chachos la Pascua del Espiritu Santo, y encendido por una parte de €\, por la otra chupan 6 sorben 6 reciben con el resuello por adentro aquel humo ; con el cual se adormecen las carnes y cuasi emborracha y asi diz que no sienten el cansancio. Estos mosquetes 6 como los llamaremos, llaman el los tabacos." TRANSLATION : " They met on the way many people who were going ■ to their villages, both women and men ; the men always carrying in their hands a burning piece of wood and certain dry herbs rolled in a certain leaf, also dry, in the fashion of those paper tubes the boys make on the feast of the Holy Ghost, and it is burning on one end, while from the other end they puff or draw or take out with the breath from the inside that smoke with which they get drowsy and almost drunk ; and it is said that in this way they do not feel fatigue. These tubes, or whatever we may call them, they call tabacos." HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 541 These are the words of Las Casas, It may be added, that the name of the weed was not tabaco, the meaning of the word tabaco corresponds exactly to what we now call cigar, but the name of the manufactured article was afterwards extended to the plant producing the leaf used. The Indian name for the plant and leaf was Cohiba. 542 THE STORY OF CUBA. CHAPTER XXX. THE SITUATION WHEN WEYLER ARRIVED. Monotony of Military Situation — The Trocha as a Spanish Delusion — Strange Paralysis of the Army of Spain — How It Pays to Keep Full Prisons — Corrupt Sluggards — The Combats at Cacarajicara and ManzanfUo — Troubles of American Correspondents — Captain-Gen- eral Weyler's Personality — Gossip About Him — The Filibusters — The Strained Relations with Spain in 1873 — Sickles and Fish Dis- patches — Settlement of the Virginius Case. The journey of the author to Cuba, undertaken while General Campos was on the way from the scene of his failure to Spain and General Weyler was getting under way for the scene of his failure, Cuba, was to find and report the truth ; and the presumption was that the dif- ferent commanders would produce remarkable events and influential changes. This was in January, in the midst of the campaigning season, and now it is May, at the beginning of the rainy season, when it is excessively expensive in the health and strength and equipment of the troops to keep the field engaging in active work ; and it is the accustomed anticipations of those who have had experience of Cuban military enterprise, that the military situation will not be seriously molested for six months. It was not vividly remembered by those who expected a new captain-general to produce immediate revolutionary re- sults, that the causes of the disorder, the character of the people, the comparative resources of the peninsula * The events justified this calculation, except as to the surprising stay of Maceo in Pinar del Rio. CALIXTO GAKCIA HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY 545 of Spain and the Island of Cuba, would continue the elements of the conditions of the strife. The quarrel and the people are the same and habits grow stronger than the will, in men and nations. After giving the state of the Island the closest atten- tion of which a careful and diligent observer was capa- ble, and seeking to subject to critical analysis that which was in the air as well as the newspapers, and there was a good deal more news atmospheric than was printed, the conviction came that the dreary struggle would be protracted until the wealth of the Island was wasted, the people utterly impoverished, the country absolutely ruined, unless there should arise from the tumultuous upheavals of the situation changes that would permit the separation of Spain and Cuba on terms that would not be dishonorable or humiliating to either, and the hopeful logic of it all was the amicable annexation of Cuba as a state to the United States. Nothing phenomenal has happened owing to the individualities of the Weyler administration. Martinez Campos was so slow when he took command and so roughly handled at Bayamo, and General Suarez Val- des was so distinctly defeated by Gomez, that General Pando was sent over with 30,000 men ; and then the insurgents were not checked, but seemed to be rein- forced as fast as the Spaniards. Weyler brought rein- forcements, and 10,000 good troops speedily followed, but the Island absorbed them without a symptom of result, and the aggressive forces of Spain have seemed rather to relax and recede than become alert and advance, and while there are at least 130,000 regular troops on the rolls of service in Cuba, there is nothing new to show for them. If there cannot be two armies 546 THE STORY OF CUBA. of 50,000 men each massed for strenuous and sweeping operations — leaving- the 30,000 additional Spanish regu- lars and the 60,000 volunteers to do garrison duty — it may be considered a settled question there is no more hope for the military than for the political situation of the Spaniards in the Island. Still we find the interest centering upon the alleged trocha, which has become a synonym for doing nothing, and this lunar object is near the boundary, between the provinces of Havana and Pinar del Rio. Now this military line across the Island has been the favorite scheme of the Spanish tacticians from the first, though it has never embarrassed a rebel leader, and it is obvi- ously useless unless the insurgent forces west of it are under the necessity of crossing it for lack of supplies or are hunted from their lairs with a vehement alacrity not indicated in any quarter. The line is of no assistance to the government except to prevent the escape of the insurgents and confine them to be hunted down, and they are in no hurry if appearances and accounts are trustworthy, and the hunters are sometimes hunted. There must be an insurmountable immobility about the Spanish troops, the lethargy established by incapac- ity in handling them, or something would happen in a few weeks when there are 50,000 Spaniards within twenty miles of 10,000 rebels — who have no base of op- erations and must live on the country and confront an enemy wherever they face the sea. The rumors change hourly as to the disposition of the Spanish masses and Cuban cavalry that should be fighting. Why Gomez moved eastward so far in March, and for some weeks disappeared, has not been ac- counted for with precision, and therefore the news that HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. $47 he is'coming back has hardly been received with enthu- siasm. The statement that he was drilling recruits and resting his men may have been true, but does not cover so much time and space as is called for. Still he does not seem to be molested as he rides up and down the country. There are several reasons assigned for Spanish de- lays that are not merely of a military or political char- acter. It is said that the Spaniards lack dash, because their leaders are sluggish and corrupt, and there is a steady shower of stories that a great deal of money is to be made continually out of an army of 100,000 men in the field, and as many more about the towns. The insurgents claim to have bought cartridges even in Moro Castle, and carried them out in market baskets, exchanging for them cigars and silver ; but there are so many vivid imaginations in Cuba that no one knows, and there are many who ought to care, but do not. The brother-in-law of Campos has the reputation con- ferred upon him, with endless particulars of gossip, of making millions by standing between the army and the business men who have contracts for furnishing sup- pHes, and the specific relation of mysteries goes, that the supremely important fort that dominates Havana from the land side, and is supposed to be always ready to stand a siege, bombard the city if necessary, was found by Weyler almost destitute of arms and ammu- nition. These reports are steadfastly asserted, and largely believed to have many facts to rest upon, be- cause there is corruption in all sorts of Spanish admin- istration, and the paralysis of the army thereby ac- counted for; but it would make an impression of vindictiveness to charge a nation with paresis. 548 THE STORY OF CUBA. Walter Dygert, the young American about whose imprisonment so much has been said, gives from his own experience an explanation of the profitableness of having crowded prisons, in these terms : " A child may weep at brambles' smart, And maidens when tlicir lovers part; But woe worth a country when She sees the tears of bearded men.'' These lines by the poet, Scott, recurred to me when I saw aged men weeping and heart-broken at being separated from their families and shut up in this hell. But why does the Spanish government shut up helpless cripples and non-combatants ? This is a question that puzzled me for some time, but I finally solved it, and will answer it after I have described the food and water. A little after 6 in the morning we were, each of us, given a very small cup of coffee. The first meal of the day, if it could be called a meal, came after 9 o'clock. It consisted of a little rice, which was generally dirty; a few small potatoes, boiled with their skins on, and often partly rotten; a little piece of boiled salt beef, or beef cut up in small bits, with soup, just about half enough, and of the poorest (piality. The meat was often spoiled, and unfit for anything but a vulture to eat. The sec- ond and last meal of the day came about 4 in the afternoon, and was the same as the first. I had no opportunity to count the prisoners, but I learned that there were about 180 on the average confined there. I learned as definitely as I could, without seeing the contract, that a certain party had a con- tract to feed these prisoners at twenty-five cents each per day. Thus he gets $45 a day, and I learned that the food costs him only $7 to $8 a day, and, as some of the prisoners did the cooking, his profit can be readily seen. On such a contract he could afford to divide with