3 1924 054 172 535 THE LIBRARY OF THE NEW YORK STATE SCHOOL OF INDUSTRIAL AND LABOR RELATIONS AT CORNELL UNIVERSITY Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924054172535 at, Tint EOYAL COMMISSION ON LABOUE. . .,ji)i J AH 2 1901 ....OAP3TOL---- ALi:-^NT, NSW YORK. APPENDIX SUj TO THE MINUTES OF EYIDENOE TAKEN BEFORE THE EOYAL COMMISSION ON LABOUE (Sitting as a Whole). (ONE • VOTiUME.) - feTK;yj/'.' ^•<. •!•» • ~ .- :y.i Predentin to fiott |^ou$esi of IParltantntt Up arommanH of f9 \d. ^ , y ^ 4 , j. , .. ^^ j . ^ CONTENTS. Page I. LIST OF WITNESSES 5 II. LIST OF DOCUMENTS HAITDBD IN AND FEINTED IN THE EVIDENCE - - 7 III. LIST OF DOCUMENTS HANDED IN AND NOT PRINTED IN THE EVIDENCE BUT DEALT WITH IN THE APPENDIX - ....... 8 IV. DOCUMENTS SELECTED PEOM LIST III. - - - - - - 7 V. LIST OP DOCUMENTS KECEIVED PROM MISCELLANEOUS SOURCES - - 314 VL DOCUMENTS SELKJTED PROM LIST V. 318 NOTE. With regard to the figures hcmded in by Witnesses, it is desirable to point out that the Commission can only hold itself responsible for the accuracy of the copies of these figures contained in this Volume. The Commission cannot hold itself responsible for the accuracy of the original figures. m3 i.iti'iW EOYAL COMMISSION ON LABOUR (Sitting as a Whole). I.— LIST OF WITNESSES. Subject Matter of Evidence. References in Minutes of Evidence.* Reference! in Digest.t Referenaes in Todex.]; Name. Days on which Evidence was given. Nos. of Questions. Prficis. Index to Precis. Analysis. Mr. John T. W. Mitchell Co-operative distribution and production in England ; with especial reference to the Co-operative tjnion of Great Britain and Ireland, and the English Co-operative Wholesale Society and other societies. 1-40*5 1st 6 64 1 Mr. William Maxwell - • Co-operative distribution and production in Scotland ; with especial reference to Scottish Co-operative Wholesale Society and other societies. 406-940 Ist, 2nd • 9 64 8 Mr. Joseph Greenwood Co-operative production ; with especial reference to the Hebden Bridge Fustian Manufacturing Society. 941-1107 2nd 12 63 10 Mr. Frank Hardem - Co-operative production and distribution in Oldham. 1108-1221 " 13 64 10 Mr. Edward William Brabrook Friendly, Co-operative, and Building Societies, and Trades Unions ; evi- dence given in the capacity of Chief Begistrar of Friendly Societies. 1222-1646 3rd 35 63 11 Dr. William Ogle Vital (Births, Marriage, and Deaths) Statistics of the Industrial Classes ; evidence given in the capacity of Superintendent of Statistics in the General Register Office. I 1647-1739, [5338-5403 3rd, 1 10th J 38 64 12 Mr. John Malcolm Ludlow, C.B. Friendly, Co-operative, and Building Societies, and Trades Unions ; evi- dence given in the capacity of Ex-Chief Registrar of Friendly Societies. 1740-1936 4th 37 64 13 Mr. William Henry Gardener - Egham Free Labour Registry. 1937-1999 »» 27 63 14 Mr. T. SmTth Chelsea Labour Bureau. 2000-2071 ,> 38 64 14 Mr. Tom Mann State and municipal control of industry (with especial reference to the Port of » London) ; the unemployed ques- tion ; the eight hours' day ; formation of a Labour Department. 2072-3577 5th, 6th, 7th 16 64 14 Ml. Sidney Webb Industrial organisation of society and proposed remedies, viz., municipali- sation, eight hoiirs' dav. amended Factory A'ct, Labour Department. 3578-4877 8th, 9th 19 64 16 Mr. Samuel Bagster Boulton London Labour Conciliation Board in connection with the London Chamber of Commerce. 4878-5038 10th 31 63 18 Rev. John Gritton, D.D. Lord's Day Observance Society. 5039-5141 >f 32 63 18 Mr. Bobert Walker Traders' Defence Association of Scot- land in refutation of evidence of Mr. Mitchell and Mr. Maxwell. 6142-5337 " IS 64 19 Mr. Charles Booth Sweating, with especial reference to labour in the East End of London, and proposed registration of work- shops, and amendment of Factory and Workshop Act as a remedy. 5404-5801 11th 25 63 19 » [C— 7063.-I.] t [C— 7063.-II.] X [C— 7063.-m.] A 3 ROYAL COMMISSION ON LABOUR : I. — List op Witnesses — contmusd. Subject Matter of Evidence. References in Minutes of Evidence.* References in Digest.t References in Index.J Name. Days on Nos. of Questions. which Evidence was given. Fr£cis. Index to Precis. Analysis. Mr. Charles Stewart Loch Charity Organisation Society ; the unemployed question, and propos^ed reme^es. 5802-5892 nth 29 64 20 iir. Thomas William Bnshill - Profit-shairing ; with especial reference to experience of his own firm, Thomas Bashill and Sons, printers and bookbinders, &c., Coventry. 5893-6172' 12th 33 63 20 Rev. Wickham Tozer - Ipswich Labour Bureau. 6173-6386 ,. 28 64 SI Mr. Edward Thomas Scammell Suggested scheme of a National Labour Bureau (Registry) ; evidence given in the capacity of Honorary Secre- ' tary of the Exeter and District ' Chamber of Commerce. 6387-6427 29 64 21 Dr. Elgin B. L. Gould The United States National Labour' Department and Bureaus of the State Departments. 6428-6827 ' t 13th 41 63 22 Mr. William AUan The eight hours' day worked in the Scotia engine works ; and remedies for strikes. 6828-6872 it 33 63 23 Mr. Robert Giffen, C.B. Commercial Department of the Board of Trade ; its work in connection with Wages Statistics j and bearing of such statistics upon various suggested remedies to improve existing con- ditions of labour. 6873-7165, '8086-8381 14th, 1 17th / 42 63 23 Mr. Charles Fenwick, M.P. - "1 Mr. Edward Harford - V Mr. John Anderson - - J The Parliamentary Committee of the Trades Union Congress. 1 7166-7522 1.5th (•26' ^27 [27 63 64 63 25 26 26 Mr. Henry Vivian The Labour Association for promoting co-operative production. 7523-7688 >> 14 64 26 Sir Thomas Henr^ Farrer, Bart. Policy of the London County Council with regard to wages, and its bearing upon municipalisation ; also criticism of points in evidence of Mr Tom Mann and Mr. Sidney Webb. 7689-8085 16th 23 N 63 26 Mr. Henry Mayers Hyadman Relations between employer and em- ployed under existing economic conditions, and proposed ultimate remedy with suggested palliatives for the meanwhile. 8382-8719 17th 23 64 28 * [C— 7063.-I.] t [C— 7063.-II.] J [C— 7063.-ni.] APPENDIX. — WHOLE COMMISSION. iiv; APPENDIX. -r-fi.t in hna f II.— LIST OF DOCUMENTS (STATISTICS AND STATEMENTS) HANDED IN AND PRINTED IN THE EVIDENCE. Document. No. of Question. Witness, I r Table of operations of Rochdale Pioneers' Society from 1844 to 1891, Figures showing progress and present position of Leeds and Bolton Societies. Statement concerning the Lincoln Co-operative Society. ! Statistics concerning the Lincoln Co-operative Society. Summary for England and Wales of Co-operative Societies, Membership, Trade, &c. in periods of ten years, ending respectively 1870-80-90, compiled from the Registrar's Returns and other sources. Detailed summary of the Co-operative Societies in Great Britain and Ireland-. Table showing business carried on, and the number of shops open in connection with 919 Co-operative Dis- tributive Societies in 1887. Analysis of educational expenditure by the Co-operative Societies of the United Kingdom. Account of progi'ess of the English Wholesale Co-operative Society. Total yearly I production by (ustributive societies, and numbers of employees. List of mills owned by individual societies, the produce of which is in most instances used by the members of thr distributive societies which respectively own the mills. Table compiled from Parliamentary Returns respecting Derwent Co-operative Flour Mill Society, Shotley Bridge, Durham. Figures for 1888-89-90, relating to Colne Vale Corn Millers. Details of works at Crumpsall, Leicester, Heckmondwike, Durham, Batley Mill, Dunston Corn Mill, Leeds and Batley Ready-mades (Clothing Factory). Comparison of productive departments of the Scottish Wholesale Society in 1890 and 1891. Statement for years 1890-91 respecting the United Co- operative Baking Society. Date of registration of the 76 Joint Stock Cotton-Spinning Concerns in Oldham. Abstract of Trades Union returns received for the year 1891 for England and Wales. 16, 32, 331-4 33 35-9 39 42, 191-4 43 44 45 46-8 52 54 433-4 476 1138 1401 6 6-7 7 8 9-11 11 12 13 35-6 39 74 Mr. J. T. W. Mitchell. i ■•v!i!: ' „ ii'itiiiii'i .:;i')ti- ■MmT /<»!■< oUlti'V ., I*. ,, i. ■ .■>«! Mr. W. Maxwell. Mr. F. Hardern. 95 I Mr. E. W. Brabrook. A 4 ROYAL COMMISSION ON LABOUR : II. — List of Documents — conUrmed. Document. No. of Question. Page. Witness. Witness's suggested amendments to the Building Societies Act of 1874. ^ 1427 96 Mr. E. W. Brabrook. Table A. — Average ages of bachelors in different occupa- tions and of their wives at time of marriage, 1884-85. 1654-61, 1664-5 119 Dr. W. Ogle. Table B. — Age-distribution per 1,000 of bachelors in different occupations and of their wives at time of marriage, 1884-85. »> n n Table C. — Distribution over the week of de^ihs of infants on which inquests were held (1890). 1666-70, 1736-9 5? >.• Table D. — Comparative mortality of males, 25-65 years of age, in different occupations, from all abd several causes, 1880-1-2. 1674-7, 1679-82, 5341, 5366-97 120 » Table E.— Comparative mortality of males working in air of different degrees of purity, from phthisis and diseases of the respiratory organs. 1676-7 121 99 Table F. — Comparative mortality of males in certain dust- inhaling occupations from phthisis and diseases of the respiratory organs. 1678 » J> Table G-. — ^Deaths registered as caused by accidents in coal mines, 1871-90. 1682-7, 5338-40, 5342-65 » >J Table H. — Occupations with highest mortalities from certain selected causes. 1688 121-2 « Table showing number of applicants provided with work by the Egham Free Labour Registry, and the annual cost since its commencement in 1885. 1941 137 Mr. W. H. Gardener. Eeport of a case of " Scarlet Fever at a Working Tailor's : how infection is spread." 3740 253 Mr. Sidney Webb. Functions undertaken by the London Conciliation Board. 4887 329 Mr. S. B. Boulton. List of statistical agencies attached to the United States Federal Government. 6431 {foot-note) 434 Dr. E. R. L. Gould. Figures showing the progress of the Leicester Boot Society. 7553 {foot-note) 521 Mr. H, Vivian. APPENDIX. — WHOLE COMMISSION, III.-.LIST OF DOCUMENTS HANDED IN BUT NOT PRINTED IN THE EYIDENCB. Document. No. of Appendix. No. of Question. Witness. The English Co-operative Wholesale Societies, Limited, annual for 1892. 2 Mr. J. T. W. Mitchell The English Co-operative Wholesale Society, Limited, Heport and Balance Sheet for 1 1 4th quarter, ending June 25th, 1892. 2 J1 The ideas of the earlier Co-operative Congresses and their proposals for reform. 1 11 )J List of 63 Co-operative Societies existing in 1832. 2 12 J» Eules of the Rochdale Pioneer Society. 3 30 1» Balance Sheet of the Eochdale Pioneer Society. 4 32 55 Progress of the English Co-operative Wholesale Society from its commencement in March 1864 to June 1892. 5 46 55 Cmmpsall Biscuit Works : Supplies, Expenses, Profit, and Stocks. From the time of commenc- ing to keep a separate account. — In years. 6 54 55 Leicester Boot and Shoe Works : Supplies, Expenses, Profits, and Stocks. From the time of commenc- ing to keep a separate account. — In years. 7 54 55 Heckmondwike Boots, Shoes, and Currying Works : Supplies, Expenses, Profit, and Stocks. From its commencement. — In years. 8 )> •l Heckmondwike Currying: Supplies, &c., stated separately. Figures included in above account. From its commencement. — ^In years. 9 j» 5* Durham Soap Works : Supplies, Expenses, Profit, and Stocks. From its commencement. — In years. 10 s> 55 Batley Woollen Mill Trade. From its commence- ment. — In years. 11 J> 5» Dunston Com Mill. From its commencement. Quarterly accounts. 12 » 55 Leeds and Batley Eeady-mades. From its commencement. — In years. 13 » 55 Result of dispute concerning the wages paid in the Shipping Department of the English Co-operative ;Wholesale Society. 14 100-3 5J Rules of the Scottish Co-operative Wholesale Society, Limited. 15 407 Mr. W. Maxwell. Scottish Co-operative Wholesale, Limited: Report of Committee and Balance Sheet for 95th quarter, ending June 25th, 1892. ''~~ 430-1, 880 99 Scottish Co-operative Wholesale Society : Distributive Expenses. 16 432 J» Statement showing the progress of the Scottish Co- operative Wholesale Society, Limited, from its com- mencement in 1868, till date, with coraparisoiis of sales and other information. 17 432, 47.7-8 » / 78448. B 10 RPYAL COMMISSION ON LABOUR: III. — List of Documents — conimued. Document. No. of Appendix. Statement concerning the United! Co-operative Bkking Society, Limited. . , , Statement from the books of St. Cuthbert's Society, Edinburgh, showing amouni to credit of any 10 old members in 10 years. Printed Statement of Wages paid in the boot and shoe industry. Statement concerning the Scottish Co-operative Farming Association, Limited. Hebden Bridge Fustian Manufeioturing Co-opers^tiy^ Society : 44th Half- Yearly Report and Balance Sheet, June 30th, 1892. Details respecting Society for Promoting Working Men's Associations. Details respecting the Co-operative Agency, 1851. List of Working Men's Associations in existence in 1851. New constitution and re-organisation of the Society for Promoting Working Men's Associations. Returns relating to Productive Societies, 1891. Returns for the year 1891, Productive Societies, Class {a). The Northamptonshire Productive Society. Summary taken from " Disposal of Profit" Accounts since com-, ment 1882 to 1891 and progress of the Society. Sketch of the Northamptonshire Productive Society. Productive Societies (6), 1891 — Cotton, linen, silk, and wooli Productive Societies (b), ] 891 — ^Boot and shoe, leather, &c. Productive Societies (6), 1891 — Metal workers, &c. i ,,, Productive Societies (6), 1891 — ^Various. t '■ ■ Agreement drawn up by Mr. Neale allowing workei;s' savings to be added to shares. Rules of Hebden Bridge Fustian Manufactming Society. Detailed account of the Members, Capital, Trade, ;&9„.,|, Hebden Bridge Fustian Manufacturing Society. I Detailed account of the Net Profits, and how applied^ and of the Property, Reserve, Insurance, and Stock -in-Trade ; funds of the Hebden Bridge Fustian Manufacturing Society. ,-.1 if 1 .'i.. Summary of totals of employees ledger, Hebden Bridge Fustian Manufacturing Society. Details of 27 selected cases of individuals employed by the Society, with particulars as to their interest iij the Hebden Bridge Manufacturing, Society. ' i Sketch of the Leicester Co-operative Boot and Shoe Manufacturing Society. ' Table giving details of four typical co-operative ^Lour mills, viz., Halifax, Sowerby Bridge, Rochdale, land Oldham Star. , Sketch of the Finedon Boot and Shoe Society, '18 ■ 19 20 21 22 23 41 42 43 No. of Question. 476 557 610 720 941i 974-5 951 24 )» 25 )J, 26 953 ■')• 27 955 28 959 29 960 : 1 i- 30 'J 81 961 32 I) 33 ")) 34 »j 35 . 966 36 J> 37 974-3, 979 38 974-5. 97« 39 ■ 1 ' ' i 975, 979 40 975, 979, ... 1056 980 982 1000 Witness. Mr. W. Maxwell. Mr. J. Greenwood APPEUfMX.-^WHOUE' COMMISSION. III.— LiBT OF Doo¥MENTS — eoiMmvuM. ill Document. No. of Appendix. No. of Qnestioh. "Witness. Average 'tr^ges of .^workpeople since the time of entering the employment of Hebden Bridge Fustian iManu- facturiog Society, embracing finishers of clothing, fustian cutters, dyers, finishers of fustian, tailor, winders, warper, tackier, and weavers. , ; Particulars of Co-operative Societies in Oldham, 1890. Summary of investments by Co-operativ;e Societies..! in Oldham. ,, Progress of Co-operative Societies in Oldham in 20 years. Surplus capital returned to members by Co-operatjye Societies in Oldham. Summary of Cottage Building by Societies in Oldham. Statement of Limited Liability Cotton- Spinning Companies in Oldham. Summary of shares and loan capital invested by the working classes in 12 Limited Liability Cotton-Spinning Companies. Reports : Friendly Societies, Lidustrial Provident Societies, and Trade Unions, 1891. Part A. (137). Total savings' of the working classes, i.e., in societies, for Scotland and for Ireland. Portions of Summary omitted from Evidence and not embodied in foot-notes (Sections 9-20, 22-24, 45-53) :— 9, 10, 11, 12. — Procedure of granting relief to members travelling in search of employment, explained ; , 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, lis.— Provisions of the rules for " clearances " from one branch to another ; 20. — How affiliated orders lend themselves more to industrial independence than the isolated societies ; 22. — Why registration was refused to dividing societies ; 23. — Dividing societies do not make provision for old, age or permanent disablement ; 24. — Dividlig societies exist chiefly in towns where population is movable ; 45. — Industrial and Provident Societies Act, 1876 ; 46. — Co-operative societies, productive and distribu- tive; 47. — Strike of employees against a society of em- ployers and trade unions formed froin the employees of these societies ; 48. — Remedy discussed at the Trades Union Congress ; 49. — ^Number of co-operative societies and capital ; SO. — ^Development of distributive societies into pro- ductive societies ; 51, o2. — Investment of profits and capital in houses and land ; 53. — Distinction between the above societies and those under the Building Societies Acts. Notes of Evidence on^- Building Societies, 55, 57-76, 80-86; Loan Societies, 87-95 ; Trade Unions, 96, 99, IQO, 103 ; Railway Savings Banks, 104-6. Return of 25 principal Trades Unions, 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 y 53 y 54 y 55 56 57 1056 1109,1114, 1118 1115,1118, 1130 1120, 1138 1121, 1123 1132 IT 38 1138, 1146 1211-3 1243-54 1266-7 1273-1 1314-7 Mr. J. Greenwood. Mr. F. Hardern. Mr. E. "W. Brabrook. 1646 (Jbot'uote) 1327,1336-7, 1589 B 2 12 ROYAL COMMISSION ON LABOUR : in. — List of Documents — eonimtted. Document. Reports of the Chief Eegistrar of Friendly Societies, for the year ending 31st December J 891, Part C, Ap- pendix M., Trades Unions [137. II.]. Last seven Annual Repoi-ts of the Egham Free Registry, i.e., from its commencement in 1885 (also the eighth Report received February 2nd, 1893, that is, since the evidence was given). Copies of circulars explaining organisation of the Chelsea Labour Bureau issued to employers. Forms of application and envelope addressed to return (Chelsea Labour Bureau). Forms of notice of employment (Chelsea Labour Bureau). Rules of Chelsea Labour Bureau. Form sent to employer by the Registrar (Chelsea Labour Bureau) after sending an employee, with attached form, to be returned by employer. Form of register (Chelsea Labour Bureau). Report of the Sub-committee of the Chelsea Vestry on the work of the Chelsea Labour Bureau, for the year 1891-2, showing numbers of employed, 4c., through the agency of the Bureau, and giving details of expenditure. Card exhibited inviting application, &c. (Chelsea Laboui' Bureau) . Memorandum on " State or Municipal Control of In- dustry," drawn up by Mr. Tom Mann. Circular letters, &c., issued by the Commission to obtain information respecting " State Regulation of the Hours of Labour," and " State or Municipal Employment of Labour." Extract from " Ridleys' Wine and Spirit Trade Circular,'' November 12th, 1892.—" The Port of London." Memorandum re "The State Regulation of the Hours of Labour," drawn up by Mr. Tom Mann. Pamphlet entitled, " The Eight Hours Day ; how to get it by Trade and Local Option, by Tom Mann, President of the Dock, Wharf, Riverside, and General fjabourers' Union." Memorandum on " Mr. Sidney Webb's Writings," drawn up by the Secretary of this Commission, and accepted by Mr. Webb as a Summary of his proposed Evidence. Evidence from firms who have adopted the eight hours day, being pp. 254-264 of "The Eight Hours Day," by Sidney Webb and Harold Cox. Rules and bye-laws of the London Conciliation Board.* Pamphlet reprinted from the " Nineteenth Century," containing article by Mr. Boulton on the London Conciliation Board. First Annual Report of the London Conciliation Board. Copy of debate iit the C:ii<:ress of the Chambers of Commerce upon Boards of Conciliation and Arbitration. No. of Appendix. 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 No. of Qaestion. Witness. 1409 1938 2004, 2019-20 2005-6, 2030, 2055-6 2007-11 2011-5 2016-8 2021 2021-9, 2040, 2051-3, 2069 2022 2072, 2076, 2078, 2098, 2108, 2160-1, 2522 2072 2169 2522 2522 (foot-note) 3729, 3740, 3786, 4011 3817 4884-5, 4914, 4975 4884, 5020 4885 48fi5, 4934 Mr. E. W. Brabrook. Mr. W. H. Gardener. Mr. T. Smyth. Mr. Tom Mann. Mr. Sidney Webb. Mr. S. B. Boulton. ♦ See Volume of "Rules of Associations of Employers and of Employed," pp. 494-7, No. 20; also p. 381, No. 567. APPENDIX. — WHOLE COMMISSION. III. — List of Documents — eonimued. 18 • Document. No. of Appendix. No. of Question. Witnees, Awards in disputes : — (a.) At Oliver's wharf ; 78 4890 Mr. S. B. Boulton. (i.) Between the United Bargemen and Watermen's Protection Society, and the Cement Manu- facturers' Association, both of the Medway ; 79 4891 » (c.) Between the Amalgamated French Polishers and Messrs. Brinsmead; 80 4898 )> (d.) Between the Amalgamated Society of Watermen and Lightermen of the Eiver Thames and Messrs. Francis & Co. 81 4904 » Copy of Act of the Nora Scotia Legislation of 1890, in relation to compulsoi-y arbitration. 82 4918 5) Notes for proposed evidence containing some minor points not thoroughly brought out in evidence. — 5038 {foot-note) »> Tables showing the proportion of Sunday labour in various branches of labour, with introductory observa- tion, compiled by Dr. Gritton. 83 5040-1, 5061, 5139-41 Rev. J. Gritton. A Bill for the Taxation (" Income Tax ") of Limited Liability, Joint Stock, Civil Service, Army and Navy and Co-operative Societies. Memorandum on the Evidence taken before the Committee of the House of Lords on the " Sweating System " drawn up by the Secretary of this Commission. Summary of " Pauperism, a Picture, and the Endowment " of Old Age, an Arguraeut, by Charles Booth," prepared by the Secretary. Details respecting the working of the Charity Organisation Society in London. Abstract of the Evidence given by Mr. Acworth before the Select Committee and Poor Law Relief in the House of Lords. Effect of better administration of the Poor Law on Abie- Bodied Pauperism. Charts showing Belief of Distress in the Metropolis in good and bad years since 1875, with full notes on the subject. Further details respecting the Dutch Beggar Colonies Further details respecting the Belgian Colonies Details concerning the Arbeiter Colonies Notes on Poor Law Belief; its action on employment and 84 85 86 87 Summary of causes of failures of these schemes already tried. Further details on " Relief of Distress owing to want of employment." Notes headed: "Vagrants," "Out-door relief and indiscriminate Charity," "Emigration," "Old Age Pauperism," and " Children." Notes of evidence headed " Homeless," the question being dealt with under sub- headings : "Casual Wards," "Befuges," "Possibility -of effectual Cliarity," " Com- " mon Lodging-houaes and Self-supporting. Shelters," '.' Labour Bureaus." 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 5159 5406 ( foot-note) 5802 {foot-note) 5802 {foot-note) 5823 {foot-note) 5835-6 {foot-note) .5837-9 5846 {foot-note) 5847 5848 {foot-note) Mr. R. Walker. Mr. C. Booth. Mr. C. S. Loch. 5853 {foot-note) 5892 {foot-note) B 3 14 ROYAL COMMISSION ON LABOUR : III. — List of Documents — continued. Document. I ft".-inl.) -.-h No. of Appendix. No. of Question. Witness. "■^™w^'^*"°^ *"'* *^® Labour Question," by T. W. BushiU (received after evidence was given). Beports of Profit-Sharing Scheme (1888-92) (T. Bushill & Sons). Cop7 of Deed of Security for Provident Fund (T. Bushill & Sons). ^ Copy of Eules of the Profit-Sharing System (T. Bushill & Sons). Anonymous repUes to questions issued by the Employees' ■ Consulting Committee (T. BushiU & Sons). List of specimen Provident Funds, with calculation woi-ked out for 25 years {not for puhUcation). List of Profit-Sharing Firms. List of Publications on Profit-Sharing. Copy of manifesto issued by Building Trades Committee (January 23rd, 1890), indicative of policy of trades unions. Memorandum on error in Report on Profit-Sharing issued by the late Government, drawn up by Mr. Bushill. Form of application by men, with certificate of character, to be signed by last employer (fpswich Labour Bureau), Form sent to employers recommending a man (Ipswich Labour Bureau). i^^ Form sent to employers if no order is on the books (Ipswich Labour Bureau). Indexes of names and trades, register and order book (Ipswich Labour Bureau). Pamphlet entitled " New Era," reprint No. 1 (February 1892) " My Labour Bureau, and how it is conducted," by the Rev. Wickara Tozer. Article ou the subject of labour registries in " Daily News" of the 28th October 1891. First scheme (National Labour Bureau) and its details, i; Modified scheme (National Labour Bureau) and its details. Letter from the Honorary Secretary, Clearing Houses for Unemployed, Polytechnic, 309, Regent Street, W., enclosing particulars of the scheme. Circular letters and forms connected with the Salvation Army Labour Exchange. ,, Circular letters and forms connected with the Young Men's Christian Association Employment Bureau. Forty-eighth Report of the Young Men's Christian Association, containing report of the Employment Bureau for 1891 (latter part printed). Pamphlet, entitled "A National Bureau, with affiliated " labour registries, and the evidence given thereupon " before the Royal Commission on Labour, by " E. T. Scammell" (received on January 19th, J 893, that is, since evidence was given ; part printed). ' An Act to establish a Department of Labour." (United States.'^ 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 HI 112 113 114 115 116 117 5893 5900 5916, 5919, 6092 5919 isy!..ii., 5921, 5933' ' 5925, 6057 5989 5999 6026 6035 6187, 6199, 6261-7 6187 6188 Mr. T. W. Bushill. v/i.i BM- 118 6190-3, 6241 H;_ ill 6386 (foot-note) 6389 T.tWM IM 6392 6389, «392 6389, 6392 6389-91 III,- 6389-91 6386 (foot-note) ' Rev. W. Tozer. -iii; llii l.-i- , |. '(]!-■) , ft' Mr. E. T. Scammell. ■) >'^'.-n ^.i 6431-3 D'-. E. E. L. Gould. APPENDIX. — WHOLE COMMISSION. 15 i'.( III.— List of Documents — contwmed. •■)iUiV( Docuiaent. No. of Appendix. No. of Question. Witness. List of Departments and Bureaus of Labour and kindred OflB.ces in the United States. Pamphlet, entitled " Institut International de , §tatiitiq.ue, ', " No. 11. The Progress. ^Jp Labour Statistics in the " United States, by E. E. L. Gould," containing particulars of appropriation giyen to 16 of; the prinqipsfl Bureaus. Complete list of every subject of inquiry undertaken in every Bureau of Labour (United States) up to 1890. Memorandum on methods pursued by the United States Department of Labour in the collection and tabulation of data, together with an .ahnoet complete set of Schedules of Questioias. List of Parliamentary Papers, &p. on Labour Statistics First proof of 13 pages of Part II. of the Fifth Volume of Wages Statistics. Classified statement of the estimatei) incomes of Prussia, subject to the Classensteuer, by A. Soetbeer (from Vierteljahrschrift fiir Volksurrtschaft, &c., 1891. p. 120). Extract from Report of the United States Commissioner of Labour for 1889 (with reference to Eailroad Labour), pp. l"60-2. Bill to amend Conspiracy and Protection of Property Act, prompted by the Parliamentary Committee of the Trades Union Congress, and introduced in 1891 by Mr. Robertson, the then member for Dundee, but rejected at its second reading. List of productive societies established on a co-partnership basis, and of individual subscribing members forming the Labour Association. List of successful Co-partnership Societies in existence before 188.3. List of Co-partnership Societies in full work. Details respecting shares and shareholders of the Leicester Co-operative Boot and Shoe Manufacturing Society. Leading features connected with the history of some of the Co-operative Societies. Details concerning strikes in co-operative workshops. Figures showing the effects of sharing the result with labour, in accordance with the Labour Association prin- ciple, in comparison with the effect of dividing the results among consumers. Table of actual results from work books of the Oil Cake Mill at Deptford, showing increased efficiency of production. Table showing how workmen have increased their own earnings. Remarks from one of the British Societies upon the effect of co-operative production in developing temperate, provident, and other good habits. 119 120 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 h. !•!.. !•■■< l'r:i( 121 122 123 • ^ 124 6485 6496 -7 1, i } ., ,(,, .',!■ fl 6575 6692 6880 6883-4 6980-1 7079-80, 7086, (foot-notes), 8087 7201-2 Dr. E. R.L. Gould. ..,u,f Mr. R. Giffen. 7527 7537-41, 7544-5 7541-6, 7580, 7594-5, 7664 7547 7554 7561 7565. 7571 7571, 7677 7574 Mt. C. Fenwick. Mr. H, Vivian. B 4 16 ROYAL COMMISSION ON LABOUE : III. — List of Documents — continued. Docament. No. of Appendix. No. of Question. Witness. Pacts concerning the Familistere at Guise, which is organised upon the basis of sharing results between capital and labour, founded by M. Godin. 137 7575 Mr. H. Vivian. Pamphlet entitled " The London County Council's Wages Bill," by T. H. Fairer. 138 7715, 7743, 7784, 7889 Sir T. H. Farrer. » London County Council. — Adjourned Beport of the Fair Wages Committee, 13th December 1892. 139 7767 99 « The State in its relation to Trade," by T. H. Parrer. — 7929 99 Notes of evidence on " Statistics of labour." 140 8085™; {foot-note) 99 Draft of an Eight Hours Bill. 141 8409,58528 Mr. H. M. Hyudman. Notes Cwith diagrams) on the comparative cost of transport of freight on American and English railroads. 142 8446-51, 8454-9 9> Note on the comparative increase of national wealth and productive power, and increase of wages. 143 8717 99 APPENDIX.— WHOLE COMMISSION. 17 ly .—DOCUMENTS SELECTED FEOM LIST III. APPENDIX I. The Ideas of the Earlier Co-operative Congresses, and their Proposals for Reforms. The Congress of 1830 resolved " that a co-operative community be formed." At the following Congress, held in 1831 in Birmingham, resolntions were passed approving of the formation of a co-operative community, to consist of 200 individuals, with a capital of 30J. each, thus providing for the establishment of such community with a capital of 6,000J. Circulars were issued to all the societies, but only two responded ; hence the project failed. At this Congress also it was decided to petition both Houses of Parliament in the interests of co- operative societies. The petition, which gives a good idea of the feeling of social reformers of those days, was as follows : — The petition of the undersigned members of the General Co-operative Congress, composed of dele- gates from, co-operative societies in G-reat Britain and Ireland, assembled at Birmingham this 5th day of October, 1831. That your petitioners have been compelled to feel the hopelessness of longer contending against the competi- tion which the extraordinary increase of machinery now makes to their labour, rendering the latter in the contest of less value than the amount of the most ordinary assistance. That your petitioners are convinced that their labour i:annot again be made sufficient to procure permanent support in tolerable comfort for the working classes, under the system of competition between machinery and manual labour. That this alarming change in the condition of the producing class has induced your petitioners to investi- gate all the various schemes that have been proposed by different parties, in and out of Parliament, for their relief ; and they have been obliged to come to the con- clusion that the general plan advocated by the co- operative societies offers the only permanent effectual relief for their daily increasing distress. That your petitioners believe the public are entirely ignorant, or grossly misinformed, respecting the prin- ciples on which these societies are intended to be established in their matured and perfect form. That your petitioners are well assured that when those principles shall be known to your honourable House, your honourable House will approve of them, as offering the speediest, safest, and most effectual means by which the working classes can be relieved from their difficulties without inconvenience, immediate or remote, to the higher classes ; but, on the contrary, with great advantage to every class in society. That your petitioners therefore pray that your honour- able House will adopt such measures as will enable vour honourable House effectually to investigate this Bubiect ; and if it should be found to possess the ad- vantages which your petitioners believe it possesses, that your honourable House will devise means to enable its projectors and promoters to carry it into extensive and immediate execution. . -, , , j . n And your petitioners, as in duty bound, shall ever pray, &c. , , , , , (Signed by all the delegates who attended Congress). The petition was duly sent to the Lord Chancellor fsays Mr. Pare) andD.O'Connell, Esq., for presentation to either House of Parliament. He had not, however, received any reply from either up to April 1832, and the petitions had not been presented. ^ , ,. , It was decided to urge the societies to establish schools of industry for the formation of a superior nhvsical, moral, and intellectual character for the children of co-operators, at the least expense to their narents • that the co-operative societies be advised to annlT a portion of their subscriptions and profits of trade to the maintenance of proper teachers in the said schools also to open their meeting or school rooms for their members to assemble in on Sundays and other days, to hear lectures, &c. / 78448. At the third Congress of societies and district councils, held in London in 1832, it was resolved, " that the " United Kingdom be divided into missionary co- " operative districts, and that a council be appointed ' ' to register the names of the societies in each district. " 1. That the fpUowing be named as districts: — (1) the Metropolis, (2) Birmingham, (3) Manchester, (4) Glasgow, (5) Belfast, (6) Dublin, (7) Cork, (8) Edin- burgh, (9) Norwich. 2. That these councils shall have power to appoint missionaries and to collect funds for defraying the expenses of the same ; and are requested in every way to promote the interests of co-operative societies throughout the kingdom in each of their respective districts. 3. That these councils shall be empowered to manage the general measures calculated to promote the ad- vancement of the principles and practice of co-operation, including arrangements for extensive missionary exer- tions in conformity with the instructions they receive from this Congress. Following these business resolutions came others dealing with the principles which it was thought should govern the movement. They were as follows : — 1. That with all the boasted attainments of English- men in literature, the arts and sciences ; with all our improvements in agriculture, manufacture, and the powers of production, the affecting scenes of misery daily witnessed, together with the unheard-of privations that exist among the industrial classes of the United Kingdom, as well as the present state of our trading and commercial pursuits, and, above all, the fearful extent of pauperism and crime, afford lamentable proofs either that a state of civilisation and refinero'' nt does not augment the happiness of the human race, or that we have yet to learn the correct basis of social policy, and to erect thereon a superstructure differing in every respect from the one that is productive of such contradictions and anomalies. 2. That the paramount object of all our social arrangements should be to add, by every combination of means, to the happiness of every member of the community, and to abstract the least possible from his personal independence — instead of that which has hitherto been our mistaken policy, to keep in ignorance and thus destroy the happiness of the many, in order to increase and most injuriously administer to the luxuries of the few. I In addition to these resolutions, certain rules and regulations, which are given' here, were adopted by the Congress. Fundamental rules and regulations as the only con- stitutional basis upon which societies can be permanently and successfnlly established. (See report of third Congress, London, 1832.) 1. Let it be universally understood that the grand ultimate object of all co-operative societies, whether engaged in trading, manufacturing, or agricultural pursuits, is comrmmity m the land. 2. To effect this important purpose a weekly sub- scription, either in money, goods, or labour — from a penny to any other amount agreed upon — is indispens- ably necessary, to be continued from year to year until a capital sufficient to accomplish the object of the society be accumulated. 3. The next preliminary step to be pursued as auxiliary to the former will be for the society to purchase, at wholesale price, articles of ordinary con- sumption of the most genuine description, in order to be retailed at the market prices for the purpose of further accumulation. The adoption of these instruc- tions will, of course, be regulated by the circumstances and inclinations of palrticular societies. . C ^J8 ROYAL UOMMISSIOIf ilNxi«^BpUiR : 4. We TTould derivable from observe that the these societies, i immediate benefit n their sucoessful approximation to commjinity, arg tl^e jnauttjal^etaploy- ment of members, the eBtablishment of schools for the education of children, and of libraries and reading-rooms for adnlts. 5. In order to ensure, without any possibility . of failure, the successful consummation of these desirable objects, it is the unanimous decision of the delegates here assembled that the capital accumulated by such associations should be rendered .indivisible, and any trading society formed for the'aocnnlulition of profits with the view to the merely making a dividend thereof ait some future period cannot be recognised by this Gongress as identified With the Oo-bpetative worldj nor admitted into that great social fainily which is now rapidly advancing 'to a state of independent and equalised commumty. - 6. It is deemed more especially' essential in all the .trading transactions of co-operative societies that credit shall be neither taken nor 'given, as a deviation fr'om this important principle has been the sole cause of the destructipn of so many previous ; societies, and thus banefiilly operated to. retard i the geneiral progress of co-operation. In order to carry this iniportaut measure into aj^cceesful operation, the Congress-recommend that, ..in; case of want pf employment among the members, means should be taken by the society, if possible, to provide them some employment, as local circumstances may admit. In cases of sickness, should there be no lother sources of relief, pecuniary assistance may be given either from the funds belbiighig to the society or from individual subscription amongst the members. It will be interesting also to note that at this Con- gress Mr. Robert Owen laid down certain fundamental principles for the guidance of the delegates' then assembled, and which they unanimously accepted : — Fundamental principles of co-operation advanced by Bobt. Owen, and accepted by the third Congress held at London, 1832. 1. That man's character under Divine Providence is formed for each individual. 2. That it is the interest of society that the physical, intellectual, and moral character of every child should be well formed. 3. That it is in the power of society to well or ill form the character of every child not possessing organic disease. 4. That the individual co-operative system is calcu- lated to produce in the mass of the people poverty, crime, and wretchedn'ess, and to perpetuate ignorance and disunion among the human race, and that the experience of the world up to the present day demon- strates this truth. 5. That the social co-operative system is eminently calculated to remove the cause of all these evils by uniting pian^ipd in properly devised arrangements, to reform the human character from evil to good ; by producing abundance ; by making well-directed industry honourable ; and by uniting the exertions of all for the benefit of each. ' The Liverpool Congress, also held in 1832, passed the following resolution, emphasising the conclusions arrived at by the London Congress in favour of communal as against individual interests : — , , That the cause of the difficulties and embarrassments under which society is now labouring in commercial affairs is attributable to individuals entrusted with the ^production and distribution of wealth, and that in order to remove these difficulties it is necessary for society ^o be based on the principle otv/nited interest. In 1850 it was proposed to form a union of, all co-operative societies then in existence under the name of the Industrial and Provident Societies' Union, which' was intended to epabrace all bodies registered qr certified, or seeking to be registered or certified, under the In- dustrial and Provident Societies Act (15 & 16 Vict. c. 3J), or which may be prevented by some technical flaw, or by reason of the scope of the Act not being large enough to include them, from availing themselves of its benefits, but which are constructed < in accordance with its spirit. Its object is to establish unity and economy of action amongst the various bodies admitted into it ; to develop; a moral power for the furtherance of co-operation, which the law cannot supply ; and, whilst strictly respecting the rights of self-government of each body forming part of it as respects matters of purely internal regulation, tp check and harmonise, ^s far as possible, all opposition of interests and rivalry between them. It was intended to be supported mainly by the sums paid by societies admitted to it, or by the receipts from the publications which it may is^ue, or the institutions it may set on foot, but without excluding voluntary donations, which will probably be of much value at its commencement. ' It was intended to be governed by a general con- ference, to meet once a year, or oftener, in the various centres of co-operative action alternately, and by a central executive, to be appointed by such conference. It was also intended to be divided locally into districts, the extent of which shall be limited from tinie to time by the general coaference, and each of which shall be governed by a central board and executive committee. ' ■ It acknowledged and endeavoured to carry oiit the principles laid down by the co-operative conference held m London on the 26th aad 27th July 1852. A co-operative ooiifereuce was held in Manchester on the 15th and 16th of August 1853. • , AP PENDIX II. Some Co-operative Societies in Existence, 1832. Name. Date formed. No. of Members. Amount Of Funds. Ardsley Armitage Bridge Bolton Krst - „ Second „ Manufacturing Bamsley (West End) Bcadford Boothfold Second Birmingham Birkacre Bams - Cumberworth First Darlington Denby FolesfaiU Feb. 1831 \ 26 April 1830 25 . Jan. 1832 32 Feb. 1832 66 May 1830 29 Mar. 1832 83 Jnne 1829 30 Feb. 1829 30 Aug. 1831 60 Nov. 1828 30 - *3.000 Ofet. 1831 34 , June 1829 13 Mar. 1832 14 Jan, 1829 45 £ 65 103 16 26 170 175 73 120 73 Not knot^ 4,000 25 82 160 Any Memljers employed. Yes AUt Several O^casibnally Occasionally ISO Articles , Manufactured. 300 according to Oongieu Beport, Linens, checks, &c. Bed quilts. Linen goods.' Linen goods. Heald yam and sboes Silk and calico printers. Linen cloth, t And families also. Bemarks. School also, 100 scholars. Library. Library, 170 vols. School and library. Library. ,' APPENDSx/^VV^OfcE 'CISaMlSglOJfi m Some Co-opbeativb SociBTiEg in '^xis*bnce, 1832 — hbntinuid. Date formed. Hath^rne Halifax Holywell Huddersfield First Holmfirth - - Hulnie - - - Keighley - - - Kendal London First ' - 1 „ First Manufacturing Association. „ Central Association - „ Kiugsland Westminster., „ First Western Union „ Sletropolitan „ First T.ailors „ Banbury Park Leicester Third Lindlejr Liverpool First Loughborough Manchester Economical Owenian - „ and Salford As- sociation. Mansfield First Newark Firs.t - ' Norwich First Newchnrch First New Mill -'■ Out wood and Kearsley Oldbury 1 Pristplee New Mills Kochdale Friendly - Euncorn ' - Bdtcliffe and Filkington Sheffield First - „ Second Salford.First - Stockport Shipley Shelley Stooksmoor Tliurstanland( Whitehaven Wallingford - - . . Warrington - , , , Woolton Aug. 1829 Hay 1829 April 1830 April 1829 Mar. 1832 July 1831 N*ov.- 1829 July 1829 Nov. 1827 Nov. 1831 Feb. 1832 May 1829 Jijly 1830 Nov. 1829 July 1831 Oct. 1831 Nov. 1829 Feb. 1832 Jan. 1830 Jan. 1829 Aiig. 1830 June 1830 April 1831 No. 6f Members: Aug. Dec. Sept. Dec. Mar. Dec. Feb. Feb. Oct. Jan. April Oct, June May Feb. April April June 1830 1831 1827 1829 1832 1831 1832 1832 1830 1830 1830 1830 1829 1829 1830 1832 1832 1830 L830 1829 70 6\> 84 '150 30 26 ■■ 40 135 36 150 41 60 140 43 208 12 105 9 32 60 20 40 20 18 98 33 40 40 24 50 46 52 ,40 180 63 184 50 60 is 15 18 20 57 Amount of Funds. 10 £ 100 216 46 300 U 247 453 0210 200 1 , 150 250 154 119 50 233 2 50 400 53 68 100 , 60 270 328 9 20 13 108 104 300 110 279 40 34 118 106 80 ■' ■'■ "■ '!•• Members eEijildyed. Yes i" 10 Yes Yes,,. Occasionally Yes All , 12 1-: Sevieral Yes Yes. Yes Yes Yes 10* Yes Yes Yes Yes '■ -Artictles lJiaiiufactur0d> Stbclthigs. Stuffs. Woollens. i,iUii 1, _^ c Linen goods and shoes. Tin ware. iSan dries. Shoes and clothing. Clothing. ClothjpgSand agri- ;, cultural. Stockings. Shoes. Hosiery and lace. Ginghams. Fustians. Frocks, linen, &c. Crapes, &c. , Baizes. ' , . Flannel. Razors, &e. Cutlery. Beaver hats. Woollen cloth. Bemarli^. . Library, 50 "VOls. ' ■ Small library. School and library. fjibrary, 200 vols.,,, Library, 100 vols. Library, 50 vols. , Small library. School and library. Small ibrary. Small library. Library, 150 vols. School, 98 children. School, 200 children. *' And families. APPENDIX III. Rules of the Rochdale .Equitable Pioneers' Society, Limited. Notice. '' " The Cash Book and the metallic checks must' be left a't ,tlie Society's Eegistered Office, oil or before, the Monday pfevions to th6 day appointed for Stocktaking. The stocks are taken on the first Tuesday of each of the months of March, June, September, and December in each year ; and the Cash Books are required in order that the Interest and Dividend may be added' to the meinbers' accounts. ., , , i- , A receipt wiH be given for the' book and checks which must .be' produced bpfore, the tabok^ cau be feburned. ' '"' ,' [ ',.,,,, , "^' , Menibersc are requested to see that the right number of checks is entered on the receipt before leaving the Office. : ' ' - Meip-bers', are reiqij,ested to get their small checks exchanged for 11.: checks as oftw, as, possible during the qfiarter, and to arrange them, in 11. lots, so, that they can b,e re9.dily counted, But aivpid^ bringing them on PritiayB or Saturdays, as the shoprnen are generally busy on those days ;> ■ ri , AH persoiiB' are requested to exatnine their checks and change before leaving the counters in the shops or offices, as no mistake can afterwards be rectified. No interest is allowefd 'on inoney withdiuwn during the quarter. Interest is allowed on all contributions of even pounds from the 9th of eateh month. The Office is open every day from 9 a.rn. to half an hour before the tiihe for closing the shops.. c, .■ ..;,.9b ~ ,-: ... «!'( ■ ,ii Instkuciions to Members. >&% ■ i. The Candidate for Membership will require topome and sign the declaration aijd pay a deposit on the stare of Is. or more. ^.j,. i,,,,, , Pass Books must be brought to the Office with metallic puEoibase token shpi in th4 first weiks of March, Jline, September, and December of each year. C 2 20 ROYAL COMMISSION ON LABOUR: None bnt 11. and 51. tokenB taken at the Office. The times for changing the smaller values can be ascertained by inquiry at the shops. Members desiring to make withdrawals will be required to come themselves, or send a note by the person authorised to receive the money, such note to bear the bond fide signature of the member. No member can withdraw his or her share account below 5s. without withdrawing altogether and forfeiting the sum of 2s. from the amount in the book, and in this ease it will require the member to attend at the Office. Interest is allowed on all contributions of even pounds from the 9th of each month, but no interest is allowed on sums withdrawn for the quarter in which they are withdrawn. The Office is open every day for the receipt of contri- bntions and the payment of withdrawals from 9 a.m. to half an hour before the time for closing the shops. N.B. — No contributions are received from the Thurs- day before the stocktaking until after the stocktaking day. The day for taking stock, &c., may be found on referring to the Society's Almanac. The Rochdale Equitable Pioneers' Society was established in the year 1844, and enrolled under the Friendly Societies Act. In the year 1852 the Industrial and Provident Societies Act was passed by Parliament, which gave great facilities to Co-operative Societies. On October 23rd, 1854, this Society passed a resolution to go under that Act; several societies having been formed which worked well under it. It was found necessary to apply to Parliament again for a further extension, and in the year 1862 an Act was passed which gave still greater powers and facilities to such societies. It was further amended in 1867, and consolidated in 1876. The following are among the benefits derived from being enrolled under the Industrial and Provident Societies Act, 1876 : — 1. The rules are binding, and may be legally enforced. 2. The liability of members is limited to the number of shares taken up by them. 3. The property of the society is vested in the name of the Society. 4. Protection is given to the members, their wives, and children, &c., in enforcing their just claims, and against any fraudulent dissolution* of the Sooiei^. 5. Fraud, committed with respect to the property of the society is punishable by justices or county courts. C. Disputes settled by reference to justices, and the order of justices to be final, with power to award compensation to any member if unjustly expelled. 7. Members may inspect the books and the names of the members at all reasonable hours, at the registered Office of the Society. 4. In the event of any change in thu situation of the Notice of Eegistered Office, notice of such change shall be sent g^Xr^ within fourteen days thereafter to the Registrar m office, manner and form provided by the Treasury Regula- tion in that behalf. Name. Object. Begigtered office. That all former Rules he hereby rescinded. RULES. Name, Object, and Place of Office. 1. This society shall be called the " Rochdale Equit- able Pioneers' Society, Limited." 2. The object of this society is to carry on the trade of general dealers, manufacturers, and the buying and selling of land. 3. The registered office of this societj- shall be at the society's store, in Toad Lane, Rochdale, in the county of Lancaster, where all the books of accounts, securities, ana documents of the society shall be kept, other than such, if any, as are required for carrying on business on account of the same elsewhere ; but the place of business may be altered by the committee of manage- ment Admission of Members, including Societies and Oom/panies. 5. The society shall consist of the present members, and of all other persons who shall afterwards be admitted in the following manner :— 5a. A person wishing to become a member must apply at the office to the secretary or other officer appointed. He must state his name, residence, and occupation, and be proposed and seconded by two members of the society. He must also (at the time of application) sign a declaration stating his willingness to abide by the rules, and take out not less than five shares, and pay a deposit of not less than one shilling on account of the said shares, together with an entrance fee of one shilling, and threepence for a copy of these rules. Complete lists of the names, residences, and occupations of all persons who have applied to become members in manner herein-before stated, shall be submitted to the next weekly meeting uf the com- mittee of management for their approval ; and if any peirson whose name is on the said list shall be objected to by the majority of the committee of management then present, the name of the said person shall be erased from the list. These lists, attested by the signatures of the president and secretary for the time being, shall be hung up in the Society's Central News- room, for the inspection of the members three clear days at least prior to the next monthly or quarterly meeting of members following their approval by the committee of management; and if at the said monthly or quarterly meeting objection be taken by a majority of the members present at such meeting to any of the persons named on any of the said lists, such person or persons .shall not be admitted as members of the society ; but all other persons named thereon shall be considered to be finally adniitted. All persons objected to by either the committee of management or the members shall have the whole of the money which they shall have paid into the society returned. 56. No person shall continue to be a member of the society who does not purchase from the society to the extent of at least 41. per annum. 5c. Any society or company registered ' under Act of Parliament with limited liability may become a member of the society on application to the com- mittee of management, and subject to their approval, and subsequent sanction of the members in manner herein provided for individual members. 6. A list of names and residences of candidates for membership shall be kept at the registered office of the society, and no person shall be deemed a member unless, or until, his name appears on this list. And the committee of management shall cause the names of all persons who under these rules cease to be members to be erased therefrom. Mode, of holding Meetings, Bight of voting, prnd of making, altering, and rescinding of Rules. 7. That general meetings of the members be holden on the first Monday in each month, at half-past 7 o'clock in the evening, and that the meetings on the first Mondays in January, April, July, and October be the quarterty meetings of the society, at which meetings the officers shall make their reports, in which shall be specified the amount of funds and value of stock possessed by the society. 8. That the ordinary general meetings of the members be, — 1st, for the approval or rejection of proposed new members ; 2nd, for the approval or otherwise of the minutes of the committee ; 3rd, for discussing the affairs of the society ; 4th, for explaining the principles and rules of the society; 5tb, for making suggestions for the guidance of the committee of management. 9. The general meetings of the educational depart- ment shall be held on the second Mondays in January April, July, and October, at half-past 7 o'clock in the evening, for the purposes following :— For receiving the report of the committee ; for empowering the com- mittee to make special arrangements for extending the sphere of this department and for any other business connected therewithi The educational committee shall Admisiion of memberi. How ad- mitted. Mimmum purchase per member. Admissicn of Societies or Com- panies. List of members. General and quarterly meetings. Purposes of ordmary general meetings. Educational general meetingx. APPENDIX. — WHOLE COMMISSION. 21 Place of iittd number constituting a meeting. Notices of motion or amend- ment. Votes. Alteration of rules. not be allowed to take any new premises wibhout the sanction of the committee of management, or that of a quarterly meeting of the society. 10. A special general meeting may be convened at an^itime in vii-tue of a resolution of the committee, by a notice being posted in the meeijing room and the principal places of business of the society, specifying the time and objects of the meeting six clear days at least before the meeting ; or by any fifty members, on giving in like manner six clear days' notice thereof in writing, specifying the object, signed by them. N.B. — No other business can be transacted at any such meeting than the business specified in the notice convening it. 11. All general meetings shall be held at the ohi«f place of business of the society, or at such other place as any , quarterly meeting may determine ; and no quarterly or special general meeting of the society shall proceed to business unless at least 50 members of the society be present within one hour of the time of meeting, otherwise such meeting, if it be the ordinary quarterly meeting of the society, or a special general meeting, convened by the committee of management, shall stand adjourned to that day week ; but if it be convened by notice from the members shall be absolutely dissolved. But any general meeting may adjourn from time to time for any period not exceeding fourteen clear days ; and no meeting shall be rendered incapable of transacting business by the want of a quorum after the chair has been taken. llg.. No resolution of a quarterly meeting, of which one month's notice shall have been given, before sub- mitting the same for consideration, shall be rescinded or amended except after a similar notice shall have been given of the intention of proposing such rescission or amendment. 12. At all meetings of the society, each member shall have one vote only, except the president, who shall have a casting vote in addition to his own as a member. 13. No new rule shall be made, nor any of the rules herein contained or hereafter to be made shall be repealed or altered, except by the vote of a majority of two-thirds of the members present and voting at a special general meeting of the society, to ' be called in pursuance of a requisition by 50 or more members, by fixing such requisition, and setting forth the day of holding such meeting, in the place where the business of the society is transacted, four weeks 'next before such general meeting. No amendment of rules is valid until registered. Appointment of Officesrs and Committee of Management, their respective VuUes, ,and mode of conducting Business. Officers of 14. The management of this society shall be vested the society, in a committee, consisting of a president, treasurer, secretary, and eight committee-men. The first com- mittee under this rule shall be the committee in office at the time of the registration of this rule. The presi- dent, treasurer, and secretary, who shall be in office when this rule is registered, shall be the first president, treasurer, and secretary under this rule. Afterwards the president, treasurer, and secretary shall be elected at the general meeting to be held in the month of January, and three committeemen shall be elected at each of the general meetings to be held in the mojiths of April and July ; the remaining two committeemen shall be elected at the general meeting to be held in the month of October in each year. The committee in office when this rule is registered shall iJecide amongst themselves in what rotation they retire ; the retiring officers being eligible for re-election ; but if through death, resignation, or otherwise, a vacancy should occur amongst the officers of this society, a special meeting of the members may be called, at which meeting another or others may be elected to fill such vacancy or vacancies. That no person be eligible for a member of the committee who has not been a member of the society 12 months, or eligible for president who has not been on the committee ; but any member of the committee may stand his poll for the president without first resigning his office as committeeman. Any committoema,n, or other officer, may be removed by a special general meeting called for the purpose. 14a. Candidates for the committee of management and for all other offices of the society shall be nominated at the monthly meeting immediately pre- ceding the quarterly meeting, at which they are proposed for election. Should the number nominated not be sufficient to fill the vacancies, the quarterly meeting, shall elect the required number not so nominated. 15. The general management of the society shall, Maria^e- subject to the provisions herein-after contained, be in ^^^ness the committee of management, who shall have the control of all business carried on by or on account of the society, the determination of the persons to be employed therein, and the rates of payment to be made to such persons, the appointment of salesmen or other servants necessary for conducting the same, and may assign to any such servant such duties and salaries as they may think fit. All members of the society shall, in respect of any work or service which they may perform for or on behalf of the society, be paid after such rate of payment as the committee may determine. 16. (a.) All moneys received on account of contribn- Mode of tions, donations, admissions, fines, or otherwise, shall conducting be paid to an account to be opened with some bank, ""™"' selected by the committee of management, in the name of the society, unless the finances of the society are too small to allow of such an account being kept ; in which case they shall remain under the care of the treasurer, and all such moneys shall be applied towards carrying out the objects of the society, according to the rules thereof. And so much of the funds of the society as are not wanted for immediate use, or to meet the usual accruing liabilities, under the provisions aforesaid, shall, with the consent of the quarterly meeting, or a special general meeting of the members, be invested by the committee of management. The business of the society shall be conducted for ready money. (6.) Every year before the 1st of June the committee Annual of management shall cause the secretary to send to ^"j"^^" the registrar the annual return, in the form prescribed by the Chief Registrar of Friendly Societies, required by the Industrial and Provident Societies Act, 1876, of the receipts and expenditure, funds and effects of the society, and of the number of members of the same up to the 31st December then last inclusively, as audited and laid before a general meeting, showing separately the expenditure in respect of the several objects of the society, together with a copy of the auditors' report, if any. (c.) Such return shall state whether the audit has been conducted by a public auditor appointed under the Industrial and Provident Societies Act, 1876, and by whom; and if such audit has been conducted by any persons other than a public auditor, shall state the name, address, and calling or profession of each of such persons, and the manner in which,' and the authority under which, they were respectively appointed. (d.) It shall be the duty of the committee of man- Beports agement to provide the secretary with a sufficient »nubalanc( number of copies of the annual return for supplying gratuitously every member or person interested in the funds of the society, on his application, with a copy of the last annual return of the society for the time being ; and it shall be the duty of the secretary to supply such gratuitous copies on application accordingly. (e.) It shall be the duty of the committee of manage- ment to keep a copy of the last balance sheet of the society for the time being, together with the rejDort of the auditors, if any, always hung up in a conspicuous place at the registered office of the society. 17. The committee of management shall meet every Duties of Thursday evening, at half-past 7 o'clock, and any six committee of the committee shall form a quorum. It shall in all ^g™*"**'®' tkings act for and in the society's name, and all acts and orders under the powers delegated to it shall have the like force and effect as if they were the acts and orders of a raajority of the members of the society at a general meeting thereof. Every question at such meeting, shall be decided by a majority of votes. Any two of the committee may call a special meeting thereof, by giving one clear day's notice in writing to the secretary; but at such special meeting no other busihess than that specified in the notice shall be taken into consideration. The committee shall con- vene all meetings of the society on such requisitions as are herein mentioned, and shall also cause the accounts of all business carried on on behalf of the society to be C 3 22 RdTlli- COMMISSION ON LABOUR : Duties of president. Duties secretary. Duties of treasurer. Servants not to be officen. Disquali- fication of committee- men. Ecucational cuinmittee. regularly entered in proper books, and shall cause a statement of the accounts of the sdbiety to be made 'out up to the first or second Tuesdays in the months of March, June, Sept^hlber, and December in each year, so as to give not less than 27 days between the time of taking stock and.. i 31. All sums diie from any member under the provisions of these rules for contributions to Shares or otherwise, shall be recoverable froni him, his executors, of- administrators, by legal process, 'as a debt due to the society. " . ,k ii i , . ' 32. Should the qommittee of management have more fpuds on hs^nd tHanthey can profitably invest, they shall have ppwer in the first place to repay aji loans contracted under the 28th Enle,^ and sh.ould tibey still have too much money, shall reduce 'the nujnbor of shares held by the members, the 'highest being the first paid, off. Members may allow their , surplus stares to rei^ain m the funds of the society after the time of notice has expired, but shall not receive interest thereon. 33. Members may: withdraw , any- saw above iil according to the following scale, of j notice, , subject! however, to the discretion of the committee, of manage- ment : — . ; - , ■ ° Share capital, how paid up. Eecovery of subscrip- tions. Inpayment of loans and reduction of shares. 2Z. 10s. on application. 21. 10«. to 5J., 1 weeki 5Z. to lOZ., 2 weeks. , lOZ., „ 20?., 3 „ W- „ ,30/., 4, '„ ' :'■ 30Z. „ 60Z., 5 „ - tM. to 75Z., 6 weeks. 75t. ,, lOOZ., 7 . 100J.,„il25Z., 8 , u, , 1251, „ I50L, 9 ' ,. ,150?. „,;i7j5i., id' „ nhl. „ 200?., 11 ,. APPENDIX'. — WHOLE COMMiaSIOiK. 23 Oaies of Bis'b'ess.' - • Cisesof ■ 3>4'. A member, being in^ distress, may witlidraw any IS fess. g^^i^ liei'inayiliave ia 'the! funds oi' the ; society above five 'Shillings, at the discretion of i the committee of rria^agement'; such memrber may, however, be called upon to repay such withdrawal in manner provided by Rule 30,vuntii'his shares again amount to not less than five pounds. ' ' Members provided wiit. Copies of Bules- Copies of B5. It shall be the duty of the committee of manage- rules. ment to {irovide the secretary with a sufficient number of copies of the rules to enable him to deliver to any person on demand a copy of such rules on payment of ai sum not exceeding one shilling, and of the seoretaiy to deliver suoh copies accordingly. Balance sheets. Appointment of Auditors, and their Duties. 36. The committee of management, shall once at least in every year submit the accounts of the aociety together with a general statement of the same and all necessary vouchers up to the Slst December then last, for audit, either to one of the public auditors appointed under the Industrial and Provident Societies Act, 1876, or to two or more persons appointed as auditors by the members at the meeting next before each yearly meeting of the society, and shall lay before every such meeting a balance sheet (which either may or may not be identical with the annual return, but must not be in contradiction to the same), showing the receipts and expenditure, funds and effects of the aociety, together with a statement of the affairs of the society since the last ordinary meeting, and of their then condition. Such auditors shall have access to all the books and accounts of the society, and shall examine every balanfce sheet and annual return of the receipts and expenditure, funds and effects of the society, and shall verify the same with the accounts and vouchers relating thereto, and shall either sign the same as found by them to be correct, duly vonohed, and in accordance with law, or shall specially report to the meeting of the society, before which the same is laid, in what respect they find it incorrect, unvouohed, or not in accordance with law. Inspecti(>n of Boohs dnd Aieounts. . Inspection 37. The books and accounts of the society shall be of books. open to the inspection of any meniber or person having an interest in the funds of the society, at all reasonable times, at the registered office of the society, or at any place where the same are kept, subject to such regula- tions as to the time and manner of such inspection as may be made from time to time by the general meetings, and it shall be the duty of the secretary to produce them for inspection accordingly, provided that no member, other than an officer of the society, shall be entitled to inspect the, loan or deposit account of any member without his written consent. Withdrawal from the Society, and Payrnent of Deceased '- Members' Shares. Withdrawal 38. A member who has paid up all his contribntioij^ or exolu- may withdraw from the society ; and any member may sions. withdraw without out .paying up all his cohtributions, with the consent of a majority of the committee of management. Uplon the withdrawal or exclusion of any member, he shall receive payment of the capitail advaiiiBed by him, with all arrears of interest and profits, if any, according to the provisions of Eule 33, or within six months iafter such withdrawal or exclusion. Any member having received any interest or participated in the profits, shall, in case of withdrawal from the society, forfeit Such sum (not exceeding 2s.) as the committee of managemeiit may think proper; such forfeits to be a'pplied to the reduction of the value of fixed stock. Nomina- 39- The secretary shall keep a book in which he shall tion and register or record all nominations made by members of b7]^tes tlie sociiety of any person or persons not being officers ' or seirvahts. of the society, unless.. any such officer or servant is the hualpan'd, wife, fatter, mother, child, brother, sister, nephew, qr niece of the. nominator, to whoni such nominator's shares (the term shares includ- ing, for the purposes of this rule, loans and deposits) shall be transferred ait his decease, provided that the amount credited to him in the books gf^^he society does not exceed lOOl. ' The: secretarJ^ shall in like manner recordor^rogister air re^^ocations or variations, of such nominations by the nominator. ,: r. i/ , ■ ' The nominator shall pay threepence to the manage- nient fund for the recording or registering of every such nomination; revocation, orivariation. , , On recSeiving satisfactory probf of the. death of a nominator, the committee' shall, at their iyption, either transfer the shai-es in manner dii'ected in Stich nomina- tion,' br pay to; afay persoir entitled thereunder the full value of his interest, unleSs the shares to be transferred to any nominee would raise his interest in the society to an amount exceeding 200Z., in which case they shall pay him the full value of such shares, not ' exceeding the sum aforesaid. An entry of silch payment shall be made in the proper book, and thereupon the shares so paid for shall be SXtinguifihed'.' If anymember entitled to an interest in the society not exceeding 100^. dies intestate, and without; having, niade any nomination which remains unrevoked at his deaths ptioh interest shall be transferable or payable without letters of administration tp or among tlje .^^^persons who Appear to a majority, of the ponimittee, upon such evidence as they may deem satisfactory, to Jje entitled by law to I receive the same, subject tftithe provisions of.tte Provident Nominations „and , Small Intestaciesi; Act, 1883. \_, ,..,.; ^ - ,„,;,;■,„ „,. 40. If any member entitled to an interest in* the JJecease society not exceeding 100/. dies leaving a will,'"aBd ^^es?™ without having made any nomination which remains unrevoked at his death ; or if any member entitled to an interest in the society exceeding 1001. 'dies, such interest shall be transferable lOr payable only^ to ^ his executors or administrators, subject as aforessiid. 41. If any member becomes bankrupt: his interest in Provision the society shall be transferable or payable to the trustee rnptcy of his property. i '■ claims. 42. Upon the death of any member, unless the person nominated as aforesaid, or in the event of there being no such nominated person, the^legaV pfei'Sonal'rfejilffe- sentative of such deceased member shall, ifritliiil 'One month tbereafter, give notice theireof in writing t'o the secretary, stating tte Christian and Surname, ^l^c'e of abode, and profession or business of Such nominated person or legal personal representative, as the case|itrEfy be ; one shilling shall be deducted from illie sum Jjayable to him. No interest will be allowed' on deceased members' shares after the termination of ' the time such notice should have been given, until legally transferred. AppUcaiiori of Profits. 43. The net proceeds of all businesses carried on by Division of the society after paying or providing fpr the expenses ^™ '' of management and interest on loans and deposits shall be appropriated as foUo'ws : — 1st. To reduction of fixed stock, according to the following ratio on the first cost. Fixtures and machinery at 10 per cent, per annum; shop buildings, warehouses, workshops, offices, and meeting roomp, at 2| per cent, per annum ; and cottage buildings at 1 per cent, per annum., , 2nd. All entrance fees and forfeits on withdrawal shall be applied to reduction of sueh portion of fixed stock as the conamittee of management, shall from time to time determine. " 3rd. Interest not eXcieeding at the rate of 5 per cent, per annum shall be credited quarterly to the account of each member upon the share capital, standing to his credit in the books of the society. '4th. The excess, if any, of the interests and dividendsi received from the investments of the socieity, including rents upon shops and other fixed! stocks in use by the society, and the balafuce of ajil rents recei'vied from cpttages and other ' property belonging to- the society 'Ove^' and ' above the interest allowed upon the loans, deposits, and members' share capital, shall be carried to a fund to be called " The Investment Eeserve Fund," which shall only be appro- priated by direction of a quarterly meeting. 5th.' Two-and-a-half per cent, of the remainder, aftei* the provision for reduction of fiixed stock and interest upor^ capital as aforesaid, shall be carried to the account of th^ Educational fund, besides the cost of room, light, arid fuel. C 4 24 ROYAL COMMISSION ON lABOUK : Complamta and Bug- geations. Publication of name of society. 6th. The remainder shall be divided among the members of the society in proportion to the amount of their purchases during the quarter. 7th. The profits upon goods supplied to non-members, together ■with all fractional parts of a penny in the division of profits, shall be carried to a fund to be called the reserve fund. This fund shall accumulate, and shall only be appro- priated by direction of a quarterly meeting, either to some provident purpose or to the reduction of some portion of the fixed stock ; but no appropriation of the reserve fund shall be allowed unless one month's notice of the intention to propose such appropriation shall have been given. GjMplcdnts, Suggestions, cmd Injwrious GonAuct. 44. If any member have any complaint to make relative to the qualities or prices charged for goods supplied by the society, or respecting the conduct of any of the servants or officers of the society, such complaitft shall be sent to the committee in writing, signed by the member complaining, or some other member on his or their behalf, and shall be investi- gated and decided upon by the committee, such decision to be entered in their minute book; and if satisfaction be not given by their decision, the same may be brought before a general meeting of the members ; and if not then settled to the satisfaction of the parties complaining, shall be referred to a quarterly meeting. Any member may likewise send to the committee, in writing, any suggestions for carrying into better effect the objects of the society, which shall be considered by the committee. 45. The name of the society shall be kept painted in letters easily legible, and affixed on the outside of every office or place in which the business of the society is carried on, in a conspicuous position, and shall be engraven in legible characters on its seal, and shall be mentioned in legible characters in all notices, advertisements, and other official publications of the society, and in all bills of exchange, promissory notes, indorsements, cheques, and orders for money and goods purporting to be signed by or on behalf of the society, and in all bills ol parcels, invoices, receipts, and letters of credit of the society. Injurious 46. The committee of management may suspend any conduct. member who persists in any conduct injurious to the society, until they submit the same to a general meeting (of which the offender shall have three clear days' notice), which shall have power to expel such member. No person so expelled shall by the votes of a majority again be re-admitted, except of the members present at a general meeting ; nor unless notice has been given at the last previous general meeting of the intention to propose his re-admission. Seal of the Society. Society's 47. The seal shall have for a device as follows : " A seal. figure of a woman with a pair ol' scales and a sword, " treading on a serpent, and a man with a pick on " his shoulder, in the distance;" it shall be in the custody of the president, and it shall be used only when directed by resolution of the committee of man- agement, a minute of which resolution shall be duly recorded by the secretary. Investment of Capital. 48. The committee of management mayinv.st any part of the capital of the society in or on the security of any other society registered under the Industrial and Provident Societies Act, 1876, or under the Building Societies Acts, or of any company registered under the Companies Acts, or incorporated by Act of Parliam.ent, or by charter, and may make advances to m.embers upon mortgage of freehold, copyhold, or leasehold property, upon such terms as a^eed upon, provided that no such investment be made in the shares of any society or company other than one with limited liability, and may make any such investment in the registered name of the society. And in the case of an investment on the security of any such society or company, at such rate of interest, and on such terms as to repayment or otherwise, as may be agreed on. And all such investments now" existing, which wonld have been valid if made under this rule, are hereby confirmed and ratified as if they had been made hereunder. Power to advance money uprni seount.v of land and buildings. Advance not to exceed four-fifths value. No advance Building Depamment. 49. The Committee of management may, subject Power to only to such restrictions and limitations as shall from Tovy. sell, time to time be imposed by resolution of members ^e™and" at a quarterly or monthly meeting, purchase, or hold orbuildings, upon lease or mortgage, any lands, together with the buildings thereon, and may build or erect any houses, cottages, or other buildings, on any lands from time to time held by the society, whether for the purposes of the society or not, and may alter, pull down, and again rebuild any building, whether erected by the society or otherwise vested in it; and may manage, lay out, lease, and sub-lease such lands — either at rack rent on buildings, mining, quarrying, or improving leases, or otherwise, howsoever — and either to members of the society or other persons ; and may dispose of, sell, mortgage, convey, or reconvey, either to members of the society or other persons, any lands or buildings for the. time being held by the society ; and may appropriate to the use of the society any purchase moneys or other moneys received in respect of rents of any lands or buildings. 50. The committee of management may, subject to the restrictions and limitations herein-before mentioned, advance any moneys out of the society's funds to members of the society on the security of lands or buildings, subject to such scale of repayment and at such rate of interest as is herein-after mentioned, no such advance to exceed four-fifths of the ascertained value of the said security ; but no advance shall at any time be made upon . the security of any property that tohemZ shall be subject to any previous mortgage. upon second 51. As soon as convenient after the registration of these rules, and at the first committee meeting after the 9th day of January in each year, the committee of management shall appoint two competent valuers to inspect all property offered as security to this society ; and any member of this society desirous of applying for any advance of money from this society to assist him in buying land, building any house, houses, cot- tages, or other buildings, or desirous of effecting a Commido. mortgage upon any land, houses, cottages, or other °'™???''"' buildings already erected, shall give notice in writing l^lltruct to the committee of management, who shall instruct valuers the valuers to inspect the said property, or in case of nSticfof'"" buildings not erected shall examine the plans and application specifications of the buildings proposed to be erected, 'or advanci'. and the valuers shall furnish a written report thereon „" k"^"^* '" 't to the committee of management, upon forms provided to'com"''"' for that purpose, within six days, of all matters per- ™iMeeoI taining to such property. The said report shall contain men?^^' ' the following particulars : — 1st. The name of the person or persons making the application. 2nd. The situation of the property offered as security, giving number of house and name of street when practicable. 3rd. The number of yards of land, with a pen-and-ink plan of its shape, and particulars of the boundai ies. 4th. Whether the land is leasehold, copyhold, or freehold, and what is the term for which it is held ; and, if leasehold, what Particular. as the date of the lease. 5th. What is the annual *" be.Kirai ground or chief rent, or other charge, if any, upon the property. 6th. What is the value of the property, or in case of buildings not erected, what will be the value of the property when the said buildings are completed. 52. When the committee of management shall be satisfied with the lands or buildings so to be offered as aforesaid are a sufficient security, and when the member to whom the said land and buildings belong shall have executed a mortgage or assurance of the said Form of lands or buildmgs m such form as shall be deemed to mortgage ( be sufficient security by the committee of management '''™™°<"^' for the time being, under the advice of their solicitor they shall direct the president and secretary to pay to such member the sum or sums of money he. or she or they shall be entitled to receive, and the president shall take charge of the said deed, and aU other deeds relatmg thereto, and deposit the same in the society's *" deposit fire-proof safe, as a security to the society that the said ''"''•'*? '." advanced moneys shall be repaid according to the '2fe. ' conditions ana regulations herein-after mentioned. 63. If any member of the society, before applying a member for an advance of money, shall be desirous of ascei- "^ ""-"'"=' taiamg what sum of money the committee of manage- ment are willing to lend upon any property, notice sUall be given to the valuers in manner before- mentioned, and the valuers shall inspect the said property, alid make their report thereon to the com- mitteo of management, and the committee shall make in valuers' report. When the advance is to be made. President nia.v know before a|)- plying for an advaiii a what the committi e can lend. APPENDIX. — WHOLE COMMISSION. 25 Members to pay expense of valuation. Notice of amount of rent to be given to committee. Keoeipt of rent to be produced. Failing the production W receipt, secretary of society to see if rent ^sbeen paid, and it not, to pay it. Jpenalty for not producing voucher or receipt of rent. How the money is to be advanced on buildings in course ot erection. Subject to inspection and ap- proval before the payment of each instalment. Borrowers not to pull down or carry away any mort- gaged build- ing, or leave any building unfinished. Committee to have power to take pos- session, and sell or finish at the cost of the bor- rower. Insurance in the I society's name. Borrower to be charged with the cost of insurance. known to the said person the sum they will advance thereon on the conditions herein contained, and the person on whose behalf the inspection and valiia.tion has been made shall pay all the expenses thereof, whether a. loan is effected or not. 54. Every member to whom an advance of money shall have been made on the security of any land or building which is subject to the payment of any yearly or half-yearly ground or chief rent, or other annual charge, shall, whenever required so to do, furnish to the secretary of the society a statement containing the amount of such ground or chief rent, or other payment, the times at which they are respectively required to be paid, and the names and residences of the persons entitled to receive the same, and shall irom time to lime, if, and whenever so required, produce to the secretary of the society for the time being, a receipt or voucher showing that the said payments have been duly made ; and if the said receipt or voucher shall not have been produced as required, the secretary shall ascertain from the person entitled to receive the said ground or chief rent or other payments, whether they have been duly received, and if not, then he, the secretary, shall forthwith pay the same out of the society's funds, and the amount thereof shall be debited to the account of the person to whom the advance has been made, together with a fine of 5s., and any other reasonable expenses to which the secretary in the pay- ment thereof shall have been subject, by leason either of the non- production of the receipts or the non-payment of the said rent or charges. 55. In the case of any member having made an agreement with the committee of management as to the amount to be advanced on any building about to be erected, or in course of erection, and having executed such deed of mortgage or assurance as before- mentioned, the said member shall be entitled to receive a proportionate part of the advance agreed upon when the said buildings shall have been raised to the height of the first floor, a proportionate part thereof when they shall be covered in or fully slated, and the remaining portion when the said buildings shall be completed according to the plans and specifications thereof, subject nevertheless to the same inspection and approval as premises already built. 