the judge and army officers to keep the prison full. Perhaps there is money in keeping camps as well as prisons full, and in the detention of garrisons and the stick-in-the-mud strategy, but it is plain there is much rotten timber. HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. „549 Walter S. Whitcomb, of Springfield, Mass., who made the most remarkable escape on record from Moro Castle a few weeks ago, happening to have money in his clothes that escaped the eyes of those who searched him, and using it judiciously in the purchase of a rope, had been for some time in the camp of Maceo, and gives, in an interview with 2, Journal reporter, a remark- ably intelligible account of the insurgents : "I was mustered into a company, and if I had been able to speak the Spanish language better I should have been given a command, for I had some military experi- ence, having served three years with the New Hamp- shire state militia in Keene, N. H. " I soon found out how badly ammunition was needed, for at that time, you know, they had scarcely any arms, and were only provided with machetes. All sorts of queer guns were carried, but only a few Mauser rifles. " I was astonished to find four companies of women with Maceo's army. They were of ages from fifteen to forty, and were intensely patriotic and very brave. They all carried machetes, and I afterward saw them in several engagements, in which they displayed as much courage as the men, fighting right in the face of bullets and cheering on the men like demons. Many of them were mounted on horses and mules. " I was in this camp about five weeks. There were about twelve thousand men in all. Every morning we were called up at 5 by the trumpeter, and a few hours were spent in drilling. We had several skirmishes with the Spanish, and in nearly every case we drove them back, taking prisoners, who readily joined our ranks. General Maceo succeeded during these weeks in taking possession of the entire province of Pinar del Rio. 550 THE STORY OF CUBA. " The insurgents are far more familiar with miUtary tactics than the Spanish soldiers, who seem to lack or- ganization and are cowards of the* worst sort. Why, one of the women whipped five of them one day with her sugar cane knife. They will never get possession of the Island. "The insurgents have natural forts which the Spanish cannot approach. Many of these are reached only through the southern swamps, and here, safely ensconced out of reach of the enemy, they have their hospitals. They know the entrances to these swamps and to caves in the western part of the Island, where it would be death for a Spaniard to enter. "Much food is sent into the insurgent camps from sources no one could guess. While I was in the camp I did not suffer for food nor for kindness. We foraged a great deal in the surrounding country, but we always obtained food from friends when it was possible. General Maceo is very courteous, and when people ob- jected to giving food or arms, he always explained that he would regard it as a loan and that they would be repaid some day in full. "I saw little cruelty toward the Spanish prisoners. Except in the case of spies, who were always hung, the prisoners were allowed to leave if they wished, after their arms had been taken from them. In most cases they joined us." There are two recent Havana despatches that may mean something out of the common, and relieve the dull and dreary round of labored bulletins and lively fiction. One is that General Pando has delivered the command of the province of Santa Clara to General Pri, and is going back to Spain. The other point is HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 55 I that General Weyler is making ready to leave Havana and do something himself. He ought to be ready for a start by this time. General Pando is said to be a man of whom Weyler is jealous, and, therefore, his absence from the scene would be welcome, and a move- ment of Weyler in the field would probably be coinci- dent with the departure of the most conspicuous of the lieutenant-generals — who was not, it is said, allowed the troops he needed, because he, being a fighting man, might do something conspicuous, and make trouble for his superior officer. If Weyler goes out it will, of course, signify that he has made ready for a strik- ing movement, and it could hardly be anything else than a drive at Maceo in overwhelming force, and with a quick step unprecedented on the side of the govern- ment. That Weyler may be up to some desperate work be- fore acknowledging himself powerless through the rainy season would be in character. Among the in- teresting things he said to the writer, however, was that he did not mean to regard military operations as impracticable during the wet weather. That he will have to take some personal risk in the field is certain, but there is something of that every day in the palace and on the streets of Havana. If Maceo's troopers knew he was in their vicinity, they would, no doubt, however he might be guarded, try a machete charge, and the glory of getting at him with a big knife would be very attractive. The greatest danger of the general would probably be from sharp-shooters. Rifles are of such long range now that in the hands of experts they are deadly far beyond the records on battlefields up to the day of the latest improvements in arms of precision. 552 THE STORY OF CUBA. An officer is not safe where a hostile rifleman can make out his uniform with a field glass. The Cubans tell of a sharp-shooter with Maceo, who, two months ago, had killed seven Spanish officers, and they managed to keep him well supplied with car- tridges ! The fall of Spanish officers in numbers out of numerical proportion to the number of private soldiers killed, is frequently a feature of the reports, though it may be that one reason is the death of an important man cannot be concealed. The recently reported heavy fighting in the west be- tween Spanish columns and detachments from Maceo's command have, no doubt, some foundation, but there is as little question the details had been exaggerated. The reports of superhuman bravery on both sides are uncommonly copious and urgent just now, and remind us of the like literary enthusiasms in the early skirmishes of our civil war. After we had heard from the insur- gents about their superb achievements, carrying every- thing before them, annihilating regiment after regiment, the Spaniards captured one of Maceo's forts, and we read of the " storming of Cacarajicara," in the western Cuban mountains, and there was a march "up heights under fire," and this is done by the very Inclan, the Spaniard whose column was several times destroyed in telegrams by way of Key West. A countryman is said to have told the location of Maceo's camp. As it has been for a month within fif- teen miles of the Spanish trocha, there should not have been protracted perplexity in finding it. A movement was made, and the troops pushed " forward through a scattering fire from the ambushed rebels, until they reached a pocket in the road, where a town showed and HER STRUGGLES POR LIBERTY. 553 the fortifications above. The firing was now general all along the line. Darkness found the troops in this position. They were kept awake all night under con- stant fire, with no food or drink. At the first sight of dawn the Spanish general ordered the guns to the front, to attack the intrenchments. The insurgents made an assault upon the artillery men with their machetes, but were " driven back forty feet from the can- non by a wall of troops. A tall, bearded man, stick in hand, urged the rebels to fall on the Spaniards, but they refused, and retreated. A bayonet charge was then ordered, and the soldiers patriotically rushed into the ditch, driving out the rebels. One of those who de- fended the fort, and fled with the others, was a woman." The return march, which was made immediately, " was very difficult, the enemy being scattered all through the hills, and firing from every point. The progress was slow, on account of the wounded soldiers." Now one is called upon to have misgiving whether this was a triumphal way of returning from a conquest. Suarez Inclan made an address, thanking his soldiers for their valor, which, he said, " deserved a place in the best pages of Spanish history." He said : The enemy was concentrated in the thick woods and high hills, and the road was well fortified with trenches at different points. Our posi- tion was most difficult. With all these obstacles, with the superior forces united, trying to defeat and destroy us, half a brigade, formed of soldiers of the San Fernando and Baleares battalions and a section of the Fifth Mountain artillery, showed true heroism, and were ready to conquer or die for their country. They proved able to face and beat the enemy that tried to surround us in the pass of Cacarajicara on our return. I was much pleased with the spirit of sacrifice under severe discipline. My men were under furious fire in the attacks and in marching, but our 554 THE STORY OF CUBA. efforts were crowned with victory, and the efforts of Maceo's forces, the most determined of the insurrection, were foiled. Those of Socarras gave way, leaving us a position that might have been impregnable. We did not cede a foot, though Quintin Bandera attacked us at night and endeavored to recapture the hill. Maceo's big forces also tried for six hours to harrass our rear guard, endeavoring to make disorder in the column, while Pilar Rojas attacked the head and left fiank. The fortifications were razed, and Socarras and Pilar Rojas were wounded. Hundreds more are dead and wounded. It was not possible for us to escape serious losses. We made a glorious sacrifice for our country. There is an exactness in this that arouses suspicion. What was the march made for if not to hold the ground ? Why is stress placed upon the.furious efforts of the rebels to destroy the Spaniards ? The rebels are really inadvertently credited with taking the