66. Should any member of this society to whom an advance of money has been made from the funds of this society, on the security of property givfen as herein- before mentioned, leave any building upon which the said money shall have been advanced, unfinished, or begin to pull down, remove, damage, or carry away the same, or any part thereof, or cause or procure the same or any part thereof to be pulled down, removed, or carried away to the prejudice of this society, or the security given, the committee of management shall be at liberty forthwith to take possessiojj, and either to sell such premises at the cost of such member or to employ such person or persons as they shall think fit to finish and complete the same out of the funds of the society, and charge the cost of completion to the debit of the member to whom the advance has been made. 57. All property mortgaged to this society shall be regularly insured against loss by fire by the committee of management, in the society's name, with such com- pany or ofiSce as they shall think fit, and for such sum or sums as shall be agreed upon between the member and the said committee, but not less than the full amount as shall from time to time be owing upon the said mortgage. The mortgagor shall pay the costs of the said insurance and of the annual renewals thereof, on or before the ninth day of the month next ensuing after the same shall be due, and in default thereof shall pay the same penalty as for arrears of of repayment and interest, as is herein-after provided. The mortgagor shall also give to the committee of management a written notice of any and every trade or manufacturing process can-ied on in any of the mort- gaged premises.- or of- any stove, furnace, or other article erected therein, which will in the least affect the validity of the policy of insurance in force before the commencement of such trade, or before the erection of such stove, furnace, article, or thing, or in default thereof, shall be fined five shillings per week during the time which such notice is withheld. Whenever any property mortgaged to this society has sustained damage by fire, the committee of management shall receive the amount of the damage so sustained from the insurance office or company, and shall give a receipt for the same' signed by the president, and countersigned by / 78448. the secretary for the time being, which shall be a sufiicient discharge to the insurance office or company liable by virtue of any policy of insurance. The money received for such damage shall be applied to the pay- ment of the amount secured by the mortgage deed of the damaged premises, or, if the committee of manage- ment consider it expedient, they shall expend such money in repairing such damage. 58. Every member to whom an advance of money has been made on the security of lands or buildings, in manner herein-before provided, shall, on or before the ninth day of every calendar month, pay, at the registered office of the society, to such person or persons as the committee of management shall from time to time appoint, not leas than eight shillings and fourpence for every one hundred pounds of such advanced moneys, together with interest not to exceed five per cent, per annum, on such portion of the said advance as shall have been unpaid on the ninth day of January next preceding, reckoning all parts of pounds as full pounds in the calculation of such interest. And every borrower shall, in addition to the before-mentioned payments, pay, on the ninth day of January in each year, a further sum not exceeding two shillings for every one hundred pounds of the original amount advanced to provide for the expense of conducting this department. 59. Should any member neglect to pay, on or before the ninth day of each and every month, the repayment and interest due according to the provisions of the foregoing rule, together with all arrears of re- payment and interest, and together with all charges, tines, and penalties to which he shall from time to time become liable, according to these rules, such person shall be charged additional interest after the rate of twopence per pound for every month, or part of a month, daring which snch moneys shall be in arrear, such additional interest to be calculated upon the sum of the several arrears. And should any person neglect to pay any of such payments and interest or any part or parts thereof respectively, it shall be lawful for the committee of management, in their discretion and at any time after such default, to enter into possession of the property which has been given as security for the said payments, and shall cause such property to be sold, and the proceeds of such sale to be appropriated in liquidation of the debt owing to the society on the said security, together with the expense of the said sale, and pay the balance over to such persons as shall be legally entitled to receive the same. 60. Any member to whom an advance of money shall have been made on the security of any lands or buildings, desiring to dispose of his interest in such lands or buildings, may transfer such interest, with the consent of the committee of management for the time being, to any other member of the society. All such transfers shall be of such form and executed in such manner as the committee of management for the time being shall deem necessary, under the advice of their solicitor. But no transfer shall be made of any pro- perty held on mortgage by this society unless or until all moneys and arrears due in respect of the amount advanced upon the said mortgaged property shall have been duly made. 61. Any member to whom an advance shall have been made in manner herein-before provided, may, by and with the consent of the committee of management for the time being, substitute any other security of equal value, inlands or buildings, in lieu of the security previously given, on payment of all the necessary expense in respect to the transfer of the said security or securities. • 62. When any member to whom an advance of money shall have been made out of the funds of this society, on the security of any mortgage, or other assurance, shall have repaid the whole of such advanced money, together with all arrears of interest, fines, penalties, or other charges due thereon, according to these rules, the committee of management shall authorise a receipt to be given under the hands of two members of the committee, countersigned by the secretary of the society for the time being, such receipt to be in the form appended to these rules, and shall be annexed to, or endorsed upon, such mortgage or assurance, and shall vacate the same and vest the estate of and in the property therein comprised in the person entitled to the equity or redemption of the said property. 63. Every member , borrowing money from this society in accordance with the foregoing rules shall D Time, place, and rate of repayment andmterest. Interest to be reduced on the 9th of January each year. Not exceed- ing 2». per cent, per annum to be charged to borrower to repay expenses. Penalties for non- payment of repayments » andmterest. Power to enter into possession. To sell and defray expenses and debt, and give balance to person entitled. Power and mode of transfer. Perm of transfer to be left to committee and solicitor. Borrower may change security Mode of vacating the mortgage when the money borrowed thereon has been repaid. 26 ROYAlf.lCCfflDMISSION ON LABCmBf'Ti/ Fees of the Tiduera. Borrower to pay cost of all deeds. Provision for booking and audit- ing. Oonstruc- tlonof rules. \nnding- up of the society. Dissolution of the society. pay thd valuers' -fee , for each inspection of toe pro- perty offered as aecurityt 1 Anw' tte said person shall also pay the cost of all deeds ■• of mortgage and transfer required by these rules, in addition !t». the payments herein-before mentioned. And all such deeds shall be drafted and prepared by the solicitor appointed by the comsaittee of management for the time being-. 64. The committee of management shall cause to be provided proper 'books to record the proceedings of this department, and shall cause to be kept a separate account of all moneys received and paid on account thereof, and the auditors of th6 society for the time being shall examine all accountii belonging thereto, and see that the receipts and ' payments are properly entered in the books ; and'the ^aid books shall be made up and balanced 'jn the respective quarter days of the society, ■when all other accounts are So made up and balanced ; and the result thereof ^ so f a? as respects ' the total, shall be shown from quarter to quarter in the society's balance sheet. Gonstruction of Mules. 65. In construing these rules, words importing the masculine gender shall be take.n to apply to a'^male; words importing one person or, thing only shall be taken to apply to more than one person or thing ; and words importing a class shall be taken to apply to the majority of that class, unless there is something in the context to prevent such a construction. Application for Begistrar's Inspeotion. 66. It shall be the right of one-fifth of the total num.ber of membeis, or if the number of naembers shall at any time amount to 1,000, and shall not exceed 10,000, it shall be the right of 100 members, or if the ntimber shall at any time exceed 10,000_, it shall be the right of 500 members, by an application in writing to the Chief Eegistrar, signed by them in 'the forms respectively provided' by the Treasury Epgulations in that behalf — (a.) To apply lor the appointment of one or more inspeetprs to examine into the affairs of the 'society', and to report thereon. — Industrial and Provident Societies Act, 1876,' s. 15 (1 a). (b.) To apply for the calling of a special meeting of the society. — Industrial and Provident Societies Act, 1876, s. 15 (1 6). Either such' application to be made upon such notice to the society, and to be supported by such evidence for the purpose of showing that the applicants =have good reason for requiring such inspection to be made, or meeting to be called, and that they are not actuated bv malicious motives ■ in their application, as the Chief !Blegistrar shall direct. — Industrial and Provident Societies Act, 1876, s. 15 (2). II " ' - 67. The society may at any time be dissolved by the consent of thr^e-fourths of the members, testified by their signatures to some instrument of dissolution in the form provided by the Treasury Eegulations in that behalf. — Industrial and Provident Societies Act, 1876, s. 17 (1). thereof, without it being necessary for us or any others to give a reconveyance of tho property so mortgaged. Dated thife "' ' ', day;bf, one thousaud eight hundred and Thomas Cheetham. B.a?Bai; Holt. , , Jamus Asewoeih. Jambs E. Lokd, Secretary, APPENDIX. Form, of Receipt to vacate a Security. We, the undersigned, being two members of the committee and the secretary for the tim« being of the within-named Rochdale Equitable Pioneers' Society, Limited, in pursuance of the authority to us fori this purpose given, in and by a resolution of the committee of management of the society, and of all other powers hereunto enabling, and at the request and. by the direction of who claims to be the person now entitled.to the equity of redemption of the premises within comprised^ do acknowledge to have received all moneys intended to be secured by the within- written deed, and we make this endorsement thereon with intent to vacate the same, and to vest the estate of and in the property comprised in such security in the person or persons for the time being entitled to the equity of redemption Acknowledgment op Registbi op Amendment OP EULES. The foregoing amendment of the rixles of the, Roch- dale Equitable Pioneers' Society, Limited, is registered under the Industrial and Provident Societies Act, 187b, this 22nd day o'f February 1889. x -««• x •' J. M. L. Copykept-^J. M. L. (Seal.) Index. Name of society - - - - - Objects of society - - - Registered oflBoe Notice of removal of registered office - Admission of members - - List of members - - - - General and quarterly meetings Purposes of general meetings , Educational general meetings Special generalmeetings , . - - - Place of meeting and number constituting a meeting , - Votes - -, Alteration of rules - Officers of the society - - - - Management of busin^SM ■ Mode of conducting business Duties of committee of management Duties of president Duties of secretary ■ - - - Duties of treasurer , . . Security from officers and others Payment of officers ' - . u hi i; /. Servants ngt to be officers "^ • ' . Disqualification of oomniittee-men Educational committee - - " ' Officers not to nominate Or second colleagues - ■ liimitatibn of members' investments ' - Power to accept loans - - ' - Share capital — hOw paid up - Recovery of subscriptions - - - Repayment of loans and reduction of shares - Withdrawal of shares - - Cases of distress Copies of tules - - - - - Appointment of auditors _ . . Inspection of books and accounts Withdrawal or exclusion from society Power of nomination by members Deceased members' shares JPflovipioA.for bankruptcy claim - Division of profit— - . , . Ist. As to reduction of fixed stock. 2nd. As to appropriation of entrance fees, &c. , , ,3rdi, As to interest on shares. j / ithi. Investment reserve fund. ,-75th. Allowance for educational purposes. 6th. Dividend on, purchases. 7th. Reserve fund. — Profits from non-mem- bers, anid balances.' Complaints and suggestions of -members , Publication of name of society - . . Injurious ponduqt of members - - . Society's seal - - - - . Investment of capital , - . ^ Building JJepartrMnt. Power to buy, sell, and mortgage houses and land - - - . - Powers to advance naprtgage Mode of application for loan - . . Form of deeds and onstgdy of deeds - j'rovisiops for preliminairy,va,luation, members to pay expenses of same' - '- Kule 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 18 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 43 moneys to members on 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 ?3 AI^pMdIX.— WHOLE COMMISSION. ProviBions as to payment of chief rent of mort- '; gage property - - h. - '-(j - ■ Mode of making advances .iil case of new buildings - i- - - - - As to nnfinished buildings - r- Ab to inRuranco - - - - Mode of repayment and of payment of interest Penalties for neglect of payment - Provisions for transfer of mortgage - '.. Borrower may change security . Mode of vacating a mortgage ' Borrower to pay valuer's and lawyer's charges Books and auditing a - Construction of rules Winding-up of the sooifety - - Dissolution of the society Appendix ' Elile 54 55. 56 67 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 Advice to Membebs or this and otiieu Societies. 1st. — ^Procure the authority and protection of the law by enrolment. 2nd. — Let integrity, intelligence, and ability be in- dispensable qualificatioris in the choice of officers and managers, and not wealth or distinction. 3rd. — Let each member ohly have One vote, and make no distinction as regards the amoiint of wealth, any member may contribute. 4th. — Let majorities rule.^n all matters of govern- ment. §th. — Look well after tJiB mopey scatters. Punish fyand when duly establisied by the ipitnediate, ejspulsion of the defrauder. 6th. — Buy your goods as much as possible in the first markets; or, if you Jiave tlje produce of , your industry to sell, contrive, if possible, to sell it in the last. 7th.— Never depart from the principle of buying and selling for Beady Money. 8th. — Beware of long rqckonings. Quarterly ac- counts are the best, and should be adopted 'vrhep. practicable. 9th. — For the sake of security alVvays have the ac- counted value of the '' fixed stock " at least; one-fourth less than its marketable value. , 10th,: — Let members take care that the accounts are properly audited by men of their own choosing. litht — Let) committees of management always have the authority of , the members before taking any im- portant or expensive step. 13th. — Do not pourt opposition or publicity, nor fear it when it comes. , ,, ,, ,13th. — Choose ,thpse;only for yqur leaders whom you can trust, and then give them your confidence. APPENDIX IV. EocHDALE Equitable Pioneers' Society, Limited. . ' Registered j^ffioe : — Pioneers' Buil|d^gs,, Toa4 -'-'^'^®' -'^""M^H .'n Established 1844. Enrolled under the Industrial and trovident Societies Acts, 1862 and 1867. The Objects of the Society are tlie Social and Intellectual Advancement of its Members. STATEMENT OP ACCOUNTS AND REPORT. Dated September 6th, 1892. Peesbnt Oitigees and Committee. President ; Mr. Thomas Clieethain. TreasJtrer : Mr. Robert Holt. Secretary : Mr. James E, Lord., Oommiitee ? Mr. Jas. Kershaw, Mr. Alfred Matthew, Mr. Jas. Brearley, Mr. .George Paylor,, Mr. Benjamin Woolfenden, Mr!' John Jackson, Mr. Jas. Ashworth, Mr. Thomas Clough. ,, General Manager: Mr. James E. Kaye. Cashier : Mr. William Pate. Assistant Manager ■ Mr. Edward Stott. The Quarterly Meeting will be held in the Assembly Room, Central Stores, ' Toad Lane, Rochdale, on Monday evening, October 3rd, 1892, at half -past Seven o'clock. 1. Minutes of the last monthly meeting. 2. Admission of new members. Minutes of the committee for the past month. Balance sheet. Election of two persons to serve upon the general committee. ^^ Election of five persons wserve upon the educa- tional committee. 7. Report of Co-operative Wholesale Society's quarterly Meeting.- •■ To the Members. We have pleasure in submitting for your approval the statement of accounts for the past quarter. The receipts for the quarter (14 weeks) a.re 75 048Z. 4s. 5i., being an increase of 5,3512. 6^. 3(i. as compared with the corresponding period (1,3 w^e^ks) of last year. ," .. , ■•onv-' The members' claims afeonnt to 376,28'^/,.,, , or a decrease of 951?. for the quarter. The total depreciation of buildings and fixed stock to date is 39,419Z. 12s. lOd., leaving the present nominal value at 64,660?. 14^. Ifl!. ,, , The balance disposable gives a dividend of 2s. 7(i. in the £ on general purchases, and 2s. in the £ on pur- chases in th^ butchering department, after Ijhe usual deductions. The rate per cent, of purchases from the Co-opierative Wholesale Society 'and other co-operative productive societies is as follows :— ^ -^ ^ Grocery. Percent. 62J Drapery.. Per cent. m 5i . Boot and 'Shoe. Tailoring. Co-operative Wholesale So- ciety. Other Co-operative Produc- tive Societies. r Per cent. 96i Per cent. 65i , 201 Total 864 534 96J 864 We remain, yours truly, Committee of Management. Toad Lane, Rochdale, September 29th, 1892. Grocery Department. The pricBjSst of groceries, &c. is revised and issued quarterlylPTry the pure Ceylon tea, packed in i lb. packets by The Co-operative Wholesale Society, Limited, sold at 2s. per lb., also China and Indian blends of tea at Is. lOd., 2s., 2s. M., 2s. 8d., and 3s. 2£?.perlb.. in ilb. packets. These teas cannot be surpassed by any shop in Rochdale. Patent medicines at all our shops at popular prices. (See Price List.) Buy your tobacco from your own stops; it is mann- factured on the premises, and guaranteed pure, and made from the finest leaf. Our shops are Supplied daily with bread, tea-cakes, Eccles cakes, &c., &c., fresh from the bakery, the quality of which is excellent. D 2 28 KOYAL COMMISSION ON LABOUR: Brwpery D&panimewt. We are now Bhowing our new winter dress goods, including new tweeda, cheviots, navy and black serges, cloaks, capes, jackets and waterproofs in the newest styles for the season. Special selection of fur capes and boas. We have just received our new stock of winter shawls and wool handkerchiefs. An immense stock of all-wool and union shirtings. All-wool Bury blankets, summer finish, from 10s. 6i. Gents' collars, fronts, oufiTs, and ties in great variety. Dyeing mid Clea/n/mg B^artment. All work entrusted to our care will receive the best attention. TaAlormg Department. We invite yon to iiispect our large stock of winter woollens, comprising West of England, Scotch, and French manufactures, in the newest designs ; also our stock of ready-raade clothing, viz., men's reefer and shooting suits, from 5!4s. upwards ; and oizi- large stock of juvenile clothing, in the latest styles. We also wish to draw your attention to our stock of linen jackets and overalls ; spinners' overalls in different qualities. Bluette jackets and overalls in different qualities ; also a large stock of overcoats and mackintoshes for the coming season. Boot and Shoe Depa/rtment. We would call the attention of our members and the public in general to our new stock of men's, ladies', and children's boots and shoes, which for price and quality cannot be excelled. Gents' boots from 5». l\d. per pair. The beat Blucher shoe in the trade at 6«. 9d., 7s. 6d., 8«. 9d. We have a splendid assortment of boots for winter wear. See our own Leicester make of ladies' leather-lined buttoned and lace boots, at 4«. 6d., 5s. 6d., 58. 9c?, 6s. 3d., 7s. 6d., 7s. 9d. Ladies' sewn buttoned, lace, all kid, leather-lined, at 8s. 9d., splendid value. Boys', girls', and children's equally cheap. Worked slippers carefully made ap. Clogging and repairs executed with care and promptness at our central shop, also at Pinfold, Oldham Eoad, Whitworth Eoad, and Norden branches. Our members are respectfully asked to give this department their cordial support. Notices. Members are requested to exchange their metallic checks for 11. tokens as the quarter proceeds. Not more than 31. worth of small checks will be exchanged by the shopmen at one time. Al l purchasers are particularly requested not to take away their paper tickets, but at once get them changed for metallic checks, as such tickets cannot be received by the check boy unless presented on the day they are issued. We are prepared to advance money on mortgage of property at interest not less than 4J per cent, per annum, for a term or subject to such notice as may be agreed upon, and applications for such loans will receive our consideration. We beg to call the attention of our members to the " Co-operative News," a valuable and interesting weekly paper on all matters pertaining to the movement, and one we strongly recommend to your notice. They can be obtained from the library and from any of the branch shops at id. each. ONE HUNDRED ANP NINETIETH QUARTERLY REPORT, ENDING SEPTEMBER 6th, 1892. Dr. Cash Account. Or. RECEIPTS. To Balance from last Eeport Eeceived pob Goods Sold Retail. „ Grocery Department : Toad Lane - Oldham Eoad School Lane ■Whitworth Eoad Pinfold Spotland Bridge Bamford Wardleworth Brow Gastleton Moor Bnersill Shawclough Sudden - Newhold Milkstone Slattooks Gravelhole Norden Greeubooth . - - Entwisle Eoad John Street Bridge Street Stoneyfleld - Belfield Hamer Eooley Moor Eoad Pitflefd „ Drapery Department :— Toad Lane School Lane - - - Pinfold Spotland Bridge Castleton Moor Buersill Shawclough Sudden Newbold Milkstone Norden Greenbooth Bridge Street Pitfield „ Coal Department „ Tailoring Department - ., Butchering Department — Retail : — Toad Lane - Oldham Eoad School Lane Whitworth Road Pinfold Spotland Bridge Bamford Wardleworth Brow - Gi^leton Moor Buersill Shawclough Sudden ... Newbold 4,161 18 9 2,527 6 1 2,057 4i S,7S6 13 1i 2,233 5 S 2,606 IS 10 90S 13 1 1,662 17 Oi 2,513 5 lli 3.083 9 9 1,213 17 8 1,178 5 6 2,137 14 6 2,392 19 4 844 8 896 IS 10 1,613 16 7 719 Hi 1.1S8 2 6 1,636 4 2i 1,494 13 8 485 16 8 661 19 9 1,424 2 ID 1,031 18 6 1,194 5 6 8,627 13 2 8 6 3 22 10 4 17 6 32 10 41 10 11 10 9 10 11 7 16 1 15 16 4 3 8 2 1,066 13 5 441 16 S38 13 984 19 3 434 8 8 623 13 3 210 14 6 668 16 6 556 11 6 621 11 3 250 15 a 250 8 ID 563 9 (ConajmeiJ over) t. d. 9 Hi 45,569 18 7 3,836 8 6 3,681 6 4 1,066 4 PAYMENTS. By Cash Paid for Goods ;— Grocery department Drapery „ Coal Butchering „ Pork Shoemaking and clogging department. Tailoring department Tobacco manufacturing depart- ment. „ Carriage of goods, &c. „ Coaling expenses . ■ . „ Goal department— wages - „ Wages j)aid to workmen - . „ Wages paid to Shopmen :— Grocery department Drapery „ Butchering ;, - - Shoemaking „ - - Tailoring „ „ General Expenses :— Incidental expenses Repairs, painting, &c. Rates and taxes - Coals, coke, and gas Hay, straw, and provender Farriery . - - Saddlery ... Printing and stationery Insurances Guarantee premiums Committee s allowance - Treasurer's salary - Auditors' charges Delegates' expenses Advertisements - Stamps Licences - Telephone charges Donation to Manchester Ear Institution. „ Chief and other rents „ Cottage repairs „ Cottage rates and taxes „ Building departments-advances, &c, „ Juvenile department— withdrawals u Loan accounts and interest paid - „ Share capital— withdrawals » „ ., interest and divi- _,, dendspaid. u Educational department - „ Clothing club w Life insurance * . . „ Amount paid for non-members' 2,0972. 19*. Id., general purchase checks at 2t. „ Amount paid for non-members' 1662. 9«., bntcbets' purchase checks at 1» 33,929 14 7 2,562 4 4 4,281 8 9 7,609 3 11 966 6 10 988 10 2 663 19 3 7,373 6 8 1,490 4 1 182 18 11 466 3 2 56 6 50 8 99 18 3i 618 4 10 200 14 1 105 10 6 117 7 9 7 2 20 2 100 6 9 39 2 9 9 6 24 1 2 10 24 6 24 5 12 1 SS 8 13 6 6 26 5 2 2 38 2 11 72 11 2 70 9 4 21,369' 19 4,683 4 m 16 4 7 16 5i {Contirmed over) s. d. 58,254 13 6 729 6 1 304 6 4 180 15 10 1,377 2 6 2,246 2 1,4*0 1 Hi 179 8 6 100 17 4 222 3 Oi 3,561 16 9 6,063 3 Si 232 1 4 3 7 16 8 217 11 9i APPENDIX. — WHOLE COMMISSION. 29 Dr. Gash Ajacous's^—eontmued. Or. (Continued.) To Butchering Department— co«<. Mlkstone Gravelhole - Norden . . - Bnfrwisle Eoad John Street - Bridge Street Stoney field Hamer „ Shoemakiiig and Clogging Depart- ment: — Toad Lane shoemaking and Oldham Boad shoemaking and £ s. d. 706 8 132 1 7 428 7 7 429 6 9 428 9 473 10 9 3 2 6 274 2 3 Whitworth Road shoemaking and clogging. Pinfold shoemaking and clogging Norden „ » „ Received for Goods sold Whole- sale : — Grocery department Coal Butchering ,. • - - Pork Baking „ - • Tohacoo ■■ - ■ - Total Receipts for £ «. d. Goods sold -75.048 * 5 „ Bents received „ Clothing club receipts „ life insurance „ Fixed stock sold - „ Commission from Co-operative ■Wholesale Society as receivers. „ Co-operative Congress Fund : — Advertisements in Congress Guide Sale ol excursion tickete - „ Interest received from :— Arkwright Cotton Spinning Company* Limited. Castleton Spinning and Manu- facturing Company* Limited. Black Pits Spinning and Manu- facturing Company, Limited. Co-operative Productive Society- Special. Bagslate Manufacturing Com- pany. Limited. Buersill Cotton Spinning Com- pany. Limited. MossSpinnlng Company, Limited Rochdale Land and Building Company. . Co-operative Printmg Society, Limited. ' Rochdale Co-operative Manu- facturing Society, Limited. Union Maniifaoturing Company, Limited. Norden Manufacturing Company, Limited. Rochdale Co-operative Com Mill Society, Limited. Standard Cotton Spinning Com- pany, Limited. Hebden Bridge Fustian Society, Limited. Millgate and Facit Manufacturing Company, Limited. Educational department - Sundry persons - „ Dividends received from :— Arkwright Cotton Spinning Com pany. Limited. Rochdale Cotton Spinning Com pany, Limited. Rochdale Co-operative Manu factnring Society, Limited. Alford Gas Comrany Hebden Bridge Fustian Society, Limited. Darwen Paper Mill Company, Limited. Lancashire and Yorkshire Rail- way Company. North-Bastem Railway Company Standard Cotton Spinning Com- pany, Limited. Co-operative- Printing Society, Limited. ' • Midland Railway Company . - Leicester Co-operative Hosiery Socie^, Limited. „ Share capital— contributions „ Proposition fees . - - „ Rules . . - ., Nominations - - - - „ Commission for change - ., Bifilding Department :— Repayment of loans Interest - - - Other Charges „ Juvenile Department :— Contributions - • Deposit Books „ Loan accounts received - Amount withdrawn from Bank - Jl Co-operative Wholesale Society, as receivers. Total 1.18B IS 11 294 17 li 96 6 140 16 6 181 5 8 246 7 4 477 10 3 731 17 59 7 8i 607 24 6.947 19 29 17 6 6 10 157 10 45 191 6 25 90 12 6 59 3 6 11 5 2 225 213 15 22 10 250 53 2 6 5 225 2 9 3 188 13 5 31 5 12 10 142 12 6 5 6 17 4110 566 5 46' 1 4 7 10 12 10 837 6 1 12 9 18 2 9 19 6 2 12 2 1,133 14 7 144 9 11 3 14 8 114 4 4 4 £ s. d. 9,927 16 m 1.898 12 2i 9.070 1 6 689 19 98 11 • 1 6 6 2 19 35 18 6 1,772 6 2 1,711 3 5 14,707 16 2 16 8 8 1,281 10 2 114 8 4 1,325 63.658 16 4 10,680 18 9 By Co-operative Wholesale Society, as their agents. „ Payments from Reserve Fund :— Manchester Deaf and Dumb Institution. Royal Albert Asylum, Lancaster „ Co-operative Congress Fund :— Hire of rooms, &c. Guidebook- . . . Luncheons, &c. - Exhibition - . . . Decorations Public meetings and conver- sazione. Excursion, &c. Hotels and lodgings General charges ,. Fixed Stock Additions, &c. :— Shop buildings Fixtures, Ac. - - Cottage buildings - „ Investments : — 5s. per share on 10 \l. shares— Calderdale Co-operative Clog Sundries Manufacturing So- ciety, Limited. „ Permanent mortgage loans- Sundry persons. „ Bank deposits V Balance m hand iOontiwued.) t t. 21 21 fl 70 6 97 10 164 12 47 18 80 85 16 10 214 11 9 16 7 107 17 819 97 431 2 10 £ s. d. 10,580 18 V 42 877 16 11 1,347 7 6 662 10 62,368 12 1.736 7 £162,714 5 5i 5i Total £162,714 5 fii 3"3 ^ 30 .ROITAIi; GOMMISSrON ONLABOBPE^: Dr. iNVE&PttBN* EeV^NUE AcCOtlNT. Or. £ s. d. To Interest ou loan accounts 33 11 1 .€ s. d. \ £ s. d. By Interest on trade capital - ' - £ s. d. 100 „ Interest on loan fund 8 7 9 ' „ Interest on juvenile depositors' 3'2 G 3 „ Inferest en Sharo Investments:— Rochdale Co-operative Corn Mill 250 „ Intei-est on insurance fund - 7 10 , Society, Limited. 't; ^- Uochdale Co-operative Manu- facturins; Society, Limited. Rl -ill t "S-2 13 5 112 12 ,0 „ Balance caiTied to profit and loss . account. i Co-operative Wholesale Society, Limited. 187 10 Hebden Bridge Fustian Society, 2 10 1 Limited. 1 j Eccles Manufacturing Society, 2 15 1 Limited. ' ' 1 j Rochdale Cotton Spinning Com- 12 10 ( pany, Limited. j Darwen Paper Mill Company, 31 2 6 1 Limited. 1 Alford Gas Company - - „ , n 6 5 Co-opei-ative Newspaper Society, 12 6 1 Limited. ; Co-operative Insurance Com- 7 10 pany, Limited. Midland Railway Company '103 6 1 Lancashire and Yorkshire Rail- 2as 5 way Company. 1 ' North-Eastern Railway Com- Oil ; ' pany. Co-operative Printing Society, 9 7 6 ■ .„■■'!• ■. Limited. ' > l]i J - . ,. . Oldham and District Hide and 16 3 • • ' , 1 i Skin Company, Limited. Arkwright Cotton Spinnings Company, Limited. Leicester Co-operative Hosiery Manufacturing Society, Limi- ted. „ ' - Union Manufacturing Company, SI 5 6 ' : 62 10 Limited. Sheffield Cutlery Co-operative 2 6 Productive Society, Limited. Standard Spinning Company, Limited. 7 10 1,42« 16 8 „ Interest on Loan Investments :— Rochdale Land laai' Buildingr 1 Company, Limited. i 5 12 6 Co-operative Printing Sooletyj; Limited. 1 '•>■ 1 l; lif . i ! Co-operative Wholesale Society, 218 14' 4 ; Limited.: | ,' ■ •■.q., ' Eccles Mannfactjuring Society, ..>a'j' 2 ' Limited. Co-operativfe ProduBlive Manu- facturing; Society, Limitjed— 38 19 9 Ordinary J -•■•'■< ■ ■ ■■" ' 'jaiir!n\ii 1 1 Co-operative Productive Manu- 25 1 facturing i SCicietyj Limited— J ,i^fTj'..'(:a ■ ' i Specialloan. .; j /mi, Rochdale Co-operative- Manu- 56 5 facturing Society, Limited .' ': Union Paper Works, Limited - ■'>- -pi. 1 1 92 11 6 Mill Mortjcage^LBans ' - ■- If. 607 10 : Arkwright Spinning Company, '.-> 78 15 0- ■ Limited. <■ ^ ■ ':. ] ■''■■•' f :. .> ' ■ .' Permanent mortgage loans - 160 12 7 1 Standard Cotton Spinning Com- ,53 2 « pany, Limited. '' Castleton Sninningiand ]H!anu^S 22 10 j facturmg Company, Limited. 1 Norden Manufacturing Com-' . 11 5 pany. Limited. |- Blackpits Spinningr and Mann-, facturing Company, Limitpd. , 28 2 6 Educational Keparttnent - , i > - ■ Bagslate Manufacturing Com- 12 8 « . pany, Limited. ... Moss Spinning Company, Limi- ted. Buersill Cotton Spinning Com- SC 5 5 12 6 pany, Limited." ;. ... 1 Macclesfield Silk Manufacturing 3 7 1 Society, Limitedl [' ■:■ r' „ Rents, as per; cash Account 689 19 9 1,513 7 6 „ Rents charged to trade account - 389 10 £ s. d. 1,079 9 9 To Payments, see cash 179 3 5 account. '■ ■ : „ Annual charges ac- 200 count. -'!.•:;: .379 3 5 By Proceeds of building department - 1 . 700 6 4 144 9 11 „ Proceeds of juvenile department - - 31 13 8 1 i ! i 1 „ Bank interest and commission. : - ,!•■■;;;-;,-','■, 1«7 5 3 Total 1 ' i .fwV- - 1 £4,363 19 4 Totnl £4,363 1 4 App-tWbit.^^Mm^kiaiii^m? 31' Dr. Oahtal Account. rfl Or. lIABIUTIESv To Members' claims, as pov share led|^ri> „ Loan accounts - - - „ Loan fund I - - - - „ Juvenile depositors' aooou;;U „ Clothing club - „ Reserve fund, as per east report - „ Amount from, profit ana loss account, „ Loss by payments {see cash account). „ Insurance fund - . - „ Annual charges account „ Co-operative congress fund, as per last report. ' „ Amount received (as per cash account). Less by payment (see cash account). . Educational department - „ Balance disposable 0-. d. 3,353 19 680 4 9 2,686 11 2 124, lOJ 6,21911 8 sr 5 S 6,266 16 11 42 6 857 9 8 35 18 6 893 8 2 877 16 11 £ s. d. 876,282 2 2 8,7« 10 6i 6,31•. Union Paper .W&rks, Limited. Mill Mortgage Loans ; and Interest. Arkwright Spinning Company, Limited. Permanent Mortgage, Loans, and Interest. Castleton Spinning and Manufacturing Company. Norden Manufacturing Company, Limited. Blackpits Spinning and Manufacturing Company. Educational Depart- ment. Bagslate Manufactur- ing Company, Li- mited. Interest 4 Net .nvestmer its. d. Totals. £ s. 20,000 £ s. d 6,425 18 3 250 15,000 600 200 200 830 300 1 17 6 25 5 10 3 '186 e 12 6 6 33,139 13 4 8,325 23,030 8 8,644 10 4,649 13 8 50 1,948 18 91 400 9,866 30 400 1,250 66 12 6 250 2,250 2,600 10 600 10 20 5 665 3 3 5 12 6 146,249 14 6^ 565 3 3 500 100 22,660 9 4 5,000 2 200 1,668 14 9 1,500 25 2,000 268 15 8 8,660 408 19 63,000 6 7 7 7,000 164 18 11 14,654 24 10 6 2,000 8 11 2 2 2 3 1 1 (ConUimed over) 1,000 2,600 98 16 4,000 6,814 17 9i D 4 32 Dr. KOTAL.COMMISSlOli OS LABOtTR : Cjf ITAI AOCOTJMX— . d. 2 9 2 S l^Oi t. d. a 21 s. d. 1 61 a 21 *. d. s. d. 2 3} ,. 1 81 ». d. 1111 ». d. 3 ». d. 2 6 1 7 s. d. a 31 (. d. 2 61 [■John Holden, I \ Wamek S. Lewis, \ LWaieHT SCHOEIELS, Br. Examined and found correct. September 29th, 1892. RooHDAiE Equitable Pioneers' Society Limited — Edttoational Department. Statement op the Accounts por the Quarter ended July 9th, 1892. Auditors. Gr. RECEIPTS. £ s. d. £ «. d. PAYMENTS. £ I. d. To Balance . 1 31 By Newspapers - . 83 7 6 „ Sale of newspapers:— „ " Co-operative News " account - 1 16 41 Toad Lane 2 11 1 „ Class expenses 33 12 10 Oldham Road 16 21 „ Furniture account - 8 16 9 School Lane 18 8 „ Incidental expenses . 16 7 4 Whitworth Road 10 3 „ New books . - - - - 4 19 6 Pinfold 16 8 „ Bookbinding account „ Printing and stationery 3 6 Milkstone - 7 6 8 3 Spotland U Si „ Subscription - 2 Bamford 11 1 „ Advertising 1 17 10 Wardleworth 9 „ Wages - 89 7 Castleton - 17 3 „ Balance - 4 18 9 BuersiU 10 Sbawclough 9 31 Sudden - "^i 1* Norden 12 7 Newbold 13 101 Greenbooth W Gravelhole 8 9 Slattocks - ,» - 10 9 Stoneyfleld i 10 „ Sale of " Co-operative News " . 12 61 „ Class receipts - - ■ - - „ Discount, wastepaper, and damaged - books. „ Sale of cA/talogues - „ Hire of instruments - - „ Pines and small books - - ■ - „ Cash from educational fund - Totali - Total £268 6 41 £268 e 4^ rJOHN HOLDBN, Sept. 5th, 1892. — Examined and found correct. \ Waiter S. Lewis, I Wright Schopield, Balance due to Educational Fund, 68J. Os. Id. Committees' Attendances at Meetings held during the Quarter. iD, J Auditors. GENERAL COMMITTEE. 14 Meetings held. Thos. Cheetham (President) Robert Holt (Treasurer) James E. Lord (Secretary) John Jackson James Brearley ' - Thomas Clough - ' Benjamin Woolfenden AUired Matthew - James Ashworth James Kershaw George Paylor - Attendance. Possible. Actual, 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 IS 13 IS, 13 13 14 13 14 13 13 Sick. SUB-QOMMITTEBS. PiirAifCB. 13 Meetings Iield. Thomas Cheetham Robert Holt James Kershaw James E. Lord I 78448. Attendance. Possible. Actual. 13 13 13 11 IS 11 13 IS Sick. Sub-Committees— (7(m^i»«tfd. Geocebt. 12 Meetings held. Benjamm Woolfenden James Kershaw - Thomas Clough George Paylor Deapekt. 12 Meetings held. James Ashworth Alfred Matthew John Jackson James Brearley COAI,. 12 Meetings held. Benjamin Woolfenden Thomas Cheetham James E. Lord James Brearley George Paylor James Kershaw Thomas Clough James Ashworth - Attendance. I Possible. Actual. Sick. 12 12 la 12 12 12 12 12 4 12 12 12 4 12 8 12 11 12 11 10 12 12 10 4 11 10 10 3 11 8 G E 34 KOTAL COMMISSION ON LABOUR: Gekbbal Notices. Tlfe current quarter will end December 6tli, 1892, and all accounts trill be made up to that date. Metallic checks will not be taken later than Monday, the 5th December. Contributions are received at the Office daily, and interest is allowed on the same from the 9th of each month. No contributions can be received after December IstuntU December 7th, 1892. Ite Committee desire to remind the Members that orders for coals can be given at any of the grocery stores, and to inform them that the prices at present are 7d., Sd., 9d., Wd., lOid., and ll^d. per cwt. Any alterations of these prices will be announced in the shops. It is especially requested that Members will nominate some person or persons to whom their share money may- be paid in the event of their dealth, in accordance with Sule 39. A guardian must be nominated to take chaige of moueys intended for children under 16 years. of age. The womt of attention to this rule gives the Committee of Management a great deal of trnneceasary t^fltible on the death of Members, vahich might he avoided if the provisions of the rule were com/plied with. The Office is open daily for the payment of with- drawals, accounts, &c., from nine o'clock in the morning till within half-an-hour of the time for closing the central shops in the evening. Insurances against loss or damage by fire, also Life Asijurances, may now be effected with the Co-operative Insurance Company, at ordinary rates, on application at the Office. The regulations for advances to purchase or build houses can be had by Members, with all particulars, on application at the central offices. Members who change thair r^sidenqe are requested to notify the same at the office, in order that the register may be corrected. ' APPENDIX V. Co-oPEEATivE Wholesale SbciETT. Pkogbbss at THE Society prom its Commencement dt Mauch 1864 to June 1892. No. of Societies. No.ol Members belonging tooiu' Share- holders. Oa^tal, Shares, Loans, Be- serve, ajnd Insurance Jund. Net Sales. ! Distributive ' !Ezpenses. Net Profit. Dates Departments and Branches were commenced. Yeak endims Mem- bers. Non- Mem- bers. Amount. Bpateper £on Sales. October 1864 (30 weeks) 69 37 18,337 £ 2,455 51,867 £ 347 li £ 267 1865 - 78 62 24,005 7,182 120,764 906 « 1,858 — :,...'". 1866 109 84 31,080 11,050 175,489 1,615 2i 2,310 Tipperary. , ; , January 1868 (66 weeks) 159 101 59,349 26,313 331,744 3,135 2i 4,411 1869 186 65 74,737 32,062 412,240 3,338 H 4,862 Killmallock. 1870 196 111 79,245 40,668 507,217 4,644 2i 4,348 Limerick. 1871 (53 weeks) - 209 139 89,880 44,164 677,784 5,683 « 7,626 1872 235 175 114,688 62,088 758,764 6,863 2i 7,867 Newcastle. 1873 - 277 240 134,276 146,867 1,153,132 12,811 2i 11,116 Manchester Boot and ,Shoe, Crumpsall. Armagh, .Manchester Dra- Pbij/.leip^teP,. Cheshire, Waterford, Clonmel. London, Tralee, Durham. 1874 1875 377 461 226 273 'l68,986 198,608 200,044 263,282 1,636,960 1,964,829 21,147 28,436 3 3i 14,233 20,684 1876 531 228 249,616 379,607 2.247,395 31,555 31 26,750 Liverpool. - - 1877 (53 weeks) - 1878 95 588 213 220 276,522 274,649 417,986 418,526 2,697,366 2,827,052 42436 43,169 3i 31 , 36,979 39,189 New York, 6oole, Pumish- mg. S.S. "Plover" pur- chased. Cork. 1879 - 584 216 305,161 442,114 2,705,626 43,093 3i 34,959 December 1879 (60 weeks) 1880 - 591 604 205 199 331,625 361,523 494,330 566,854 2,645,331 3,339,681 41,309 47,153 3i 3t 43,764 43,090 y^^S^''^ °f Steamship Pionwir."' Eduen. Goole torwardmg dep6t. Heckmondwike. 1881 „ lp82 - - 621 628 184 206 367,973 404,006 580,046 632,203 3,574,095 4,038,338 51,306 67,340 Si 3i 46,860 4fl,668 Copenhagen. Purchase of Stea,mship " Cambrian." Tm and GofBee- Department London. PiHchasB of S.S. "Marianne =^l's.#|J?Us?'*'- 1883 659 172 433,161 691,181 4,546,889 1 66,067 3t 47,885 1884 (53 weeks) - 1S85 695 738 168 165 469,734 507,772 761,358 841,175 4,675,371 4,793,151 70,343 74,3P5 3i 3i 54,491 77,630 1886 1887 778 827 179 145 558.104 604,800 944,379 1,017,042 5,233,179 6,713,235 81.663 93,979 3i 3i 83,328 65,141 Longton Depbt. Tiannch S.S. " federation." Batley, Heckmondwike, London Cocoa Department. Launch S.S. "Ijouity." Batley Eeady-Mades. ^ 1888 1889 (6S weeks) 863 900 153 164 6.34,196 679,-336 1,116,035 1,251,635 6,200,074 7,028,941 105,027 117,848 4 4 83,490 101,984 1890 - 1891 Jane 1892 (26 weeks) »41 966 990 169 173 153 721,316 761,269 817,271 1,474,466 1,636,397 1,692,017 7,429,073 8,766,430 4,355,626 126,879 143,161 80,993 4 4* 136,979 136,008 33,608 Launch S.S." Liberty." Leeds Beady-Made Departments. Dunston Com Mill, Iieicester New Works. Aarhns. - - 90,697,366 1,406,412 ' 31 .197,266 APPBNBIX. — WHOLE COMMISSION. 35 APPENDIX VI. Crumpsall BisctJiT Works (English Co-operative Wholesale) Supplies, Expenses, Profit, ANp Stocks. From the Time of commencing to keep a Separate Account. — In Years. Teas BNvina Net Supplies. Pro- duction. BxPEHBES. Bate ok PEODUCTIOIf. Nbt Pboht. Sundry. Depre- ciation. Interest. Total. Percent. Per£. Amount. Bate per£. stocks. January 1874' £ 2,987 2,878 £ 604 £ 60 £ 87 £ 751 £ ». d. 26 1 10 s. d. 5 2i £ 16 ii £ 1,678 1875 1S,189 13,124 2,190 323 495 3,008 22 18 6 4 7 228 ik 2,029 1876 13,664 13,392 2,515 324 371 3,210 23 19 5 4 9i 712 1 Oi 1,538 » 1877t - •» 16,866 16,065 3,282 398 441 4,121 25 18 6 U 630 gt 2,867 1878 18,018 18,126 2,672 444 500 3,616 19 18 11 3 m 514 6i 2,961 „ 1879 17.6B3 17,289 2,798 481 181 3,760 21 16 4 4i 1,618 1 9 2,606 December 18791 16,623 16,454 2,862 532 447 3,831 23 6 8 4 n 1,004 1 2i 2,336 1880 19,163 19,069 2,985 572 429 3,986 20 18 1 4 2i 983 1 04 1,793 1881 - 20,122 20,274 3,056 576 429 4,061 20 7 4 887 104 2,106 „ 1882 - 21,632 21,678 3,095 578 401 4,074 18 17 7 3 91 1,498 1 4f 1,703 1883 - 21,897 21,712 3,228 689 408 4,225 19 9 2 SlOf 2,081 1 11 1,896 1884t 21,649 21,565 3,841 665 430 4,936 22 17 9 4 6i 2,030 1 104 2,129 188S 21,*79 21,830 4,794 786 454 6,034 27 12 9 5 6i 1,491 1 4t 3,534 1886 23,684 22,885 5,816 897 629 7,241 31 12 9} 6 Si Loss 61 04 4,207 1887 28,814 29,100 6,371 1,278 746 8,394 28 16 lOj 6 91 „ 3 — 6,618 1888 32,079 32,156 6,616 1,364 862 8,842 27 9 114 6 6i „ 222 H 7,633 1889t 42,081 42,836 7,483 1375 929 9,787 22 16 IH 4 6J 1,274 7i 9,411 1890 ■ 61,916 54,197 9,451 1,394 967 11,782 21 14 9| 4 4i 39 04 12,712 „ 1891 • 68,661 70,942 11,874 1,778 1,312 14,964 21 1 101 4 2i 3,281 oiii 22,353 470,217 476,471 86,602 14,414 10,707 110,623 23 5 Sf - -4 7} § 17,899 94 - ' One quarter. t Pifty-three weeks. t Fifty weeks. § Profit. APPENDIX VII. Leicester Boot and Shoe Works (English Co-operative Wholesale) Supplies, Expenses, Profit, and Stocks. From the Time of commencing to keep a Separate Account. — In Years. Net Supplies. Pro- duction, ExPEirsES. Bate on Peoduotiob-. Net Peopit. Net Loss. Sundry. Depre- ciation. Interest. Total. Per Cent. Per£. Amount. Bate. Amount. Bate. stocks. January 1874* £ 3,422 '£ 6,190 '' £ 1,281 £ 6 £ 29 £ 1,816 £ s. d. 26 6 8 s, d, 5 Oi £ «. d. £ 8 s. d. 04 £ 2,679 1875 29,456 38,684 10,047 36 342 10,426 26 18 11 6 41 584 31 - 6,466 „ 1876 63,687 53,702 16,936 124 543 17,603 32 16 6 6 61 912 4 - - 9,186 a 1877t - 62,206 60,104 20,631 246 780 21,657 36 6 7 2t 886 34 - - 14,131 . „ 1878 71,140 67,603 23,367 416 1,023 24,796 36 IS 6 7 4 211 Of - - 12,022 1879 73,881 72,939 26,902 424 998 27,824 37 a 9 7 e 1,676 64 - - 14,516 December 1879t - 77,476 77,746 28,016 417 946 29,378 37 IS 8 7 6i 1,645 5 ~ - 24,738 1880 - 84,655 84,429 29,866 444 1,241 31,651 37 7 4 7 51 - 309 oi 16,772 1881 - 87,607 89,150 32,682 44g 1,087 34,217 38 S 8 7 8 452 14 - - 15,594 1882 99,098 99,517 36,388 495 1,113 37,996 38 3 6 7 74 1,649 Si - - 14,192 1883 - 91,986 90,214 33,868 511 1,040 36,419 39 6 2 7 104 190 04 - - 10,884 1884t - 107,166 106,333 39,237 838 1,267 41,342 38 17 7 7 94 3,261 7i - - 17,800 1886 109,464 107,806 39,846 1,077 1,315 42,238 39 3 7 7 10 3,078 6i - - 16,762 1886 - 122,463 122,703 44,731 1,104 1,244 47,079 38 7 41 7 8 6,059 Uf - - 17,738 1887 - 126,417 124,324 45,896 1,120 1,230 48,246 38 16 If 7 94 6,S44 1 - - 19,118 1888 - 143,488 139,955 53,206 1,124 1,381 66,711 39 16 14 7 114 6,453 lOj - - 22,496 1889t - 172,267 176,712 66,998 1,236 1,633 68,867 39 3 104 7 10 8,347 111 - - 33,265 1890 - 206,499 220,763 81,461 1,140 2,134 84,7.S5 38 7 7! 7 a 8,748 104 - - 61,935 1891 - 235,410 230,858 89,350 996 2,679 93,024 40 6 lot 8 Oi 2,694 2| — — 62,980 1,957,787 1,967,732 718,698 12,201 22,024 752,923 3S 5 3i 7 n 52,983 - 817 - - Less Loss t- 317 — Lea; res Net Profl 52,666 6J ' One quarter. t Piity-three weeks. % Fifty weeks. E 2 36 ROYAL COMMISSION ON LABOUR : APPENDIX VIII. Hegkmondwike Boots, Shoes, and CuEEYiNff Works (English Co-operative Wholesale) Supplies, Expenses, Profit, and Stocks. From its Commencement.— In Ieaes. De Ybak BNDINa Total Supplies. Boot and Shoe Produc- tion. Total Bxpenses. B. AifD S. IuItb on Pkodxtoiiojt. Net Pbopit. Net Loss. Stock!. Sundry. Depre- ciation. Interest. Total. Per Cent. Per£. Amount. Bate. Amount. Bate. B. 1880* Z 3.060 3,438 1,057 16 £ SO £ I.IOS £ t. d. 32 1 7 «. d. 6 4} ' £ (. d. 181 a. d. 1 Oi £ 2,473 ,. 1S81 11,151 11,417 3.692 ' 67 157 3.806 33 6 8 6 8 - - 608 1 Oi 2,238 , 1888 14,602 15.464 5,041 66 183 5.290 34 4 8 6 lot - — 163 24 4,016 , 188S 16.661 16,377 6,435 68 222 6,725 34 19 IJ 6 Hi 294 44 — — 3,950 , 1884t 18.216 18,138 5,924 94 220 6,238 34 7 10 eioi 287 Si — — 3,606 , 1885 22.666 23,811 7,832 176 256 8.264 34 14 1 6 Hi 261 2i — — 5,814 , 1886 22,231 23,418 7.867 267 406 8,539 36 9 3i 7 34 375 4 — — 6,869 , 1887 22.519 19,641 7.110 313 380 7,803 37 10 3i 7 6 237 24 — — ■ 6,382 , 1888 29,307 22,998 9.371 488 588 10,447 35 SlOi 7 0» 1,021 91 — — 10,863 . 1889t - 29.815 22,899 9.155 602 687 10,444 35 10 8i 7 U 1,922 1 5i — — 10,280 , 1890 36,135 28,064 11,036 719 797 12,562 34 15 9J 6 Hi 1,398 10} — — 11,326 , 1891 42,919 34,853 13.903 748 872 15.623 36 1 2i 7 24 3,280 1 8} — — 14.694 268,281 240,508 87,323 8,614 4,797 96,734 35 5 114 7 Oi 9,075 - 962 - - Less Loss 952 — Leaves] Vet Profit 8,123 7i ' Two quarters. t Pifty -three weeks. APPENDIX IX. Hkckmondwike Currying (English Co-operative Wholesale) Supplies, &c., stated SEPARATELY : FiGURES INCLUDED IN ABOVE ACCOUNT. FrOM ITS COMMENCEMENT. — In Tears. Teak ekdihg Supplies. DXFEirSSS. Pbopit. Loas.' Stocks. Sundry. Deprecia- tion. Interest. Total. Kate. Amount. Bate. Amount. Bate. Dec 1887 (one quarter) £ 638 £ 391 £ 27 £ 17 £ 435 ». d. 16 2 £ 65 «. d. 2 04 £ >. d. £ 213 „ 1888 3,362 2,065 169 119 2,353 ISIU 413 2 6i - - 687 „ 1889 (63 weeks^ 3,263 1,937 227 143 2,307 14 U - - 202 1 2* 306 „ 1890 - 4,103 231 262 166 2,789 IS 74 390 IIOJ - - 399 „ 1891 4,404 2,524 264 167 2,956 IS 5 340 1 64 - - 416 16,670 9,278 949 612 10,839 IS 10 1,198 — 202 — — Less Loss - . . 202 - Leaves Net Profit 996 1 Si l.PPE>fDIX.— iWHOIlE COMMISSiaN. 3T APPENDIX X. Durham Soap Works (English Oo-operative Wholesale) Supplies, Expenses, Profit, AND Stocks. From its Commencement. — In Years. Ybi.r BHDIirO Net Supplies. Pro- duction! ExPBirsss. iEaie oir Pnoimciibif. , Nbt Peomt. Net Losb; Sundry. Depre- ciation. Interest. Tote,]. Per Cent. 1 PeriE. Amount. BatS. Amount. Bate. Stocki. January 187S* £ 2,099 £ 2,976 £ 130 £ 76 £ 85 £ 290 £ : d. 9 14 10 «. d. lUi £ 19 ». d. li £ ». d. £ 1,809 .. 1876 9,264 9,309 512 156 213 880 9 9 1 lOi 236 . 6 1,303 ., 1877t - • 9,549 9,725 488 177 271 936 9 12 6 111 191 4f 3,871 „ J878 11,098 11,913 684 336 448 1,468 12 6 5 2 5i — _ 807 6i 3,721 1879 11,735 11,169 883 345 430 1,658 14 16 10 2 Hi _ _ 670 1 21 3,130 Deoember 1879t - 8,90S 9,387 716 277 349 1,341 14 6 8 2 10i — — 115 2| 3,769 1880 - 11,730 11,404 781 289 323 1,393 12 4 3 2 6i 138 2f _ 3,671 1881 - 11,871 1 . 12,266 842 292 376 1,510 12 6 2 2 5i 132 2i 3,707 1882 . 12,801 12,604 796 292 350 1,437 11 9 10 2 Si — — 99 U 2,628 „ 1888 - 14,751 15,941 910 299 359 1,668 9 16 8 llli 62 Oi 5,186 1884t - 15,219 14.721 849 327 343 1,619 10 6 4 2 Of 97 li 3,489 1885 - 17.911 17,994 1,117 320 300 1,737 9 18 T 1 iij 907 1 _ 4,361 1886 . 16,886 15,783 1,62S 320 252 2,195 18 18 li 2 91 741 iii — 3,999 ' 1887 - 15,280 14,888 1.616 320 244 2,080 13 19 5 2 9i 624 8i _ 3,637 1888 - 21,756 22,126 1,916 320 269 2,505 11 6 6i 2 3i 690 6i _ 5,448 1889t - 24,643 23,986 1,821 328 299 2,448 10 4 11 2 Oi 234 2i — __ 4,938 1890 - 28,466 28,318 1,800 327 255 2,382 8 8 2i 1 8i 733 6i — 6,097 1891 - 33,432 32,303 1,869 173 269 2,311 7 3 Oi 1 5i 1,248 81 - - 5,694 276^884 276,712 19,261 4,972 6,486 29,6^ 10 14 4i 2 1* 5,862 • — 1,191 - _ 1 ' Less Loss 1,191 - Leaves Net Profit 4,661 4 * Two quarters. t Fifty-three weeks. t Fifty weeks. APPENDIX XI. Batley Woollen Mill Trade (English Co-operative Wholesale). From its Commencement. — ^In Years. Net Supplies. Pro- duction. EIXFEirSES. Bate ow Pkoductioit. Net Loss. Date. Sundry. Depre- ciation. Interest. Total. Percent. Per£. Amount. Bate. Stocki. Deeember 1887 - 1888 1889* - 1890 1891 £ 2,478 11,590 17,189 13,069 17,018 £ 8;496 13,836 12,332 12,966 17,178 £ 3,720 6,063 5,705 6,435 6,267 £ 131 297 333 363 396 £ 164 513 534 396 407 £ 4,015 6,873 6,572 6,244 7,070 £ s. d. 4? 5 Si 49 13 6J 63 6 lOi 48 3 lli 41 3 li ». d. 9 5i 9 Hi 10 7J 9 7i 8 2i £ 483 1,629 3,918 7«6 t622 «. d. 3 lOf 2 91 4 6i 1 2 8i * 8,061 11,876 7,308 7,32* 7,740 61,344 64,796 27,240 1,520 2,014 30,774 47 9 10i 9 Si t6,174 2 Oi - * Fift^-three weeks. t Profit. t Loss. R 3 3S,j ..j,, ,,<■.> (m.Qo^i^te^ly Accounts, .^ , ,j,,,^, j,,,,, y, ,,, , ,,mi..u(. Net Supplies. 1,/,', Pro- duc^oni Y ■ — i V.h I, , ;. 1/ i 1 EXFEHSEB. Eaie ok PBODUCTIOir. Net Peomt. Net Lobs. Stocks. 1 ii - ,» ■■T^ ♦ - ■ Sundry. Deprer, ciation. ,0 . ■ f . 'InttV6^. Total. Per Cent." ' Pe'r£. Amount. Bate. Amount,' Bate. June 1891(10 weeks September 1891 , -^ Beoem'6eri891 -' HaTclii892 June 1892 1 1 34.732 76,942 68,009 > 83,456 1 84,665 ■"'■£ : 36,691 ,76,460 71,953 83,203 ' 84,703 £' 2,175 3^ 3,668 3,899 4,040 707 1,448 i.m 1,618 1,521 688 1,086 1,269 1,388 1,239 3,570 . 5,785 6,303 6,8ob' 6,800 B s. d. 9 14 7i . 7 11 Si 8 16 2i 8 3 5| 8 6i ' 1! ■ «. di 1 m 1 6i 1 9 1 7i 1 7i ! ■£ i 801 > 459 ' t. d. 5i 14 £ 1 1,803 ' 6,871 12,718 i. d. 6j 1 4i 3 £ 39,000 34,734 "72,252 57,084 S7,StS ^,804 ••.rt 353,010 16,933 6,670 silt ■ 6,655 29,268.' i8 6 9i 1 «7i 1,260 1 - Less Profit -, ,. - - 20i392 ; 1,260 — — 1 I6t Leaves Net Loss - 19,132 1 \i Vii! APPENDIX XIII. !.:'.',£! I Jtii.M ;:irM ■^■.i t Leeds and Batley Ready-Madbs (English Co-oPERAinrE Wholesale). From its Commencement. — In Years. , , , ,'„ Net Supplies. ExPEirSEB. Net Loss. _ Date. Suiidry, Deprecia- tibn. , Interest.. Total. .; Amojjufa . ■ '-Baiie. 1 stocks. December 1888* 1889t 1890 1891 £ - - SIS 1 ,. 4,132 •''■6,202 12,929 392 '■" 2,833 ^ 3,189 5,933 58 135 £ 8 49 IJ-7.J)i''f 71 121 £ 413 -2,940 3,838 -'-T' 6,189 £ 182 810 ■™'P131 • 3:687 '». d. 11 6i siii 6 1 Of £ 320 -4S6 1,316 l,4fl8 23,581 — 123*7'-- 284 24» 12,880 §438 a - * One quarter. t Fifty-three weeks. J Profit. § Loss. jajk 'iJon APPENDIX XIV. ■Ml , . (J] 1,1; uO il I'l/d Co-operative Wholesale Socibtt, Limited. Shipping Dbpaktmbnt. Copy of GoolB OpficiES Report re Sailors and Firemen's Wages at Goole, September 23rd, 1893. Previous to 1885 the sailors and firemen were paid 28s. per week, but owing to the severe depression in the ship- ping tirade at that time; the shipowners deraded to reduce the wages to 268. The sailors and firemen resisted the proposed reduction and went out on strike. Seeing that we did not give riotice to reduce the wages ' of our men they did not jojn in the dispute. The result of the strike was, that after a prolonged struggle, the men had to accept 26s. , , ,, , ^ I was instructed to continue to pay 28s. per week. The depression continued for about four years, during which time we continued to pay 28i. and ovir competetofs 26s. At the beginning of 1889 the shipping trade was very brisk, and the shipowners voluntarily advanced the wages to 28s. again. The men's leaders did not consider that the advance was sufficient consideriDg-the-prosperous- state of trade, and on the 27th May 1889, they decided to give the shipowners notice for a further advance to 30s. 43. The notice to be Bent in on June 1st, and if not complied Tidth the men were instructed to cea8|e work on June 4th. Tlfe notice, however, was dated June! 4th, and.of the' qpmmittee, and countersigned by the secretary for the tiiJoie being, such sum or sums of money authorised by a special general mteeting of the members of the society convened for that purpose, at such rate of interest not exceeding 51. per cent, per annum, and subject to such provisions for repayment as are agreed upon oh such advance. 43. — Repayment of Loans and Reduction of Shares. Should the committee ha^'e more 6ash on hand thail they can profitably in'vest, they may apply the same in repayment of loans due from the society ; and after all T/he loans are discharged, in the reduction t>i the' number of shares held by the members, taking them in order of the^ number of shares held by each' nrember, beginning \rita the highest. Any member may,, neyerth^-ess, leayethe sums so repaid in the funds oJF the Society after the notice .of repayment has expired, b^ut shall not. receive any interest thereoii. , ,-, .. 44. — Complaints and ^§u<^gestions. If any member has any complaint to make relating to the quality or price chai'ged for goods supplied, or to the weight or condition of casks, cases, &<;., such complaint must first be made to' the manager; if his explanation is not.deemed satisfactory, the 4i@m.fiam'i- must then be sent to the committee in writing ; and any complaint respecting the conduct of any of the servants of the society must be sent ,to the committee in writing, signed by the secretary of the member who makes the complaint. Such com- plaints shall be investigated by the committee, and whatever decision they agree to respecting the same shall be entered in the minute book ; and if due satisfaction is not given by their decision, the whole matter may be broufeht before a general meeting. Any member may likewise send to the committee, in writing, any suggestion for carrying into better, effect the objects of the society, which must be considered by the committee, and their conclusions regarding s^ich entered in the minute book of the society. , One-fifth of the total members shall have the right to apply to the Assistant Registrar for Scotland for an in- vestigation of .the affairs of the society, in accordance with section 15 of the Industrial and Provident Societies Act, 1876. 45. — Change op Name or Amalgamation. The society may, by special resolution passed in manner prescribed by the Industrial and Provident Societies Act, 1876— 1. Change its name, with the approval of the Registrar in writing. 2. Amalgamate with or transfer its engagements to any ^ other society or company under the Companies Acts, ' or accept any such transfer from a society. <•'• '■ 46: — Dissolution of the Society. The society inay be voluntarily dissolved — 1. 9y a resolution to wind it up, made as is directed in 1 regard to companies by the Companies Act, 1862. ,'2. By, an,instrumj^jjt,,of dissolution signed by three- t fourths of the members for the time being, and in ^ the form prescribed by the regulations in force under j the Industrial and Provident Societies Act, 1876. WiLLiAifi Maxwell, "| ' ■ Dambl ' Thomson, ' V Directors. JoirM Arthur, J Andrew Miller, Secretary. Acknowledgment op Registry of Amendment OF Rules. The foregoing amendment of the Rules of the Scottish Co-operative Wliolesale Society, Limited, is registered under the Industrial and Provident Societies Act, 1876, this 18th day of March 1892. R. Addison Smith, Assistant Registrar. Copy kept.— R. A. S. APPENDIX. ' '■■' ■ 'Schedule A. Whereas by a resolution of the Co-operative Society, Limited, passed at a general meeting held on the ' day of i it was resolved to take up" ' * ' " ' shares (being one share of 15s. sterlingvfor each member), said shares being transferable, ih the Sedttish Co-operastive Wholesale Society, Liitiited, a'rid to accept the sam'e on the terms and conditions specified in their rules. , Executed under the^ seal of the society on the Attested byj- "1 Three I Members. SCEtEDULE B. ,\yTierqas,by a resolution of a special general meeting of the called for the purpose, of which 14- days' notice has been duly given,- passed by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the members present, datea day of , under the seal of the.society, iV is declared that the society had agreed tO; transfer ; >- shares in the Scottish Co-operative Wholesale Society, Limited, now standing in the books thereof in the name of the said society, to ; and whereas, by the same resolution, 1, of , ani appointed the agent of the said society, to '.es:ecute, in its'iiaine, a transfer of such shares. Now, in virtue of the authority so given to me, I do hereby, in the name of the said society, transfer shares now standing in the books aforesaid in its name to aforesajjd, to hold, the' same, subject to the same conditions as the said society held the same at thertime of the execu- tion thereof ; and I, i t' :i, the agent appointed by resolution, dated the day of , by the ■ aforesaid, do hereby agree to take the shares subject to the same conditions. As witness our hands the day of P 2 44 ''^- aotAL COMitiSSlON ON LABOUR : APPENDIX Scottish Oo-opeeative "Wholesale Expense. 1889. Wages - TraveUing Gas Postage and Receipt Stamps. Committee Allowance and Travelling. Auditors' Allowance and TraveUing. u Taxes and ¥eu Duty Insurance Depreciation — Buildings Fixed Stock Interest All other expenses Glasgow Grocebt. Sales for Tear — £1,148,832 5s. 5d. Amount. Rate of Expenses per lOOi. £ s. 6,803 5 197 5 123 13 617 13 381 9 9 42 13 9 255 393 8 717 15 129 10 4,606 1,923 3 16,190 19 8 d. 142-12 4-12 2-59 12-90 7-97 0-90 5-33 8-22 14-90 2-71 96-22 40-17 338-24 Lbith Gkoobby. Sales for Tear — £584,617 12s. 1(2. Amount. I Bate of Expenses per 100/, 86 5 3,241! 15 821 13 £ s. 2,504 18 50 1 155 9 312 10 d. 5 7 2 1 192 3 18 7 7 146 12 170 ]7 675 12 6 7 8,381 3 1 d. 102-83 2-06 6-38 12-82 7-88 0-75 6-05 7-01 27-73 3-54- 133-29 33-73 344-07 Kilmarnock Gbooery. Sales for Year — £54,440 18s. 2d. Amount. Bate of Expenses .per lOOZ. £ s. d. 271 17 7 63 7 9 5 16 11 30 3 6 18 13 9 1 15 6 21 4 12 9 11 61 8 4 9 4 1 277 81 852 17 9 d. 119-86 27-94 2-58 13-30 8-25 0-78 9-35 5-51 26-89 3-53 122-24 35-76 375-99 Ddndjbe Geooebt. Sales for Tear — £73,517 6s. 7d. Amount. £ s. d. 362 13 10 64 7 2 11 38 18 11 23 16 10 2 6 8 34 26 2 4 192 5 287 19 7 82 17 11 Bate of Expenses per 100/, 1,122 14 1 d. 118-39 21-01 0-83 12-71 7-79 0-77 ll'lO 8-53 62-68 1-63 94-01 27-06 366-51 Expense. Sales for Year— Sales for Year — Sales I'or Year — Sales for Year— £1,223,450 16s. Sd. £602,908 9s. 5d. £57,010 10s. 3d. £67,042 14s. 6(2. 1890. £ s. d. d. it s. d. d. £ s. d. d. £ s. d. d. Wages 7,225 18 7 141-75 2,601 9 10 103-55 315 14 7 132-92 444 18 11 159-28 Travelling 197 7 3-87 53 18 6 2-15 73 17 10 31-11 87 19 4 31-49 Gas 149 9 9 2-93 139 13 1 5-56 2 13 3 1-10 2 2 3 0-75 Postage and Beoeipt 732 15 5 14-38 364 18 4 14-53 33 12 6 14-16 40 5 6 14-42 Stamps. Committee Allowance 347 17 10 7-35 184 16 11 7-36 17 12 10 7-43 20 12 6 7'38 and Travelling. Auditors' Allowance and 37 16 4 0-74 18 10 4 0-73 1 13 10 0-71 2 7 0-73 Travelling. Taxes and Eeu Duty 310 6-08 159 6-33 24 4 10-19 37 13-24 Insurance 396 14 4 7-78 187 11 1 7-47 13. 10 1 6-26 25 15 1 9-22 Depreciation — ^Buildings 769 15-08 681 16 4 27-14 60 15 25' 58 192 68-73 Fixed Stock 164 2 6 3-22 88 6 3-50 10 12 6 4-47 Interest 5,064 8 5 99-34 3,062 19 4 121-93 229 13 2 96-68 261 7 8 93-57 AU other expenses 1,984 7 8 38-94 828 11 7 32-98 132 3 4 55-64 74 16 9 26-79 17,406 17 10 341-46 8,371 5 10 333-23 915 2 11 385-25 1,188 18 7 425-60 Expense. 1891. Travelling * - Gas Postage and Receipt Stamps. Committee Allowanee and Travelling. Auditors' Allowance and Travelling. Taxes and Feu Duty Insurance Depreciation — Buildings „ Fixed Stock Interest AU other expenses Sales for Year — £1,420,051 Is. 7(2. £ s. d. 7,907 17 4 276 15 5 195 10 812 1 1 746 19 40 10 1 335 353 4 978 176 5 6,067 6 2,272 6 20,161 6 3 d. 133-65 4-68 3-29 13-72 12-65 0-69 5-66 5-97 16-52 2-97 102-54 438-40 SalfS for Year — £693,179 13s. 10(2. £ s. d. 2,827 5 68 1 4 182 17 2 397 2 10 367 12 4 20 13 9 161 210 18 8 648 163 19 3,481 17 4 1,306 4 10 340-74 9,835 7 8 (2. 97-89 2-36 6-36 13-26 12-77 0-72 5-57 7-36 22-48 5-69 120-61 45-43 340-50 Sales for Year — £67,434 13s. 9(2. £ s. d. 366 11 5 85 5 1 7 36 13 6 34 8 9 1 19 1 25 4 17 13 3 63 11 267 6 5 176 8 1,092 2 2 d. 130-09 30-39 2-60 13 09 12-27 0-69 8-99 6-29 22-49 3-96 95-19 62-69 388-64 Sales for Year — £79,849 1 Is. 9(2. £ s. d. 434 9 2 75 12 7 2 14 1 45 3 5 41 14 3 2 7 10 38 16 4 7 187 15 303 8 5 97 16 8 1,245 6 d. 130-55 22-72 0-81 13-56 12-52 0-71 11-41 4-88 56-42 91-18 29-54 374-30 APPENDIX.— WHOLE COilliHSSION. 45 XVI. Society. — Distributive Expenses. Dbapebt. Boots. EUKKITHBE. Total. Sales for Year — Sales for Year— Sales for Year — Sales for Year— £261,174 is. Id. £91,178 18*. llrf. £15,105 15». lid. £2,268,866 Os. 6d. Expense. Bate of Bate of Rate of Bate of t. Amount. Expenses per lOOi. Amount. Expenses per 100?. Amount. Expenses per 100?. Amount. Expenses per 100?. £ s. d. d. £ s. d. d. £ s. d. d. £ *. d. d. 1889. 5,036 14 8 462-84 1,512 17 11 398-23 1,819 1 5 792-26 18,311 9 8 193-70 Wages. 478 18 1 - 44-01 218 11 2 57 -.53 147 7 11 64-19 1,219 18 11 12-91 Travelling. 62 8 2 5-73 14 11 3-69 23 17 10-39 387 16 11 4-10 Gas. 141 4 11 13-97 52 3 2 13-73 29 19 2 13-03 l,-222 12 11 12-92 Postage and Becsipt Stamps. 85 11 1 7-86 32 10 2 ■ 8-55 18 6 7-97 752 7 10 7-96 Committee Allowance and Travelling. 8 10 6 0-78 3 2 4 0-82 1 12 8 0-71 78 9 0-83 Auditors' Allowance and Travelling. Taxes and Feu Duty. 188 14 17-34 28 15 7-57 51 14 6 22-53 726 7-68 289 7 4 26-60 55 18 8 14-72 47 12 7 20-74 995 17 10-53 Insurance. 614 56-42 176 46-33 252 109-75 2,688 7 28-44 Depreciation — ^Buildings. 66 16 6-14 11 3 10 2-95 15 16 2 6-88 322 11 6 3-42 „ Fixed Stock. 3,243 6 9 298-04 1,114 11 4 293-37 917 6 2 389 -.52 13,693 4 7 144-85 Interest. 586 19 6 53-94 172 2 3 45-30 • 244 12 1 106-53 3,912 12 8 41-39 All other expenses. 10,802 11 992-67 3,391 16 9 892-79 3,569 5 8 1,5.54-50 44,311 8 468-73 Sales for Year— Sales for Year — Sales for Year — Sales for Year— Expense. £326,061 lis. 6d. £111,736 Ts.Zd. £76,146 13s. 9d. £2,464,357 3s. lOd. £ s. d. d. £ s. d. d. £ s. d. d. £ s. d. d. 1890. 6,374 3 4 469-18 1,807 6 8 388-20 2,218 9 4 699-24 20,988 1 3 204-36 Wages. 737 7 54-28 216 5 11 46-46 188 4 7 59-33 1,555 2 15-15 Travelling. 68 7 5-03 21 6 7 4-58 46 19 3 14-80 430 11 2 4-19 Gas. 196 5 11 14-44 68 8 1 14-70 46 3 11 14-56 1,482 9 8 14-44 Postage and Receipt Stamps. 99 15 11 . 7-35 36 12 3 7-86 23 5 7-33 757 13 3 7-39 Committee Allowance and Travelling. 10 I 0-73 ' 3 10 0-75-' 2 8 3 0-76 75 19 5 0-74 Auditors' Allowance and 'J'ravelling. 201 17 14-85 38 15 8-32 60 7 19-00 831 3 8-10 Taxes and Feu Duty. 277 15 3 20-45 56 3 7 12-07 47 17 7 15-09 1,004 7 9-79 Insurance. 746 7 54-94 167 35-87 334 105-27 2,950 18 4 28-74 Depreciatioii^Bui.fiLgs 146 6 9 10-77 11 2-36 23 7-25 443 2 3 4-31 „ Fixed Stock. 4,182 19 4 307-88 1,178 8 7 253-12 947 8 10 298-62 14,927 5 4 145-38 Interest. 570 5 41-98 207 2 44-48 397 10 125-43 4,195 5 4 40-86 483-45 All other expenses. .— 13,611 9 7 1,001-88 3,811 18 8 818-77 4,336 2 9 1,366-68 49,641 16 2 Sales for Year — Sales for Year — Sales for Year— Sales for Year — Expense. £349,885 17s. 8d. £132,491 14s. lOrf. £85,144 3s. 26cj^ ROY^JJ^jqqi^l^KM^ PN;LAB9^UK: H^. > KH Q 12 ■< t^ 00 CO EH iz; o iz; o O o S Ej ^^ S 9 o o n O SI m 5 iii I srS H O o a IQ h-l EH E-i O a H &(• O tn o . o w E-I GS !2i O n EH Eh ■* rl 10 00 S :r J* 00 § « rJ 1-1 CO, ^ S S CO* fff « g E^a PH CD 1 -ii '3 S o o gl iH CM oa OS tP c g OS 00 00' eo" US' Qo' 00" of ■*' t^ iH :j*Ll •H Di OS T-T CO x>. s ^ us 90 00 IM 00 r-( US m 5 s sa ^ CO <^ ^ rf- r-? ^^ ISoO CO M CO W CO 00 CO 00 00 r^eo do (M CO us CO CO us s ? 55 §1^1 I Pi 11?^ o Eh «| |S^ o ? 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Tptal. £ 3. d. 11 6 ,j] 18 ;i 10 14 7 11 1 12 19 11 8 11 8 5 4 10 10 7 6 10 3 8 9 13 4 10? 7 £ ». d. 11 3 ,0 ■- ,t,.,^ [10 3 2 10 6 4 11 15 10 12 3 g 9 5 6 6 4 6 9 9 7 11 11 11 12 9,6 103 18 £ «. d. J56 16 4 187 2 9 136 8 186 6 4 214 18 9 167 IB 7 89 1 B 166 3 10 125 3 10 166 9 84 1,676 6 64 F 4 48 ROYAL COMMISSION ON LABOUJl : APPENDIX XX. Statement of Wages paid by the Scottish Oo-operative "Wholesale Society, Limited, August ]885. Benching. Finishing. Lasibs' Work, Ko. 1 Balmorals, battened, and E.S. boots or shoes, made of calf kid, levant, seal, cnipp, caJf, and morocco, military heels No. 2. Balmorals, buttoned, E.S. boots and shoes, made of common calf, levant, goat, and kid, linings tamed in only, military heels No. 3, Balmorals, buttoned, ajid E.S. boots and shoes, made of levant, kip, E.I. kip, satin, hide, and American glove grain, linings turned in only No. 4. Balmorals, and E.S. boots and shoes, made of grain, lustre, kip, E.I. kip, and sheep, raw edge No. 5. Women's all calf, mill (in all) No. 6. Women's cashmere balmorals, E.S. boots and shoes (in aU) - - -. No. 7. Lacing boots, E.I. kip, sparables or tackets No. 8. Lacing boots, split kip, sparables or tackets No. 9. Lacing shoes, E.I. kip, sparables or tackets No. 10. Lacing shoes, split kip, sparables or tackets No. 11. Lapsing shoes, light kip or cordovan P.B. No. 12. E.S. slipper shoes, light kip or grain Blach Waists or Sound Strips included in above. Extras on Ladies' Work, Customers and samples Case toes Outside clumps Inside clumps Heel pin Eights Broad welts - Double soles Drab, or light- coloured cloth High heels. If inches - Hi^ legs, 63 inches and above Leg to measure from corner of heel to centre of leg. Bevelled clumps Fiddle waist Glove and glace Patent vamp Peak strip Buttoned Plated heels, when filled up and filed by finisher, bests and 2nds Plated heels, when filled up and filed by finisher, bests and 3rds Welts and runners GiBLS' WOEK. Machine Sewed or Screwed. No. 1. E.S. balmorals or buttoned boots or shoes, made of kid, seal, morocco, and calf - 1 to 2 Do. do. 10 to 13 Do. do. 6 to 9 No. 2. E.S. balmorals or buttoned boots or shoes, levant, goat, common calf and | kid linings turned in only, I 1 to 2 j Do. do. 10 to 13 I Po. do. - 6 to 9 I s. d. 8 7 6 5 8 7i 6i 6i 5 4i 1 2 1 1 Ok 1 1 1 1 1 01 1 s. d. 8 7 6 51 6 4 4i 4 4 4 3^ U li OJ 1 OJ 1 1 0* 1 1 Ol ■'2 5 4i 4f 3| Benching. Finishing. Girls' Work— cont. Machine Sewed or Screwed — cont. No. 3. E.S. balmorals or buttoned boots or shoes, grain, or lustre, kip, and satin, 1 to 2 Do. do. 10 to 13 Do. do. 6 to 9 No. 4. Girls' lacing boots, kip or split kip, sparables or tackets - 1 to 2 Do. do. 10 to 13 Do. do. 6 to 9 ■ 1, 3, 3, to be Black Waists or Sound Strips. Extras on Girls' Boots and Shoes, High legs, 1 to 2, 5J inch ; 10 to 13, 5^ inch ; 6 to 9, 5 inch Case toes Plated heels, when filled up and filed by finisher, best Buttoned Customers Peak strip SUPPKRS. Men's garden- slippers, strong soles Men's E.S. grain cordovan, or kip Women's E,S. grain cordovan, or kip Women's gai'den shoes Plys in men's Plys in women's .1. d. d. 4| ^\ 4 4 3| 3i 5i 3+ 4i 3 •H 2* Oi Oi 44 4| 3i 3| Oi Of Oi O4I 1 Oi 3i 34 3 3i 04 Extras on Stitched Work. Women's foreparts Benching, Cleaning. s. d. ]* s, d. 1 J'ricking. s. d. 1 Deductions for Heeling and Paring Women's and Girls' Work. Pared all round Top piece heels 11 to 1 7 to 10 Women's military heels (only) 11 to 1 and 7 to 10 Women's heels breasting Best Seconds Thirds Common 11,1 7, 10 HBELINa BT MaOHINEBT. s. d. 1 9 1 6 I 3 1 9 8 By Mutual Arrangement, Work under dispute must be proceeded with pending settlement. ^ On behalf of the Scottish Co- 1 Sd! ^''°'""''' Society,lA.L. ScoxT,lfa«<,^«,.. On behalf ot the men, i Geobse Pakk. L William Inskip. All Extras not provided for in this Statement to be paid for by Mutual Arrangment. APPKNDIX. — WHOLE COMMISSION. Men's Wokk. Ho. 1. Balmorals, buttoned, and E.S. boots, made of glove and calf kid, seal, morocco, orupp, fine French calf, and patent calf, black top pieces if required ITo. 2. Balmorals, buttoned, and E.S. boots, made of calf kid, morocco, seal, common calf, and crupp — ^raw edge linings turned in only JSo. 3. Lome, Oxford, and buttoned shoes, made of glove and calf kid, fine calf, crupp, seal, and patent calf No. 4. Levant, goat, or morocco, and calf gol., E.S. TJo. 3. Lome, Oxford, and bnttoned shoes, made of calf kid, common calf, crupp, mo- rocco and seal — raw edged linings turned in only No. 6. Balmorals, Lome, and E.S. boots, made of home kip, fine E.I. kip, grain, and satin hide No. 7. Lome and Oxford shoes, made of home kip, fine E.I. kip, grain, and satin hide No. 8. E.S. Lome or lace boots, made of split kip No. 9. Lome and Oxford shoes, made of split kip No. 10. Balmoral and Lome boots (half goloshed), made of grain and kip, tackets or sparables - . - No. 11. Lome or Oxford shoes, made of grain and kip, tackets or sparables No. 12. Balmoral and Lome boots, made of grain and kip, tackets or Sparables No. 13. Strong lacing boots, made of kip or shoe hide, 'tackets or 'sparables No. 14. Bluchers kip^ tackets or sparables JNo. 15. Lacing shoes, kip, tackets ; , or sparables No. 16. Lome, Balmoral, or lacing boots, made of split kip, tackets or sparables • ■ No. 17. Lacing shoes, made of split kip, tackets or sparables - -No. 18. Shooting boots, including all extras -, No. 19. Watertight boots, including all extras ^ZJ classes other than edge work to be fimshed black waists, if firdshed white bottoms \d. less to finisher^ Extras on Men^s Work. Case toes . - - Welts Outside clumps Inside clumps Double soles Half -broad welts (to measure J inch from feather of insole) Bunking waists or forepart Bunking all round Heel pins - - - Size 12 - - - Customers, or samples Tackets to heel - . - Drafi, or light-coloured cloth - Glove and calf patent Peak strip Buuner BeVel edge - - Border - - - - ,Kid legs on No. 5 Malf-inch edge wjiem fmiajied to i« considered double soles. a, d, Hi Hi lOi lOj lOi 10 9 8f 1 114 1 11 1 6 10 .0 8i lOj 9 1 8 1 1* Finishing. s. d. 101 91 9^ 91 9 81 8i 7| Edge. 6 6 5 5 4i 4 41 4 1 8 51 1 1 4 2 3 11 1 1 1 1 — 1 — 2 1 — 1 — 3 2 01 — 1 1 1 jO 1 — 0| oj — — 11 — 1 — 01 Boys' Work * Benching. Finishing. N0.1. E.S., Lome, Bialmorals, boots or shoes, made of kid, crupp, calf, morocco, and s. d. a. d. levant - - 3 to 5 81 8 Do. do. - 1 and 2 H 71 150. do. 10 to 13 7 7 Do. do. i- < 6.to 9 6 61 No. 2. E.S. Lome, Balmorals, boots or shoes, made of grain. kip, or split kip - 3 to 5 n 7 Do. do. - 1 and 2 H 61 Do. do. - 10 to 18 6 6 Do. do. - 6 to 9 5 51 No. 3. Balmorals, kip, grain, or split kip, tackets or sparables. Edge. 3to5 H 4| Do. do. - 1 and 2 7- 4i Do. do. - 10 to 13 6- 5- 4 Do. do. - 6 to 9 3^ No. 4. Lacing boots, kip or split kip, whole backs, tackets, or sparables - 3 to 5 8 4 Do. do. 1 and 2 7 31 Do. do. 10 to 13 6 3 Do. do. - 6 to 9 5 2J Nos. 1 and 2 to be finished black waists, if finished plain id. less to finisher. Extras on Stitched Work, Benching. Cleaning. Pricking, s. d. s. d. s. d. Men's foreparts 2- 1 I Men's heel to heel 2- l| 5t 4 Boys' foreparts Extras on Boys' Work. ' ' ^ Cleaning. Pricking. s. d. .. d. Case toes 04 Double soles, , - , 1 01 Welts and runners Ol 1- — Customers, or samples ' - 1 Bordered 01 Peak strip - . - - — Oi Deductions. Per Doz. Per s. d. s. d. Heeling by machine men's best 2 - Do. do. men's seconds - 1 9 _ Do. do. men's thirds and fourths 1 6 Do. do. boys' 2 to fl, all classes 1 - Do. do. boys' 11 to 1, all classes 10 - Do. do. boys' 7 to 10, all classes 8 - _ Skiving stiffeners - - , ■ - 2 - Paring all round. men's best and seconds — 1 3 Do. men's thirds — 1 2 Do. men's fourths — 1 Do. boys' 2 to 5, all . classes — 8 Do. boys' 11 to 1, all classes — n Do. boys' 7 to 10, all classes — 4 Paring heels , men'f best and seconds — 8 Do. foreparts. do. — 7 Do. heels men's thirds and fourths — 7 Do. foreparts. do. — 6 Breasting men's best and seconds - — 3 Do. men's thirds and fourths - — 2 Do. boys' 2 to .5 — , 2 Do. boys' ] 1 to 1, and 7 to 10 - — li [ This " Men's List" is signed, ^c. as on p. 48 (" Women's List "). — G. D.] i 78448. G 07043 aOTAI,' COMMISSION ON LABOUR: APPENDIX XXI. Scottish Co-operative Farming Association, Limited. i No; of Members. Shares. Shares paid up. Loan Capital. Interest credited Share and. Loan. Depre- ciation. Reserve Fund. Invested in Y- — "yfr- Profit after Tear. IncS- vidnals. Societies. •Indi-. vidnals. Societies. Indi- viduals. Societies. Stock. Imple- ments, crediting Interest on all Oapitp/l. 1890 1891 184 218 37 44 618 1,014 2,080 2,361 £ 475 847 & 2,073 2,842 £ 814 1,924 £ 160 197 £ 131 - 63 £ 239 £ 4,013 5,492 £ 629 631 £ 14 . m\1 At present the Association has five farms, extending to 870 acres. APPENDIX XXII. Hebden Bridge Fustian Manufacturing Co-operative Society, Limited. (NuTCiouGH, Hebden Bbidge.) FOETT-FOTJRTH HALr-YEARLY REPORT AND BALAITCB SHEET. June 30th, 1892. PreiMsBf.— Joseph Craven. Committee. — John Harwood, J^nes Johnson, Charles Knowles, Lewis Pickles, Thos. Hy. Pickles, Adam Sutclitte, Marshall Sutclifle.Jobn Tootill, John TVaddington^ ■ ifanaflrer.— Js)8«ph;GWeepwood. /Secretory.— Leonard Stocks. - AvMtxrrs.—^Sxfi^^Tsai S. Helliwell. J»«fer».-rThe Co-operative Wholesale Society, Limited. To THE Mbmbebs: "We have agadu the pleasure to submit to you the half-yearly report and balance sheet of the society. At the first meeting of the committee after last half-yearly meeting the vice-chairman, sub-committee, and education committee were re-apppinted for the next sixmontlfs.. '_ We have, as usual, had our goods for exhibitijon at the Congress at Rochdale at Whitsuntide ; we have also had them on exhibition at Skipton, and have arranged to exhibit goods at Tynefliouth and Crystal Palace in August next,~and at Ripley in connection with the flower show there. During the half-year the twelve cottages at Niitolough recently erected have been painted. We have had the roof of part of dyehouse replaced, also new stove pot for drying-stove put in since last half-yearly meeting. The insurance policies have now been re-arranged, and a considerable saving effected over. previous existing policies, no doubt in part due to the special repairs we made a year ago, whereby the mill was made much safer from fire than hitherto. ' \, We have granted the sum of 12J. 10«. for the relief of distress in the North, which we ask you to sanction ; we have also granted 20Z. towards the annual excursion of the workpeople. During the half-year we have had the sand taken out of cne of the reservoirs at a cost of 36Z. Hs., part of which we have sold, and we believe the remainder will about pay the cost of getting it out. In connection with the Congress at Rochdale, we invited a number of delegates to Hebden Bridge :'1jAB0UR : Business. 1. Beading inmates of last general meeting. 2. Eeadiug minutes of committee for - past . half year. 3. Eeport and balapce sheet, passing or otherwise. 4. Election of auditor — Shackleton Helliwell re- tiring, but eligible for re-election. 5. Election of three committee-men — Marehall Sntclifife, John Waddington, and John Tootill -fetiriiig, but eligible for re-election. 6. Question' of relief of distress in the North. 7. Question of taking up additio;5ial shaTes in t^e , Wholesale. 8.wQuiestion of taking up shares in the Bradford Co^ . operative Cabinet Makers', Society. A tea will be provided at the close of the meetiirg, 9cZ. each. Dividends -will be paid at the offioq'pf *he society, on Tuesday, August 2nd, 1892, froni 2 to 5 p.ni., and from 6tQ,8p.iii. APPENDIX XXIII. SOCIBTY FOR PROMOTING WoRKING Men's AsSOd^TlOlifS, ESTABLISHED 1850 (LoNDON)^'. The society consists of the promoters and the associates. All businjess between the society and the associations, on the one hand, and between the associa- tions and the public at large on the other hand, iS is transacted by the council of promoters, ■who have power to nominate any promoter as ipember of the council. The fiinotions of the council are — (1) To collect and administer all funds contributed or advanced to the society for the pi-bmotion of its objects; (2) To diBFuBe the principles of co-operation as the practical application of Christianity to the purposes of trade and industry. The associates are all members of the working associations. They axe represented by a central boaM. The functions, of the central board are (1) to regulate all the relations of the associations with each other,' and with the conourrehce of i the council of promoters, those of the united associations with the public at large ; (2) To- co-operate with the council of promoters in forming new associations, and in spreading the principles of the society. The council of promoters shall consist of a president, ;twelve or^nary m^embers, and an unlimited number of honorary members or corresponding members. Two of the ordinary members of the council of proipoters shall attend ;the, office every working day, that is, as far as possible. The.6bjbct qf . this tJnion is:— To 'carry out and extend the ' principles and practice of associated labour — _ • ' •. ■'_ t' 1. By forming associations of working men who shallenjoy, among themselves ar^d their families, me whole proAuee of their labour, subject to the repayment of borrowed- baipital (if any) with a fair interest thereon ; 2. By organising, both among such associations and among any others of com^jined, capitalists and working men, who may be admitted into the union, the interchange and distribution of com-' modities ; ' ' 3. By establishing among all associations admitted. into the union,, institutions for the common benefit of the members, as friendly societies, model lodging-houses, schools, &c. ; 4. And by the full development of every means of brotherly help and support, which the. capitHtli the credit, the custom, the knowledge, and . (thet influence of the association can afford. i Mi il APPENDIX XXIV. Co-oPERAi^ivE 'Agency, 1851. T. The object of the Co-operative Agency is to act as an intermediate body between the capitalist and the co-operative associations. 2. To give capitalists a ^afe means of in vestment, at a' fair rate of in^er^st. 3. To giveto^cbnsumers the means of purchasing any article of good quality at a price which exceeds the cost only by the necessary expanses of managenient, an,d of a reserve fund. 4. To give to the co-operative associations the means of purchasing the raw materials necessary for their work, of the be,st quality and at the lowest price. 5. To organise the sale to the public of the produce of the co-operative associations on the account of the said associations, and to make partial advances on their consigned goods. 6. To give facility for the organisation of the exchange of labour between co-operative associations, and for the establishment of other institutions for the benefit of the said associations on the principle of mutual interchange. 7. To act as trustees for all the banking, saving, and mutual insurance business of the co-operative associations. 8. To make advances of money for the purpose of setting on foot or assisting co-operative associatwns. The agency shall consist of a manager, not less than three trustees, and a board of supervisors. After mature consideration and discussion of the objects in view the trustees, and partners of the Central Oo-apera-i tive Agency, with -the advice of the- committee,- have^ agreed " that the following proposals should be sent to the various trades -through their regular committees and secretaries " :— Pkoposals, , I " The members of i the various trades will be invited to consider the expediency of forming' a model' association in each trade, and of organising co- operative stores, either in each trade or by- a com- bination of working men of various trades in different localities, to supply to their members the articles of domestic consumption, the materials for production, and any commodities that they may find it desirable to procure. , " The stores will be formed by procuring, either from the funds of the trade societies : or by special subscription amongst- the members, the means of fitting up a convenient place, and procuring in advance two weeks' consumption of the members and their families. "The model association will be formed also by the funds of the trade, or by special subscriptidns ■APPBNDIXT-'^WHOLE COMMlSSIO»{ amongst the members, and will undertake to execute orders for the articles of their production, and employ • *for the execution of these orders such of their members as are out of -work. " The model associations and stores will be organised by and under the control of the committees of existing trade^ocieties." The Central Co-operative Agency will undertake ; — I.-T0 supply to- the model assooiition, at-wholesale prices all g(?ods they mky require,[ either as I articles of consumption or'materials. ' ' 2. To warehouse, show, and sell their produce on their ' account and on commission. ' 3. To advertise and collect orders on their behalf. 4. To provide for any feasible and profitable operations of associations. credit or exchange among the 5. To put the associations, on the one hand, in communication with capitalists, and on the other with traders or customers. It is for the trade sdojeties to' considof whffit kind of connection they will establish with the already existing Society for Promoting Working Men's Associations. APPENDIX XXV. LifeT OF Working Men's Associations^ in existence in 1851. ! Name and Tradd. ' ^! Kemarks.' Name and Trade. 1 11 Bemarks. Boot and Shoe Makers, London ' Brewery, Metropolitan and Provincial, , London . - - - Builders, North London, Lotadon ' Builders, Metropolitan, London - Engineers, East London, London ■ Engineers, Atlas Company, London - Pianoforte Makers, London • - Printers, London Tailors, City, London - - Bowen, Brovm, and Co., London Tailors, Joint-stock, London Weavers, Bethnal Green, Loudon "Woodcutters, Bermondsey, London - Banbury, Plush Weavers - , Bury, Sedemption Society Bury Boot and Shoe Congleton Ribbon Weavers Septford Engineers' Company Dundee Shipwrights Edinburgh Kialors - , - Glasgow Tailors - 18 23 10 M 4* £ 9D0 HMO 340 Three non-asso- ciates employed. Silks and velvets. •Workers. Leeds Bedemption Society Littleborough . Industrial Cotton Weavers • - - Liverpool Tailors - - - ) - Macclesfield Silk Weavers - ^ Manchester Hatters Manchester Tailors Newcastle-on-T^e Tailors Padiham Spinnmg and Weaving Pendleton Cotton Weaving Salford Universal Family .Cotton . Weavers - - - Sheffield Saw Makers Southampton Tailors - - Stockport Bookbinders, ,&e. - i . - Sunderland Masons Wardle Commercial Company, Shirtings Teadon, near Leeds, Cloth, Tweeds, &c. 435 ao ]} 11 121 . 14 - 80 £ 848 8,600 Owpa farm, la men employed. 102;. 15«. amount Make broad- cloth at Leeds. APPENDIX XXVI. Newi Constitution and Re-organisation of the Society foe Promoting Working Men's As'sociations. s New constitution and re-orgaloisation of | the Society \ for Prompting Working Men's Associations was agreed i on as follows :-7-^ , [ . "The Association for Promioting Industrial -and I Pfbyident Sopieties." ' \'_ f The prbmoiers of! the working men's Associations, I having united togethfer for the purpose of ajpplying the' ^ ' principles' of Christianity" to tri.de and industry, aiid • aesiring to state more definitelj^ what thesfe • principles ! are, as they find;.them set forth in Christ's JErospel, that they -may 'serve as a basis of a society to be formed for i, the-objects after mentioned, declare:-^ < 1. -That! human society is a body consisting of many ■ i'. meBibersj. notia cqllectioii of trarring atoms.. ■ 2. Thatl true workinen must jbe fellow-vf-orkers and ';• notlrivals,.. ' ^ ' r . ' . 3. That|a principle of justice, inot of selfishness must govern exchanges. i ] . . This society -consists of persjons of all plasses, who will Uaitel to carry out the ^bov^ principles.| ' ' It is connected, or endeavours to be connpoted with a union of societies or bodies registered undjer the pro- visions of the Industrial and Provident -Societies Act (16 & 16 Vict. c. 31.), or constituted lipon similai- ?" rinciples, herein called the 'Industrial Societies' Fnion. The functions of the association are : — To,, exhibit as far as possible in its members, united in a -living and organic body, the practical realisation of the' pidneiples which it exists to declare. ■''.^•' : i .' ' . '■'• ;-iiL'J)lin.:t To promote those- principles by written and oral teaching, by friendly advice to, and' intercourse with, all bodies^ of men and persons willing to help! in the work; or in any portion of it. -'iToafi'ofd* legal and other aseistance, to all bodies constituted, or seeking tol constitute themselves, under the Industrial and Provident Societies -A.ct; or otherwise in Accordance with thep? inoiples .of the. association ; to provide them with able and efficient trustees'; to re- present theii* grievances in official quarter^, and to devisej urge, and procure amendments of the law, for the better carrying out the- principles and objects^ of the ag^ociation. G 4 56 ROYAL COMMISSION ON LABOUR: APPENDIX Returns relating to Object of Manufacture. Xame of Society. Number of Members at end of 1S91. Liabilities, Share Capital at end of 1891. Lo^ Capital at end of 1891. Reserve Fund at end of 1891. Eirei.urD aitd Wales. (a.)|Ootton, Linen, Silk, and Wool : Cotton cloth - Fustian Hosieiy Quilts and table covers Silk twist Silk - Tailoring Worsted and wool - (4.) Farming and Dairying:— Farming Dairying (c.) Leather Workers :— Boots and shoes Leather (d.)IIMetal Workers:— Needles Chains, &c. - Nails - Watches, &c. Cutlery Locks, &c HacbineB Stardware Tin, &c. _ .- — — — ■ — — — — — — 1,361 48 41 39 9,668 79 — — — — — — — 300 — — — 400 '~~ — *"" — — — — ' — 128,489 97,791 10,476 19,424 571,162 25.214 258 8,213 " 3.450 -z- 3 713 — i 78448, It 58 SOYAL COMMISSION ON LABOUR: APPENDIX XXVIII. Ketubns for the Tear 1891 . Productive Societies, Class (a) • Number of Capital. Sales. Profit. PipfitSTrPow divided. Name of Society. To Capital. • To Labour. To Purchaser. Share. Loan. Beserve Fund. -Amount paid. Sate per Cent. Amount Bate per Cent. Amount paid> 1 Bate per Cent. Nelson Sell-Help __ £ £ £ £ £ £' £ . s. d. £ •Finedon Boot and Shoe ■ - 2?: 1,860 267 — 19,881 597 — — - — - - •Northamptonshire Prodnetive 43 1,000 764 200 16,982 633 171 isi - 274 1 Si — - ' Bannds Boot and Shoe 19 1,216 44 312 14,529 842 — — - — — - ■ Tingdene Boot and Shoe 26 363 284 — 12,033 56 — — — — — - Bromsgrove Nail 145 280 — 43 398 21 30 :. 5 — — — — Dudley Nail 12 47 5 — 300 2 2 6 — — - - Brighton Artisans 33 32 - - 102 2 . 1 ' 5 - — - ' See complete history of these. Appendices XLIII. aid XXX. APPE NDIX X XIX. The Northamptonshire Productive Society;^ SuMMABT taken from " Disposal of Pbomt " Acoottnts since Commencement, 1882 to 1891 (inolnsive). Tear. .2 1$' s ■a 1 ■ll 1 epreoiation, &c.. Land and Build- ings, Machinery, Fixtures. Ml 1 1 A of Thos. H. Pickles, J Oommittee. Leonard Stocks, Secretary. Cektipicates op Eegistkation. I hereby certify that the foregoing Rules of the Hebden Bridge Fustian Manufacturing Co-operative Society, Limited, are in conformity with law, and that the said society is duly established from the present date, and is subject to the provisions and entitled to the privileges of the Acts relating to Industrial and Provident Societies. A. K. Stephenson, Eegistrar of Friendly Societies in England. Copy kept.