offensive. It is vague to say hundreds of rebels were dead and wound- ed. It is not giving much information to say that forti- fications were razed. "Serious losses," confessed in an affair where escape from a bad position was regarded as a victory, means much. This amounts to a Spanish official report that Maceo is well fortified, and is not troubled at all about the trocha. The despatch by James Creelman, of May 6th, via Key West, says the battle in the mountain at Cacaraji- cara was a Spanish defeat ; but Maceo was not there, being six miles away, looking for another attack. The fighting was severe, and sixteen wounded officers have reached Havana. This latest from this correspondent is : "Gen. Weyler is desperate, and insists that Gen. Maceo must attack the trocha whether he wants to or not. Otherwise what is the use of having a trocha at all? " Gen. Maceo intends to remain in the hills so that HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 555 when the rains come the Spanish in the low country- will be washed out. His position is defended on all sides by well-built breastworks. "The military situation in the Island is this: Maceo commands in the west, Garcia in the east and Gomez in the middle, with authority over all. " Gomez is in a position to go to the support of either his eastern or western generals or to have them ccme to him." , Concerning the jealousies it is claimed exist among Spanish officers, preventing full and energetic em- ployment of the troops, Captain - General Weyler has been reported to have said that it spoiled a Spanish of- ficer in Cuba ; if he reached rank above a colonelcy, he wanted a column to handle for his own convenience, and grew careless about obeying orders. A few weeks after Weyler's arrival there were statements current in Havana to the effect that several prominent officers were to be sent home. Particulars were given in the case of General Canalles, and Weyler was charged with saying of him that he " had no head " and couldn't be useful — more than that he was a devoted friend of Mar- tinez Campos/and therefore under suspicion of unfaith- fulness to the new administration. He had a high reputation as a fighting man. The Cubans were excited over the Canalles stories and, as the general was about to sail, I called upon him and had a frank and a pleasant talk through an interpreter. I found the redoubtable general a middle-aged man, very bald and thin, and troubled with some nervous affection — and he all over looked the old campaigner. He was just taking leave and, asked if he was going away for personal or public reasons, he said he " was C— 32 556 THE STORY OF CUBA. called to Soain by ill health and personal misfortune," and his shaky, physical condition was plain enough. It would certainly have been a personal hardship and dan- ger, even if practicable, for him to remain in the 6eld ; and a death had occurred in his family that deranged his home affairs and demanded his presence. He had not be6ii removed from his command on account of diflferencfes with the captain-general, but he had been identified with the policy and the fortunes of Martinez Campos. He was an Asturian, and that meant he had no politics, but his sword was ever ready in the service of his queen and country. When an Asturian got his orders he asked no questions ; and as he turned away to take the ship, that hour sailing for home, he gave me a cordial invitation, if I ever found myself in Spain, to call upon him at his home in Cordova. This incident seems worth relating here, to show that at times the information in circulation about the rela- tion of the captain-general and his subordinates may be in part erroneous. There is no doubt about it, however, that General Weyler's plans of campaign, and especially his attempted quick, bold strokes, have been embarrassed and thwarted by the habit of the officers of not getting their columns into motion on time and pressing to the rhark with the alertness and perseverance that the pro- fession of soldiers demands. We have two stories of personal difficulties — one that did not reach the point of assault with General Pando, who has been spoken of as the probable successor of Weyler when again the head of a commander-in-chief on the Island is de- manded in Spain by those politicians who make a busi- ness of fault-finding, and do not feel happy until they are furious. HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. $57 A Herald correspondent telegraphs from Havana, via Key West, which means that the letter was sent by private conveyance to a wire that is not subjected to Spanish censorship. " Generals Pando and Bernal will leave for Spain on the next steamer. General Bernal is very angry at the report made by General Weyler about General Suarez Inclan's recent fight with Maceo's troops in Pinar del Rio province. He says it was impossible for him to join Inclan's forces in the time specified, and he objects to being made a scapegoat. " Bernal had angry words with Weyler, and declared his intention to go to Spain at once. General Weyler tried to dissuade him. Report says that Bernal told his superior if he were not the captain-general he would have to fight a duel. It is said Bernal intends to force Weyler to fight when the captain-general returns to Spain. Bernal is a leader of the republicans in Barce- lona, and the government prefers to have him in the field than at home." T\\Q. Journal \i2i?> this from Frederick M. Lawrence — his last despatch from the seat of war — as he was com- pelled to leave the Island, as two more correspondents, Mr. Creelman, of the World, and Mr. Lawrence, have been expelled from Havana for " calumniating the Spaniards," the inevitable offense of violating Weyler's newspaper articles placing handcuffs on the press: " General Bernal felt that Weyler had removed him from the command of the column in Pinar del Rio through feelings of personal enmity, and had used the alleged failure of Bernal to take his column to the as- sistance of General Inclan at the battle of Cacarajicara as a pretext for paying up an old score. 558' THE STORY OF CUBA. " The enmity between the men goes back to the days when both were fighing for preference in Spain. Ber- nal was instrumental in keeping Weyler from attaining higher honors than he has reached, and Weyler has never forgiven him. " It is supposed that General Inclan was jealous of Bernal's superior military ability, and knowing Weyler's hatred, concocted the plan whereby it was to appear that Bernal was remiss in his duty at Cacarajicara with the intention of giving Weyler an opportunity to re- move Bernal from his command. " Inclan's plan worked well. He reported Bernal's failure to Weyler, and the captain-general lost no time in humiliating Bernal. " Weyler sent a heliograph order to Bernal to report immediately in Havana. Bernal evidently guessed what was in store for him, for upon his arrival in Ha- vana he changed his military uniform for the dress of a private citizen. In this garb Bernal went to the palace. He was received with every outward show of courtesy by Weyler, and two orderlies, who were conversing with Weyler, were asked to step aside, and they retired to a corner of the room out of reach. " Weyler then asked Bernal why he appeared before his superior in civilian garb. Bernal's answer was : " ' I expect in a few minutes to have no use for my uniform, and desired to save myself the inconvenience of changing my dress later on.' " Weyler then requested Bernal to give his version of the failure of the battle of Cacarajicara. What Bernal told is not known. " What is known is that General Bernal, at the end of a few minutes, arose from his chair and said : HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 559 " ' I understand then that I am to return to Spain and am no longer your subordinate officer.' " At the same time General Weyler arose and replied : ' That is my order.' " Bernal took one step backward, folded his arms and looked Weyler square in the eyes. " ' If that is the case we meet on level ground, and I desire to inform you that in your conduct of the war you have shown yourself to be nothing less than a traitor to your country. If Cuba is lost to Spain, it will be because of your misconduct, and whether it was through ignorance or design, it was none the less trea- son. Permit me also to say that my personal estima- tion of you is that you are a liar and a poltroon.' "Weyler was white with rage. His orderlies, who heard what Bernal had said, when, through anger, he raised his voice, started up from their seats and hurried across the room. " They saw Weyler draw his arm back as though to strike Bernal, but the general was too quick for him. " Bernal raised his hand, and disdaining to strike with his clinched fist, he delivered a stinging smack with the palm of his right hand upon Weyler's left cheek. " The captain-general staggered back, but recovered himself instantly and sprang at Bernal. He seized the younger general by the throat, and so savage was the attack that Bernal was forced half way across the room. By this time the orderlies had seized Bernal, and with a jerk they tore him from Weyler's grasp. " The captain-general recovered his senses instantly and waved his arm to Bernal. He told the orderlies to take him away. The orderlies started from the room, and Weyler walked back to his desk. 5^0 THE STORY OF CUBA. " Before Bernal and his custodians had reached the door, Weyler commanded them to stop. He then or- dered the two officers to retire again out of earshot, and, walking up to Bernal, Weyler stood in front of him with arms folded, his whole body trembling with emo- tion, and for fully a minute the two men glared into each other's eyes. " General Weyler said something in a low tone to Bernal, who was heard to reply : " ' In Spain, sir, I shall be very happy to grant the favor you ask. ' "General Weyler returned to his desk, beside which he stood for a moment, looking at Bernal, and then he made a profound