— A. K. S., 1st September 1870. The foregoing Amendments of the Rules of the Hebden Bridge Fustian Manufacturing Co-operative Society, Limited, passed at a Special G-eneral Meeting held July 27th, 1872, is duly registered under the Industrial and Provident Societies Act. Copy kept.— A. K. S., August 1872. I, Augustus Keppel Stephenson, Eegistrar of Friendly Societies in England, do hereby certify that the foregoing Alterations of Eules of the Hebden Bridge Fustian Manufacturing Co-operative Society, Limited, established at Bridge Gate, Hebden Bridge, in the county of York, are in conformity with law, and are registered from the present date under the Industrial and Provident Societies Act. Given under my hand this 2nd day of April 1873. A. K. Stephenson. Copy kept.— A. K. S. The foregoing Amendment of the Rules of the Hebden Bridge Fustian Manufacturing Co-operative Society, Limited, is registered under the Industrial and Provident Societies Act, 1876, this 10th dav of March 1877. . •' Copy kept. J, ]y;, j^ The foregoing Amendment of the Rules of the Hebden Bridge Fustian Manufacturing Co-operative Society, Limited, is registered under the Industrial and Provident Societies Act, 1876, this 6th day of June 1882. ' Copy kept. j, jj _ j^ The foregoing Amendment of the Rules of the Hebden Bridge Fustian Manufacturing Co-operative Society, Limited, is registered under the Industrial and Provident Societies Act, 1876, this 15th dav of January 1885. •' Copy kept. J jj L_ TrV^f foregoing Amendment of the Rules of the Hebden Bridge Fustian Manufacturing Co-operative Society, Limited, is registered under the Industrial and Provident Societies Act, 1876, this Uth day of Febraary 1890. ■' Copy kept. • j_ jj j^_ APPENDIX. — WHOLE COMMISSION. 65 APPENDIX XXXVII. Detailed Account of the Members, Capital, Trade, &c., Hebden Bridge Fustian Manufacturing Society, Hbbden Bridge, Yorkshire. Established 1870. Compiled from the Society's Balance Sheets. No . of Members. Share Capital. Loans. Sales. Half- year 1.1 ! 1 a 1 5J Co-opera- tive Societies. Workers. Indivi- duals. I'S ll 1 1 i 1 1 Co-operative Societies. 1 1 % -ending J3 OS i W m 1 3 A Dec 1870 95 95 £ £ £ £ £ £ 83 £ 83 £ £ £ 3 £ 3 £ £ 32 £ 23 £ 55 June. 1871 - - 96 96 - - - - - 111 111 _' 35 36 12 177 10 199 iDeo. 1871 3 17 112 132 106 - 7 - — 410 523 — — 96 95 64 64S, 7 713 June 1872 9 23 158 190 336 - 17 - - 1,160 1,513 - - - - 389 1,536 16 1,939 Dec. 1872 12 23 172 207 4S6 - 29 - - 1,231 1,806 - - - — 775 1,918 5 2,698 June 187S 43 24 178 245 982 - 47 - - 1,302 2,331 - - - - 1,451 1,654 27 3,032 Deo. 1873 S2 34 170 256 1,433 — lis — - 1,648 3,194 7.000 -' - 7,000 2,166 1,588 78 3,832 June 1874 63 50 164 277 3,121 - 295 - - 1,882 5,298 7,000 - ■ — 7,000 2,688 1,787 294 t4,769 Deo. 1874 70 S4 170 294 3,582 - 534 - - 2,305 6,421 7,000 - - 7,000 8,736 2,897 \SSA 7,857 June 1876 91 59 172 322 4,225 - 700 - - 8,233 8,158 6,000 - - 6,000 4,264 2,007 1,357 7,618 Dec. 1878 99 71 167 337 4,222 — 885 - - 3,953 9,060 6,000 - - 6,000 5,238 1,979 2,697 9,814 June 1876 104 76 178 338 5,924 - 1,010 - - 4,481 11,366 5,000 - - 6,000 5,342 1,791 2,958 10,091, Dec. 1876 105 76 185 366 6,014 - 1,047 - - 4,877 11,938 5,000 - - 6,000 6,195 2,062 2,264 9,511 June 1877 •HI 77 189 377 6,946 - 1,170 - - 7,262 15,378 - 40 1,897 1,937 5,098 1,546 2,406 9,049 Deo. 1877 111 77 189 377 6,991 - 1,068 - - 7,364 16,423 - 40 2,838 2,878 5,520 1,980 2,216 9,716 June 1878 112 78 188 378 7,025 - 1,067 — 14 7,352 15,468 200 40 2,950 8,190 4,887 1,498 1,847 8,232 Dec. 1878 111 79 188 378 7,053 - 1,068 - 13 7,352 15,486 200 40 2,880 3.120 4,960 1,990 2,432 9,382 June 1879 110 80 188 378 7.070 - 1,068 - 13 7,352 16,603 400 40 2,880 3,320 4,304 1,913 2,601 8,718 Dec. 1879 110 80 188 378 7,096 ' - 1,068 - 28 7,362 16,644 200 40 2,870 3,110 4,316 2,277 2,159 8,762 June 1880 112 80 187 379 7436 - 1,072 - 26 7,347 15,681 200 40 2,865 3,105 4,569 2,283 2,176 9,028 Deo. 1880 114 83 187 384 7,218 — 1,073 - 65 7,347 15,693 200 «> 2,825 8,065 4,803 2,495 2,299 9,597 June 1881 120 85 187 392 7,383 - 1,072 - 81* 7,347 15,883 200 40 2,815 3,056 4,738 2,006 , 1,958 8,701 Dec. 1881 124 84 188 396 7,023 - 1,543 - 75 7.277 16,918 200 40 2,749 2,989 6,361 2,296 2,625 10,271 June 1882 130 84 188 402 7,163 - 1,543 - 93 7,277 16,076 200 40 2,649 2,889 5,538 1,896 2,707 10,141 Deo. 1882 134 100 188 422 7,270 - 1,548 - 135 7,277 16,230 200 40 2,524 2,764 5,789 2,408 2,532 10,729 June 1883 139 i02 188 429 7,368 - 1,544 175 7,277 16,364 200 40 1,990 2,230 5,250 2,002 2,643 9,895 Dec. 1883 144 103 185 432 7,481 - 1,600 - 197 7,221 16,499 200 4fl 1,910 2,160 6,280 2,876 3,052 12,208 June 1884 151 106 181 441 7,691 - 1,550 - 256 7,209 16,706 200 40 1,910 2,160 6,720 2,182 2,648 10,560 Dec, 1884 155 112 182 449 7,825 - 1,574 - 294 7,185 16,878 200 40 1,840 2,080 6,927 2,632 2,815 12,374 June 1885 157 119 182 458 7,813 50 1,587 318 287 7,185 17,210 200 40 1,820 2,060 6,407 2,288 2,322 11,017 Dec. 1885 162 118 189 439 7,813 137 1,422 356 323 7,360 17,401 1,700, 40 2,272 41,012 7,616 2,732 3,028 13,376 June 1886 168 129 190 487 7,813 246 1,372 634 392 7,400 17,867 1,700 110 2,707 4,617 7,278 2,373 2,371 12,022 Dec 1886 177 138 186 601 7,813 370 1,368 813 458 7,404 18,226 1,700 110 3,626 5,436 8,164 2,296 3,314 113,764 June 1887 187 160 188 535 7,813 508 1,352 1,015 526 7,420 18,634 1,700 110 4,209 6,019 7,928 2,085 2,668 12,681 Dec. 1887 193 167 193 553 7,813 625 1,100 1,065 666 7,672 18,840 1,000 186 4,688 6,873 9,125 2,315 3,114 14,654 June 1888 211 200 193 604 7,813 872 1,070 1,356 640 7,702 19,453 1,000 50 5,910 6,960 8,839 2,200 2,777 13,816 Dec 1888 227 205 194 626 7,813 1,139 1,080 1,468 If 70S 7,692 19,901 1,002 175 7,682 8,859 10,014 2,294 3,606 15,914 June 1889 240 208 197 645 7,793 1,282 1,056 1,678 808 7,736 20,363 1,005 340 8,086 9.431 10,347 1,847 4,142 16,336 Deo. 1889 244 210 198 652 7,793 1,360 1,016 1,806 916 7,776 20,667 606 445 8,072 9,022 11,144 2,279 4,980 18,403 June 1890 252 222 195 669 7,772 1,537 1,097 2,189 998 7.716 21,309 506 470 8,052 9,027 11,817 2,182 3,64^ 17,642 Dec 1890 258 231 195 684 7,772 1,648 1,103 2,463 1,068 7,710 21,764 605 648 8,028 9,081 13,179 2,677 5,296 21,152 June 1891 261 272 192 725 7,772 1,764 1,157 2,839 1,143 7,666 22,831 505 628 7,923 9,056 12,184 2,453 4,042 18,679 Dec 1891 266 274 192 732 7,772 1,872 1,151 3,279 1,163 7,662 22,899 506 873 7,601 8,979 14,487 2,644 4,368 21,499 June 1892 271 287 193 751 7,772 1,999 1,123 3,544 1,294 7,690 23,422 606 976 7,581 9,062 12,659 1,977 4,780 19.416 » At this date the Share List wa« closed to individuals, but left open also Withdrawable Shares were now first issued to workers. t The Dyeing business was commenced during the half-year, J At this date the Weaving Department was commenced. i. 78448. 66 EQTAJ, COMMISSION ON LABOtTK: O A hH P< M CM o OS g b It p; Eh o g o gay; moj I M I I I i I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I . . 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(D K m K (nSTffl S tnS m 5! m^ m e a s ffi Q ffi OJ 0) i|§s§ v;aCI B<3 .'Si ^! ii O ■'■ /, - .'.i ■■:■' -'i ynaiaii Summary of Totals of Employees' Ledger (Hebden Bridge Fustian •Miiirutiic^ft^'RmG 1 : Society). i 1 1 1 1 1 i ; Amount of Bonus on Laboiir. Amount (Jf Interest, j ; Amount | >f Interest | arid Dividend withdrawn. \ \ ,, , ■ ,■ 1 Amount : credited to Share Account. 1 Amojmi contributed to Share Account. Amoiint' ^ stabdidg to 3redit at end of Half-Tear. ■j'amoi transte ot withdr nt Date. 1 _A Shares. B Shares. ■Withdraw- able Sbares. Tea iwn. ' * £ «. d. £ s: d. £ s. d. £ «. d. £ s. d. £ «. d. £ s. d. £ a. d. Bid. December 187 - -1 J 1 -_ - 2 12 2 12 , ,- June j 187 1 ■ — .0 4 2 ' i — 4 - 3 4 6 5 16 6 December 1 187 1 i 15 7 1 ^ — 1 1 10 3 10 1 3;7 7 3 10 - June 1 187 2 7 8 , 12, e — — 3 11 10 3 2 17 10 11 1 11 - December ' 187 2 9 19 6 16 3 - — 2 10 3 4 9 6 3 14 18 18 11 6 6 J^iinp : 181 3 16 16 015 4i • — — 3 3 9 8 6 6' 3 16 29 18 6 1 1 ^ December 185 3 14 9 . 6 3 9 7i. • - 4 1 14 7 74 44 17 44 86 19 6 2 4 June 1 is' 4, 24 10 5 5 lOi - 7 7 104 IS 18 14 62 11 74 168 16 2 4 13 ,0 December 18' 4 ' 45 15 9 11 15 — - 19 8 22 8 231 9 ,9 38S 7 11 29 6 June 18 ?5 34 9 . 6 ; 17 14 m l"~ - 17 15 3 38 2 9 129 8 511 11 4 29 December 18 15 39 18 6 21 19 6 — ' - 30 16 14 34 9 14 131 11 ■ 44 682 11 10 6 June |18 76 44 4 ; 29 14 44 — ' - 38 6 6 31 1 104 204 7 104 911 IB 24 .66 5 41 December !18 76 " 4^ 13 6 34 a 9 -^ -" 44 104 35 11 loi 88 12 , 44 971 b 64 65 » June il8 77 — , 36 16 14 - - 35 6 44 32 19 44 340 4 44 1,134 4 24 210 December ,18 77 21 11 9 39 a 3 - - 46 9 9 8 9 29 6 9 1,052 1^ 10 111 104 June 18 ?8 i-9 : 31 14 9i - ■■ -.1 31 14 94 ■ 14 5 31 52 , 0' 1.017 15 1 " ioi 9 'b December 'l8 78 U 38 13 3 - - 38 13 3 - 27 7(6 1,044 14 1 8 6 June 118 79 2^ 19 • 35 17 9 •■■ w - 43 13 - 36 980 14 1 100 December 18 79 -^ ■ ' : 39 12 - 1 -fl 39 14 3 15 S 9 100 , 1,084 16 7 11 1 3 June |l8 80 49 10 6 ' 40 14 3 - 2 3 , 59 4 6 - 35 OjO 1 1,111 4 1 8 12 6 December 18 80 49 9 40 18 3 - 14 3 59 15 6 31 2 6 10,0 '0 1,132 9 6 ,.19. iv ,1 June '18 81 ' — ' ■ 40 1 - 114 9 41 15 9 31 6 10 lO 1,150 |6 6 23 9 December 18 «1 . 55 17 .0 > ;68 7 -■ 119 O- 86 9 - ' 4S6 6 1,612 7 9" '^2 18 9 June lis 82 . 86 17 lO > 58 10 - 2 3 6 ' 94 14 ' 9 29 14 l9 "o ! 6' '1,^62 17 0" 8 4 9 December jia 82 , S8 17 .6 1 57 IS 6 - ■ 3 8 104 83 4 44 52 15 9 - , ' i;676 14 S" "28 18 6 June life 83 . 56 IS > . 57 13 6 ' - 6 1 74 83 17 14 36 15 6 - 1,71$ 9 9 '■■'•■ _ Deoemtier 16 83 . 97 4 56 8 - 6 1 ^74 1 99 16 14 35' 16 121 1,692 3' 178 5 6 June jlS 84 6612 6 ' 54 11 3 -r ^ 7 16 74 82 4 104 69 18 6 , 100 0, 1,711 ^ 9 14fl 14 p December H ' 84 — 52 18 3 -i. 9 7 6 62 5 9 46 15 6 solo 1,712 10 48 1 3 June li 86 . 70 19 pS IS - 44 3 18 9 8-3 86 12 44 , ;-^, ' 334' '"8 ;0 2,032 S 9' 'is 1 3 December 18 85 lis 6 6 53 16 6 , 7 18 2 10 4 74 ■ 107 1 04 60 11 6 62 11 6 2,109 8 6 26 3 June ili 86 113 16 3 51 15 9 12 i 1 12 11 6 112 1 7 78 3 9 ■ 283 12 2,401 16 69 8 3 Decejnber |1 i86 186 4 61 5 S 18 1 3 14 19 3 128 8 6 78 6 Oi 229 10 io 1 2,606 15 9 102 16 3 June 11 i87 95 8 6 49 13 . 23 9 10 1)7 3 104 121 9 84 92 1 3 205 8 6 2,842 7 6 61 If December il J87 , 166 16 48 13. 9 ■26 1 '8 '' 18 12 74 ; 139 10 84 64 5 6 199 6 lO 3,062 ll 6 ~ 43 7 6 June 1 588 17(^12 6 i88 179 S 9 40 2 6 SI 10 7 20 11 9 143 14 7 118 13 9 376 10 3.066 8 9 490 6 6 December 1 '40.10 34 IS 6 23 2 104 157 8 44 119 2 9 155 15 3,259 13 3 81 13 3 June 1 i89 188 4 3 !89 " 201! 9 9 39 12 ; 40 1.4 27 9 172 8 10 120 3 9 262 1 0^ , 3,642 11 9 - 99 6 3 Deceniber 1 40 18 3 , 4116 8 30 19 74 185 12 34 ' 122 9 6 1 1 258 4 3,813 1^ 9 109 12 June 1 590 193 9 3 '.27 8 6 50 2 9 22 17 6 179 3 9 1 129 12 430. 4,284 15 3 88 9 6 December jl S99 ,1219; 9 28 11 6 57 12 5i" 1 ' 24 '8 5 202 6 1 114 14' 3^ 3^ 6 't674 4 6 67 10 June 1 391 200 11 9 i?S18 6. 67 10 2 5 5 10 208 19 2 ■ 127 15 3 ■ 412 6 6,139 8 74 16 9 December 1 391 „ 326 10 28; 15 6 74 is 1 ■ 2 ! is 3 271 18 10 ; ' lis ir 9 , 474 io 5,692 5 3 135 10 6 June 5 192 299 15 28) 1 6, i , : 84 16 6 3 115^6 :288 3 5 1 184 18 ; 303 5,951 ^ 129 1 8 .,,5Cotel .. S;S23J1S I 1 I, !.■ '- i 1,W6 10 2 573 i A 11 C Ssk 9 "04 ' 3,66^19 94 1 2,106 1* 41 •"■6,6te^2 6 '5.9'61 i 2.820 14 10 .toi.; -.■ ( ■ ', 1 \ ■■■- '■ i i' i 1 7 ; I 2 68 KOTAL COMMISSION ON LABOUR: APPENDIX XL. Details of Twenty-seven selected Oases of Individuals empl oyed by the Hebden Bkidge Fustun Manufacturing Society, with Particulars as to their Interest in the Society. No. Period of Employment. Total Wages paid. Amount of Bonus on Labour. Amount of Interest on Shares. Amount of Interest and Dividends withdrawn Amount of Bonus credited to Share Account. Amount paid on Account of Shares. Date when Contributions were paid. Amount now standing to Credit in the Books. Oescrip tionof Worker 1 1871 to 1891 £ ». d. Sn 15 11 £ s. d. 14 18 £ s. d. 9 li £ s. d. 8 10 11 £ s. d 15 8 £ s. d. 7 £ «. d. £ a. d 15 15 Female -| <" 1877 - 12 14 4J T 2 1872 „ 978 8 11 23 7 3 27 17 8 45 19 3i 7 5 7i 62 14 4i' 1886-10 1887-10 , 1891-30 !- 70 " r 1886 - 9 17 -) 3 1872 „ 987 12 3 25 4 29 9 Hi 88 10 Hi 16 3 83 17 ■ 1888-60 . 1890-14 Uoo i* KnishersT 4 1873 „ 692 8 3 17 9 3 8 19 8 13 7i 17 M 7i 2 5 4i 18J1 - — 20 „ Clothing.. 5 1873 „ 684 8 16 19 13 2 9i 18 7 2 11 14 7i 9 5 4i| 1886-4 6 1A 1881-5 ■ 21 M 6 1873 „ 64S IS 3 15 16 6 8 6 4 8 10 16 2 7 6 1877 - 17 2 lOi 16 9 6 » 7 1874 „ 775 9 iO 19 9 9 '38 18 8 55 11 3i 2 17 li 97 2 10i- 1885-30 1887-80 1889-20 1872 - 3 8 lOi {•100 ■ 27 " - 8 1872 „ 1,387 6 6 34 4 9 22 15 7i 46 '9 3 10 11 li 16 8 lOi- 1880- 7 Man . 1890- 6 , 9 1875 „ 1,100 16 3 27 6 6 66 5 93 11 6 - 100 • 1876-40 1881-26 1890-35 ■100 •■ Fustian Cutters.- 10 1880 „ 867 4 4 26 10 9 18 8 Oi 34 9 9i 10 9 29 11 ■ 1880-10 1887-19 11 ■ 40 » 11 1873 „ 993 10 24 12 3 15 2 6 22 7 10i 17 6 10i 2 13 li 1876 - — 20 12 1874 „ 1,187 18 9 30 12 6 20 13 39 18 3 11 7 3 8 12 9 1876 - — 20 13 1874 „ 995 13 26 8 12 9 18 1 7i 19 16 4i 4 7i 20 14 1875 „ 928 15 2 23 10 3 9 5 5 IS 1 2 19 14 6 2 5 6 1891 - — 22 15 1876 „ 922 1 22 14 6 13 12 9 24 15 11 12 3 8 7 9 1881 - — 20 „ • Dyers.. 16 1878 „ 784 17 14 3 14 11 Oi 21 12 3i 10 13 14 7 1881- 9 7 1886-5 1 26 « 17 1877 „ 917 23 19 20 12 6 44 11 6 — 20 1877 - - 1875 - 11 19 6 20 W - IS 1874 „ 1,278 4 4 31 17 6 51 5 80 2 3 6 46 19 6 ■ 1876-20 1881-15 1874-20 ■ 50 W . Fustian Finishers.. 19 — 1,202 16 4 30 16 9 80 3 Hi 11 8i - 100 • 1876-30 100 „ . 1885-50 - 1876- 1 li 20 — 1.347 8 5 36 4 21 19 5 54 3 6i 3 19 lOi 96 li-l 1881-15 1886-15 ■100 >» Tailor. 21 1886' „ 184 15 7 6 17 12 12 6 17 6 Nil 1891-65 1 6 17 6 Pemale ' 22 - „ 181 12 8 6 13 3 2 18 3i 5 15 6i 3 16 26 4 -1 1888- 6 1889-16 1891-6 4 . |- 30 » ■ Winders.. 23 ., 467 5 9 17 6 3 7 6 10i 22 2 lOi 2 10 3 27 9 9 1 1887-18 ■ 1888-9 9 9 . ' SO Man Warper. 24 25 27 » W 491 7 6 315 11 5 319 12 9 326 8 18 6 11 14 11 16 9 11 13 6 8 7 6 26 5 1 7 11 2 10 9i 26 12 6 37 19 1 7 11 2 10 9i — 1 11 15 9 1118 6 50 00 Nil 5 1886-20 ■ 1891-30 , 1886-100 1887- 6 ' 50 100 1115 9 16 IS 6 M Tackier. Weavers. •TheM reaving Department was commenced in the latter part of 1886. APPENDIX. — WHOLE COMMISSION. APPENDIX XLI. Sketch of tlie Leicester Co-operative Boot and Shoe Mandpacturing Society. Tli§ Leicester Co-operative Boot and Shoe Manufac- turing Society was originated by some employes of the Wholesale Society's West End Shoe Works, to enable them to share in the profits and the management of the business. The first meeting was held on September 17th, 1886, when the names of -60 intending share- holders were taken, and a provisional committee was appointed. The rules were registered on January 11th, 1887, and they provided for the disposal of profits as follows : — 5 per cent, per annum to share capital ; 40 per cent, of the remainder to the workers in proportion to their earnings; 20 per cent, to purchases; 12 per cent, to the committee ; 10 per cent, each to a provident fund and to share capital ; 5 per cent, to a social and educational fund; and 3 per cent, to remunerate members for special services. Shares. amounting to 380Z. had been subscribed by working men and women, and lOOZ. by the local branch of the Boot and Shoe Trade Union. At Midsummer, 1887, premises were taken at Friars Causeway, and business commenced with the manufacture of women's goods. The sales for the first full quarter ending November 12th, 1887, were 972Z., on which a profit was made of 411. From this was written off a deficit of l&l. made in the previous quarter, and the workers received a first bonus of 5Jd, in the £. A few months' working saw the society contemplating commencing in the men and boys' departments. At the end of 1888 there were 304 members, with l,300i. of share capital, and the sales for Ihe^ year were 8,618Z. The profits were 7471., and allowed dividends to workers of Is. 6d., 9d., Is. 9d., and Is. lid., in the £ of wages for the March, June, September, and December quarters respectively. The September quarter showed the best result yet achieved, and the committee point out the fact that with interest and dividend combined capital receives 15 per cent. This statement was repeated for the December quarter ; while for the first quarter of the year, the committee pointed out that interest amounted to nearly 20 per cent. The reserve fund was 103Z., and the fixed stock 2192. In 1889 the sales amounted to 13,160Z., on which a profit was realised of 1,195Z, The dividend to the workers averaged 1 s. 6}(j. in the £ ; to purchasers Sid. in the £ ; and to capital, 12 per cent. At the end of 1889, the capital sto'od at 2,906Z., and there were 678 members. This progress caused the society to remove in October 1889 into premises of a much more extensive and suitable character, at Bede Street. An engine and machinery were put down at a total cost of about 1,200J. The year 1890 showed sales amounting to 13,844Z., and a profit of 8871. This allowed capital a total dividend and interest of 6| per cent. ; wages a bonus of 7^d. in the £ ; and sales a bonus of lid. in the £. The number of members had increased to 708, and the share capital to 4,040Z. With 1891 the sooieiy began to close its books half-yearly. The balance sheet for June 1891 shows sales 12,214Z., and net profits 414L Out of these profits a bonus has been declared on wages at 8id. in the £ ; on sales at lid. in the £ ; and on share capital at 2i per cent, per annum, in addition to the usual 6 per cent, interest. There were 170 employes, all of whom were share- holders, and held 870Z. of capital. There were 10 employee members of the committee out of a total of 15. 130 employes worked on the premises, and 40 at their own homes. Almost all the sales are to co- operative societies. APPENDIX XLII. Table giving Details oi Four Typical Co-operative Flour Mills. Society. No. of Years to which Eigures apply. Number of Members. Capital. Sales for the Years named in first column. Trade Profit. Trade Expenses. Trade Share. Loan. Stock. £ £ £ £ £ £ Halifax 43 1,607 79,298 17,000 5,233,000 254,000 418,000 16,649 Sowerby Bridge - 29 3,476 113,907 — 9,326,000 605,000 567,000 37,113 Kochdale - 29 635 76,212 10,686 6,499,000 141,000 272,000 41,867 ♦Oldham Star 20 211 52,126 13,268 3,391,000 31,000 162,000 21,206 Totals — 5,929 321,543 40,954 24,449,000 1,031,000 1,419,000 116,825 Total averages per annum - - 814,967Z. 34,3672. 47,300Z, ' * Exclusive of 1890, when mill was stopped through fire. (There are several other flour mills, but these will suffice to give a fair idea of what is being done.) APPENDIX XLIII. FiNEDON Boot and Shoe Society, establislied 1886. (Extract from " Sketches of Co-operative Production," by B. Jones.) The Finedon Boot Society began in a small way with 22 members, and in the last three months of 1886 their sales amounted to 91Z. On this small turn- over they realised a profit of SOL ; from which, after paying 5 per oenc. per annum interest on 136?- of shares and 189Z of loans, they paid a dividend on wages 13 to. ROYAL COMMISSION ON LABOUR; of 3«. in the £. Soon after the society started it was sncceBsfal in obtaining some large orders for army work from the Government, and it was decided to erect a three-storied factory. This was opened on April 30th, 1887. In 1888, the society having gone on with un- diminished success, a large addition was made to the factory, to enable theni to d6 their own currying ; a gas engitie was purchased, and a number of other machines put downto improve the efficiency of their work. In 1891 the sales were 25,*72J., and the profits 96SI. The numbef of members at lie end of 1891 was 28, the share capital was 2,525Z., and, the reserve fund 430Z. In 1890, 12,9282. of work was done for the Grovemmeint, and 3,560!!. for Societies and private firms: All the share- holders iare workers, and they have, in addition, 102 employes who are not members. A great many of the workpeople are hand-sewn makers and live at a ^stance, so do not work on the premises. This is the only society in this district that does its own curryingi It has been instrumental in raising wages, especially on female labour. It is a fact that the members of thjs society have improved the village in many ways, notably in the erection of superior dwellings and workshops. Nearly all of the members live in their own houses. This, they say, could never have been accomplished had it not been for the benefits the society conferred upon them. As an instance of the value of these societies I may refer to the share account of one or two of the members, the partieulsfcrs of #hich have been furnished to me by the officials of the society: — , , ■- , A. started with'ths society when formed, and invested M. 3s. During the lafet four years he has withdraw^' about 352. He has been ill for nine mdnthb.' If it had' not been for the sooitety he would' have' b6en compelled to apply for relief '.from the local rates. The society^ voted 3/.' to A. as a gift,: so that iwith this and tJie dividend on his formeri wages, he' was kept in 'a comfortable position.' imtiL he could return to work, ■ Again, B. started witb the society when fornied aome five years ago. He has now 66?. standing tol^s pr^.^ 3)218 8 11 3)231 4 6 |35 2 3 36 15 2| 72 16 3 77 1 6 85 12 5 90 4 4 54 13 4 66 17 7 57 14 3 57 11 6 57 5 8 52 9 63 9 10 56 17 2" 69 15 8 59 18 1 59 12 3 59 10 11 54 3 8 66 13 Dyers (men) 89 10 94 7 60 2 4 68 18 6 57 9 4 67 7 61 7 5 60 9 7)409 12 11 7)426 10 9 3)176 10 ,2 3)188 15 2 58 10 5 60 18 8 Average 58 16 8 62 18 4 • APPENDIX. — WHOLE . COMMISSIQNk 71' APPENDIX XLV. Particulahs of Societies in the Pa^rliamentaky Borough op Oxdham, 1890. ~- - Value of Land, Build- ings, and Fixed. Stoc]:. ITame of Society. No. of Mem' hers. Share Eind -Loan Capital. Keserve Fund. Value of -Sale Stock. Invest- ments. Gtoods sold. Trade Charf^s. Nett Profit. lEIdiication, Donations, &B. Dejpreoiation. 1 £ £ £ £ £' £ £ £ £ £ Industrial | 10,566 125,600 7,905 32,951 26.991 88,250 346.335 14,640 64,848 £590 : 4.621 Equitable 9,899 98,066 8,882 25,089 20.160 72,694 264,07*. 11,459 43,241 1,227 1 i 3.041 Crompton i - 2,050 26,691 . 408, ,5,858 8.779:; 14,964 66,61], . 4,148 11,307 . 261 ■ i 74 Boyton 1,116 lli,9«) 425 8,522 .S,664 6,914 1 32,379 1,873 5,093 127 i 378 Lees 490 7,665 ' 1,394 2,794,, 4,873 11,281 586 1,697. 52 ,r ' 86 23,621 266,862 17,620 68,814 62,388 187,195 709,680 32,601 - 116,586 - ' ' ^'-L 3;267' 8,698 Or jSOJ. per member per ann^m. 4-59 p. c. Of sales. 16-28 p. c. of sales. 2i p. c. of nett profit. 13(94 p. 0. of flked stock. APPENDIX XLVI. Summary of Intestments of Societies in Oldham, Cotton Spianing Companies' Share Cotton Spinning Companies' Loan Com Mills — Co-operative - Wholesale Co-operative Society Manchester Ship Canal Sundry Co-operative Societies Banks . . . . Cottage Building Department £ ■ 11,777 53,358 23,035 ■ 19,038 • 10,475 4,893 24,534 • -40,085 £187,195 APPENDIX XL VII. PROdtKESs OF Societies in Oldham in! Twenty Years. ^ Name of Society. Cash i'^eived . for Goods sold in 1871. 1 Cash ireoeived for Goods sold in 1890. Cash received for Goods sold' in 20 Years to 1890. ! i 1 Interest and. : Dividend .paid ; in 20 Tears 1 endini -1890,- — ; Amount devoted to Educatipu n 20 Tears to 1890. Aftounf given to Charitable Institutions in 20 Tears to-1890. Industrial - Equitable - Crompton -~| •Boytoti -}■ EetimateiJ - Iiees i -J 118i,5.7D : 94,071 42,000 369,970 254,0W 107,500 , 5,967,327 3,76^,262 2,000,900 911,072 666,066 314,000 & 22,361 1 14,562 7,500 1,500 , 1,007 500 254,641 751,544 11,735,389 1,871,138 ■ 44,423 , 3,007 I 4 72 JIOTAL COMMISSION ON LABOUR : APPENDIX XL VIII. Surplus Capital returned to Members by Co-operative Societies in the Parliamentary Borough op Oldham. Name of Society. Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Equitable Equitable Equitable Crompton Crompton Crompton Crompton Crompton Sate when Capital WAS returned. 1871 1876 1882 1889 1878 1881 1884 1881 1882 1884 1888 1888 Amount reduced from. Amount paid out. Amount of each £ £ 200 to 100 100 „ 50 SO „ 30 30 „ 25 200 „ 100 100 „ 50 50 „ 30 100 „ 75 „ 50 „ 40 „ 35 „ 75 50 40 35 30 £ s. d. 8,000 19,000 22,000 0,000 0- 15,000 23,000 25,000 0- 1,500 2,500 3,000 1,500 2,000 0- £131,500 £ s. d. 58,000 63,000 10,500 £131,500 APPENDIX XLIX. Summary relating to Cottage Building in Oldham. Societies. Total Amount expended. Balance owing. No. of Cottages built. Amount repaid. Bemarks. Industrial Equitable Crompton £ 106,735 49,354 9,014 £ 28,320 7,867 3,898 688 253 85 £ 78,415 41,487 5,116 5 per cent, nett charged. No fines. Ditto. Fines being exceptional. Ditto. Ditto. £165,103 £40,085 1,026 £125,018 APPENDIX L. Statement of Limited Cotton Spinning Companies in the Parliamentary Borough OF Oldham. Company. Oldhau Sisibici, Albert Albany Albion Sanksida Bel)?ian Borough Botmdary Broadway, Old ') „ New J Butler Green Cambridge - Central ti ID 1874 1S84 1882 1876 1873 1874 1874 1874 1863 187fi 1870 No. of Shares. 8,000 13.267 800 1,940 14,000 18,000 12,000 ' 7,735 . 4,000 2,543 5,000 10,000 £ 5 5 100 U 6 5 e B 6 25 6 6 Amount of Share Capital paid up. Present Market Value. £ 22,000 33,167 32,000 1,940 49,000 54,000 36,000 4S,681 63,675 20,000 30,000 £ 11,622 30,854 32,200 17,176 23,400 18,900 49,589 4.000 34,500 Loan Capital and Mort- £ 20,137 45,933 67,270 1,227 37,262 21,543 35,050 35,837 20,768 14,970 11,666 Spindles. Fixed Stock Ibst Eeturn. Total No. £ 22,262 28,947 63,976 52,087 86,184* 79,142 10,600 5,726 56,556 94,343 65,000 57,616 64,762 64,646 68,292 66,512 96,396t 53,158 21,960t 27,689 59,808 26,704 w •a B Per cent. 18i Per cent. 10 4i 10 8f Nil Nil li 2i 34 24 6i 2 4i 14 9 6 Nil 24 10 6i Per cent. C 6i 64 4 2 34 34 2A 4 24 m Profit in Loss in f 1891. 1891. CD Et si £ £ £ — 323 - - 2,172 — ,600 - 3,716 — — — - 1,259 — — S98 — — 2,008 - 673 - 933 — - 2,907 - ,698 — 21 800 671 1,967 1,883 3,047 106 1,067 2,882 • Bine, 6,890. t Ring, 656; twiners, 6,000. t Eing, 4,739. APPENDIX. — WHOLE COMMISSION. 73 Si'ii?t!MteM OF Limited Ob'tVoN Spinning 'OompaNies, &g.— continued. Company. "^'1 No. pf " Shares. If Amount of Share Caj)ital paid up. Present Market Talu^ Loan Capital and Mort- gage. Spindles. Fixed Stock bist Eetum. average Dividend paid, 1890. Average Dividend pud, 1891. Average Dividendpaid for last 10 Years. Profit in 1891. Loss in 1891. "S s r Chadderton* 1886 80O 100 £ 40,000 £ 44,000 £ 30,000 Total No. 82,830 £ 80,000 Per cent. 7i Per cent. 10 Per cent. 8 £ 4,000 £ £ £ Clough ■ - 188V 4,768 5 11,920 11,920 31,876 4S,664t 39,867 6i 8i 6i 128 - 386 - Coldhurst - 187S 15,000 5 52,500 39,000 18,795 61,300 66,273 94 4 4i 988 -• - 268 Commercial - 1878 12,000 5 36,000 11,700 41,119 62,978 64,906 6 11 14 - 4,481 — 4,826 Croft Bank 1873 6,000 4 10,000 5,600 - 14,600 13,224 10 Nil 54 - 549 - 640 Cromptoii - ', - 1874 10,000 5 46,260 48,645 6,665 63,600 46,445 lOf 91 9 3,600 - 3,712 - Dowry 188S 12,000 6 38,000 82,700 37,236 66,760 54,692 ' 10 8i 6 1,841 - 1,190 - DuohesB 1884 14,000 5 36,000 36,626 48,714 73,012 65,366 10 7 74 172 - 797 - Duke 1888 14,000 6 36,000 89,200 83,724 70,880 57,148 12 lOi 94 2,633 - 4,618 - Empire 1888 10,000 5 26,000 18,760 64,617 110,428 63,289 m 5 si" - 6,400 - 6,428 Equitable • 1874 12,925 6 64,625 16,478 29,863 78,780 72,606 Nil Nil 14 - 6,981 - 7,011 Tern - 1883 1,000 100 45.000 49,000 29,863 87,240 74,872 12i 8} 94 3,250 - 7,467 - Glodwigk • 1874 14,676 6 62,378 25,688 34,268 79,968t 73,987 li 2A 24 - 3,616 - 4,009 Granville* - 1884 800 100 40,000 42,600 50,000 95,220 96,000 10 10 74 4.000 - - - Greenaores - 1871 14,000 6 56,000 82,200 78,427 114,034§ 92,570 ei 2i 4 236 - - 1,893 Green Lane - 1871 630 60 31,600 82,361 22,972 ..- 63,040 . 41,943 10 10 104 3,609 -- 3,679 ■■- QrimsfaaTT Lane 1874 460 100 27,000 27,000 16,933 47,568 33,544 10 8i - 84 • 2,456 ■" ^- 890 - ^- Qrosvenor - 1874 2,000 6 5,600 1,000 2,502 11,118 8,418 '8i lA U - 680 - 1,261 Hathershaw 1875 16,217 6 63,260 12,564 51,796 '77,424 77,415 Nil Nil « - 7,148 - 9,286 Henshaw Street "^^ .. Fret.) 1874 j- 10,000 1 11,587 1 1 10,000 11,587 4,988 11,687 1 22,863 60,576 29,847 2^ li 14 - 2,308 - 3.10111 Hey - 1873 5,000 5 15,000 3,600 14,761 . 29,388 21,906 Nil %i 14 - 4,073 - 4,737 Higginshaw- "i _NewJ 1873 r 14,262 l 7,000 2i 2i 28,504 ^626 11,946 1 46,676 119,342 83,182 6i 2i li - 139 - 2,637 Hollinwood --^ • 1874 16,000 6 40,000 24,800 36,563' 76,024 62,186 8i 4 4i ' - 1,247 - 1,648 Hope - 1874 12,000' '5 45,000 20,400 26,266 68,832 61,378 9i '4i 8 - 3,685 - 3,636 Honeywell - 1874 10,000 6 50,000 29,500 84.342 75,618 69,940 7 3i 4i — 964 - 502 Junction* • 1874 1,000 100 50,000 49,260 20,000 73,4l80 66,000 9 9 9i 4,075 - 2,068, - Lansdowne r 1875 8,000 4i 16,000 1,600 39,348 51,360 43,069 li U 2 ■ — 6,884 - 6,107 Lees Union - 1871 6,000 9 30,000 13,625 28,669 68,400 41,769 6i 31 li 93 - - 616 Leeabrook - 1884 16,000 6 40,000 41,200 60,394 85,920 76,000 10 84 94 1,260 - 2,62* - Lime* 1874 3,000 20 48,000 31,600 16,000 56,400 42,000 6 71 3i 3,716 - 183 - Livingstone ■ 1874 12,000 . 4 22,500 6,290 24^480 41,130 48,822 Nil Nil u - 2,770 - 2,773 Longfleld - 1875 7,766 8 23,298 6,169 13,871 20,760 30,680 Nil, 14 4 - 590 - 1,016 Lowermoor ■ 1878 2,161 5 8,066 6,130 6,284 9,252 10,775 lOi 7t 9» 137 - 249 - Melbourne - 1861 1,600 26 40,000 34,000 18,839 - 28,961 6i li 6 - 1,812 - 468 Moorfield 1875 14,000 6 56,000 36,700 27,777 72,086 56,466 7i « 64 - 2,487 - 2,866 Moss Lane - 1878 8,000 10 40,000 41,200 13,761 74.186 43,614 10 10 9 3,848 - 2,701 - Neville 1890 14,000 6 16,771 15,871 63,869 74,184 75,818 Nil Nil Nil - 610 - 1,046 New Earth - 1873 10,000 4 35,000 6,965 10,188 44,448 32,211 •5i 2i 14 - 6,028 - 4,615 Northmoor • 1876 20,000 6 60,000 40,000 88,194 76,696 65,121 9i Nil 61 - 4,631 - 4,392 Oak - 1874 20,000 6 60,000 35,000 68,829 109,862 94,078 9i 6i 74 1,069 - - 632 Oldham Twist, A. " Do. do. B. . 1867 r 1,260 I 3,760 20 20 26,000 37,600 12,600 24,876 1 80,820 133,318 101,984 10 6 6i - 5,233 ' - 6,927 Olive - J- 1883 , 800 100 40,000 40,200 50,499 79,640 64,383 18i 11 6 5,266 — 2,160 - Palm' 1884 1,000 100 40,000 42,000 30,000 70,000 63,000 8i 10 84 4,000 - - - Parkside 1873 18,000 6 ^ 43,189 45,844 16,809 49,194 30,449 10 10 94 8,722 - 3,916 - Tttck. and Sandy - 1876 8,000 6 28,000 26,893 j 13,881 35,154 30,085 10 10 54 2,769 — 1,533 - Prince of 'Wales - 1875 16,000 6 48,000 i7,aoo . 36,466 68,500 74,734 4' li 34 i~ 388 - 1.006 Quick Edge - 1874 5,770 5 26,965 6,263 i 7,221 j 29,870 26,676 Nil Nil 2i ' - 2,278 - 2,900 Boyton 1871 12,000 6 36,000 40,200 38,726 68,486 66,671 10 10 9i 8,458 — 5,096 - Ruby* 1889 1,600 BO 25,600 25,600 60,000 90,000 86,000 '— " '- -^_ - --'- - - Shaw 1S74 14,000 6 49,000 86,000 27,824 70,000 60,427 81 It 64 — 3,309 - 1,777 t Ring, * The flgures attached to these companies are assumed, particulars not given in share list. 1,184. t King, 6,700. § Ring, 6,644. Accumulated preference interest owing, 2,393^ 78448. 7i BOYAL COMMISSION ON LABOUR: Statement of Limited Cotton Spinning Companies, &c.- Company. No. of Shares. 11 Amount of Share Capital paid up. Present Market Value. Loan Capital and Mort- gage. Spindles. Fixed Stock Return. ' -a P p' ill Profit in 1891. Loss in 1891. •*a & r Sliiloh 1871 5,931 £ 5 £ 17,793 £ 4,745 £ 23.900 Total No. 37.126 £ 28,472 Per cent. NU Per cent. Nil Per cent. li £ £ 2,609 £ £ 2,977 Sniallbrook - 1875 14.000 5 56,000 48.700 13.855 74,062 57.721) 8i 6A 6i 8,503 — 2,661 — Stanley - : 1874 8,000 5 36.000 18,000 21.668 48,480 44.761 Nil Nil li — 501 — — Stsa • 1875 14,000 5 49,000 64.250 62.709 103.536 85.688 lOi Hi 9t 6,819 — 8,300 — Summervale* 1890 18,000 5 18.000 18.000 40.000 103.944 96.969 - Nil - — 676 — .— Stock Lane - 1875 10,000 5 20.000 13.600 8.621 39,420 22,231 2i 24 6i 610 — 349 — Sun MiU - 1861 15.000 5 75.000 27.750 44.671 150.692 96,289 8i 2 6i - 8,799 — 10,387 Swan - 1875 12.000 6 54.000 26.336 29.755 71.700 66,163 6i Si 3 — 2,661 — 3,494 Thomham 1874 12,000 5 39,000 40.209 51.078 86.522 72.631 10 loi 6} 4,836 - 6,815 — United 1874 20,000 6 60,000 36,010 41,481 91,548t 76,890 8 It 4i - 2.397 - 2,688 ■Werneth 1874 24.000 5 72,000 48,000 4S,688 99.992 79.828 10 21 61 - 1,420 - 3,008 West End - 1873 15,000 10 78.000 44.260 46.394 118.640 83,767 8 4 St 2,714 - 323 - Westwood 1874 12.000 6 36,000 81.200 15,143- 49,604 37,238 10 74, 8i 1,984 — 388 - ■Windsor 1873 6.000 5 15.000 9.491 21,738 37,668 80,501 10 4 6f - 1.830 - 1,169 Woodstock 1872 10,000 5 45.000 24.500 64,008 73.308 83,278 Si 31 1* — 339 — 549 Totals 758,008 2,898,689 2,003.938 2,4S9,503 5,083.708 4.223,020 86,946 106.624 65,627 122.889- ' The figures attached to these companies are assumed, particulars not given in share list. § Accumulated preference interest owing. 2,393i. t Ring, 6,380. APPENDIX XLI. Summary of Shabes and Loan Capital invested by the Woeking Classes in Twelve, Limited Liability Cotton Spinning Companies. Company. No. of Spindles. Total Share Capital called up. Proportion of Share Capital held by Working Classes.! Total Loans and . Mortgages. Nett Withdrawable Loan. Proportion of Withdm/walble Loan - held by Working Classes. Amount. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 ■ 1,069,294 £ 629,096- 68 per cent'. 18 64' „ 60 „ 10 43 • 75 » 32 „ 36 39 75 „ 30 £ 41,940 41,000 28,487 48,000 35,900 36,000 78,400- 34,268 21.700 68,243 44,964 36,082 £ 26,940 41,000 16,487 48,000 25,900 36,000 58,400 20,000 10,700 56,243 44,964 20,838 1 78 per cent. 26 „ 76 „ 70 „ 77 „ 47 „ 72 „ 40 49 ", 71 „ 75 „ 56 „ £ 21,013 10,660 12,530 33,600 19,943 16,920 42,048 8,000 5,243 39,933 33,723 11,669 49-66 Average. 514,984 405,472 78'73 per cent, of 62-96 of withdrawable loans. 255,282 Of 49-67 per cent, of total loans and mortgages. APPENDIX. — WHOLE COMMISSION. 75 APPENDIX LII. (Table XXVI. contained in " Reports — Friendly SocietieSj Industrial and Peovidbnt Societies, and Trade Unions, 1892, Part A." [146].) ENGLAND AND -WALES. 1-3 Friendly Societies (not collecting) and Branches. Collecting Societies Other Societies under the Friendly Societies Acts. Industrial and Provi- dent Societies. Building Societies Trade Unions - ' Loan Societies - Railway Savings Banks TOTAI, 2G.S26 1,433 2,559 493 712 10 33,094 o « I §"3 5 a •4 22,313 3,8(11,619 35 3,318,942 4S4 235,510 ],286 960.574 2,862 563,933 320 926,232 298 34,576 10 21,496 26,968 9,913,781 £ 21,410,563 i,2S9,858 451,556 SCOTLAND. ■Ss "S ll l| si 0^^ i^ 4^ 1,350 8 10 17,184,242 336 49,713,002 1,444,062 258,714 1,669,278 94,321,269 1,816 1,825 283,612 8 556,273 10 Not stated. 336 184,526 61 18,188 4& 52,189 1 1,404 1,783 1,091,042 £ 1,218,090 61,220 1,726,439 976,576 63,578 218,739 1,687,998 IRELAND. II og 5 s 408 58,670 79 63 6,936 82,033 (Principally societies for loans.) 26 649 1,807 10,786 9,396 636 86,494 5,112 856,429 7,679 1,017,639 UNITED KINGDOM. ■2-S s * !5B 28,384 47 1,111 1,810 2,694 690 712 11 35,569 43 667 1,697 2,382 401 29.287 11 4,203,601 3,876,215 241.446 1136,907 687,856 986,817 34,576 22,899 11,089,817 2,713,214 594,808 18,916,793 61.646,007 1,616,319 268,714 1,788,012 100,026,206 If to these be added the Savings Banks, which are approximately asfoUows :— Number of Depositors, 1891. Deposits (including Stock) at End of Savings Bank Year, 1891. Number of Depositors, Deposits (including Stock) at End of Savings Bank Tear, 1891. Number of Depositors, 18»1. Deposits (including Stock) at End of Savings Bank Tear, 1891. Number of Depositors. 1891. Deposits (including Stock) at ' End of Savings Bank Tear, 1891. Trustee Savings Banks Post Office Savings BanV s 1,079,066 4,723,929 £ 32,176,031 70,706,087 381,940 182,390 £ 9,947,362 1,730,772 49,276 212,076 £ 2,017,279 4,258,909 1,510.282 5.11S.395 £ 44.140,672 76.695.768 Total 6,802,995 102,882,118 664,330 11,678.134 261,352 6,276,188 6.628.677 120.836.440 2%« following Grand Totalt\ are obtained - -S 15,714.776 197,203,387 1,665,372 18.366,132 347,846 7,293,827 17.717,994 220.863,346 28, Abingdon Street, Westminster, 27 March, 1893. (Signed) B. W. Bbabsook, Chief Eegistrar of Friendly Societies. APPENDIX LIII. Portions of Summary omitted from Mr. Brabrook's Evidence and not embodied in Foot-notes : — 9, 10, 11, 12. " Procedure of granting relief to Members travelling in search of employment explained " ; 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19. " Provisions of the Eules for ' Clearances ' from one Branch to another " ; 20. " How AflBliated Orders lend themselves more to Industrial independence than the Isolated Societies." 9. As an example of the procedure for granting relief to members travelling in search of employment, I take the rules relating to travelling licences adopted by the Ancient Noble Order of United Oddfellows, Bolton Unity : — " When a member goes in search of employ- " ment, his Lodge or its officers, by authority of the " Lodge, shall have power to grant him a travelling " licence, such licence to be procured only from the " Executive Committee, and to bear the stamp of the " Grand Lodge ; but no member shall be entitled to " receive a travelling licence unless he be clear on the " Lodge books at the time, nor unless he has been a " member 12 calendar months, nor shall he receive " another licence within 12 calendar months from his " former licence being returned. Every travelling " licence issued by a Lodge shall be signed by the three " principal officers and the Secretary and have the " Lodge stamp affixed.'' 10. " Districts, and lodges out of districts, shall pay travelling relief at the rate of Is. 3d. per traveller, to members presenting a proper travelling licence, but no travelling member shall receive travelling relief more than once a day, and any District or Lodge paying relief on Saturday shall also pay for the Sunday following. District and Lodge secretaries shall keep a correct account of all money paid by the District or Lodge for travelling relief, and forward the accounts every alternate month to the Chief Secretary of the Order, some days before the Executive Meeting. Bach District and Lodge shall be credited with the amount paid under this rule, and the same shall be charged to the Unity Eelief Fund." 11. " Every District and Lodge out of District shall appoint a relieving officer, who shall when possible reside in the centre of the town from which the District takes its name, or where the Lodge out of District is situated, and the names and addresses of such officers shall be published annually in the January number of the Circular. It shall be the duty of the Kelieving Officer to pay travelling members. He shall enter the K 2 76 EOYAL COMMISSION ON LABOUR: amount paid upon the member's licence, keep a correct account of the money paid, also record each member's name, the number of his licence, and the name and number of the Lodge to which such travelling member belongs." 12. ProYision is thus made for the conditions on which gratuities can be made, that all licences are to contain the name and residence of the traveller ; that the licences are to be used for three months only, and for the limitation of the allowance to be made to the Is. 3d. per day and 2s.- 6d. on Saturday. It is also required that the licence be in proper form, or the Lodge issuing it be fined not more than 10s. 6d, Members sick when on travel are to be paid their sick pay through the medium of some neighbouring District or Ledge. 13. -The following are the provisions as to "Clear- ances " contained in the Rules of the same Order, which (though not one of the largest Orders) I select as having registered a complete amendment of rules at the commencement of the present year, and therefore presumably representing best the present practice. " Any member of the Order who has been initiated " twelve calendar months and who is clear on the " books of his Lodge may have his clearance, provided " that the Lodge be satisfied he has a necessity for the " same. .No member shall be allowed to withdraw " from the Lodge to which he belongs to enter as a " member of another Lodge, unless he shall produce " such clearance.'' 14. " But no member shall be allowed to draw his clearance unless he resides at a distance of at least five miles from his Lodge, and any such member being desirous of drawing his clearance from his Lodge, shall first receive the consent of th& -Lodge in the, locality he wishes to join by such olearasce, relatively to the terms he can be received on, before inaking; application to withdraw the same. In any case the! application or other correspondence in reference thereto shall come through the Lodge receiving the member with the clearance. The secretary of the Lodge he wishes to join shall then apply to the secretary of the Lodge he desfres to leave for a clearance, such applica- tion to be laid before the first meeting of the Lodge, and if all dues and demands the Lodge may have, against the said member be paid, the Lodge shall grant him a clearance, the said clearance to be signed by the i Noble Father, Noble Grand, Vice-Grand, and Secre- tary, with the Lodge stamp attached thereto, but no, form of clearance shall be used or recognised except that furnished by the Executive Committee of the Order, any Lodge issuing or ^accepting any other form of clearance shall' be fined 2s. 6d'., such fines to be levied by the Executive Committee, and paid to the management fund of the Order." 16. " Any Lodge granting a clearance to a member shall pay to the Lodge receiving the same his propor- tionate share of such amount as the Lodge shall have accumulated or added to its funds during the time he has been a member, the same to be calculated- from the last balance sheet previous to his becoming a member, and the last balance sheet previous to his drawingJiiB., clearance. Such amount must on no account be paid to the member drawing his clearance, but to the Lodge which he joins by such clearance. Any Lodge shall be at liberty to accept or refuse a member by clearance, but no new Lodge shall be allowed to receive a member by clearance prior to its having been established 12 months." 16. Penalties are then provided • for-'^aocepting a member without clearance and for refusing to grant a clearance in the respective cases where a person previously a member of another Lodge _ applies for admission, and where a member has complied with the conditions precedent prescribed by the rules. 17. " No clearance, however, shall be granted to or accepted from a member whose age exceeds 45 years, except he be going to or coming from a foreign or colonial country, or unless he forward to his Lodge the written authority of the secretary, that the Lodge and District the member is desirous of joining are willing to receive the same. Every member joining a Lodge with a clearance shall produce a medical certificate of good health of himself and wife (if any) before such clearance shall be accepted, and any member joining a Lodge by clearance shall contribute the same amount of contributions to the receiving Lodge as he was paying to the Lodge giving the clearance, or snch further sum as may be agreed upon by the parties concerned, and any Lodge accepting a member by clearance shall at once accept all liabilities as to sick and funeral allowance oi such member. When a member has drawn his clearance' he shall not be allowed to receive another for the space of two years." 18. It appears from these rules that the clearance is not the absolute right of the member. It is surrounded with many conditions, and a Lodge is under no obliga- tion to accept it. If a Lodge is not satisfied that the amount to be paid over to it from the member's original Lodge is sufficient to cover the extra risk incurred through the increased age of the member, the Lodge will refuse to accept the clearance. 19. A member who does not draw his clearance, may, however, without giving up his membership of his Lodge and becoming a member of another, remove to a distance from the place where his Lodge is situated; and pay his contributions and receive benefits through the medium of another Lodge, paying a small fee (usually Is. per annum) for the services of the secretary of that Lodge. He can also, have medical attendance from the surgeon of that Lodgis on paying the usual quota of the surgeon's salary. The only disadvantage he is at, is that as he is not 'considered a meniber of it he cannot vote or take part in its' niainageBaeht', and his distance prevents him. from doing so in the management of his own Lodge. 20. The organisation of the affiliated orders therefore lends itself much more than that of the isolated friendly societies to industrial freedom and independence. The working man who is not satisfied with his lot can leave his place of employment and seek: for work elsewhere, and he gets material help while on the search, and finds friends who may give him advice. He may also establish himself in a new home without losing any of the advantages for which he had subscribed. APPENDIX LIV. Portions of Summary omitted from Mr.' Brabrook's Evidence and not embodied in Fo.OT-NOTES : , , . 22. ''Why Registration was refused to Dividing Societies " ; ^ 23. " Dividing Societies do not make Provision for Old Age or Permanent Disablement " ; 24. " Dividing Societies .exist cbiefly in towns where population is movable.'' 22. For many years registry was refused to these societies, upon the ground that the Act did not allow of an annual division of fhe funds as one of the objects of a society, but on the c6ntrafy made very stringent provision as to the conditioiis precedent to any division of the funds of a registered 'society, and enforced th^m by severe penalties. Many such Societies did,, however, obtain registry' by the mere 'expedient of dropping out of their rules' all 'provision for an annual division, a;nd dividing their money aK the same without; 'ainy 'legal authority. "It wlas at onfe'time th^practici of my leaped 23. ,^^^^ =,,w.=.,x^» ^.^ „ ».^..^= a^u.i.niii^!mms. das predecessor, Mr. Tidd Prfttt, to regifeter'rules for diyiS-j many as 44' were registered last year. ' Thqy proceedt ing, adding the words "isuhject to section 13 of the on the principle of providing for the present, not for 18 & 19 Vict., c. 63," a practice of which I confess I' cannot approve, for jf s. IShad the practical efiect of pro- hibiting division altogether, to insert a riile permitting di-visiop, siibject to its provisions, was reallyi laying a trap for the societies, who would act uponiihe portion- °^ ,t^l?o,rule which suited their pijrpoBe ajad neglect , the- other. All these questipps, ho\i;ever, ajre now set at rest by the provisionof the Apii'pf 1^75, whiohallows- -of,a rule for division, .aifter all,, Existing, claims, b,ave' been met. ., / Tlfpse societies ^.re numerous and increasipg. oAs APPENDIX, — WHOLE COMMISSION. 77 the future. They do not affect to make any proyiHion for- old age or permanent disablement. If a man who was healthy in January falls sick before the 31st December, they allow him sick pay, and on the 3lst December they divide among themselves all the money that has not been so spent. They are frequently called " Sllite Clubs," a name which implies that their calcu- lations were so simple that they could be kept in a primitive manner on a slate. It is usual with them to reserve out of the dividend a small sum to begin the next year with, in case any sick claims should arise before subscriptions have been paid to meet them. It is argued in their favour that a man who expects to get a considerable portion of his money back at Christmas will be willing to ijay a larger contribntioa- than a man who is putting his money in an ordinary insurance. Doubtless a go6d deal of the money divided at the end of the year is wasted ; and doubtless, also. many members experience disappointment when age or sickness disentitles them to renew their membership, and they find themselves left without provision. Still these societies are popular, and will continue to be so as long as human nature continues to prefer a bird in the hand to two in the bush. 24. Where the deduction for next year is not made compulsory, a member who withdraws loses nothing whatever, and there is therefore nothing to bind the members to the society or to the place where it is established. These societies therefore flourish most in places where the population is large and movable, such as London and Liverpool, though they exist in all parts of the country. Indeed, several dividing "orders" have been established, such as the Grand Independent Order of Loyal Caledonian Corks in the neighbourhood of Birmingham, and some others in Wales. APPENDIX LV. POBTIONS of Summary omitted from Foot-notes : — Mr. Brabrook's Evidence and not embodied in 45. " Industrial and Provident Societies Act, 1876 " ; 46. " Co-operative Societies, Productive and Distributive " ; 47. " Strike of Emplpyees against a Society of Employers and Trade Unions formed from the Employees' of these Societies " ; , , ■" 48. " Remedy discussed at tte Trades Union Congress " ; 49. " Number of Co-operative Societies and Capital " ; 50. ," Development of Distributive Societies into Productive Societies " ; 61, 52. " Investment of Profits and Capital in houses and land " ; 53. " Distinction between the above Societies and those under the Building Societies Acts." 45. I now proceed to refer to societies under the Industrial and Provident Societies Act of 1876. These are commonly called co-operative societies, and divided intc> two classes, productive and distributive. 46. The early societies of ,the ikind were productive ; and it was to their promotion thatimj lamented friend Mr. Yansittart Neale devoted his labour and his fortune. They failed,, and the distributive societies, on the model of the Equitable Pioneers of Rochdale took their place. Once more, the wheel has tnmed, and -a considerable attempt is being m?ide to found productive societies, headed by the great wholesale co-operative societies of Manchester and Glasgow. 47. In respect of these, it is to be noted that they have not secure^ industrial peace, but. the curious result has been seen of a strike of employees against a society of employers, themselves workmen. The prddudtive society has, in this respect, stood in the same position as the capitalists, and been challenged to fight with the same weapons. Trades Unions have been formed and registered consisting of the employees of co-operative societies. 48. It is not ^ui'prising that both the co-operators and the trade unionists should have been led to think that there was something unnatural in this strike between bodies having essentially the same objects, and seeking,, each. in its own way, the benefit of the working classes ; and that the search for a remedy for this state of things should have been matter of earnest discussion at the congresses of both their organisations. 49. The Co-operative Wholesale Societies Annual for 189^, gives a comparison of the Returns for the years 1879 and 1889, from which it appears that the societies in England and Wales making returns had increased from 937 to 1,268, the members from 500,000 to 900,000 ; the capital from 6,700,000Z. to 12,500,000?.; the sales from' 18,000,000?. to 33,000,0002.; the profits from 1,600,0002. to 3,000i000J. Carrying the comparison baek 20'years instead' of 10 years (to the time when I publishedi my book 'on^ the Law of Go-operative Societies) the societies have nearly doubled in number, thei^ jnembers hfive multiplied, four-fpld; their capital morp, than six-fold, their j?ales nearly fi,ve-fQld,,,a9d, their profits seven-fpld. ^ , ,, , : , oiu 50. Societies . originally distributive, very often develop into productive business, by becoming- manu- facturers of the articles in which they deal. Indeed, one qf the wholesomest features of the co-operative moveinent is its development from small beginnings. The Civil Service Supply Association, I believe, began in a few Post OflSce clerks clubbing together to buy a ct^est of tea. The sales of the Co-operative Wholesale Society of Manchester in 1865, the first complete year, amounted to 120,754?. ; in 1890 to 7,429,073?. This single society owns land of the value of 140,000?.; buildings, 270,000?.; steamships, 60,000?.; fixtures, 90,000?. The Scottish Co-opefative Wholesale Society, Limited, began in 1868. Its first year sales were 81,000?. ; its' sales in 1890, 2,500,000?. Emplojrees in the distributive departments receive, as a' bonus on labour, the same rate per £ as members on their purchases, which in 1890 was 7d.; in the productive departments, the net profits : are divided equally between purehsiseBland wages earned, making 9id. per £j 51. A favourite method of investment by these societies of their profit and surplus capital, is in the purchase for the members of houses and land. The amount so invested is 2,497,855?. These investments are particularly popular in Rochdale and Oldham, and must contribute largely to industrial comfort and content in those places. ^2. Seventy-nine societies haVe been established under the Industrial and Provident Societies Act for the purpose of the buying and selling of land only. Sixty-three of these have 8,312 members, and 390,682?. invested in land and mortgages ; other assets 66,279?. As many as 17 of these societies are in Leicestershire, though their transactions are small. The largest society of the kind is th?_ Borough Land and Buildi^ng, in Burnley, having 1,449 members and J69,455?. invested in land and mortgages. Its borrowed capital is 89,279?. ; its share capital 68,342?. 53, The principal distinction between these societies' and societies under the Building Societies Acts is that initte industrial . society the interest' of each member ' is limited to 200?. In a building society there, is no limit to, lihe amount of interest a single' member may ■ K 3 78 BOYAL COMMISSION ON LABOUR : hold. On the other hand, an industrial society has power to borrow money to any extent specified in its rules ; while a building society is limited to two-thirds of the amount for the time being secured to it by mortgage from its members. Tliis, however, is not a distinction of practical importance, as the industrial land societies are, with few exceptions, well within the two-thirds limit. The industrial society again may hold land in its own name without limit, while the building society can only hold land for a temporary purpose or as ofSces. APPENDIX LVI. Notes by Mr. Brabrook of Evidence on- BuiLDiNG Societies, §§55; 57-76; 80-86; Loan Societies, §§ 87-96; Trades Unions, §§96; 99-100; 103; Railway Savings Banks, §§ 104-6. BUILDIKG SoriETIES. 54. Building societies do not belong exclusively to the working classes, but are largely used as means of investment by the trading and middle classes. 55. Their object is not to build but to make advances to members on the security of real or leasehold estate, and this they can do without limit. 56. Many biiilding societies established before 1874, continue to be regulated by the Act of 1836, not having sought incorporation under the later Act. "57. The precise number of such societies cannot be ascertained, as the great majority of the societies (exceeding 5,000 in number) established between 1836 and 1874, were terminating, that is, intended to last only for a given term of years, 14 years or more or less, and have long since ceased to exist. 58. Assuming as a rough estimate, that the proportion of amendments of rules to the total number of societies existing would be the same in incorporated and unin- corporated societies, we get about 270 as the number of existing societies established before 1874 and not incorporated under the Act of that year. 59. If to these be added the 521 remaining societies which were established before 1874, and have become incorporated, we get a total of about 800 existing societies r,s having been originally established under the Act of 1836. There seems to be reason, however, to think that this estimate is too low. 60. The most important of the unincorporated societies is the Birkbeck, which by virtue of a rule authorising it to borrow money without limit, has become in reality a large bank rather than a building society. 61. In emulation of the Birkbeck, several societies under the Act of 1874 have established banks, but they do so under more disadvantageous conditions. 62. The Act of 1874 limits the amount that may be borrowed to two-thirds of the amount secured to the society by mortgage, and directs that notice of this is to be given to every lender by endorsing on his security the section limiting the amount to be borrowed, and also the section limiting the liability of shareholders. 63. There are thus in connection with a building society four classes of persons : — 1. Simple contract creditors. 2. Depositors and creditors for loans, who have notice that their money is to be applied in a particular way, and that they have only the funds of the society to look to for repayment, and who are entitled under s. 40 of the Act to have a copy of the annual balance sheet supplied to them gratuitously. 3. Shareholders who stand to lose what they have actually invested, including any arrears due, but no more. 4. Advanced shareholders who are bound by their mortgage contracts and by the rules of the society. 64. Kotwithstanding the express provisions in the Act which render payment on demand impossible should more than a very small fraction of the depositors demand repayment at the same time, it is a common practice to promise payment on demand, and the depositors expect the promise to be fulfilled, although thev have before them on their deposit books the sections of tne Act which show that it cannot bo relied upon. • 65. This circumstance has greatly contributed to the recent panic in building societies, which has been rendered the more severe by revelations of fraud in certain societies, causing heavy and, in some cases, ruinous loss to individuals. 66. While carrying on the business of banking is open to the objections that have been raised, it must be remembered that a limited system of borrowing in a building society is very convenient and useful, as it enables a greater number of members to be accommo- dated with advances, and adds to the profit made by the investing members. 67. A class of building societies has proved attractive to the working class in which the weekly subscriptions are very small— 7(J. to Is. per share — and the amount advanced to a member is relatively very large — 300Z. or 400Z. for each group of two or three shares. 68. In these societies no interest as such is paid upon the advances, though by various contrivances, as by the requirement that a member after he has had his advance shall keep up his unadvanced shares, and the plan of selling appropriations, the member does in effect pay more than he receives. Still the interest is never so high as in the ordinary permanent or old-fashioned terminating society. 69. To this class belong the Starr-Bowkett societies,* of which more than 1,000 have been established, and numerous other groups of societies which have been formed in imitation of them, mostly by persons who have been agents of the late Mr. Starr, the chief organiser of these societies. 70. Their attraction to the working man is in the smaller subscription required from him, and the hope that he may be lucky in the ballot and get an appro- priation, with which he can either buy a house on easy terms and become his own landlord or which he can sell. _ 71. A main drawback to the success of these societies lies in the disappointment the investing members, who are very numerous, feel when they find only a few of their number get the advances. 72. This has been attempted to be met by various expedients for creating an appearance of profit by the buying and selling of appropriations, which have increased the tendency to speculation which seems to be one of the chief evils of this class of society. 73. It has been freely suggested that the Registrar ought to refuse to register societies of this class, but there is no fonndation for the suggestion, as the rules of the societies do not contain anything in itself illegal, apart from the manner of working. 74. The rules, however, do frequently contain pro- visions in the highest degree objectionable, as where they seek to make the ofiacers virtually irremovable, and to restrain the members from altering the rules. 75. I have observed that the claims of the persons who are professional promoters of these societies appear to be growing ; where, a few years ago, the preliminary expenses, which means m general promoter's remunera- tion, were 30Z. or 35Z., they are now 701. or 75Z., and even more. 76. The provisions in the rules seeking to give per- manence to the appointments of the officers point also to the prevalence of the corrupt and illegal practice by APPENDIX.— WHOLE COMMISSION. 79 ■which the BolioitOrs and other officers buy their appoint- mentB of the professional promoter. 77. The practical result of all this is very clearly shown by the interesting return moved for by Mr. Gerald Balfour last session of the building societies whick have ceased to exist since 1874. 78. The total number that have ceased to exist is 1,237, which is 34 per cent, of the total number incorporated, and of these as many as 466 have ceased to exist without any legal or formal dissolution — letters having been returned through the Post Office as " not known," or an irregular intimation having been received that the society had been dissolved or was abortive. The majority of these have had a very brief existence. 79. According to the last returns, the number of members in 2,333 societies was 605,388, and the amount of funds 50,582,365/. Of this, however, 14,689,499Z. represented borrowed capital, leaving 35,892,866Z. as the amount of the investments of the members, or nearly 60!. each. 80. This is sufficient to show that, although building societies are a favourite investment of the working classes, they are not confined to them. 81. The remarks that have been made in disparage- ment of certain classes of societies ought not to lead one to overlook • the vast amount of good building societies have done. 82. Even the Starr-Bowkett societies have induced many men to put away small savings that would other- wise have been wasted, and have conferred upon many men the advantage of a freehold house at a very low cost. • 83. From the nature of the business of building societies, much confidence is necessarily placed in the secretary or manager, and he has many opportunities of abusing it. 84. This points to the necessity of a more thorough audit than at present, or rather of the more general enforcement of the requirements of the Act of 1874 as to audit. 85. Abuses have also sprung up in connection with the dissolution of societies, and it is desirable to give the members greater control over the officers whom they entrust With this duty. 86. Members should also have given to them by statute that which is often conceded to them by the rules of societies, but frequently in a very qualified shape, the right to inspect the books, and a given number of members should have the right to apply for an official investigation into the affairs of a society by an inspector. Loan Societies. 87. Loan societies under the Act of 1870 (3 & 4 Vict., cap. 110) are wholly connected with the working classes, and are mostly small aflPairs. 88. They are limited by the Act of Parliament to lend not more th n 15Z. to any one member, and to receive from him not more than a fixed amount of interest. 89. They are thus very useful to workmen who wish to provide themselves with special tools, or to tide over some small emergency. 90. Like all lending societies, the members are necessarily of two classes, the investors and the borrowers, though in some there is a provision for loss of interest in the event of an investor not borrowing. 91. These societies are somewhat over 300 in number, chiefly in the counties of Middlesex and Surrey, though there are several in Nottingham and some in the North. 92. They have 35,000 members, many of whom are really small money lenders as Mr. Ludlow has shown in his last report. 93. They granted 59,000 loans and circulated 341,0002. in the course of the year, leaving 243,000Z. in borrciwers' hands at the end of the year. 94. The average capital of each member is about 81., and the net profits, after paying expenses of manage- ment, are between 4 and 5 per cent. 95. 3,000 summonses were issued to recoxer 7,000L, and 391 distress warrants followed, the amount even- tually recovered was 5,239Z., with 5261. costs. Trade Unions. 96. "With regard to trade unions, the Commission is no doubt in possession of the large body of statistics collected by Mr. Burnett, and it will only be necessary briefly to refer to the latest returns received. 97. I put in a schedule of 25 of the largest trade unions with a summary, which has been prepared in the Returns branch of my Office, giving the total number of members as 560,926, and the yearly contributions from members as 853,.'>36J., or 31s. per member, which is curiously enough almost exactly the same as the avera.ge contributions per member in the affiliated orders. 98. Of these contributions, 2l8. Id. goes for benefits, 6s. 6c?. is expended, and 4s. 3d. saved. 99. Notwithstanding the considerable proportion saved, the accumulated funds are small relatively to the annual income, being on the average only IJ- years. The affiliated orders have nearly 5 years income . invested. 100. The payments for trade purposes linring the year have, been 106,0002. in 16 of the societies, the payments for other benefits in 22 societies, 474,0007. 101. It should be noted in regard to trade unions that they are not subject to any of the restrictions of the Friendly Societies Acts, and may make what rules they like, so long as the rules disclose no illegal purpose (other than a purpose in restraint of trade, which the Trade Unions Act legalises) and contain provisions as to inspection of books by members and other matters specified in the schedule to the Act. 102. During the last two years, 201 trades unions have been registered. The total number registered in the 19 previous years was only 530, an average of 28 per annum. 103. Of the 530, only 265 are now in existence; the proportion of trades unions which cease to exist in a few years being very large. Railway Savings Banks. 104. The railway savings banks are constituted under the private Acts of Parliament promoted by the rfeveral railways, and apply certain provisions of ths Savings Bank Acts to the depositors. 105. According to the last returns of eleven of such railway savings banks, the number of depositors was 22,899 and the amounts deposited 1,788,0122., or an average of 781. per depositor. 106. I do not ofier any remarks on Trustee or Post. Office Savings Banks, though we settle their disputes, and certify the rules of the trustee banks, as they are more closely related to other departments than to mine. K 4 80 EOTAL COMMISSION ON LABQUB : APPENDIX SCHEDULK "of TWENTT-FIVE of the LaEiSBH SniIIU.SY OV AEOTB No. of Trade Unions Total of Members Contributions, &o. from Members ATorage Contribution per Member 25 550,926 £853,535 1-549; say £1 Hi. ' ( 1 Contributions or Levies paid by Members. , Contri- negister Names and Address. No. of Members. Finesi Entrance Fees. Interest. , btttioqs from other Trades No. Benefit. Manage- ment. ". Unions! £ £ £, £ £ £ 1 Operative Bricklayers' Sooietj', 48, Southtvark Bridge Boad, S.E. 17,058 186 ' 1,522 22,304 639 763 "' 3 United Society of Boilermakers and Iron and Steel Ship- builders, Neweastle-on-Tyne. 36,996 1,044 2,809 97,922 ~ 3,762 """■ 8 Amalgamated Society of Railway Seryauts, 55, Colebrooke Kow, N. London and Counties Labour 29,820 13,0Q0 I 675 24,588 7,079 , 1 2,937 143 28 " not separately kept " 10,701 League and Kent and Sussex 1 Labourers' Union, Maidstone. 31 Yorkshire Miners' Association, Barnsley. 52,000 1 2,695 62,653 — 2,025 — 43 Durham Miners' Association, Durham. 55,000 — 415 55,331 , — ■ 253 ■:■ / 62 Amalgamated Society of Car- penters and Joiners, Man- 34,779 — 3,725 •»81,394>i — 1,163 soo Y ■ ■ chester. Amalgamated Society of TailorS, 17,573' K ' ^70, 54 _ ^_ '24,728 Manchester. 93 Amalgamated Association of Operative Cofton Spinners, IVbinchester. 19,662 — 54,141 ■I- — 11 3,288 — 144 . Steam Engine Makers' Society, - Manchester. 5,965 32 241 14,649 ~ 532 — ' 154 National Agricultural Labourers' Union, Leamington. 16,000 — — 3,652 — 8 — 272 Progressive' Union of Cabinet Makers, 278, Old Street, E.G. . 775 — — 664 — 2 — ^ 316 London Society of Compositors, 3, Eacquet Court. E.G. 9,350 71 228 16,680 — .724'- ■ — 402 Friendly Society of Ironfounders, &c., 200, New Kent Eoad, S.E. 15,291 400 1,078 "45,789 794 954 — 424 Amalgamated Society of Engi- 71,221 » 6,023 175,221 ^_ Mp^ neers, 89, Stamford Street, S.E. 428 Leicester and , Leicestershire 3,887 ^_ 5,997 19 Amalgamated Hosiery Union, i; ' . Leicester. 470 Friendly Society of Operative Stone Masons, 15, Stamford Street, S.Ei 14.090 135 1,151 16,934 '(11 100 — 472 Associated Iron and Steel 8,415 ^ 50 .5,027 t [)i — 103 Workers of Great Britain, ' Darlington. Dock, &c. Labourers' Union, 33, 30,000 I ■ 1 , 112 483 __ -^ 18,784 — : Mile End Boad, E. " esli^ mated" 487 National Amalgamated Sailors' and Firemen's Union, 19, Buck- ingham Street, Strand, W.C. 20,000 " approxi- mately " 423 5,086 21,202 '7 7,770 !■ 9 ■ — 505 Associated Shipwrights' Society,^ Newcastle-on-Tynei- ' 10,120 80 '8 2,080 11,876 ■ - i ' ?■ 407 — 517 Amalgamated Union of Operative ■ 4,000 63 1,886 22 Bakers and Confectioners, ~~ 168, Camden Street, N. 529 National Society of Amalgamated 6,005 24 69 6,593 Brass Workers, Birmingham. 68 TT . 531 National Union of GSs Workers 35,71 d ,, 15,523 and General Labourers, 144, 9 '— Barking Boad, E. 532 Tyneside and Na(ional Labour 25,200 __ 507 12,201 Union, Newcastle-on-Tyne. 311 ~ '550,926 2,396 28,417 806,440 16,282 23,188 500 1 Increase in value of property estimated at 50/. not included^ * Includes deleffatpa' «Tno„.-= TTTl ? Includes legal defence of 25 members. " T^Um ^«.f „f T T ., I°»l"des travelling relief, « Includes graSts to other trades. » Include^Ss rf ImSn 1^°! ^il^r ""**'°«»^ 1. includes 2,880. remittances. . includes "^^fZS^^ "' ^^"'"^ "Is^^^SS^S^^-,,,,. APPENDIX. — WHOLE COMMISSION. 81 LVII. Trade Unions, with Summaby. Miscel- laneoas Beceipts. £ '638 ' 6,540 140 81 6S 1,432 59 205 15 1,601 3,326 448 156 81 34 14,824 Total. £ 26,052 119,077 35,279 10,984 67,455 56,067 88,214 25,057 57,429 15,659 3,675 666 19,304 49,015 189,774 6,016 18,320 5,180 19,344 34,490 14,599 2,052 6,788 15,532 13,019 892,04^ Salaries of OfBcers. Other Management Expanses of conducting Business of Trade Union. General. Legal. Payments to Members. Benefit. Lock-out, Strike, and Dispute Pay. Contri- butions to other Trades Unions. £ 2 3,725 5 4,871 1,256 596 5'»89,119 1,979 4,895 3,050 2,811 2 1,332 784 150 763 2,090 5,861 312 2,396 1,061 5,360 10,910 2 1,665 225 1,126 1,588 2 663 68,588 £ 2,678 2,145 5,823 1,237 1,346 5,523 2 7,285 ■ 5,067 3,575 716 896 2 558 5,102 2 1,701 2 24,787 47 1,644 1,432 7,793 13,333 " 1,890 4,662 4,860 105,042 135 63 36 175 94 613 4,930 6,053 £ 11,103 ° 61,022 ' 15,730 9,383 4,131 24,073 55,504 17,235 "25,105 9,797 1,270 " 15,897 "39,516 161,384 128 10,407 1,048 3,253 3,680 932 464 3,240 474,302 3 3,644 1,483 256 3,018 16,297 1.5,504 " Trade privileges." 3,106 7,120 6,856 459 1,237 4,817 24,870 ""3,873 10,919 2,541 106,000 £ 981 31 1,223 750, 188 78 Miscel- laneous Expendi- ture. £ 708 7,774 Total. Funds at end of year 1891. 405 '427 831 540 237 265 274 4,567 10,151 £ 22,974 £ 43,995 77,295 183,635 22,809 110,584 11,566 5,347 19,278 117,822 49,049 55,407 84,194 70,936 28,740 ' 10,925 38,611 115,243 11,936 '3 28,377 2,950 1,146 708 421 21,762 43,847 192,032 7,343 14,906 4,778 26,525 53,022 237,251 Nil 8,897 5,242 18,820 1 6,809 57,296 8,202 7,500 1,753 6,083 17,169 11,304 774,703. 23,787 1,366 4,521 3,834 9,545 1,132,839 SUMMJLRT OF ABOVE. Spent in Salaries and Expenses of Management - £ -326 per member; say 6s. 6d. Spent in Benefits - - - 1-053 „ say £1. Is. Irf. Saved on year - - "213 „ say 4s. 3d. * Includes levies. * Includes rent of branch meeting rooms. * Includes 4,942/. surgeons' salaries. 9 Experiments with explosives (roburite and tonite). " " Includes fines. " Erom " interest " and other sources. M Includes law and defence of scale expenses for 97 members, '» Includes 2,830Z, remittances. >9 Includes payments to doctor and delegations. ?* Out of work pay to 1,338 mevnbers i 78448, L 82 KOYAL I COMMISSION ON/ hUBOVS, : APPENDIX LVIII. ApPBlfDIX TO EePOKT of THE BeBISTRAK OF TuADE UNIONS IN BhG^AND.* . „ (The Trade .Union Acts, 1871 and 1876.) Behtrns to the Eegistrar, in pursuance of 34 & 35 Vict. cap. 31. Th.fon.»mgAb.tn»t give. t*. .»... «<1 «i4r-« f th. ™gl..»«i Trri? D™"^J™f J^'^ '^^ 1891, and the number of their members:— ,;, ,i • •'' Tbade Unions, 1891. Year of Funds Funds Tnpome Expendi- Number of Members, Register Name and Address. Estab- lisfaittent. 31st Dec. 1890. 31st Dec. 1891. for 1891. ture for 1891. 1 Operative Brieklayers' Society, 46, SoutHwaxk 18'48 £ 40,867 £ 43,fi95 £ 26,102 . £ 22,974 17,058 2 Bridge Eoad, London,! S.E., Surrey. Warehousemen's Philanthrophio Society, 34, 1850 1,235 1,272 ,199 162 107 3 Chapel Street, Bradford, Yorkshure. United Society of Boiler Makers and Iron and Steel Ship BuildAs, Lifton House, Eslington Eoad,, Newcastle on - Tyne, 1834 148,853 183,635 112,077 77^95 36,996 5 N'orthumherland. Bradford StufE Maker-up ProTident Society, 1843 1,758 1,738 1,122 1,142 159 8 1 J , Union Street, Bradford, Yorkshire. Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants of England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales, 55, Colebrooke Bow, London, N., Middlesex. Associated Trimming Weavers' Society of 1871 ' 98,114 11,0,584 35,279 22,809 29,820 11 1871 1,348 1,332 258 274 212 Leek, 6, Chorley Street, Leek, Stafford- 21 shire. , TIT i 1 Power Loom Carpet Weavers Mutual Defence and Provident Association, 127, Mill Street, Kidderminster, Worcester- 1866 11,009 11,136 2,113 1,986 1,348 22 Kossendale Amalgamated Woollen Block Printers' Trade Society, Brougham Hall, Waterfoot, Manchester, Lancashire. 1868 1,904 2,034 239 109 146 23 Amalgamated British Seamen's Protection Society, Trafalgar Coffee Tavern, Leman 1868 • ~ 24 Street, Whitechapel, B., Middlesex. Silk Dressers' Trade Society, Traflord Inn, Trafford Street, Eochdale, Lancashire. 1869 1,252 1,293 1,021 980 611 26 Durham County ColUery Engmemen's Mutual Aid Society, 26, Western Hill, 1872 3,986 4,430 1,556 1,112 1,678 27 Framwellgate, Durham. Printers and Transferrers' Amalgamated Trades' Protection Society, Star Inn, Queen Street, Burslem, Staffordshire. London and Southern Counties Lahour League 1871 1,470 1,574 i ■< _ 443 339 892 28 iS^fe ' 5,929 5,347 10,i984 11,'566 13,000 and Kent and Sussex Labourers^ Union, 12o, LewishamHigh Eoad, Deptford, Kent. 31 Yorkshire Miners' Association, Huddersfield Eoad, Barnsley, Yorkshire. - 1871 ti9^|i45 117„8a2 .67,455 19^78 52,000 33 Manchester, Salford, and surrounding Town- ships Milt Dealers' Protection Society, 65, Worcester Street, Higher Broughton, Manchester, Lancashire. 1872 248 260 218 1 • ■' fr 206 260 37 Pattern Card Makers' Original Trade, Sick, and Burial Society, 39, ' Bloom Street, Manchester, Lancashire. 1872 1,298 1,392 . ;?49 655 330 38 Amalgamated Labour Leagufe, near the Buck Inn, Hempton, Fakenham, Norfolk. 18^2 188 ' " 138 82 132 148 4U Association of Master Engineers and Iron and Brass Founders in North Staffordshire and surrounding Districts, Leopard Hotel, Burslem, Staffordshire. 1872 1 ' ;iJ -■ii,] <;,i , ,; : 43 Durham Miners' Association,' 16, North Eoad, Durham. ■ . ; , 1869 48,389 55,407 56,067 49,049 55,000 47 Barge Builders' Trade Union Bricklay6rs' Society's Booms, 46,, Soutbwark Bridge 1872 272 ' ' 715 918 '475 408 1 Eoad, London, S.E., Surrey. 48 Liverpool Operative Ship Fainters' Associa- iM' ■786 '94i6 977 '817 1,002 tion, 20, St. Anne Street, Liverpool, Lancashire. 1-52 Peterborough District Labourers' Union, 1873 ' ' — — — — — . Workmen's News, Eo9m,,JVIiIlgate, Peter^ ■■ M' , borough, Northamptonshire. 54 General Laboureis' Amalgamated Union, 31, Great Barlow Street, London, W., Middlesex. 1872 504 565 , 383 332 600 * Tli( > returns i eceived since the Appendix to the Be; jistrar's r«p ort was prii ited have, b een inserted (Decembe r 9th, 1893; herein t y the Eegistrar.— G. R- t Dissolved, 1 892. 'APMNDIX.—^waotEi'' COMMISSION. 83 No'. Name and Address. Year of Estab- lishment. Funds 31st Deo. 1890. Funds 3 1 St Bee. 1891. Income for 1891. Expendi- ture for 1891. Number of Members. 58 Redditch Fish Hook Makers" Trade Pro- tection Society, Fox and Goose Hotel, Redditch, Worcestershire. 59 Botesdale Agriooiltural Labourers' Union, Greyhound Inn, Botesdale, Suffolk. 6 1 Mersey Ship Joiners' Association, 50, Ranelagh Street, Liverpool) Lancashire. '<' ^ 62 Amalgamated Society of Carpenters and Joiners, 95, Brunswick Street, Ardwick Green, Manchester, Lancashire. 64 Amalgamated Society of Tailors, 8, Caxton Buildings, Booth Street, Piccadilly, Man- chester, Lancashire. *67 Organ Builders' Amalgamated Trade Society, Boyal Standard Inn, Frederick Street, Hampstead Boad, London, N., Middlesex. 74 Amalgamated Society of Hotube Decorators and Painters, 88, Harwood Boad, Walham Green, S.W., Middlesex. 79 National Association of Operative Plasterers, 12, Dartmouth Street, Westminster, S.W., Middlesex. 80 London Saddle and Harness Makers' Trade Protection Society, 5, Upper St. Martin's Lane, London, W.C, Middlesex. 84 Permanent Amalgamated Farriers' Protection Society, Duke of York Tavern, York Boad, King's Cross, London, N., Middlesex. 91 London Wood and Tin Packing Case Makers' Trade Society, Barley Mow Inn, ErroU Stiset, Whiteoross Street, -Londoni E.G., Middlesex. 93 Amalgamated Association of Operative Cotton Spinners, Self- Actor Minders, and Twiners of Lancashire and adjoining Counties, 55, Store Street, Manchester, Lancashire. 97 Borough and District of Brighton Licensed Victuallers' Protection Society, 3 and 4, Maxket Street, Bcighton, Sussex. 100 United Society of Boot and Shoe Makers of all Branches, of Bristol and District, Cock and Bottle Inn, Castle Green, Bristol, Gloucestershire. 105 Independent Order of Engineers and Machinists' Trade and Friendly Society, Hope and Anchor Inn, Parliament Street, Nottingham. 106 West Bromwich, Oldbury, Tipton, Coseley, and Bradley Amalgamated Association of Miners, Miners' Hall, Great Bridge, Tipton, Staffordshire. 108 Stone Carvers' Trade Association, Green Man Inn, St. Martin's Lane, Loudon, W.C, Middlesex. 114 East London Painters' Trade -Union, George the Fourth Inn, Ida Street, Poplar, E., Middlesex. 118 Card Setting Machine Tenters' Society, Beehive Inn, King Cross Lane, Halifax, Yorkshire. 119 Association of Operative Cotton Spinners of Preston and; its Vicinity, Spinners' Institute, Clark Yard, Church Street, Preston, Lan- cashire. 120 London Paper Stainers' Benevolent Society and Trade Union, White Horse Inn, Fanu Street, Aldersgate Street, London, E.G., Middlesex. 121 Bristol, West of England, and South Wales Operatives' Trade and Provident Society, 3, Albion Place, Cumberland Road, Bristol, Gloucestershire. +123 Runcorn Shipwrights' Association, Working Men's Club, Church Street, Runcorn, Cheshire. 124 Caxton Printers' Warehousemen's Association, Falcon Tavern, Gough Square, London, E.G., Middlesex. J125 Tailors' Mutual, Association* Black Horse Tavern, Leman Street, Whitechapel, B., Middlesex. 133 Amalgamated Society of Silk Twisters, Black Swan Hotel, Sheep Market, Leek, Stafford- shire. 136 Huddersfield and .Dewsbury Power Loom Tuners' Mutual Improvement Association, Swan with Two Necks Inn, Huddersfield, and Clothiers' Arms, Batley Carr, Yorkshire. 1872 187B. 1860 1860 1866 1865 1873 1870 1872 1871 1873 1873 1873 1854 1873 1866 1861 1873 1871 1873 1873 1866 1861 54 66,359 14,608 20 2,241 1878 - 2,409 1872 2,216 1872 1,850 1872 1,014 67 70,936 10,925 12 2,746 3,921 2,319 1,917 670 96,425 115,243 631 2,440 434 1,099 711 790 763 2,398 301 502 2,201 1,044 631 444 1,199 807 1,405 666 3,033 07 498 2,179 1,062 172 ' 88,771 25,057 10 3,345 5,048 415 271 993 57,429 202 2,634 3,002 129 479 245 1,903 128 5,116 85 292 193 260 159 84,194 28,740 18 2,840 3,536 312 204 1,337 38,611 202 2,808 119 379 149 1,288 225 4,481, 79 296 215 242 500 34,779 17,573 10 3,055 5,554 648 695 459 19,662 207 2,603 132 504 179 739 136 5,021 127 210 154 254 * Dissolved, 1892. t Certificate withdrawn, 1892. } Now a Friendly Society, Register No. 5,521, Middlesex. L 2 84 ROYAL COMMISSION ON LABOUK ; Kegiister No. Name and Address. Year of Estab- lishment. Funds 31st Dec. 1890. Funds 3l8t Dec. 1891. Income for 1891. Kxpendi- ture for 1891. Number of Members. 137 138 144 150 153 154 158 162 175 180 182 183 187 190 191 193 196 199 204 1 210 211 219 221 229 230 232 United Vellum and Parchment Makers of 1874 Great Britain, Crown and Cushion Inn, Page's Walk, Bermondsey, S.E., Surrey. Amalgamated Society of Stationary Engine 1873 Drivers and Stokers, Earringdon Hotel, Earringdon Hoad,Iiondon,E.C., Middlesex. Steaxn Engine Makers' Society, Market 1824 Buildings, 17, Thomas Street, MAnchester, Lancashire. Goldsmiths' and Jewellers' Trade Association, 1872 Cross Keys Tavern, Theobald's Road, London, W.C, Middlesex. Amalgamated Society of Kitchen Bange, Hot 1872 Water, and other Fitters connected with the above trades, Rose Inn, Mount Street, Nottingham. National Agricultural Labourers' Union, 1872 4, Priory Terrace, Leamington, Warwick- shire. Amalgamated Society of Railway Waggon 1874 and Carriage Makers, Wheelwrights, and Carpenters, 79, Ogden Lane, Higher Open- sbaw, Manchester, Lancashire. Oldham Association of Power Loom Over- 1870 lookers, Bath Hotel, 93, Union Street, Oldham, Lancashire. Amalgamated Society of Tin and Iron Plate 1875 Workers, and Gas Meter Makers, London, White Swan Inn, Temple Street, London, E.C., Middlesex. Perseverance Society of Carpenters and 1860 Joiners, Wellington Hall, Almeida Street, London, N., Middlesex. Durham Coke Men and Labourers' Associa- 1874 tion, 46, Western Hill, Durham. Skelmersdale District Miners' Association, 1874 Miners' Committee Rooms, Liverpool Road, Skelmersdale, Lancashire. North Wales Quarrymen's Union, 7, Market 1874 Street, Carnarvon. • General Union of Operative Carpenters and 1827 Joiners, 39, Elizabeth Street, Liverpool, Lancashire. Huddersfield Warehousemen's Provident 1875 Society, Friendly and Trade Societies' Club, 9, Northumberland Street, Hudders- field, Yorkshire. Amalgamated Society of Mill Sawyers and ig66 Wood Cutting Machinists, Com Exchange Hotel, Groat Market, Newcastle-on-Tyne, Northumberland. Dewsbury, Batley, and surrounding Districts ]875 Heavy Woollen Weavers' Association, Weavers' Office, Lidgate Lane, Batley Carr, Yorkshire. Excelsior Branch, No. 3, of the National 1875 Federation of Engineers' Protection Asso- ciation of Great Britain and Ireland, Scotf 3 Arms, King's Hill, Wednesbury, Staffordshire. Birmingham and Midland Counties Grocers' 1874 Protection and Benevolent Association, 28, High Street, Edgbaston, Birmingham, Warwickshire. Northumberland Miners' Mutual Confident igga Association, 17, Picton Place, Newcastle- on-Tyne, Northumberland. Amalgamated Society of Drillers and Cutters 1374 of the River Wear, &c.. Temperance Insti- tute, Bedford Street, Bishopwearmouth, Durham. Leeds and District United Tanners' Society, jgyg Three Legs Inn, Lowerhead Row, Leeds, Yorkshire. Liverpool Farriers' Central Friendly Society, ]876 ^eorge the Third Inn, London Road, Liverpool, Lancashire. West Cumberland Miners' Association, 56, igyg John Street, Maryport, Cumberland. London Operative Zinc Workers' Society, 1853 Tolmers Square Institute, Drummond Street, St. Pancras, London, N.W., Middle- sex. British United Hammermen and Forge Fur- 1876 nacemen's Society, Victoria Inn, Newgate Street, Xewcastle-on-Tvnc, Northumber- land. 91 355 24,653 .391 420 674 214 1,837 521 761 1,446 2,082 1,214 255 1,293 16,112 1,198 412 1,045 449 £ 144 372 28,377 534 1,145 774 263 2,003 81 982 2,380 2,333 1,542 289 1,876 1,432 1,386 23,682 1,309 384 756 446 359 500 169 149 S96 3,675 280 S35 1,492 381 1,939 1,498 654 5,653 52 2,384 221 11,101 170 201 1,956 108 630 15,660 11,936 I 5,965 £ 116 132 SS3 2,950 180 186 1,326 821 1,718 564 403 5,325 18 1,801 267 3,531 59 229 2,245 111 489 74 116 272 15,000 198 123 784 200 3,045 1,671 5,710 2,564 68 1,505 176 19,001 2oe 164 8,481 73 7C6 APPENDIX.^ — WHOLE OOMMIbSION. 85 Register No. *234 236 240 243 245 248 250 251 255 t259 264 266 *269 270 272 274 277 278 Kame and Address. 287 288 289 290 291 292 294 Hu^ Dutch Yeast Importers and Agents' Trade Union, 37, Wellington Street, Hull, Yorkshire. Huddersfield, Bradford, Barnsley, and District Dyers' Association, Trade and ITriendly Societies' Club, Northumberland Street, Huddersfielil, Yorkshire. Blackburn District of the Amalgamated Beamers, Twisters, and Drawers' Associa- tion, 1, Clayton Street, Blackburn, Lanca- shire. Bradford Pressers' Early Closing and Philan- thropic Association, Odd Fellows' Hall, Thornton Koad, Bradford, Yorkshire. Amalgamated Society of Operative Lace MiJters, 16, Pembridge Place, Mount Street, Nottingham. Iron Dressers' Trade Society, Millstone Inn, 67, Thomas Street, Oldham Street, Man- chester, Lancashire. South London Society of Operative Plasterers, St. Greorge's Tavern, Lambeth Boad, South- wark, S.E., Surrey. Northumberland Dock Lodge of the Trimmers and Teemers' Association, Black Bull Inn, Howdon, Northumberland. Durham Deputy Overmen's Mutual Aid Association, British Workman Hall, Durham. Houghton-le-Spriug Miners' Lodge, Bobinson Street, Houghton-le-Spring, Durham. Union Society of the Miners of Bhosllanerch- rugog and its Neighbourhood, Eagle Inn, Bhos, Kuabon, Denbighshire. Glass Bottle Makers' Amalgamated Trade Association of Great Britain and Ireland, North of England District, 61, Trimdon Street, Bishopwearmouth, Durham. Birmingham Stone Sawyers and Masons' Labourers' Accident, Trade, and Burial Society, Turk's Head Inn, Steelhouse Lane, Birmingham, Warwickshire. National Federation of Enginemen's Protec- tive Associations, 26, Western Hill, Fram- wellgate, Durham. Progressive Union of Cabinet Makers, 278, Old Street, London, E.G., Middlesex. Woolwich Society of House Painters and Decorators, Duke of York Inn, New Boad, Woolwich, Kent. Bradford, Halifax, and Keighley Steam Saw- yers, Saw Sharpeners, Planing and Moulding Machine Workers' Society, Central Coffee Tavern, Westgate, Bradford, Yorkshire. London Coachmakers' Trade Union, Green Man Inn, 57, Berwick Street, Oxford Street, London, W., Middlesex. South Yorkshire District Steam Enginemen's Protection Association, 16, Ebenezer Square, Worsbrough Dale, Barnsley, Yorkshire. Portsmouth and Gosport Licensed Victuallers' Protection and' Benevolent Society, India Arms Inn, Great Southsea Street, Soiithsea, Hampshire. Quarrymen's Trade Association, Mechanics' Institute, Windy Nook, Durham. Lodge Invincible, No. 2, Skelmersdale .Dis- trict, Miners' Provident Association, Alexandra Hotel, Skelmersdale, Lanca- shire. North Yorkshire and Cleveland Miners' As- sociation, 12, Euby Street, Saltburn-by-the- Sea, Yorkshire. Friendly Associated Male and Female Card and Blowing Boom Operatives' Association of Mossley and Neighbourhood, George Hotel, Brooli bottom, Mossley, Lancashire. London Affiliated Potters' Trade Society, Coach and Horses Inn, Broad Street, Lam- beth, S.E., Surrey. Bradford and District Amalgamated Society of Dyers,! &c., 5, Barry Street, Bradford, Yorkshire. Hull United Butchers' Association, Hide Market, Finkle Street, Hull, Yorkshire. Year of Estab- lishment. Funds 31st Dec. 1890. 1876 1876 1876 1876 1876 1876 1876 1877 1877 1877 1877 1877 1877 1877 1877 1861 1844 1878 1878 1878 1878 1878 1878 1878 1878 1878 709 Funds 31st Dec. 1891. 1,236 7,242 2,140 10 190 177 191 30 463 313 825 2,350 586 871 2,261 835 499 1876 ."ilS i 574 1,294 9,649 1,912 10 260 332 492 28 421 303 801 Income for 1891. 617 735 2,603 611 1,006 'P 2,826 846 859 140 1,019 62 307 299 190 9,345 2,169 33 144 356 359 Expendi- ture for 1891. 51 666 51 209 419 844 277 245 1,345 1,701 1,274 66 517 240 132 6,938 2,397 33 74 201 58 ■n.1 53 708 61 301 "' 591 Number of Members. 202 110 780 1,690 1,114 144 640 340 148 3,200 1,010 23 318 450 1,232 5,206 775 15 142 170 473 200 250 4,134 1,258 1,801 121 * Not known. t Certificate withdrawn, 1892. L 3 «6 ROToUi COMMISSION ON I/ABOUE: Bitter Nai^e and Address. Year of Estab- lishment. Punds 31st Dec. 1890. Funds 31st Dec. 1891. Inccroe for 1891. Expendi- ture for 1891. Number iff. Members. 395 296 298 SOU 301 ^304 306 309 310 '. I 313 •314 316 317 318 *319 321 322 323 327 332 t333 334 335 338 339 340 342 ,346 London Society of Lithographic {Printers, Farringdop Hotel, Parringdon Street, London, E.C., Middlesex. Oldbury Trade Society of .Miners, Bird^in- Hand Inn, Bounds Green, Oldbury, Wor- cestershire. United Order of General Labourers of IjOndon, King's Head Inn, Tenison Street, Belvedere Boad, Lambeth, S.E., Surrey. iUnited Brotherhood of Paper Makers, Monk's Head, Snodland, Kent. No. 1 Lodge of (the West Yorkshire Colliery Enginemen's Mutual IProtection tAssocia- ' tion, 6, Long Acre, Castleford, Yorkshire. Amicable Society, of Woolstaplers, Hen , and Chickens ' Inn, 34, Mill Street, Kidder- ' minster, Worcestershire. Liysi^ool United JVIill Sawyers' Society;il21, ' St. Anne Street, Liverpool, Lancashire. Miners' Improvement Benefit Society, Hind- < lejr District, ..:9, Ladies iLane, Hindley, Lancashire. Amalgamated Association of Pressmen, . Welsh H^p Inn, Temple Lane, London, I E.C., Middlesex. North of England Sailors and Sea-going I E^remen's' Friendly Association, Lockhart's I Cocoa Booms, High Street, Sunderland, ! Durham. {Westminster and-.Pimlico Branch of the London Tailoresses' Trade Union, 2, , Chapter Street, Westminster, S.W., Mid- i dlesex. Liverpool United Dock Labourers and (Juay Porters' Trade Benefit Society, St. Alban's Schools, Boundary Street, Liverpool, Lan- cashire. Durham Colliery Mechanics' Association, 24, Western Hill, Durham. London Society of Compositors, 3, Baquet Court, Fleet Street, London, E.G., Middle- sex. National Enginemen's Protection Association, Victoria Caffi, Church Street, Dewsbury, Yorkshire. Amalgamated Society of Watermen and Lightermen of the Eiver Thames, 19, §*♦ Mary-at-Hill, London, E.G., Middlesex. Chainmakers' Providential Association, Star Inn, Netherton, Dudley, Worcestershire. Silvejcdale Hive Lodge of the North Stafford Amalgamated Association of Miners, Temperance Hall, Silverdale, Stafford- I shire. Ope»;ative Cotton Spinners and Self-Actor i- Minders' Association, Black Horse Inn, Accrington, Lancashire. Ama^amated Society of Boot and Shoe : Makers, 7, Burton Crescent, London, W.C, ' Middlesex. North Staffordshire Potters' Mould Makers' Sp^ty, Sea Lion Inn, Hanley, Staffordshire. Metropolitan Trade Society of Operative I Plasterers, Green Man Inn, St. Martin's liane, London, W.C, Middlesex. Hnllf Smackowners' Association, 6, New Billingsgate, Hull, Yorkshire. United Society .of Holderg-np of Great Britain and Ireland, 102, Mill Street, Liverpool, Lancashire. Greneral Union of Tin Plate Workers' Trade Society, Crystal Palace Tavern, Great Ancoats Street, Manchester, Lancashire. Hull Seamen and Marine Firemen's Amal- gamated Atssopiation, 1, Eailway Street, Hull, Yorkshire. Alliance Cabinet Makers' Association, 72, Finsbury Pavement, London, E.G., Mid- dlesex. Rochdale Male and Female Card and Blowing Boom and Bing Spinners' Association, 42, Drake Street, Bochdale, Lancashire. Bristol Association of Working Women, 27, Queen Square, Bristol, Gloucestershire. LiT^pool OpefC^tive Plasterers' Trade, Ac- cident, arid Burial Society, Mr. Princes', 110, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, Lancashire. * Not known, 1892. J This Society was originally established in 1785, 1878 1878 1878 1878 1879 1879 1873 1879 1834 1879 1879- 1879 1879 1785 1879 1879 1880 1880 1880 1880 1880 1880 1880 1880 1880 1881 1881 1881 1881 1881 1,854 192 1,428 527 864 1,404 542 451 43 1,395 28,983 283 678 148 432 1,898 755 28 1,334 1,121 1,825 34 118 £, 1,261 227 1,435 621 773 1,870 862 414 26 1,649 26,.525 304 503 224 628 2,271 733 11 1,432 1,540 1,838 200 32 154 £ 2^484 125 428 205 142 1,149 755 964 51 2,341 19,304 40 4,244 353 490 3,008 146 157 2,227 848 6,823 501 23 108 £ 8,077 90 421 111 233 683 435 1,001 68 2,087 21,762 19 4,419 277 294 2,635 168 174 2,129 429 6,810 301 25 72 800 75 254 134 54 1,588 401 559 84 3,609 9,350 46 3,509 691 294 5,526 171 54 1,168 906 5,380 580 35 t Return for year ending 30th June 1892. re-established in 1848, and registered 5th November, 1879. APPENDIX. — WBOIiE COMMISSION. 87 Register Name and Address. ' Year of Estab- Funds aist Dec. Funds 31st Dec. Income v for ISsii. Expendi- ture Nfl^Aet No. lishment. 1890. 1891. for 1891. MeraWs. --■r £ £ £ £ 347 United Pointsmen, and Signalmen's Mutual Aid and Sick Society, 5, Eamwell Street, Bolton, Lancashire. 1881 291 318 '. 1 2>77 1 1, 250 .403 348 Associated Society of Locomotive Enginfeera and Firemen, 44, Park Square^ Leeds, Yorkshire. 1881' 14,956 20,731 10(709 1 4,984 6,200 3S0 Lofthouse Miners' Eefiige, Travellers' Rest Inn, Lofthouse Gate, Yorkshire. 1881 ,1 i i'' I ■, > "— -^ 351 Liverpool Shipwrights' Trade and Friendly Association, 'Camden Rooms, Camden Street, Liverpool, Lancashire. 1881 1,341 1,558 1,908 '.; 1,691 1,365 857 Bristol Clothiers' Cutters' Trade Association, Haymarket Tavern, Lower Union Street, Bristol, Gloucestershire. 1881 123 161 - 56 28 96 *359 Amalgamated Protective and Provident So- ciety of Women working in Trades in Oxford, 87, New Inn Hall Street, Oxford. 1881 135 143 ■. ' 1 44 36 79 tsei . 1 Glass Bottle Makers' Amalgamated Trade Association, New Inn, Brierley Hill, Staffordshire. ■ ■ 1881 t363 Bolton Journeymen doggers' Society, Man * and Scythe Inn, Churchgate, Bolton, Lan- caAire. 1882 365 Gas Workers' Amalgamated Society, Duke of Cornwall 'Inn, Stewart's Road, Batter- sea, S.W., Surrey. 1882 366 Pride of Bamfurlong Miners' Provident Benefit Society, Bamfurlong Hall Hotel, Bamfurlong, Wigan, Lancashire. 1881 126 236 435 825 750 367 Ashton, Haydock, Bolton, &c.. Miners' Trade Union, Coffee Tavern, Bradshawgate, Bolton, Lancashire. 1882 512 382 4,239 4,369 13,354 $369 Society of Women employed in Shirt, Collar, and Underlineu Making, 36, Great Queen Street, Lincoln's Inn, London, W.C, Middlesex. 1882 57 49 14 22 26 870 Birkenhead Brickmakers' Society, Crown Hotel, 128, Conway Street, Birkenhead, Cheshire. Cleveland and District Blastfurnaoemen's 1882 372 1882 900 106 1,075 1,869 2,444 Association, Oddfellows' Hall, Middles- brough, Yorkshire. ■\' ' 373 London Unity of Hammermen, George Inn, George Street, Soufhwark, S.E., Surrey. 1882 165 165 61 61 33 374 Tramways and Omnibus Companies' Em- ployees' Universal Protection, Legal Aid, and Provident Association, 124, High Street, Shoreditch, E., Middlesex. 1882 -'■ '■" 375 Liverpool Operative Hpuse Painters' Old Society, 3, Russell Street, -Liverpool, Lan- cashire. 1 1882 1,194 1,610 i.ooo 584 1,250 376 Amalgamated Society of Horse Nail Forgers, 69, Alfred Street, Sparkbrook, Birmingham, Warwickshire. '^ 1882 378 Amalgamated Society of j Hawkers, Dealers, and Costermongers, 72a, Park Walk, Chelsea, S."W., Middlesex. 1882 ■)i; 880 Loudon Cen^rftl Association of House Decorators and Painters, City of Hereford Inn, Cleveland Street, London, W., Mid- dlesex. 1882 189 208 '' 47 « 34 86 381 Perseverance Cabinet Makers' Association, Crown Inn, 64, Cleveland Street, London, W., Middlesex. 1882 181 200 ' 80 1 61 'I . . 50 385 London Tin Canister and Tinmen's Trade Society, BeU Tavern, Church Row, Hounds- ditch, London, E., Middlesex. 1883 215 229 71 67 60 387 Pride of Golborne Lodge, Miners' Trade Union, Royal Oak Inn, Golborne, Lancashire. 1883 31 62 292 261' 420 389 Chorley and District Power Loom Over- lookers' Assoeiaition, 5, Fazakerley Street, Chorley, Lancashire. 1878 193 207 111 97 Hi.' 75 :.-4 393 Amalgamated Electro Plate Operatives' Mutual Aid and Protection Society, 97, Newball Street, Birmingham, Warwickshire. 1882 1,194 1,369 444 269 828 395 Amalgamated Society of General Toolmakers audi Machinists, 92, Ravenhurst Street, Birmingham, Warwickshire. 1872 1,193 1,421 1,490 < 1,262 1,200 396 West Biding of Yorkshire Power Loom Weavers' Association, 9, Northumberland Street, Huddersfield, Yorkshire. 1883 705 809 1,413 1,809 4,500 398 Manchester and District Association of Warp Dressers, 11, Goole Street, Clayton, Man- chester, Lancashire. 1883 140 192 87 35 110 401 Northumberland Colliery Mechanics' Mutual Protection Association,, 129,,B)swick Road, Newcastle-on-Tyne, Northumberland. 1875 440 674 449 215 650 * Return for year ending 30th September 1891. t Noftaown, 1892. % Return for year ending 4th July 1892. L 4 §8 ROYAL COMMISSION ON LABOUR: Begister No. Name and Address. Tear of Estab- lishment. Fonds 3lBt Dec. 1890. Funds 31st Dec. 1891. Income for 1891. Expendi- ture for 1891. Number of Members. 402 404 405 406 t407 {414 415 416 417 419 420 *423 424 425 4^6 428 429 430 §431 432 433 435 436 437J( 438 439 441 II 4 42 443 Friendly Society of Ironfounders of Bngland, 1872 Ireland, and Wales, 200, New Kent Road, Southwark, S.B., Surrey. London Stereotypers' and Electrotypers' 1869 Society, Rose Tavern, Old Bailey, London, RC, Middlesex. Tailors and Outfitters' Assistants' Mutual 1888 Association, Crown Hotel, 43, Charing, Cross Boad, W.C, Middlesex. Carriage Straighteners' Society, Green 1884 Dragon Inn, Nottingham. United Operative Plumbers' Association of 1884 Great Britain and Ireland, 167, Islington, Liverpool, Lancashire. Operative Glovers' Society, Union Inn, 1884 Garden Street, Worcester. Amalgamated Tape Sizers' Friendly Protec- 1884 tion Society, Town Hall Inn, Ashton-under- , Lyne, Lancashire. Nottinghamshire Miners' Association, 22, 1884 Liddington Street, New Basford, Notting- hamshire. Signalmen's United Aid and Sick Society, 1884 Commercial Hotel, North Bierly, Low Moor, Yorkshire. Amalgamated Society of Chippers, Drillers, 1884 and Ship Fitters of London and District, Greenwich Pensioner Inn, Bow Lane, ' Poplar, E., Middlesex. Leicestershire Miners' Association, Hermit- 1884 age House, Whitwick, Leicestershire. United Glovers' Mutual Aid Society, Half 1885 Moon Inn, Yeovil, Somersetshire. Amalgamated Society of Engineers, 89, 188S Stamford Street, London, S.E., Surrey. Amalgamated Union of Cabinet Makers, 139, 1885 Kensington, Liverpool, Lancashire. Birmingham Operative Brass Cock Finishers' 1884 Trade, Sick, and Dividend Society, Engine Tavern, 91, Great Hampton Bow, Birming- jham, Warj^ckshire. Leicester and Leicestershire Amalgamated 1885 Hosiery Union, Exchange Buildings, Rut- land Street, Leicester. Blackburn Power Loom Weavers' Protection 1885 Society, 3, Union Street, Blackburn, Lan- cashire. Overlookers' Provident Society, 3, The Gtrove 1862 Shelf, Halifax, Yorkshire. Borongh of Portsmouth and Gosport Cattle 1886 Dealers and Master Butchers' Association, 313, Commercial Boad, Landport, Hamp- shire. National Union of Boot and Shoe Operatives, 1874 17, Silver Street, Leicester. Crown Amalgamated Society of Drillers and 1886 Hole Cutters of England, Royal Engineers' Hotel, Ormonde Street, Jarrow, Durham. Amalgamated Society of Electrical Operatives, 1886 81, High Holbom, London, W.C, Mid- dlesex. Alliance French Polishers' Society, Bed 1878 Lion Inn, Portland Street, Berwick Street, Oxford Street, London, W., Middlesex. Amalgamated Society of Silk Pickers, Black 1886 Swan Hotel, Sheep Market, Leek, Stafiord- shire. | United Association of Milk Dealers, Clnb I 1886 Room, behind the Albert Hotel, New I Bridge Street, Keigbley, Yorkshire. National Union of Life Assurance Agents, 1886 84, Gieat Ancoats Street, Manchester, Lancashire. South Sldelds United Seamen and Firemen's 1886 Society, 48, Coronation Street, South Shields, Durham. Window Glass Cutters' Trade and Benefit 1886 Society, King's Head and Lamb Inn, 49, Upper Thames Street, London, E.C., Mid- dlesex. London Tailors and Machinists' Society, Man 1886 in the Moon Inn, Colchester Street, White- chapel, E., Middlesex. ■ & 47,854 761 235 431 4,949 642 220 5,412 480 403 239,509 765 383 1,346 1,635 2.066 182 13,417 292 560 14 64 (Defy.) 50 53,022 843 452 438 4,691 749 222 10,242 59 693 460 237,251 1,063 411 2,113 2,247 138 17,310 100 648 27 39 (Defy.) 50 £ 49,015 219 408 76 7,435 149 66 6,856 19 346 87 189,774 3,iri 84 6,016 1,767 498 28 731 260 23 644 21 £ 43,847 127 191 69 7,693 42 64 2,026 133 30 192,082 2,873 56 7,362 1,289 317 72 28,992 25,099 923 172 10 619 21 15,291 257 250 55 5,549 232 126 18,341 41 550 97 71,221 1,374 49 3,887 2,384 355 91 48,483 310 237 25 1,179 31 * Return for the year ending 5th April 1892. f Return for the period 1st April to 3 1st December ISJ, J Return for year ,nding 31st March 1891. § Return for the period 20th February to 31st December laTl l| Betnm for year pudinisr 2nd January 1892. APPE;NDIXa,-7rWH0]^E ppjflMISSION. 89 No. Name and AddreBS. Tear of Estab- lishment. Funds Slst Dec. 1890. Funds Slst Deo. 1891. Income for 1891. Expendi- ture for 1891. Number of Members. 444 445 446 447 448 450 *452 453 454 455 J456 §457 459 460 461 462 464 465 466 467 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 City of Liverpool Horse Shoers' Friendly Society, Odd Fellows' Hall, St. Anne Street, Liverpool, Lancashire. Nelson and District Association of Warp Dressers, Nelson CofEee Tavern, Nelson, Lancashire. National Amalgamated Society of Operative House and Snip Painters and Decorators, 12, Camp Street, Lower Broughton, Man- chester, Lancashire. Warwickshire Miners' Association, CoUy- croft, Bedworth, Nuneaton, Warwickshire. Portsmouth Dairymen's Protection Associa- tion, Golden Fleece Inn, Commercial Boad, Landport, Portsmouth, Hampshire. Hotel Employes Society, 107, Charlotte Street, Fitzroy Square, London, W., Middlesex. Oldham and District Under Engineers and Stokers' Trade Union, Spread Eagle Inn, Manchester Street, Ol^am, Lancashire. Nottingham Lace Manufacturers' Association, 6, Clinton Street, Nottingham. Erimus Lodge of Seamen and Seagoing Firemen of the Port of Middlesborough, Young's Dining Booms, North Street, Middlesborough, Yorkshire. Poor Man's Friend Lodge, Miners' Trade Union, Bam's Head Inn, Haydock, Lancashire. Billiard Association of Great Britain and Ireland', India, and the Colonies, 140, Fleet Street, London, E.C., Middlesex. Journeymen Hatters' Fair Trade Union of Great Britain and Ireland, 124, Blackfriars Boad, London, S.E., Surrey. Vellum Account Book Binders' Trade Society, 17, Devonshire Square, Bishops- gate Street, London, E.G., Middlesex. Felsall District Miners' "Association, 128, Butts Road, Wallsall, Staffordshire. Bochdale Operative House Painters' Asso- ciation, 2, Crook Street, John Street, Bochdale, Lancashire. Amalgamated Society of Lithographic Artists, Designers, and Writers, and Copperplate and Wood Engravers, 6, Pall Mall, Manchester, Lancashire. Oldham Provincial Card and Blowing Boom Operatives' Association, 108, Union Street, Oldham, Lancashire. Amalgamated Society of Lace Pattern Readers, Correctors, Press and Piano Punchers, 16, Pembridge Place, Mount Street, Nottingham. Coalville and District Miners' Association, Station Inn, Swannington, Leicestershire. Nottingham and District Off Licences Asso- ciation, Guildhall Tavern, Nottingham. East London Unity of Hammermen, Rising Sun Inn, 270, High Street, Poplar, London, E., Middlesex. Friendly Society of Operative Stonemasons of England, Ireland, and Wales, 15, Stam- ford Street, London, S.E., Surrey. Yeadon, Guiseley, and District Power Loom Weavers' Association, Mission Boom, New Scarborough, Yorkshire. Associated Iron and Steel Workers of Great Britain, 8, Grange Boad, Darlington, Durham. National Union of Quarrymen, 1, John Street, Enderby, Leicestershire. National Society of Lithographic Artists, Designers, Writers, Draughtsmen, and Copperplate and Wood Engravers, 52, Fleet Street, London, E.C., Middlesex. Amalgamated Society of Lithographic Printers of Great Britain and Ireland, 73, Upper Brook Street, Chorlton-on- Medlock, Lancashire. Hebrew Cabinet Makers' Association, 69, Brick Lane, Spitalfields, B., Middlesex. Liverpool and Birkenhead French Polishers' Association, 63, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, Lancashire. 1886 1886 1886 1886 1886 1886 1886 1886 1886 1887 1887 1887 1823 1887 1887 1885 1887 1887 1887 1887 1887 1887 1887 1887 1887 1887 1879 1887 1887 £ 126 500 4,446 1,430 164 607 I6S (Defy.) 64 316 2,616 2,337 1,414 624 862 2,758 100 2,242 132 189 5,483 136 4,840 66 396 2,612 49 203 £ 137 617 6,087 2,504 159 711 27 121 397 1,510 1,914 2,608 625 1,022 5,930 187 3,699 163 243 8,897 229 5,242 210 463 3,137 U 231 £ 124 364 6,369 2,197 22 958 421 158 200 9,750 2,229 2,641 191 575 9,920 186 2,202 76 158 18,320 154 5,180 193 500 3,740 293 111 £ 113 247 4,728 1,123 27 854 229 101 119 10,856 2,652 1,447 190 415 6,748 99 745 45 104 14,906 61 4,778 49 433 3,215 331 83 66 453 4,140 3,256 44 ],100 78 203 1,405 843 5,492 164 468 10,126 180 3,235 334 104 14,090 500 8,415 1,388 290 2,502 265 64 * Dissolved, 1892. J Return for the year ending 30th September 1891. / 78448. Return for the year ending Slst January 1892. M 90 BOYAL COMMISSION ON LABOUR ; Register No. 478 479 480 482 483 484 485 4$6 487 4S8 *489 490 491 494 495 496 497 498 499 500 501 502 503 504 505 *507 508 509 Name and Address. London Society of Wire Workers, CroWn Inn, Kirby Street, Hatton Garden, London, E.C., Middlesex. Bossen^ale and surrounding District Quarry- men's Association, Bossendale, Lancashire. Amalgamated Trade Society of Fancy Leather Workers, White Swan Inn, White- friars Street, London, B.C., Middlesex. Newport (Mon.) Shipwrights' Society, Tradesmen's Hall, HiU Street, Newport, Monmouthshire. Dock, Wharf, Riverside, and General Labourers' Union of Great Britain and Ireland, Assembly Hall, 33, Mile End Road, London, B., Middlesex. National Association of Blast Fumacemen, Odd Fellows' Hall, Bridge Street, Middles- borough, Yorkshire. Birmingham Independent Mill Sawyers and Wood-Cutting Machinists' Trade Society, White Swan Inn, Water Street, Birming- ham, Warwickshire. St. Helen's Association of Colliery Bngine- men, 8, George Street, St. Helens, Lanca- shire. National Amalgamated Sailors and Fire- men's Union of Great Britain and Ireland, 19, Buckingham Street, Strand, London, W.C, Middlesex. Northumberland Co-operative Employees Mutual Protection and Aid Association, Co - operative Buildings, Ashington, Northumberland. Newcastle and District Society of Drillers and Cutters, Blenheim Hotel, Newcastle- on-Tyne, Northumberland. United fflngdom Amalgamated Society of Shipwrights, 16, Argyle Street, AnIaby Road, Hull, Yorkshire. No. 1 Lodge, Miners' Glory, Salop District of the Midland Counties Federation, Brown Lion Inn, Oakengates, Shropshire. StafEord House Painters and Decorators' Society, Wheatsheaf Inn, Stafford. Cardiff, Penarth, and Barry Coal ■ Trimmers' Protection and Benefit Association, Great Western Coffee Tavern, St. Mary Street, Cardiff, Glamorganshire. London ]h:inting Machine Managers' Trade Society, 134, SaUsbury Square, Fleet Street, London, B.C., Middlesex. South Wales, Monmouthshire, and Glouces- tershire Tin Plate Workers' Union, 8, Station Road, Llanelly, Carmarthenshire. Monmouthshire and South Wales District Miners' Association, Railway Hotel, Crumlin, Monmouthshire. Amalgamated Slaters of England Provident Society, 38, Clarence Street, Newcastle-on- Tyne, Northumberland. Carpenters and Joiners' Protection Society, Sir John Franklin Inn, 279, Bast India Road, Poplar, B., Middlesex. Cab Drivers' Mutual Aid and Protection Society, 5, Leicester Street, London, W.C, Middlesex. Hull Journeymen Brass Founders and Finishers' Society, Foresters' Hall, Charlotte Street, Hull, Yorkshire. National Labour Federation, 61, Maple Street, Neweastle-on-Tyne, Northumber- land. National Steel Workers' Association, Engineering and Labour League, 14, Dixon Terrace, Darlington, Durham. Associated Shipwrights' Society, 3, St. Nicholas Buildings, Newcastle-on-Tyne, Northumberland. Steel Workers' Association and United Labour League of Britain, 22, Yaughan Street, Grange Town, Yorkshire. London Carmen's Trades Union, Tiger Inn, Tower Dock, London, E., Middlesex. Cigarette Workers and Tobacco Cutters' Union, 90, Commercial Road, London, E., Middlesex. Year of Estab- lishment. Funds 81st Dec. 1890. 1887 1885 1887 1888 1888 1888 1888 1864 1888 1888 1888 1888 1888 1888 1888 1888 1888 1888 188i 1888 1888 1888 1886 1888 1888 1888 1888 1888 662 293 267 6,285 Funds 31st Dec. 1891. 1,088 31,008 26 175 386 498 4,333 83 208 44 1,167 424 539 16,688 182 735 390 326 6;809 1,143 8,202 207 390 649 4,764 217 181 50 ♦ 1,263 200 111 23,787 138 Income for 1891. 97 138 144 19,344 641 208 34,490 Bxpendi- ture for 1891. Number of Members. 124 465 697 2,862 649 319 33 273 1,269 1,194 14,599 1,182 24 41 85 18,820 641 153 57,296 28 92 461 546 2,431 515 346 27 ; 177 1,493 1,622 7,500 217 177 88 30,000, 7,000 1.53 20,000 94 850 1,035 1,450 3,260 460 53 138 6,000 1,605 10,120 1,226 3,700 * Dissolved, 1892. iiAPPBNDK. — ^WHOLE. COMMISSION. 91 Register No. Name and Address. 510 511 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 521 522 523 524 t525 *526 527 528 $529 530 §531 532 533 534 t535 536 t537 538 Year of Estab- lishment. Funds 3l8t Deo. 1890. St. Bede Society of Diilleiaand Hole Cutters, Rose and Crown Inn, Nixoti Street, Jarrow, Durham. Kearsley, Clifton, Pendlebury, and Pendleton Miners' Association and Checkweigh Fund, Good Intent Lodge, Pendlebury, Shepherds' Arms, Pendlebury, Lancashire. London District, of the Amalgamated tTnion of Operative Bakers and Confectioners, 36, Oakbury Road, Fulham, S.W., Middlesex. North and South Shields District Society of Drillers and Hole Cutters, Bee Hive Inn, Thrift Street, South Shields, Durham. Halifax and District Association of Warp Dressers, King's Head Inn, Cqw Qreen, Halifax, Yorkshire. Grosvenor Society of House Painters and ; Decorators, Talbot Inn, Little Chester Street, Belgrave Square, London, S.W., Middlesex. Amalgamated Union of Operative Bakers and Confectioners of Great Britain and Ireland, 168, Camden Street, London, N., Middlesex. London Society of Wood-working Machinists, Wood Turners, Fret Cutters, and Mill Sawyers' Association, Apollo Inii, Totten- ham Court Road, London, W., Middlesex. South Derbyshire Amalgamated Miners' Association, Rose Cottage, Regent Street, Castle Gresley, Derbyshire. London Braziers' Hand-in-Hand Society, Sir Ralph Abercrombie Inn, Charles Street, Hatton Garden, London, E.C., Middlesex. Prescot Watchmakers' Association, Crown Hotel, Kerable Street, Prescot, Lancashire. Society of Chelsea Seamstresses, Cross Keys Coffee Tavern, Sydney Street, Chelsea, S.W., Middlesex, Rose of Tyne Society of Drillers and Cutters, Waggon Inn, Low Walker, Northumber- land. Hebburn ' Drillers and Cutters' Association, Albert Hotel, Albert Street, Hebburn, Northumberland. National Amalgamateid Union of Certificated Officers, 29, West Sunniside, Sunderland, Durham. Shipwrights' Provident Union of the Port of London, 20, Gough Street, Stainsby Road, Poplar, E., Middlesex. Dalton and District United Workmen's As- sociation, 19a, Chapel Street, Dalton-iu- Fnrness, Lancashire. National Society of Amalgamated Brass Workers, 70, Lionel Street, Birmingham, Warwickshire. ■ j Burnley Miners' Association, Prosperity Lodge, Burnley, Meadows' Inn, King Street, Burnley, Lancashire. National Union of Gas Workers and General Labourers of Great Britain and Ireland, 144, Barking Road, Canning Town, E., Essex. Tyneside and, National Labour Union, 169, Westgate Road, Newcastle-on-Tyne, North- umberland. Jewish Mutual Boot Finishers and Lasters' Benefit and Trade Society, Black Horse Inn, Leman Street, Whitechapel, E., Mid- dlesex. Winsford Salt Makers' Associatibn, Golden Lion Hotel, High Street, Winsford, Cheshire. Wallsend and District Society of Drillers and Hole Cutters, Queen's Hpad Inn, Wallsend, Northumberland. Horse Owtiers and Drivers' Mutual Guardian Association, 39, Major Street, Manchester, Lancashire. : United Plate Glass Workers' Society, Hes- keth Arms, St. Helens, Lancashire. Welsh. Iron Founders' Trade Union, Welcome do£fee Tavern, High Street, Swansea, Gla- morganshire, j 1888 1888 1889 1888 1889 1889 1889 1889 1888 1827 1889 1889 1889 1889 1889 1874 1889 1889 1889 1889 1889 1889 1889 1889 1889 1889 £ 163 1,739 620 108 100 123 1,067 Funds 31st Dec. 189i. 1,001 628 167 223 201 7,626 ' 817 3,816 892 5,471 7,829 3,005 189 94 101 195 3,624 690 118 125 138 1,366 1,994 649 216 325 261 8,102 1,262 4,521 1,928 3,834 9,544 3,203 249 161 2S0 Income for 1891. 191 . 5,779 2,351 90 52 ■ 37 2,052 1,781 58 55 177 150 2,289 937 6,788 2,401. 15,532 13,019 1,013 M 133 Expendi- ture for 1891. 226 £ 159 3,894 2,281 SO 27 1,753 788 37 6 75 90 1,813 492 6,083 1,365 17,169 11,304 815 73 Number of Members. 97 126 3,100 1,870 39 81 89 4,000 2,998 66 104 125 86 1,398 2,142 6,005 2,146 35,719 25,200 1,548 100 112 340 ♦ Not ■known'; 11892, ^t Diseollvedj 1892. ' T . 'HCK/dturn for year ending . 6th February'1892. § Retiiin for>yeai' ending S^lst March 1892. ■ M 2 92 ROYAL COMMISSION ON LABOUE : Begister No. 539 540 541 542 548 544 545 *546 548 549 550 11551 553 553 554 555 t556 558 559 562 $563 564 Name and Address. 566 567 568 Willington Quay and District Lodge of DrillerB and Cutters, Alma Hotel, Willing- ton Quay, Northumberland. Manchester and Salford House Painters' Association, No. 1, New Cross Keys Inn, Cross Street, Swan Street, Manchester, Lancashire. Bisca Colliery Workmen's Association, Cross Keys Hotel, Cross Keys, Monmouthshire. United Kingdom Society of Amalgamated Smiths and Strikers, 88, Victoria Street, Openshaw, Manchester, Lancashire. Abercame CoUiery Workmen's Association, Cross Keys Hotel, Cross Keys, Monmouth- shire. Ormesby Iron Works Pipe Makers' Associa- tion, Cleveland Hotel, North Ormesby, Yorkshire. Amalgamated Society of India - rubber Workers, 11, Moulton Street, Hulme, Man- chester, Lancashire. Bedstead Workmen's Association, 17, Stafford Street, Birmingham, Warwickshire. Amalgamated Society of Eoremen Lightermen of the Eirer Thames, Queen's Arms, Queen's Street, London, E.C., Middlesex. Union of Saddlers, Harness Makers, Collar Makers, and Bridle Cutters, Falstaff Hotel, Market Place, Manchester, Lancashire. Northern Counties Amalgamated Association of Tramway and Hackney Carriage Em- ployees, 7 and 8, Parsonage Buildings, Manchester, Lancashire. International Federation of all Trades and Industries, Bell Tavern, York Street, Lam- beth, S.E., Surrey. Union of Ship-masters and Officers of Great Britain and Ireland, 33, Market Place, South Shields, Durham. National Amalgamated Labourers' Union of Great Britain and Ireland, 32, Arcade Chambers, Castle Arcade, Cardiff, Gla- morganshire. United Capmakers' Society, 41, Fhilpot Street, Commercial Boad, London, B., Middlesex. Amalgamated Builders' Labourers' Union of Great Britain and Ireland, Volunteer Inn, St. Peter's Street, Leeds, Yorkshire. Amalgamated Society of Whitesmiths, Lock- smiths, Bellhangers, Domestic Bn^neers, Art Metal Workers, and General Iron Fitters, Trades Council Hall, Whitechapel, Liverpool, Lancashire. Non-Freemen of the River Thames Wharf, Dock and Canal Labour Protection Society, Town Hall Coffee Palace, 785, Commercial Boad, Limehouse, E., Middlesex. Birmingham and MicUand District of the Amalgamated Union of Operative Bakers and Confectioners of Great Britain and Ireland, 53, Pitt Street, West Bromwich, Staffordshire. Association of Master Lightermen and Barge Owners, Port of London, 109, Fenchurch Street, London, B.C., Middlesex. National Amalgamated Coal Porters' Union of Inland and Sea-borne Coal Workers, 44, Begent Square, London, W.C, Middlesex. Printers' Labourers' Union, 1, St. Anne's Chambers, Blackfriars, London, B.C., Mid- dlesex. Northwich and District Amalgamated Society of Salt Workers, Alkali Workers, Mec- hanics, and General Labourers, Vine Tavern, Bull Bing, Northwich, Cheshire. Amalgamated Society of Enginemen, Crane- men, Boilermen, and Firemen, 4, Commer- cial Buildings, Wilson Street, Middles- borongh, Yorkshire. Covent Garden Porters' Union, Lockhait's Cocoa Booms, Covent Garden, London, W.C, Middlesex. Sunderland and District Society of Drillers and Cutters, Hat and Feather Hotel, Low Row, BishopweaimoQth, Durham. Year of Estab- lishment. Funds 31st Dec. 1890. Funds 31st Dec. 1891. Income for 1891. 1889 1889 1889 1889 1889 1889 1889 1889 1889 1889 1889 1889 1889 1889 1889 1889 1889 1889 1889 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 A 90 (?)188 276 1,652 81 93 4 393 259 283 522 2,562 593 109 217 118 874 1,001 412 1,209 805 114 97 £ 105 230 296 2,820 108 37 68 1,647 478 311 984 2,889 1,025 199 296 136 949 679 947 1,985 210 156 121 A 70 101 163 2,677 87 85 128 3,095 320 350 1,205 4,087 937 291 527 205 511 2,780 1,051 1,239 2,001 210 112 Expendi- ture for 1891. .Number ,of Members. 55 59 143 2,009 60 141 64 1,841 101 322 743 3,760 605 201 448 187 436 3,102 516 463 2,096 168 88 50 71 100 1,584 147 56 290 2,452 242 791 2,424 4,117 673 117 824 192 97 (Firms.) 5,000 1,200 1,803 3,495 821 14S * Betum for year ending 30th April 1892. t Return for the period 5th July 1890 to 31st December 1891. J Return for year ending 31st March 1892. § Betum for year ending 17th October 1891. || Not known, 1892. APPENBIX. — WHOLE COMMISSION. 93 Register No. Name and Address. 569 *570 571 572 573 574 §575 576 t577 1578 §579 ||580. 581 582 583 584 585 586 587 588 589 f590 591 592 593 594 595 596 597 598 Year of Estab- lishment. London and District United Society of Dril- lers, Windsor Castle Inn, Victoria Dock Road, Canning Town, E., Essex. Mersey Quay and Railway Carters' Union, 35, Cazneau Street, Liverpool, Lancashire. Long Eaton and District Association of Operative Lace Makers, 25, Prince Street, Long Eaton, Derbyshire. Downed Green, Ashton-in-Makerfield, Hinge- makers' Union, Village Club, DownaU Green, North Ashton, Wigan, Lancashire. General Railway Workers' Union, 30, Fleet Street, London, E.C., Middlesex. Lodge No. 4, Miners' Defence, Salop District of the Midland Counties Federation, Royal Exchange Inn, Madeley, Shropshire. Amalgamated Leather Trade Union, Temper- ance Hall, Station Road, Spa Road, Ber- mondsey, S.E., Surrey. Millers' National Union, 134, Southwark Park Road, Southwark, S.E., Surrey. Barrow - in - Furness Drillers' Association, King's Arms Inn, Dalton Road, Barrow-in- Furness, Lancashire. Scientific Instrument Makers' Trade Society, Kemble's Head Inn, Long Acre, London, W.C, Middlesex. International Tailors' Machinists and Pressers' Union, 20, Booth Street, Spitalfields, E., Middlesex. United Society of Drillers and Hole Cutters of the Hartiepools District, Voltigeur Hotel, Middleton, Durham. Federation of Salt Workers, Alkali Workers, Mechanics, and General Labourers, Odd- fellows' Arms Inn, Wharton, Winsford, Cheshire. Amalgamated Society of Winders, Fillers, and Braid Makers, Black Swan Hotel, Sheep Market, Leek, Staffordshire. Amalgamated Society of Gas Workers, Brick Makers, and General Labourers, 115, Great Francis Street, Birmingham, Warwickshire. Milnrow Miner^' Association, Perseverance Lodge, Milnrow, Entwistle Arms Inn, Miln- row, Lancashire. National Association of Builders' Labourers, 42, Ryland Street, Birmin ;ham, Warwick- shire. United Builders' Labourers' I Tnion, Alexandra Temperance Hall, Southv ark Park Road, Southwark, S.E., Surrey. Glass Painters' Union, Hawai-den Castle Inn, Gower Place, Euston Road, London, N.W., Middlesex. Fret Lead Glaziers and Cutters' Union, 174, Tottenham Court Road, London, W., Mid- dlesex. AspuU District Miners' Association, Royal Hotel, Newsprings, AspuU. Lancashire. Kent and Essex Brickma.ters and Flint Merchants' Protection Association, 47, Belvedere Road, Lambeth. S.E., Surrey. London Clothiers' Cutters' Trade Union, Castle Tavern, Commercial Road, London, E., Middlesex. Norfolk and Norwich Amalgamated Labour Union, 2, Surrey Street, Norwich, Norfolk. Manchester Jewish Machinists, Tailors and Pressers' Trade Union, Clieetwood Street, Strangeways, Manchester, Lancashire. No. Branch of the South Side Labour Protection League, Henry the Eighth Inn, Union Street, Borough, S.E., Surrey. Bristol Miners' Association, 1, Burohill's Grcun Road, Kingswood, Bristol, Glouces- tershire. Lithographic Stone and Zinc Preparers' Society, Hand and Shears Inn, Cloth Fair, Smithfield, E.G., Middlesex. Islington Society of House Painters and Decorators, 14, HoUoway Road, HoUoway, N., Middlesex. Universal Federation of House and Ship Painters and Painters' Labourers' Union, Liliput Hall, Piivker's Row, Dookhead, S.E., Surrey. 1890 1890 189U 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 Funds 31st Dec. 1890. Funds 31st Dec. 1891. £ 39 1,450 12 28 2,107 55 414 365 146 349 53 309 57 308 168 132 109 593 117 283 73 ,222 129 21 11 Income for 1891. Expendi- ture for 1891. Number of Members. £ 71 !,248 22 47 3,153 74 543 587 (?) 229 621 63 685 72 967 319 212 125 896 213 477 163 110 3,323 125 24 14 £ 53 2,180 66 23 4,094 128 1,007 336 97 423 76 1,141 152 1,511 421 182 100 1,405 243 293 599 136 4,084 126 61 15 £ 21 1,382 56 4,048 109 878 114 H 151 66 765 137 852 270 102 , 84 1,102 147 99 436 99 2,983 130 58 12 64 2,780 238 37 12,000 300 1,600 302 154 1,892 120 3,152 200 3,321 1,300 131 86 602 27 550 840 297 3,356 228 159 4\> » neturnfof vear ending .'ilM October, 1891. t . jjg( known, JSa's, |] Return fei" the pcHffld aoth June Dissolved, 1892. to Slst Deoembrt 1801 J Return for year ending 3nth September 1891, f Return for year ending 31?t January 1892, M 3 94 ROYAL COMMISSION ON LABOU:^ : Begister Year of Funds Funds Income for 1891. Expendi- Number Name and Address. Estab- 81st Dec. 31st Dec. ture of lishment. 1890. 1891. for 1891. Members. £ £ £ £ 599 London Slaters' and Tilers' Union and Accident Benefit Society, Three Kings Inn, ClerkenweU Close, London, E.G., Middlesex. 1890 600 National Amalgamated I'ramcar and Omnibus Employees' Association of Great Britain, Washington Hotel, Cardiff, Glamorgan- shire. Byker and District Society of Drillers and 1890 601 1890 113 135 198 176 116 Hole Cutters, Eoyal Station Hotel, Dalton Street, Byker, Northumberland. *602 Trade Union of Carpenters and Joiners of London and District, Exchange Tavern, High Street, Poplar, E., Middlesex. 1890 65 103 S8 175 603 London United Wire Bope Makers and Fitters' Association, Union Tavern, Emmett Street, Llmebouse, E., Middlesex. 1890 41 55 40 26 100 604 Liverpool and District Dairymen's Associa- tion, 51, Eanelagh Street, Liverpool, Lancashire. 1890 14 29 38 23 60 605 South Durham and North Yorkshire Salt Makers' Association, Clarence Hotel, Port Clarence, Durham. 1890 94 > i ■ 125 184 153 296 t606 Ship's Clerks' Trade Association, 1, Bedford Terrace, Bedford Street, Poplar, E., Middlesex. 1890 60 72 33 21 32 607 National Amalgamated Society of Railway Waggon and Carriage Builders and Lifters, St. Columbus' Reading Room, Cardiff, Glamorganshire. 1890 147 307 283 123 421 608 South Side Labour Protection League, Old Justice Inn, Bermondsey Wall, Bermond- sey, S.E., Surrey. 1890 121 98 905 928 2,850 t609 City of Norwich United Wire-netting Weavers' Union, Arabian Horse Inn, St. Martin-at-Oak, Norwich, Norfolk. 1890 •' 1 " ■~~' 610 United Clickers and Rough Stuff Cutters' Trade Union, 9, Abbey Street, Bethnal Green Road, E., Middlesex. 1890 294 411 451 334 1,624 611 National Amalgamated Riggers, Boatmen, and Hobblers' Union of Great Britain and Ireland, Wyndham Arcade, Cardiff, Glamorganshire. 1890 612 Midland Counties Warp Hand Association, Anchor Inn, Market Street, Ilkeston, Derbyshire. 1890 ~ " ■""■ 614 Upper Mersey Watermen and Porters' Association, Union Hall, Regent Street, Runcorn, Cheshire. 1890 130 96 503 537 - 834 615 Universal Union of Labour, 62, Grainger Street, Newoastle-on-Tyne, Northumber- land. 1890 •"" « — — — 616 London and Counties Trade Society of House Painters and Decorators, White Swan Inn, Salisbury Court, Fleet Street, London, E.C., MidiUesex. 1890 162 162 700 617 Baxenden and Accrington Miners' Associa- tion, Pull Together Lodge, Accrington, Black Horse Hotel, Accrington, Lanca- shire. 1890 89 161 250 178 303 618 Norwich United Clickers and Rough Stuff Cutters' Mutual Benefit Society and Trade Union, 131, Newmarket Street, Norwich, Norfolk. 1890 87 133 102 36 1 196 619 Association of Foremen and Clerks of the Docks, Wharves, and Warehouses of London, Wesleyan Schools, Cable Street, St. George's-in-the-East, E., Middlesex. 1890 186 , 183 134 137 400 620 Amalgamated Type Founders' Trade Society, Ironmongers' Tavern, Lizard Street, St. Luke's, E.C., Middlesex. 1890 134 145 U4 103 166 621 East London Ropemakers' Union, 106, Mile 1890 59 10 31 80 144 End Boad, London, E., Middlesex. 622 West End House Painters' and Decorators' 1890 9 35 55 29 200 Trade Union, Adam's Arms Inn, South- ampton Street, Fitzroy Square, London, W., Middlesex. 1624 Liverpool Cotton and General Warehouse 1890 590 715; 616 491 761 Porters' Society, 2, Cockspur Street, West Street, Pall Mall, Liverpool, Lancashire. 625 International Federation of Stewards, Sea^ men, and Firemen, Virginia Chambers, Sunderland, Durham. 1890 ~~ -M* — — — 626 United Drillers' and Cutters' Society, 1890 78 135 159 102 180 Ejngston-upon-Hull, 5, Buckingham Ter- race, Buckingham Street, Hull, Yorkshire. * Return for year ending 12th August 1892. ■]■ Dissolved, 1892. { Return for the period 12th April 1890 to 2ud April 1892. APPENDIX.-^WHOLE COMMISSION. 95 Register No. Hame and Addiese'. 628 629 630 *631 632 633 t634 635 t636 637 638 639 640 641 642 643 644 645 646 t647 648 649 §650 651 Year of Bstab- lishment. Amtdgamated Protection Union of Hammer- men, Enginemen, Machinemen, Helpers, and General Labourers, 48, East India Dock Boad, Limehouse, E., Middlesex. ' Amalgamated Society of Engine Drivers and Firemen (both Land and Marine), 100, Abbott's Bead, Poplar, E., Middlesex. Bochester and District Associated Ship, Barge, Yacht, and Boat Builders, Mast Makers, Smiths, Joiners, Sail Makers, and Sa-wyers' Trade Union, Coffee Tavern, St. Margaret's Banks, Bochester, Kent. Permanent Labourers' Mutual Protection Association of the Docks, Wharves, River, and Warehouses of London, Wesleyan School Boom, Cable Street, St. George's- in-the-East, E., Middlesex. Independent Order of the Knights of Labour, Turf Hotel, North Street, Jarrow, Durham. Machine Strap Makers' Society, Balloon Inn, Balloon Street, Corporation Street, Man- chester, Lancashire. London Master Carmen and Cartage Con- tractors' Association, 78, Wool Exchange, Basinghall Street, London, E.C., Middlesex. Protection Union of the United EeUowship Porters of the City of London Orange, Grain, Potato, and Malt Porters, Fellow- ship Porters' Office, Rose Court, Great Tower Street, London, E.C., Middlesex. Amalgamated Society of Laundresses and General Working Women,: Industrial Hall, Clark's Buildings, Broad Street, London, W.C, Middlesex. Mercantile Ships' Clerks' Union, All Hallows Parish Room, Athol Street, Poplar, E., Middlesex. Cleveland Drillers and Hole Cutters' Society, Wellington Hotel, Albert Road, Middles - borough, Yorkshire. Hull Builders' Labourers' Protective, Acci- dent, and Burial Society, Cobden Hall, Waltham Street, Hull, Yorkshire. Eastern Counties Labour Federation, 6, Museum Street^ Ipswich, Suffolk. Electrical Trades Union, Clarence Hotel, Aldersgate Street, London, E.G., Middle- sex. Amalgamated Protective Union of Engine Drivers, Crane • Drivers, Hydraulic and Boiler Attendants, 48, Barking Road, Canning Town, E., Essex. Western Counties Operative Excavators', Quarcymen's, and General Labourers' Friendly Trade Society, School Room, Richmond Lane, Plymouth, Devonshire. Port of Milton sind District Associated Ship, Barge, Yacht, and Boat Builders, Mast Makers, Smiths, Joiners, Sail Makers, and Sawyers' Trade Union, Coffee Tavern, Milton-next-Sittiiigboume, Kent. Block Chain Makers' Association, Man- chester Inn, Four Ways, Cradley Heath, Staffordshire. ^ Barometer, Thermometer, and Tube Blowers Tracle and Benefit Society, Crown Tavern, Clerkenwell Green, London, E.C., Mid- dl6S6X> No. 13 Branch of the South Side Labour Protection League, Horns Inn, Crucifix Lane, Bermondsey, S.E., Surrey. Leeds Wholesale Clothiers' Operatives' Union, Green Dragon Hotel, Leeds, Yorkshire. , „ . ^ Liverpool Sheet Metal Workers' Society, Temperance Hotel, 21, Hunter Street, Liverpool, Lancashire. Navvies, Bricklayers' Labourers, and General Labourers' Union, 1, Argyle Street, Euston Road, London, W.C, Middlesex. Amalgamated Seamen and Tradesmen s Union of Great Britain and Ireland, 6, West Bute Street, Cardiff, Glamorgan- Havannah Lodge of Miners and Checkweigh Fund, Parr, Church Hotel, Parr, Lanca- shire. 1890 i 1890 1890 1890 1890 !1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 Funds 31st Dee. 1890. Funds 31st Dec. 1891. Income for 1891. 816 199 44 24 124 11 98 (?) 143 8 256 287 539 435 20 204 29 117 93 108 303 47 18 206 120 273 152 473 374 541 215 61 .318 63 209 119 202 £ 949 349 99 108 109 224 Expendi- ture for 1891. 101 275 478 760 467 159 15 584 52 1,157 245 96 107 115 142 213 76 702 901 .535 Number of ,' Members. 17 145 329 543 380 157 804 11 99 42 610 782 426 2,078 350 120 326 82 97 50 91 464 8,409 1,123 1,042 133 20 250 54 225 49 1,500 4,520 353 * Return for year ending 14th February, 1892. t Dissolved, 1892. + Return for year ending 11th January 1892, , , , J Return fpr the period 26th September 1890 to 31st December 1891. + ■■;:■' :,,.. JUJ 4 96 ROYAL COMMISSION ON LABOTJB : Bogister No. Name and Address. Year of Estab- lishment. Funds 3l8t Dec. 1890. Funds 31st Dec. 1891. 652 653 G51 655 656 657 658 *659 660 661 662 T663 664 665 t667 t668 §669 670 671 672 673 674 675 676 677 678 679 Income for 1891. London Society of Litho Music Printers, Golden Lion Inn, Wardonr Street, Soho, W., Middlesex. United Chain Makers and Chain Strikers' Association of Saltney, Pontypridd, and Staffordshire, Bed Lion Hotel, High Street, Saltney, Flintshire. Printers' and Stationers' Warehousemen, . Cutters, and Assistants' Union, 24, Bride Lane, Fleet Street, London, B.C., Mid- dlesex. Bulwell Lace Makers' Association, 119o, Main Street, Bulwell, Nottinghamshire. National Unity of Painters and Decorators Trade Union, Greenland Fishery Inn, Bedmans Boad, Stepney, E., Middlesex. Stoke Prior Salt Makers, Mechanics and General Labourers' Association, Country Girl Inn, Stoke Prior, Worcester- shire. National Federation of Fishermen of Great Britain and Ireland, 60, Orwell Street, Great Grimsby, Lincolnshire. Liverpool Fruit Employees' Union, 16, Queen's Square, Liverpool, Lancashire. British Steel Mill and Hammermen's Union, Greenfield House, Landore, Swansea, Glamorganshire. Cumberland United Enginemen's Associa- tion, 10, High Street, Cleator Moor, Cumberland. Society of Amalgamated General Wood Turners of London, Monarch Hall, 166, Bethnal Green Boad, London, E., Mid- dlesex. Cabinet Trades (Employers) Association, 124, High Street, Shoreditch, London, B., Middlesex. Staffordshire Potteries Operative Crate Makers' Society, Roebuck Inn, Hope Street, Hanley, StaflEordshire. Droitwich Salt Makers', Mechanics' and General Labourers' Association, Old Cock Inn, Friar Street, Droitwich, Worcester- shire. National Steam Service Union, Victoria Hotel, 136, Savile Street East, Sheffield, Yorkshire. Hammersmith and District Labour Union, Helmscott House, 26, Upper Mall, Hammersmith, Middlesex. Bedditch and District Trades Union, Golden Cross Hotel, Bedditch, Worcestershire. Manchester Society of Tin Plate Workers, Astley Arms Hotel, Great Ancoats Street, Manchester, Lancashire. United Mechanical Engineers' Society, Gibraltar Tavern, Victoria Dock Boad, Canning Town, B., Essex. No. 10 Branch of the South Side Labour Protection League, Bed Lion Inn, Horsely- down, S.E., Surrey. Cowley Brickmasters' Association, 4, South Wharf, Paddington, W., Middlesex. South East Lancashire Provincial Card and Blowing Boom Operatives' Association, 1 1, Warrington Street, Ashton-under-Lyne, Lancashire. London and Country United Pottery Kilnbumers' Union, 108, Westminster Bridge Boad, Lambeth, S.E., Surrey. Coventry Watch Case Engine Turners' Society, Malt Shovel Inn, Spon Lane, Coventry, Warwickshire. London Society of Dairy Utensil Makers, White Hart Inn, Windmill Street, Tottenham Court Boad, London, W., Middlesex. National Union of Firewood Cutters, Mitre Tavern, Broadwall, Blackfriars Boad, London, S.E., Surrey. Grimsby Bricklayers' and Plasterers' Labourers' Protective, Accident and Burial Society, Liberal Club Boom, Central Market, Grimsby, Lincolnshire. 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 28 66 82 66 174 222 230 423 21 39 42 137 82 1,124 242 31 14 £ 53 137 51 139 7 220 383 118 189 35 51 89 152 137 32 47 1,210 347 44 53 51 37 (Defy.) 34 47 374 375 148 23 157 1,478 94 970 96 44 Expendi- ture for 1891. 127 89 78 54 143 1,365 533 89 86 2,244 3,963 11 61 1,708 49 303 406 75 16 111 ),317 206 1,204 82 Number of Members. 80 74 23 22 96 1,279 428 76 47 2,601 5 15 1,745 IS 120 423 527 60 60 230 2,938 99 450 125 60 98 120 121 96 70 436 400 113 12 2,905 13 95 440 76 * Betum for he year ending.29th March 1892 ; dissolved, 1892. f Betum for the period 7th March to 31st December 1891. X Return for the period 22nd September 1890 to 31st December 1891. § Betum for the period 5th April 1890 to Slst December 1891. f Dissolved 1892. APPiENblX'.— tfrtaOL^ 'dOMMISSION. '&7 Register No. Name aud Address. Year of Estab- lishment. Funds 31st Dec. 1890. Funds J 1st Deb. 1891. Income for 1891. Expendi- ture for 1891. Number i °f {Members. 680 Master Tailors' Association, Crown Hotel, Strangeways, Manchester, Lancashire. 681 Cast Iron HoUoware Moulders' Friendly and Trade Society, Anchor Hotxl, Wednesbury, Staffordshire. 682 Norden and District Miner's Association, Live and Let Live Lodge, Blue Ball Inn, Norden, Bochdale, Lancashire. 683 Little Lever, Darcy Lever, Breightmet and Great Lever Miners' Association, and Cheokweigh Fund, Hare and Hounds Inn, Little Lever, Lancashire. 684 Mattress and Palliasse Makers' Society, Two Brewers Inn, Bunhill Row, London, E.C., Middlesex. 685 London Society of Small Silver Workers, 29, Hngon Road, Fulham, S.W., Middlesex. 686 Walsall and .Bloxwich Bit Forgers and Filers' Protection Society, Horse and Jockey Inn, Bloxwich Road, Walsall, Staffordshire. 687 Street Masons, Paviors, Stonedressers, and Rammermen's Amalgamated Union, Patriotic Club, Clerkenwell Green, London, B.C., Middlesex. 688 London Clothworkers' Union, Prince Albert Tavern, Upper St. Martin's Lane, London, W.C, Middlesex. 689 United Shop Assistants' Union, 8, Feather- stone Buildings, High Holboru, London, W.C, Middlesex. 690 Federation of Trades and Labour Unions connected with the Shipping and other Industries, 57, Gracechuroh Street, London, E.G., Middlesex. 691 Middlesborough and Tees-sile Stevedores' Association, 3, Linthorpe Road, New Linthorpe, Middlesborough, Yorkshire. 692 Co-operative Employes Association, 3, Har- mer Street, Milton-next-Gravesend, Kent. 693 Amalgamated Society of Drillers of Stockton- on-Tees, Albion Inn, Tenant Street, Stock- ton-on-Tees, Durham. 694 Brewery and Distillery Servants' Union, 200, Globe Road, Mile End, N.E., Middlesex. 696 Lancashire County Colliery Enginemen's Mutual Protection Association, Ball's Head Hotel, Market Place, Wigan, Lancashire. 697 Printers, Joiners, and Wood Type Cutters' United Trades Society, 27H, Old Street, London, E.C., Middlesex. 698 China and Earthenware G Iders' Union, Primitive Methodist School Room, Fred- erick Street, Hanley, Staffor.lshire. 699 Affiliated Societies of the London and Suburban House Decorators and Painters' Trade Union, City of Hereford Inn, Cleve- land Street, Fitzroy Sqiuire, London, W.C, Middlesex. 700 Mid-Rhondda Colliery Work nen's Union, Lodge No. 1, Thistle Hotel, Llwynypia, Glamorganshire. 701 National United Trades Society of Engineers, 28, Mather Street, Newcastle-on-Tyne, Northumberland. 702 National Amalgamated Society of Coopers, Post Office Chambers, St. Nicholas Square, Newoastle-on-Tyne, Northumberland. 703 St. Helens and District Labour Union, Exchinge Vaults, Cooper Street, St. Helens, Lancashire. 704 Amalgamated Wheelwrights and Carriage Makers' Union, 89, Harriett Street, Cathays, Cardiff, Glamorganshire. 705 Chemical and Copper Workers' Union of Great Britain and Ireland, 32, Claughton Street, St. Helens, Lancashire. 706 Journeyman Furriers' London Trade Union, Duke of York Inn, Wenlock Street, New North Road, London, N., Middlesex. 707 Elliot "Colliery Branch of the South Wales and Monmouthshire Miners' Federation, Workman's Hall, New Tredegar, Mon- mouthshire. 708 East London Confectioners' Union for Women, 188, Mile Knd Boad, London, B., MiddleBes. / 7I44S. 1891 1891 1891 1891 1891 1891 1891 1891 1891 1891 1891 1891 1891 1891 1891 1891 1891 1891 1891 1891 1891 1891 1891 1891 1891 1891 1891 1801 76 68 142 23 129 53 (H 52 95 36 21 13 110 153 14 57 282 27 37 101 356 59 115 [i''- 62 109 46 61 66 104 ■,;■!! "i:; 23 17 417 100 72 44 94 4iR : 370 ' 182 N 98 RqYAL COMMISSION ON LA^Ap^B : BegiBter No. Name and Address. Year of Estab- lishment. Funds 3Ist Dec. 1890. Funds 31st Dec. 1891. Income for 1891. Expendi- ture for 1891. Number of Members. 709 710 711 712 713 714 715 716 717 718 719 720 721 722 723 724 72.5 726 727 728 729 780 731 732 733 734 735 736 737 738 7S9 Cannock Chase Miners, Enginemen, and Surfacemen's Association, Church Hill, Hednesford, Staffordshire. Manchester, Salfprd, and District Lurrymen and Carters' Union, 173, Robert Hall Street, Salford, Lancashire. Dnited Carters' Association of England, 33, Clarendon Place, Hyde, Cheshire. Self-acting Spinners and Twiners' Associa- tion of Bipponden and District, Foresters' Hall, Bipponden, Yorkshire. Foot and tfarriage Way Masons and all its Branches Trade Union, Old Guildford Barge Inn, Belvedere Boad, Lambeth, S.E., Surrey. London United Brassfonnders' Society, Crown Inn, Blackfriars Boad, London, S.E-, Surrey. Cast Iron HoUoware Tinners' Friendly and • Trade Society, Bradford Arms, Commercial Boad, Wolverhampton, Staffordshire. North Wales Enginemen's Protection Asso- ciation, Old Swan Inn, Abbot Stieet, Wrexham, Denbighshire. National Municipal and Incorporated Vestry Employees' Labour Union, 101, South- ampton Street, Camberwell, S.E., Surrey. Amalgamated Tube Trade Society, London and North- Western Hotel, Wednesbury, Staffordshire. United Alkali and Copper Workers' Pro- tection Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 66, West Street, Widnes, Lancashire. Humber Steam Tug Men's Union and Pro- tective Association, 1, Railway Street, Hull, Yorkshire. Ipswich and East Coast Bargemen's Protec- tion Society, Union Jack Inn, Ipswich, Suffolk. Federation of Fustian Cutters, 23, Stanley Street, Macclesfield, Cheshire. Marine Cooks, Bakers, and Butchers' Benefit Society of Liverpool and District, 19, South John Street, Liverpool, Lancashire. North Wales Miners' United Association, White Hart Inn, Pentre Broughton, Wrexham, Denbighshire. Lancashire Traders' Assurance and Arbitral tion Association, 49, Victoria Buildings, Manchester, Lancashire. Welsh Artisans' United Association, Green- field House, Landore, Swansea, Glamorgan- shire. North Stafford Miners' Federation, 38, Price Street, Burslem, Staffordshire. Clay Tobacco Pipe Makers' Association of England and Wales, Ram Hotel, Oldham Road, Manchester, Lancashire. Cast Iron HoUoware Turners' Association, Golden Cross Inn, Michael Street, West Bromwich, Staffordshire. United Ladies' Tailors and Mantle Makers' Association, 140,Hanbury Street, Mile End New Town, E., Middlesex. London Society of General SUver Engravers, 6, Cambridge Terrace, Islington, N,' Middlesex. United Bargemen and Watermen's Protection Society, Gandulph Hotel, High Street, Rochester, Kent. Ilkeston Conservative Miners' Association, Rutland Hotel, Ilkeston, Derbv»hire. West Cumberland Workmen's Association, 104, Ennerdale Road, Cleator Moor, Cumberland. East London Operative French Polishers' Society, Paul's Head Inn, Paul Street, London, E.G., Middlesex. Amalgamated Tug Boat and Ferry Boat Men's Union of Great Britain and Ireland, 10, Cold Harbour, Blackwall, E., Middlesex. St. Helens Enginemen and Boilermen's Provident Society, Cuerdly Arms, Church Street, St. Helens, Lancashire. United Society of Smiths and Hammermen 46, High Street, Deptford, Kent. Yeadon, Guiseley, and District Fettlers' Union, Spiritualist Meeting Room, Town Side, Yeadon, Yorkshire. 1891 1891 1891 1891 1891 1891 189,1 1891 1891 1891 1891 1891 1891 1891 1891 1891 1891 1891 189l' 1891 1891 1891 1S91 1891 1891 lSi91 1891 1891 1891 1891 1891 22 96 34 183 34 696 610 249 48 1,785 601 34 3,377 1,978 642 144 138 15 30 188 290 f.(i. „, 623 42 15 620 19 935 256 42 750 AEPENni3;..^*:TWHOLE COMMISSIONl'i Begister No. Kaine and Address. EslaV lishment. Fun^s 3lst Deo. 1890. 31st i)ec. 1891. Income for 1891. Expendi- ture for 1891. Number of Members. 740 741 *742 743 744 745 746 747 748 749 750 751 752 753 • 754 755 t756 757 758 1759 760 761 762 763 764 United Brickworkers and , Brink Wljarf Labpurers' ITiiion, St. George's Coffee Tavern, Westminster Bridge Boad, liambeth, S.E., Surrey. Manchester and District Mantle and Water- proof Cuttera' I ^ociety, 34,, Turner Stre:et, Manchester, Lancashire. Wigan Miners' Association, Miners' Hall, 33, Millgate, Wigan, Lancashire. London Society of Printers' Warehousemen, Black Lion Inn^ Whitefriars Street, London, E.G., Middlesex. Amalgamated Ca^rters and Lurrymen's Union, 77,' St. George's Boad, Bolton, Lancashire. Onward Society, of Drillers and Hole Cutters of"Stockton-dn-Tees, Queen Inn, Silver Street, Stockton-on-Tees, Durham. Eailw^y Employees' and General Mutual Legal Aid Society, 55 and 56, Chancery Lane, London, W.C., Middlesex. Amalgamated Union of Machine and General Liibourers, 77, St. GeorgWs Boad, Bbl'fon, Lancashire. Mersey Biver and Canals Waterman's and Porter's Association, 181 Price's Street, Birkenhead, Cheshire. Mersey Flatmen's Association, 7, Crossley Buildings, South Castle Street, Liverpool, Lancashire. Amalgamated Society of Metal Planers, Shapers, Slofters, Horizontal Borers, and Milling Machine Worker^, 21, Pitt Terrace, Oldham Boad, Manchester, Lancashire. National Plate Glass Bevellers' Trade Union, 65, Middleton Boad, Dalston, N.E., ]y([jddlesex. Metropolitan Cab Drivers" Trade Uiiion, Guardsman Coffee Tavern, Buckingham Palace Boad, London, S.W., Middlesex. Birmingham Operative Tin Plate Workers' Society, St. Martin's Hotel, Jamaica Bow, Bu-mingham,. Warwickshire. Amalgamated Omnibus and Tram Workers' Union, 30, Fleet Street, London, B.C., Middlesex. , Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers and Mechanics of South Wales and Monmouthshire, 7, Church Bow, Ebbw Vale, Monmouthshire. Sunderland and North Bast Coast Dock, Biver, and Wharf Labour Union, 29, Church Street, Sunderland, Durham. . British National Assembly of the Knights of Labour, HoUy Bush Street, New Town, Cradley Heath, Staftbrdshire. Amalgamated Machine Workers' Association, 92, Eldon Street, Oldham, Lancashire. United Kingdom, Theatrical and Music Hall Operatives' Trade Union, 1, Catherine Street, Strand, London, W.C, Middlesex. Society of General Smiths, Fitters, Bell- hangers, and Whitesmiths, Black Lion Inn, Church Street, Chelsea, S.W., Middlesex. Fancy Cane, Wicker, and I Bamboo Workers' Union, White Hart Inn, Windmill Street, London, W., Middlesex. Sotith Shields Steain Tugboat-men's Provi- dent Society, Mill Dam Cocoa Booms, South Shields, Durham. Norfhumberland Deputies' . Mutual Aid Association, I'O, Double Bow, New Delaval, Northumberland. Aaphalte Employees' Pi'otection Society, Star and Garter Inn, New Cross Boad, Deptford, S.E., Surrey. Total 18£|1 , 1891 1891 1891 1891 1891 1891, 1891 1891 1891 1891 1891 1891 1891 1891 1891 , 1891 1891 :i891 1S91 1891 1891 1891 1891 1891 5,508 20 5,901 34 1,555 23 1,162 279 70 6,593 564 845 1,283,271 1,469,281 1,222,772 . 56Q 1,036,762 2,000 970,723 ENGLAND AND WALES. Number of returns received for 1891 - ... §Number of Trade Unions registered previous to 1891, making no Eeturns for that year Number of Trade Unions registered in 1891, making no Eeturns for that year Total Number of Trade Unions on the Begister, 31st December 1891 721 66 I 355 >138 493 * Ketum for the period 3rd August to 26th October 1891. f Dissolved, 1892. J Eeturn for yetti dnffiing 20th February 1892. 8 This number includes 11 whose present addresses are not known, and 59 since dissolved, leaving only two societies actually in default. N 8 100 ROYAL COMMISSION ON LABOUR: Appendix to Report or the Registkab of Tbase Unions in Scoilans. Foe the Ybae 1891. Register Ifo. Name and AddresB. Tear of Estab- lishment. Funds 31st Dec. 1890. Funds 31st Dec. 1891. Income for 1891. Kzpendi- tnre for 1891. Number of Members. 11 15 17 29 30 .32 35 42 43 45 46 48 49 51 52 53 54 55 57 58 59 61 62 63 64 65 67 69 70 73 74 75 76 77 78 Associated Blacksmiths of Scotland, 172, Bnchanan Street, Glasgow. Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants for Scotland, 65, West Regent Street, Glasgow. Coatdyke Engine Keepers' Society, Coatdyke, near Coatbridge. Amalgamated Carters' Spciety, 20, Brunswick Street, Glasgow. Glasgow and District Milling Trade Friendly and Protective League, Garrick Temperance Hotel, 24, Stockwell Street, Glasgow. Assoaiated Free Engine Keepers of Fife Labour Protection Sick and Funeral Society, Maygate Street, Dunfermline. United Engine Keepers' Mutual Protective Association of Scotland, Jubilee Buildings, Dreghom, Ayr. Edinburgh Typographical Society, 227, High Street, Edinburgh. Scottish United Brotherly Society of Calico Printers, 24, Stockwell Street, Glasgow. United Operative Plumbers' Association of Scotland, 47, Hopehill Road, Glasgow. International Union of Cork Cutters, 9, Guildry Court, Glasgow. United Pattern Makers' Association, 120, Elizabeth Street, Cheetham, Manchester. Edinburgh and Leith Cab Drivers' Associa- tion, 105, High Street, Edinburgh. Forth and Clyde Valleys Miners' Association, 65, Bath Street, Glasgow. Ayrshire Miners' Union, Barrhill Road, Cumnock. Mid and West Lothian Miners' Association, Broxburn, Linlithgowshire. British Steel Workers' Amalgamated Associa- tion, 65, West Regent Street. Glasgow. Associated Iron Moulders of Scotland, 28, St. Enoch Square, Glasgow. Scottish Farm Servants, 49, Gordon Street, Huntly. Asspciated Stoneware Throwers, 46, Main Street, Bridgeton, Glasgow. Amalgamated Hammermen's, 57, Hope Street, Glasgow. Associated Society of MUlmen, 55, Batn Street, Glasgow. Operative Bakers of Scotland, 124, Trongate, Glasgow. Red Leaders' Trade Union, Lome Hall, Govan. Central Ironmoulders' Association of Scot- land, Odd Fellows Buildings, Grahamston, Falkirk. Port Glasgow and Iiistrict Drillers' Society, Anderson Street Hall, Port Glasgow. Associated Scottish Iron Shipbuilders Helpers' I'rade Union, 87, Dumbarton Road, Partick. National Labourers' Union, 8, Watson Street, Glasgow. Blantyre Miners' Trade Union, Stonefield, Blantyre. Glasgow Harbour Labourers' Trade Union, 146, M'Lean Street, Glasgow. Cambnslang Miners' Trade Labour Protec- tion Association, 1, George Gray Street, Eastfield, Rutherglen. Sewing Machine Makers' Trade Union, 8, Watson Street, Gallowgate, Glasgow. National Scottish Horsemen's Union, 36, Dale Street, Tradeston, Glasgow, S.S. National Union of Dock Labourers in Great Britain and Ireland, 46, Hanover Street, Liverpool. Aberdeen Shore Labourers' Trade Union Hall, Scott's Court, Regent Quay, Aber- deen. Scottish Shopkeepers' and Assistants' Trade Onion, 49, Jamaica Street, Glasgow. Drillers' Union, Burndyke Street Hall, Govan, Glasgow. 1872 1872 1873 1873 1874 1875 1875 1878 . 1880 1883 1885 1885 1886 1886 1886 1887 1887 1887 1887 1888 1888 1889 1889 1889 1889 1890 1889 1889 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 £ 6,603 227 69 17 554 707 1,610 708 340 8,803 238 1,050 200 149 4,578 25,492 99 136 276 2,717 72 80 1,420 30 925 3.53 9 304 70 333 15 1,048 744 1,102 511 £ 8,215 321 294 82 24 640 713' 1,435 832 353 10,342 305 613 259 108 1,645 31,002 82 302 362 1,949 371 153 2,555 3 1,943 391 70 475 53 443 39 435 224 1,305 135 £ 5,443 37 837 67 203 762 .1,253 374 469 501 5,587 354 834 216 361 4,396 21,135 339 226 671 1,320 803 109 1,405 58 1,702 1,029 130 611 27 698 177 7,940 200 1,331 1,('19 £ 3,831 54 770 54 196 676 1,247 549 345 488 4,048 287 1,271 157 402 7,329 15,625 356 60 585 2,088 504 36 270 85 684 991 69 440 44 588 153 8,553 720 1,128 1,395 2,379 90 652 90 205 1,212 757 252 383 270 2,314 300 1,275 700 701 2,917 6,121 456 72 1,400 1,104 2,157 200 1,254 44 2,000 1,941 250 730 161 1,044 1,439 13,000 94 1,380 786 APPENDIX. — WHOLE COMMISSION. 101 Register Name and Address. Year of Estab- Funds 31st Deo. Funds 31st Dec. Income for 1891. Expendi- ture Number of lishment. 1890. 1891. for 1891. Members. • ' £, £ £ & 79 Scottish Associated Paviors' Federal Union, Buchanan's Hotel, 114, High Street, Edinburgh. 1890 62 46 69 85 115 80 Scottish Hackney Carriage Drivers' and Stablemen's Union, 72, Waterloo Street, Glasgow. 1890 89 194 304 199 786 81 File Cutters' Union of Glasgow and District, 24, Stockwell Street, Glasgow. 1890 76 129 96 48 46 83 Scottish Union of Engravers to Calico Printers and Paper Stainers, Neilson's Hotel, 83, Ingram Street, Glasgow. 1891 231 362 178 47 2<>l 86 Amalgamated Society of Combmakers, 141, George Street, Aberdeen. 1890 332 418 163 77 270 88 Associated Scottish Iron Shipbuilders and Boilermakers' Holders-up Association, 2, East India Breast, Greenock. Total 1891 124 144 20 551 62,717 69,746 63,578 56,549 52,189 SCOTLAND. Number of Eeturns received for 1891 - 42 Number of Trade Unions making no Eeturns for 1891 - 1 Total number of Trade Unions on the liegister, 31st December 1891 43 Appendix to Rjjpgkt of the EtEgistbak of Teadb Unions in Ireland. Register No. Name and Address. Year of Estab- Funds 31st Dec. Funds 31st Dec. Income ' for 1891. Expendi- ture Number of lishment. 1890. 1891. for 1891. Members, £ £ £ £ 10 Flax Dressers' Trade and Benevolent Trade Union, 17, College Street, Belfast. 1873 1,527 2,098 2,114 1,543 1,349 17 United Brothers of St. Joseph, or the Regular Carpenters of the City of Dublin Trade Union, 35, Lower Gloucester Street, Dublin. 1874 19 Drogheda Operative Painters' Trade Union, Hugh Emerson's, Peter Street, Drogheda. 1874 25 28 7 6 10 30 Belfast Operative House Painters' Trade Union, 61, Great George's Street, Belfast. 1877 579 703 614 490 400 34 Belfast and North of Ireland Power Loom Tenters' Trade and Benevolent Trade Union, Engineers' Hall, College Street, Belfast. 1878 922 1,125 433 230 166 37 Belfast Power Loom Yarn Dressers' Trade Society, 71, York Street, Belfast. 1877 12 60 277 229 100 38 Operative Bakers' Trade Union, Dean Street, Kilkenny. 1879 139 120 82 101 38 39 Belfast Hackle and Gill Makers' Benevolent and Trade Union, 71, York Street, Belfast. 1880 291 344 192 139 -; r 79 41 Belfast Operative Plasterers' Protective and Friendly Trade Union, 2", College Street, Belfast. 1880 366 509 336 193 1,801 ■f 44 Dublin Operative Bakers' Trade Union, 8, 1882 51 27 4,407 4,431 665 ^fi Upper Bridge Street, Dublin. 53 Londonderry Operative House and Ship Painters' Trade Union, 2, Church Wall, Londonderry. 1883 186 189 47 44 60 55 O'Connell Amalgamated Coal Labourers, 2, South Princes Street, Dublin. 1883 50 54 58 54 135 56 Dublin Amalgamated Grain Labourers, 10, Upper Abbey Street, Dublin. 1884 27 30 151 148 144 60 Waterford Operative Coopers, 21, Mall, Waterford. 1884 66 67 40 39 40 71 Belfast Coopers, 44, Royal Avenue, Belfast - 1886 l(3o 131 147 116 93 75 Waterford and 1 -imerick Riilway Company's Engine Drivers and Firemen, 2, Lower Bedford Row, Limerick. 1885 279 297 77 59 1 l'..r 58 76 City of Dublin Shipwright's Benevolent, 6, Sir John Rogerson's Quay, Dublin. 1887 40 76 93 ■' ■ ' 57 103 80 Port of Dublin Grain Weighers and Tally Clerks, 10, Upper Abbey Street, Dublin. 1888 — — ■~~ 83 Ancient Guild of Incorporated Brick and Stone Layers, 49, Cuffe Street, Dublin. 1888 "" 10 305 385 694 83 Londonderry Carpenters and Joiners; 99, Foyle Street, Londonderry. 1889 N 3 102 ROTAL COMMISSION ON LABOtJE : Register NqV Name and Address, Year of Estab- lishment. Fnnds 31st Dec. 1890. Funds 3 1st Dee. 1891. Income for 189i; Expendi- ture for 1891. Number of Members. 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 *93 94 95 99 100 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 lis 114 *'U5 116 117 118 119 120 121 United Operative Plasterers of Londonderry, 5, Eden Place, Londondeny. Dublin United Bnilder^' Iiaboureijs, now called United Labourers of Ireland, 3, Halston Street, Dublin. Arklow Shipwrights, Lower Main Street, Arklow. Belfast Bricklayers and Plasterers, 2, Curtis Street, Belfast. Irish Linen Lappers, C!ollege Street, Belfast. Belfast Packing Case Makers, 20, College Street, Belfast. Waterford ]Etailway Servants,, 24, Sally Park, Waterford. I Irish Amalgamated Railway Servants, 44, Clarence Street, Cork. City of Belfast Labourers; 61, Great (Jeoige's Street, Belfast. Machine and Hand Drillers and Cutters, Russell Hall, Donegal Quay, Belfast. United Operative Masons and Bricklayers of Londonderry, 49, Bishop Street, London- derry. Regular Glass Cutters, Glaziers, and Lead Sash Makers, 24, Bride Street, Dublin. Metropolitan House Painters,. 27, Aungier, Street, Dublin. Dublin and District Tramway Men, 41, York Street, Dublin. Operative Butchers, 114, Capel Street, Dublin. Shirt, Collar, and Apron Cutters, 44, Royal Avenue, Belfast. ' ' n ' .,i , Belfast French Polishers, 44, Royal Avenue, Belfast. Belfast Ship, Riggers' Protective, 71, York Street, Belfast. Dublin United Butchers' Assistants, 114,- 115, 116, Capel Street, Dublin. City of Dublin Packing Case Makers, 2, Bachelors' Walk, Dublin. Flax Ronghers,! Engineers'v Hall, College Street, Belfast. Bleachers' Trade Union of the Unitdd King- dom, 9, Bridge Street, Lisburn. Clonmel Operative Bakers, 4, William Street, Qonmel. Sligo Operative House Painters, 1, John Street, Sligo. Amalgamated Mill Sawyers and Machinemen, 44, Royal Avenue, Bel&st Belfast Protective Society, 44, Royal Avenue, Belfast. Londonderry Shirt, Collar, and Underclothing Cutters, 99, Foyle Street, Londonderry. United Smiths' Trade Union of Ireland,' 14, Granby Bow, Dublin. Belfaat Brass Founders, 17, College Street, Belfast. Couaty of Dublin House Painters, 14, George's Place, Kingstown. Dublin Saw Millers and Wood Machinists, 2, Bachelors' Walk, DubUn. United Stationary Engine Drivers, 37, Wel- lington Quay, DubUn. Irish Handloom Damask Weavers, Good Templars' Hall, Linenhall Street, Lisburn. St. James' Gate Brewery Labour Union, 13, Emerald Square, Cork Street, Dublin. Total ... 1889 1889 1889 1889 1889 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1889 1890 1891 1890 1891 1890 1890 1891 1891 1891 1890 1891 1891 1891 1891 1891 1891 1891 9 285 24 30 199 73 76 17 13 i 'n 76 10 14 69 27 154 5,744 6 100 24 69 334 95 129 119 13 22 109 23 326 55 22' 4 ■ 86 27 30 171 7,679 7 970 9 90 5661 79 116 22 440 100 28 . ■. ~ J. 73 31 48 538 . '88 24 9 47 41 ; 60 ■91 . 10 1,155 9 51 431 57 15 87 19 40 8 15 212 43 16 a ' >q( ) 30 'w' .14 ■,'t 57, 7-4 12,947 11,012 12 1,275 14 358 420 55 200 40 510 48 24 58 42. 48 , 96 22 1-18 ',r88 I-F22 73 : !'.38 9,396 IRELAND. Number of Returns received for 1891 - - . . . Number of Trade Unions registered previous to 1891, making no Returns for that year Number of Trade Unions registered in 1891, making no Returns for that rear Total number of Trade Unions on the Register, 31st December 1891 n 54 * Informal Return for 1891. ^jeS^piX.— WHOLE COMMISSION. W3 APPENDIX LIX. INote attached to Beports.] ' Pejee Re&istet jok Wobkmen, &c. The expenses of this registry are covered by voluntary pontributions, ^n(J all yrho may obtain engagements through its agency are invited to ppntribijte,^ if possible, M. a week during the first few weeks of their engage- ment ; iut this contribution is entirely voluntary. PIEST EEPORT OF THE BGHAM FREE REGISTET FOR THE imEMPLOyED. Rev. John Beattie. F. T. Peiham, Esq. Treasvirer. Rev. John Beattie. Supervisors. Nathaniel Louis Cohen, Rev. R. B. MoLTNBux. Begistrar. Mr. W. H. Gardener. The total working expenses of the registry dtiring' the eight months, from lat February to 30th September, were 7Z; 9«. 2d!. ■ ■ ' >,■ The, treasurer haSj^the pleasure to acknowledge the following donatipns towards this outlay : — Mrs. Arnott lilrs. BlenMnsop Nathaniel Louis Cohen, Esq. , - Do. do. (additional^ Eev.,H:. J. DeSalis " - ' '- — Eansford, Esq. , , - Geofge Raphael, Esq. It is hpped that saffi,cient funds may be f(>;rthooming to ensure the contiauance of the registry during the approaohipg winter, and a possible extension of its scope. £ s. d. 10 10 tf 3 3 12 6 1 1 1, 1 •? 0' £7 16 6 This registry was opened in February 1885, to affbrd easy means of communication between unemployed labourers and artisans residing in the parish of Egljam, and employers requiring workmen, with the hope of avoiding or diminishing the waste of time and energy, and the 'hardships involved in " tramping for work." The need for such a registry was suggested by the case of a respectable local workman, who found work by chance near his home after vainly walking some fifty miles through incorrect hearsay reports of available work. ' . ' The Egham Registry is limited to those who have resided six months in the parish. It is hoped that in time similar free registries may be established in ad- jacent parishes, and that their scope may be extended to include a record of vacancies fpr ^ , boys and apprentices. If such registries were affiliated to a central office, information could be exchanged as to the entries in the respective registries, and migi-ation of labour would thus bei facilitated from; over-st(icked districts to places where labour was scarcer. The registries could also be used as records qf the facilities afford,e4 by some of our colonies, and by various home institutions to assist emigration. i The local office for thp registifation of births, deaths, and marriages, seems jto We tjve best locale for such free registries \ of tbe unemployed ; the registrar is likely to be wpU-fcnown ex oiffieio, in his district, and he is free from the prejudices perhaps occasionally felt toward^ an official connected in any way with the workhPuse, or with the assessment or collection of taxes. ! The Egham Free Registry is open only to applicants who ate personally known or recommended to the registrar as of good character. , Pqat- cards are sent periodically to large, employers of labour, .within the district, specifying the number of men in each trs^^^ registered as wanting work, and, it is p;foppa8d,,.if suflScient f^ii4s are foi'thcoming, to advertise an abstract of the register, on the .,tirs,t Saturday in every nionth, in the county , newspaper. Emplpyers of labour can materially promote the success of the scheme by kindly notifying to the registrar when they have vacancies. A printed cardfis furnished to each applicant sent from th^ registry, in response to any such oSer of employment. The action of the registrar is confined. iexolusively to facilitating the hiring of the unemployed by those willing to give them work; he does not interfere in any way in the question of wages. ' Repoet 'of -theiRiGisTBAR for the Pekiod' froih ' 1st Fbbkija:ry ' to 30th September 1885. / ■ . The number of applications fair employment made to the Eghanl Free Registry from 1st February until 30th September 1885 was 223, 'and the numljer of engagements made was 181, comprising : — Trades. ' Number of , Appliqation^, Employment ob^aiopd for. Gardeners Carpenters General Labourers Painters , - , Draughtsman ' - ' - Stoneimasons Bricklayers '- Groom Plupbers ,i- .,;• , t- 19 42 52 '■ 2§' ' ' 1 36 46, , , 52 ' ■■ ■ ''S ' ■ ' ■ '-'is;'. n, " ]r. (. ■,.,. 1 [. : , 2^3 II 'I- ■ (Of these some were engaged to work at a distaSiCB from Egham, and in such cases, in a few instances, railway passes were provided by the employers.) ' ' ■ I'J '' ' ■ I I-. . , I , r ^ , ' ,.:,!ri'w ■■ ■' ' ,"W". H. , Gardener, :' 1st October -1885.- i- High Street Egham, SECOND REPORT OF THE EGHAM FREE ' " 'REGISTRY FOR tHE IJNEMPLOTED,' Established February 1885. ' - ' Hon. Supertiisora. Rev. JoEtN Beattie. 1 Nathaniel Louis'Oohen, F. T. JPelham, Esq. Esq. ,,;' '. I Rev. R. E. MoLTNEUx. Treas'^r&r. Rev. John Beatiib. Begistrar. Mr. W. H. Gaedbne:r. This registry has continued during the past year' to prove, a cpnvenieht medium for inter-cpnnnuiiication betweep;emplpyers and those s^king'wofE" The M- va.ntiage of ' some ^ucb bentrp for ,' matketing lilboiii' in 104 ROYAL COMillSSlUN ON LABOUK : country districts is, perhapB, sufficiently proved by the subjoined statistics of the number of men and lads who haye< sought and obtained work through the medium of the Egham Begistry, during the past two years. A committee was formed in London in February 1886 to promote the establishment of similar registries in other suitable country districts, As suggested in our last report. Under the auspices of this committee 17 registries have now been established on the same plan as at Egbam, but it would seem that the suggested plan of afiSliating these registries to central offices, with a view to inducing migration of labour from understocked districts, has not yet been found prac- ticable. Of course the success of each registry must depend largely on varying local conditions, and especially on the enei'gy, industry, and aptitude of the' registrar. The success of the Egham Registry has undoubtedly been largely due to the exertions of the local registrar, who is thoroughly conversant with the neighbourhood. In our last report it was proposed that the scope of the registry should be extended to include a record of vacancies for boys and apprentices. The registrar receives frequent applications from boys for casual and permanent employment', and will be very glad to learn of any available vacancies for them. It wiU he seen that the number of boys who obtained employment through the registry from October 1885 to October 1886 was 18.' Employers might stipulate that boys sent to them should present a satisfactory school certificate, and that they should have passed a specified school standard. Of course it is not claimed that the registry can evolve any fresh work for the unemployed ; but it should enlist all the local demand for labour on behalf of those who are residing in the parish, and thus tend to reduce " tramping " for work to a minimnm. It is thought also that the registry occasionally promotes local work by publishing periodically particulars of the labour locally available in various trades. A similar abstract of the register is published monthly in the county newspaper, and sent periodically to local em- plbyers of labour ; also, whenever the commencement of new work in the neighbourhood comes to the know- ledge of the registrar, an abstract of the registry is sent to the foreman of the works in the hope that a reasonable preference will be given to workmen already residing in the neighbourhood, before others are imported from a distance. Further, a list of the number of men registered as wanting work in each trade is habitually affixed to a notice board outside the registry. The registry is only open to applicants known or personally recommended to the registrar as of good character, and (as a rule) who have resided six months in the parish. The registrar never takes any cognisance of the wages asked or offered beyond registering any par- ticulars furnished to him. A. printed slip is handed to each workman inviting hira to contribute 3d. a week to the registry during the first four weeks of any engagement obtained through the register, but this payment is purely voluntary. The sum received in this way during the past year was only 3«. The greatest number registered at any one time as wanting work was 98, during the severe frost of last February; as soon as the thaw occurred all of these obtained work, and applications were then received for employment of more men than were registered as wanting work. The registrar is supplied with the handbook of the Central Emigration Society, which gives reliable in- formation as to the facilities afforded by some of our colonies and various home institutions to assist emi- gration. The registrar will also be supplied with the publications of the new Emigration Information Office now being organised by the Government. It was suggested in a letter to the " Times " last May that an organisation of affiliated free registries of the ■unemployed at home should be attached to an organisa- tion of registries of eniployers' requirements in our colonies, the colonial registries working under honorary local supervision on similar lines to the country registries, established on the model of the Egham Free Begistry, but the colonial registries remaining always in postal communication with the emigrants placed, under their auspices. It appears that there exists in many of the colonies a steady demand for skilled agri- cultural labourers, and it is thought that this demand could be often advantageously supplied through country registries, provided only that the conditions of employ- ment in the colonies are reliable and satisfactory. The total working expenses of the registry during the 12 months from 30th September 1885 to 30th September 1886, including postage, purchase of notice board, advertisements in county newspaper, &o., amounted to 71. 18s. 4d. The treasurer has the pleasure to acknowledge the following donations towards this outlay : — Mrs. Arnott (the late) Mrs. Blenkinsop Nathaniel Louis Cohen, Esq. T. Eyre, Esq. C. H. Pilgrim, Ksq. (the late) , G. C. Raphe'al, Esq. Bev. H. J. De SaUs General Spenoe, C.B. Baron de Wornis The balance now in hand is 31. 6«. ; the treasurer trusts that subscribers will kindly renew their donations to. defray the working, expenses of the registry and cost of emigration publications during the coming year. Bepokt or THE Begisteae poe the Period prom 30th September 1885 to 30th September 1886. The number of applications for employlnent made to the Egham Free Registry from 30th September 1885 to 30th September 1886 was 348 men and 26 boys, and the number engaged through the registry was 307 men and 18 boys. SomO' of the engagements were for short terms, so that some applicants figure more than once in the list. £ s. d. - 1 10 . 3 3 - 10 -10 - 2 0' -10 - 10 - 1 ^10 13 ' 1st Feb. to 30th Sept. 18S5. 1 . 1 1st Ocj]. 1886 to 30th Sept. 1886. ' Trades. Appli- cations. Employ- ment obtained for^ Apipli- cations. Employ- ment obtained - for G-ardeners Carpenters Painters Draughtsmen Stonemasons - - Bricklayers - ■ - Coachmen and Grooms Plumbers Gasfltters, "Whitesmith, &c. - Boys 19 42 S2 61 1 10 23 1 14 10 36 46 63 1 6 IS 1 14 36 67 118 60 6 42 13 6 11 26 34 69 99 40 3 ■ 35 13 4 il 18 223 181 374 326 *** About 30 engagements in. 1886 were obtained at a distance from Egham through advertisements in the county newspaper, and through inquiries induced by the abstract of the registry affixed to the notice board. There are at present registered as wanting w6rk — 6 gardeners, 10 carpenters, 22 general labourei's, 1 painter, 2 stonemasons, 4 bricklayers, 1 plumber, 2 grooms, 1 coachman. W. H. Gardener, High Street, Egham. 1st October 1886. ^ APPENDIX.— -WHOLE COMMISSION. 105 THIRD ANNUAL EEPORT OF THE EGHAM FREE RBGISTRT FOR THE UNEMPLOYED. Established February 1885. Hon. Supervisors. Rev. John Beattie. F. T. PELHA.M, Esq. Treasurer. Rev. John Beattie. Nathaniel Louis Cohen, Esq. Rev. R. E. Molyneux. Begistrar. Mr. "W. H. GtARDENEB. The working of this registry has been fairly satis- factory during the past year. Its continued success is again mainly due to the well-directed energy and attention given to it by the registrar. The largest number of applications for work were of course received when frosty weather had thrown out of employment men engaged in various building trades, and in spade labour. It is obvious that unless men following these vocations make provision, by benefit unions or other- wise, against annually recurrent periods of forced inactivity, they must suffer acute distress whenever a long continued frost occurs, as in the beginnjng of this year. The registrar reports > that the facilities of the registry are becoming more generally appreciated by the local working classes, and, as the existence of the registry becomes more widely known, more numerous and regular advices of vacancies are received from employers. The initiatory aim of the registry is steadily kept in view — to provide a free, easy, and reliable medium of inter-communication between em- ployers and workmen of authenticated good character who have resided for six months within the limits of the parish. The rule is strictly observed under which the registrar abstains from any interference in the question of wages, or in the conditions of service asked by work- ' men or prescribed by employers. The registrar has occasionally reported to other districts vacancies for which he had no suitable local applicants, and has also occasionally found employment for men who have been brought into the district for special work, but who have been unexpectedly thrown out of work before the expiry of a full six months residence in the neighbourhood. A preference is how- ever always given by the registrar to those who have been domiciled in the parish for not less than six months. It would be very desirable if employers of labour having contracts in the neighbourhood would seek to engage local workmen workmen, before im- porting men from a distance. The arrangements described in our last report for bringing to the knowledge of employers the number of men registered in each trade as wanting work have been continued. Postcards containing an abstract of the registry are sent periodically to large employers of labour, and to foremen of all new works in the neigh- bourhood, that comes to the knowledge of the registrar, and a similar abstract is advei'tised in the first Satui-day in every month, in the county newspaper, and is exhibited on a notice board outside the registry office. A printed card is furnished to each applicant sent from the registry in iresponse to any offer of employment. Employers reporting vacancies can rely that the regis- trar will attend to their directions in regard to the qualifications and antecedents of applicants. For instance employers having vacancies for lads, as apprentices or otherwise, may stipulate for a certified facility in elementary drawing, or for a specified school standard. Independently of the contributions kindly given towards the working expenses of the registry, a small special fund was this year placed at the disposal of the registrar, to be lent for the redemption of pawned tools, &c., to needy workmen on their obtaining a berth, or towards the expenses of transporting themselves and their families to assured distant vacancies. It is hoped, in course of time, to place the registry in correspondence, with local eleemosynary and benefit societies, as far as regards able-bodied lads and men receiving their assistance, and who are eligible for entry on the registrar's lists. It might then become necessary to introduce a representative element in the management of the registry. By the kind courtesy of the management of the Government "Emigrants' Information Office," the I 78448. registrar has been regularly supplied with copies of their publications. Some few inquiries have resulted from exhibiting at the registry the placard uotioes issued periodically by the Government office. It is regrettable that, in the absence of any organised centre of the various existing philanthropic emigration societies, the registrar is only able to refer intending emigrants for further information to the Government Office, at 31, Broadway, Westminster. This office only aims at collecting, tabulating, and diffusing reliable information about the conditions of employment and of life of the working classes in our various colonies, and as to the cost and time of transport. It seems Utopian to hope for the federation of the various philanthropic emigration societies into one Organisation by any arrangement under which separate colonies, or sections of colonies, should be assigned to separate constituent emigration societies. However, it appears that in- quiries are now being made as to the feasibility of the plan mentioned in our last report of placing an organi* sation of affiliated free country labour registries at home in habitual correspondence with registries of employers' requirements in the colonies. — " The colonial " registries, working under honorary local supervision " on similar lines to the country registries, established " on the model of the Egham Free Registry, but the " colonial registries remaining always iii postal com- " munioation with the emigrants placed under their " auspices. It appears that there exists in many of the " colonies a steady demand for skilled agricultural '• labourers, and it is thought that this demand could " be often advantageously supplied through country " registries, provided only that the conditions of " employment in the colonies are reliable and satisfac- tory."— Eejpori 1885-86. It was I lately reported that a scheme of labour registries under Government auspices was uuder con- sideration in Queensland, but no information is yet to hand whether the proposal was finally adopted. Very lately a copy of our last -year's report was forwarded by the registrar to a gentleman in Canada, and he has kindly paid, through the registrar, the whole expense of transport to work on his farm of a whole family selected by our registrar, comprising husband, wife, and five children. Copies of our present report will be sent to all places in the British Empire where there is alleged to be a steady demand for skilled agricultural labourers, and the registrar will gladly give his best attention to any communications that may be addressed to him, and will pass on to other agencies applications from em- ployers which he may not be able to meet satisfactorily from his own lists. The total working expenses of the registry during the 12 months, from 30th September 1886 to 30th September 1887, including postage, advertisements in county newspapers, &c., amounting to 91. 9s. 6d. The treasurer has the pleasure to acknowledge the following donations towards this outlay : — £ s. d. Nathaniel L. Cohen, Esq. - 2 2 Mrs. Drummond - 5 T. Eyre, Esq. - 10 Lady Howard - 10 C. Lucena, Esq. - 10 Sir Louis Mallet - 2 J. G. Pilcher, Esq., J.P. - 10 Mrs. Pitoairn - - 1 The Rev. H. J. De Salis - 1 General Spence, C.B., J.P. - 10 A printed slip is always handed to each workman inviting him to contribute Sd, a week to the registry, during the first four weeks of any engagement obtained through the registry, but this payment is purely volun- tary. The sum received in this way during the past year was 3s. 4id. The balance now in hand is 4il. 12«. 