bow. In return Bernal bowed very low. " ' Is this interview at an end ? Have I your permis- sion to retire ? ' asked Bernal. " ' You may retire, sir,' said General Weyler. ' I have nothing more to say.' " Again the two men bowed very low, and Bernal left the room. He went straightway from the palace, and Weyler has not seen him since." There is a certain verisimilitude about this that, sup- ported by consistency at all points with the known facts, is convincing that there is substantial accuracy in the statement. The personal quarrel develops public facts. It displays that the inside Spanish view of the battle of Cacarajicara was a defeat of the Spanish troops, and not the victory of the official proclamations. It was a defeat of the Spanish at their sore point, it being the first serious effort made by the captain- general to use his celebrated trocha as a guard for of- fensive operations. The Spanish, with the sea at HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 563 their disposition and a line drawn across the Island, have Maceo surrounded in theory, and the test of pos- session was made in hurrying converging columns to capture the insurgents' stronghold in the mountains. If Maceo would not attack the trocha, why the trocha must attack him, and the result was the combat from which the Spaniards retired sorely harrassed with heavy losses, and meriting, as their commander said in his official report, "one of the best pages in Spanish his- tory." There were two circumstances especially obnox- ious to the captain-general. One was, Maceo himself was riot in the fight, but six miles away, and rebel suc- cess was won by a subordinate. There was a sting in this that struck deep and rankled. The other provok- ing point was, that the Spanish column that was ordered to support the one that suffered heavily, was not on time, and certainly there could be nothing better calcu- lated to provoke the fierce resentment of the com- mander-in-chief, and indeed to justify it entirely. Whether he picked up the right man for a victim, or selected one according to his personal proclivities, we have not testimony for decision. There is other evi- dence that the Spaniards were hurt in their venture into the mountains occupied by Maceo. They have not — if they had the successes they claim — followed them up, but have lingered about their block houses and along the ditches. The Cacarajicara affair seems to have revealed a fatal flaw in the Spanish system, to have exposed its deficiency, and it may be even as grave as a condition of demoralization that results in tardiness and insubordination. That Wey- ler has many enemies in the Spanish army there is no question. Mutterings were heard early in March 564 THE STORY OF CUBA. when he cleared the high officers from their comforts in the hotels of Havana and forced them to the field. Some of them may find no more handy method of doing the business of malice than personally seeing to it that the military combinations shall, at their most critical stage, fail of success — and there is no way so easy to manage this as by the contrivance of delays. It is reported from Havana that Gen. Weyler has made efforts to induce five thousand of the Havana volunteers to hold a section of the trocha and allow a like number of regulars to be freed for field service. There has been no more delicate and dangerous opera- tion undertaken than this. The volunteers are inde- pendent in an important sense. They keep their guns day and night in their hands, and they are not subjected to the direct orders of the captain-general, except with well understood and carefully guarded limitations. Perhaps the volunteers may flinch from going to the field, even to the extent of managing the trenches. They may very much prefer their twice-a-day parade in Ha- vana with music and clean dry clothes, to muddy ditches and the chance of hearing the wild tramping of horses and the war-cry " machete, machete ; " and they may ask such an incisive question as' this. " Why not place us as guards of the forts of Havana ? " — espe- cially those on the hills that were constructed to com- mand the town rather than to defend it; The captain-general should refuse. Why ? Because in the present juncture he would not dare to place the keys of the capital city in any hands but those of the chosen regulars of Spain. Such a slip would promote the issue that must be met some day, but that it is Spanish policy to defer. The attempt to use the vol- HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 565 unteers on the trocha may, however, precipitate the time for balancing the books. When it becomes per- fectly known in Cuba, Havana in particular, that the cause of Spain is hopeless — and that the continuance of the war means the total bankruptcy of the business men — the obUteration of the money-making along with the end of sugar making and the devastation of the to- bacco fields, there will be a true crisis. And whether the Spaniards fight or wait, dig or march, they do not succeed in accomplishing results that change the disas- trous conditions of the Island. What is the reason the Spaniards do nothing decisive with their two hundred thousand men ? The general explanation is that the answer must be perplexing and uncertain. On the contrary, it is plain and easy and conclusive. The Cuban patriots on the Island have a majority over those who favor the Spanish cause of over a million. The Spaniards are not children or cow- ardly or imbecile. Numerous and strong, and drilled as they are, they are confronted by an awful array' — a million people fighting in blood and ashes to the death, with knife and torch ! General Weyler said to the Herald correspondent that he expelled Creelman because the story of a mas- sacre he sent was " false, absolutely false," and he added : "I refused to permit it to be transmitted from here. I suppose it got to the United States by way of Key West or Tampa." The general was asked : " May there not be instances of cruelty ; instances of shooting innocent persons in a force as large as that which you command ? " The general replied : " Such things may occur, as for example, the other day, when a rebel shot at some 565 THE STORY OF CUBA. Spanish troops, who were passing, crying at the same time, * Vive Cuba Libre,' the troops fired at a house whence the shots came, and in which non-combatants were at the time. My troops supposed, naturally, that all those within were rebels, and fired, Under such circumstances innocent persons may be hurt." The general said as to threats that he was to be assassinated and his habit of going about unattended : "I go out regularly at night unattended. I now receive practically no personal threats. When I first assumed office I received threats from the United States. One letter said that a woman would come here and kill me. Since then I have received every woman who called." "Young ladies ?" " Yes, when they have come I have seen all." And the general told the Herald he was going to be on the offensive all summer. A sugar broker in Havana, commenting on General Weyler's latest declaration that the rebellion will be put down in two years, says Cuba will be "a mere cinder path" before that time, and he added : " It has been said that the work of the torch must end somewhere, but fires continue to crackle merrily all over the Island, and the end is not yet. An inevit- able result of this form of campaign has been the levy- ing of blackmail by minor chiefs. A wealthy man informed me yesterday that he had been notified by the insurgents in charge of the district where his prop- erty is located that it would be spared for the consid- eration of $6,000. As the buildings cost more than $250,000, the owner would gladly pay the $6,000 if he knew that he would receive protection. He fears, how- ever, that if he pays, the rebel officer will be transferred HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 567 to some other section of the Island and his successor will immediately apply the torch. Something of that kind recently happened in Matanzas province, where a building was burned after $500 had been paid to pro- tect it. Another result of the war may be the practical ex- termination of the Cuban breed of horses that are not unlike Texas mustangs in appearance, small, wiry and very strong. Horses have always thrived here, and there was an enormous number of them on the Island when the war began. Since then the slaughter has been going on, Spaniards and insurgents alike killing all those found in the country that they could not use themselves, to prevent them from falling into the hands of the enemy. It is this destructiveness going on with accelerating vindictiveness that is joined to the ferocity with which the people, trying to save themselves by neutrality, are assailed that mark for the worse the progress of the war. A letter from Cuba Libre, dated in camp Aline, April 16th, from Mariano Torres, in which he made this reference to General Gomez : " I am now at the head of the Cuban forces in this rich and important part of Las Vilas, and I had the pleasure a few days ago of receiv- ing a visit from the commander-in-chief." M. Torres writes, the Spaniards " have decided to ruin and devas- tate the country, and kill all the peaceful, harmless, and defenseless people they find in the way," and the letter proceeds with the account of half a dozen mas- sacres. A Santiago de Cuba despatch gives his accounts of the capture of Spanish trains — the most important affair being at Manzanillo, April 21st. The Spanish column 568 THE STORY OF CUBA. was " taking a large convoy to Venecia. A bloody engagement began, and lasted an hour and a half. As the insurgents occupied excellent positions, they suc- ceeded in disorganizing the column completely, and nearly the whole convoy fell into their possession. They took twenty wagons drawn by oxen, ten carts drawn by mules, and eighteen mules. The articles cap- tured were Mausers, cartridges, clothes, medicines, and