6d. ; the treasurer trusts that subscribers will kindly renew their donations to defray the working expenses of the registry during the coming year. Repoet of the Rebistrab, roK the Pebios, ibom 30th Septembee 1886 to 30th Septembee 1887. The number of applications for employment made to the Egham Free Registry from 30 th September 1886 to 30th September 1887 was 332 men and 37 boys, and O 106 ROYAL COMlvaSSlQN ON-LABOUR the nipsber engaged .tihrouigli the registry was 269 mea and '22iboys. Some of the engagements were for sh6rt teimS) so that some applicants figure m.ore than once in the Jist. In the past year the number of separate cases were 208 menan^ 15 boys. "Fa . ■ ■ - ■ -"■ lat Feb. to 30th &ept. 1885. [ . 1 ' 1st Oct. 1885 L to 30th Sept. 1886. 1st Oct. 1886 to SOlh Sept. 1887. Trades. c o 1 ii n § 1 p. 1| .l-g. 1 -Gardeners - ;-i 19 le 86 34 42 32 Carpenters a 36 67 69 48 40 General Labourers B2 46 118 99 126 101 Painters 61 53 50 49 40 29 Diaughtaman 1 1 - — — — Stonemasons - - 10 5 6 S 1 4 Bricklayers - 23 15 42 35 26 , 23 Coachmen, 'Groonis, and Stablemen • Plumbers - 1 14, 1 U 13 5 13 4 25 7 20 7 Gasfltters, Whitesmith, &c. — - 11 11 14 14 isvs'- - '- •'^- — — 26 18 37 23 223 181 374, 325 369 291 .There are at present registered as wanting work : — 6 gardeners, 4 carpenters, 16 genei-al labourers, 1 painter, ,5 bricklayers, 1 plumber, 4 grooms, 3 coachmen. W. ;H. GrAEBBNEK, ist October, 1887. ' High Street, Bgham. FOURTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE EGHAM ..FREE REGISTRY FOR THE UNEMPLOYED. Established February 1885. Hon. Supervisors. Nathaniel Louis Cohen, Esq. Ilev.' John Bbattie, Treasurer. Rev. R. E. MoLYNEux. P. T. Pelham, Esq. Registrar. Mr. W. H. Gaudeneb, High Street, Egham. The working of this registry, which was established in February 1885 to afford ah easy and reliable medium of communication between employers and local work- men of authenticated good character, has not presented any new features during the past year. Several applications have been again received from different districts for information and counsel, to facilitate the establishment of other local registries on the model of the Egham Registy. The registrar, or the hon. snpervisors,"will gladly furnish copies of the forms used, and of previous reports, describing in detail the arrangements at Egham. It is, however, obvious that the success of a labour registry must depend on varying local circumstances, on the choice of a suitable registrar, and above all on the confidence which may be felt in the registry both ^7 employers and by the working classes. It is absolutely essential to adhere strictly to the rule that the registrar shall scrupidonsly abstain from all interference between masters and workmen as to the conditions of wages and of service asked by work- men, or prescribed by employers. If it is intended not merely to report a total .of all persons desirous of registering themselves as wanting work, but also to attract offers of employment, it would seem essential to authenticate the^ antecedents of applicants who may be personally unknown to the registrar. Also for many reasons it will be found desirable, as a general rule, in reporting vacancies, '^to give a preference to those who harve resided for a d^nite period in the dyjstriet s^rv^d by the registry. At Egham, as a rule. 1st year 7 the registry is open only to those who have resided at least si^ months in th^.parisb. , "' Probably it will bpi^always impraotica,ble to ensure that a registry shall te made entu-ely self-supporting by collecting fees from those who obtain employ, ment through its agency. However, it is perhaps as reasonable to give gratuitous facilities for respectable working men to obtain knowledge of all available work; in their neighbourhood, as to afford relief from the destitution resulting ' from the failure of their own hap-hazard search for work. No general rule can be given as to the working expenses of a free registry. The cost at Bgham was— 9 2' from 1st Feb. to 30th Sept. 1885, when employment was obtained for 181 adults. 2nd „ 7 18 4 from 30th Sept. 1885 to 30th Sept, 1886, when employment was obtained for 307 men and 18 boys. 3rd ,,996 from 30th Sept. 1886 to 30th Sept. 1887, when employment was obtained for 269 men and 22 boys., ' 4th „ 9 13 from 30th Sept. 1887 to 30th Sept. 1888, when employment "was obtained for 202 men and 18 boys. Totals ; 34 10 ; 969 men; 58 boysi The above expenditure comprised postage and print- ing, of forms, books, post-cards, introduction' cards, abstract of register cards, advertisements in county newspapers, &c. and a fee of 5Z. per annum to the registrar for the use of his shop as a registry o£Sce,-his services being given gratuitously. It is certain that no mere cash remuneration can ensure the selection of a well -qualified registrar ; it is above all essential that he should have some aptitude for his wOrk and earnest sympathy with it, and it is desirable that he should be likely to have cognisance of all new work undertaken in his, district. The continued success of the Egham Registry is mainly due to the energy and attention and unstinted time kindly given to it by the registrar. It is very satisfactory to note that not a single complaint has been received during the past year in respect of any man or boy engaged through the registry. The attention of all employers is earnestly invited to this circumstance. It is hoped that at least all gentlemen residing in the parish, and employers of labour having contracts in the neighbourhood, will continue to seek to engage local- workmen at the registry before importing men from a distance. Em- ployers reporting vacancies may rely that the registfar will carefully attend to their directions in regard 10 qualifications or antecedents of applicants. The re- gistrar specially invites advices of vacancies for, hoys or appreni^ices, and will gladly communicate with the local schoolvnckster in order to select lads of eertiHed school standard or character, or possessing any special aptitude desired. The registrar reports that "as more confidence is " felt in the class of men and boys seeking employ- " ment through the registry, advices of vacancies are " now sent to him more freely and regularly." The diminution in the aggregate number of applioatiidls for employment in 1887-88, as compared with 1886-^87, must be attributed to the milder character of the winter last year; but the percentage for whom employ- ment was found was about the same in 1887-88, as in the previous year. The percentage of the total number of sepa/rate applicants for whom employment was found in the year ending 30th September 1888 was 83 per cent, against 76 per cent, in the previous year, indica.ting that the employment obtained was of a more permanent character. Unless those engaged in building and spade labour makei provision by benefit societies or otherwise against periods lOf forced inactivity in the winter; it is obvious that the annual recurrence of cold weather must be attended by an annual recurrence of more or less acute distress. It has not yet been found practicable to extend the arrangements of the registry in the way foreshadowed in the last report, by. placing it in correspondence with local benefit, thrift, loan, or relief societies,, 0? ^th any of the organisations established in our colonies to facilitate the marketing of labour. A.p]?f;SW.:irWH0iifii;j§fiW?g|9l?K ni The small special loan fsjid placed at tlj:^ ^i^aposal ^fi the registrar by one of the supervisors has heen foand useful. ,,ThiS("fund is lent to.n^edy workmen |or the redemption, of p|i,-wued tools, ,&;?!.., or for the expenses of transporting themselves and their families, on their obtaining Bmploy-ment at a distance, either through the registry* or by , their own efforts. Out of a total of 4Z. 2s, advanced from this fund, ,3Z. 12s. has been duly repaid. The treasurer invites -further contributions to this fund for the special purpose of . assisting : the emigration of able-bodied lads or .young men accustomed to agricultural work or spade labour. Labour registries have been (established latterly in Queensland, and at Perth in 'Western Australia. -Our reports for 1885-6 and 1886-7, expressed a hope that, in course of timie, a system of affiliated free country labour registries (fooussed, perhaps, in London or in each county town) might- be placed in.' habitual, corres- pondence with a federated organisation of the philan- thropic emigration societies, by an arrangement under which separate colonies, or sections of colonies, should be assigned to separate constituent enaig^-ation societies. Under the auspices of such an organisation, a system of registries of employers' requirements,' or of available vacancies, might be established! generally throughout the colonies, reporting at definite intervals by ma/il, subject to rectification by telegraph code. It is satisr, factory to, note that to a certain extent some parts of this scheme seems likely to be carried out, at le^st as far.as regards the suggested colonial arrangements. By the kind courtesy Of the management of the Government Emigrants" Information Office, 31, Broad- way, Westminster, the registrar continues regularly to receive copies of all their publications, which now contain very detailed inforrhation as to the climate, price of necessaries, general state of the labour market, and length and costs of passage to the various British colonies. The poster issued on 1st October last, stated that there was still a reliable demand in Canada, New South Wales, ■ Victoria, Queensland, Tasmania, and some parts of New Zea-land for good farm labourers. The total working expenses' of thfe registry during the 12 months eMing 30th September 1888 amounted to 9Z„13s; The treasurer has the pleasure to 'acknow- ledge the following donations towards this outlay '.'■ was 171 men afl^ 12 bpys, ,^^^jipBt 2p8 itp,^^ q^^ Ji^ife^W^ in 1886—7., -1 ' ' . ^\-^ " " tf *', Nathanial .]L.,.Gohen, Esq.. (for speoial.lp^'n iund) - , - Major-Grenieral Spence, G.B. T. Eyre, Esq., ;- JBi-rSr Pj^eairn ' - ,',j-, George Raphael, Esq. Miss Johnson Mrs. Pennell [Ool. Gostling Murray - 'OharleS Luceha, Esq. ,T. k-Earlow,.Esq. - , -, 10 -0 10 I Q 1 10 10 10 10 6 -0 o' s. d. 5 .5 '. A printed slip is always ' handed to each applicant, inviting him to contribute 3d. a week' to^ the registry during the first four weeks of any engagement obtained through the registry, but this payment is purely voluntary. The sum received in this way durilrg the past year was 6s. lOd. as cordpared with Ss. 4d. in 188fi— 7 , > ' The balajncp now inland (exclusive of the Io'an|und) is 10s. Wd}. The treasurer trusts that subscribei-s will kindly renew their donations to defray the working expenses of the registry during the coming year, and he will also be glad,to take charge'of any contributions to the speciaji loan fund. RBSouTKor ,THE Eegistbae. pok T5E Pekiob laOM 30th Septembeu 1887 tq'30th, Seeiembjeb,, 1888. The number of applications for pmployment made to the Egham Free Eegistry from 30th September 1887 to 30th September 1888> was 265 men and 24 boys, and the number engaged through the registry was 202 men and 18 boys. Some of these i engagements were for short terms, so that some applicants figure more than otrce in the Ust.i In the past year the nun^ber of separate applicants for whom employment was obta,ined 1st, Oct J 1885 to ,. 30th Sept. 1886. -• 1st Oct. 1886 Mh S^Spt. 1887. ' 1st Oct.'i888) ..;. . to., ,,■ 30th-S^t. . 1888. -!•• Tratjes: 1 1 m 1^ St! l| ^ 1 1' li m Gardeners • Carpenters * Gpp6rs!,l]jaj3purws , • Painters . ' ' Draughtsman Stonemasons Bricklayers Coadtmien,. Grooms, and Stablemen. Plumbers ■ . Gasfltters, 'Whitesmith, &c. Boys m ■ '67 118 ■ 60 6 ■ 42 ,;13 ;-S •,. li 26 31 69 99 49.' l 'is: ; 35 . 19,-,, 11 18 42 4« 126 , ■ 40 • '.ir 4 26 ' 25 7 ,1* 37 32 ■« ■ 101 ! 29 : 4 '■ 20 7 14 ' ,22 35 33 68 65 4 19, . 24 < 4 8 24'' 28." ;.. W'<- 61 :'39M' a 14 20 , .. 3 6 18 ■ SI* 325 369 291 284 220 1st October 1888. W. H. Gakdener, High Street, Egham. Note afist November l^S. There are at present registered as wanting work :-^ 4 bricklayers, 5 carpenters, 12' labourers, 1 cowman, 2 coaohhien, 1 grooni, 6 boys, 3 gardeners, 2 painters. The registrar also desires to flid permanent employ- ment, preferably at a distance from home, for 4 lads who have been trained in industrial Schools, and earnestly invites applications from employers who in view ^ of these lads' present ' excellent character and special training, would be kindly will to overlook the offences for which they were originally committed. 1889. EIETH ANNUAL EEPOET OF, THE EGfl:AM FREE REGI8TET FOE THE UJTBMPLOYE'D." Established February 1885. Hon. Siipervisofs.. Nathanebi. Louis Cohen, Esq. Eev. 3. Beattie. Tteaswrer. EeV. E. E. MOLYNETTX. J. L. Cmepokd'Smith, Esq. Registrar. Mr. W. H. GAEDENEa, High Street, Egham. The objects and mode of working of this registry have been so fully explained in previous reports, and especially in the report of 1888, that it seems needless to describe them again in detail. . j The Egham Eegistry was founded in February 1885, primarily to afford an easy and reliable medium of intercommunication, between employers and those seeking work and resident in the parish of Egham, in order to diminish as far as possible the waste of time and energy involved in tramping for work, and to make available at a distance from home the local good character and references of ^Jjose unable to obtain employment in the immediate neighbourhood. Aamall special lo^n fund is placed at the ,dispo_^al of the registrar to assist needy, workpeople in any initial expenses on their obtaining employment, or towards the cost of train fare to employment at a distance obtained through the registry o.r.bj fteir own eHorts. O 2 108 ROYAL COMMISSION ON LABOUR Whilflt the registrar scrupulously abstains from any interference with the question of wages or conditions of service asked or proffered, every care is taken to recommend only such applicants as seem to possess the qualifications prescribed for reported vacancies. Although, of course, the reliability of those recom- mended cannot exactly be guaranteed, the registrar endeavours to verify the antecedents of all applicants not personally known to him. Not a single complaini has, in fact, been received in regard to any man or boy engaged through the registry during the past two years. It is possible that «.s the services of the registrar are given gratuitously, there is some reluctance, both on the part of employers, and of those who obtain work through the registry, to make complaints. However, the registrar has the pleasure to report that he has received, in the course of the past year, satisfactory evidence that the working of the registry is appreciated by those for whose benefit it was established, and also that it has the confidence of employers. The management would again urge that gentlemen residing within the parish, and employers of labour having contracts in the neighbourhood, should seek to engage local workers of authenticated good character through the registry before deciding to import men or boys from a dii^iance. " Employers reporting vacancies " may rely that the registrar will carefully attend to " their directions in regard to qualifications or ante- " cedents of applicants. The registrar specially invites " advices of vacancies for boys or apprentices, and will " gladly communicate with local schoolmasters, in order " to select of certified school standard or character, or " possessing any special aptitude desired." (Eeport 1888.) The registrar will be particularly obliged for information enabling him to find berths for boys, even at a distance from home, as the loan fund is available for advances to assist boys as well as men with railway fares to assured berths. As employment is obtained for those entered on the registry at a distance from the parish, it is not thought right to exclude rigidly those who do not reside within its limits from the benefits of the registry, But in accordance with the fundamental rule made when the registry was established, a preference is given, in recom- mending applipants, to those who have resided at least six months in the parish. The hope has been expressed in previous reports that a system of labour registries at home, focussed at a central country or metropolitan ofiSce, might ultimately be placed in correspondence with a system of similar registries in the British colonies, but beyond the open- ing of registries in Queensland and in Western Australia, no progress has ^been made towards the attainment of this perhaps Utopian ideal. The registrar continues to receive, by the kind courtesy of the management of the Government Emigration Information Ofiice, 31, Broad- way, Westminster, copies of their publications, giving details as to the climate, price of necessaries, sugges- tions for outfit, length and cost of passage, and demands for difi"erent kinds of labour in the British colonies. The applications received by the registrar from persons residing in difierent country districts, and especially from different parts of Surrey (attracted probably by the abstract of the registry of places wanted advertised periodically in the " Surrey Advertiser "), as well as the inquiries received from time to time as to the methods and forma used at the Egham Eegistry, seem to point to the need of additional labour registries, especially in districts with a scattered population. However, it is obvious that the success of a labour registry must depend on varying local circumstances, on sustained efforts to secure the confidence of em- ployers and workers, and above all, on the selection of a competent, emest, and impartial registrar, possessing business aptitude, and a kindly, interest in the success of his efforts to obtain employment for those entered on his books. The management of the Egham BiOgistry desire to record their continued entire satisfaction with the efforts of their registrar, and their appreciation of his great interest in his work. The table of the working expenses of the Egham Registry since its foundation gives the following results, but as the services of the registrar are given gratuitously (beyond a fee of bl. for the use of his shop as the ofllce of the registry) it is obvious that these figures are no guide as to the cost of a registry where the registrar has to be paid in propor- tion to the time and trouble he is required to give to the work. The correspondence alone connected with the cases passing through the Egham Registry during the past year has involved th? writing of apwards of 300 letters, etween: local workers and employers at a minimum ,Qf rexpense and personal effort, are practically useful and benefijjiali i ; Some of the incidental advantages of a registry may 'be briefly reciipitulated. • It afibrds an opportunity of authenticating the antecedents of appUcants, thus assisting them to obtain distant berths, and widening the market for their labour. Attention can be given to the instructions of employers as to desired qualifica- tions of men or lads for whom they may; have vacancies. A registry also enables lads about to enter on their working life, as well as all working men, to peek for employment in anticipation of the date when they will be needing work. 'These and other ■ incidental advantages (to whieh attention has been called in previous reports of the Egham Free Registry) must depend greatly on the ap- titude, energy, and zeal of the registrar, and the success of the Egham Registry is ho doubt largely due to the ability and devotion of the Egham registrar. But it has come to be generally recognised that to save the waste of time and eflSort, and to alleviate the hardships involved in hap-hazard tramping for work, a public agency for employment, especially in ruTal districtSj is a valuable public facility. It is believed that the need of such a facility was first suggested by the pro- moters of the Egham Free Labour Registry. It is satisfactory to note also that the various suggestions of possible developments of such organisations, if established generally throughout Great Britain, or even throughout the British Empire as foreshadowed in some previous reports of our registry, are receiving now more Or less general attention. In the past year several applications have been received for copies of the forms and particulars of the methods of working the Egham. Registry ; these methods have been so fully described in previous reports that it is needless to refer to them again in detail. ' The continued success of the registry or "bureau" Opened at Ipswich in August 1886, and working" on lines similar to the Egham Registry in a populous district, furnishes suggestive and almost conclusive proof of the value of these organisations, even in some urban neighbourhoods, under competent management. Other registries have been established in 1891 in several country districts, and in London. The anticipation in our last report that governm ental or municipal aBsistance would soon be given to promote the general establish- ment of public agencies for employment, has already been fulfilled by the institution of a registry at Chelsea under the direct management of the local vestry. The registrar at Egham will always be glad to exchange advices of vacancies for men and lads with the management of other registries, where the ante- cedents of applicants are recorded for ' authentication, when thought desirable, by employers. Although a preference is always given in reporting vacancies at Egham to applicants who have resided for at least six months in the parish, it sometimes occurs that the registrar has applications from employers which he cannot satisfy from his own books. ' The management of a registry can only aim at recording the mutual wants of employers and workers, and cannot, of course, undertake to directly provide work, but it is hoped that the facility of the Registry induces employers to a certain extent to seek for local workmen before importing labour from a distance. Last winter, when the frost had continued for an ex- ceptionally long period, a kind donation was placed at the disposal of the registrar by one of the hon. super- visors to be used for relief work, and employment was thus given for a short time to about SO men. It is obvious that unless men engaged in various building trades and in spade labour on short time service make provision by benefit unions or otherwise against an- nuajlly recurrent periods of forced inactivity, they must suffer acute distress whenever a long continued frost occjirs. . _ 1 The initial rule, that the registrar shall not interfere at all in any, question pf wages, or in regard to the conditions of service, cbntinues to be always strictly observed, and all interference with any trade organisa- tion or labour troubles i^ thus avoided. The special loan fund placed at the disposal of the registrar to assist, in his discretion, poor applicants in „the expenses of transit to distant employment and in the redemption of tools, &c., was increased by a donation, in 1891, of 31. 4s. IQd. to 13s. as. lOct. Of this sum, loans for 21. 4s. 6^; were excused to the O 4 112 aiOYAL COMMISSION ON LABOUK: borrowers with the assent of the donor of the fund, and 19s. 4d. had to be written off as bad debts, leaving a balance of 102. partly in hand and partly in coarse of repayment. This loan fand is used mostly for short term, and the total of the sums lent during 1891 amounted to 201. 14s. 6d. The voluntary oontribations received under rule 3 from some of those obtaining work through the registry amounted last year to 14s. '6d., comparing with 12s. 9d. in 1889-90, 7s, 9d. in 1888-89, 68. lOd. in 1887-88, 3s. 4d. in 1886-87, and nU in 1885-86. For convenience in collecting subscriptions the accounts of the registry are made up to 31st December, but for purposes of comparison with previous years the statistics given in the registrar's report are compiled for the period from 1st October 1890 to 1st October 1891. The total working expenses of the registry during the past 12 months amounted to 101. 4s. This expenditure comprised postage, printing of forms, post cards, introduction cards, advertisements, &c., and an annual fee for the use of the registry office. The ser- vices of the registrar are kindly given without charge. The hon. supervisors desire to record their apprecia- tion of the energy, ability, and devotion shown by the registrar in connexion with the working of the registry which involves a very large amount of cor- respondence. The cost of working for this year compares as follows with that of previous years : — £ 8. d. 1885 - 7 9 2 when employment was obtained for 181 adults out of 223 appli- cations. 1886 - 7 18 2 when employment was obtained for 307 men and 18 boys out of 325 applications. 1887 - 9 9 6 when employment was obtained for 269 men and 22 boys out of 369 applications. 1888 - 9 13 when employment was obtained for 202 men and 18 boys out of 289 applications. 1889 - 10 11 6 when employment was obtained for 207 men and 14 boys out of 277 applications. 1890 - 11 13 when employment was obtained for 247 men and 9 boys out of 264 applications. 1891 - 10 4 0- when employment was obtained for 236 men and 11 boys out of 291 applications. The treasurer has the pleasure to acknowledge the following donations from 31st December 1890 to 31st December 1891 :— Donations, &c. Eev. E. E. Molyneux d-en. Sir Alexander Taylor, G.C.B. Gr. 0. Eaphael, Esq. Lt..Gen. Sir "William Jervois, G.C.M.G. Baron Schroder - - - Mrs. Middleton Miss Johnson B. "Warwick, Esq. H. Potter, Esq. Miss Blackett - - . T. Byre, Esq. Col. Gostling Murray "Workmen's contributions Balance due to treasurer, 1st January 1892 £ 8. d. . 5 - 1 - 2 - 1 - 1 - 10 - 10 - 1 1 - 2 2 - 10 - -0 10 - 10 - 14 3 - 11 £12 3 3 Expenditure. Fee for registry office, postage, &c. Advertisements . , - Printing - - - Balance due to treasurer, 1st January 1891 £ 8. . 5 3 - 2 11 - 2 10 d. 10 4 - 1 19 3 £12 3 3 Nathaniel L. Cohen, Epq. (for special loan fnnd) - - 31. 4e. lOd. There is a balance due to the treasurer of lis. The treasurer trusts that subscribers will kindly renew their donations to defray the expenses of the registry during the coming year. BiEPOET OP THE EEGISTHAa FOR THE PERIOD TROM 30TH SEPTEMBER 1890 TO 30tH SEPTEMBER 1891. The- number of applications for employment made to the Bgham Free Eegistry from 30th September 1890 to 30th September 1891 was 272 adults and 18 boys, and the number engaged through the registry was 233 adults and 1 1 boys, besides 1 married couple. Some of these engagements were for short terms, so that some applicants figure more than once on the list. In the past year the number of separate applicants for whom employment was obtained was 214, against 205 separate applicants engaged in 1889-90, and 201 in 1888-89. 1st October 1887 1st October 1888 [ 1st October 1889 1st October 1890 to to to to Trades. 30th September 1888. 30th September 1889. 30th September 1890. 30th September 1891. Appli- Employ- Appli- Employ- Appli- !^mploy- Appli- Employ- catioas. obtained. cations. obtained. cations. obtained. cations, obtained. -Gardeners and garden labonreri 35 28 40 58 46 50 42 40 OarpeBters 33 29 31 27 28 21 56 52 General labonrers 68 61 79 73 84 103 60 49 Painters - - 65 39 42 26 36 28 31 26 Stonemasons 4 2 , 7 2 4 1 2 2 Bricklayers 19 14 15 14 11 8 42 37 Coachmen, grooms, and stable- 24 20 27 19 32 28 27 18 men. Plumbers - - 4 3 6 5 1 1 1 1 Gasiitters, whitesmiths, &c. 8 6 3 3 4 1 Boys 24 18 27 14 16 9 18 n Married couples — ■ — 3 3 1 1 1 1 Laundress — — — 1 1 Charwomen — — — — — 6 5 Cooks - - — — — — — 3 2 284 220 280 224 264 256 289 244 December 1891. Note on Slst December 1891, There are at present registered as wanting work : — 8 bricklayers, 1 gardener, lO painters, 6 boys, 1 stonemason, 1 charwoman. W. H, Gardener, High Street, Egham. 10 carpenters, 16 labourers, 2 coachmen. APPENDIX. — WHOLE COMMISSION. 113 1892. EIGHTH ANNUAL EEPOET OF THE BGHAM FREE EEGISTRT FOR THE UNEMPLOYED. • Established Febriialy 1885. Son. Swpervisora .- Nathaniel Louis Oohen, Esq. Rev. J. Beattie, Treasurer. Rev. R. E. MoLYNBUX. J. L. Cliffoed-Smith, Biegistrar : Mr. W. H. Gabdeneb, High Street, Egham. Object.. To provide a free, easy, and reliable jnedium of inter-communication between employers and workmen of authenticated good character who have resided for six months within the limits of the parish, thus diminishing, as far as possible, the waste of time and energy involved in tramping for work. ' (The registrar scmpulously abstains from any inter- ference in the question , of wages or in the condi- tions of service asked by workmen or prescribed by employers.) Means. I. — Employers of labour having contracts in the neighbourhood are requested to engage local workmen before importing men from a distance, and abstracts of the registry are sent periodically to such employers and their foremen. Similar abstracts are advertised periodically in the country newspapers and exhibited on a notice board outside the registry office. II. — Endeavours are made to help respectable work- ing men and boys of authenticated good character in their efforts to obtain knowledge of all available work in the neighbourhood, a preference in reporting vacancies being always given to those who have resided for at least six months in the parish. III.— Applicants obtaining work are invited to con- tribute 3d.- a week to the registry during the first four weeks of any engagement obtained through the re- gistry, but this payment is .purely voluntary. r\r. — Employers reporting vacancies for men or boys may rely upon the registrar attending to their direc- tions in regard to the qualifications and antecedents of applicants. ' ' *** By the courtesy of the management of the Government Emigratiotl Information Office, 31, Broad- way, Westminster, the Registrar, is regularly supplied with copies of ' their pubHoations giving details as to climato, price of necessaries, suggestions for outfit, length, and cost of passage, and demands for different kinds of labour in the British colonies. Note. — Applications are from time to time made to the registrar for information as to tlie methods of working this free registry for the unemployed. It is therefore thought advisable to repeat that whilst the registrar is instructed to give all infor- mation and counsel, and copies of the forms used at the Egham Registry to facilitate the establishment of other local registries, it is obvious that their success must depend on varying local circumstances, and especially on the confidence that niay be felt in the registrj both by employers and by the working' classes. It is, above all, indispensable to select a competent earnest, and impartial registrar, possessing business aptitude and a kindly interest in the success of his efforts to obtain employment for those entered on his books. The registry sh<)uld also be always available at convenient hours. It is hoped that ultimately an organisation of local free labour registries in country districts for the unemployed, affiliated to county towns, and focussed at a metropolitan office, may be placed in correspondence with similar organisations in the colonies and throughout the British Empire. It is hoped, also, that in course of time local registries may be associated with eleemosynary and benefit societies, at least as far as regards able-bodied men and lads who are rect'iviiig the assistance of such societies, and who are eligible for entry on the registrar's list. A sm^U special loan fund is placed at the disposal of the reo-istrar lb assist' needy workpeople in any initial expenses on their obtaining employment, or towards the cost of train fare to assured distant employment, obtained through the registry or by their own efforts. Repobt. In prebenting to the stibscribers the" Eighth Annual Report of the Egham Free Registry for the Unem- ployed, it may be remarked that the facilities' sdught to be provided by the establishment of this registry are sufficiently indicated in the above recital, which is I 78448. * reproduced from previous reports published year by year since the first establishment of the Egham Registry, in February 1885. The general outline of the project involved the establishment in country dia- triots or a system of registries or public agencies for eoiployment to be focussed at a central office, and placed in correspondence with similar organisations in the colonies. It is believed that it may be claimed for the founders of the Egham Registry that they were the first to recognise the need of greater facilities for the market- ing of labour in country distiicts. In the annual reports, and in an article in the " National Review," of March 1887, and in letters to the Press in 1885, 1886, 1887, by one of the honorary supervisors, suggestions were made somewhat on these lines for the provision in country districts of facilities by which, inter alia, available work could be brought quickly and cheaply to the knowledge of competent and willing workers. An article in the " Daily News,", of the 28th October 1891, alludes to the pioneer position of Egham in this matter, and describes also a registry at Ipswich, referred to in our Sixth Annual Report for 1890. The Ipswich Registry, opened on the 26th August 1886, 18 months after the establishment of the Egham Registry, appears to have been started on similar lines and with similar aspirations to the Egham Registry, but, owing to special circumstances, its work seems to have been more arduous and difficult, especially as it served a more populous district. The difficulties seem, however, to have been well met by the indefatigable zeal and devotion of the honoraiy manager, the Rev. Wickham Tozer. There can, of course, be no monopoly of suggestion or advocacy in regard to such a wide question as the marketing of various classes of labour. The manage- ment of the Egham Registry have only to express their satisfaction that adequate attention is at length being given to the subject. There seems now a prospect that some of the facilities sketched in the successive reports of the Egham Registry, as desirable for country" dis- tricts, may be practically established. Mr. W. H. Gardener, the Registrar at Egham, gave full evidence before the Labour (,'ommission, on the 28th October last, as to the working of the Egham Registry, and as to the lines on which the system should be developed in country districts! He was assisted in the preparation of his evideiide by one of the hon. supervisors. The general tenor of his evidence was ' in advocacy of the principles and suggestions previously put forward' in the Egham reports, and especially that such public agencies for employment should be established in country districts under the control of representative bodies, and that they should be in correspondence through a central office for the exchange of information respecting any surplus vacancies for which no suitable local applicant might be available. It may be well to emphasise again the definite and obvious value of registries or employment agencies in country districts, as distinguished from their use in urban or populous neighbourhoods. In the country, employers are scattered, and the waste of a hap-hazard tramp for work is much more serious than in towns, and involves often a break-up of the workers' homes. In towns there is already an organised system of com- munication bietween employers and workers in skilled trades in connection with the trades unions. No doubt reliable and detailed evidence will appear in the report of the Labour Commission, either from the managers of the trades unions, or from those who have obtained employment under their auspices as to how this system practically works. The allegation that selected public- houses are necessarily an important factor in the system does n«t seem to have been yet authenticated as far as appears from the evidence before the Com- mission published in the newspapers. A considerable number of urban registries were established in 1891 and 1892. It may be expected that the results of their working will be collated and presented in the report of the Labour Commission, which will probably furnish an authoritative opinion on the whole subject. But the mere establishment in populous districts of agencies to record the names and addresses of those who present themselves as unemployed without any corollarative facilities can hardly be of much practical value, even for statistical purposes. It may be pointed out here again that registries alone cannot involve any fresh work' for the unemployed, and that the influence of tbe facility of the registry in this direction is almost liiiiited to making available for thope entered on the 114 ROYAI*, COMMISSION ON LABOjUp ; register, all local work and all work at a distance r6p9rted to ' the registrar for which there may" he no sniliable local applicant in the district where snch work is obtainable. A regi^y, '^'hether in town or conntry, shonld be incidentally very nsefnl as a focus for com- iriunicating with the working classes,' for notification of Government thrift facilities, and of the conditions of service in G-overnment and Mnuicipal employment (including military and naval reorniting). Bnt a re- gistry or public agency for employihenfmust neces- sarilyprove fatile unless it commands the confidence and Btlpport alike of workers and employers. Copies of the pnbUoations of the Emigrants' Infor- mation office, including a periodical placard ^ivin^ an epitome of information important for intenfing emi- grants have been regularly supplied to the Egham Regis- try and the placard exhibited on the notice board of -tbe registry. But it has not been foniid practibable to arrange any special facilities for emigrants' in the way foreshadowed in pi-evious reports. The result of 'the working of the Egham Eegistry can hardly be taken as comprising the maximum advantage that can be obtained from such an agency even in that district. The workiilg expenses Of the registry have always been very small, chiefly owiiig to the' fact that the managenieilt is hbnorai'y, and the fee for the use of the office rioininal. It is right to recognise the special aptitude a'hd public' spirited devotion with which the work of the registi^' is conducted by the 'registrar, Mr.' W. H. Garofehei'! Besides the heavy licirmal correspondence connected with the working of the registry, many applications were received last year for information, and foi' samples of the fornis used dt Egham from places whefd it was proposed to establish similar registries. It is believed that if the exclusive services of an Officer were 'given to the special duty of the work of the registry, it would be practicable to undertake many departments of activity likely to be useful to local worlqieople. The registry might then be extended to include applications for employment and from employers for women. Last yeaV, the hon. registrar kindly undertook to receive applications from charwomen. It may be well to repeat the important initial rule which has been strictly observed in the working of the registry since its first establishment in February 1885 — that the registrar shall scrupulously abstain from interference in any question of wages or conditions of service, or labour troubles. A special loan fund, placed at the disposal of the registrar by one of the hon. supervisors, to assist, in his discretion, poor applicants in the expenses of trans- mission to distant employment, in the redemption of tools, &c., has been increased by a donation of three guineas to 131. 3«. Od. This loan fund is used mostly for short terms, and the total lent during the past year amounted to 291. Of this sum 24/!. 16s. Od!. has been repaid, 31. has been written off as bad debts or excused to the borrower with the assent of the donor of the fond, leaving a balance of lOZ. 3s. Od., partly in hand, and partly in course of repayment. The Ttoluntary contributions received under Rnle 3 from some of tl^0Be obtaining work from the registry amoHinted last year to 9s. lOd., cbmparin^ with 14«. 3d!., 12s. 9d., 7s. 9d., 6s. lOd!., 3s. 4d., and nil in the previous years since the first establishment of the registry. In order to make a uniform date for statistics of work and statistics of cost, both statements are made up this yearto 31st December 1892, the former covering a period of 15 months frCm 1st October 1891, and the latter of 12 months from 1st January 1892. Allowing for this circumstance there appears to Jjave been some little diminution in the number of 'Separate cases, but the proportion of^ applications for which employmenNJ was found through the registry is still satisfactory. The total working expenses of -phe ,r|egistry during the past 12 months amounted to 12Z. 18s. lOd. .This expenditiire comprised postage, priiting' of foj'ms, post-cards, in- troduction cards, ad'f-ertisements, &c., and 5 J. for the use pf the registiy office. The cost of workipg for this year compares as follows with that of previoiis years : — ^■.. ..'"". 2 ■vvhen employineilt vras obtai&ed for 181 adults out of 223 appli- cations. 2 when employment was obtained for 307 men and 18 boys put of 325 applications. 6 when, employnment was obtained for 269 men and 22 boys out of 369 applications. when, employment was obtained for 202 men and 18 boys out of 289 applications. 6 when employment was obtained for 207 men and 14 boys out of 277 applications. 11 13 when employment was obtained for 247 men and 9 boys out of 264 applications. 10 4 when ' employment was obtained for 235 men and H boys out of 291 applications. 12 18 10 when employment was obtained for 268 adults and 21 boys out of 382 applications, ' The treaEnirer has the 'pleasiire to acknowledge the foflowing donations received from the 31st December 1891 to the 3l8t December 1892 :— i88S 1886 1887 L888 1889 1890 1891 1892 £ 7 7 18 9 9 9 13 10 11 Donations, &c. BXPENDITUEE. £ s. d. £ s. d. Nathaniel L. Cohen, Esq. 2 2 Balance due to treasurer 1st January 1892 110 'ihe Baron Schroder _ 2 Fee for registry office - 5 Sir Alex. Taylor, G.C.B. . 1 Mr. Larkin, printing, books - ,6 7 G. C. Raphael, Esq. . 2 Advertisements - 1 16 Howard Potter, Esq. , 1 1 Sundries - 4 10 Col. Gostling Mxirray (the late) Col. Gostling Murray (the late) doi 10 la- 12 18 10 tion for deficit . 10 Balance in hand ■ 1 5 C. Lucena, Esq. . 10 Mrs. Drummond 6 Miss Johnson 10 Benjamin Warwick, Esq. (the late) 1 1 Mrs. Middleton 10 T. Smith, Esq. 5 Eev. H. J. De SaHs 1 Workmen's Contributions £ 9 10 14 3 10 £14 3 10 Nathaniel L. Cohen, Esq. (for Special Loaij. Eund) - - £3 3». Od. diS *th^comiiS^''^*eli^** subscribers will kindly renew their donations to defray the, expen8.e8 of the registry APPENDIX.— Whole iioMMtssioN. '^ 115' BBPOBT Olf THE RMISTBAB, IOB, THB EBBIOD FBOM 30tH SbPTBMBEB 1891 TO 31ST Decbmbbb 1892. is.iiri'j ...I'M •'■.•uix-t.:- !■' .'■ii.i.' I ■•t<)"M^~ nij ■ ■ 1 . •- ' The number of applications for employntent made to the Bgham Free I^egistry from 30th September 1891 to Slat December 1892 was 350' adults and 32 boys, and the number engaged thtongh the registry was 268 adiilts and 21 b^#. Some of these engagements were for short terms, so that the appljipants figrfrp more, Ijhan once on the list. In the past 15 months the number of separate applicants for whom employrdeht was ootaiiied was 228 against 214 iul890-9ilva05'inl889--90, and 201 im888-89. .„, , . b/u. hi,„ Hj,.,i-,r.^ , {.i-. ■■■■ ■■- ■ -"■■■-"!.i',r ■ ■'^ ■■■Trades, ■^'"■'i ■" ■ i-ii- ^-- — ' — T-»^ 1st October 1888 '■' '-^ to 30th September 1889. 1st October 1889 to 80th September 1890. Ist October 1890 ^^.^ to 30th September 1891. TT-T*-T7 ' ^-r 1st October 1891 .,, to ' 3l8t December 1892. , , ' 1 1.1 ■ '•- I ■■■M-''! 'Applica- tions. Employ- ment obtained.' Applica- tions. Employ- ment obtained. I. 1 ApplicDr tions. Employ- ment " obtained. Appliea-, tions. Employ- ment •■'- obtained. Gardeners - « _ ,,, 40 38 ■ ao . -. *Ku, 42 t , ■ ' 40 42 M9- . 34 Carpenters - - ' - ■9.03^ 27 ''. " ■'. "' 28 21 56 52 62 •■•' 49 Ge;a^ral labourers -^ Painters . - . 'U. 42 " ■" 26 '''" , 103 36 84 28 1. . .. ,!,'! 60 ' 31. 49 26 116 45 93 ;, 30 Stonemasons 7 2 Sb .! \. ■- .... 4 .a ,ji. h 2 2 2 1 Cowmen - - t' *' 4>^ «0 —^ , . i. AO — — ■->''■ t ; — 4iil,>, u. iji3 Bricklayers - - - 15 14 11 8 42 37 35 24 Coachmen, grooms, and stable- 27 19 32 23 27 18 21 18 men. Plumbers 6 5 1 1 1 1 5 3 Gasfitters and whitesmiths 3 3 ''' 1. 4 -A -}..,.■ i ix _ — 4 2 Caretakers . _ . — — — — — — 3 3 Boys 27 I4..jr.j I. i« U- d '' 18 11 32 21 Charwomen - . - — — — — 6 5 11 8 Married couples 3 3 1 1 1 1 — — Laundresses - - - — — 1 1 — — — — Cooks — — — — 3 2 — — U»- . . 280 - - 224 287 224 289 244 ^82 289 W. H. G-ABBENBB, January 1893. — — -™"-— — ■ ■•■ - H igh fetreet. Egham. ;olt.7r; . Note. — There are at present registered as Wanting work !— 2 bricklayers, 1 carpenter, 8 labourers, 1 cowman, 2 coachmen, 4 boys, 2 gajdenerBj_2_painter8j^ 2 charwomen, 2 caretakers. APPENDIX LX. ^1 •»! ffoB. .fo and the 31st August last 3,611 persons applied to tie registered, and situations or employment were obtained for 1,522 persons. (See table of results in Appendix.) Expenditure, September to August 1891-92. The expenditure on account of the Bureau has been, to the end of August, 162Z. 15s. 7d.* less than Is. per applicant, or a little over 2«. per person for thoee obtaining work. This expenditure for the first year includes several items which are not likely to recur, and it is estimated that the cost per head will be reduced in future years. • A further expenrtitwre of 37?. 17x. has bwii incurred up to October 15th. .„ ^ , . In addition to the table of results we append copies' of the more important of the office forms, viz. : i ■ I ^'. !.:: "*1 ■^IjKl Office Forms. Form 1. Application for registration. „ 2. Applicant's report on obtaining employ- ment. ,, 3. Employer's report on being suited. ,,_ 4. Circular to employers and others. Notices have also been issued to libraries, reading- rooms, coffee taverns, Ac, calling attention to the work of the Bureau, Nearly 8,000 of the circula:?^ (Form 4) have been distributed iji the west of London ; and the whole of the work in connection with thlBbnreau,'ihter- viewing applicants and employers, making inquiries, personally or by letter, and tabulating and classifying applications, has been performed by the Superintendent, assisted only by a lad as oflBce boy. Other Vestries amd proposed Bureaus. Applications for information as to the work of the bureau have been received from various sources Members of several London vestries fBattersea' Fulham, Kensingtoii, ' aiia"'Peokham)-have"'ilfiAnired into the methods adopted, with a view to proposing •similar agencies elsewhere, and your snb-committ^ are informed that a definite proposal to this effect has been laid before the Battersea vestry. Doctors Danf ord Thomas and Gordon Hogg, the coroners, after inte»u viewing our Superintendent, have proposed the forma- tion of acommittee t6'«ffee upon the London Vestries the desirability of forming Labour Agencies in every district of the Metropolis. APPi^W?.' — WHOLE GOMMISSIOJiT. 119 The Assooiated Ohamh&rs of Oommeroe and the Boyal Oommission on Labour. Mr. Soammell, of the Exeter Chamber of Commerce, after o^rrespondenoe with the Superintendent, at a meeting of the Associated Chambers of Commerce, held at the H6tel M^tropole, proposed a resolution urging upon the G.overnment and the Eoyal Commission on Labour the necessity for the establishments in pro- vincial towns. This was followed by a communication from the Secretary of the Royal Commission, requiring the attendance of the superintendent to give evidence at the next sitting. Privaie Irmtators. Inquiries have also been received from private gen- tlemen who were desirous of imitating the work of the Bureau. Among these were Mr. Dowton, of Peckham Public Hall, Camberwell Vestry, and Asylums Board, Mr. Lumley, of North-East Bethnal Green, and M:!'. N. Cohen, who is actually engaged in the management of a Labour Bureau at Egham, Surrey. In addition to many notices in the press, a long descriptive report of the Bureau appeared in the' " St. James's Gazette " in October last. Thanks of the Svb-OommiUee. The thanks of your sub - committee are clue to Mr. G«orge White for a present of office furniture ; to Mr. Jeffery ; the Chelsea Liberal Association ; and to the Chelsea Vestry for gifts of boards, which have greatly helped the employment of boardmen. ( In conclusion, your sub-committee wish to report that they are unanimously of opinion that Mr. Thomas Smyth, the Bureau Superintendent, has performed his novel and frequently difficult duties with great tact, industry, and zeal. John H. Beass, Chairman. APPENDIX. Chelsea Li30UB Bureau. Tahle of Besults. Number registered from 6th October 1891 to 31st August 1892, and the number of employments obtained. Registered. Employed. Males. Artizans 388 126 Boys 489 178 Carmen, Coachmen, &o. 182 24 Clerks 76 12 Handymen 68 49 Labourers 362 127 Porters 337 19 Shop Assistants 16 19* Waiters 13 7 Watchiiieii 56 6 Total 1,987 567 Femaljss. fCharwomen 737 129 Caretakers 5 18* Domestics 647 609 Dressmakers and Needlewomen 90 96* Ironers and Laundrywomen 41 64* Shop Assistants 31 16 Females, various 73 23 Total 1,624 955 Grand Total 3,611 1,522 * Applications ongiuaUj' made for some other clsiss of employment. > + Many of the applications under this head might also be' classified under others, as temporary needlewomen, cooks, nurses, &c. Many were, unfortunatehr, made by those whose age and physical infirmities rendered the application almost hopeless. ***** [Here followed Forms 1, 2, 3, and 4, i.e., Appendices LXI., LXIL, LXir., and LX. respectively. ~G. D.] APPENDIX LXVII. Chelsea Labour Bureau, Town Haii,, Kino's Road, Chelsea, S.W. Ekee Registration ! Any person residing in Chelsea and requiring em- ployment may, by applying at the Labour Bureau have his or her name registered for employment free of charge. All residents out of employment should come aud register, and so establish one great public centre to which employers could apply with the probability of obtaining the labour they may require free of all office fees. The Bureau will be open as under : — For Males : Daily from 9 a.m. to 12noon. For Females ; Daily from 2 p.m. to 5 p.m. (Saturdays excepted.) T. Smyth, Superintendent. APPENDIX LXVIII. State and Municipal Control of Industry. In deahng with the subject of the " State and municipal control of industry," the Appendix to this statement, whicb has been tabulated by the Commission staff from official statistics juat obtained, serves to show the number of persons employed under the State or ' by local authorities, what hours are worked, and what wages received, and, where it has been possible, comparison has been made between the conditions of those employed und ex pubUc control, and those under private Arms, I here deal briefly with the various forms in which the demand is made for extending the sphere of the State or municipal bodies as employers of labour. The control of industry by the State or municipalities is advocated, because it is believed that such collective control would best secure the interests of all sections of the community. It is held that modern commercialism with its intense competition does not admit Of proper individual develop- ment, and amongst the most ardent advocates of collective contiol of industry are to be found those strong indivi- dualists who desire nothing so much a the opportunity for all to fully develop their manhood aud womanhood. They point to the fact that under present conditions a considerable proportion of the population are in enforced P 4 120 ROYAL COMMISSION ON LABOUR: idleness, and are, therefore, consuming withont producing, and to the fact that many others are engaged producing and distributing articles, some of which are useless, and others positively mischievous in their efEects, and .vhich would never find a sale wers it not for the modern develop- ment of a system of palming off goods by accomplished salesmen, who successfully persuade people to purchase articles that are not wanted : and the energy of the pro- ducers and distributors of such articles, it is contended, iis entirely wasted, they too being consumers, but not pro- ducers of anything of value. It is further held that modern-day competition is productive of many of the worst evils that now burden society ; to it is mainly chargeable the very grave evils that arise from failures in business with the attendant results of mental derangement in many cases, and crime in others ; and in either case whether men are in lunatic asylums, hospitals, or jails, their value to the State is nil. It is also lield that the progress of science, metallurgical, mechanical, and chemical, is impeded by the sectionalized miethods of conducting trade that obtain to-day, and that, therefore, the standard of life is very much lower than it would be with more perfect industrial organisation, such as might be obtained under collective control. The baneful tendency of modern commercialism demands of the conductors of trade and commerce, not that they shall endeavour to excel, but that they shall by some means or other obtain the trade of competing firmS; and thus honesty is sacrificed for rascality in thousands of instances, quality gives place to " shoddy," and the collective good is lost sight of in the intensity of the sectional struggle for existence. It is also held that even of the wealth now produced an unfair share of it gets into the possession of those who render very small value to the State, so that upon the grounds of inefficient production, and of inequitable dis- tribution, it is demanded that public control should super- cede the private control of industry. It must not be thought that this is merely the demand of small sections of poverty-stricken men, or the wastrels (.f various grades of the community ; it may or may not i.iclude these, but certainly it is the fact that an increasing number of recognised scholars, competent business men, and thoughtful workmen are endorsing the proposals in favour of State or municipal regulation of industry. The belief obtains that with competent organisers there might be such a regulation of the production and distribu- tion of commodities as should admit of all getting the requisites of life at all times of the year, and that the mischief arising from fluctuations could be spread over the whole of the people, so that none should be entirely crushed by adversity. Historically considered, it is contended that economic evolution points to the collective control of industrj', as is indicated by the fact that for many years past in numerous trades the old individual relationship between employer and workman has ceased, the business manager taking the place of the friendly employer whilst the Limited Liability Companies are becom.ing in increasing instances enormous concerns employing thousands of workmen with a strong tenuencvfor these to again combine into syndicates of prodigious proportions, so that whilst we still have sectional control, with its advantages and evils, the tendency of the times is strongly in favour of reducing these sections, and those who take careful note of these events are of opinion that the present tendency will gather force until we reach at least municipal, probably national, control, and the demand now made is that Government should facilitate the change that the evolutionary indus- trial forces are thrusting upon us. This demand for municipal or national control of all industries is opposed as yet by a considerable portion of the thoughtful com- munity, and among those who are firm adherents to the principles of collectivism there are many who, as yet, only call for a modicum of municipal or State regulation. On the other hand there are many opponents of collectivism who are distinctly and enthusiastically in favour of the State control of the land and railways, and of the municipal control of tramways and docks, and the water and lighting supply. The great question of the land is receiving adequate attention without my referring to it at this stage, neither is it necessary to dwell upon the railway management in this country, except to say that a growing demand is arising in favour of the nationalisation of railways, and that some contend that travelling should be supported out of public taxation and not by payment per distance as at present. The specific work that I have to deal with is that of the control of the docks, wharves, warehouses, &c. in the Port of London. So numerous and serious have been the disputes that ha^e arisen between the various groups of employers and workmen in the port, that public atteption has been directed to the subject of these disputes for some time past. Suggested joint committees, boards of arbitration or con- ciliation, or frienuly understanding between employers and workmen direct, all have been tried, but with only jjoor results. The case is not disposed of by employers attribu- ting to the workmen a careless or mischevious disposition, nor yet by workmen replying that the cause of the troubles is due to the avarice of the employers. Upon investigation it will be seen that the methods by which the business of the port is conducted are of so vaiied and peculiar a nature that it is practioaJly impossible to proceed many weeks together without serious difficulties arising through dissatisfaction on one side or the other, a,nd it will be seen that the present methods of conducting the trade of the port are conducive neither to the well-being of the employers, the workers, or the general public. London having been the capital and chief centre of the English people for so many centuries, it has naturally followed that a large priiportion of the imports should find their way up the Thanjes, because there are situated the chief agencies of consumption and distribu- tion. It is not difficult to understand that the dock accommodation of a century ago, which , amply ■ met the requirements then, should soon prove unequal to the increasing trade, and that from time to time great and im- portant changes have been made to increase the accommo- dation as trade and corumerce grew. Accompanying these changes there has always been much tenacity shown to retain ancient methods and customs. It will be understood that if the work of a large port is to be done efficiently, such accommodation is needed as will admit of the import cargoes being brought direct by the ship to the warehouse, from which it can be delivered to the merchants with the greatest expedition, in order that no unnecessary f ime or expense be spent upon the cargo, and this means that it is desirable that there should be no second or third handling of goods if one handling will suffice, and the same applies to export or outgoing cargo. And as practically all goods have to be warehoused, it is necessary that the requisite warehouse accommodation should be in immediate proximity to the discharging berths, otherwise it will necessitate the handling of goods several times over to get them from the docks to the warehouse, which, of course, will increase the cost considerably. In consequence of cargoes coming from various parts of the world at different seasons of the year, it is desiralile that all imports should be brought as far as possible into one compact dock system, as otherwise for a considerable portion of the year machinery and men will be idle, and less than the best economy effected ; and keeping in view the necessity for rapidity of despatch, if good all-round results are to be obtained, it is also a neces- sary condition of success that the best machinery available shall be used for loading and discharging. And in the case of a large port like London, where a considerable amount of the cargo brought in is for transhipment purjioses, it is also necessary that the discharging and loading berths shall be near each other, as otherwise several handlings of goods must take place, and time occupied in transmission from dock to dock, which would not be necessary if the export aind import docks were immediately adjatent. Thus, for a prqper system of docks, it is requisite that the docks and warehouses shall be concentrated in the smallest space, and that the best machinery be employed. Straggling Condition, of the Docks, Wharves, and Warehouse-s of London. If examination now be made of the dock accommo- dation in the port of London it will be found that we have a p^ouUar and straggling array of docks and wharves, and wareiiOus«s and granaries, scattered along a distance of over 25 miles by the river from Tilbury to Blackfriars. Indeed, this does not properly represent the mileage covered. Many of the Atlantic boats now discharge cattle and cheese at Thames Haven, IQ. miles below Tilbury, and much cargo is taken by lighters to numerous wharves as high up the river as Hammersmith, eight miles above, Blackfriars. On either side of the river, along the whole of this distance, there are 10 groups of docks, about 260 wharves, and 44 granaries. It we exclude the Tilbury Docks and the numerous small wharves above Blackfriars we then have 10 miles where the bulk of the work of the port is carried on, from Blackfriars to North Woolwich, embracing the Albert Docks. The fi_rst group of docks travelling east'a-ards are the London and S,t. Katherine's, situated a jittle below the Tower of London on the Middlesex or North side of the river. One mile and a quarter furlhc? east on the same side is the Regent's Canal Dock, under separate management APPENDIX. — WHOLE COMMISSION. 121 Half a mile further east, still on the north side, the West and South- West India group of Doe)ts is reached. Three quarters of a mile further eaist hy the river, and still on the north or Middlesex side, the Millwall Docks are reached, which docks are controlled hy a separate ma- nagement^ Following on the winding course of the river for another three miles the East India Docks are reached, although they are only ahout half-a-mile distant from the eastern end of the West India Dock (Import). Another th;ree quarters of a mile eastward hy the river the entrance to the Victoria Dock is reached. Beyond this again is the Royal Albert, all on the north side of the river. Then a skip of 15 miles is made by the river before the Tilbury Docks are reached, which are also on the north sid^, in Essex. Between London Bridge and the West India Docks some of the principal coasting wharves are situated, each under separate management. In some instances piers are built into the river alongside of which the vessels run for discharging, hut many vessels are discharged while moored in the stream, the cargo being put into lighters* or barges, and taken thence to wharves or docks. The six coasting wharves that conduct the Scotch trade are situated at or near Wapping. The green fruit vessels from the Continent run chiefly to several wharves adjacent to Billingsgate Fish Market, immediately below London Bridge. The only group of docks on the south or Surrey side of the river is the Surrey Commercial group, which cover a very large area because of the extensive timber-ponds required, this group of docks being devoted almost exclusively to timber and grain, and under a separate management. Many of the principal wharves are on the south side of the river, some of them doing a very large trade, especially in teas, and getting their supplies mainly from the docks by lighters ; that is, the vessels discharge in the docks, and about 60 per cent, of the ca^go is landed on quay for sorting, and put into craft (that is lighters or barges), or put into c:aft direct from the ship, its destination being one or other of the wharves or dock warehouses. Another 25 per cent, of the cargo is landed and re- delivered to railways or vans, only a portion of which goes direct to customers, much of it going to wharves and warehouses, leaving only 25 per cent, to be warehoused by the docks. These numerous operations are very expensive, cause very serious delays, and consequently handicap the port against all other ports whose accommodation is adequate to present , requirements. It is mainly due to the fact that imported and exported goods are in many instances handled several times over by loading into barges, then taken a few miles along the river and again discharged, or loaded from the docks into vans to be taken to some more convenient dock or warehouse, that the cost of work in the port of London runs up so high, and that rapidity of despatch is seriously hampered. Thus if a ship enters the Royal Albert Dock and dis- charges there, 60 per cent, of the cargo will be discharged overside, that is, put out of the ship into barges, or it will be placed on the quay and sorted, and then put into barges, and conveyed to various wharves or docks. When the goods have been placed on the dock quay it costs about 9rf, per ton to re-deliver these goods into barges. It costs on the average an additional Is. 4d. per ton for lighterage, i.e., for conveyance by barge from the dock to the wharves, and it aojain costs 9d. per ton for landing, i.e., to discharge the goods from Jhe barge on to the wharf. This is rendered necessary at present because Ihe docks are not capable of receiving, working, and warehousing the cargo brought into the port ; and so inconveniently situated are the docks and warehouses of the London and India Docks Joint Committee, for instance, that an enormous expenditure is incurred by cartage and lighterage from the docks to the warehouses under the same company. Thus produce is brought to the Albert Dock, but there are no ware- houses at this dock, only transit sheds, so the produce is then taken by the company's vans or sent by rail or barge from the Dock to the Up-town Warehouses at an additional cost in some instances of 6s. or 6s. per ton, all of which adds to the cost of the work of the port, and tends to increase considerably the labour difficulties that arise. To illustrate the inadequacy of the present dock accom- modation of the port through want of compactness and through their peculiar construction, it will be necessary to make use of figures dealing with the tonnage entered, and noting what becomes of it. The following figures apply to the trade of 1889, those for 1890 not being obtainable. Entered at the port of London in the year 1889:— ■ Number of Vessels. Tonnage. Sailing vessels (3,010) Sailing vessels carry 50 per cent, more than registered tonnage 1,192,656 596,328 Steamers (7,720) ],78»,984 6,357,465 8,146,449 This does not include the coasting trade, which brings the total tonnage inwards to about 13,000,000 tons per annum, and the tonnage outwards to 8,000,000 tons. *0f this 8,146,449 tons, 2,488,102 are con- tinental, and go to the wharves as distinct from the docks - - - 8,146,449 Deducting this amount from the total - 2,488,102 We, have left as tonnage from Foreign Countries and British Possessions, but ex- clusive of coasting trade - • - 5,658,347 Of which the Joint Committee have worked or delivered, as per dock account - - 3,273,267 Leaving for other docks and wharves 2,386,080 Of the 3,273,000 entering the Joint Com- mittee's Docks, about 840,000 is ware- housed by them, but to get this amount to their warehouses from the docks by I'ghterage or other means, the committee actually paid . , . An expense that would not be incurred if the warehouse accommodation was all that is required. Of the remaining 2,433,000 about 1,600,000 is conveyed by lighters to other docks or wharves, and the approximate cost of this, which ought not to be necessary, will be as follows ; — First unnecessary operation that of putting from dock quay into lighter at i)d. per ton - - ... Second average cost of lighterage. Is. 4d. Third unnecessary operation, discharging from lighter to wharf or dock at 9d. per ton ----- 81,341 60,000 106,666 60,000 The remaining 833,000 would be delivered to railways and customers' vans, but I am not able to fix the amount handled a second time by cartage to railways through not ha.ving direct connection, and there- fore leave it out, but so far we have an estimated total expenditure that ought to be wholly unnecessary on the imported cargo received by the docks undir the Joint Committee of - - Total On export cargo, which is nearly as large in tonnage, the same difliculties present them- selves, though not to the same extent and the expenditure is estimated at - 308,007 100,000 * The only difference between a barge and a lighter is that the bargt has a flat bottom and the lighter is oval-shaped, having a. keel. I 78448. • Making a total, on import and export cargo in the docks under the Joint Committee, of Total 408,007 We have now to deal with the Ccmtinental trade the greater part of which is discharged in mid-stream. The total inward cargo from the Continent is 2,488,102 tons. At least one-half of this is taken by lighters to wharves and docks, incurring a cost for lighterage at an average of Is. 4d. per ton - 82,930 And a landing cost for discharging from lighter to dock or wharf of at least 9d. per ton - . - . . 46,650 Or an unnecessary expenditure on import cargo from the continent of - - 129,58 * A few Continental boats run to Tilbury, but their tonnage does not materially affect the generalisation here given. 122 110 VAL COMMISSION ON LABOUR: The continental outward cargo is equal to the inward, i.e., 2,488,102 tons, and as nearly the whole of this is taken from docks or wharves by lighters to the vessel, an unnecessary expenditure on lighterage is incurred upon, say 2,000,000 tons, at 1«. 4d. per ton - - - - 133,000 And the game tonnage to be lifted out of lighters into ship at a cost of 9d. per ton - 75,000 ■ Thus showing an unnecessary expenditure on continental outward cargo of - - - 208,000 Or continental inward and outward, 337,580i. This added to the estimated excessive expenditure under Joint Committee of 408,0072. ♦Gives a otal of - - - 745,687 This estimate i« certainly considerably under the actual excess of expenditure, but it will serve to indicate the causes that contribute to high rates in the port of London, and which in turn contribute to the numerous labour difficulties that take place there. As previously stated, if the work of the port is to be done efficiently, we ' require not only compa,ct aiid ample dock and warehouse accommodation conveniently situated to the centre of distribution, but the best machinery should also be used if economy with efficiency is to be secured. It has been shown that in London we have not compact docks and warehouses; on the contrarj-, they are dis- tributed over a very large and unworkable area, anil instead of having uniform control over the port, we have at least 300 different sets of employers to deal with, each with their sectional interests and peculiar methods. Now, if we look for first-class machinery we find that whilst much of that in use -is good, there is much of it quite obsolete, and in many iostances an entire lack of any machinery whatever. Thus, if one stands on London Bridge and looks east- ward svhen the fruit-boats are being discharged, it will be seen that the packages are taken from the ship into the adjacent warehouses, and the method adopted is positively staggering. Exactly the same method is made use of now as must have obtained a century ago; a more primitive method could not be used, and it would be impossible to find less evidence of mechanical engineering in the interior of Africa or China than obtains in the City of London in connection with the discharge of fruit. Thei'e will be seen hundreds of men running to and from the ship to the warehouse carrying on their shoulders the boxes of fruit one at a time. Much of this is taken up narrow winding stairs to the various warehouse floors a long row of men following each other along alleys, streets, and staircases as though hydraulic lifts and mechanical appliances were un- known in England. With proper warehouse accommoda- tion and mechanical appliances instead of scores of men pottering about with packages on their heads, the hydraulic elevator should be at work lifting . a dozen packages at once, and landing them on the warehouse floor ready for delivery, thus facilitating despatch and economising ex- penditure. Going lower down the river we find corn porters at work discharging grain in far too primitive a style to admit of rapid and economical despatch. One cannot traverse the docks and wharves of the port- without being struck with the fact that an entire change of method is requisite if satisfactory results are to be obtained. It may seem strange that I of all persons should empha- size the necessity for improved accommodation and mechanical appliances in connection with the docks and warehouses of the port, representing as I do the interests of the men rather than that of the employers. If more machinery and better accommodation is applied, it will mean a diminution in the number of men employed ; that certainly wotdd be the case, and such experience as I have had causes me to think that it would be best fpr all that there should be less men finding employment there, and that those men should be permanently employed. The evils arising from intermittent employment such as that obtained by a large proportion of those engaged in the docks and wharves in London have been laid before the Commission by the men themselves, and verification of those statements is easily obtainable by any one willing to devote a few days to personal investigation. From time to time one or other group of employers announce their intention to incre-ase their permanent staff, * This total affects only that cargo that goes to the Docks under the Joint Committee and to the wharves, leaving that wliich goes to Millnall, Surrey Commercial, and Segent's Canal Socks. but' I say as one who claims to know something of 'Hhe nature Of the employment ili the port of London, that with the numerous sectional interests involved in the work of the port, and the scattered condition of the dock and ware- house accommodation, it is impossible to have more than 50 per cent, of the labourers employed under a permanency; the remaining 60 per cent, are required more or less casually, and every wharfinger and Dock Company stand in need of such available extra labour in accordance with the fluctuations of the trade at the particular departments under their control : if it was not available they could not carry on the business. This is due in part to certain trades being virtually monopolised to a limited number of wharves or docks, so far apart from each other that it is impossible to dove-tail the interests of one section with- those of the other sections, and in part to Jhe sectional interests of the employers. Consequently unless there is a great change made in the directjpn of concentration of the dock and warehouse accommo- dation for the port, and an approach to uniformity of interests, it is iinpossible to make the labour in the, port steady and effective ; but, given uniformity. of interests, and concentration of accommodation, the dock anjj river work of the port of London could be done by a well-paid permanent staff, and doiie at much less cost and with better despatch than it is done at present. It, wojijd, however, mean making it impossible for several thousand men who now get "a very poor existence at the docks and wharves to get any existence at all, and therefore a suggestion, coining from me, as to greater efficiency must also be accompanied by proposals to meet the requirements of those who would be debarred from employ, ment, and this I hope to do, but the particular information wanted now is, how to apply practical business principles to the port of London so as to conduct the trade with the requisite degree of efficiency. This I now propose to show, and it is none of my business to deal with vested interests or to discuss compensation, &c. My task is to show that we can Cater for the traide of thei port in such a way as to secure the best interests of tHe consumers knd steady employment for the workers. THE PROPOSAL. By directing attention to the itlap of the Thames,. anij looking first at St. Katherine's Dock, near the Tower and running eastwards, passing the London Doclfjs| on to the West and South- West India, then to the East India, next to the Victoria, then to the lloyal All^ert, and last to the Tilbury, it will be seen at a glance that we have the very opposite of concentration ' at ' pres<=nt. Now, looking at that part of the river marked Limehouse Reach at the west end of the West India Dock, it will be seen that there is a horse-shoe b^nfl in the' river which runs around, coming up again near the eastern end of West Iridia Dock, forming a loop 3^ miles in length, the two nearest points being only a mde apart. In consequence of these numerous bends in the river numerous mud banks are formed, because the tidal stream in passing from one reach to another, instead of bending round the intervening point, sets directly towards the shore immediately fronting it, and deposits a great deal of mud, and then sets 6ff for the next bend distributing its mud at each turn. If the river course were diverted by cutting a channel from iQuckolds Point near the entrance to the West India Dock in a straight line across to the opposite point, a distance of one mile,! a saving of 2i miles in the length of the river would be made, ' freedom from the mud banks would be secured, and the tide having a straight and shorter course would scour the waterway and keep the channel clear: then the 3J' miles of river known now as Lime- house Reach, Greenwich Reach, and Blackwall Reach, could be '' dockised," supplying a qiiay space of SJ miles on the mside of the bend, and 4 iniles on the outer side or on that small space 7i mllesof quay space! Then, taking the proposed new ch?,nncl, and using both sides, an additionaltwo miles of quay space would be obtained, thus affording on that very small area at Poplar no less than, 9J miles of quay space. The quays would,' of course, have to be made, but this could be done without the purchasing of land, ae all requisite space could be supplied by building up the foreshore ot this portion of the river itis proposed to " dockise," the western end of which is in Limehouse, and the eastern in Blackwall, that is, exactly at the spot where the Cotinty Council have decided to construct the Blackwall Tunnel, which would give easy and ample access ncfrth and south of 'the Thames. • If it was thought desirable to dispense' entirely with the existing docks, that could be easily provided foi br building abutment jetties into the "dockised" portion" on either side, and by this means all the shipping of London APPENtolX.-^tVHOLE COMMISSION. 123 could be provided for. But the present scheme, which I row submit, and which is shown in. detail on the accompanying^ sketch, 4rawn to sqale^ does not provide abutment jetties, as the requisite conbenttatiori of dock attd' warehouse accommodation' is secured if the! foreshore is reclaimed oii' either ,side*of the Horse^shoe Bend as proposed', and th^. ships placed brofeidside'' to' quay, as at the Albert Dock, retaining the Millwall Dock, whi^h'it will be seeii is embraced by the bend,' and therefore irnmediately at hand, also retaininpf the West India Export Dock and South Dock, which are also embraced'by the bend, and would lie inside ' the" proposed new channel. Surrey Cdmihercial fcelng especially adapted for timber, and having its ehttahoes running out of the proposed " dockised " portion, could also be retained with advantage, whilst London and St. Katha- rine's, being the highest Up-Town docks, would serve well for green fruit instead of having it discharged, as 'at present, at Fresh and Nicholson's 'Wharves. By these means concentration would be secured, and East India, Victoria, Royal Albert, and Tilbury Docks could a,U- 'be dispensed with. <0n the .sketch the ware- houses are shown, and these would require to be six floors high, and hydraulic cranes would be required,; at Bvery convenient point ; the reclaimed foreshore would provide not only room for warehouses, but also room on either side for a dock railway. , This natural bend in the river lends itself splendidly for the, purposes required ; by making use of it, .as proposed the river is shortened by 2^- miles. By thus shortening, and straightening, tibiC .course of the river it would become its own cleaner, ancj. by, cyncentratii^g the docks and, warehouses as proposed thie, value of the Blackball Tunnel would be fully realised. ,, , • ,i ,i The advantage to workmen of coneentrated docks ana warehouses would soon be felt. The wool trade could run to its particular berth near the warehouse for its special reception, rendering it unnecessary to incur the expense of cartage inland, such as takes place at present. The tea ships could go direct to the cranes attached to the tea warehouses and the tea lifted direct from the ship into the warehouse at one operation; grain vessels would, go to their respective destination in a similar way, but they would be discharged very difEerently from the method that now obtains. Thus having grain and timber, tea and wool, and general cargo all concentrated, the men could be employed permanently, and could be conveniently changed item one class of work to another when necessary . ' On the south side of Blaokwall Point there is practically an unlimited area upon which workmen's dwelling* could be erected, and with the proposed dock railway any portion of the docks could be reached in ten minutes. Fortunately this space is conveniently situated already to main lines on north and south sides, the London, Brighton, and South Coast running from London Bridge gives the requisite southern accommodation, and che Great Eastern from Fenchurch and Liverpool Street, and thence to all main Northern lines, opens up the main' routes on the north' of the Thames. " ' The cost of carrying out this proposal is estimated at about four and a half millions, including reclaiming the necessary foreshore for warehouse, shed, and quay accommo- dation, But the financial part of tbe question I leave to others, my object having been to trace to their origin the main causes of labour difficulties in the port of London, and' to make a practical proposal 'for the removal of those difficulties. Fortunatelythe very means by which, the .pneni's interests can be b.^st secured will serve also as the best means by which, the interests,. of the public at large will be, secured- It is well known that some of the most degrading sights, known to (jivilisaition are to be witnessed , by the clamour of labourers for work at the docks and wharves. If the proposal now made in a very crude fprm should be elaborated and, acted upon, I believe it would prove a great advantage to Londoners geuerally, and to the waterside labo.u;rers,in, particular,, by steadying work at the docks through the opportunity afforded of dovetailing trade with trade, and thus com- pletely wiping out the casual system of dock and wharf labour which ha,s had such baneful effects upon the labourers and their families, and has done no one any real good. November 9th, 1891. Tom Mann. APPENDIX LXIX. Telegraphic Address : — " Entwined, London." Royal ComiiiisBion on Labour, 44, Parliament Street, London; S. W., SxR, September, 1891. The Royal Commission on Labour having decided to inquire into the Policy of State Regulation of Hours of Labour arid the effect of State 'or Municipal Employment of Labour, I am directed to ask you if you would favour the Commission with any infdnnation in your power on the subject^ and especially on the following points :— 1. What number of persons, if any, including the^cleripal staff, are employed by your Department, Corporatioii, Board, or Trust?" ' '' " " ' ' , 2. What is the clans' of work in which they are engaged ? 3. What are the rates of pay of different classes of work, including the clerical staff P 4. What is the nuriiber of working hours per week ? 5. What are the Disputes, if any, that have occurred • between your Department, Corporation, Board, or Trust, and the persons in its employ P ' 6. What are the comparative efficiency and profitableness of work done under public and private manage- ment ? I beg to enclose, for your further guidance, copies of the papers issued by the Commission,* and I have to; add that it would greatly facilitate the work of the Commission ifthe answers to the above questions are returned as early as possible. 'f'' ■■ V, ,p- . . lam. Sir, Your obedient Servant, Geoffrey Drage. To the Superintendents of Dockyards, Arsenals, and State Factories, ! TowTi Clerks, , v- , t, j Secretaries of County Councils and Local Boards. • These papers were (1)' "Report of the Committee on^Procedure " ; (2) ''A;-QSions addressed to Trade., If nlons"; (a) j'B.--Qu6Stions ^dressedtbEmployers"; (i) " C.-Questions a(}dresped to Employers ^Thejr*are"here reproduced. See matter which follows.-G. D.. REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON PROCEDURE. The Committee appointed by the. Royal Commission on Labour, to prepare and lay before the Commission a definite scheme of procedure for the transaction of the future business of the Commission, submit the following recommendations: — 1. That fbr the purpose of taking evidence and collecting information, the Royal Commission be divided into three Committees. '■ 2. T^iat each of these Committees should institute an inquiry in^t,Q the facts concerning the condition of certain groups of trades, leaving questions of principle to hfs treated by the Commission as a Whole. 3. That for this purpose the following division of trades should be adopted, the division being provisional and not exhaustive. ■ Group (a.) The mining, iron, engineering, hardware, shipbuilding, and cognate trades. . Group (6.) Transport and agriculture : the term trans- port including shipping, canals, docks, ijailways, and tramways. Group (c.) Textile, clothing, chemical, building, and miscellaneous trades. 4. It is a doubtful question whether the Committees should be restricted to the taking of evidence or whether they should also make reports to the Commission, and we suggest that it would be advisable to postpone' any decision until further progress has been made. 5. That the following syllabus be submitted as a con- venient Bumniary of the subjects to be inquired into by the Committees: — Trade Differences between Employers and Employed. 1. Their Causes. 2. Their Devilopmetit, Organisation, and Conduct. 3. Their Cost. 4. Their Prevention or Settlement. Q 2 124 ROYA.L COMMISSION ON LABOUR: 1. — Their Causes. A. — Wages : — 1. How fixed. 2. How calculated : — a. By piece work. b. By day work. c. By task work. 3. How paid : — a. Direct, by employer, or by sub-contractor. b. Weekly, fortnightly, or at other periods. c. Increased by bonus, or reduced by stoppages. d. Truck or payment in kind. e. House, land, or other allowances. 4. Fluctuations of wages : — a. How brought about. b. How adjusted. 5. DifEerences of wages in different establishments and localities. 6. Existence and efPect of : — a. Pensions. b. Deferred pay. c. Sick insurance. d. Accident insurance. 7. Notice required for the termination of wage contracts. B. — Hours of labour and continuity of employment : — 1. Normal hours of work. 2. Overtime, and how remunerated. 3. Night shifts, and how remunerated. 4. Short time, season work, or other irregularity of employment. 5. Sunday and holiday labour, how arranged and paid for. 6. Dm-ation of days' work, and weeks' wotk, and how regulated. C. — Sub-division, distribution, and classification of work, as between different trades, individuals, men, women, or children, whether half timers or not, factories, workshops, or homes. D. — Apprenticeships. E. — Introduction of machinery. 1'. — Supply and quality of the machinery and materials of production or transport. G. — Safety of employment, provisioning of ships, lighting, sanitation, and inspection of workplaces. H. — Discharge for belonging to a trade union. I. — Refusal to work with non-unionists. .J. — Discharge of representative delegates and use of black list. K. — ^Employment of foreigners. L. — Obnoxious officials. M. — Sympathetic strikes. N. — Other causes of dispute. 2. — Their Development, Organisation, and Conduct. A. — Trade associations or combinations of employers or of en^loyed, whether permanent in character or temporary, occasional, or for special dispute purposes, their trade rules, benefits, and policy. B. — Strikes and lock-outs. Picketing, black listing, and other methods of influencing persons concerned or not directly concerned in the dispute. C. — Importation of new or foreign labour, whether under contract or otherwise. 3.— Their Cost. A. — Economic result of strikes and lock-outs to workers, to employers, and to the community at large. 4. — Their Prevention or Settlement. A. — Ckmciliation by joint committees or otherwise. B. — Mediation. C. — Arbitration, voluntary or compulsory. D, — Sliding scales. E. — Profit sharing. F. — Industrial partnerships. G. — Co-operation . 6. We have instructed the secretaries to prepare a schedule of questions founded upon the syllabus, and we suggest that it should be sent to the different unions of employers and of employed, and other representative bodies or persons. 7- It appears to us that the other subjects into which it will be necessary for the Commission to inquire should be treated either by the Commission as a Wljole, or by Special Committees appointed ad hoc. ' ' ^ Those subjects include — a. The law relating to combinations of employers and of employed. b. The policy of State regulation of the hours of labour. c. The effect of State or municipal employment of labour. 8. We have made these recommendations for the conduct of the inquiry into the conditions of labour at home, but we have not considered the best means of obtaining information bearing on the subject in Foreign Countries and the Colonies, nor whether there will be a necessity for the appointment of Assistant Commissioners for this or any other purpose. -QUESTIONS ADDRESSED TO TRADE UNIONS. I. — Introductory. II. — Wages, Hours, and Conditions of Labour. III. — Strikes and Lock-outs. IV. — General Questions. I. — Introductory. 1. What particular trade or branch of industry does your society represent ? 2. State as accurately as possible the district or districts to which your answers to these questions apply P 3. What number of workpeople are there engaged in your trade or branch of industry in your district particularised as follows : — a. Members of your trade union. Male — female. b. Not members of any trade union. Male — female. c. Apprentices or other learners or young persons. d. Unskilled labourers. II. — Wages, Hours, and Conditions of Labour. What representations or information do you desire to offer for the consideration of the Commission under any of the following heads : — 1. Wages — a. Their amount and fluctuations. b. Mode of payment. (1.) By the hour, day, or week. (2.) By the piece. (3.) By the task. c. Payment through sub-contractor. d. Deductions by fines or other forms of stoppage. e. Truck or payment in kind. /. Allowances in form of: — 1. Bonus. 2. Deferred pay, such as sick, accident, pension, or other insurance system. 3. Free house, land, food, clothing, or other allowance, or advantage. ff. Length of notice for ending engagement. 2. Hours of Labour — a. Ordinary or standard hours of labour. b. Overtime and its remuneration. c. Night-shifts and their remuneration. d. Sunday work and its remuneration. e. Weekly half-holiday or other holiday with or without payment. 3. Conditions of Labour — a. Irregularity of employment through seasonal or other causes. b. Safety of empioyinent, and the lighting, sanita- tion, and inspection of workplaces. c. Compensation for accidents. d. Sub-division of labour as between different trades. e. Distribution of labour as between factories, workshops, and homes. /. Distribution of labour as between men, women, and children. g. Apprenticeship. h. Employment of foreigners. i. Introduction of labour-saving machinery. j. Supply and quality of materials, machinery, or other plant. k. Dismissal of representative delegates, refusal of unionists to work with non-unionists, use of black list, mutual relatione of employers and trade unions generally. I. Other causes of dispute. APPENDIX. — WHOLE COMMISSION. 125 III — Sthikbs and Lock-outs. 1. Can you state how many strikes and look-outs there have been in your trade in your district in each of the ten years 1881-90j and in the current year up to date ? 2. ^ave such disputes been, during that period, more frequent than formerly, or less so P 3. Can you enumerate the important disputes and furnish particulars in regard to each such dispute under the following heads : — a. Date of commencement and termination, i. The chief immediate causes of each dispute. c. Number of (1) unionists, (2) non-unionists, in your trade or branch of industry who have been directly engaged in each dispute. d. Number of persons employed in factories or works where the dispute occurs, and who have been thrown out of work thereby, but who have not been directly engaged in the dispute. e. Attitude of union towards dispute. /. Mode of settlement. g. Advance or reduction of wages or other result of each dispute. h. Actual disbursements by union on account of strike, and estimated loss of wages during the dispute to those, whether unionists or non-unionists, who are entered under heads c. and d. above. IV. — General Questions. 1. Does any system exist in your trade in your district providing for conciliation, arbitration, sliding scales, or other means of preventing or arranging trade disj)utes P 2. Has any system of co-operative production, industrial partnership, or profit sharing been attempted in your trade in your district, and, if so, with what results ? 3. Are the Government, or local authorities, employers of labour in your trade and district, and, if so, with what results as to remuneration and other conditions of employment ? 4. Will you describe the nature and extent of your union's action in finding work for unemployed members ? 5. Has your union taken or considered any action in the direction of itself undertaking work ? 6. Can you supply any information as to other agencies in your district for finding or providing work for the unemployed P 7. Will you send copies of any resolutions that may have been passed by your society during the last two years recommending alterations in the laws affecting labour ? 8. Have yuu any suggestions to make as to the statistical and other information relating to your trade which is, or in your opinion should be, collected and published by Government P 9. Can you suggest any means of avoiding or arranging strikes, and promoting cordial relations between capital and lahour P 10. Have you any other statement or suggestion to make for the information of the Commission P B.— QUESTIONS ADDRESSED TO EMPLOYERS. I. — Introductory. II. — Wages, Hours, and Conditions of Labour. III. — Strikes and Lock-outs. IV. — General Questions. I. — Introductory. 1. Will you state the business or businesses in which your firm is engaged, and where its works are situated P 2. What number of workpeople are there engaged in your firm particularised as foUows :— a. Male. b. Female. c. Apprentices or other learners or young persons. d. Unskilled labourers. 5. Is your fii-m connected with any organisation of employers dealing with labour. questions P II._Wagbs, Hours, and Conditio?is of Labour. {Same as in Schedule A.) III. — Strikes and Lock-outs. 1. Can you state how many strikes a^nd lock-outs there have been in connection with your works in each of the ten years 1881-90, and in the current year up to date P 2. Have such disputes been, during that period, more frequent than formerly, or less so p 3. Can you enumerate the important disputes and furnish particulars in regard to each such dispute under the following heads : — a. Date of commencement and termination. b. The chief immediate causes of each such dispute. c. Number of workers in your employment directly engaged in each dispute. d. Number of persons in your employment who have been thrown out of work thereby, but who have not been directly engaged in the dispute. e. Attitude of associated employers towards the dispute. /. Mode of settlement, . ff. Advance or reduction of wages or other result of each dispute. h. Estimated loss to firm, direct or indirect, occasioned by dispute. IV — General Questions. 1. Does any system exist in your trade in your district providing for conciliation, arbitration, sliding scales, or other means of preventing or arranging trade disputes p 2. Has any system of co-operative production, industrial partnership, or profit sharing been attempted by your firm, and, if so, with what results ? 3. Are the Government, or local authorities, employers of labour in your trade and district, and, if so, with what results as to remuneration and other conditions of employment ? 4. Can you supply information as to any agency in your district fur finding or providing work for' the unemployed ? 5. Have you any suggestions to make as to the statistical and other information relating to your trade which is, or, in your opinion should be, collected and published by Government? 6. Can you suggest any means of avoiding or arranging strikes and promoting cordial relations between capital and labour P 7. Have you any other statement or suggestion to ma ke for the information of the Commission P -QUESTIONS ADDRESSED TO EMPLOYERS ASSOCIATIONS. I. — Introductory. II. — Wages, Hours, and Conditions of Labour. III. — Strikes and Lock-outs. IV. — General Questions. I. — Introductory. 1. What particular branch or branches of industry does your association represent P 2. To what districts does your association extend P 3. Can you state the number of employers or estabUsh- ments connected with your association P 4. Can you state the aggregate number of workpeople employed by such employers or estabUshments p 5. Are you prepared to state what are the constitution, general objects, subscriptions, and benefits of your association ? 6. If your association deals directly or indirectly with matters of difierence arising between associated employers and their workpeople will you describe the manner in which it so acts ? 7. Does your association take action with a view to fixing rates of wages, regulating the hours of labour, or generally prescribing conditions of service for the observance of members of your association P 11.— Wages, Hours, and Conditions of Labour. (Same as in Schedule A.) III. — Strikes and Lock-outs. 1 . Can you state how many strikes and lock-outs there have been in connection with your association in each of the ten years 1881-90, and in the current year up to date P 2. Have such disputes been, during that period, more frequent than formerly, or less so P Q 3 126 BOnFAIL ie!OMMIIS910iir~«Jj: ' LABOWJl : 3, Can you enumerate the important disputes and furnish particulars in regard to each such dispute under the following heads : — '' 0. Date' of commencement and termination. ft. The chief immediate causes of each dispute.' c. Numher of workpeople employed by members of your association who have been directly engaged in each dispute. d. Number of persons employed in factories or works where the dispute occurs, and who have been thrown out of work thereby, hut who have not been directly engaged in the dispute. e. Attitude of your association towards the dispute. /. Mode of settlement. g. Advance or reduction of wages or other resulb of each dispute. h. Actual disbursements by association on account of strike, and estimated direct or indirect loss to the firms concerned occasioned by the dispute. IV.^General Qoestions. . 1. Does any' system exist in connexion with your association providing for conciliation, arbitration, sliding scales, , or Other means of preventing or arranging trade disputes F 2. Has any system of co-operative production, industrial partnership, or profit sharing been attempted in your trade, and, if so, with what results ? 3. Are the Government, or local authorities, employers of labour in your trade, and, if so, ^vith what results as to remuneration and other conditions of employment ? 4. Will you send copies of any resolutions that may have been passed by your association during the last two years recommending alterations in the laws affecting labour P a. Have you any suggestions to make as to the statistical and other information relating to your trade which is, or in your opinion should be, collected and published by Government ? 6. Can you suggest any means of avoiding or arranging strikes and promoting cordial relations between capital and labour P 7. Have you any other statement or suggestion to make for the information of the Commission P [With a copy of one of the above forms (A., B., or C.) the following letter was addressed to the employer or employed. '7' ■■—■!■■ _(J. £).] Royal Commission on Labour, 44, Parliament Staeet, London, S.W., 1891. To In addition to taking evidence on the questions submitted to them,' the Royal Commissioners desire to obtain, in a documentaiy fbrm, from employers and em- ployed, in various' branches , of. industry, information on certain ft^ots bearing' on the' coiiditions of , labour existing in them, with especial refereiice to the causes, progress, and 'results of trade disputes which have occurred in recent years. ' ,' ' , ' ' With this' object they have drawn up the enclosed schedules of inquiries, ■which " will hi widely circulated among the classes concerned. , The questions contained in each schedule have been prepared so as to confespond as closely as possible, the only exception being that Trade Unions have not' been requested to furnish informsition as to their constitution, "general objects, &c., such information being already in the possession of the Board of Trade. It is not expected that'the whole Of the questions will be answered by those to whom, they are addressed, but it is hoped that they, are sufiiciently comprehensive to enable the principal causes of recent trade disputes, and the circumstances connected with their progress or settlement to be brought under the attention of the Commission. I have to invite your union, association, or firm, as the case may be, to reply to the questions contained in Schedules A., B., or C. I am. Your obedient Servant, Haktington. [The information received in reply to the Commission's Inquiry into the Questions of" State Regulation of the Hours of Labour" and " State and. Municipal Employment of Labour," has been tabulated and summarised. The Summary of the Returns on State and Municipal Employment of Labour is printed as an Appendix to the Summary , of the Evidence given bifore the Ctimmission as a Whole.-i^G. D.l APPENDIX LXX. Extract from Ridley's Wine and Spirit Trade Circular, November 12, 1892. The Port op London. In our last issue we endeavoiu-ed to arouse the attention of business men to the vital importance of legislation with regard to the present chaotic aUd effete government of the Port of London, and we are glad to fi-nd that our efforts are bearing fruit, i The abuse is now rapidly becoming thoroughly recognised by all classes of the London com- munity, and all demand a prompt and dirastiBi reform. Since we last wrote, two steps have been taken in this jpatter which are worthy of record. In the 'first place, at the quarteiily General Meeting of the London Chamber of Commerce, held on 26th ultimo. Sir John Lubbock, M.P., presiding, Mr. Alfred Lamb brought the question forward, and, succeeded without difficulty in passingl the following resolution :.^" That it was advisable that .the. Council should consider whether a committee should be appointed to inquire into the best manner of dealijig with. , the problem of the Port of London, and to report to the .iCoujaciL" Mr. Lamb pointed out tha* it wis peculiarly a matter that the Chamber ought- to take in haind,'and we believe that this view was unanimously held by all present at the; meeting. The second instance in which this burning scandal was publicly raised was at the meeting convened at the Cannon Street Hotel for the purpose of forming a new Metropolitan Association to be called the " London Reform Union." - lJ ■.•,•, > '- ,iii It will at once be understood that, the two meetings in question were comprised of very differeiit audiences; In the first case, the busihess section q^'the Metrdpolis was chiefly represented, and in the latter the' claims of the Labour Party were paramount. Both, however, were unani- ''m6us"that legislation was absolutely necessary 'to restore the Port to the position and usefufness it ought 'to hold. At the Canhoii' Street meeting Mr. Sydney Buxton, M P in proposing a resolution that an Association should be formed "to reform {inter alia) the existing administration of the river, docks, and wharves," well remarked that the present way in which riverside industries were carried on made London too expensive ' a ' Port;, and drove awky trade, and his words were received in a manner by those whom he addressed that left no doubt that they fully reused their truth By aU, it was felt that thetime was npe for reform, and ijiat. no unnecessary delay could be countenanced. , .^ ,,, , . , , So far as the Dock Co'mpknies— who are the principal oftenders— are concerned, the day of reckoning is at hand and a period to the^ ;pal:^dimnistrati<^n may now fairly be hoped for. The tension of tti.eir PreJent position must be extreme,'and were it not that we are so • absolutely im- pressed thth asense of their shortcomings, we might even be inclined to feel for them in their distress. The iron grip of their ill-managed''rt(enopoly^has"become too "tight lor all witn whom they have business dealings, 'and the "'™^'L^t"'^ T*''^^^^°T'; ^'^'' ?^ °i* forH:heir'spgedy suppressiah. ■ In'.face of the outc^ against them/il is dilhcult to conceive how any GbVemment can refuse to consider thaTconduct of the business of the Port and the more consideration and inquiry that is brought "to : bear upon then: administration the more glaring wiU their weakness and defidienoifes appear. This, it^lnay' well 'be hoped that, at no distant time, this , pressino- tonic will engross the attention of Parliament. One thing is certain namely, thjit, ihe Jnoment the .present fertle^and worse HnJ! ->r' '"'^""* II .'"■°"«>* ''■«'°'^ the, notice, of the dnX ^f'f''°f>\'.f^ extinct^^n w^ be placed beyond doubt, and some 1bo,dy.piore 'comneteUt ,to, W With the vast interests 'of the ' Metrbpblis ^SVrlj be appointed APPEND! X. — WHOLiv COMMib'hIION. 127 The point for us all to bear' in mind now is not to allow the present movement for'ijfeform to subside. It will only be by continuous agitation that the wants' and neqessities of Londoh in this matter will receive attention, and we urge most strenuously that all should combine in com- pelling^ Parliament to take cognisance of the scandalous state of things that at present exists. ' ' We awB'datghted to see that the daily press, fell owing the excellent example set by the Times, are doing their best'to ventilate the important necessity for remedial rreform, and we trust that individual members of the •commercial comr munity will do their utmost tp assist in the crusade, the importance of which tothem and their interests can hardly be overstated. .n: APPENDIX LXXI. Memorandum re The State Regulation of the Hours of Labour. To deal effectively with the State Regulation of the hours of labour it will be necessary, in order to cover the general question, that attention be given to the various phases of the subject, such as — (1.) The present working hours in various countries. (2.) What demands are being made for a reduction of the present working hours in these countries ?' (3.) What gives rise to this demand ? (4.) By what means it is proposed to obtain the reduction ? (5.) The probable effects of reduced working hours. (1.) The normal working hours vary considerably in 'the United Kingdom, from 64 hours per shift, for the hewers in the soft coal eollieries of Northumberland, to 13 hours per shift on tramways, railways, and many other sections of labour. Large liumbers yet work 12 hour shifts, of seven shifts a week, such as the chemical workers of Lancashire and the steel workers of Yorkshire. Those employed under the Factory Acts are restricted to 665-' hours per week, unless permission he obtained from the factory inspector, which is done iu many instances, especially in the Midlands.' But it does not follow that the mills stop running in the textile trade, as is^generally supposed, when the women and children leave in 'accord- ance with the factory and workshop regulation ; in some districts of Yorkshire it is the regular practice for the men to work till eight at night, or 2J hours longer than the women: ' . In most trades where men preponderate, the normal working hours have been fixed for a period of 20 years at 64 a week, although this number is often exceeded by the men working overtime, generally at an increased rate of pay. Some 10 per cent, of the male workefs are subject to casual intermittent employment, or are out of work altogether, that is, about 800;000 in a normal state of trade such as we now experience, about one-half of whom average two days' work a week, and the remaining'' half, or 400,000; are entirely idle. In a time of bad trade the number of very casually employed or wholly unemployed ainounts to 26 per cent; of the total, as is shown by trade union and other st£ttistics. Taking the countries that are closely engaged' in induS^ trial competition, the hours of labour are as follows, in all cases exclusive of meal times : Great Britain, lOJ daily, 63 weekly; America, 11 J daily, 69 weekly; France, Belgium, and Germany, 12 daily, 72 weekly. For years past there has been carried on a vigorous agitation in favoui'' of reducen working hours, and at each of the congresses held the delegates from the countries mentioned havfe voted in f Wour 'of an eight hour working day, and in this they have ' been joined by the delegates of Snitzer- land, Italy, Spain, Norway, and Denmark, whilst the Australians have worked ulider the eight tours system for 35 years, though it does not apply to all trades'. (2.) Labour organisations are rapidly increasing in all the countries named, ajnd, in nearly all of these, especially, those of the continent, the" eight hour day ip in the fore front of tbeir programme. But althqugh the icratiiiental workers appear to be unanimous in their demand,, there is probably much more systematic a'nid organised eBort being put forth in tills country to obtain the eight hour day than is the case with any continental country, whilst between this country and America there is, practically, a race as tp which shall get tlie eight hour day first. The Americans have made great headway during the past year and a, half, and although the average wcrking hours in America, as previously given, show them to be working one hour per day longer tha;u obtaips, in this country, it'is also true that they have a larger proportion of ; their total number of workers now working under the eight hours system than we have, and their most powerf dl federation of workers, known as the American Federation of Labour, is^ definitely pledged to this aS the foremost item in its programme. This federation is composed of many trade unions, and the federation executive fixed upon the carpenters and joiners of America to make the first demand in May 1,890. This society at, once acquiesced,, and, as the result of vigorous effort, the secretary of that society reports, "That " the , trade movement for shorter hours aniong the " carpenters this season (1690) has been successful in 137 " cities, and it has benefitted 46,197 workm^ in that ", trade.',' . ' 1 ■ , The " Knights of Labour" are also a power in many. American' and Canadian .cities, and they too are strongly in favour pf an eight hour, day. ,1 , , ,,, , ; In this country there cannot be any doubt but that the majority of workers are favour?ible to reduced working hours ; nearly every trade have had the subject under their serious consideration, and have decided in favrtur of obtaining the same ; the' principal exception to this is that of the Lancashire cotton operatives, the majority of whom at present are opposed to a reduction of. working hours in their trade, bficause they believe the intensity of foreign competition will not admit of , a reduction of working hours in this country unless their competitors also reduce theirs, and, because, they fear they could not increase theiy output per hour, and that reduced hours would carry with it reduced wages, which they are not prepared to aqcept. It will not surprise anyone to learn that the weavers are not prepared to accept less wages when it is realised that adult male weavers average only 23s. a week in Lancashire, and in the Bradford district of Yorkshire 15s. represents a man's weekly wage in the textile trade. The Yorkshire operatives are favourable to the reduction of hours, and there appears to be an increasing number supporting the same in Lancashire. (3.) There are three main causes that give rise to the demand for reduced working hours, each of which is com- plete in itself, though many persons are influenced by all three of the reasons. First. The primary cause given by short hour advocates in this and other countries is in order to absorb the un- employed. The fact tlj at in this country during a normal state of trade 6 per cent, of the workmeri are unemployed, or 400,000, as previously stated, not including those who get casual employtnent, with a strong teildency to con- siderably increase as the result of extending the use of mechanical appliances, is so serious a position that no workman can think of it without being seriously ala,rmed, and, therefore, reduced working hours are demanded by those in work in order that those who are out may have a share, a,nd that they and their families may have the requisites of existence. ' Or, in other words, ,the demand is xa&6,e in order that the work of , the, country Shall be better apportioned among the total number of workers. ' Although this argument appears to presuppose thatthere would be a less output per man in order to find employment for those out of worjc, this (iocs not follow, as the increased purchasing power obtained by those who found employment would sei^ve as a market for a greater production, and it is contended by short hour advocates that thfe' purchasing power of many thoii^ahds whose wages are very low now in conseijuence of the competition of the unemployed, would also be materially increased, again furnishing a niarket foi- an increased output. This is a point of the greatest im- portance both to capita,lists and workers, and is far too often lost sight of. Better conditions for the workers means an increase in their economic capacity to consume ; this increasing capacity to consume ineans an ever- increasing market. The workers themselves are quite prepared to furnish the commodities for that marliet, togethe;^ w,ith , a fair margin for the capitalist for super- vision "arid organising purposes, so that to encourage a Q 4 128 ROYAL COMMISSION ON LABOUR: larger consumption is decidedly the best, both for capitalist and worker. Second. Reduced hours of labour are also demanded by some advocates mainly because they have a conviction that at present they are not getting a due share of the wealth created by their labour. Such advocates may, or may not, agree with what has previously been said concerning the unemployed. This view that the workman does not get his due share is held by many, who also believe that, as a rule, increased efficiency attends reduction of working hours, but they favour such a reduction of working hours and increase of wages as shall result in more of the total value produced being retained by the workers who produce it. Statistics are quoted which show that, of the total wealth produced less than half of it goes to those mental and manual workers who produce it, although they number four-fifths of the population. It is pointed out that, although the condition of the workers to-day is better than that which obtained a generation ago, the power to pro- duce wealth, i.e., the commodities themselves which constitute wealth, increases faster than the position of the worker improves. The reduction of working hours in order to obtain a fairer share of the total produce is supported also by those who think that reduced nours will increase the cost of pro- duction, and by those who believe that greater efficiency will more than counfer-balance the decrease of time. The former place their hopes upon reducing hours till much of the surplus value is absorbed, relying upon the worker to maintain at least his present piu-chasing power of wages, and letting the increased cost fall upon the capitalist, and the latter support this method, because they believe that to take away the competition for employment (which reduced hours would- certainly do at the outset), is the best means of enabling the workers to cfEectually demand higher wages, which It is held should be sufficiently high as to take a considerably larger proportion of the total than is taken at present by the workers. In the previous case, where the demand for reduced hours was shown to come from those who wished to see the unemployed absorbed, it was out of sympathy for, and a desire to do justice to, the unem- ployed; in this latter case it is desired to absorb the unemployed as a tactical business arrangement, in order to make it possible to obtain higher wages. Both views may consistently be held by the same persons, or either view may be supported whilst consistently differing from the other. The Third main reason that weighs with the workers, resulting in a demand for shorter working hours, is due to a love of culture which is now extending to the meanest labourer, causing him to insist upon living a fuller and more complete life than has previously been possible, and it is this desire for a higher and better life that gives the stimulus to most of our modern-day discontent, and because this desire is so genera) and real it serves at once as a national safeguard against ignorance and indolence on the one side, and against economic excesses on the other. To what extent this cause operates in other countries I am unable to speak with accuracy, but I claim to have a knowledge of the workmen of Great Britain, skilled and unskilled, sufficient to warrant me in saying that if neither of the two reasons previously given operated, i.e., the necessity for absorbing the unemployed, and the belief now entertained by workinen that they do not get a proper share of the product of labour, if neither of these causes operated, the demand for reduced working hours would still be amply sustained as the direct outcome of the rapidily growing demand on the part of the workers for fuller opportunities for moral, mental, and physical development of which the present hours of toil do not adroit, and those who make this demand for increased opportunities for mental development are those who are strongly persuaded that increased mental development carries with it increased efficiency of production and distribution. The effect of the better education of late years has been to impart a desire fpr culture and refinement, and, as might have been expected, it has carried with it a determined revolt against those conditions that prevent proper expansion intellectually and materially. We have truly a " revolt of labour " in this country, but it is not the revolt of despair, it is not a wild desire to demonstrate strength, nor a reckless willingness to be a nuisance. It is the direct outcome of careful thought given to the great industrial problem by men who have the best interests of the country at heart. It is the necessary accompaniment of progress. These same educative forces that impel the populace onward to a higher standard of excellence, also serve to make them more effective producers of com- modities, and the knowledge possessed by the workers that their power to produce is continually iacreasuig, supplies them also with the conviction that they are entitled to a greater share of that produce. How much greater that share should be is a difficult matter to decide, nor is there unanimity amongst the workers upon this subject. .It begins with' those who make a vague demand for something more, and goes on till we reach those who contend that it is morally and economically wrong_ for any section of the community to live upon rent or interest. There is a strong current of opinion now running in favour of fixing a maximum rate of interest upon capital, when workmen fiiid, as they do, that whilst they have a difficulty in keeping wages high enough to supply their families with the plainest of food, and also find a number of limited liability companies paying interest as high as 25 per cent., and in some insiances as_ high as 40 per cent, per annum, no wonder that they consider that equity does not control the commercialism of this country, and when companies paying such high ratels of interest plead that the intensity of foreign com.petition will not admit of any advance of wages or reduction of working hours, it is not surprising that workers should treat such statements contemptuously, and in some cases, perhaps, decline to admit the capitalists' plea of " cannot afford it," where that plea is well founded. Proposed Methods. (4.) When we come to e.xamine into the methods whereby it is proposed to reduce working hours, there is also considerable diversity of opinion. There are those who favour a simultaneous international movement in all trades, not for. all countries, but for those in a similar stage of economic development, and these advocates favour an international maximum work-day of eight hours. But many exceptions are made to this international demand ; thus, the advocates of international action admit and defend the advisability of taking immediate action in this country in those departments of trade not affected by international competition. Voluntary Effort. (o.) Among the trade unionists of this country there is a considerable number who favour obtaining the eight hour limit, but are determinedly opposed to legislation, preferring to obtain the same through the, agency of the unions direct, by negotiations with the employers, and if that fails, either to wait longer or cease work to force it. This section is, undoubtedly, becoming smaller year by year, judging by the votes recorded by various societies and by trades congresses. An Act for all Trades. (b.) Another section demands an eight hour Act of Par- liament, to apply to all trades and industries throughout the country. It is strongly opposed to anything in the shape of permissive legislation, and contends that it would be a source of weakness if certain trades obtained a reduction of hours before other trades. This, section, too, is apparently smaller than formerly, not because less interest is taken in the subject, but because an increasing number is desirous of having a present partial benefit rather than postponing the advantage of getting a complete reduction later. Simultaneous International Action. (c.) A large section in various countries is not paying very specific attention to the actual application of the reduced hours, but, like Mr. George Gunton, of America, contents itself with advocating a general international demand for an eight hours day in all countries in a similar stage of economic development. Mr. Gunton proposes that America, England, France, and Germany should agree to reduce working hours by half-an-hour a day every six months until a maximum of eight hours is reached. International Trade Option. (d.) Others think it unwise to wait for international action, save in those trades where international competition IS keenly felt, and so they favour international trade option, some with, others without legislation. Trade Option by Legislation. (e.) The Fabian Society has drafted a Bill in favour of trade option, in which it is proposed ttiat the Secretary of • Mate shall have power ^o apply the Act, when requested by a majority of those engaged m any trade. This leaves It to the persons engaged in the trade to decide when is the proper time, &c., and then, when the majority is agreed to have their desires carried out by legislation. There can be no doubt but that this method finds increasing favour w>th workmen, allowing, as it does freedom of action in APPENDIX. — WttOLE COMMISSION. 120 making the demand, and then utilising the power of the State to carry it into effect. This section is tovourable to the immediate appUoation of the 48-hour weekly Umit to all pubUo employes, the argument being that the governing bodies, whether local or national, should set an elxample to private eftiployerg. TaADB Exemption, (/.) The method that found greatest favour at the recent Trades Union Congress held at Newcastle, was a method of trade exemption, the wording of the successful amendment being as follows : — " That legislation regulating " the hours of labour to eight per day shall be in force in " all trades and occupations, save where a majority of the " organised members of any trade or occupation protest " by a ballot voting against the same." This differs from trade option to the extent that whereas, by " trade option," no legislation would take place till a majority in any given trade demanded it, with "trade exemption," legislation ■would cover all those trades where a majority of the organised workers did not protest against it. Local Option. (g.) Another proposal is known as " Local Option." This method reqviires that an Act be passed, and that local authorities be authorised to apply the same to the persons engaged in any trade in the locality governed by the local authority whenever a majority of the adult workers (male and female, trade unionist and non-unionist alike) makes application for the same to be applied, fixing the maximum working hours at eij>ht per shift, or a maximum of 48 hours in one week ; ttie local authority, on receipt of such application, to notify the employers concerned that after a specified notice the Act will be enforced. The question of overtime, it is urged by sup|)orters of the last-mentioned method, should be dealt with vigorously, and made a punishable offence both for employer and worker, except in cases of emergency, when exemption should be made by a local council composed of employers and workers. Dangerous and Unhealthy Tuades. (h.) Looking at all sections of the community, and not at the workers only, there is now a real desire on the part of many to interfere by law in regulating the working hours of those engaged in dangerous and unhealthy trades. It is contended that it is contrary to the general well-being that those engaged in dangerous and unhealthy employ- ment should be compelled to continue under these bad conditions. Such as chemical workers, iron and steel workers, railway men, and miners it is felt ought to have special treatment, and that at once : therefore it is held that each case should be dealt with on its merits, and some of the worst conditions be st once relieved by legislative action. Personally, I am a strong advocate of a maximum working week of 48 hours for all employes, and I am favourable to this being done by the quickest and most effective means available. I am decidedly favourable to voluntary associated effort on trade union lines, and I also support the view that trade unionists are completely justified in using parlia- mentary means to supplement their voluntary efforts. The legislative institutions of the country, municipal and national, exist not only for the protection of existing rights, but for the promotion of the well being of the citizens collectively ; and, as a workman, I fail entirely to see that any principle is violated by using the machinery of Parliament to regulate the conditions of adult male labour. , , ^i ^ j j The effects of reduced hours upon the trade and com- merce of the country will be the same whether the reduc- tion is brought about by legislative or any other means, providing the same is demanded by the workers. If no demand were made by the workers, it would tend to show that they had not sufficiently developed as to feel the need of increased leisure, and it is conceivable that increased leisure would not be used to advantage by persons who were too apathetic or ignorant to make the demand. Few would be rash enough to say that the* bulk of the workers of the United Kingdom are indifferent to better conditions at the present day, and a very slight knowledge of work- men would enable one to understand that the general belief is that the way to better conditions is in the direc- tion of more leisure and less enforced idleness. It appears to me very unwise to use such terms as an " Appeal to the State," I claim as full a right to use my vote as a citizen upon an industrial questiop of . this nature, as I do to use my vote in the branch of the trade I 78448. union to which I belong, and I treat the matter purely as one of expediency as to whether or not we should use Parliament to attain the desired end. Thus, if I believed it could be brought about by associated effort — as distinct from legislative enactment — in two years, and by legislative enactment in one year, I should favour legislative enact- ment, and if the converse of this was likely to be the case, I should favour that. I believe that now a large majority of the workers of the country are favourable to a 48-hour working week, but the difficulties in the way of making their desires known and felt are very great. Even yet a very large proportion of workmen have no voting poWer, and, consequently, at election times the richer minority exercise an undue influence. T'o organise effective trade unions is not an impossible— but it is a difficult task, and if this difficult task were successfully overcome, the effective decision of a Trade Union Parliament for the nation would simply do as regards the hours question, what it is quite possible to do now with our present Parliament. Even if it were possible by some means to get a majority vote of the nation in favour of reduced working hours, this would in my opinion, he less satisfactory than a majority vote of the persons engaged in each trade. There are, undoubtedly, some trades in this country that would not be in the least injured by the application of the 48-hour week, whilsc with others it might not be so safe unless international action were taken. The persons engaged in these trades are the best judges, and upon them, in my opinion, ought to rest the responsibility of intelligently setting forth the demand for reduced hours. And it should also rest with them to decide which was the best means to obtain the same, and deciding in favour of legislative enactment — as most certainly very many of the trades would, — then Parliament ought to respect that request and give effect to the same. So that I am in favour of the trade option method, but I would not make it a condition that the majority of the whole of those engaged in the country in any given trade must demand it before it be applied to any portion. Thus, if the majority of the tramway and onmibus men of London and district asked for an eight-hour day by legislative enactment, I would deal with London independently of what hours prevailed in the same calling in other towns. If the shop assistants of Lancashire requested assistance in the same way, whilst the bulk of shop assistants in Scotland or the South of England were indiflrerent to the subject, then Lancashire ought to receive the advantage of such legis- , lative assistance, and no one in the country would be any the worse. In manufacturing trades, the unit of area over which the provisions of such an Act should be applied, should be decided by the trade organisation that repre- sented the workers in that trade, who would know, or could easily get to know, whether the demand should be made in one or several districts simultaneously. In the event of there being no trade organisation, then the workers would have to devise a method whereby to give expression to their desires. This method is now known as the " local option method," and it is this plan that lends itself most readily to be of service to the nation, because it admits of those in the respective trades deciding : — When it is desirable, where it is desirable, and, by what means it is desirable to obtain reduced working hours in those trades. (5.) The effect of reduced working hours would not be the same in all trades. In aU probability reduced working hours on tramlines or railways would mean an increased wage bill which could not well be met by increased efficiency of service, but with productive trades it has resulted in nearly every instance that reduction of working hours brings with it increased efficiency ; the instances that could be given are very numerous and are probably too well known to render any allusion to them necessary, and it is very significant that the nations that do most work are the nations that work shortest hours, because short working hours means more time for mental and physical recreation, which make a man a more complete man and a more effective producer, but the prime factor that affects profits is the demand for commodities, and workers who are in a state to demand less working hours prove thereby that there economic capacity to consume is increasing. The greatest mistake that can be made by employers is to treat workers as producers only, forgetting that they are consumers also, and that upon their capacity to consume rests the real markets. Upon good markets rest the employers' profits, and, therefore, it is directly to the interests of the employers that the workers should develop their capacity to consume wisely and largely. In England, the worker consumes much more than does the worker of the Continent, but the Englishmen's labour is the cheapest. In Russia they know little of machinery, and R 130 ROYAL COMMISSION ON LABOUR : they work long hours, but their production is far below that of the French or German, whilst the production of these afi;ain is below that of the English. The effect of short hours upon wages would be to cause wages to rise, so. that in a short time more wages would be obtained for the short hours than was formerly obtained for the longer hours. This advance of wages would not necessarily reduce profits ; the factor of increased efficiency enters, which not only increases the output per man, but in conjunction with other factors increases the capacity and opportunity to consume, and so extends the market. Wages have increased during the past 25 years in most trades, but the power to produce has increased at a greater rate. That wealth has increased much faster than population is shown by thp following figures of increase of population and increase of wealth : — Population of United Kingdom in— 1840. 1860. 1880. 26,540,000 28,730,000 34,650,000 Wealth of the 1 Jnited Kingdom. 1840. Estimated by Porter - 4,000,000,000/. 1860. Levi - 6,000,000,000/. 1877. „ Giffeu - 8,840,000,000?. 1886. Mulhall 8,720,000,000/. Growth of Bruish Wealth. United Kingdom. £ 1812 - - 127 per inhabitant. 1840 - . - 160 1860 - - 191 1882 - - - 249 Mulhall' s Dictionary of Statistics. The chief cause of low wages is due to the competition for work. By reducing the normal working hours employ- ment is given to a larger number cf persons, and the intensity of the competition is reduced, admitting of the workers making effectual demands for higher rates of pay ; but, as already shown, the best paid workers are the cheapest workers. It is not thought that there is anything sacred about "eight hours": indeed, as previously men- tioned, some miners are now working less than eight, and the opinion is becoming pretty general that mi;nerB and chemical workers would do a full share if they worked six- hour shifts, and it wiU pay the country well when they get it, providing the demand is made as the result of the more perfect development of the. men engaged in the trades mentioned. It would be unwise to force reduced hours, but it is equally unwise to resist a legitimate demand for reduced hours, indicating as it does a mental and moral develop- ment on the part of those who make the demand, and having the qualities to demand it, whether through the agency of trades-unionism or through Parliament. It is not only good for the workers themselves, but good for the whole community. With increased leisure character develops, the thinking faculties are sharpened, the qualities that make good and useful citizens increase, and thereby the general well-being is secured. November 9th, 1891. Tom Mann. APPENDIX LXXII. The Bight Hour Day: How to get it by Trade and Local Option. By Tom Mann, President of the Dock, Wharf, Riverside, and General Labourers' TJnion. THE WORKERS' DEMAND. The result of much discussion during the past few years, as to the effects likely to follow upon the reduction of the hours of labour, has made it clear that to reduce the working hours in this country to a maximum of 48 a week, would materially increase wages, by providing work for many who are now in enforced idleness, thus reducing competition for employment. This would make it possible for those workers who are underpaid to obtain advances, because the abundant supply of labour would be lessened, and thus new demands would be made for commodities, resulting in a large increase in production, cheapening of commodities, and increased aggregate profits. The demand we, as workmen, now make is for Leisure, not Idleness. Leisure to think, to learn, to acquire knowledge, to enjoy, to develop, in short, leisure to live. The Demand justified by Economics. Economic ignorance has in times past caused us to believe that our duty lay in the direction of producing much and consuming little ; this is a fatal error. Those who consume least are the most ignorant, the most useless, the most animal-like of all. A large consuming capacity on the part of every section of workers is fully justified by sound economics. The agricultural labourer, with 10«. a week, must vegetate like the plants — his low purchasing power does not admit of healthy, hearty social inter- course. At times he yearns for concerts, for theatres, for light-hearted joviality; would be delighted to be well- dressed, and have his wife and children well-dressed ; would like even a fortnight's holiday to see some other part of the country than the few fields and farmyard he is familiar with : but, ah ! he has no money, and he might as well wish himself lord of the manor as wish to ever gratify these simple and legitimate tastes. It is quite true, that if he had money enough and spent it on clothes, and furniture, and books, and concerts. and holiday-making, he would be helping others to get equally good conditions ; but the farm labourer of England, poor wretch, is hemmed in, chained to a ten times accursed poverty, and he can neither help himself to good things, nor his fellow workers. We will say nothing of what he may do for the landlord at present. An Example to other Trades. Much the same is true of the men working in and about the coal mines. Fixed to the miner's village, with an occasional run to the nearest town, the pitman's family gets familiarised to the scenery of the pit bank, engiM-house, pulleys and frame, the throbbing of the winding engine, and at night, to the burning of the waste-heap. The miner, like the agricultural labourer, is chained. But the miner is, at last, about to burst the chain asunder; he has learned the value of sectional organisation, and now has actually federated most of these sectional unions into two large federations for the country, with a prospect of, ere long, all men in and about the pits being under one banner. 430,000 men already on their feet, and now demanding an eight hour day. Will they get it ? Certainly. But how P There's the rub ; and my object in writing this pamphlet is to contribute some little to the discussion of How to get the Eight Hour Day, rather than to point out its advantages; and being among those who have tried to think the question out, I am satisfied that the way to Freedom lies through the eight hour door, feeling assured that a daily or weekly limit of working hry oly. monopoly. (III.) Mu- nicipalisa- tion of gas supply. (IV.) Crea- tion of a central market authority. (V.) Forma- tion of a special dock board for the port of London. Which should re- present the people of London as well as the labour and capital directly concerned. (VI.) Mu- nicipalisa- tion of the tramway service of the metro- polis. So serious does Mr. Webb hold tbe present state of London to be that he nrges, " for the sake of the rest of the empire," that the sullen discontent now spreading amongst its toiling millions shall be no longer neglected, and that its ' ' masses must be organised for a campaign " against ^ the speculators, vestry jobbers, house " farmers, water sharks, market monopolists, ground " landlords, and other social parasites now feeding " upon their helplessness." (London Programme, p. 6.) Mr. Webb's proposals, taken in his own order, are : — (I.) For completion oftJie scheme of Local Government reform, either by establishment of district councils or, more practically and immediately, by granting a free hand to the county council, as at present constituted, in all matters of internal organisation and routine. At present the council is a municipal authority without any of the powers and duties which are the concern of provincial municipalities. Completion of the scheme of local government necessarily involves ' ' abolition of vestry dom." Mr. Webb's scheme for arrangement of area and number of district councils would give about 30 councils with constituencies varying from 60,000 to 400,000 in population. {Gf. Chapters II. and III., pp. 9-30.) (II.) Municipal control of the water supply. — The contention is, that under existing conditions the supply is doubtful in quality, insufficient and precarious in quantity, and exorbitantly costly. The difficulty involved in the fact that neighbouring districts are interested in London's water supply is not insuperable. The task of administering the supply should be entrusted not to a special " water trust," but " to a statutory committee of the County Council," on which provision could be made for the proportional repre- sentation of Middlesex, Kent, and Surrey by the councillors for the parts of London situated within those counties. The existing companies must be dealt with by " two simultaneous bills"; on the one hand London may offer to purchase their plant and mains at a fair valua- tion as these now exist, on the other assert a right to seek a new supply of this prime necessity of urban life. The London water companies have never possessed any statutory monopoly. (Chapter IV., pp. 31-44.) (III.) Municipalisation of the gas supply of London as in Manchester, Birmingham, and elsewhere. — The need for this is based by Mr. Webb on the present costliness to London of being supplied by private shareholders with a monopoly of our gas supply. The companies may be bought out on similar terms to those proposed for the water companies. " No public authority having once municipalised its " gasworks has ever retraced its steps or reversed its " action." Financial gain may confidently be expected. (Chapter V., pp. 45-53.) (IV.) Creation of a central ma/rhet authority " which can scarcely he other than the County Council." — At present there is no adequate regulation of the markets which London possesses, and these are inadequate, arbitrarily placed, and hampered by " sectional jealousies and private interests." (Chapter VI., pp. 54-60.) (V.) Formation, of a special dock hoard for the dochs and wharves of London on the lines of the " Mersey Docks and Harhour Board." — London, Mr. Webb says, by allowing the whole of its riverside accommodation to pass uncontrolled "into private hands, gave up " every safeguard of its commercial interests " . . . onesmallboardpractically settles dock rates, " and two small committees dock wages, for the " whole of London's dock accommodation." The London Dock Board would have to represent adequately, not only the special commercial interests involved, and in particular the Docker's Union, but also the people of London as a whole. It might replace the present shiftless "casual" labour- by a permanent staff of workers, well- disciplined, and of a high character. (Chapter VII., pp. 62-72.) (VI.) Imitation hy London in the matter of tramway service of the pattern afforded hy Huddersfield. — At present the tramway service "is still in its infancy, " and accordingly as completely unregulated by law " as Lancashire was before the Factory Acts." Mr. Webb thinks it probable that the London service will " pass directly into the stage of municipalisation " without lingering in that of mere public regulation." (Chapter VIII. , pp. 73-85.) I 78448. (VII.) Es- tahlisliraent Ufa hos- pitals com- mittee or board tor the metro- polis. (VIII.) A Poor Law Council for London. The in- dustrial colonies of Holland and Germany. (VII.) Establishment of a hospitals committee appointed by the London County Council, or of a separately elected hospitals board; this committee or board to be charged with the supervision, inspec- tion, and audit of all metropolitan medical charities, asylums, and public hospitals. " Systematic co-operation of existing institutions " could be substituted for the present absurd competi- " tive rivalry." Care of the poorer sick would pass from the circle of the Poor Law over to this board. (VIII.) Urdfication of London's poor law administra- tion through an efficient central authority or Poor Law ComwctZ.-- -This council, Mr. Webb holds, could spring from nothing but exclusively popular election. " It " might at once take over the administration of all " poor law institutions, where unity of management " would promptly effect great improvements and " economies," but would be subject to supervision and control of the Local Government Board. It would require subordinate local committees in the form of district almoners. (Chapter X., pp. 90-100.) [Mr. Webb says, in "Socialism in England," "the " whole system of Poor Law relief will obviously be " remodelled on democratic lines. Plans suggested by " the Rev. Herbert Mills and others, based on the indus- " trial colonies of Holland and Germany, aire likely to " be tried, as it is now universally admitted that only " by collectivist measures can the evils be dealt with." Socialism in England, p. 107.] (IX.) Extension of municipal activity in the direction (IX.) Mu- of re-housing the poorer labouring classes. — Glasgow j}™SjnJ^ has built and maintained seven "common lodging- the working houses " which have done much to raise the standard classes. of comfort among their inmates. Where Glasgow has seven, London would need 30 of such houses. What is needed is " not lodgings let at charity rents, " but an enormous addition to the supply of well-built " dwellings." Artisans' dwellings should be con- structed in the suburbs and placed in communication with the centre by means of municipalised freo tramways. Mr. Webb calculates that for 400,000 new rooms needed, the cost for land and buildings might amount to 30,000,000?. He holds that even a deficit, which might occur, of half a million a year would be a small price to pay for getting London's poor out of the slums, and that it would be saved a thousand times in other ways. The deficit could be easily met by a landlords' pro- perty tax of 3d. in the pound, which would be less than one-fifth of the unearned increment annually added to London's estate. (Chapter XIII., pp. 122-36.) (X.) Bol/ation of the difficulties of urban tenants in general by municipalisation of urban lands. — " Give " the County Council or other public authority power ' ' at any future time to take over the land at its present " value with compensation for any improvements made " by the owner. This would enable the community to " secure for itself the whole of the future unearned " increment, and place it at the same time in a position " adequately to tax what it has already let slip. This " is the easiest beginning of land municipalisation." (Chapter XII., pp. 112-121.) Other proposals in Mr. Webb's " London Programme " are concerned with popular control of the police force and improvement of electoral machinery (chapters XIV. and XV.) Inquiry into the financial position of the great city companies is urgently demanded as a preliminary to a Bill which should vest their vast properties in temporary trustees "whilst the County " Council and School Board prepare schemes for the " devotion to public purposes" of a "public estate worth twenty millions sterling." (Chapter XT.) Redistribution a.nd other reforms of taxa/ion must go hand in hand with all these proposals for progressive municipalisation of the community. Mr. Webb relies far more upon the economies and increased efficiency which he confidently expects will be effected by the changes he hopes for, than upon nett increase of taxa- tion to meet the costs of those same changes. He allows that " something more than a better incidence of existing expenses is required" to carry out his reforms ; additional funds are imperatively needed, he says, to cope with the accumulated neglect of past years and to grapple adequately with the problems of growing cities ; but he holds that it is quite clear that no additional funds can be raised by means of " rates upon occupiers," nor would any proposals for indirect taxation "be acceptable to the public or SMuctioned (X.) Mu- nicipalisa- tion of urban land as a pre- liminary to " L'Mid Mu- nicip:ilisa- tioiJ." Ee-!:ppro- , priaf ion to public uses of the " public estaf p " of the city companies urged. Economies and in- creased eihcii'ncy oonlidently expected from '* nm- nicipnlisfc- tion " of ii> dustriul uu- dcrtakiiiL's. Pint ,some extra revenue will nevertheless be lequirctl. 138 ROYAL COMMISSION ON LABOUR: Sources or municipal raToniie. Uunicipal and onal Sooiaiism. SeTiaion of taxation. Bducational reform. Se-organisa- tion of Poor Law admi- nistration. Bztension of the Factory Acts. " by Parliaiaent ; no further transfer of present " national taxes to local purposes can be expected." The municipal revenue will have to come — (a) through profits on the' collective industrial'under- takings of the community ; (Zi) through certain Grovernment grants ; (c) through tb > present rates ; (d) through taxation of owners of property of such a kind as to secure for the community the annual increment which arises through growth, from natural causes, of towns ; (e) through a local death duty to be established by the precedent afforded in the " estate duty created by Mr. Goschen in 1889." (Chapters XVI., XVII., XVIII. , XIX.) Mr. Webb apparently holds his " Municipal Social- ism " as a first and semi-conscious step to a real national socialism. Cf. " Socialism in England," chap. VII. " Our progressive ' municipalisation of rent ' by " increase of local rates is dearly only an unconscious " form of gradual land nationalisation." The extension of municipal activity must be logically followed in his view by — (a.) A complete revision of taxation, with a view to ultimate and gradual extinction of the class of recipients of rent and interest. (6.) Educational reform, which shall cover provision of free secondary, as well as primary, education, and secure to every • citizen a complete technical and professional education. (c.) He-organisation of Poor Law administration. ' This to include old age pensions, separation of public infirmaries from the workhouse system, technical instruction of able-bodied paupers, provision of relief works for the unemployed. (d.) Extension of the Factory Acts. Regulation of a maximum working day must be accompanied by general recognition of a minimum wage, and by in- creased efficiency of iispection. Inspectors, wom.en as well as men, to be drawn mainly from the workers. Mr. Webl3 puts forward the clauses contained in Mr. Sydney Buxton's bill, providing for a dovhle regis- tration hy landlord and employer of all places in wMoh manufacturing worh is carried on, as embodying important practical proposals of his own. These clauses are printed as an appendix in Miss Beatrice Potter's pamphlet, " How best to do away with the Sweating System," and are as follows : — 4. APPENDIX. J. Clalses in Mu. Sydsey Buxton's Bill (No. 61 of 1891). Landlord's responsihiUty for Sanitation. The person responsible as owner, under the Acts relating to the public health, for the sanitary condition of any premises used as a factory or workshop, shall be also responsible, concurrently with the occupier, for compliance with such of the requirements of the Factory and Workshops Acts as relate to the sanitary condition of the said premises ; and it shall be within the discretion of the factory inspector to proceed against either owner or occupier for the purpose of enforcing the said requirements. When it shall appear to a Secretary of State upon the report of any factory inspector, that any factory, workshop, or dom.estic workshop, is in such a condition as seriously to impair the health of the persons em- ployed therein, and that the owner or occupier thereof, within the space of one m^onth after notice thereof has been given to him, has failed to remedy the defects, the Secretary of State shall have power, by order issued in the manner prescribed by section 65 of the principal Act, and also served upon the said owner or occupier, to require the premises to be forthwith closed, and to remain closed until they have been brought into conformity with the principal Act and the Acts amending the same. Any person letting for hire prelnises for the purpose of being used as a domestic - wbliikshop, or having reasonable grounds for believing that they are so used or intended to be so used, shall serve notice in writing apon aa. inspector, specifying the name, if any, and exact address of such premises, the name and address of the occupier thereof, and the name and address of the person responsible as owner of the said premises in accordance with the Public Health Acts, and, the inspector shall, on receipt of such notice, forthwith inspect the said premises and register the same free of charge. In the event of contravention ot this section, the person aforesaid shall be liable to a fine not exceeding five pounds. ' The provisions of this section shall only apply to such districts as may be from time to time specified by a Secretary of State by order issued in pursuance of section 65 of the principal Act. The person responsible as owner under the Public Health Acts shall be required to ensure that any premises let for hire by him for the purpose of being used as a factory, workshop, or domestic workshop, or which he might reasonably suppose to be hired for the purpose of being so used, are in a proper sanitary condition for the purpose; and he shall be deemed, any agreement to the contrary notwithstanding, to warrant the premises as so fit. In the event of a contravention of this section, the owner of the said premises shall be liable to a fine not exceeding five pounds. Responsibility of the Employer. It shall be the duty of the occupier of any premises (whether a factory, workshop, or otherwise) who, in connection therewith, or for the purposes of the occupation carried on there, gives out any material or other article to be manufactured or worked upon by manual labour as defined by section 93 of. the principal Act, at any other place than in the Said premises in his occupation, to keep a register- of the name and address of such person to whom such material or other article is given out, and the date of such delivery, and such register: shall be open to inspection by any such person, or the secretary of lany trade society, and any inspector, and by any officer of the sanitary authority, who shall have power to copy any part thereof. In the event of a contravention of this section in regard to the registering, the occupier of the premises from which such work is given out shall be liable to a fine not exceeding five pounds. In the event of work being given out to any person who is not on the register, the occupier of the premises, from which the said work is given out shall be liable to a fine of not less than ten shillings or more than three pounds. The occupier of any premises who habitually gives out material or other articles to be manufactured or worked upon by manual labour, as defined by section 93 of the principal Act, at any other place than the said premises, shall be held responsible for the observance of the sanitary provisions of the principal Act, and of any Acts amending the same, with regard to the domestic or other workshops in which such labour is performed, and shall, concurrently with the occupier ■ thereof, be liable to any penalties incurred for any failure to keep the said domestic or other workshops in conformity ivith the Act. In construing this section any person to whom the material or other article belongs, which is found upon any premises not kept in conformity with the Act, shall, concurrently with the . occupier thereof, be deemed to be liable in the same manner as if he were the occupier thereof. If an inspector finds any premises in which any manual work, within the meaning of this Act, is being done, to be in an insanita:fy condition, he shall, if he deems it necessary, thereupon give notice thereof to all persons whose materials or other articles he finds on the said premises, and to any other person known to be in the habit of giving out such materials or other articles 'to the occupier of the said premises, and if, after a period of three weeks, the premises have not been put into proper sanitary condition, no such person shall continue to give out work to the said occupier under penalty of a fine not exceeding five pounds. If an inspector discovers on any preinises, or portion of the premises, in which any manual work, within the meaning of this Act, is being done, any p^son residing therein to be suffering from a contagious disease, he shall, if he deems it necessary, give notice thereof to all persons whose materials or other articles he finds on the said premises, or to any other person known to be in the habit of giving out such materials or other articles to the occupier of the said premises, that no such person shall give out any further materials or other articles aforesaid to the occupier of the said APPENDIX. — WHOLE COMMISSION. 139 premises mntil the persons residing therein are free from contagion. Any person giving oust materials or other articles as aforesaid to the occupier of a domestic or other workshop, in contravention of this section, shall be liable to^a fine not exceeding twenty pounds. Krst objeo tion. , Seplie*. II. The Division of Qentkal and Local Functions. The problem as to the proper line of division between the functions of the central government and those of local authorities is one, Mr. Webb acknowledges ji to the solution of which socialists have as yet contributed nothing. "All that can be said, is that in England, socialists and indiridualists alike will more probably desire to make the regulation and taxation of private industry, matters of centralisation, whilst actual public adminis- tration will probably be municipal, e.g., Factory Acts and the Land Tax will be national, but gasworks and tramways local." [" Socialism in England." Oh. VII.] III. KiEKTjp's "Inquiry into Socialism." Mr. Webb refers to T. Kirlcup's ' ' Inquiry into Socialism" for an account of tho " supersession of the individaal by the cojnmunity," -yvhich seems to him to have gradually taken place during the past, century. In presenting a view of the '' Prgspectf) of Socialism," ch. VI.,, this work deals with some of the most weighty preliminary objections to a socialistic state, It is considered convenient to summarise the objections, with the replies offered to them, at this point : — 1. The Socialistic Ideal is impkacti cable because INCONSISTENT with THE KNOWN AND TEIED PKINCIPLES Qi? Human Natube. ItepUes. (a.) Human nature is not the fixed quantity that many believe it to be. Compare the enterprising ITew Englander with the native of Bengal or the member of a,; Russian commune. It is the capacity of variation and adaptation -which has given to the Anglo-Saxon race the dominion of the world. (6.) While the constant action of self-interest as a determined factor in life must be reckoned with, it is- yet to be subordinated- to higher principles of moral and sociaT order. The intensely individualised forms of self-interest are but a passing phase in the history of mankind, and will give place to a more social state of feeling. It is an extremely narrow view to regard the struggle of iiidividual interests as the exclusive or even the chief instrument of progress. When all have learned to co-operate for the general good, the best- endowed will seek their chief good in honourable social distinction, or rather, in the consciousness of having served worthily, and not in materialistic rewards. (c.) To the objection that our industry cannot be carried on without a large accumulated capital, and that under socialism no sufficient motive could be found, the reply is that societies and municipalities already possess large accumulated capitals ' ' which no one proposes to squander." {d.y Against corruption, incapacity, and mismanage- ment there is the safeguard of publicity and watchful criticism. (e.) The reply to the dangers urged, of relaxation of parental responsibility under a socialistic state, the author refuses to admit that socialism is worse placed that the present system. " The uncertainty and " haphazard of the present are assuredly not condacive " to habits of forethought and reasonable self-control." Under a co-operative system of industry each man would have to do his share of social service, and would be mainly responsible for ihe bringing up of his children. Organised in local groups the average workman would ihave n sure grasp of his economic and industrial position, and be able, as in mediaeval guildsj to live under : tolerably clear and fixed conditions. In the residuum of hopelessly improvident parents some form of compulsion would have to be applied. Under the present system .each head of a family bears responsibility for his own children. Oonsidera- tion of the existing; mortality among children, and ithp sufferings of tooimany of the survivors, raises [the question whether in any case the matter could be made much worse than it is. 2.,, Socialism is impossible because no Oentkal Second ob- AUTHOKITY COULD CONTROL INTERESTS SO NUMEROOS, J6™""' ENORMOUS, AND COMPLICATED AS ARE INVOLVED IN THE Industrial Lipe or Modern Society. Bepliea. (a.) The same technical causes which have produced l^epUes. our vast and complicated social mechanism also tend to Simplicity or effipiency. "An army of a million men is moved by a telegraph message." (6.) The position of England is unique in the range of its political and economic affairs. The objection does not apply to other countries in anything like the same degree. The difficulties of administration must be largely met by an immense development of local life, and energy. Organisation of local life must not be dictated by a centrajl body. Social progress has to aim rather at a re-arrangement than an extension of central control. " War conquest and foreign adminis- tration " must yield in importance to the direction of the. industrial life on which social welfare really depends. (c.) Tlie "powparative inefficiency of our present civil service and higter officials " niust not be taken as a gauge of the future. Improvement in education, moral as well as intellectual, may serve to produce a body of public servants such as the world has not yet seen. (d.) When we have the best talent of the country managing. the industrial business of the country in the service of ; society we shall have unity and common method constantly at work added to the " same amount of brains and business capacity as before." 3. SoplALISM, EVEN IF PRACTICABLE, TENDS TO INTBEPEBE WITH Individual Liberty aid , so cannot promote THE social IDEAL OF A FREE AND HAPPY DEVELOPMENT. Beplies. . (o.) Nothing can be more certain than that under ileplies. the present system the freedom of the mass of men is merely nominal. The contest is indeed nbt wag6d on equal terms, For men without land or capital the contest must be disadvantageous. "Does the London " man of business meet the owner of his premises on "' an equal footing P . . . Did the Irish peasant and " the landlord negotiate on equal terms ? " (6.) The, contest, as it is, is not for the prizps of life. Under the competitive system, the daily bread, the health and character of jnillions is exposed to hazard. (c.) Individualism means the struggle of all, and the success of a few. For the immense majority it means the loss of real manhood or womanhood, and "of much " that constitutes the glory and beauty of human " personality." For those who succeed in the often ignoble contest for wealth what real good ensues ? The accumulation of enormous fortunes for private ends is an enormity and monstrosity. The individualism which at present prevails is the individualism of the " male head of the house." "Though the cruder forms of such a theory" have mcHtly disappeared it still largely "prevails." There is room for a "rich and varied development of " natural capacity in both sexes, such as we cannot at " present conceive." (0/. especially p. 139-165 of the '! Inquiry into Socialism.") B.— BIGHT HOURS' DAY. > {Of. "The Eight Hours' Day, 1891.") New found desires of the labour- ing clas9e>. 1. The Demand for the Eight Hours' Day and its Meaning. {Cf. Chapters I. to III. and Introduction.) The demand has arisen: (a) through the growing, con- viction among working classes that the present hpurs are injurious to health ;, (6) from the views that shorter ■hours mean higher wages and wider distribution of employment, but, strongest motive of all, (c) from the strongly felt desire for additional opportunities for recre- ation and the enjoyment of life ; for escape into a fuller life of citizenship, frpm the " almost totaj absorption by work of the present life of the masses." , The figure eight has come to the front " Jargely from The fivme historical and sentimental consideration," it is taken "eight." ' S 2 uo HOYAL COMMISSION ON LABOUK : A legal remedf. Effect of reductions of hours in the textile industries. and in the 8kiUed handicrafts. Reductions to eight hours. Production, A general reduction, B«ductions in particular indnstries. up "as symbolising the popular demand for a shorter ■working day." Mr. Webb assumes that the majority of his readers ■will be ready to admit beforehand that the long hours 60 generally -worked in many trades inflict serious evil both on the social health of the community and on the physical health of the individual. The remedy proposed by him is an Act of Parliament to enforce an eight hours' day. In hijbookhe justifies bis demand. 2. The pkobable Economic, Social, and Sanitary Eestjits. (a.) Economic result of 'previous reductions in the hours of labour. — The "marvellous record" of the cotton trade in England " does prove that an enormous diminu- " tion of the hours of labour may be compatible -with no ' ' increase in the cost of production, -with a positive rise " in ■wages, and a great advance in trade ... It can no ' ' longer be inferred that a shortening of hours -will neces- " sarily reduce the ■week's ■wages even if it temporarily " reduces the day's production and the ■workers are at " piece-work." Similar results have been experienced in the textile industries of other countries. Artizans in the skilled handicrafts in England have gradually had their hours reduced from 76 to 64 per ■week while their wages have on the whole uniformly risen. In New York State a diminution of hours has been attended by a positive increase in wages. Eednctions of hours to eight in coal mines of the United Kingdom has not been accompanied by any disadvantage in wages. Examples from Victoria, New York city, and Germany are quoted as showing that neither increase of staff nor decrease of production, and consequently of wages, are the inevitable result of reduction of the hours of labour to eight. {Cf. Chapter IV. and Appendix of " The Eight Hours' Day.") In the face of the experience of the Factory Acts and of corroborative testimony from all parts of the world, Mr. Webb holds that it is no longer possible on purely theoretic grounds to infer that the product must be necessarily diminished by a further shortening of the working day. We are not to assume without proof that existing hours of labour are exactly those which result in the greatest possible quantity of commodities. Mr. Webb estimates the probable effects of a general reduction of the howrs of labour under the heads : (1.) Total product, (2.) Wages and supply and demand, (3.) Prices, (4.) International trade, (5.) Profits, (6.) Rate of interest. His conclusion is that so far as economic results can be discerned : — (1.) A general shortening of the hours of labour may slightly decrease the average productivity per worker, but will, by absorbing a part of the unemployed, probably increase the total production of the community. (2.) Wages are more likely to be raised than lowered, though it is possible that they may remain stationary or even temporarily droop in a few industries. Supply and demand, therefore, will, in the aggregate, not be diminished. (3.) No effect will be produced upon prices generally, Ijut some variations up and down may take place in the prices of some particular commodities. Some industries may be diminished whilst others are increased ; some few products may no longer be worth producing, once the labour employed is properly treated. (4.) The total export trade will almost certainly not be affected though it may be somewhat varied in its composition. (5.) The aggregate payment in wages will almost certainly be larger and that for interest on capital smaller than before. The main permanent results are likely to be a rise in " real time wages " and a fall in the normal rate of loan interest. Almost any gradual change, however important, can be endured ■without injury to the community. " Time is of the essence of the matter." Assuming, however, that shortening of hours will occur in one industry before another, the results relating to (1) wages, (2) profits, (3) prices, (4) export trade, need fresh consideration, every wage-earner is interested in any " Eight Hours Bill." Mr. Webb considers that in addition to the increased leisure, which would be gained by the operatives in an industry where the eight hours' day obtained, there would be a tendency for wages to rise in the surrounding industries of longer hours. Mr. Webb examines the cases of (a) the textile trades, (6) the coal miners, (c) railway workers, (d) tramway workers, (e) shop assistants, (/) Government servants. In the case, of (a) the textile trades the question of foreign competition complicates the problem, and Mr. Webb holds that this is a case which is essentially one for " trade option." No such difiBculties beset the case of (6) the miners. " It is possible that a shortening " of the working day, with a rise of wages, might " result in the closing of a few pits on the margin of '* cultivation," which would tend to an " advantageous concentration " of management of the coal mines of the country in one interest. In the other cases Mr. Webb holds that the eight hours' day is economically possible. The case of (e) shop assistants from the special nature of competition among shopkeepers resolves itself practically into a question of early closing. Mr. Webb quotes the view of Pro- fessor Sidgwick on Sunday closing as especially applying here : that " the coercion either of the la/w or of " the social sanction, wielded by a deliberate and vigorous " combination, is prima facie indispensable except in a " perfectly ideal community of economic men." As regards Government servants, Mr. Webb affirms that reduction of hours would in nearly all cases involve an increased wages bill ; as this would " cer- tainly " be met by taxes raised through rent and interest on larger incomes, or on accumulations of " unearnied increment " and monopoly gains. It would carry with it " a better distribution of the products of industry." " The public decision that eight hours " would henceforth be considered as a fair day's ' ' work would leave an incalculable effect on the action " of private employers, and would probably do much " to bring about a general voluntary shortening of " hours." (6.) SanitoA-y and social results. — Rarely in English industries are the conditions of labour even moderately healthy. And when all has been done that can be done in the direction of sanitary improvements, the great bulk of the manual work of the country must carry with it incidents of unhealthiness. Diminution of the period during which the body is exposed to these noxious incidents remains as the further remedy. Illustrations are taken from the plumbing, painting, white lead, and other industries. Excessively early rising is the normal accompaniment of the present long labouring day. Even in skilled trades with a nominal nine hours' day work begins at six a.m. For ten months out of twelve in the English climate early rising is a severe strain upon the constitution. If the physical effects of long hours are 'oad the mental effects are far worse. Family and social life are impossible ideals for men who are mere working machines or animals. Extension of the suffrage to these overworked classes forms one of -the most unanswerable arguments for increased leisure for exercise of the duties and rights of citizenship. The advantages of a raised " standard of comfort" with its natural effect upon wages is properly an economic consideration, l>ut Mr. Webb finds it con- venient to include this consideration in the less technical Chapter V. " The steady demand of the well-employed, well-paid masses will lead to economies in production, thence to the cheapening of products, and thence to increased consumption." The teitile trades. Coal uiinerg. Hallway and tram workers. Shop assistants. Government servants, Insanitiry condition of labour cannot be ■wholly removed. Limitation of hours follows final sanitary im- provement!. Mental, family, and social effects of long hours. Duties and rights of en- franchised Effects oft raised standard of comfort. 