provisions. "In the combat the rebels had a captain and twenty- eight soldiers killed and fifty-seven wounded. The Spaniards had seventy killed and 107 wounded, among the latter Captain Castelvi, of the Veguita Guerillas." Now this is the most definite and certain account of a fight we have had for a long time. The Spaniards with their slow ships are avoided at sea as their slow columns are evaded on land. The Bermuda is faster than the Spanish cruisers, and if she has succeeded, as often reported, in throwing into the insurgents' hands machine guns, with abundant ammu- nition and expert American gunners, the rebels will be- come aggressive. The Spanish official reports unconsciously pay the tribute to the rebels that they did not permit to the Havana newspapers, or to pass over the direct line of wire — this account of the Bermuda in her latest expedi- tion, which, however, receives full confirmation : "The Bermuda landed two Gatling guns, 1,000 rifles, most of them Mausers, 500,000 rounds of ammunition, and 1,000 pounds of dynamite. It is Vidal's intention to report at General Maceo's headquarters immediately. The ammunition is for Maceo's army, and, at his request, the cartridges are designed for the Mauser rifles, HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 569 with which the insurgents in Pinar del Rio are now very well supplied. On account of their superior penetrat- ing power, it is Maceo's intention to use them against the numberless small forts which General Weyler has established along his military trocha between Mariel and Majana. There is threatened a case closely resembling that of the Lopez and Virginius captures and executions of citizens, and arising from the same line of indiscretion or policy on the part of the Autonomists of Spain. The Cuban insurgents and their unqualified sympathizers above all things hope for affairs that will cause hostile relations between the United States and Spain. If a little American blood could be shed so as to have the desired effect, it would be regarded far more impor- tant than a bloody engagement going against the Span- iards. That there are expeditions on the sea and in course of preparation to bear recruits and munitions of war to the Cubans, is not denied. It is a matter of ad- vertising ; it is proclaimed by the press through the Associated Press and the United Press agencies, and is exploited by special correspondents. When a ship gets through, the warlike character of the crew and cargo is celebrated ; and when one is captured, the innocence of all parties is proverbial. It is the better way to tell the facts from the begin- ning, and it becomes a great nation to be candid and thoroughly truthful. The ill-fated Lopez expedition sailed from New Orleans as if enjoying a triumph, and was met on the coast of Florida with decoy letters, by which the unfortunate men were lured to their doom. The Spaniards had received from the United States full information. The filibusters left little for the spies 570 THE STORY OF CUBA. to report. The claim of the officers of the Virginius was that she was an innocent American ship, and was taken in neutral waters with regular papers, and the people on her were warned ; and yet the pleas were rather technical than actual, for the ship was loaded with fire-arms that were thrown away in the chase. Then the men were slaughtered as we have related, American citizens along with the rest, but the law and the facts made a complication such that President Grant, Secretary Fish and Minister Sickles extricated the country by a vigorous course of action that ap- proached war, and accepted concessions so as to se- cure peace. The crew of the American schooner. Competitor, have been tried by court-martial at Havana and condemned to death. There is a clear case of an American citizen among the condemned ; not one of those referred to by the Spaniards, in the most merciless spirit as "Cubans, self-made American citizens, for the sole purpose of sedition in Cuba," hoping, if caught, to be protected by the United States or to stir up war between the two nations. There are so many American citizens provided with naturalization papers in Florida, as a part of equip- ment for aiding war against the Spaniards, that there is a perceptible interference with the defense of citi- zens who are undoubtedly Americans without sinister purpose. It has been a complaint against Consul - General Williams that he has invented the classification of American citizens into actual and professional Ameri- cans. He may not have done this, but he has had a large and instructive experience with American citizens whose titles they could not always read clear, and one HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. S/I of the curiosities of taking an obligation in Havana, " On my word of honor as a native American, I tell you " — and there were those who considered this rather more binding than an average oath. (It should be un- derstood that this is not given as an example of humor, but as a statement of fact ; and upon this my word of honor as a native American is given.) The following information has been telegraphed from Jacksonville, Florida, to the secretary of state of the United States: Owen Milton, who was captured by the Spanish authorities on board of the Competitor and condemned to death, left Key West as a newspa- per correspondent, hoping to consummate plans for furnishing reliable news to the correspondents of the Florida Times- Union at Key West, who in turn were to transmit such reports by cable to the Southern As- sociated Press and United Press through the medium of this paper. He must have had with him, at the time of his capture, credentials showing his connection with the Times- Union as its duly authorized representa- tive. Such a letter was furnished him by me. I send you this information to assist you in your efforts in behalf of young Milton. T. T. Stockton, General Manager Florida Times- Union. It is not certain that credentials as a newspaper man will aid Mr. Milton in producing a good impression on the captain - general, whom I found In a bad humor with correspondents. When asked why correspond- ents should not go through the lines and report the facts about the rebels, if they were as badly off as he thought, as it would be worth something to his cause to have his opinion confirmed, he said, "all these Cubans are editors or correspondents, and if I granted the per- mission suggested to newspaper men, I would have the Cuban cavalry riding through our positions on the 5/2 THE STORY OF CUBA. press passes." Indeed, he insisted that correspond- ents were much worse than editors — that the editors were deceived by false information given by letter writers. The law that is supposed to protect American citizens from trial by martial law is this in our treaty with Spain : No citizen of the United States, residing in Spain, her adjacent islands, or her ultramarine possessions, charged with acts of sedition, treason, or conspiracy against the institutions, the public security, the integrity of the territory, or against the supreme government, or any other crime whatsoever, shall be subject to trial by any exceptionable tribunal, but exclusively by the ordinary jurisdiction, except in the case of being captured with arms in hand. The secretary of state of the general government of Cuba, the Marquis Palmerola, said the statement of the Competitor s men proved they had arms in their hands, but Milton's case was " different from the others." This acknowledgment of difference we may trust will be very important. Milton is the only one of the cap- tured crew who is an American citizen. It was be- lieved Captam- General Weyler determined to have the condemned men shot, because he held it was impor- tant to prevent the filibusters from returning upon ex- peditions under the impression they are picnics, and it happens that the very New York papers that give the news of the sentence of death upon the Competitor s crew, have accounts of two other expeditions — one starting from New York — this the Laurada. The Junta disowns the Competitor s expedition. The sailing of the Competitor was from Key West, on the night of April 20th. The Herald's Key West correspondent says : " General Weyler has been anxious from the outset HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 573 to make an example of the filibusters, in order to deter other similar expeditions from trying to land on the Cuban coast. Captain Ladorde and his companions are the first filibusters caught in this war. " It is believed that Weyler objects to following the advice received from Spain, not to execute the foreign citizens captured on the Competitor, even if found guilty. " The cases have already been the subject of lots of diplomatic correspondence. Captain Laborde asserts that he has been treated cruelly by the Spaniards. He showed me his wrists when I called on him in his cell in the arsenal. They were encircled by festering sores. " He says that after his arrest a stout string was tied to his wrists, and an iron bar placed in the middle and twisted until the string cut into the flesh around the wrists, in an effort to make him confess. He declares that when he announced that he was an American, the Spaniards threatened to shoot his companions and him- self immediately. They had previously shot at the mate when the latter attempted to raise the Stars and Stripes. The mate's arms are badly lacerated by ropes which were tied around the biceps." The question over the disposition of the Competitor s men is the most serious that has occurred between the governments of the United States and Spain during the Cuban war. The insurgents have the intensest solici- tude that something very serious may happen, and we are told the secretary of state is in a condition of threat- ening excitement on the subject, and that the president is angry and very determined. There is too much ac- tual gravity in the situation to permit us to