3. The Question of Oveetime. Mr. Webb makes inquiry (Chapter VI.) into the facts overtime, concerning overtime in various classes of industries, and ccmsiders the reasons assigned in the Factory and Workshops Act, 1878, for permitting overtime. The conclusions he arrives at are : — (i.) That in mechanical industries overtime must be allowed in the case of unforeseen emergencies, (ii.) That in agriculture and kindred industries overtime must be allowed to prevent spoiling of materials, (iii.) That in season trades overtime must be allowed to meet pressure of working. In all such cases some limit should be imposed by lejalbmi' Parliament. Further, three suggestions are made. tations. (I.) A spell of overtime during one part of the year should be compensated by a definite holiday in the slack season. The necessary records would be Overtime must be, allowed in three caaei. APPENDIX. — ^WHOLE COMMISSION. 141 no more oomplioated than those already demanded by the Factory Acts, (li.) Oasiial overtime from whatever cause arising should be paid for at an increased rate. The em- ployer most immediately profits by overtime work, and^hould be willing to pay for it. (III.) There should be an absolute limitation, as in the Factory Act, of the amount of overtime that may be worked in any one year. (Chapter VI.) 4. Methods op obtainikg an Eight Houhs' Day consideked. {a.) Voluntary action by employers. — Mr. Webb quotes a letter from a large firm of engineers (printed in Appendix to his book) to show that it is possible for employers to find that their interest lies in reduction of hours of labour. Unfortunately there are few employers who will commit themselves on their own initiative to such 'changes in their trade. And in most trades evidence goes to prove that any individual employer would lose by a single-handed introduction of an eight hours' day. (6.) By means of Trades Union Ooercion. — It is important to remember that the strength of Trade Unions compared with the whole body of wage-earners is not large. It would be misleading to credit' Trade Unions, as has been done with establishment of a nine, hours' day, without also recording the fact that the same Unions have been unable to put down the practice of overtime. Even if Trade Unions were powerful enough to secure a serious and effective reduction in the hours of labour it m.ust be remembered how costly to employed, employers, and community are the methods of war to which the Unions must resort. Moreover, a victory, if gained, is necessarily of a temporary character ; the first breath of bad trade may lose for the workers all they have gained. (c.) By legislation. — " Nearly all the really zealous " advocates of an eight hours' day are in favour of " obtaining it by law." Mr. Webb urges certain con- siderations in explanation of the fact that many leaders among Trades Unionists are opposed to parliamentary action. He says the opposition has been largely due to distrust of Parliament as a capitalist institution. Opposition of mill operatives is entirely based on the fear of foreign competition. Economic arguments against legislative enactment Mr. Webb has tried to deal with in earlier sections of the work summarised. In this Chapter VII. he is concerned to reiply to those " who honestly believe, on " philosophic grounds, that determination of the hours " of labour is not a matter within the province of " Parliament," Mr. Webb urges that it may reasonably be contended that prevention of excessive hours of labour, for what- ever cause, is one of the essential duties of Grovemment in an advanced industrial comiaunity. It is a primary duty of Government to prescribe the plane on which it will allow the struggle for existence to be fought out. The whole history of government is a long series of limitations of the conditions of the struggle, with a view to raising the quality of existence. No individual competitor can lay down the rules of the combat nor safely choose the higher plane, so long as his opponent is at liberty to fight on the lower. If the argument relied on by the philosophic objecto)' turns upon a justification of individual liberty, Mr. Webb urges that there is a real distinction of the case of the naanual worker from that of professional and head-workers. At present, he says, the former has practically no individual control over his working hours. The end sought is to give him a real control over a certain portion of his active life. That obtained, he may employ his leisure in any way, even for work. Advocates of State interference rest their cause on no abstract principle, but on the ground of practical expediency. They ask the State ' ' to coerce the employer not " because it may be good for any zealous workman to "^ have his hours of labour limited to eight, but, " because as long as he is free to work longer, his " neighbours are compelled to do the same." The power of the Government should be used to make good the loss of individual liberty which has been caused by economic development. ' 5. Pbactical Pboposals. Briefly the suggestions are : — (1.) That the eight houi-s' day should be introduced as soon as possible into all Government work and con- tracts, not because the employes of the central and local departments are, on the average, worse than the employes of private firms, but because it is the duty of the State to set an example in its treatment of its servants. (2.) The worst cases of overwork should be at once dealt with. The worst sufferers are almost precisely those who are employed in local monopolies, and who are thus shielded from danger of foreign competition, namely, the persons employed on omnibuses, tram- ways, railways, and in shops, public-houses, bakeries, and gasworks. The actual limitation need not necessarily involve a uniform eight hours' day, but should be a period adapted to the existing circum- stances of the case. (3.) To the other industries of the country the prin- ciple of trade option should be applied. By this means the danger of imposing restrictions which, in the opinion of those most concerned, would be unsnited or dangerous to the industry would be avoided Mr. Webb considers in succession various partial proposals for reform in the direction of the eight hours' day. (a.) The fixing of a normal day has been attempted in the Bill of the Queensland Premier (1890). Similar laws have been passed in various States of the Ameri- can Union. Mr. Webb holds that the development of the movement in America was certainly quickened by the effect on public opinion of the passing of these Statutes. (6.) A good example of an existing statute limiting the howrs of public servants is furnished by the State of California. The best draft of a law to effect the same purpose in the United Kingdom has been furnished by the Fabian Society. The economic and juristic difficulties of legal enact- ment as against private employers do not apply in the case of public bodies. For the expense falls upon ratepayers, and they have the ultimate power of making or rejecting laws. (c.) A clause in the Fabian Society's Bill imposes a special stipulation as to limitation of hours of the same kind as that imposed by the Victorian Legislature when granting special statutory powers to companies. In the United Kingdom such stipulations have hitherto had relation to the interests of ratepayers or con- sumers. Mr. Webb holds that there is no reason why such stipulations should not be made in the interests of the working classes. (d.) The proposal of the Fabian Society for an Eight Hours' Bill for miners aims at precision. Mr. Webb considers that special, contingencies and emergencies might be provided for in the manner of the Austrian law of 1884. He would not exclude by this proposal resort to arbitration or a board of conciliation. (e.) An Eight Hours' Bill for railway workers ; and (/.) an Eight Hours' Bill for workers on tramways and other local monopolies might be formed on various models considered by Mr. Webb. A peremptory order by the Board of Trade to any railway company in whose service the hours were ex- cessive would, he thinks,' form a useful preliminary to compulsory action. The Fabian Bill deals with these industries. In connection with (g), compulsory early closing of shops, Mr. Webb quotes Sir John Lubbock's Bill and the Draft Bill promoted, by the Shop Assistants* Union. Generally Mr. Webb contends that " As a first step " to the reform of the Factory Acts the legal dis- " tinotion between textile and non-textile industries " must be abolished." The only distinction must turn upon overtime. " The law should be made to apply explicitly to men as well as to women " ; in many occupations great injustice may be done " to woman by a one-sex law." (Chapters IX. and X.). GEOFFEEY DEAGE, Secretary. Government work and Government contracts. Local monopolies. Trade option. Partial proposals reviewed. Neoeeeity for overtime to form the only distinc- tion between textile and non-textile industries. One law for men and S 3 142 EOYAL COMMISSION ON lABOtTR : APPENDIX LXXIV. Evidence from Firms who have adopted the Eight Houes' Day, being pp. 254-264 of "The Eight Hours' Day" by Sidney Webb and Harold Cox. From BuBBOTTGHS, Wellcome, A Co., Importers, Ex- porters, and Manufacturing Ohemists, Snow HilL BnildingB, London, E.G. 16th December 1890. Replying to your inquiries of the 11th inst., regarding our experience with the Eight Hours System, yre beg to say that our impressions are : — Ist. "We believe the amount of work produced in a week is very nearly, if not Cfuite, as great '4s when we were "working nine hours a day. 2nd. We think that the cost of production' ife not materially increased. 3rd. At first there was a considerable amount bf OTertime work, which was perhaps largely due to the fact (a) that we were very short of stock, owing to our fire at Wandsworth, (6) that we had engaged a good' inahynewand inexpferienced workpeople at Dartford. Now, however, we have been able to avoid overtime work almost entirely. 4th. Wages. — ^We are glad to have been able both to reduce the hours of work and to increase the atnouiit of Wages at the same time. Of course, in the first instance, this was money ottt of pocket and a loss to us, but it is our opinion that in the long run the loss will be made good to us on account of" the hearty and friendly interest which all our empl'oi/h manifest in our business. 5th. Piece wages. — None of our employes are paid in this manner. We rely upon their honour to do the best they can for our business during 'the eight hours of work per day. 6th. The relations between employer and employed are, we believe, most friendly and cofdial. On account of the general interest manifested by our employek"iii our business, we decided some years ago to reward them with a present or bonus, consisting of a fixed percentage of the profits. After four years' experience with this system, we are perfectly satisfied with it, and wish to increase 'the percentage as soon as our profits will permit: We doubt if it would be possible for more friendly and cordial relations to exist between employer and employed than in our business, and we desire to do everything we can to perpetuate.it. We believe that increased intelligence and efficiency follow upon limiting the hbnrs of laboUK to ei^t, because opportanities are thus afibrded for intellectual and physical development and recreation. We beliefe that the proper empioynaent of such opportunities tends to elevate the general tone of life, to improve the health, and to cultivate ai taste for good society, and precludes that excessive fatigue which demands unnatural stimulant and vicious pleasures. . It is there- fore our opinion that the general adoption of the Eight Hours System would powerfully tend (1) to increase the amount of work produced in a given time, by reason of the improved physical and mental conditions ; (2) to decrease the cost of production for the same reason, and also, on account of the improved mental elasticity, lead to inventions in labour-saving machinery; (3) to improve relations between employers and employed, brought about by the disposition evinced by the former to give the employe opportunities for recreation and social advancement. From Brunneb, Mond, & Co., Limiied, Manufacturers of Alkali and Soda. Morthwich, 23rd December 1890. In reply to your letter of December 14th, we cannot give you the details asked for with regard to the efi'ect of the Eight Hours System, but we can assuj-e you that we are in every way satisfied with the. change which we have made. You may perhaps be aware that our process of manufacture is of necessity con- tinuous, and that the works never stop, and' our adoption of the Eight •Hours System means that the work is carried on in eight hours' shifts. All artisans .and labourers employed by us work the usual hours in this district. The efi'ect on the health and physique of the men of this change has been most beneficial, and we expect still further improvement when the men have got really used to having time to spare between sleep and work. Memdeandum of a Oonveesation with Mr, T. W. Smith, of the Firm of Caslon & Co., Typcrfounders, Chiswell Street, E.G. December 15th, 1890. The circumstances which gave rise to the Eight Hours System in our business are in many ways exceptional. To begin with, 'all our men are paid " stab " or regular time wages, and I personally consider this system far more satisfactory than piece wages. It puts a ma.n upon his honour to do a fair amount of' work for a fair day's wage. At any rate it answers with us. But possibly if our men had been on piece wages they would have been less anxious Jfor a reduction of hours. The change to the Eight Hours System came about in this way : — The improvements effected in type- founding machinery during the last 20 years have made it possible for our men to turn out the same qujantity of work as formerly with much less exertion. We, knew this and they knew it. A few months ago there was some stir among the men in sympathy with the general movement which has been going on among the working dasses. We thereupon had a friendly talk with the men in a general meeting, and told them that if they would undertake to send us down the same quantity of work as before, we were perfectly willing tp reduce the hours, and still pay them the same wages. This arrangement was agreed to, and has worked perfectly since. ., Qnr day is from 8 a.m. to 6 p.m., with an hour for dinner ; and from 8 a.m. to 1 p.m. on Saturdays. So that the week is 50 and not 48 hours. But we credit each, .man with his odd two hours, and allow him to. add them up and take an equivalent holiday on full pay. ,1 may mention.that the most friendly relations have always existed between the firm and its employes;! We have men with us now who have been here for 50 years, and some of our people can trace back their connection with -the firm, passing from father to son, almost to our origin in 1716. Prom S. H. Johnson & Co., the Engineering Works, Carpenters'- Road, Stratford, B., London. December 12th, 1890. , In reply to your favour of yesterday, we beg to say that.there can be no universal rule as to the applica- bility or practicability of what is now being agitated as the Eight Hours System, and we desire it to be .clearly understood that we. are in no way advocates of external pressure being brought to bear so as to afi'eot the relationship of employers and employes, and wp would strenuously resist any attempt of the kind in our own case. The great majority of employers are fair-dealing men, and there is every reason to believe that a like proportion of the employes are the same, ■provided they are not interfered with by professional agitators. If masters and men cannot settle their difrerences between themselves, it is little likely that an outsider knowing nothing about the matter should be competent to give an opinion. The most self- seeking men are the agitators, who take their pay in money ; or posing as a philanthropist,' or both, they are generally partisans, and without experience to qualify them to make opinions of any weight or value. We are glad to say. that our employes have thrown off that Old Man of the Sea, the Trade Society, and time has proved that both sides have profited in consequence. If our men were society men it would not be possible for us to make the concessions we have done hitherto nor to have given them the Eight Hours' Day. APPENDIX. —WHOLE COMMISSION. 143 _. What we haya done is to m^irke tlie week 48 hours instead of 54, and we give the nine hours' pay for the eight hours' day provided full time is punctually worked, otherwise we pay for eight hours only per day. It would appear from this that for time work we pa3i|12^ per cent, more than formerly, and this is to the employes' advantage. . But we are recouped in this, we believe, in several ways. 1st. We do away with the breakfast-hour, as the men come to work with their breakfast done at eight o'clock. 2nd. Our men are more punctual. 3rd. There is only one brea^k in the day, viz., for dinner. Every break means practically a quarter of an hour lost time, getting ready for going and getting ready for work on returning. 4th. Our men are fitter for work after breakfast than they were formerly when they came to work at six o'clock without breakfast, and consequently do more in a given time. Formerly before breakfast very little work, comparatively, was done. In winter especially the men were cold, the light (artificial) bad to work in, and unpunctuality led to this. 5th. The men are saved the walk home and back again, which means a further saving of time to them of a quarter of an hour or 20 minutes per day — an im- portant saving to them. They have more energy for their work in consequence, and use it. 6th. The men have more time for improvement and recreation ; in fact, they are not only better men but better animals. The sum of all these considerations justifies the change, and we consider more than balances the account. Our men, we need scarcely say, appreciate the difference to themselves fully, and reciprocate in their efforts to show us that we shall lose nothing by it. If we had been in the toils of the society this would not have been possible. Now we have confidence in onr men and they in us. We are glad to give our experience in this matter, as it may help other employers to see it in the same light as we do at present. From Gkeen, MoAllan, akd Feildbn, Limited, Printers and Engravers, St. Andrew Street, London, E.G. ^ , December 18th, 1890. In reply to your queries as to the effect of the Eight Hour Day in our firm, I have to confess, with very deep regret, that so far it has been a failure financially. Less work is produced, cost is increased, more over- time in proportion has to be worked, and lastly, and most importantj rent presses more heavily. I have given-it a most patient trial for seven months — a term long enough to enable one to form a fair opinion in the matter — and am now most reluctantly compelled to face the question of reverting to the ' usual week of 54 hours. My experience has convinced me that no firm in our trade of any size, employing only regular time hands, can compete Successfully, on a 48-hour week basis, with houses working full time. No one deplores this more than myself, but unfortunately the fact remains. I have one of the best staffs in London—experienced, quick, and willing, and filled with a desire to render me assistance in every possible way — and yet I have not been successful. It might have been other- wise had the Trade Unions supported us by giving some at least of their wOrk our way ; but with the honourable exceptions of Miss Black, the L.S.O., the Printers' Labourers' Union, and Mr. Tom Mann, we have received no help from them, showing how selfish is the cry from the workmen of an Eight Hour Day when they refuse a chance to help some of their brethren to get it, and by giving their work to the lowest estimator, do their best to perpetuate a system which every right-minded man ought to deplore. P.S. — Am going to introduce profit-sharing as a substitute. and that person is the customer. My experience has sliown me that it is not easy to induce him to take the same view, and that as a rule he will buy in' the cheapest market. I may say that several pijstomers left me when I started the 48-hour week, concluding-^ and quite rightly — that prices would go up. ' Three of them told me so plainly. ^ I am most strongly of opinion that' legal enactment is the only way by which a better state of affairs can be brought about.' I know that in taking this view I differ from many of our leading trade unionists, who talk of having got the 54 hours by their own 'efforts (but at what cost and friction ?). These gentlemen, however, talk very glibly. If we take the compositors of London, I would venture to say that they work on an average nearer 60 hours a week — a condition of things which they are powerless to prevent. Many of them are rather glad of it ; and to a man who has a wife and family, 68. or 10s. per week extra means more comfort, although the head of the family may be untimely killed by the drain on his constitution. Many of them are too ignorant to see that if a legal day were enacted they would still have the same necessities, and that they would ultimately get as much for the shorter day as they now get for the longer one. , From H. W. Massikgham, then Editor of the " Stae," Stonecutter Street, London, E.G. December 12th, 1890. The Eight Hours System has been carried out in our oflBce with ease and with little friction, owing largely to the excellent organisation of our printing staff, and the great ability of our foreman and bis careful atten- tion to the interests of the men. With regard to the specific points you raise — 1. The effect upon the amount of work produced per man per week is small, owing to the fact that our 28 piece workmen were in the habit of working 48 hours a week before the new arrangement came into effect, the foreman giving each man a weekly half, holiday in turn. , Our four time workmen worked about 49 hours a week before the eight hours regula- tion, so that we had practically only about four hours a week to make up in order to bring the office within the eight hours rule. This was done by occasionally putting the piece workman on time and paying him as a time hand, the necessary piece work being accom- plished by a little additional speed. Wo difficulty has arisen in accomplishing this, and there has been no neces'sity for employing extra labour. 2. From the foregoing it follows that there has been practically no increase in the cost of production. I may add that since its establishment the eight hours rule has been maintained with but one trifiing excep- tion, the production of the double number. Even oil this occasion the time work only came to about an hour over the 48 hours per week. 3. Overtime is not allowed on the " Star." 4. Wages of the ordinary time workers vary from 21. IBs. a week to 21. 18s. 5. The wages of our piece workers vary from about 21. 18s. to SI. and over. 6. The relations between employer and employes on the " Star " have always been excellent, and have been in a measure improved by the introduction of the Eight Hours System. It is the custom of the flrih to allow a yearly holiday of one week to each employe with full wages. The foregoing remarks apply purely, to the case- room. In other departments the Eight Hours System has been organised without much difficulty. I need not add that the system does not apply to the editor. From Gbeen, McAliast, and Fbilden, Limited. December i9th, 1890. You have correctly put my p&sition. In our trade the profits are so small, and subject to so much leakage, that one, and only one, person ought to bear the brnnt. Huddbbshelb Cokporation Teamways. Town Hall, Hnddersfleld, 18th December 1890. In reply to your letter of the 11th inst., I am authorised by the Chairman of the Tramways Com- mittee of my Council to forward' you the enclosed memorandum, prepared by Mr. Pogson, the Tramways Manager, as to the hours of employment of drivers and conductors engaged upon the tramways. S 4, 144 ROYAL COMMISSION ON LABOUR: It is necessary for me to add that the arrangement adopted in 1888 was not intended by tho Corporation ui' their tramway servants as an adoption of an Eight Hour's Day System. If in the future the public convenience demands a further extension of the services, the eight hours arrangement will not necessarily be adhered to, but the men will divide the extra work. Yours truly, H. Baeber, Town Clerk. drivers aud conductors wore employed on the Eight Hours System : - Memorandum by Manager, 17th December 1890. Previous to May 1st, 1888, the trams were rnn 14 hours per day, and the drivers and conductors were allowed one hour for dinner and one hour for tea (a working day of 12 hours). On the above date the service of cars was increased to 16 hours per day, and instead of increasing the working hours of the men, or of having an extended and complicated system of relief, the Tramways Com- mittee determined to try the experiment of a double set of men, working eight hours each, for a period of six months. The results of the experiment v^re very satisfactory, both to the management and also to the men. The wages paid to the men under the long hours were — drivers 32s., and conductors 28s. per week of six days. Under the present arrangement drivers are paid 26s., and conductors 21s. per week of six days. Huddersfield Corporation Tramways Committee — Financial Eeport for six months ended 30th September 1890 and 1889, During both of these periods the Expenditure, Six Months ended .<)Oth September 1890. Revenue Account. Expenditure, Corresponding Period last Year. £ s. d. £ s. d. 2,117 8 2 Locomotive Power 2,073 s a (i38 18 1 Triifflc 605 18 1 976 11 7 Maintenance of "Ways and Works 689 12 6 1,324 IS 2 Repairs to Engines and Cars - 1,180 6 1 261 10 Management 359 6 4 2.W Eents, Rates, anil Taxes - 172 IS S. 216 IG 4 Miscellaneous Total 125 8 6 5,785 19 2 5,162 6 10 2,760 13 10 Gross Profit - Receipts • ... Interest and Sinking Pund, 4i per cent. on Loans. . Depreciation, 2 per cent, on Capital - 2,772 14 3 8,630 13 7,935 1 1 1,778 11 8 ¥80 1,568 11 2 763 6 ft 2,658 11 8 2,311 17 2 2,750 13 111 Gross Profit Balance Profit 2,772 14 3 92 2 2 4fiO 17 1 Capital Account, 88,039?. Depreciation Account, 3,2852. Loan Account, 84,000?. APPENDIX LXXV. " Labour Disputes and the Chamber of Commerce" ; by S. B. Boulton. BEraiNTED from the "Nineteenth Cenitjry" of June 1890, by kind permission of the Editor, James Knowles, Esq. I venture to prophesy that the above title will at once provoke the remark from many readers of this Keview that " it is much better for employers and em- ployed to settle their differences between themselve.'? without outside interference." After 40 years' ex- perience as an employer of labour, both in this and in other countries, I emphatically approve that sentiment. Nevertheless, outside interference of every possible kind in labour disputes is now the almost universal rule, and its evils will not be diminished by a mere "do nothing" policy. I submit that it is only by organised efforts that a better system can be made to prevail. As Chair- man of the Labour Conciliation Committee of the London Chamber of Commerce, I am about to offer some explanation of a proposed organisation, by which it is hoped that employers and employed in the various trades carried on in the metropolis may be brought together, on el^ual terms, and on neutral ground, for the purpose of avoiding or settling labour disputes so far as it may be possible, upon the basis, and in the spirit, of an ordinary commercial bargain. A few words as to the constitution and objects of the London Chamber of Commerce itself may not be in- appropriate. It is composed of a number of trade sections, who meet independently tn discuss and pro- mote the interest of their particular, trades ; and of a council, or governing body, who discuss questions upon which it may be deemed desirable that the united action of the chamber should be exercised, whether on behalf of particular trade interests, or for the support and furtherance of measures important to the whole commercial community. The council is composed, partly -of members elected at the annual meetings of the chamber, partly of the chairmen of various trade sections, and a few distinguished persons who have seats on the council ex oficio. It is not difiicult to -trace a reseml.'iance, but with a difference, between the labours of tuch a body and the functions formerly exer- cised by the great craftsmen's and mercantile guilds of London and other cit.es. But "the old order charigeth." The ancient trade guilds, with their splendid traditions have suffered atrophy of the organs which performed the functions for whose exercise such guilds were created. The fact that not only in London, bnt in all the large cities of the kingdom, chanibers of commerce have sprung into vigorous and useful existence, is a sufficient proof that the interests of commerce and manufactures necessitate co-operation and organisation on the part of traders. "Jilmd your own husvness ! cmd do not mterfere un- necessarily with that of other people," is the keynote of commercial prosperity, and, I may almost add, of commercial rectitude, and it is wholesome to apply this adage to labour questions especially. Had the Chamber of Commerce any business to interfere in such a ques- tion as labour conciliation ? Up to last autumn it had given no special attention to this subject. Recent experience has, however, brought into fresh prominence' the well-known fact, that, of all the varied negotiations- which affect the interests of commerce, there are none of more vital importance than the bargains between Capital and Labour, which must of necessity be from time to time renewed and modified. And the extent to which the direct business interests of the 3,0,00 firms and members of the London Chamber of Commerce were interfered with by the strike of the dock labourers, and by the many strikes and lock-outs which followed, was brought home in a. very vivid manner to the attention of the council. It is absolutely beyond the scope and intention of this paper to express any opinion upon the merits of the original dispute between the dock directors and their labourers. The strikes spread from the docks to the wharves, and to numerous other industries. It was a marked feature of this period of civil war, that many employers, who had no disputes with their workmen, or who had conceded all their demands, were as severely punished as those who held out. Banners were borne in the daily processions of the strikers, with inscrip- tions to the effect that the bearers had no dispute with their employers, but that they had struck " on. ^rm- ciple." The position of the ordinary merchant was as seriou? as that of the direct employer of labour. He APPENDIX. — WHOLE COMMISSION, 145 could not fulfil his commercial engagements, as he was unable to procure delivery of goods either from dock, wharf, granary, or ship. Orders were countermanded or placed abroad, ships ordered to other, and in some instancSs to foreign ports. The paralysis not only of trade in general, but even of supplies of food from abroad, could hardly have been much greater, for the time being, if a hostile fleet had held triumphant possession of the mouth of the Thames. The Council of the Chamber was overwhelmed with applications, re- monstrances, and suggestions, and was urged to take some action in view of a calamity so far-spreading in its consequences. At an early period of the difficulty it sent a communication in identical' terms to the dock directors and to the dockers' union, suggesting the adoption of some form of arbitration. 3'rom both sides this suggestion met with a polite refusal, and with this exception the Chamber has never interfered, or sug- gested interference, in any labour dispute until after receiving a direct and formal application from one or both of the parties immediately concerned. After the settlement of the dock dispute by the inter- vention of his Eminence Cardinal Manning and the Mansion House Committee, the Council of the London Chamber of Commerce appointed a committee to exa- mine the whole question of labour conciliation and arbitration, with instructions to report as to the advisa- bility of devising some scheme for the better settlement of labour disputes in the metropolis. Of this committee I was elected chairman, and it fell to my lot to draft a scheme for the consideration of my colleagues and of the council. It was with the deepest sense of anxiety and of grave responsibility that the committee com- menced its labours, which have proved to bo of an arduous nature. With some special means of informa- tion, we could realise the magnitude of the injury, some of it of a permanent character, which the commerce of London had sustained. Loss of trade in the City means also destitution in the East End, where trade spells existence. For nowheie on this planet is there crowded together so enormous a number of human beings absolutely dependent upon trade as in London. Their number increases constantly ; and if the trade which supports labour fails to increase as constantly, misery and starvation ensue. As a remedy for the evils resulting from strikes and lock-outs, the intervention of ^e Legislature is frequently recommended. The London Chamber of Commerce has been complimented by Ministers of the Crown, in- clading the Premier, for its assistance in advising upon, and promoting useful measures of commercial legislation. Should it endeavour to promote legislation on the subject of labour disputes P From this point of view the retrospect is peculiarly discouraging. From the fourteenth up to the end of the last century there have been reiterated attempts in this country to fix wages by parliamefitary or official regulations, all of which have proved mischievous and ineffectual. The first " Statute of Labourers " was passed in 134y, in the reign of Edward the Third, fixing wages at the rates prevailing 20 years, previously. But even during the feudal periodj and amongst the sparse population of that time, it Would appear that the mailed hand of the greatest of the Plantagenets was not hea,vy enough to enforce such provisions. We find two other statutes during his reign, and one in that of his successor, re- peating similar enactments, with more stringent penalties, and affording evidence that previous Acts had not been obeyed. In 1389 an Act was passed which, instead of fixing rates of wages, enjoined justices of the peace to settle and proclaim them. By the 6th Henry VI., the 2nd and 3rd Henry VII., and the 6th Henry' VIII., wages were alternately fixed by statute, or by the decisions of the' justices, the continual changes showing that neither system was satisfactory. The " Statute of Labourers " of 5th Queen Elizabeth abolished all preceding labour Acts, fixed the hours of labour with great nainuteness, and empowered the justices in session to make rates of wages. The 1st James I. confirms the Act of Queen Elizabeth, and extends its operation to all labourers, weavers, spinsters (sio), and workmen whatsoever. Giving or receiving more or less than the fixed rate is declared to be an offence. Opinions are divided as to the causes leading to the failure of these enactments ; some authorities ascribing the mischief which ensued to the attempts at enforcing them, others to the negligence of the justices in carrying out their provisions. The truth would probably exist between the two contentions. It would have been impossible to carry out the enactments effectually, but they would afford occasion for an 1 78448. enormous amount of petty and corrupt tyranny. The evil effects of this mass of legislation bristling as it did with cruel penalties, are almo.st incalculable. In 1796 occurs the last serious efibrt recorded in our statutes to fix officially that which can never he enforced officially, except amongst a nation of slaves. Justices were ordered to fix a natural rate of wages, regard being had to the price of necessaries, and to the size of the labourer's family, and in cases where the labourer was not re- ceiving wages equal to the computation of a naiwral rate, the difference was to be made up out of the poor rates. The disastrous consequences of this absurd Act exemplify almost every kind of blunder which can be perpetrated by a neglect of the proved teachings of political economy. The employer was encouraged to screw down the rate of wages, and to throw part of his duties on the ratepayers, whilst the labourer was pauperised and his independence destroyed. The healthy instinct of migration from centres of congested population to districts where labour was in brisker demand was discouraged. This Act was swept away in 1834, but I am old enough to remember conversa- tions with " rude forefathers of the hamlet," who are now in their graves in certain country villages, and although the conversations took, place in my youth,and some 12 or 14 years after the old system was done away with, they have fixed upon my mind a lifelong im- pression of the demoralisation and nameless evils which such legislation produces. If the labour legislation of the present century has been infinitely more successful than thai of the preceding 500 years, it is due to the fact that it has been mainly occupied in obliterating and destroying official inter- ference with the bargains between adult worklnen and their employers, and the doing away with restrictions to legitimate rights of combination. A recent utterance of Mr. Bradlaugh expresses an enlightened conclusion, when he says, ' ' taat Parliament should only interfere in industrial pwsuits of adults where necessary to protect life or limb, including in this sanitary legislation." Attempts have been made, and are still, proposed, to fix the rate of wages by " courts of arbitration, with compulsory powers.'' The "Act to establish equitable councils of conciliation " of 1867, and the " Arbitration (Masters and Workmen) Act," of 1872 have been inoperative to enforce any awards as to future rates of wages ; and the reason is obvious. If a workman engages himself for a week, or for a month, at a fixed rate, he is bound to that agreement by ordinary law. What more could be done by an arbitration court with compulsory powers P Some workmen may be engaged by the month, and more by the week, but most are engaged by the day or even by the hour. Would it be possible to fix, for any period in advance, the wages at'which a man should be compelled to work, without at the same time engaging his services for the whole of that period ? Or would it be possible to compel him to work at any particular trade, or at any particular place, unless ha voluntarily .engaged to do so P What is true of oue man is true of any combination of workmen. By the Trades Union Acts of 1871 and 1876 the law of conspiracy is altered in favour of labour combinations, a.iid anything in that connection which one workman might legally do,,, any number are empowered to do, "even in restraint of trdde." It appeared therefore to our committee, that no legislation which would be likely to be enforced in this country could prevent strikes or lock-outs, and that any attempt to procure compulsory powers for courts of arbitration or conciliation would be extremely undesirable. Our attention was, however, called to the Conseil des Prud'hommes in Paris, as a successful instancfe of such powers being exercised. But the Oonseils des Prud' hommes never attempt to fix the future rates of wages, they only adjudicate upon disputes arising out of existing contracts. A study of the attempts which have been made at conciliation on the voVimtary principle proves much more encouraging. In 1860, a Labour Conciliation Board for the hosiery trade, due to the initiative of Mr. Mundella, was established at Nottingham. A similar board for the lace trade was established in the same town, and the movement spread to Leicester and Derby. In 1869 the system was introduced at Darlington, with marked success, into a much larger industry, that of manufactured iron ; the iron trade in South Staffordshire, South Wales, and in Scotland, and the Cleveland Ironstone Mines followed the example. In the Staffordshire potteries, in the chemical trades of Northumberland and Durham, and in various collieries, different systems of arbitration were adopted. 146 ROYAL COMMISSION ON LABOUR ; The history of this movement down to the year 1876, accompanied by most practical and pregnant com- mentaries and suggestions, will be foand in a book written by Mr. Henry Crompton, called " Industrial Coriciliation "* ; and to this source I owe much of my information as to these earlier attempts at voluntary boards. From 1876 to the present time the progress of the principle has been steady and continuous, although chequered by some disappointments and failures. In a letter written to me by Mr. James Laing, of Sunderland, in February last, are the following words : " I have pleasure to send herewith a copy of the rules of the board of conciliation for the Wear snip- building trade, which have worked very well. We have not had a strike sinc& the board was established, although there have been very many changes in the rates of wages, both as regards reductions and ad- vances." Mr. Laing is the chairman of this board, which has nowi been in existence for about six years. Nor is this the only testimony to the loyalty of the workmen in keeping to their engagements. There is abundant and encouraging evidence that in the great majority of_ cases the men have adhered to the awards or decisions of the boards, even under circumstances of trial and difficulty. The "joint committees" of the North of England Coal Trade Association, composed half of owners, half of workmen, have now been in existence for more than ten years, and have proved to be exceedingly useful, although disputes have not in all cases been avoided. In Belgium, a successful attempt at the establishment of councils of conciliation has been made at the extensive collieries of Mariemont and Basconp, by M. Julien Weiler, engineer and manager of those mines. M. Weiler has been so obliging as to send me three most interesting pamphlets, f which contain descriptions of his experiences and aspirations. He has also translated into French the work of Mr. Crompton. After mature consideration of the foregoing, and many other sources of information, my committee came to the unanimous conclusion that the establishment in London of some organisation for conciliation on the voluntary principle was desirable. A collation of the rules of the most successful conciliation boards of the North, and elsewhere, showed that no two of them were identical in their organisation. Careful note having been taken of the leading princijjles which commended themselves as worthy of imitation, it became evident that, with its vast population, its exceptionally numerous industries (estimated at between 600 and 700) and the great interdependence of various crafts upon each other, London would require a special organisation suited to its unique conditions. And it was at once felt that it would be both imprudent and futile to launch any scheme attempting to deal with so complex a problem, without availing ourselves, by the most careful and painstaking inquiry, of the opinions of those whose future co-operation would be indis- pensable. A long series of personal interviews and considerable correspondence commenced with the principal leaders of the working men, with authorities dn labour movements, and with all the trade unions of London, with various trade sections of the Chamber itself, with the other Chambers of Commerce of the kingdom, and with the heads of great industries carried on in the metropolis. We also obtained the opinions of the principal working men's clubs through their federative councils, as well as by procuring discussions at their debating clubs, and by addressing them at public meetings. It was with sincere gratification that we found a strong consensus of opinion in favour .of our principal propositions, on the part of nearly all the experts with whom we came in personal contact. Finally, our scheme, drafted for the approval of the Council, was accepted unanimously by that body, and approved at a general meeting of the Chamber. At the annual meeting of the Associated Chambers of Commerce of the United Kingdom, I had the honour of explaining the scheme, and, after a discussion upon the relative merits of compulsory arbitration and voluntary con- ciliation, the voluntary principle, upon the motion • Por the perugal of this book, which is now out of print, I am indebted to toe tindness of Mr. C. J. Dnlmmond, the able Secretary of the London Society of Compositors. It is much to be desired that a new edition should be published with information brought down to the present date. t (1) Arbitrage et Conciliation entre Patrons et Ouvriers ; (2) La Grdve de Mariemont,' et les Conseils de Conciliation et d'Arbitra^e ; (S) Eapport sur les l^vaux de I'Annte 1889, des Conaeils de Conciliation et d'Arbitrage des Mines de Bascoup. of the Aberdeen and the London Chambers, was unanimously adopted by the association. An abstract of the scheme itself is added in an appendix to the present paper. The following is a brief explanation of its priiioipal features. Each trade in London is invited to form a sepwrate conciliation committee, in connection with the London Chamber of Commerce, whose rooms and secretariat will be at its disposal. It is believed that this arrange- ment for a neutral ground where meetings can be held is of great practical importance. This committee, consisting entirely of experts in the particular trade, will be composed of equal numbers of employers and employed, who will be elected by their respective orders, with full liberty of choice as to methods of election. The rules of procedure will be left to each committee to determine for itself, subject only to a few guiding regulations which stipulate for perfect equality of representation and of voting power. It is to such _ a body that any dispute in its own particular trade will be submitted, provided that both parties voluntarily agree so to do. And as most disputes of any great importance affect the whole of a trade, there will be thus provided a means of amicably discussing any grievance, or proposed change of conditions, before the acute crisis is reached of a strike or look-out. This is the main feature of the scheme, and it. is hoped that these trade conciliation committtes will tje of important service in peaceably, arranging most of the questions which are brought Taefore them, without any outside interference whatsoever. And having in view the important results which have already been achieved by similar agencies in the North and elsewhere, I submit that the hope is' neither impracticable nor over-sanguine. There may, however, be cases where the trade con- ciliation committee may fail to arrange a dispute, and for this and for other objects further machinery is provided. A central body will also be fopmed, to be called The London Ooneiliation Beard. It will he composed of 12 representatives of labour, elected by the working men's organisations, and of 12 representatives * of capital, to be appointed by the Council of the Londoij Chamber of Commerce. Each trade conciliation committee, so soon as it is foimed, will a.lso send representatives to this board, and a few members are to be added, who will sit, ex officio, by virtue of their occupation, of certain offices of importance. The London Conciliation Board, like the separate trades committees, will contain representatives of capital and labour, in exactly equal numbers, and with equal voting powers, and it is hoped that all the principal trades of London may, in course of time, be represented thereon. To this board will be referred any case which a trade conciliation committee may have been unable to settle; the procedure will be by way of discussion, advice, and conciliation generally. I have pointed out the great interdependence of the trades of llondbn. It is not an unwholesome provision that a trade having a quarrel which has proved too obstinate for its own committee to settle, should have its disputes discussed by men of other trades. Some of them, although no parties to the original dispute, may be deeply affected by an outbreak of hostilities ; a stoppage of work in one trade frequently paralyses several others. Finally, if the board should be unable to reconcile the dispute, it will recommend and offer facilities for arbitration in the last resort; and should this be refused, the disputants would still retain all their rights to become belligerents. Such, in brief outline, is the scheme proposed by the London Chamber of Commerce. It will be seen that submission to conciliation or arbitration will in all cases be voluntary. The conditions are elastic enough , tp offer facilities for one trade after another to affiliate itself to the organisation at any moment, and to make those special regulations for itself which may best suit its particular case. The sympathy of the public is an , enorniouB factor in the issues of a labour contest; it is sometimes extended to one side, sometimes to the other. Is it not desirable that the public sentiment should be enlisted decidedly on the side of peace ? Has not the whole community a right to ask, and a duty to perform in asking, of each belligerent in such contests, the inyortant question, "Have you exhausted all efforts for aiTiving at an amicable settlement before you proceed to hostilities ? " Two principal impediments obstruct the progress of all plans for labour conciliation. The first is the distrust entertained by the workmen, which, howevei:, I have most encouraging evidence to believe is rapidly APPENDIX-^WHOLE COMMISSION. 14'r dimiuiBhing. The second, is the great reluctance which some employers still feel at recognising' the trades union leaders as representatives of the men. In many trades in London this feeling has long ceased to exist, and eijiployers have made arrangements with the union from time to time, as a matter of course, with great advantage to both sides. But there are many employers who still retain the old feeling respecting the unions. The objection is historic, and impeded the first attempts at peaceful solutions of the labour problem. Mr. Mnn- della, in alluding to this difficulty, says, " The very men that the manufacturers dreaded were the men that were sent to represent the workmen at the Board of Conciliation. We found them the most straightfor- ward men we could have to deal with," &c.* As a modern instance," amongst many others, M. Julien Weiler, who has been already alluded to as introducing the English methods of conciliation into Belgium, laments the absence of trades unions in his district, and strongly advocates their establishment and multi- plication. - Oottiing from a large employer of labour in a country Where the influences prompting and accom- panying strikes are more violent and unscrupulous than in England, this opinion of a practical man who thoroughly understands the subject is pertinent aind suggestive. It is unwise to indulge prejudices as to institutions which are now fully acknowledged by law. It is neither generous nor just to ignore the mora.1 right of workmen to combine for the furtherance of their interests, within fair and legitimate limits., In these combinations the workmen are further advanced than the employers. But it has been clearly pointed out, by the leaders of the workmen themselves, that the continued growth of trades unions must inevi- tably lead to corresponding associations on the part of employers. Are we, then, to have a series of rival camps, in which, during ever-shortening periods of peace, each party will regard the other with ever- growing distrust and suspicion, whilst forging weapons for constantly impending war ? If this be the outlook, alas for the future of England! It is no longer a question of her " commercial supremacy " ; it is a question of her power to feed her children, who depend on trade, and largely on foreign trade under competitive conditions, for their daily bread. I cannot but think that a momentous crisis in industrial relations has been arrived at. If the associations on both sides are not careful to arrange for co-dperation and mutual good understanding, the results will be disastrous. If better counsels prevail, these organisations can be made pro- ductive of the highest usefulness, and each trade which possesses a trades union and an employers' association will be in the best possible position for forming a Trade Conciliation Committee. It is in this way that the Durham Coalowners' Association and the Miners' As- sociation combine to form their ' ' Miners' Joint Committee." The Conciliation Committee of the London Chamber of Commerce was formed, not for the purpose of 'admmkteriMg conciliation, but of eonstrueting a schenie, and organising its practical development. Some mis- understanding has arisen on this head. It. will be sufficient for my purpose to record the fa,ct,,that the permanent committees and board are at present in course of formation, but are not yet in existence.f So soon as the new bodies are formed, my committee will be dissolved.' During the progress of our consiiructive labours, hpwever, we have had so many applications for assistance in labour disputes, that the Council of the Chamber advised and authorised us to render such help as we could afford when directly applied to, but in no case to proffer our assistance unasked— a rule which we have strictly adhered to. In some cases onfe side has applied, whilst the other has declined. In two in- stances both parties agreed to meet, but the employers objected to meet particular officers of the men's union. Itt is hardly necessary to say that in such cases the negotiations were fruitless. But in cases where each side has agreed to meet the delegates chosen by the other,> I am glad to say that we have had no failure m effecting satisfactory arrangements, and that bargains entered into have been loyally kept. The process in such caseS has always been that so graphically' described in the North as "the long jaw." The delegates on both sides, thoroughly acquainted with the subject, have discussed and threshed out each item in turn, sometimes donferring with each othet sotto voce. When an agreement was fin ally arrived at, * Henry Crompton, " Industrial Conciliation/' p. 42. t The "Conciliation Board" has since been completely organised (vide next column). it was decided by acclamation ; a vote was never taken., I am bound to 'say that the chairman has never had the slightest difficulty in maintaining the order and ameni- ties of the proceedings, and his suggestions have always been cheerfully responded to. Notes have been taken by a shorthand writer, and an agreement, ear^fulVy worded, with all 'requisite hitsiness detcdle, has been drawn up in the presence of the parties, and revised and signed by them . A most essential and important part of the duties appertaining td labour conciliation consists in very painstaking attention to this last point. I think that we may claim our experience in the practical work of settling labour disputes, as a con- firmation in every respect of the theory which underlies the plan proposed by the Chamber. Some importanti lessons have been learned, some tests have been applied to our system, and we have had the satisfaction of restoring a large number of workmen to their occupa- tions, and of enabling their employers to resume their suspended operations. J^ Mm ^ Ml ^ In conclusion, I would add that we have already received the support of a considerable number of em- ployers of labour, and of 25 trades unions. After allowing for all shortcomings, I hope that I may have convinced my readers that those who proposed the scheme herein described are not visionary enthusiasts — Bound to abolish original sin By a Bill that will bring the Millennium in— but practical men, who have made an earnest endeavour to contribute, however humbly, towards the solution of a problem important beyond most others to the vital interests of society. FOEMATION AND LABOUE OF THE LONDON CONCILIATION BOARD. Since the foregoing article was published the scheme described therein has become a practical reality. A series of meetings of working men was held at the rooms of the London Chamber of Commerce from April to December 1890, to which representatives of all the Trade Unions of London were invited. A, large number of delegates took part' in the proceedings, and it was finally agreed that the trades of London should be divided into 12 groups, each of which should send one Labour Representative to the London Conciliation Board. All the ' arrangements, both as to the mode of representation and the elections themselves, were decided upon and carried out by the working men delegates. Finally, the Council of the London Chamber of Commerce met on the 28th of October, 1890, and elected 12 representatives of the employers. To these were added a representative elected by the London County Council, in the person of the Right Hon. Sir John Lubbock, Bart., M.P., and a representative ch'oseh by the Labour Members of the Board — Mr. Charles Fen- wick, M.P. The Joint Board met for the first time on the 12th of December, 1890, and revised and adopted a series of rules and bye-laws for its guidance, electing also its Chairman, Yice-Chairman, and an Executive Com- mittee. It was arranged that the voting power of both orders should on all occasions be exactly equal, a,nd it is found that the rules have worked smoothly and satisfactorily. , Partly by the agency of the Provisional Committee, and subsequently by the direct aption of the Board itself, a number of cases of labour disputes have been dealt with. In all cases where a decision has been arrived at, either by conciliation or by arbitration, the agreement or award has been most loyally abided by. S. B. BOULTON, Ghairmam, of the London July, 1891. Oonoiliatiorl Board. APPENDIX. London Chamber of Commerce (Incorporated), Botolph House, Bastcheap, B.C., AprU 10th, 1890. . To THE Ohaieman or' the Mebtins of , ihe London Tbades Council. Deak Sir, — As I hear that the Labour Conciliation Scheme of the London Chamber of tJommerce will T 2 148 ROYAL COMMISSION ON LABOUR ; probably be disoaeaed by yotir Council this evening, may I ask that the following brief explanation may be read at yonr meeting ? Our Chamber has already been asked to assist in settling several labour disputes, and its efforts have not been without some success, especially in the case of Oliver's Wharf.and in that between the bargemen of the Medway and the cement manufacturers, but the scheme will not be in proper working crder until the representative working men have joined the organisa- tion. Or WHAT DOES THE ScHEME CONSIST? 1. Its most important feature is, that every trade in London is invited to form a Conciliation Committee of its own particular trade, half of employers, half of employed — to whom any labour dispute in that parti- cular trade may be submitted if the disputants so desire. It is believed that in most instances sucli disputes may be arranged by amicable discussion between men practically acquainted with the trades, without outside interference. 2. But if the Trade Committee cannot settle the dis- pute, the disputants will have the advantage of referring it to the Conciliation Board, a body composed half of working-men representatives, half of representatives of capital, and upon which, it is hoped, will sit members of the principal trades of London. This Board will endeavour to arrange disputes referred to them, by discussion, conciliation, and advice. If unsuccessful in arriving at a settlement by these means, it will then recommend and assist in promoting arbitration, but a resort to arbitration will in no case be compulsory. 3. Both on the Trade Committees, and also upon the Board, the representatives of labour will be elected or appointed by the working men of London, in the manner which they, through their various organisa- tions, may themselves decide upon. 4. The rooms of the London Chamber of Commerce will afford neutral ground for the meetings of the committees and of the board, to which employers and employed will have equal right of access. 5. No scheme of such importance as the one now proposed can be expected to be perfect in the first instance, but any imperfections which it may now contain, can be remedied by the light of experience, and by friendly co-operation. A few last remarks as to Chambers of Commerce. They have long existed in this country, and their main object is to maintain, to increase, and to promote the prosperity of the trade of Grreat Britain. That object is of vital importance to every working man; the greater the trade, the greater the demand for labour. Up to the present time, however, whilst those trading in most of the principal commodities dealt with by the commerce of this country have taken an interest in Chambers of Commerce, men who supply the labour indispenable to commercial prosperity have taken no part in connection with such bodies. Workmen are now asked to represent labour, and to assist in the endeavour to remove some of its difficulties, in friendly co-operation with the Chamber of Commerce of this' great trading city. They can, at least, lose nothing by trying the experiment. It is proposed by the London Chamber of Commerce in good faith, and in sincere hope that it will tend to remove difficulties and to promote amity and goodwill between those who cannot prosper without the aid of each other. Tours faithfully, S. B. BOULTON, Chairman of the Conciliation Committee of the London Chamber of Commerce. Adopted at a Special Meeting of the Council, and Council of Befere^ice, of the London Chamber of Commerce, on Thursday, the 6th February 1890. ADJUSTMENT OF LABOUR DISPUTES. Bepobt of the Labour Conciliation Committee to THE Council op the London Chambeb, of Commebce. YoUE Committee has endeavoured to devise some prac- tical methods for carrying out the scheme contained in the interim Report provisionally adopted by the Council on the 12th December. The Comm^ittee offer the following suggestions : — I. That a permanent body be constituted, to be called " The London Conciliation Board," which shall be affiliated to the London Chamber of Commerce, and that its composition shall be as follows, viz. : — (a.) Twelve members representing capital or em- ployers, to be elected by the Council of tho Chamber. (6.) Twelve members representing labour, to be elected by the employed. (e.) To these shall be added representatives from the separate Trade Conciliation Committees as herein-after referred to. (cZ.) The body thus constituted shall add to their number six other members, who, from their position, authority, or experience, may be useful in promoting the objects of the London Conciliation Board, tbree to .be appointed by the labour representatives on the Board, and three by the representatives of capital. (e.) Four members, viz., the Lord Mayor of London, or some member of the Corporation to be nominated by him, the Chairman of the London County Council, or some member of the Council to be nominated by him, two representatives of London Labour Organisations, to be selected by the labour representatives on the Board. The elections shall take place every three years, and the first election shall take place on the . II. The duties of the London Conciliation Board shall be as follows : — {a.) To promote amicable methods of settling labour disputes and the prevention of strikes and lock- outs generally, and also especially in the following methods : — 1. They shall, in the first instance, invite both parties to the dispute to a friendly conference with each other : offering the rooms of the Chamber of Commerce as a convenient j^lace of meeting. Members of the Board can be present at this conference, or otherwise, at the pleasure of the disputants. 2. In the event of the disputants not being able to arrive at the settlement between themselves, they shall be invited to lay their respective cases before the Board, with a view to receiving their advice, mediation, or assistance. Or should the disputants prefer it, the Board would assist them in selecting arbitrators, to whom the questions at issue might be submitted for decision. 3. The utmost efforts of the Board shall, in the meantine, and in all cases, be exerted to prevent, if possible, the occurrence or continuance of a strike or lock-out until after all attempts at con- ciliation shall have been exhausted. The London Conciliation Board shall not con- ■ stitute itself a body of arbitrators, except at the express desire of both parties to a dispute, to be signified in writing, but shall in preference, should other methods of conciliation fail, offer to assist the disputants in the selection of arbitrators, chosen either from its own body or otherwise. Any dispute coming before the Board shall, in the first instance, be referred to a Conciliation Committee of the particular trade to which the disputants belong, should such a committee have been formed and affiliated to the Chamber. (6.) To collect information as to the wages paid and other conditions of labour prevailing in other places where trades or industries similar to those of London are carried on, and especially as regards localities, either in the United Kingdom or abroad, where there is competition with the tirade of London. Such informa- tion shall be specially placed at the disposal of any disputants who may seek the assistance of the London Conciliation Board. III. The Separate Trade Conciliation Committees shall be composed of eq^ual numbers of employers and of employed. Each trade shall elect its own representatives, employers and employed voting separately for the election of their respective representatives The num- ber of members and the general rules of procedure" shall be determined by each particular trade, subject to the approval of the London Conciliation Board. The Trade Conciliation Committees shall be affiliated to the London Chamber of Commerce, and shall be represented upon the London Conciliation Board. Any Trade Conciliation Committee constituted as above, representing a body or trade in the metropolitan districts of more than 1,000 individuals, shall send two representatives to sit on the London Conciliation Board, one being an employer, and the other an opera- five workman, each to be separately elected by employers and employed respectively. In the case of Trade APPENDIX. — WHOLE COMMISSION. 149 Conciliation Committees representing bodies or trades in the metropolitan districts smaller in number tlian 1,000 individuals, two or more sticb committee.s may unite together to elect joint representatives to the Londgn ConciliatioQ Board. It shall be the duty of the Trade Conciliation Com- mittees to discuss matters of contention in their respective trades ; to endeavour amicably to arrange the same, and in general to promote the interests of their trade by discussion and mutual agreement. In the event of their not being able to arrange any particular dispute, they will refer the same to the London Conciliation Board, and in the meantime use their most strenuous endeavoiirs to prevent any strike or lock-out until after the London Conciliation Board shall have exhausted all reasonable means of settlement. They may from time to time consider and report to the London Conciliation Board upon any matter affecting the interests of their particular trade upon which it may be, thought desirable to employ the action or influence ofthe London Chamber of Commerce as a body. lY. The London Chamber of Commerce places its rooms at the disposition of the London Conciliation Board, and of the Trade Conciliation Committees for holding their meetings. Any alterations in the rules and regulations of these bodies which may be from time to time proposed, shall be submitted for approval to the Council of the Chamber. Y. The above regulations shall be subject to b^e- laws, to be specially framed for the purpose, and which shall be open to amendment as required from time to time, on agreement between the Council of the Chamber of Commerce and the London Conciliation Board. IThese suggested rules and regulations were ultimately adopted, with slight modifications, by the Boa/rd itself when formally constituted.] APPENDIX LXXVI. London Conciliation Board. FiKST Annual Keport. For the Year ending December 31st, 1891. The London Conciliation Board, having now com- pleted the first 12 months of its existence, begs to submit to its constituents and the public the following ' report of its proceedings. The formation of the board was the result of pro- longed efforts and negotiations, undertaken by an orgauising committee appointed by the council of the London Chamber of Commerce. The board did not assume its final shape until December 1890, although tho committee was appointed in 1889. One main feature of the constitution of the board is perfect equality of representation and voting power of employers and employed. So soon as the organising committee had gained approval for the main features of its scheme, by pro- longed negotiations with large employers of labour, and with a number of workmen's organisations, it was deemed expedient that it should test the proposed pro- cedure by endeavouring to undertake the adjustment of such disputes as might be brought before the com- mittee, pending the complete construction of the board. The functions of the organising committee ceased with tho first meeting of the elected board on the 12th De- cember 1890. The following brief resiime of the principal cases dealt with comprises disputes settled both by the com- mittee and by the fully constituted board, as in some instances the negotiations have been continuous, and it would be diflScult to separate the work of the two bodies. One of the first steps taken by the commjttee on the provisional adoption of their scheme was to arrange a meeting between representatives of the Wharfingers, and the Dock, Wharf, Kiverside, and G-eneral Labourers' Union, with reference more especially to the dispute at Hay's Wharf. This meeting took place on the 8th Feb- ruary 1890, but although there was a lengthy inter- change of views, no specific agreement was arrived at. In their next effbrt, however, the committee were completely successful, as they were able to efi'ect the settlement of the differences between the proprietors ol' Oliver's Wharf and the Dock, Wharf, Eiverside, and G-eneral Labourers' Union. On the 28th February 1890, an agreement was duly executed, under the auspices of the committee by which the dispute was terminafed, and the proprietors of the wharf agreed to take back a number of men into their employment. The committee were then asked to bring together representatives of the Tailors, Pressers, and Machinists' IJnion, and representatives of the Master Tailors' Association, to discuss differences, and, if possible, avert an impendir^g strike. Both parties attended at the Chamber of ppmmeijce on the 25th of February 1890, but at the last moment, owing to the employers objecting to one of the working men delegates the negotiations fell through. At the request of the Medway cement manufacturers the committee were called upon to intervene in the dispute between them and the United Bargemen and Watermen's Protection Society (Medway), with the satisfactory result that after two prolonged sittings on the 18th and 20th of March 1890, all the points in dispute were amicably settled. The settlement arranged included a long list of rates for the navigation of barges between various points on the Medway and tho Thames, and it had the immediate effect of pre- venting a large number of men from being thrown out of employment. After working satisfactorily for a period of eighteen months certain points were, in the first instance, raised by the Medwa.y bargemen, and negotiations proceeded through the board with their employers, the cement manufacturers, which resulted in a meeting being held, over which a member of the board presided, with the result that a new and revised list of freights was drawn up and agreed to by the employers and the men, and this revised list is now in actual operation. This arrangement was carried out as recently as October 1891, and illustrates the practical value of the board's rule, under which parties to a dispute are invited to meet together in the first instance to adjust their differences between themselves ; thus avoiding, in many instances, the necessity for a formal arbitration. Another case submitted was a dispute between Messrs. John Brinsmead & Sons, pianoforte manu- facturers, and their frenoh polishers, who were repre- sented by the executive officers of the Amalgamated Union of French Polishers. The parties in this case preferred a direct arbitration, and accordingly in November ] 890, they signed an agreement of reference under which they bound themselves to abide by the award of the organising committee, the main point at issue being whether payment of wages should be by the day or by the piece. The award was duly made and has since been respected by both parties, who are expressly required under its provisions to submit any further questions that may arise thereunder to the settlement of the London Conciliation Board. At the commencement of 1891, the Amalgamated Society of Watermen and Lightermen of the Eiver Thames had a dispute with Messrs. Francis and Com- pany, Limited, cement manufacturers, of Cliffe and V^auxhall Bridge. Both parties agreed to submit certain questions in difference between them to ar- bitration. The case was heard at the London Chamber of Commerce in February last by six arbitrators appointed by the board, three being representatives of employers and three labour representatives. The award was made and comnlunicated to the parties before they left the building. This case is an interesting one as being the first case submitted to regular arbitration under the completed scheme, the arbitrators consisting of an equal number of employers and workmen. In August 1891, the board adopted the course of offering its services to the parties coneerned in the T 3 150 BOYAT. GOMMISSION ON LABOUR : strike at the Thames Ironworks, but eyentually the dispute came to an end without the further intervention of the board. In regard to the carpenters and joiners' strike, the board's proffered services were — at a late period of the dispute-r-acoepted by the workmen, but not by the employers. The ultimate decision to accept the arbitration of the. President of , the Royal Institute of British Architects nevertheless is satisfactory to the board as bringing about the settlement towards which its efforts had been continuously directed. The board also offered its services in connection with thfe strike at the Oarron and Hermitage wharves. In this case the offer of the ' board was courteously acknowledged by both sides, but the dispute came to an end without any further intervention on the part of the board being required. As an instance of the progress of the conciliation movement contemporaneously with the formation and operations of the London Board, it may be mentioned that the London Society of Oompositors made a demand for higher wages, which jrould have resulted in a serious strike but for the willingness of employers and employed to meet together to discuss the whole matter. Several conferences took place at Stationers' Hall, and as a result an arrangement was arrived at. For several months during 1891, negotiations had been proceeding between a number of firms in the bookbinding trade and the representatives of the Amalgamated Bookbinding Trade Unions. These resulted in the adoption of an agreement by both parties on the 30th October 1891, but differences are still pending between the Amalgamated Bookbinding Trade Unions and the Printing and Allied Trades Association, with respect to which the board has offered its services to both parties. Another movement with which the London Con- ciliation Board has been in entire sympathy (although it has not actually participated in it),_ was the formation of a board of conciliation and arbitration for the boot and shoe trades, in connection with which serious difficulties were recently experienced. The ultimate decision of the trade to abide by the awards of a conciliation board is, in itself, a testimony of the practical utility of the movement. Progress has also been made with respect to that part of the scheme of the board which consists in the formation of separate conciliation committees for various trades affiliated to the central board, steps have been taken in this direction, on the tiart of the employers, for the textile, furnishing, musical instru- ment, engineering, and printing and allied trades, and on the part of the workmen's trade unions for bargemen and lightermen, carmen, coal porters, and millers. From its commencement the board has used its influence in endeavouring to bring about a meetiiig between disputants when requested to do so by one of the parties concerned, but at the July meeting of the board a new departure was taken. It was ;then decided that instead of acting only on the request of one or both of the parties as heretofore, the board would, in future, take the initiative in offering its assistance or mediation to both parties concerned, at a.n early stage of the dispute. These are the most important instances of the board's action, but its efforts have been almost un- ceasing, as applications are continually being made and arrangements arrived at with a yiew to preventing strikes and lock-outs. Everything points to the fflture development of the conciliation movement, No l^ss than 60 trade unions are now, more or less, connected with the board, having accepted its principles by Bending delegates to its various meetings, by means of which they are brought into contact with employers of labour, and a mutual good feeling between both orders has been promoted and encouraged. During the last 12 months six a-pgUilar meetings of the London Conciliation Board have been held, besides an important aggregate meeting of trades unions in July. Six meetings of the executive committee have taken place. A number of conferences between em- ployers and employed, and between disputants and members of the board have also been held, at which matters in difference were adjusted or discussed j four meetings of separate trade conciliation committees have tajcen place ; and two meetings were convened to fill up a vacancy on the board. The total number of formal meetings stands at 23, in addition- to numerous interviews, and .a vast mass of correspon- dence has been exchanged. In some cases the board has been instrumental in restoring employes to work which they had temporarily lost in consequence of trade disputes. The board when finally constituted cpnsisted of the following members, representative of employers and employed : — Ghairman. S. B. BOULTON. VioB-ChairmoM. W. S. De Mattos. Employers. Elected by the London County Gounpil. The Right Hon. Sir John "1 Chairman of the London Lubbock., Bart., M.P. j County Council. Elected by the Council of the London Chamber df Commerce. W. Curling Anderson - Stanley G. Bird. Colonel G. R. Birt S. B. Boulton {Chai/r- Wian). W. 0.. Knight Clowes J. Griffin David Howard Walter Leaf g. s. luceaft Sir Albert K, Rollit, LL.D., M.P. Augustus C. Scovell J. Herbert Tritton (Hilton, Anderson, and Go.)> (Millwall Dock Co.) (Burt, Boulton, and Hay- wood.) (William Clowes and Sons Limited.) (Surrey Commercial Dock Co.) (Howards {sic) and Sons.) (Leaf and Co., Limited.) (G. S. Lucraft and Son.) (Bailey and Leetham.) (John Henry and George ScoveU.) (Barclay, Bevan, Tritton, and Co.) Employed. Elected by the Labowr Representatives of the Board. Charles Fenwick, M.P. Elected by Delegate Meetings of Trade Uriiions. Cabinet and Furnishing Trades Group. Gas, Coal, and ' Chemical Trades Group. Shipping Trades Group. Metal Trades Group. Bnilding Trades Group. Clerks, Shop Assistants, and Warehousemen's Group. Printing and Paper Trades Group. Carmen, Coach, Tram, anc 'Bus Employees Group. Railway Workers Group. C. V. Adams *J0SEPH BaTCHELOR J. G. Daniel J. Deans George Dew fEDWARD Foster D. D. Leahy F. W. Marsh W. S. DE Mattos Ohdi/rma/rl). A. W. Pamphilon W. J. Salmon J. T. Morrison (Vice- Clothing Trades Group. Provision Trades Group. Leather Trades Group. ' The board has, at all times, done its best to further the progress of the conciliation movement throughout the country, and at the last annual meeting (March 1891) of the Association of Chambers of Commerce of the United Kingdom, it is satisfactory that the following resolution, proposed on behalf of thfe Lbndon Chamber of Commerce, was unanimowsly adopted :— . " That this Association views with gratification the efforts made by the .Aterdeen, Bristol, Dublin, Dundee, Exeter, Glasgow, Grimsby, Hnll, Leeds' London, Manchester, Mprleyj Plymouth, Walsall, and Wolverhampton Chambers of Commerce to establish * Resigned. Seat now occupied by John Duffj^ {»ia). t Kesigned. Seat now occupied by S, D. Shaliard. APPENDIX-— WHOLE COMMISSION. 151 boards of conciliatioa for labour disputes in their localities, and trusts that eaqh of the other chambers will, either singly or in co-operation with neighbour- ing chambers, endeavour to cfl.rry out such organi- sation, in order that a conciliation body may be in existence to deal with labour diiBcultios as soon as they arise." It is also satisfactory to record that since the pub- lication of the scheme of the London Conciliation Board, a number of similar boards have been, or are being, established by various chambers of commerce in the provinces on much the same lines as its scheme. The chambers which have taken action in the matter, include : — Liverpool, Wolverhampton, Aberdeen, Bristol, Dublin, G-reenock, Grimsby, Brad- ford, Edinburgh, Leeds, Rochdale, Hull, Derby, Gloucester, Cardiff, Dundee, Nottingham, Glasgow, Manchester, "Worcester, Walsall, Exeter, Plymouth, Morley. The London Conciliation Board sincerely believes and hopes that its work, besides the tangible results which are referred to above, has had a useful and educational effect, inasmuch as employers and em- ployed have been encouraged to meet together for the discussion of questions connected with their mutual interests. As a result of the esperienoe gained during the prosecution of its labours, the board is of opinion that a voluntary resort to the good ofi&ces of its own and similar organisations may prove in the future to be of great and growing utility in promoting the amicable adjustment of the conditions of labour with- out the wasteful find calamitous occurrence of strikes and lock-outs. It also ventures to suggest for the thoughtful consideration of all parties concerned, whether some recognition on the part of the Govern- ment might not usefully be bestowed upon conciliation boards, formed by the joint efforts of influential bodies of employers and workmen (and whose rules may commend themselves to approval) such as the boards now springing into existence in connexion with chambers of commerce throughout the kingdom. By order of the London Conciliation Board, S. B. BoiTLTON, Chairman. Botolph House, Eastoheap, E.G., December 31st, 1891. THE SECOND LONDON CONCILIATION BOARD, 1892. Rbpkbsentativbs oe Employebs and Employed. Ghairman - - S. B. Boulton. Vice-01lairman< - W. 8. De Mattos. Empidyeks. Eleated by the London County Goimcil. The Right Hon. Sir John Lubbock, Bart., M.P. Elected by the Oovmcil of the London Ghamber of W. Ctjkling Andebson - Stanley G. Bibd Colonel G. R. Birt S. B. Botjlton J. Gbifpin David Howard - -■ Walter Leaf g. s. luceaft Sir Albert K. Rollit, LL.D., M.P. Augustus C. Scovell J. Herbert Tbitton (One vacancy.) Hilton, Anderson, and Co. Millwall Dock Co. Burt, Boulton, and Hay- wood. Surrey Commercial Dock Co.' ■ Howards and Sou. Leaf and Co., Limited. G. S. Ludraft and Son. -■ Bailey and Leetham. John Henry and George Scovell. Barclay, Bevan, Tritton, and Co. Employed. , in: Elected by the Labour 'Bepresehtati'bes of the Board! Charles Fenwick, M.P. Elected by Delegate C. V. Adams John Ddppey R. Faibbairn J. Deans Henry R. Tayleb L. W. Lillikgston D. D. LEAHlf E. Ballard W. S. De Mattos A. W. Pamphilonj E. F. Sheridan J. T. MOBBISON Meeting^ of Trade Unions. Cabinet and Furnishing Trades Group. Gas,' Coal, and Chemical Trades Group. .' Shipping Trades Group. - Metal Trades Group. - Buildings Trades Group. - Clerks, Shop, Assistants, and Warehousemen. - Printing and Paper Tra,de8 Group. Carmen, Coach, Tram, and 'Bus Employees. Railway Workers Group. - Clothing Trades Group. - Provision Trades Group. Leather Trades Group. APPENDIX LXXVII. Boards of Conoilution and Arbitration for Labour Disputes. Revised Extract prom the Report of the Proceedings of the Second Congress of Chambers of Oommeece OF THE Empire, held in Mbechant Taylors' Hall, London. Third Day's Meeting, June 30, 1892. The Right Hon. Loed Bbassey, K.C.B., in the Chair. The Chaieman : The next question upon the pro- sramme is " Boards of Conciliation and Arbitration for Labour Disputes." I call upon Mr. Boulton, Chairman of the London Conciliation Board, to move the reso- lution which stands in the paper against the name of the London Chamber of Commerce. Mr S. B. Boulton (London) m moving— " That the frequent recurrence of labour disputes has caused and is causing great damage to the commercial and manufacturing interests of the Empire. That it is extremely desirable, in the best interests both of employers and employed, that the re-adiustment of the rates and conditions of la,bour, which from time to time is inevitable, should he brought about without the wasteful and calamitous results proceeding from strikes and lock-outs. And that this congress strongly recommends the formation of properly constituted boards of labour conciliation and arbitration in all important centres of industry and commerce throughout the Empire, said: " Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen, — The resplption to which my name is appended may, perhaps, be of less thriUftg interest than the question which we have so long discussed ; but I am sure no apology is necessary on the part of the London Chamber of Commerce for introducing a question so important to the industrial and commercial enterprise of the Empire as that of the relations between labour and capital. The gentlemen from the colonies will go back across the seas, and • mahy of them — statesmen of the present, and states- men of the future — will address large bodies of men, probably of working men. They will be able to say that so fat as regards the question of the commercial unity of the Empire this congress has been very much . alive to the importance of it. It has been unanimous in desiring that the commercial unity should be more closely knit, and if we have not quite arrived at some distinct and definite plan by which it is to be done, they will all carry home in their bosom the deter- mination that they will never cease until they have found out the way of doing so. I hope they will also carry with them what is a message of peace to the T 4 152 ROYAL COMMISSION ON LABOUR : labour population of the colonioa. You can say that this great and important congress has not neglertted that question of relations between labour and capital, and I hope that they will be able to pass this resolution which stands in my name, and carry it back across the ocean as a message of peace and goodwill to the work- ing populations all over the Empire. (Hear, hear.) But, indeed, it is very foolish, nowadays, for any people who deal with social questions to leave outside the question of sentiment. Sentiment is a very great factor in the management of human affairs. But we must also remember that if sentiment is this great factor, we must not allow our sentiment to run away with our common sense, and that, therefore, in dealing with labour questions we must be practical, otherwise our sentiments may do mischief both on one side of the question and on the other. It is, therefore, on a practical question that I address you this morning, to point out what we in London have been endeavouring to do to solve some portion of this great problem of the relations between labour and capital. There are gen- tlemen from the provinces of the (Juiced Kingdom, who have also been labouring in the same direction, who will doubtless give you their opinions on the same subject. It is no new question, this question of labour conciliation in England. Ever since 1860 attempts have been made in this direction, and, in fact, I think it was in 1860 that Mr. Mundella established the first labour conciliation board. (Hear, hear.) From that time to the present there have been in different parts of this United Kingdom conciliation boards of different kinds established, especially in the mining districts, and they have done very great good from time to time. They fail sometimes, as all good things fail, but they have done a very great deal of good. Latterly chambers of commerce have taken up the question. I think chambers of commerce are very well adapted as orgaiiiaations for this purpose. The great difficulty is in a great centre of industry to find out who are the people who are to meet together in order to settle these matters. There is this fact existing in the chambers of commerce — that they can lay their hand on practical men acquainted with the different trades, and they can say, ' Meet together and try to form some arrangement by which 4he working men also will meet you and settle these questions.' Now, gentlemen, the inter- vention of the London Chamber of Commerce dates only from 1889. We had then, as you all know, a very disastrous strike in London, the strike of the dockers, which led to strikes in many other trades. The position was a very serious one. May I just be allowed to read one sentence from a pamphlet here which describes it : — ' The strike spread from the docks lo the wharves and numerous other industries. It was a marked feature of this period of civil war l.hat many employers who had no disputes with their workmen, or had conceded all their demands, were as severely punished as those who held out. Banners were bonic in the daily pro- cessions of the strikers with inscriptions to the effect that the bearers had no dispute with their employers,' but that they struck ' on principle.' The position of the ordinary .merchant was as serious as that -of the direct employer of labour. He could not fulfil his commercial engagements, as he was unable to procure delivery of goods either from dock, wharf, granary, or ship. Orders were countermanded or placed abroad, ships ordered to other, and in some instances to foreign, ports. The paralysis not only of trade in general, but even of supplies of food from abroad, could hardly have been much greater, for the time being, if a hostile fieet had held triumphant posses- sion of the m^outh of the Thames.'