believe in S74 THE STORY OF CUBA. melodramatic demonstrations by the highest officers of the government. The fact that Washington and Madrid are in commu- nication with Havana insures full if fast considera- tion. That which is done on either side will be upon perfected intelligence, with a full sense of responsibil- ity. At the moment the secretary of state of the Uni- ted States, and the prime minister of Spain, and the captain-general of Cuba have this matter in hand, and are in communication by cable, we are entertained by the news that the Bermuda has been heard from again at Honduras, and the Laurada is off from New York, and there is no sort of question as to the character of these vessels. At the same time it is proposed, with Jingo vigor, that the American fleet is concentrating in New York to make a demonstration at Moro Castle and the Spanish palace ; but the yellow fever and the pes- tilential harbor forbid the appearance of our fleet there on any lesser errand than the bombardment of Havana. There are so many points of resemblance between the Competitor case and that of the Virginius that the pub- lic will be pleased by the refreshment of recollection in the production of despatches that passed in 1873 be- tween Secretary of State Fish and Minister Sickles. These communications are highly instructive as to the attitude of our country regarding the rights of persons who sail under the national flag, and show they will find it well to have the right to the use of the flag, and be able to prove it. There is a great deal said in the United States of the attitude of this country toward Cuba at this most inter- esting juncture, and we present the most pertinent of the official papers : HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 575 United States Legation in Spain, Madrid, Nov. 14, 1873. (Rec'd Dec. 11.) Sir: I have the honor to forward herewith a copy of a note this day passed to the minister of state, in which, in obedience to your instruc- tion of the 12th inst. by cable, I have protested against the summary execution of the captain and thirty-six of the crew of the Virginius and sixteen others, by order of the Spanish authorities at Santiago de Cuba. You were advised in my telegram of last evening that Mr. Carvajal, in your interview of yesterday, confirmed the report published in the Havana papers. I am, etc., Sickles. Madrid, Nov. 15, 1873. Received an ill-tempered note to-day from minister of state, rejecting" protest, and saying Spain would, nevertheless, consider and decide questions according to law and her dignity. Sickles. Madrid, Nov. 18, 1873. Minister of state informs me, in note of this date, that the reports mentioned in your cable of 15th are not confirmed, and that, on the con- trary, as soon as the captain-general could submit to Santiago the orders sent by this government on the 6th, the executions were suspended. Sickles. Madrid, Nov. 19, 1873. Popular feeling runs high here against United States and this lega- tion. Press violent and abusive, advising government to order me out of Spain. Last night a mob was collected to attack and sack the lega- tion. The authorities interfered and preserved the peace. Sickles. Washington, Nov. 20, 1873. Instructions sent yesterday by cable authorize you to defer closing legation in order to allow a reasonable time to Spanish government to ascertain facts in response to their request through minister here, pre- sented on the 1 8th inst. No other postponement has been agreed to, and minister was informed that a satisfactory settlement would be expected by the 26th. Fish. 576 THE STORY OF CUBA. Madrid, Nov. 20, 1873. Have received rejoinder of minister to my reply to his note in answer to our protest. Neither this nor either of the three communications in writing so far received, contains any expression of regret or disapproval of the capture or the slaughter at Santiago. The press approves the whole business, and denies that any censure or regret has been expressed by this government. The ministerial journals acquiesce. Sickles. Madrid, Nov. 21, 1873. Constant efforts are made by this cabinet to conciliate England. Castelar is every day at British legation. The press has received an official hint to contrast the moderation of England with our impatience. I suspect overtures have also been made to Germany for her good offices. Sickles. Washington, Nov. 23, 1873. Have telegraphed to Rome for authority to Italian minister to take custody of library and property. Spanish government, through minister here, proposed arbitration, which has been declined, on the ground that the question is not one for arbitration, the subject being one of national honor, of which the nation must be the judge and custodian. Fish. Department of State, Washington, Nov. 25, 1873. If upon the close of to-morrow no accommodation shall have been reached in the case of the Virginius, you will address to the foreign office a note expressing regret at the delay of the reparation asked for, and stating that, in conformity with instructions from your government, you were under the necessity of withdrawing from Madrid, for which pur- pose you request the usual passport for yourself, your family and suite. If, however, the accommodation desired should be brought about in the course of to-morrow, either here or in Madrid, you will, until otherwise directed, abstain from addressing the note adverted to. Should a proposition be submitted to you to-morrow, you will refer it here, and defer action until it be decided upon. A telegram has just now been read to me by Admiral Polo, which gives reason to hope for a satisfactory accommodation. You will, therefore, allow the whole of to-morrow to pass before addressing your note. Fish. HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 577 Madrid, Nov. 25, 1873. Layard says Granville has expressed his sense of the justice and moderation of the reparation we have demanded, and this has been com- municated to Castelar. England reserves her reclamation for the present, and endeavors to promote a settlement of the question pending between the United States and Spain. Sickles. Madrid, Nov. 26, 1873. At half-past two this afternoon, half an hour after I had asked for my passports, I received a note, dated to-day, from minister of state, in which he says : First. If it appear, on or before the 25th of December next, that the Virginius rightfully carried the American flag, and that her documents were regular, Spain will declare the seizure illegal, salute the flag as requested, and return the ship with the surviving passengers and crew. Second. If it be proved that the authorities of Santiago de Cuba, in their proceedings and sentences pronounced against foreigners, have essentially infringed Spanish legislation or treaties, this government will arraign those authorities before competent tribunals. Third. Any other reclamations growing out of the affair, which either of the respective governments may have to present, will be considered diplomatically, and, if no agreement be reached, they will be submitted to the arbitration of a third power, named by mutual consent. Fourth. If the 25th day of December shall have expired without the Spanish government having resolved, in so far as comes within its province, the questions arising out of the demand for reparation, it will hold itself bound to accord such reparation the same as if the right of the United States to receive it were recognized, and such reparation will be given in the form specified in the first and second paragraphs. Sickles. Madrid, Nov. 28, 1873. Last night it was agreed here informally that, accepting my declaration of the nationality of the Virginius, reparation would be made in accord- ance with our demand of the isth inst. This was ratified by the council of ministers at 3 this morning, and I was promised an official communi- cation in that sense to-day. I am now informed in a note from minister of state that yesterday you authorized the Spanish minister in Washing- ton to convey to this government a different proposition on the part of the United States, and that it has been accepted, of which you have been 578 THE STORY OF CUBA. notified through Admiral Polo. Please let me know whether this state- ment is true. The only instruction I have had from you since my four telegrams of the 26th, is a copy of the Senate resolutions passed in fifty- six. Sickles. Washington, Nov. 29, 1873. Remain at post. Further instructions soon. Settlement being effected here. Fish. Madrid, Dec. 15, 1875, 4:30 p.m. (Received 3:20 p.m.) President Castlear called at the legation this afternoon and informed me that the Virginius and survivors had been surrendered to those au- thorized to receive them on the part of the United States. Sickles. Madrid, Dec. 20, 1873, 12:30 a.m. (Received Dec. 20, 10:20 a.m.) It is stated here by authority that in consequence of a communica- tion this government has received from that of the United States, in which it appears the Virginius is not an American ship, a reclamation will be made by Spain for the restoration of the vessel and passengers. Sickles. Washington, Dec. 20, 1873. (Sent 11:20 A.M.) Official advices received of surrender of survivors from Virginius. Fish. Madrid, Dec. 26, 1873. (Received Dec. 26, p.m.) My resignation having been accepted, I now respectfully renew my request for the publication of the correspondence relating thereto, com- prising my telegrams of the 6th, i6th and 20th inst., and your replies of the 6th, 17th and 20th. I beg that this request may be submitted to the President. Sickles. Department of State, Washington, Dec. 31, 1873. Sir : On the 26th ult.. General Sickles' No. 893, arrived at this de- partment during my absence for the holidays. In it he states that it was informally agreed, on the night of the 27th of November last, that on a declaration made by him of the American nationality of the Vir- ginius, the vessel and surviving passengers and crew would be delivered HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 579 up, the flag saluted, and the other measures of reparation accorded in conformity with our demands of the 15th inst. It is greatly to be re- gretted that General Sickles did not state with whom this iniformal agreement was made. The note of Mr. Carvajal, minister of foreign affairs, which accompanies General Sickles' despatch, does not convey the idea that he had been a party to that agreement, but does intimate that he would have discussed some of the points raised in General Sickles' note but for the arrange- ment which was made here. General Sickles further says, that at noon on the 28th of November, Mr. Carvajal sent him a copy of a telegram from Admiral Polo, contain- ing what purported to be a fresh proposal from me respecting the Vir- ginius, which General Sickles appears to have supposed was in conflict with the informal arrangement of the previous evening. Without more accurate information concerning the person with whom the informal arrangement was made, I cannot permit myself to think that the Spanish government receded from any undertaking which it had once assumed. So far, however, as General Sickles' statement may be supposed to affect this government, it is proper to say that the changes from the original demands of the United States, which were agreed to in the protocol of the 29th of November, were adopted on the suggestion of the Spanish government, under the belief that they did not affect the prin- ciples upon which our demands were founded, and were calculated to promote a peaceful settlement of the unfortunate differences which had arisen between the two powers. Spain having admitted (as could not be seriously questioned) that a regularly documented vessel of the United States is subject, on the high seas, in time of peace, only to the police jurisdiction of the power from which it receives its papers, it seemed to the president that the United States should not refuse to concede to her the right to adduce proof to show that the Virginius was not rightfully carrying our flag. When the question of national honor was adjusted, it also seemed that there was a peculiar propriety in our consenting to an arbitration on a question of pecuniary damages. This happy adjustment of the difference between two sister republics, on a basis honorable to both, fortunately makes the matters referred to by General Sickles of little importance. I have thought it right, how- ever, to correct the misapprehensions under which his despatch seems to have been written. I am, sir, etc. Hamilton Fish. 580 THE STORY OF CUBA. Spain did not long remain a "sister republic," and it made no difference to Cuba whether she was or not. Cuba never had any rights Spaniards were bound to respect. President Grant had so far made up his mind that war might occur, growing out of the attitude of Spain, that he directed observations and studies to be made of the fortifications of Havana, and ordered officers to obtain certain information looking to operations by land and sea. But he did not love war, and accepted peace with alacrity. Nov. 12, 1877, the house of representatives called for a report from the secretary of state on the Virginius indemnity, and received the following : Department of State, Washington, Nov. 14, 1877. The secretary of state, to whom was referred the resolution of the house of representatives of the 12th inst, requesting him to " inform the house, if not compatible with the public interests, what amount of in- demnity has been paid to this government by the government of Spain on account of the execution or General Ryan and others, at Santiago de Cuba, Nov. 4, 1873, and what disposition has been made of such funds as may have been received," has the honor to report to the president that the amount of indemnity paid by the government of Spain on that ac- count was 80,000 Spanish dollars, yielding, less exchange, the sum of $77,794.44 in coin ; that claims thereon have been settled and paid to the amount of $38,102 ; that a claim for $2,500 has been settled, but is not yet paid ; and that the unexpended balance of the Virginius indem- nity is invested in 5 per cent, registered bonds of the United States. The secretary of state has also to state that, as the heirs of General Ryan failed to prove that he was a citizen of the United States, nothing has been paid to them from said indemnity funds. Respectfully submitted. Wm. M. Evarts. To the President. HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 58 1 CHAPTER XXXI. OUTLINE HISTORY OF CUBA FROM MAY, l8g6, TO JANUARY, 1897. A Memorable Year — A Long Period of Spanish Stagnation — The Rainy Season Recess — Maceo Disturbs Peace in Piaar del Rio — Weyler's Policy — Bird's-eye View of Cuban Provinces — Resemblance to New England — The Famous Trocha — Conflict of Testimony — Com- mon Carelessness as to Truth — The Death of Maceo, and Variety of Fiction Founded on It — Dr. Zertucha a Sinister Character — Two American Correspondents with the Spaniards Give Interesting In- formation — The Story of a Fight at Sea — Fantastic Falsehoods — ■ Castelar's Political Poetry — No Spanish Reform — Cleveland and Congress — Importance of Diplomatic Form and Dignity. The year 1896 will be forever memorable in the his- tory of Cuba. In the first month of it the fact that there was a greater war in the Island than ever before — a war with torch and knife, and a fierce resolu- tion on both sides to fight it out to the bitter end — be- came known to the world ; but there were many partic- ulars wanting to enable the public opinion of nations to be certainly grounded as to the merit of either the political and economic differences or the military situa- tion, every point of fact being ferociously disputed. There was, however, enough obvious to inform all spec- tators that the insurgents had adopted a more destruc- tive method of warfare than had appeared in the ten years' contest, and that the armed forces of the rebel- 582 THE STORY OF CUBA. lion were more numerous and their policy more adven- turous than on former occasions. The demonstration of this was in the march of Gomez with fire and sword from the Eastern through the Western Provinces, which had in all former experiences been exempt from invasion. It was when the burning cane-fields reddened the sky in the Provinces of Matanzas, Havana, and Pinar del Rio, and the ruddy glare was discerned from the streets of Havana and the decks of steamers on the Gulf, that the great military chieftain and pacificator of Spain, Mar- tinez Campos, who had hastened to the scene of former exploits to close up the insurrection at once, was re- called ; and this seemed, to thoughtful men, to declare beyond dispute the loss to Spain of the Island. The successor, after a short interval, of Campos (Weyler) has occupied about the same time with substantially the same results. Spain has made terrible sacrifices, and the insurrection continues. It was hardly possible to invent charges that were not made against Campos, but the most effective of the many accusations was, that he was too moderate and considerate and tender toward rebellious Cubans, and did not display the higher order of military strat- egy, enterprise and energy. Weyler was announced and denounced as a man of another stamp, uniting untiring vigor with unrelenting severities. He began cautiously, with the view of disproving the horrible stories circulated of him, and proceeded vigorously and hopefully, as has been recorded, assuming in confer- ences with business men that he would soon be able to pacificate the sugar regions, so that the most important of the industries of the Island could be resumed ; and it was avowed his purpose was to complete the con- HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 583 quest of the West End and confine the flagrancy of re- bellion to the east end, in which it originated.* It was in the month of February that the Weyler administration began, and now it is December — ten months passed — and we hear again that the Captain- General is about to suppress the insurrection in Pinar del Rio and Havana and Matanzas Provinces, in the order in which they are named, and then there is to be sugar-grinding, Spanish reform, and a rule of benefi- cence ; but the reports, so far as they are intelligible and within the limitations of reasonable authenticity, do not prepare us for the immediate appearance of the repeatedly promised results. The two great features of the Cuban war have been the raid of Gomez, taking the Island lengthwise last year, and the fight of Maceo this year in the Western Province. The Spanish nation has made great sacrifices, sparing neither men nor money. Indeed, the power and persistence displayed by Spain have been remarkable, and show a greater vitality than we were prepared to observe. The army now in Cuba, with the volunteers, still fifty thousand strong — the whole two hundred thousand men — * In order to get a bird's-eye view of Cuba we should remember it is about the size of the State of New York and eight hundred miles long, divided into six provinces, answering closely in comparative proportions to the New England States. Stretch New England out in tropical seas, with Maine East and Connecticut West, let East Massachusetts answer to the Province of Havana, and Boston to the great Cuban city, and the least luxuriant part of the Cuban country is Maine, New Hampshire and Vermont, corresponding to Santiago de Cuba, Puerto Prin- cipe and Santa Clara, where revolution has been organized and is most obstinate. Until this war the Spaniards have been able to prevent the disorganization of Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut, and this would locate the scene of Maceo's struggles for nine months in Connecticut, and the place of his death in Rhode Island — the trocha being a military line drawn to separate Connecticut (Pinar del Rio) from the rest of the Island. This " diagram " fails in many particu- lars to parallel the map ; but it is instructive, if not pursued too closely and far. 584 THE STORY OF CUBA. would be formidable in the fields of Europe, but seems as a rule helpless in the deep mud roads and terrible jungles, and the swamp and mountain ambus- cades of Cuba, especially in the rainy season, which is two-thirds of the time. It is a foolish error to under- value the Spanish troops. They are not of a bad quality, are well armed, fairly drilled, clothed and fed, and the officers are devoted, many of them very intelligent, and it is a stupid falsehood to say they are cowards; yet they seem to be the victims of a mysteri- ous immobility. But the mystery is mitigated when we realize the absence of roads, and the fatal system that is expressed in the trocha — that of fortifying lines across the narrow Island, separating it into districts with military fences. Upon these the Spaniards have insisted, as though the art of war was building pens, and they have labored as if aggressive campaigning consisted in the construction of extended fortifications, and after all pains taken the Cuban chieftains hold in contempt, and cross the line when theyplease, as Gomez did in his celebrated western march, and as Maceo did just before he found death in a skirmish. The construction of the trocha is thus described : The forest and dense underbrush were cut down, leaving an opening, varying from one hundred to eight hundred yards wide. A platform of palm-boards eight feet wide was built through the swamp, following the eastern bank of the big ditch. Forts or block-houses were erected about every five or eight hundred yards. They are very elaborate affairs, built of logs cut in the neighbor- ing woods, and covered outside with dressed lumber. A narrow opening runs around the fort to permit firing, and a few feet above is an opening about three feet in height to allow a free circulation of air within. A galvanized zinc roof covers the yellow painted forts, and this is sur- mounted by a small sentry-box, which also serves as a ventilator. Piles HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 585 were driven to give a solid foundation for the buildings. Each fort has a garrison of about one hundred men, commanded by a sub-lieutenant, whose duty it is to patrol the platform. The Spanish soldiers never leave the forts or bridge to explore the swamp, and any person seen near the line is considered an insurgent and fired on. The way the insurgents pass this Hne in the swamp is stated as follows by one who made the passage : Passing the trocha in the swamp is not so dangerous as it is disagree- able. The insurgents are generally from one to four days in crossing, and have to wade through mud, slime, and water up to their waists for more than twelve miles. A misstep causes them to sink up to the neck. Arriving near the platform, an opportunity is waited for, and then a quick dash is made while the sentinel is at the further end of the beat. About half a minute is consumed in swimming the ditch, and jumping over or diving under the bridge. Little fear of being hit by a bullet is entertained by the Cubans, as the Spaniards are famed for bad shooting. The jungle on the other side once reached there is no fear of pursuit, as the Spaniards will not hazard a chase through the swamp. Major Raul Marti, the first Cuban to cross the line with despatches from Gomez to Maceo, had a trying time. Twice he was attacked by the alligators that infest the southern part of the swamp, and could only defend himself with his machete, as the report of a rifle would have disclosed his presence to the enemy. The sentries were very vigilant, and he and his three companions were compelled to wade through the water, with only their heads out, until they arrived at the bridge. As the unsuspecting sentry passed they pounced on him and ran him through with a machete from behind, and the poor fellow dropped without a sound. The Cubans then noiselessly made their way across. Major Sainz, who crossed with one hundred and fifty men, left such a large trail behind, and made such a noise in crossing that the Spaniards were at last convinced that it was a comparatively easy matter to pass. A fort was immediately built at the point where Sainz crossed. The day that the fort was completed I, with nineteen companions, crossed under cover of dusk. We had been two days inside the swamp, without food, and slept with half our bodies under water. The crossing was made with a great amount of noise, and although we could hear the soldiers talking and singing inside the fort, we were not discovered. 586 THE STORY OF CUBA. We must take note that the country lends itself wonderfully to partisan warfare. The growth of trees, and shrubs and vines and bushes, and grasses — and all the rank vegetation that is caused by enormous quanti- ties of moisture and perpetual summer — with the paths deluged for months and the sun flaming forth, after the profuse rains — the endless impedimenta check the oper- ations of Spanish columns, and provide myriads of lurking-places, and every bit of woodland is an almost impregnable fortification. Roughly estimated there are three times as many insurgents, who have taken up arms now, and twice as many Spaniards in the field, as during the ten years' war. On both sides there is hotter passion and more desperate resolves than in other troubled times ; and there have been greater losses of life and more widespread devastation during the eigh- teen months since the present conflict began than for all the time from 1868 to 1878. It is a continuing misfortune that there is extreme difficulty in obtaining from Cuba the true news. We positively do not get it in official form from Havana. The official mind of Spain cares a great deal for form, but not much for the facts as facts. The bulletins of the Spanish officers in Cuba might as well be made out on blanks prepared at Madrid. Even the details of "battles" — the number of insurgents slain, and of Spaniards wounded and of horses captured and hats picked up — are familiar. It is the news that will not pass the censor, unless it is colored red and yellow. The Cuban headquarters — excepting the civil govern- ment and the camps — is at Key West. The Havana and Tampa steamers touch there, and each boat, what- ever secret dispatches may be carried, has a cargo of HER STRUGGLES FOR LIBERTY. 587 rumors — and this possession is not of information, but out of the imagination. There seems, also, to be a Hter- ary bureau, whose business it is to work fancies into attractive despatches to telegraph over the worldj the primary purpose being not to tell what passes, but to contrive something to help the Cuban cause. No doubt the cause would be the better of more robust truth- telling. The death of Antonio Maceo was denied in a fury — just as was the early fall, in a skirmish, of Jose Marti, the man who organized the rebellion and was one of the first martyrs. When the fall of Maceo could be no more disputed, there was a writer of fiction so hardy as to charge that the famous chieftain had been " lured" by the Spaniards to present himself, under a flag of truce, to treat for peace — a thing so out of character for him that it was incredible. He was a man whose policy was always war to the knife ; and we may be sure he did not depart from it at his death. There is, however, a mystery about that tragedy. Dr. Zertucha gives only a show of the truth — surely not all that is true — and then theorizes as to matters of which he has knowledge and evidently avoids. When Maceo was killed he had crossed the trocha, and was at the head of five hun- dred men in the Province of Havana, and within an hour's rapid ride of the city. Just as he said things were " going well, " he fell as if struck by lightning. Young Gomez had an old wound, and being again struck, refused to be helped from the fatal spot until the General was carried away. The Spaniards swept over the ground, but were swiftly driven back — and Maceo was found stripped and Gomez stabbed and his skull cleft. Now the doctor does not account for his 588 THE STORY OF CUBA. own conduct in surrendering ; and he wanders; making fair weather for the Spaniards, paying for the distinc- tion with which he is treated by them. His tale that he swore he would serve with Maceo only is not credi- ble, and his declaration that Maceo was in despair and threw away his life, for the reason he had aroused jeal- ousies and was persecuted because he was of mixed blood, and not well supported, and therefore wanted to die — all this cannot be accepted. There is a Key West story that accuses Zertucha of systematically be- traying Maceo to the Spaniards, and sending them se- cret intelligence of the location of hospitals. A letter is attributed to one of Maceo's aides, saying he heard firing near Punta Brava, and Zertucha had ridden off to one side of the road and galloped back crying, " Come with me — come with me— quick, quick ! " and Maceo at once put spurs to his horse and, followed by his five aides, rode swiftly after the physician, who plunged into the thick growth on the side of the road. The party had ridden only a few hundred yards, when Zertucha sud- denly bent low in his saddle and swerved sharply to one side, galloping away like mad. Almost at the same moment a volley was fired by a party of Spanish soldiers hidden in the dense underbrush, and Maceo and four of his aides dropped out of their saddles mortally wounded. The single survivor — the writer quoted here — managed to make his way back to his own men and brought them up to the spot of the trag- edy. The five dead bodies of Maceo and Gomez and the three other aides still lay on the ground. The Spaniards had disappeared. This seems to have been produced to meet the de- mand. There is no reason to believe it save so far as it may be corroborated. At any rate it disposes of the flag of truce. It is clearly not impossible that Zertucha is a traitor and betrayed Maceo. He was at the trouble o w u < b O W (-■