* We all know the great calamities which overtook commerce and manufactures at that time. They were inflicted all over the kingdom, and they were reflected, as we also know, in Australia. Now the council of the London Chamber of Commerce could hardly neglect to inquire if some means could not be found in order, if possible, to avert those misfortunea in future, and the chamber appointed a committee, which entered into a very arduous investigation which lasted nearly 18 months. They consulted with the principal employers of labour in the metropolis. They studied the question as to what had been done in previous years in other parts of the kingdom, they sought interviews with all the ■principal leaders of the working men and the trades unions, and the result was a report which was adopted by the council. That report being adopted by the ' Article in the " Nineteenth Century," June 1890, " Labour Disputes and the London Chamber of Commerce." council, an organisation was formed which isat present the London Conciliation Board. Briefly I will describe what it is. The chamber selects 12 representatives of capital. They are chosen as much as possible from practical men, who understand the different questions appertaining to labour in the metropolis — wharfingers, gentlemen in the building trade, dock managers, chemical manufacturers, proprietors of ships and barges — in fact, all those trades which employ the greatest amount of l^our. That was comparatively easy, because the council of the chamber, representing 3,500 firms of London merchants and manufacturers, had the material and wherewithal to select, but the difficulty was not where to get the 12 men on the part of capital, but where to get 12 representative men on the part of labour. It was found on consulting the labouring population and trades unions that nothing would satisfy them except a representative delegation. We, there- fore, thought it would be better for them to select also the method by which the delegates should be elected. Meetings of trades unions were called together, and a great number of them responded' to our call. They met several times ; they selected their own method of election, which was to divide the trade of London into 12 great groups, and then choose a representative from each; so that we had in that way 12 elected members of some of the largest bodies of working men in the metropolis on the one side, and we had the 12 repre- sentatives of capital on the other side. That is our conciliation board. We have also one or two other members. Sir John Lubbock sits on our board as the representative of the London County Council, and to balance that — ^because the numbers and the voting must always be exactly equal — we have chosen a labour Member of Parliament. In all our meetings, all. our committees, and all our arbitrations, we have a system of exact equality ; capital and labour are exactly equal in the voting. We have now been in operation some- thing like 18 months, and during that time our eX' perience has been such as to justify our recommending something similar to the gentlemen who have come to this congress. Our favourite method is by conciliation, and by that we niean getting tho; parties in the dispute together and getting them to settle the dispute them- selves by conference^ We find in nine cases out of ten that that is the best method. We get them to meet ic equal number; if they wish it, we appoint a chairman from" our board, and sometimes two or tbreo members of our board, who sit as assessors. They discuss the matter between themselves and reduce it to what it should be, a bargain — because the relations between capital and labour should be reduced to a question of a bargain. Labour is a commodity which has to meet the market like everything else, a most precious commodity, but still it is a commodity which must follow the laws of supply and demand. If, however, this method of con- ciliation is not fruitful of results, we then recommend arbitration, but arbitration also, as a rule, by a com- mittee composed of equal numbers of employers and employed. We have found that work extremely well. In one instance we sat three employers and three workmen. We had before us the disputants in the case. They each stated their case, and we decided upon it there and then, and gave them our decision, which has been carried out ever' since most loyally by both sides. That is one of our cases of arbitration, which has been extremely successful. Of course, there is nothing to prevent arbitrators — single persons — being appointed, but, as a rule, we find that both parties like to have an arbitration of equal numbers of repre- sentatives of employers and employed. These are cases which are sometimes heard of in the papers, but I must say that perhaps the most useful work that we do is that work which is never heard of by the general public at all. (Hear, hear.) It is a silent process of conciliation which takes place when some persons either a workman, a union, or a body of employers have some little difficulty, which they fear will lead to a strike. They come to us and say, ' Can you send to the other side and talk to them ' — sometimes it is one individual, sometimes a firm, sometimes a union. We send to the other side. We have only to send to the union leaders, and they come to us readily, and they will listen to what we have to say in reason. By that means many things are settled which are never heard of in the papers at all, but which prevent strikes from taking place. (Hear, hear.) There is another thing. The effect of our meeting from time to time has an educa- tional result. In saying this I do not intend anything offensive to the workmen, there is no doubt they have something to learn in meeting with us; they have to f APPfiMlxJA-WHOLE' COMMISSION. 133 l^arh that tl^Bre'' are, bodies ^of employers who are per- fectly 'reaBbiiable;MaiVlfti''&r6 'willing, aithdugli tHeif interests \trcrtildl'-i\.bt' alTvajS''seeto to be the same, lib point but ■wtf^'diSe'rences 'bpbtirV and who aire willing to ag-ee updn a reasonable 'basis. 1 thint the effect bi talkmg these mattery 'bVer with -Wxjrking men, upon the prinbipleff which ed'ucated'men generalljf folio*, has a very great educatibiiar 'qntect lipon the working men. And lam bonrid'to"say that' it' has an edticatipnal effect npon the btheT'^Jdea^st).' Wp also have mnch to learn. (Hear, hear.) We have niudh to' learn froni' the working men, and I myself, although I fnay Bay I am almost a veteran em^lbyer, haviiig Employed' 'a large body of meii for over '45 years, both In England^'and' foreign countries, and having also hiad gteat experience under a great captain of labour, the'father of ' our worthy chldrman at 'present, Mr. 'Thoinas Brass'ey (cheers), with all niy 'experiend6 '^I have learned a great deal during the last' two 'years ' from contact with working m?n. I haVe learned tO. distinguish between professional ' agitators and 'the re6!l working men who are leaders of unions. Frbiii the profefisionai agitator ire can nevfer expect much help in" a daua'6 like this, 'whether that proFessidtoal agitator has 'been educated in a bbard school, br whether he "has beeii educated in a college. The men Who Want to. climb to power and prosperity on the shoulddrfe of tho working men, by fluttering ^hei'r worfet ;j)rejudibes; atre 'thfe greatest enemies to- conlimercd'and inanufadtnre, and to the prosperity of th* Empire itself. Wetind that many of the workiiig inen — and'heVe I repeat the experience of Mr. Mnndella wM'dh hd ' tdld us 30 ' year s 'ago^who'fti we thought to be turbuleiit, the ' Vefty men whOm we tbought to be unreasonable, only appfeared so to iis, because we never metthem, and tefiised to 'meet'thdiri ; we "find that which we get them round a table iaiid difeCuss these raatters froin'a b'u8iqie|sS-like point of vidw that they are disposed to bb -as '^reasbhable as' we are, and that wliile they disciis^ these matters^ from '•'thfe point of view of the wOrtmdn— which thdy' do niost Slbly and tettiperately — at' the same time' they 'are willing to submit to reason. And I atti bound tb Ba,y, sitting as I ha-ve at many of these meetings, 'as chair- man of the London Conciliation Bbalfd, that I have ho fault whate^ver to find with the demeanour of any of these men, who have been seht up by thb trade unions of London to represent their different interestB on our board. (Hear, hdar.)' I wbiild eay- OAe mOre Word afe to the impediments which stand ih'the way of What I think is a good Wotk. One oftte impfedimelits I havei of course already m'entioned, namely, opposition on the part of professional 'agitators; they db not wa^t con- diliation, aiid they WilltteHyou so. But the*e is andtbBr impediment, and I woiild 'earrifestly urge upon all men in my own positibh — those wlio' are '^engagdd -in commerce ahd manufactures— not to be afraiid of the trades unions. It.islio use being afraid'of thetu or shoWing distrust of them.''''They aTe^ ;very' grdat faotdi' in 'Eng- land, they are acknowledged by the Mw of the land, ttiey have as much right to their dr^anifeatrpn as we hav&to ours, and: the more frankly ahd freely you meet lihOm ahs better it will be for botb 'sidds. I know that sbnie of our beslj "a ttfepipts at conciliation, when wB' have had the materials fn hand to pre'verit strikes, have failed because the- employees on their §ide have Said, 'We do not inind meeting working men, -but we will not recognise the unions.' That is a mistake. (Hear, hear.) Eecognise the unions, recognise them freely and fully: meet them on equal ternlB, then, if they are unreasonable, you can say so, you -tnll have the right to say so, but ddiiot refuse to meet them, do not refuse to meet their leaders, dc) hot refuse to recognise them from every point of view. ■ So far as the position Which we have-taten up in the Chamber of Commerce is concerned, I think it is' justified by the successes We have met hitherto. Of course, progress is very_ gradual -^Eome was not built in a day. I myself believe this cause of labour conpiliation will be triumphant. 1 do , not suppflselshall live to seethe full results of it, but I hope iny grandchildren may. But besides' what "vTe have done in London, a great many of our chambers of commerce in the United Kingdom are taking similar steps. There is a list of about 12 or ,13 who ha-ve been corresponding with us on the subject, who- have started to form boards of ' conciliation, whicli I hope will be as successful as ours have been. At the associated Chambers of Commerce meeting;s resolutions have been passed from- time to timej and passed unanimiously, to theeffeflt that sfteh an organisation as this is of great utility to the trade arid commerce of the country: ol hope, gentlemen, that you will endorse that sentiment, and that, coming as you do, frbrb all pa,rts of this grda6 Empire, you -will be able tbaiTivd at a unanimb-te -v'ote' that this moveinent -which we have inauguratdd; and' which we are endeavouring to spread, is not only inthe interestSdf trade and cbmmerce in the United Kingdoniy b-ilt in the United Empire tb which we all - wish pfos- pdrity and li'appihess." (Cheers'.) " . ' '' ''' ■" The resolution having been secbnSded by Mr. T. F. Piith of the Heckmondwike Chamber' of Commerce,' . The Chaibman said :. " I apa sure th^it. the gentlemen present will accord a hearty -welcome to', Mr. Dibbs, whp'is prepared to offer yon some observations which wiU give yot^ exceedingly valuable information on, ttis subject." ,, ,,■•,,.:, f ,1 Mr.iDiBBs (Premier, New South Wales) : " The adviop which is submitted) tb you in this tresolution to apcept, I hSive gi'eati pleasure in inforifajng this meeting, has taken practical shape already in the colony of Now South Wales. For 'many years we, in common with the rest of the Empire, have suffered fromjthe disastroiw effects of strikes, and many of our'public men have directed ' their attenition .for "a long time past toi an endeavour to meet the difficulty in the only, way in which it ever will be met, by an appeal: toreason. with-' out an appeal to force. Many years ago,, in Sydney, I was a -victim in a large company, of whieb I was chair* man, of- thei largest strike that ever took plac^in Ne^ South Wales. I -^yatched and .painfully felt the eff^qtsflf that strike, and Ji watered the effectsi of strikes ip, other branches of industry within thdi colony, and I appealed to the trade unions and the ttade and labour-countjil on the subject. I was pleased to hear thjj remarks of the mover of the resolution when he isaid' trust the unions/ The unions are generally composed of themost ifl.tellig^:^ men to be obtained; froan thd working classes, and;t^,^5 men are prepared to argue and reason out, the whole of these questions.iwith'an amount of ability which wou,]4 surprise many employers who. listen to ,them. Ti;jist the unions with frankness, and. you will find that your confidence ■will not be misplaced. .; Ten yeafsagp I ventured to put before thfe trade and labour council of Sydney, a pamphlet, that I had written on, t^ question of the desii-ability of estfkblishing boai?ds of conciliation and( arbitra/tion. .That address -vras discussed by the trade and: rlabour council representing the whole of the trades and industries of the colony ; it was discussed for. a period of six weeks, and at the end of -that time the proposal was, unfortunately, thrown out by a single -vote' — I believe ,the easting vote of the chairman. It ;was thrown out upon this idea : that as 'I had. had frequent , icontests with the artisans, .the labouring men of Sydney considere.djthat I .had some sinister abject in view in recommending, the remedy to theni. I am glad to,, say, that while since the last election we have beens: honoured in the Legislatiye Assembly in New SouthWales with36,labourm6inber8, the , -views I held tern years before have i become an accomplished fact, and we have a measure on th» statute book at present, which creates the material for boards of conciliation: and arbitration, ajnd.that Bill was carried with the aid of the labour representativea in the' House. Now, when, we find labour: prepared to admit the principle which has been put forward in this resolution, I think this Congress will cheerfully acoordia perfectly unanimous vote, with a view of endeavouring to give effect to that, which alone can settle' diffl!&:ftl(ieB of this kind. Those who have ..bjeen; victims of strikes, and those who have givpn long and patient study to the subject, have realised the fact that whatever difficulty an employer has with his men, though a strike in the present brute form takes place, ultimately there must ^e some coiioessibn, there must be- arbitration, and the^e must be a settlement. The whole principle involved in conciliation and arbiti^ation, is to let the light of reason step in in the first instance, instead of : resorting to briite force. The resort to brute force brings ruin, ..to the industry which is interested in the strike, , and when all that has taken place, the necessities . of, the people bring them face to face, and some sort of settlement is arrived at. I am satisfl,ed that if the unions are trusted, if confidence is placed in the men, the silent, work which boards of conciliation do will produce the largest amount of good> bringing .t,ogetJier the disputants face tQ face round a table,, when it lis found that nine-tenths of the difficulties evaporate even without discussion. When men find that their masters are prepared to receive them frankly and openly, an enormous amount of good is done. In tho coal industry, where the master .and men are under ternis that all matters in dispute between them shall be settled by u 154 . ROYAL COMMISSION ON LABOUR : arbitration, we have found in 20 cases out of 21, that arbitration has pnt an end to what otherwise would be a disastrous strike. In a young country like New South "Wales, we cannot afford the luxury of a strike any more than you can in a country like England. I have ventured to make these observations, although to a large extent I am like a fly in amber, and have no right to be here ; 1 have no right to speak befoi*e this audience except by the consent of the meeting, which has been cheerfully accorded me. Of course, I cannot vote, and I like taxation and voting power to go together. At the same time I thought it would be desirable for me to mention that in New South Wales we have had this important question before us, and that in the early part of this year we placed upon the statute book of the colony a Bill to effect the desirable object contemplated in this resolution. I thank the meeting for its kind reception of my remarks." (Cheers.) Mr. F. Jb\ Eeid (Leith) : " I should be glad if the mover of the resolution would kindly indicate to us, in a single sentence, the means by which the acceptance of awards and the observance of the conditions and decisions fiven are secured on the part of the men. Many of our ifficulties'in Scotland arise from the men breaking away from the bargains made. I am not speaking of the larger unions, but in the newer unions that have been formed, such as the Seamen's and the Dock Labourers' Unions. These men pay no attention to any bargains that are made. That is our experience. I am in perfect sympathy with the resolution, but I should like to know how that difficulty is to be overcome." Mr. BouMON : " In reply to the gentleman who has aeked the question, I would say that our method is this : As soon as we have arrived at a decision we call in the secretary of the board to draw up a formal document, of which three copies are made, and we make the parties sign it there and then. We generally, if we can, insert a clause to the effect that no alteration shall be made in the agreement by either party, without giving three months' notice. When the agreement is signed, we impress upon the parties that it will be extremely dishonourable on either side to break it, and, I am glad to say, that hitherto our experience has been that although a good many agreements of that kind have been signed, we have not had a single instance in which they have been broken. Of course, we have not the sanction of the law, and I hold that it would be impossible to get any legal enactment by which to force a man to say, ' Ton shall work at so much a day,' or by which you can force a manufacturer to open his factory and pay his workmen so much a day. But if you get an agreement signed, and if you get it perfectly known that if either party goes from it, it will be published immediately, I think you may rely upon it that in nine cases out of ten, the agreement will be carried out. The agreement should be made as formal as possible, and it should be understood, as a matter of honour, that they are not to break away from it, and that if they do they will be considered in the wrong, and that public sympathy wiU go against them." ■ Mr. B. PiUMMEE (Newcastle Chamber of Commerce) : " I should not have spoken on this subject had it not been that I have had a very long experience in these matters. It is exactly twenty years ago this year since I became secretary to the employers' association in the shipbuilding and engineering trades of Newcastle, and that experience has taught me, as I think it has taught the men and the employers, the same lesson that Mr. Boulton has said they have learned in London, and that Mr. Dibbs has said they have learned in New South Wales, and that is, the desirability of meeting the unions frankly, and endeavouring to deal with them. I know that some of the employers who are parties in the association that I do not represent here, but which I am engaged for, have come to that opinion although a few years ago they held exactly the reverse. I have also found that the men have come to the same opinion. We never refuse to meet them, we always meet them and discuss the matter with perfect frank- ness. We have no board of conciliation, so to speak, but we have committees on both sides, and they discuss the matter in dispute, and then bring it before the main bodies. I may also say, that we find that the older and stronger unions are, with perhaps one or two exceptions, the most easy to deal with. (Hear, hear.) There is one point that I should like to mention with respect to the unions, and it is a point that I know, having watched it myself, has been brought out very strongly before the Labour Commission within the last few weeks, that is the power that the executive council of the union has over its members and its branches We find the greatest difficulty in dealing with the local committees of large associations, who are allowed to have the greatest amount of liberty by the executive councils, but the smallest amount of difficulty is experienced when the executive councils of associations hold districts committees, and take part in the negotia- tions themselves or by one or two of their members in settling these disputes. I am extremely sorry to say that our experience inr the north of England has not been so fortimate with respect to arbitrations, and men adhering to decisions as it has been in London. Two years ago .we had a very long arbitration upon a question arising not upon wages, as between employers and employed, but upon a question of demarcation, especially in the shipyards between joiners and ship- wrights. The introduction of iron as a material for ship-building has, to a very great extent, altered the position of the joiner and the old shipwright, who worked in wood, and they have come into collision, and more frequently than they used to do, and have quarrelled between themselves as to who should do certain portions of the work. A very exhaustive inquiry was made by a very able representative of labour, — Mr. Burt, M.P. for the Morpeth Division. He published his award, and no sooner was it published than one party to it said, ' We are not going to work under it ' ; and after a temporary arrangement with the employers, extending over a few weeks, they were obliged to give notice that they would insist upon the award being carried out on a certain day, and on that day the joiners went out on strike for thirteen weeks against the award. The employers were no parties to the dispute and to the stoppage, in which they had practically little or no work. It was finally settled by the other trades coming in, saying as they did, that their work was going to be jeopardised, because the work in the shipyard was so much delayed that neither the blacksmiths nor the ironworkers were getting their full work. They took the matter in hand, and compelled the two parties; to settle the dispute. Last year we unfortunately had a similar dispute on the question of demarcation between the fitters and the plumbers in the ships. There, again, modern constructed ships have brought about a very complicated system, particularly in the case of warships, and that has led to a considerable difference between these two classes of men in the ^xing of lead pipes and iron pipes. They agreed to submit the matter to a committee consisting of the representa- tives of the two bodies of men themselves. They issued a list which they agreed to, but that list had not been three weeks in force when they said they did did not understand what it meant, and they went out on strike. The employers then, after a very great deal of trouble, got a committee together consisting of five employers, five plumbers, and five fitters, and they drew up a demarcation of the work; but they had not been in existence above three weeks or a month before the fitters struck against it. There, again, the employers were put in the position of having a strike of ten or fifteen weeks' duration. The whole of the engine-works of the Tyne and the Wear were at a complete stand upon a question with which they practically had little to do. These are two cases, which I exceedingly regret to have to mention, in which the working men, with the sanction of their councils, have broken away from the awards that they had honourably entered into, and submissions which they had signed. Of course, you cannot do anything to compel workmen to work at certain wages. In a dispute in the chemical trade in Newcastle, in which you, my Lord, acted some years ago in settling it, I happened by accident again to be the secretary of the board of conciliation, and I know that the award worked remarkably well for some time; but there again, we found a difficulty in compelling the men to adhere to the decision of the board, and we were advised by one of the ablest men in the north of Eng- land, that the only way of dealing with the question was to make it one of the rules of the work, one of the conditions under which the men were engaged that the decisions of the board of conciliation should be adhered to. I have great pleasure in supportine the resolution." ^ ° Mr. W. Fielding (Premier, Nova Scotia) : " When I was invited by Sir John Lubbock to accept a visitor's seat m this congress, he was good enough to express a wish that I might take some part in its deliberations APPENDIX. — WHOLE COMMISSION. 15S I have not hitherto availed myself of his courtesy, and perhaps the congress has reason to be pleased that I have not. I confess that I was strongly tempted during the discussion of these trade questions, and the fre- qijent allusions to the Dominion of Canada, and the provinces constituting it, to avail myself of Sir John Lubbock's courtesy, but I am sure that had I done so I should have had the misfortune to differ from Sir Charles Tupper, and perhaps the majority of the Canadian representatives ; so that it is perhaps as well that I did not take that step. It is mor-e agreeable to my tastes, and I am sure it will be more agreeable to the congress, if in the few minutes that I occupy your attention I speak upon the subject before you — the subject of boards of conciliation — a subject upon which we can hardly have any difference of opinion. But my special purpose in rising and occupying your attention for three or four minutes was to add my testimony to that which has been so ably given by Mr. Boulton, who moved the resolution, and to that which has been given by my brother colonist from New South Wales, as to what you can do with the labourers of the country if you will only treat them fairly. I am in a position to say that in my own province of Nova Scoria we have during the past few years made great progress in that direction, and that, in part by legislation, and perhaps in a larger degree by a fair understanding with the working men, we have almost put an end to those labour difficulties of which we had a share, and which in other parts of the world have created so much trouble. I have said that it has been done in part by legislation. It may be of interest to many here to know that we in Nova Scotia have, as respects one particular class of labourers, a compulsory arbitration system, a system which was adopted with the fullest concurrence of the working classes, and I think it is not too much to say, with the concurrence of the capitalist classes also. I refer to a special Act in relation to labourers in coal mines. The mines in Nova Scotia are not strictly the property of the companies. They are owned by the Grovem- ment, and leased to the companies who operate them. The leases are long, and are granted on liberal terms. The tenure is quite satisfactory, and works pretty well ; but inasmuch as the Government owns the coal mines, and has the royalties of every coal farm — a large part of the provincial revenue — we thought we had just grounds for dealing with the coal trade in an exceptional manner. We therefore passed an Act several years ago for compulsory arbitration in the case of difficulties between labour and capital in that branch of industry. I mention this that you may understand why we apply it to the coal trade_ only. It is because the coal trade in a certain sense is a trade of the State ; the coal is owned by the State for the province, and we thought we had good reasons for making special provision respecting it. It happens that there has been no case in which the terms of the Act have been called into operation ; but that proves nothing. On the contrary, as has been well said, it is the silent work that we do in this way that is the most effective. It is sometimes said that the courts of appeal have not much to do; but the knowledge that there is a Court of Appeal has a very valuable effect in preventing cases from reaching it. So I am sure that the existence of this compulsory arbitration is a means of doing a great deal of good. But although there have been no cases in which the Act has been called into effect, there have been cases in which the same spirit has been exhibited in a less formal way. In one of our coal-mining industries we had a serious strike several years ago. It was a very grave matter, and although there was no official action by law, the Govern- ment interfered in a quiet and friendly way, and the managers and the workmg men were content to consent to that friendly arbitration. The result was that the strike was ended, and matters went on smoothly. A little later a difficulty occurred with respect to one of these smaller questions that sometimes cause more trouble than larger ones. Some men were dislodged, and a lodge of the Working Men's Association took up their cause, and the result was that there was a strike ; but so impressed were they with the idea that there should be some sort of official arbitration, that both parties agreed to refer the matter to the Premier of the pro- vince; and one of the last duties that I performed before I left, was to go to Spring Hill to the boajrd of arbitrators and settle the whole matter. I know that the decision was not altogether acceptable to the working men, but it was a matter of honour with them. They had agreed, and they were bound to accept it, and they did accept it readily. If they had resorted to official arbitration under the law the decision might have been enforced by penalty, because we have provided that the company may retain four- teen days' wages from the workmen if they failed to accept the judgment of the arbitrators, and' fourteen days' pay is a considerable item •for wrfrking men in any part of the world. I do not wish to trespass farther upon your time. I simply wish to mention we have found in our own experience that it is possible, partly by official action, and partly by friendly action, to deal with this matter ; and in my province of Nova Scotia We have in that way put an end to these difficulties. Even since I left there have been some difficulties of the kind in Halifax, and they submitted the matter to two or three leading statesmen, whose decision the parties have accepted. I am persuaded that if the men are not kept at arms' length, that if while discouraging the professional agitator, and giving him the cold shoulder, employers will meet the men in honest friendship and kiudness. — I am per- suaded from the experience that they have had in our little province of Nova Scotia that there need be no fear of labour difSoulties in future years." Mr. Neviie Lubbock : "I should like to ask one ques- tion. What is the remedy in case of an employer not obeying the arbitrator's decision ? " Mr. Fielding : " There is a penalty on both sides. Of course capitalists have a large interest at stake, and are generally anxious to carry out the agreement." The Ohairmam (Lord Brassey) : " In putting the reso- lution, perhaps, you will allow me to say a word or two in its support. It contains a self-evident pro- position, one wmch I am sure must commend itself to every man interested in the trade, commerce, and industry of this country. It is evidently desirable that matters in dispute between employers and employed should be settled by friendly means rather than by the rough and costly and grievous method of open warfare by strikes or otherwise. In meeting these difficulties by means other than those of strikes and warfare there are two methods that have been put in practice. One is arbitration by an individual invited to adjudicate from outside, and the other is by a board of arbitration or a board of conciliation. I have had some personal experience of the working of the method of adjudica- tion by an individual who is invited to come in from the outside as an umpire between the employed and the employer. I have had experience in connection with the chemical trade in Newcastle. On that occa- sion I had the great advantage of being assisted by arbitrators. Sir Lowthian Bell on one side, and Mr. Burnett on the other ; and I need not say that with such able representatives of capital and labour as those two individuals the task of the umpire was made comparatively easy. I had to deal with a dispute on an extensive scale in the potteries, and in that case it was possible, though without technical experience, to form some opinion of the merits of the case by looking at such broad tests as the figures of our export trade and making comparisons year by year. The last dispute in which I was invited to act as arbitrator, and in which I consented reluctantly to act, I was prompted to take up the task because I was most intensely anxious that the terrible strike in our docks in London should be brought to a close. In that case I had to deal with a more complicated matter, namely, the dis- pute between the master lightermen and those in their employ. In that case there was no assistance given by experienced advisers such as Sir Lowthian Bell and Mr. Burnett. There were no Board of Trade tables to look to, and, indeed, from the nature of the work it was as impossible to fix a standard or scale of price for the payment as it would be to fix a scale of price for the payment of a crew of a ship engaged in doing battle with storm and tempest at sea. My experience has led me to the conviction — and the strong convic- tion — that adjudication by means of a board of conciliation is greatly to be preferred to any attempt at settling disputes by the intervention of some umpire, who has no technical and no personal ex- perience of the matters which are submitted for his consideration. No doubt there are advantages in submitting matters in dispute to unprejudiced and unbiassed minds ; but it is quite clear when you deal with matters of a very technical nature that there are great disadvantages in appealing to one who after all when he pronounces judgment cannot be thoroughly and perfectly informed of all the bearings of the decision which he is invited to give. The successful working of boards of conciliation presumes that the U 2 ROTf AL COMMISSION ON LABODK : 156 doi workmen shall be organised, and that the men who represent labouy. at, the jbgar^ qf ponpi}ip.tion .^hall cblfne there in a' representMive capacity. 'Tt would be impossible iti these ' day§ to refuse to recognise the existence of trades uilions. Oh the contrary, now that labour and industry have been developed upon the great scale ^f modern times, we ought to welcome these" organisations a^ being practically iihe only means by which complete information upon "the conditions of trtide and industry can be conveyed to the mass of' wotkmen by men whofti they trust as being in- terested in theii" own point of "View, and who have sufficient leisure to be able to study these matters, and to become acquainted with 'till that ought to be known in order tcf give adVice to the workmen as to the justice of their , demands. When ybu liave a trades union organisation an4 duly accredited representatives you can then work a board of conciliation. I ami quite sure that- what has beeii said" by previous speakers must commend itself to alt that it is desirable, to have some mflohinery by which labour and ca,pital can, be brought' into closer contact, by which the explanations that the workmen tJught to receive on behalf of the mtasters can ' be conveiflently given, and where dis- cussiois can take place, and where by discussion you can avoid those conflicts 'which are so disastrous, and 'which we allso much'regret. I, do not feel that it is my duty to* interrupt the proqeediiigs by speaking at any length on this matter. "The considerations are obvious, and I have no doubt that when I put , tjie resolution to you it 'will be unanimously accepted. The motion vras unanimously adopted. The Omicial List oe Acceptances showed that the Congress was supported by^ the Bodies of which . thedescriptions appear in the appendted. List. ' , "Ab^r^eeii Incorporated Chan;iber of Qouimerce. Adelaide (S. Aust.)' Incorporated Chamber of .Com- merce. , > . Adelai^ Incorporated! C^^ambe^ of Manufactures. Aden Chamber of Commerce. , , , , . .,, , ."Auckland (iS'.Z.) Chamber of Oommerpe. , Barbados (s^c) (B.W I.) Cpmmittee of Commerce. Barnelpy and' District CJham.ber of CpjnineEce,,, , , j" .Barrow-in-Fu(i;ness Ohapiber of Compieroe, , ^3itley CKa:tnber of Commproe. ,, , Belfast Incorporated Chamber of Commerce. -• Belleville (Ont.) Board of Trade, ..' Bengal (Calcutta) Cbajnber of Commerce, Birmingham Chamber of Co^imerce. . Birstall and District Ctiamber of Commerce, ,, . . Blackburn and District Inporporated Chamber, of V Commerce. :, . , .,,,1 . Bombay Chamber of Commence. , - , Bradford Chamber of Commerce. , , Prantford (Ont.y Board of Trade. ., i . :<>. i- -Brisbane (Queensland), Chamber o,f.jConipierce. : , 'Brisbane, National Agricultural and industrial Asso- ciation of Queensland. I,, ,,JBristol Incorporated Chamber,, of CpBimerce and ,',„ /Shipping. - I , , , . , , ,. ,, ",', /British Cpltinibia (Yictdria) Board of, Tr^d§- Brockville (Ont.) Board of Trade. Canterbiiry (Christchurch, N.Z.), , Incorporated "Chamber of, Comn^erce, . , , , Cape Town Inporporated Chamber of Commerce. Cardiff Incorporated, Chamber of Commerce. Ohajtham (Ont.) Board, x^ Tj-ad?. ; ■ .' Olepkheaton Chajnljer of Conjmerce. ,,, , ;j ,,,, Constantinople (British) Chsjimber of Cprnmeroe, . , „ Cooktown (Qaeensla,hd) Chamber of Commerce. ,, Cork IhpQrporp.te,d Chamber of Commprce and ' '. Shipping. , Croydon Chamber of Commerce. , Perby Chamber of Commerce. , , , ^Dewsbiiry Chamber of Comm|ercp. Dublin Chamber of Commerce. , Dudley Chamber of Commerop. . ,, . ,pun^ee !|!nporporated, Chamber of Commerce. ,, . , bnnedin (N.Z.) Cliamber of Comijierpe. Durban fNatal). Incorporated Chamber of Commerce. Edinburgli Chamber of, Commercp and Manufactjores. Exeter and District Chamber qf Commgrce, 1 , Falmouth (Pprt of) Chamber of Commerce, . , Geelong (Victoria) . Chamber of Commerce and Manufactures. ' Gibraltar Chamber of Commerce. ,, ^ ' G-eorgeto'wn (Demerara) Chamber pf, Coiiimerpe.. Glasgow Incorporated Chamber of Commerce and Manufactures. , , Gloucester Incorporated Chamber of Commerce. Grahamstown; afid .Port Alfred Chamber of Com- mfelfce. ■■ , : . Halifax (ISl.S.) Board of Trade. Halifax Chamber of Commerce. Hamilton (Ont.) Board of Traide. ILartlepool Chamber of Commerce. '■- Heckmondwike Chamber' of Commerce. Hobart (Tasmania) Chamber of Commerce. Hong Kong Chamber of Commerce. . 1 1 ^ /Huddersfleld Incorporated Chamber of Commerce. Pull incorporated Chamber of Commerce and Ship- ping. Ingerspll (Ont.)"Boai'd of Trade. _Ipswioh Incorporated Chamber, of Commerce and Shipping. v . Jamaica (Kingstua) Society;, of Agriculture and . Commerce and Merchants Exchange. , Jainaica CKiugSton), Institute of. Jersey Chamber of Commerce.. ^eighley and, District Chamber of Commerce. /Kendal,; Incorporated Chamber , of Commerce and . Manufactures. ■,,,,, , 1. '«'."• Kimberley Ch.SiiJiber of Cdinmerce. /Kingston I (Ont.) Board of Trade.. Kurrachee Chamber of Commerce. Lagos Chamber of Commerce. Launoestott (Tasmania) Chamher of Commerce. - Leeds Incorporated .Chamber of Commerce. Leicester Chamber of Commerce. n^ Leith Incorporated Chamber of Commerce. > Lincoln Incorporated Chamber of Commerce. ■ Liverpool American phan;iber;Qf OommeiDce. Liverpool Incorporated, GhambeE' of Commerce. ' Lianelly Chamber of Commerce. . vi- London Anglo-Belgian Chamber, of Commerce (as - guests). 1, , I.. .. . .1 London Incorporated Chamber of Commeree. London, Italian Chamber of Commerce Inoorporated :las guests). . ,: .\.j . London (Ont.) Boatd of Trade. Luton chamber of Commerce. ■ Macclesfield Chamber of Commerce. -Madras Chaitiber of Commerce. ■-' • Malta Chamber 'of Commerce; ' ■ - Melbourne Chamber of Commerde. '"'' ' "' -Middlesbrough Incbrporated' Chamber; of Commerce. Montreal Board Jpf Trade.' '' ■'' •- Montreal Chamber of Cdmmerbe. ' ' Montreal Corn Exchange A'ssociatioh. Morley Chamber of Commerce. " 'JSTapier (N.Z.) Chamber of Commeroel '"'^ -- Newcastle and' Gateshead Ihcorpoi'aJted! CHtimber of '-; Commerce.' '"i:' '" ' ' "' ' Wewcastlfe (N. S:W.)' Chamber orCommprcp:' ]Sre#port (Moh.) Incorjiora'ted Chamber of Commerce. New "Westininste'i''(B.C:) Bbai'd of Trade! ' /North Shield's Chamber of CommWoe. North Staffordshire Chamber of Cpmmerce. Ndttihgham: Chaitiber of Commerce. ' Oldham Incorporated Ch^iaher of Commerce, !' Os^tt Chamber of C'oininierce. " '' ' "' OttawaBoai'd of Tr&de.' > - ■ 'Paris British Chambfel- of Cbirimerpe. Perth (Ontario) BoaM of Trade.. Plymouth (Port of) Ihdorporated Chamber of Copi- merce! ' Port El^abetH Incorporated Chamber of Commeifce. " port Louis (Mauritjii|8) Cliamber of Commerce. 1 Poj-tsmonth, . (Port . of) Incorporated Chai4i)er of Conimerce. 1 1 \ Qu'Appelle (Assa., Canada) Board of Trade, j Quebec ^oarji of Trade. ., , :. . ,:<■ , jv Eangoon Chamber of .Commerce. , ■ , . Begina (N.W.T.) Bloai-d, of .Trade. Erockhamptbn (Qld.) Chamber of Commerce St. John (N.B.) Boftrd of Trp,de. _^t. Thomas (Ont.) Inporporated Board of Trade. Shefiipld Chg,n!tbpi: of. Commerce and Manufactures. Sierra Iieone Chamber ,o;f Commerce.: Singapore Clpa,mber pf Commerce, ,, Southaimpton Incorporated Chamber of Commerce. .South of Scotland (Hawick and Galai^hiels)]Inoorpo- ,i^ rated Chamber of ,Oomni,erce. ■ Sunderland Incorporated Chamber of Commerce. . Swansea Incorporated Chamber of Commerce. , Sydney (N. S.W.) Cha,m"ber of Commerce. .Toronto Board of Trade.o .; r . , .. Toronto Canadian Maji^iufaoturers' Association. Toronto Dominion Millers' Association. '■ ..'t- , .PPENDIX.— WHOLE COMMISSION. jiDOfctia K<) Hv.ii.5aiMMoo jaycmi Ap; 157 rio I' Townsville (North Queensland) Chamber of Com- morce. . Trinidad (Port of Spain) Chamber of Commerce.'^* ' .'Xmit^aEihgaopii Asso'ciatioa of Chambers of- Cpin,T merce. ^nconver (British Columbia) Board of Trade. yW5.kefield Chamber of Comr^eRC^ and Shippiri^'. ijj^ailsjill a^d District Incorpbrated Chamber ' of Cbnirtieroe. ,^ . ii' . ■ ', ' ' Warrington Chamber of Commerce. "■' *^''^' Wellington (N.Z.) Chamber of Commerce. W^inuip^g (Mani.) .Board of Trade. Wirifllpeg (Mani.) Grain and Produce Exchange. ,^;Wqlverhfimptqn Chamber of Commerce. ^^^^, , ^^^^^^ Woodstock (Ont.) Board of Trade. Worcester Chamber of Commerce. Wrexham and District Chamber of Commerce and ■■"Agriculture, "i* ' ■ !i"i:m,.l ,'>«;;,{£■ Teadon, Guiseley, and. District Chamber of Oom- i'/yrort APPiENDIX LXXVIII. lUriu 26th February 1890. ' Botolph House, J Eastcheaip, IS'.C. EeOLiVEE's Wham. '"■»"■" WJ* •"■'■'- Agirisedi that the permanent men acknowledge that Ihey were w;rong in. going out as they did. Agreed, that all weekly men will in all circumstances giTe the full week's warning, and that all daily men will finish their day's work before leaving their employment. ..'jjp' ,j, .it^P'pii that our nien will settle their own disputes wi^ fS, leaving othes places 'to , settle thpip disputes thgmqelvBS, and .will not strike because of finy dispute elsewjere, unless it be made a general trade, question bjr;thg Dock Labourers' IJnion. ..jbiatrr) i;^ ji in^i si d'jeiS hK'jinsjiiB iocfhiiaioVl Agreed,, that all our men will always obey our orders, and "do all our^work, so loAg as they are in our employ- ment, whether that work has any connexion with disputes elsewhere, or not. Agreed, that proprietors will take back, on the above uirdSTStanding, all the weekly and daily men they now have' roam -for. ■•i"M. ■ Agreed, that the men will always give intimation to maTrager"or proprietors of any grievance or claim they may.ihav©,Hand that a week be allowed for negotiation and i^'e^isjon thereon,'if necessary. On behj/lf of the Dock Labourers' / Tom Mann. tlnion. . . X'Bvs Tillett. On beh9.1f of ithe Oliver's Wharf. • P. E. Buchanan Chaipman, Labour , Conciliation "1 o Committee, '' X '. XI X ,T oT }- S. B Bqupdon. APPENDIX LXXIX. 'tj '..■.•.19111110:, ojibitS a-iirujil The London Chamber of Commerpe (Incorporated), Telegrwgjiic Addresiyr " Convention, London.' .1 18 -jii.O'j'H iWe8ai>T '' Botolpl: Be -OtilpENT' 'Fkbights on the Medway. ...I moil 'A ' 48 House, Eastcheap, London, E.G. .,,.,, , , a ,18th March 1890. ^eei,-'^ '^""^ ■'■^^^■-'■'■"^ ^'"'' That the amo|int payable in respect of demurrage lie jiaid by thfe 6wn6rtoth6 bargemen as' s(ib'n as the bargeman supplies to'*he owner sufBcient evidence to ground an action at law for the recovery of that demurrage. That the Mecfway Cemejit»Manufaoturers here repre- sented will issue a unifbrW note to the bargemen to en%yftjtltgn> tQ .obtain t}iq.t evidenice. ut 'jluirj '(; J\ That this agreement! jShall last for the minimum period of six weeks from this date, subject to which either party to be at liberty to apply to the Chamber to re-open the question. ' - ' ■ PS AM Lee Smith. On.tohalCof the Cement Gr. K. Andeeson. Manufacturers of ihe<; William Poktee. Medway. I Chakles E. Cheeein. (_D. liETHVEN. '"'■"'- f Wm. Eiiet. ., ,,j-i I Aleked Dokbell. Chables Fx)K.''Aseton. On Ijeijalf of the ?,0' Chester, Sittiagbourne, Maidstone, and Favers- J Kjaji^j^r.^, j.-j^jn.. j., ham jBargeinen and j Fbedk. Butlek. -Watermen's. J Erotecr 0* Eeynolds. tion Society. LJ- Cr. Daniel. On behalf of the Laliour'^ ' ' ' ' Conciliation Com- q -p -DoTTTmnv .mittee of .the i^R^dWl^t. b'. Kennew' BAEEiNGTbN. j'iiuru'}( I Chamber , , of :i. merce. J jsiiq jTodfl -di '«l llfrf ,' , 1 20th March 1890. We, the undersigned, have ageeed upon the terms and. conditions for all freights by sailing barges from the Sivef Medway to the Thames, and from the Thames to the Medway, as between the M^dw^y Cement Manu- facturers on the. piie .siiie s^k&; ttte So61iester^ bourne, Maidstone, ' and! .^ayetsjiam Bargemen and Watermen's Protection Socfdty icin the other. The rate of freights and other conditions are specified in a list drawn up and signed this day. The conditions as to demurrage are contained in a separate document, signed on the 18th inst. ^Tjqqii... This agreement is binding on both parties, subject to three monlihe' notice on either side. But in the event of the dispute of the bargemen with the Briclrtriasters' Association of the Medway not' being settled, the bargemen reserve their right of withdrawing from this agreement' ' , ' ■"''■>■■ fWM. ElLEY. - -.,, .-' ''^ '"'•'^ I AlFREB DOEEELl. Signed on behalf of the J C. Eeynolds. Bargemen. ' ■ ] F. Butlbe. ' I J. G. Daniel. ' I; On behalf of the Cement Manufacturers of the-i f, Medway. On behalf of the Labour^ Conciliation Com- j S. B. Boulton, ,, !j(ii%ee of the London ^ , ^Chairman. ) Qha^jnber of Com- | V. B. Kenneit Baeeington. ' Wise-.. J " ijafc,.„, j ' V ■■jAAvtdhl ii or i . u,Kk*r,..M 'A ilaiJ LChas. Feed. Ashton. " Sam Lee Smwh. D. Methven. ■ William Poetek. . G-. K. Andekson. 158 BOYAL COMMISSION ON LABOUR: Bates ov Baxge Fbeighis k>e th£ Mssvat. Lahowr Conciliation Committee of the London Chamher of Commerca {Incorporated), BotoVph Souse, Easteheaip, U.O. Bates or Fbeight, Demubkage, &c. As agreed upon at the London Chamber of Commerce, between the Cement Manufacturers of the Medway and the Eochester, Sittin^oume, Maidstone, and Faversham Bargemen and Watermen's Protection Society, on the 18th and 20th of March 1890, to come into operation on and after the 1st day of April 1890. Cement. Homes Place. Snodland. Newhithe. To Chatham Point s. d. 9 a.d. 10 «. d. Oil Gillingham 10 Oil 1 Sheemess {inside) • 1 1 1 1 2 Sheeiness (f>-om below Soehester Bridge). 1 — — Prom Above Bochester Bridge. Prom Below Eochester Bridge. To Tilbuiy Bocks Per Ton. , £ «. d. 1 6 Per Ton. £ «. d. 16 London Bndee, and all Bocks and 'Wharves below. * Chelsea 1 7 1 8 1 6 1 7 Putney Bridge 1 9 1 8 Chiswiok Brawdock 110 1 9 Brentford 2 111 Richmond " 2 6 2 5 Teddington 3 2 11 Kingston 3 2 3 1 Hampton Court 3 4 3 3 Eiver Lea, Old Ford 1 9 1 8 „ Lea Bridge 2 111 „ Tottenham 2 3 2 2 Abbey Hills - 110 1 9 Any cargo not amounting to a full freight to be paid (per freight). 6 5 10 Per Freight. £ s. d. 6 10 7 7 10 6 10 To Begent's Canal, Hampstead Boad „ • Jews Harp or Paddington „ Kensal Green Surrey Canal - - - - Two-thirds of towage and all tolls aijd dues on cargo to be paid by the shipper. Canals : All tolls, towage, and dues to be paid by shipper. Creek help as is customary. All shifts in same dock, if discharged or not .... Shifts from dock to river, wharf, or other dock .... Demurrage as per Agreement of March 18, 1890. Lighterage off and in Medway ■ Slinging cement into sailing or steam ship (sacks or casks) Freightage on empty casks : Thames to any part of Medway - Within the Medway Freightage on empty sacks Lime, From Above Bochester Bridge to — Below London Bridge ... Chelsea - - - - Mortlake .... Brentford ... Bichmond - ... Ware Cut and Stratford Barges loaded to await orders to receive 15». per day. Eacb . 10 16 Per Ton. 8 2 Eael . U 1 Per 100. 6 £ s. d. 6 6 10 7 7 10 8 6 10 Per Ton s. d. . 1 3 - 1 4 1 6 1 8 _ 8 . 9 . 11 . 1 . 1 1 . 1 4 . 1 4 Chalk. From Above Eochester Bridge to — Beckton .... Below London Bridge Above London Bridge, as per cement scale. Bow Creek below Bromley Bow Creek above Bromley as far as Old Ford .... Chatham Point and Whitewall Upnor ... Below Upnor ... King's Ferry Murston and Sittingbourne Conyer - . . . Faversham All dues to be paid and half bridge help allowed. Bricks (Qcmlt), From Above Eochester Bridge to — Chatham Point GriUingham ... Sheemess (inside) Sheerness Beach Northfleet London Bridge All creeks and docks above Northfleet Chelsea Bridge Wandsworth ... Putney .... Hammersmith ... Barnes Bridge. ... Brentford . ... Bichmond ... Twickenham ... Teddington Kingston - . . . Hampton Court ... Stocks from above Eochester Bridge. 1,000. ^ Stocks from below Eochester Bridee. 1,000. ® Two-tliirds of towage, and all tolls and dues above Mortlake to be paid by the shipper. Coke. (Applicable to South Metropolitan Gas Company's Stations.) Per 1,000. B. d. - 2 6 - 3 . 3 3 . 3 9 - 3 6 . 3 9 - 4 - 4 - 4 3 . 4 6 . 4 9 - 5 - 6 6 - 6 . 6 6 - 6 9 - 7 6 - 8 M. less per 6c;. less per Prom Brentford per 12 cwts. f ulham - „ Battersea Bridge „ Below London „ Bridge. Bromley . „ To Below Bochester Bridge. To Above Bochester Bridge. Per 1,000. : d. 1 5 1 4 1 8 1 3 1 4 Per 1,000. ». d. 1 6 1 5 1 4 1 4 1 6 Demurrage, after two clear working days, 15». per N-B.— When loaded at the Gas Light and Coke Com- pany s Stations, to be per 48 bushels, at Id. advance on the above prices. Ghy. To Below Eochester Bridge Above „ Per Ton. s. d. - 9 - on APPENDIX.— WHOLE COMMISSION, 159 Breeze, Sfc. Breeze, Ashes, and Manure — Barges, 90 tons and under ,, above 90 to 100 tons 10#I extra from Above Falhatn. may be agreed. £ s. d. - 5 - 6 10 Above "100 tons as To BiOobester Above Boohester Bridge Thames Ballast. - per ton of 20 owts. d. 3 4, Sand. From Thames, clear of Loading Millstones. (Millstone) .... each 5 All other goods as may be agreed. Under the above headings, where no Demurrage rate is quoted, it is to be understood that the rate is to be as for Ge ■ APPENDIX LXXX. London Chamber of Commerce (Incorporated), labour conciliation committee. Messrs. John Bkinsmead & Sons and the London Amalgamated Eeench Polisheks Tkade Union. AWAED. Certain questions in difference between the above parties respecting the employment of French polishers by piece-work or by the day at Messrs. Brinsmead's Pianoforte Works, London, having been referred to the arbitration of the Labour Conciliation Committee of the London Chamber of Commerce (Incorporated), under a written agreement dated October the 20th, 1890. And the parties having by the same agreement agreed to abide by the award of such Labour Con- ciliation Committee. We, the undersigned Members of the Committee having acted as the Arbitrators, and having heard the parties and their witnesses, find it proved : — (1.) That piece-work is, according to the evidence produced by both sides, the rule in foreign countries competing with the London piano- forte trade. (2.) That the employees can earn a larger sum per hour by piece-work under the new scale of increased prices agreed upon between Messrs. Brinsmead and their workmen on the 14th day of October 1890 (a copy of which scale was handed in to us as the arbitrators), than by day work at 8d. per hour, the rate named to us. (3.) That no sufficient reasons have been adduced for making a change from the system of piece- work to that of day work at Messrs. Brins- mead's manufactory. We accordingly determine the questions raised before us by the parties as follows : — First. — That the system of piece-work be continued at Messrs. Brinsmead's manufactory, provided that payment for the same be fixed upon the new and increased scale of prices so agreed upon the 14th October 1890. Second. — That before any change be made by either side in the existing system of piece-work at the above manufactory, three calendar months previous notice in writing be given by either side to the other through the London Conciliation Board. A further question was raised during the course of the arbitration upon which conflicting evidence was produced, but, as the point was not specifically in- cluded in the submission to arbitration, we feel unable to deal with it as part of our award. Nevertheless, as a matter of recommendation we advise that for the future the cost of providing all materials necessary for the polishing of pianofortes be borne by Messrs. John Brinsmead and Sons. (Signed) S. B. Boulton. H. O. Arnold Forstek. Albem K. Rollit. APPENDIX LXXXI. London Conciliation Board. EstablisliM " to promote amicable Methods of settling Labour Disputes, and the Prevention of Strikes and Loch-Outs." Offices — London Chamber of Commerce, Botolph House, Eastcheap, London, E.C. The Amalgamated Society of Watermen and Lightermen of the River Thames and Messrs. Francis AND Company, Limited, Cement Manufactdeees, Oliffe and Yadxhall Bridge. AWAED. TeleorapUic Address — " Convention, London.' Telephone Number— lieo. Certain questions in difference between the above parties respecting the question of " residence," and the rate of wages and other matters, having been referred, under a written agreement dated the 19th of February 1891, to the arbitration of the London Conciliation Board, or to the arbitration of such persons as the said board might appoint, and the parties having by the same agreement agreed to abide by the award of such London Conciliation Board. Now we, the undersigned, members of the London Conciliation Board, having been duly appointed by the said board, and having acted as the Arbitrators, and having heard the partieji and a witness, do hereby determine the questions raised before us by the parties as follows : — Firstly — That where resident lightermen are em- ployed by Messrs. Francis and Company, Limited,, one man shall be engaged for each barge, but we recommend that the lightermen should render each other assistance in cases of need and as far as it is practicable for them to do so. Secondly. — That the payment of the sum of 7s. 6i., known as freight or despatch money claimed by the Amalgamated Society of Watermen and Lightermen of the River Thames shall not be compulsory upon Messrs. Francis and ; Company (Limited). Thirdly. — That the regular weekly wages paid to res i - dent lightermen by Messrs. Francis and Company (Limited), be fixed at 21. 6s. per week, instead of il. 2s., as heretofore. U 4 160 nm&mmam^voi^-^Tr^i^&'SQ^'^ ■. Fourthly. — That Stindaiy .work, if under navigation or for passing barges in and ont of a dock, or to or from the buoys outside Cliffs Creek to the wocks of Messrs. Francis and Company (Limited), therein be paid for at the r^|iep set&rth in clause 5 of the Award of Lord Brassey, dated the 24th of Septem- ber 1889, in accordance with the printed copy handed to us. Fifthly. — That this Award shall come into operation on and from Monday the 2nd day of March 1891, and that before ahy deps^rture be made from' the conditions of this^ward,iW either side, at least three calendar months' previous notice in writing be given by either side to the other through the Londorr Conciliation Boai'dr : S. B. BoTrLToiir.' ; G. E. BniT. I ' ' .■:.■■> ,.( ' J. G-KIl'l'IN. •■' '" '■ ■<' '«!' J. Gr. Daniel (Barqeiuan). Dani, I)i p^f^}i^^(^rinting Manager). iToiaN Deans (Tinplate Worleer). February ■28th, 1891. ■ ' ] APPENDIX LXXXII. Legislature OP Nova Scotia, Session, 1890. — Chapter 8. An Act to amend an Act of the present Session, entitled "An Act to I provide a Tribunal of Arbitration in certain Cases." , ''' '■ ''(tassed'theiS'thd'ayof Ipril, A.D.1890.) ' '' '' Be it enacted by the Governor, Council, ^^iid Assembly, as^follows :— ; , • 1. Section eight of the said Act is hereby, amended by adding the following words :^' J^or sl\all the oniplo;^ed strike or abandon work until after complaint in writing to the Oominissioner, aind 'final adjudication thereon. Tf the employer or employed shall violatb the provisions of this section, he or they shall bo liable to all the penalties imposed by the 17th and 18th sections of .this Act for failure to q,bid^ j by JJie, awar4 of the arbitrators." u APPENDIX LXXXIII. Tables showing tlie Proportion of Sunday Labour in various Branches of Industry embraced by the Investigations of the Eoyal Commission on Labour; and, in particular, exhibiting the Variations in,,,, the Amount of Sunday Labour in Factories of the same Character and Size. With Introductory Observations. Compiled by John Gtkitton, D.D., Vice-President of the Lord's Day Observance Society of London, late Secretary from 1867 to 1892. ■ " The S&bbath, as a political institution,; is of inestimable value, independently of its claims to Divine autboritj." — Adam Smith: " England owes much of her energ.v and character to the relisious keeping of Sunday, Why cannot France follow lier. as the Sabbath was nuide for all men, and we need its blessing?"— ia Fresse. " The Day of Rest is God's earliest gift to every man, gj+en because our God is a benetioent Gnd. It is therefore a gift to which every man \aa aright. This is the first proposition— that in a Chriutian country, where the Sabbath is known and observed, and where' we have in our hands God's Word; which is. the charter and dped of gift by which we hold it, every man has a right to the Day of E«st. Man also has need of the Sabbath. It is needful because God gave it, and God gave it because He knew it was needful."— /Sir Thomas Chambers. " Dans la calibration du Dimanche est d«pos6 le principe le plus fecond de notre progrfts futur."— Proudhon. " Le Eepos du Dimanche est le premier oommandement I'hygiSne ; il foumit le moyen d'apprdcier ce qu'un peuple a de sens commun, et combien il est avanc4 dans la civilisation."- Dr. Paul Niemeyer, de Berlin. " L'inobservation du Dimanche entraine pour les individus coinme pour les nations de funestes consequences, et Ton peut dire que le Dimanche est la caisse d'6pargne de rhumanitd."— ,4. JTaegler, M.S., Bale. " Sante du corps et sant6 de rime, vie de famille et vie chrfilienne, prosp^rite des nations et iirogrds du r6gne de Dieu, ii n'y a rien moins que cela au fond mfime de la question du Dimanche." — B. Deluz, de ' L'affranchissement des esclaves sera le titra d'honneur du XIX" sifeole; ayons soin seulement que les blancs ne soient pas omis."- ie Comte de Gasparin. ^. " I am anxious, in common with all persons, of whatever Church, who love our Lord Jesus Christ in sincerity, that His resurrection-day should be more particularly set apart for religious worship and religious study and meditation. And if the day ought to be thus dedicated to such purposes, it is plain we ought to abstiiiii from anything that may interfere with its being observed, both by ourselves and by those we emxAay.— Archbishop Whately. " Relieving that our need of a Lord's-day is as great as ever it was, and that therefore its observance is God's will, and is likely, so far as we see, to be so to the end Of time, I should think it most mischievous to wealcen the respect paid to it.' — Br. Thomas Arnold. " Believing in the authority of the Lord's-day a« a religious insti- tution, I must, as a matter of course, disire tjie recognition of that authority by others. But, over and above this, I Have ihysblf.in the course of a laborious life, signally experienced both its mental and its physical benefits. I can hardly overstate its value in this view j and for the interest of the working men of this country, alike in these and other yet higher respects, there is nothing I more anxiouslv desire than that they shoulrl more and more highly appreciate the Christian Day of 'Rest."— Bight Son. W. E. Gladstone. " The natural difference between Campania and Spitzbergen is trifling, vhen compared with the difference between a coun&y in- habited by men full of bodily and mental vigour, and a country in- habited by men sunk in bodily and mental decrepitude. Therefore it is that we are not poorer, but richer, because we have, through many ages, rested frora our labour one day in seven. That day is not lost. While industry is suspended, while the plough lies in the lurrow while the exchange is silent, while no smoke ascends from the factory a process IS. gomg on quite as important to the wealth of the nation as any process which is performed on more busy days. Man, the machine of machines- the machine compared with which all the contrivances of the Watts and Arkwrights are worthless— is repairing and winding-up so that he retiu*s to his labours on the Mondi^r iVith clearer intellect with livelier spirits, with renewed corporeal vigour."— iorcJ Maeamtay' Pubfatoky Ebmakks. Among the causes of existing irritation between Capital and Labour which the Eoyal Commission is constituted to examine, in the hope of their removal, is that of Sunday Labour, . r,, ., ., ^ It seemed right, therefore, to inquire into the extent of such Sunday labour, to discover xhe irreducible minimum thereof in works of various descriptions, and of various magnitudes, and to learn, in what, measure this irreducible minimum is exceed(?d. , "When certain allowances have been made for special conditions and diflBculties, it seems not unjust to regard all degrees of iSunday work which exceed the minimum as being unnecessary. All unnecessary Sunday labour is an evil which prudent and benevolent men everywhere should oppose and obviate. Examination of the tables in this pamphlet will show that the evil of needles-s Sunday work is found in several branches of industry — possibly im all — ^and that considerable variation in its degree and intensity is to be fonpd under precisely similar conditions. ■ .,,.rp Limits op iNquiEi. The returns here given are from 17 different in- dustries. Others, of equal importance, are omitted on various grounds. -. ',' , ■ There are special reasons for not including two great departments — ^the Eailways and the Post- Office'.' The question of Sunday work in the Post Office -^as dealt with by a Select Committee of' the House of Cbmmons in 1 887. " Eeport from the Select Committee on Sunday Postal Labour; together with the- Pro- ceedings, of the Committeej Minutes of 'Evidence- and Appendix. Ordered ,by the House of CommonB to be printed, 10th August 1887." The question of Eailway Sunday work is now befbre a Select Committee of the House of Oomitupiis (1891- 92), who have already published the evidenb© which they took in the session of 1891, and propos^' to contmue their work till'it shffll be completed! " Eef)6rt from the -Select f.'f)m%ittierocesses need' from 21 hoxure to three or'fourdayB. jsiany of them can be obviated by 6&re in tlfeiiime'of dommencem6nt of the continuous' pro- cesses, so that either they may not be in operation, or may be in certain stages of advance, on Sundiay, during which labour is not required. , 4. Municipal work, springing from excessive late hours of markets and shopping on Saturday night, or from a desire for carefully cleansed and watered streets on the Sunday. 5. it- should be noted also that a considerable portion of the work done piay be traced to the following causes, all of which are pijeventable : — (a..) Working with insufficient plant. (6.) Economising the work of an insufficient number ■ of men. (c.) tiBing appliances and methods which are inferior to those adopted by other workers in the same industries. (rf.), The liking of many for Sunday work because of higher rates of wages on that day, or because the hours of business in public-houses are limited on that day, while the week days afEord fuller opportunities for drinking. (e.) The wearing. anxiety attending close competition with the producers of other lands, who are often able for a limited period to undersell the home producer by the simple methods of -■ • starvation wa^es, and by a general disregard to the physical and moral well-being of the wage-earning classes. .. ; Increase oe Diminution of Sunday "Woek. " i. It is to be feared that in some directions, especially in iron and cjiemicals, the adoption of metliods which are at once more economical and more complex, has causedSunday work to be oonvenienti to a higher degree, ' and to approach more nearly the sphere of the absolutely necessary. 2: On the other hand, it is certain that the adoption (tf better methods, and the use of these methods-nnder qnii^^ned intelligence and more instructed conscience, hare led to a very general diminution in Sunday work oyer the field under survey. This is specially marked iB.'gas, chemicals, and pottery. i The noticeable diminution of work has been secured by, the efforts of lemployers and of the employed, now in conflict and now in conjunction, in about equal degrees; and the credit of the diminution, may be awarded to both.i ■ Effects, pp^.ExTEA Pay foe Sjdjjday Woek. Attention ha^'been given to the influence of higher wages for Sunday work on the amount of work done on that day'. It would seem, from statements in returns, that the supposed advantage herein to the workmaln, and ' the actual disadvantage to thfe emiploy^r, very nearly neutralize each other. Larger wages make it the interest of the wage-payer to get his work done on any day but Sunday ;• but, in the case of the thoughtless and covetous wage-earner, the higher Sunday rate leads to a desire for the Sunday work, and, in some ca|Ses, to a determination tO: arrange for it by means more or less questionable. Geneeai Ebsults. 1 The following 18 tables give the result of examination ioifthe 17 industries under review. i, ■. Jilt will be noticed that while proportions and averages, column 5, are given in decimal form, the maximum and minimum, in column^ 6 and 7,, are given in common fractions. This has been done to show, not only the proportion of work, but the actual amount — the denominator of the fraction in each case being the number of hands eniployed in the particular factory. 'The last table. Number XVII.I., gives each of the 17 industries and the totals for the whole. They all illustrate the fact that, taking the minimum of Sunday work of the most careful firms ' as an irre- ducible minimum, there is found an excess, more or less serious, which can be traced only to carelessness, or to a deliberate indifference to the matter. The minimum may be unavoidable, but necessity cannot be pleaded for the maximum, nor for much work which lies between the two. ' Table I. — Beewing. 1. i 2. 3. 4. 6. 6. 7. No. of Works. Size VToks. Em- ploying "Whole Number of Men employed. Em- ployed on Sunday. Per- centage of Suiiday Work* Maximum of Sunday Work in worst Factor^.' Mininiuni of Sunday Work in best Factory. 63 Under 10 393 69 17-55 i i 52 20 722 28 3-87 ft A 20 30 467 48 10-27 "5(7 A 14 40 253 48 18-97 ' A A 15 50 636 86 13-52 a A 7 60 383 66 17-23 n A 57 70 318 52 16-61 J5 A 3 80 210 61 29-04 it ^/ 2 90 160 8 5-00 A & 7 200 86S 42 4-84 Tvo Th 1 400 322 45 13-97 sYir A'l 1 500 400 5 1-25. -,h iiTiJ 1 600 550 4 0-73 rfs l!tr 1 1,S00 1,400 50 3-57 T^i. lih 198 - 7,653 617 - - -: Proportion of col. 4 to 3, 8-06 per cent. Extremes of Sunday work (col. 5) are 0-73 and 29 04 per cent. Table II. — Beiokmaking. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. No. of Fac- tories. Siae of Factories. Em- ploying "Whole Number epipl'oyed. Em- ployed on Sunday. Per-- centage of Su^day Work. Maximum of Sunday Work in worst Factory. Minimum of Sunday Work in best Factory. 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 3 2 1 1 Under 10 20 80 40 60 70 80 200 300 400 900 5 28 ' 4S 67 « i 63 ' 74 370 422 375 850 1 '2 3 .0 3 3 5 4 q-00 3-57 0-00 3-00 0-00 4-60 0-00 0-81 o,;7i 1-33 0-47 A ■10,.. A A Tou |0,. 8B?r 17 1 - 2,337 21 — ~. -' Proportion of col. 4 to 3, 0- 89 per cent. Extremes of Sunday work. (col. 5) are O-QO and 4-60 per,cent. Table III. — Building. 1. 2. 3. 4. 6. 6. 7, No. of Fac- tories. Size of Factories. Em- plo,ying Whole Number employed. Em- ployed on Sunday. Per- centage of Sunday Work. Maximum of Sunday Work n worst Factory. Minimum of Sunday Work in best Factory, 1 1 2 1 Under 100 .200 400 900 3,5 100.: 730 ' 850 2 2 0-00 0-00 0-27 0-23 4„ 5 — 1,71S ■ 4 - - 1 - Proportion of col. 4 to 3, 0-23 per cent. Extremes of Sunday work (col. g) are 0-00 and 0-27 per cent. APPENDIX. — WHOLE COMMISSION. Ta'pLE '"iV.-^OHEMICALS. Table VII.— ENGiNEBKiNa (Mechamicai,). 1. 2. s- 4. ■ 5. 6. 7. y*. of Fac- tories. Size of Factories. Em- ploying Whole Number employed. Em- ployed on Sunday. Per- centage of Sunday Work. Maximum of 1 . Sunc^ Work in worst Factory. Minimum of Sunday Work in best Factory. 114 ■14 ■ 7 2 1 2 1 1 1 Under ■loo 200 800 400 600 600 70O 800 1,000 2,868'' 1,837" 1.530" 600" 420 1,000 816 700 920 126 42 166 '2 10 7 64 S 124 4-36 2-si 10-19 0-33 2-30 0'70 10'38 0-71 13-47 , m lis m 14S — 10,491 • S36 — mt ' — ■■ .-^a Proportionof col. 4to3, 5-lOpercent. , Extremes of Sunday work (col. 6) are O'SS and 13-47 per cent. Table V. — Cotton. 1. 2. -^1^ 3. 4. ■ 6. 6. 7. No. of Fac- tories. Size -- of ' 1 Factories. Em- ploying •"■. -w'^. ;'wiiar;' empldffil', J . Em- ployed ; on Sunday. Per- centage Of Sunday Work. Maximum of Sunday i Work ■ in worst Factory. ■ - Minimum of Sunday Wort in best Factory. 94 Under 100 6,200 17 0-82 A A 123 20O 17,400 42 0-24 iSu tJs 102 300 24,168 53 0-22 "S65 TffT 66 400 18,132 28 0-ofe ^ ife 35 BOO 14,843 IS 0-10 'i'So ife 20 600 10,539 21 0-20 "boo rfs 15 700 9,569 14 0-14 rir ifc 16 800 11,666 14 0-12 7%a Til 10 900 8,250 13 0-15 ife rfo 6 1,000 5,491 7 0-12 iItt T^^ 16 1,900 20,076 25 0-13 ToV tAt 49i -z: 145,329 249 - ' ; ■_ .-' - Proportion of col. 4 to 3,0-11 per cent. Extremes of Sunday work (col. 5) are O-O^and 0-32 per cent. ■10 -J. ' ■ hrr n j'' ■■ '"' (■' - f' ■' ''^'''' ^'> '■ Table VI. — Bleoteical Engineeeing. 1. 2. 3. *■.. h^ 6. 7. No. of Works. Size of Works. Em- ploying Whole .'- Number employed. Em- ployed on Sunday. Per- centage of Sunday Work. Maximum of Sunday Work in worst Works. Minimum of Sunday Work . in best Works. 3 3 2 1 4 2 •l 1 1 Under 20 40 80 80 100 200 400 600 1,300 43 88 90 60 329 220 360 4fi6 ' 1,200 12 14 20 3 9 0-00 13-63 15-55 0-00 6-08 1-46 0-00 0-db 0-75 IS ■ I4«e- 18 — 2,830 .58 ■ ■; : i _■ ■ jir..'-l r,l r .fe9 lo 1 I — 1. 2. 3. 4. 6. 6. -i' 7. No. of Fac, tones. Size - of .Jw Factoiflesi EmuJ' ploying^ ♦■Whole Nimber employed. Em- ployed on Sunday. Peiff, centage of- Sunday Work. Maximum of Sunday Work in worst Factory. Minimum of Sunday Work. in best Factory, 6 43 11 8 2 14 Under ; 10 i6o 200 ' 300 800 -5,30B,M 37 1,619 1,444 1,790 1,290- ,..17,992 2 29 .„ 38 24 9 .ir.f 62 6-'«) 1-07 ' 2-63 1-34 ' 0-70 0-34 til i i- 850 84 - 24,168 164 - - - Proportion of col. 4 to 3, -67 per cent. Extremes of Sunday work (col. 5) are 0-34 and 5-40 per cent. Table VIII ENGiNEmiNG (MmjiciPAL). 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. To-vims maVing Rb- turilS.,. Magni- tude.. Em- ployed. Whole., Number emploijwi! Em- t ployed Sunday;.' Per- centage of Sunday Work. Maximum of"!!-' Sundayi WOTki •■> .tfi.l Minimum .rsiiol 6 4 '4 2 2 2 2 1 1 11 2 4 2 Under 20 So 40 60 60 70 80 90 lOO 200 300 400 800 78 83 125 80 I'oe'f 123 145 86- 98 1,443 456 1,416 1,646 23 4 IB 2 30 17 8 111 20 152 72 29-48 4-82 12-80 2-60 4-72 2-1-39 11-72 9-17 0-00 7-69 4-39 10-74 4-61 A ■SB /ft . -ft _ A ft 43 — 6,766 460 - / ( i . ■ •■ - t;. i.;a. "~ - Proportionof col. 4 to 3, 8-00 per.cent. ^ Ex^mes.dl Sunday work (cd. 6) are 0-00 and 29-48 per cent. •;itmir:'K'i.TJrni:»!)'. i yiJHinS . vf.ui • Table IX.^G-as.'„ -. -0. -,., , . oh, -'} ..1 ,-, -,1? t i ,„;■,:. 1. - la,- 3. '-■ 4. 5. 1' T 6. " ' 7. No. of Fac- tories. Size of Factories. Em- ploying - - - • . Whole Number employed. - - Em- ployed on Sunday. Per- centage of Sunday Work. Maximum , of Sunday Work in worst ; Factory. Minimum of Sunday ■Wor> inbeit Factory. 162 39 16 8 7 6 13 41 1 Under 10 20 "30 . 40 SO 60 100 4,000 9,000 648 496 380 269 291 280 900 18,403 8,820 500 J 140 . 87 64 61 69 157 3.636 922 77-16 28-22 22-48 24-71 17-52 21-07 17-i4 18-92 10-46 a u a ih' i is. A A A'' ft ■ -3- 292 — 30,477 5,606 — — Proportion of col. 4 to 3, 2-06 per cent. Extremes of Sunday work (col. Sj.aie 0:00 and 15-65 per cent. Proportion of col. 4 to 3, 14-70 per cent. Extremes of Sunday work (col. 5) are 10-45 and 77-16 per cent. X 2 164 ROYAL COMMISSION ON LABOUE ; No. of Fac- tories. 45 TaBM X. — &LASS. of Factories. Em- ploying Under 10 100 2,000 •WTiole Number employed. 46 1,110 4,795 Em- ployed on Sunday, Per- centage of Sunday Work. 3,951 2 15 4-35 1-35 1-07 Maximum of Sunday Work in worst Factory. Minimum of Sunday Work in best Factory. ^ 1. i Proportion of col. 4 to 3, 1'65 per cent. Extremes oflSunday work (col. S) are 1'07 and 4'35 per cent. Tabm Xni.— Liken. 1. 2. .'b. ',, 4. 6- 6. 7. No. of Fac- tories. Size of • Works. Em- ploying NumHiW employed. Em- ployed on Sunday. Per- centage of Sunday Work. Maximum of Sunday Work in worst Factory. Minimum of Sunday Work in best Factory. 7 7 3 1 1 1 2 Under 100 200 300 4«a 500 700 3,000 271 978 748 300 450 660 5,500 1 1 1 1 3 0-37 ©•10 0-lS 0-00 0-22 0-00 0-06 iobo 22 — 8,891 7 — — — Proportion of col. 4 to 3, 0'08 per cent. Extremes of Sunday work (col. 5) are O'OO and 0'37 per cent. Table XI. — ^Habdwabe. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. No. of Fac- tories. Size of Factories. Em- ploying Whole Number employed. Em- ■ ployed on Sunday. Per- centage of Sunday Work. Maximum of Sunday Work in worst Factory. Minimum of Sunday Work in best Factory. 32 9 6 8 Under 100 200 300 600 1,240 1,019 1,350 .3,715 4 3 8 15 0-32 0-28 0"57 0-48 "500 eo6 65 — 7,324 SO — — — Table XIV. — MiNiNe. Proportion of col. 4 to 3, 0"41 per cent. Extremes of Sunday woi-k (col. 5) are 0" 28 and 0'57 per cent. Table XII. — Ibon and Steel. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 8. 7. No. of Fac- tories.' Size of Factories. Em- ploying Whole Number employed. Em- ployed on Sunday. Per- centage of Sunday Work. Maximum of Sunday Work in worst Factory. Minimum of Sunday Work in best Factory. 36 28 16 7 3 5 13 4 Under 100 200 300 4SX) 500 600 1,000 5,000 1,296 3,834 3,757 2,346 1,202 2,610 9,973 9,325 102 220 322 234 28 78 1,103 1,040 7-87 6-73 8-57 9-98 2-29 3-10 11-05 11-15 Th •sfe irfe ■fiOff life rs&iT 112 — 34,242 3,127 — - - Proportion of col. 4 to 3, 9'00 per cent. Exteemes of Sunday work (col. 5) are 2'29 and 11"15 per cent. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. No. of Fac- tories. Size of Factories. Em- ploying Whole Number employed. Em- ployed on Sunday. Per- centage' of Sunday Work. Maximum of Sunday Work in worst Factory. Mininiiuii of Sunday Work in best Factory. 4 60 44 38 26 11 9 8 2 7 4 28 Under 10 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1,000 6,500 24 2,111 5,893 8,912 8!,652 4,676 4,888 6,016 1,488 5,778 3,700 41,224 2 52 152 184 163 105 71 66 14 80 80 922 8-33 2-46 2-68 2-06 1-76 2-24 1-45 1-31 0-94 1-38 2-16 2-23 * ■ffBo iris WW 283 — 77,057 1,649 - - - Proportion of col. 4 to 3, 2"00 per cent. Extremes of Sunday work (col. 5) are 0'94 and 8'33 per cent. Table XV.— Pottery. 1. ! 2. 8. 4. 5. 6. 7. No. of Fac- tories. Size ■ of Factories. Em- ploying Whole Number employed. Em- ployed on Sunday. Per- centage of Sunday Work. Maximum of Sunday Work in worst Factory. Minimum of Sunday Wo7¥ in best Factory. 1 i Under 6 ; 10 1 22 ; 100 9 1 200 4 400 3 900 4 1,200 87 1,145 1,238 1,160 1,900 3,880 2 ^_ 25 17 11 11 IS 6-40 2-18 1-37 0-95 0'58 0-33 iSo, ■jfc Ifffil 48 — fl,360 79 — ■^ - Proportion of col. 1 to 8, 0"88 per cent. Extremes of Sunday work (col. 5) are O'SSand 5-40 per cent. ': A APPENDIX. — ^WHOLE COMMISSION. 165 Tabm XYI. — Shipbtjilding. Table XVIII.— Gteneeai. tob thb 17 Industries. 1. 2. 3. 4. 6. 6. 7. No. tories. Size of Factory. Em- ploying Whole Number employed. Em- ployed on Sunday. Per- centage of Sunday Work. Maximum of Sunday Work in worst Factory. Minimum of Sunday Work in best Factory. 17 10 6 12 5 6 19 Under lOD 200 300 600 600 900 7,300 632 1,130 1,360 3,876 2,600 3,950 46,462 2 3 2 8 8 6 58 0-SS 0-26 0'16 0-21 0-31 0-13 0-12 i TfflT rh tI3b 76 — 59,999 86 — — — Proportion of col. 1 to 3, 0'lO per cent. Extremes of Sunday work (col. 6) are 0'12 and 0'33 per cent. Table XVII.— Woollen. 1. 2. 3. 4. 6. 6. 7. No. of Fac- tories. Size of Factories. Em- ploying Whole Number employed. Em- ployed on Sunday. Per- centage of Sunday Work. Maximn'» of Sunday Work in worst Factory. Minimum of Simday Work in best Factory. 11 93 60 43 21 17 13 5 3 2 Under 20 100 200 300 MO 500 600 700 800 1,200 66 4,930 8,086 10,015 7,170 7,030 ?,905 3,182 2.170 2.250 6 17 16 17 9 12 17 7 1 14 7-69 0-34 0-18 0-16 0'12 0-17 0-24 0-22 0-05 0-62 A Tub efc ixaa ttto 268 - 55,803 lis — — — Proportion of col. 4 to 3, 0"22 per cent.' Extremes of Sunday work (col. 5) are 0"05 and 7'69 per cent. Character of Factory. Brewing - Erickmaking Building ■ ■ Chemicals Cotton - Engineering Electrical Mechanical Municipal Gas - Glass Hardware Iron and Steel Linen - Mining Pottery - Shipbuilding Woollen - No. of Fac- tories. 198 ' 17 5 143 492 13 84 43 292 45 55 112 22 283 48 76 Limits of Size. Employing Whole Number of Men employed, 2 to 1,400 6tc 850 35 to 850 a to 920 7 to 1,845 12 to 1,200 5 to 6,297 7 to .800 2 to 8,840 6 to 1,800 2 to 600 6 to 4,600 6 to 3.000 5 to 6,249 3 to 1,130 4 to 7,272 6 to 1,150 7,663 2,337 1,716 10,491 145,329 2,830 24,168 6,756 30,477 5,951 7,324 34,242 8,891 77,057 9,360 69,999 55,803 Em- ployed on Sunday. 489.383 617 21 4 636 249 58 164 460 5,506 99 30 3,127 7 1,549 79 86 113 12,705 Per- centage of Sunday Work. 8-07 0-89 0-23 6-11 0-10 2"05 0'7l' 7-99 18-00 1-68 0-41 9-13 0-08 . 2-01 0-84 0-14 0-20 The amount of Sunday labour to ordinary days (cols. 3 and 4) is 2'59 per cent. Extremes of Sunday work (col. 5) are :— Linen, O'OS, and Gas, IS'OO ner cent. APPENDIX LXXXIV. A Bill for the Taxation — " Income Tax " — op Limited Liability, Joint Stock, Civil Service, Army and Navy, and Co-operative Societies. Wheheas a large amount of the trade of the country is transacted by the societies mentioned in this Bill, and a loss to the revenue is incurred in consequence of a considerable number of these societies being partly or entirely free from payment of Income Tax. Be it enacted, &c., &o., as follows :— (1.) This Act may be cited for all purposes as the Soqjeties' Income Tax Act, 18—. (2) From and after the passing of this Act, all Limited Liability, Joint Stock, Civil Service, Army and Navy, and Co-operative Societies shall be treated as units for the purpose of collection of Income Tax, without rebate to the individual members or share- holders thereof. (3.) Any such Society declaring no dividend, but giving the benefit of profit to its members or share- holders in any other form, shall be taxed on 10 per centum of the annual turnover or value of business " done. (4.) All Acts or Clauses of Acts bearing on this subject shall be, and are hereby repealed, in so far as they afi'eot the collection of Income Tax from these Societies. ?? 166 'fldYAl; CttMMJSSION- ON EABbtrfe I. Sweating defined. II. ■-■''■ '''"' APPEmiX LXXXV: JilEMORAT«)UM ON THE EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE OoMMITTEE OF THE HoUSE OF LORDS ■'^ ON THE "Sweating System." TABLE OF CONTENTS. (ii.) Building trade ; • (iii.) Cabinet-making ; (iv.) Miscellaneoa$ — (a.) Umbrella tr^de", ' ' ' (&.) Baskfet, making. C. In, Govemin,^nt and municipal conti'actS. III. Causes oe Sweating. IV. ErPECTs or Sweating: A. Economical; B. Other effeets— " | 1. Phy^icEtl, , 1 2. Socip.1, ; , 3. Moral. V. Eemedies suggested fob TJIE ^PPW'ION OE SwEA'XING : A. Legislation j . ■, <,■ "■ , • (i.) Direct, (ii.) Indirect. • ,y ,, -^y B. Private and corporate effort j C. Other remedies. i i Sphere of Sweating: A. Ingenerapl; B. In particular trades — 1. Trades connected with Comiiiittee A. — (i.) Nail and chain trades ; (ii.) Ontlery trades. 2. Trades connected with Committee 0. — (i.) Clothing trades — (a.) Tailoring in the following districts, Scotland (Edinburgh, Glasgow), North of England (Newcastle, Liverpool, Manchester, Leeds, and SheflSeld), Midlands (Birmingham), London, (6.) Mantle and waterproof trades, (c.) Eur trades, (d.) Shirt-making trades, (e.) Boot trade ; LIST OF WITNESSES whose Evidence has been consulted, with references to the Numbers of Questions, to which their Evidence relates in the Minutes oe Evidence taken before the CoMMiiEiBE of the House oe Lokds on the " Sweating System." , ' Name of "Witness. Numbers of Questictas in Evidence. Name of Witness., _, Numbers of Questions in Bvidetioei j A.B. - 11,648-745. Lilley 10,213-35.;' 1 AbjT^hams 2748. ,. Madden 7981-6. 1 A^amson 2568-3226.' Maddy ... 11,967-72. Adlej- -: .,,.,- : .- 5740. Maiple 6078-161. ; Alexander 54 26-865 . McLaughlin - 25,548-638. AUen - - - - 28,325-97. McLean 26,514-78.' ; AtieVell - 1700-24. Miers - ... 4227-35. • i Bassano 22,793-22,898. Morris 22,182. , ,, ! Bate ... - 31,898-902. Morrison - 4?28-59.: ; F. Baum 3055-3166. M6ses 8805-13. ' S. Saum 1038-43. Mnnro - 1268-368.. Billing 5044-7918. Nepean 10,986-24.,658. Birt ... - 14,353. Newman I0;276~8p. Blunt - 17,944. Oram - . - 32,320-32.. B. Booth 10,790, Pamell - v ■ . 28,62-3017. - - C. Booth g08-9S. ' Pitkethly 26,256-63. Broider - - i- 4471-4. ..:. Piatt 31„04M1.126. J. Burnett 17,222-4, 32,112-21, PlatLuignr . , . ,3044. ,,,, Appendix 0., Fourth Pocock . 11,536-67. Report. Potter - 3248-353. E. Burnett 30,452-589. Price - - . . 19,976-80. Compton 10,594-. ■" Priest - 19,309-13. Cook . - - . 27,573. Pugh - 27,085-146. Oorin - - - - 4864-72. Quinn - 29,771-835. Corp - . - . 7844-7. Ramsay ... 11,203-847. Craig 9915-10.039. Reay - - 21,493. Davis - . - 5205-48, 25,258-325. Reubenson 5281. Deintje 4616-9, 5029. Richards 31,009-981. Dunn - 4806-57. Richmonds 28,406. Eisenberger - 2853. Rosenberg 27,546. Felz 3576-7. Russell 26,347. Gall - - - . 28.482-587. Salomon T 11,341-498 Gallacher - - ^ - 25,775-6: Sedgwick '26,452-77. Glazier ... 1740-6. Shannon 26,953-4.. Goodman 27,689-793. Shipton 32,142-92. Green - 20,888-21,126. Shaughnessy - 4526-40. Ham - - - - 3787-849. Simmons 5630-53. Hawes 1470-91. Smith - 23,208-9. Henderson 26,670-80. Solonion 767-880. Hingley 22,455-65. Squire - 17,387-496. Hirsch 694^-702. Stephany 7-254. Hoare - 23,016-181. Sweeney 30,206-30,388 Hofifman 1052^1285. Thomson 29,011-55. • " Holley 8235-88. TUlett- 12^659-923. .i ; Hollington 9472-9624. Tinker 27,656. • - Homer 18,203-19,568. Tisshow 2536-41. Hukin - 24,987. Tomlin • - 24,144-6. Isaac - . - - 31,713. TJttley - 24,7'0&;98. Jelliffe 3225-768. Walker - • 3lV499^527. Juggins 18,023. Waltham 4430. Kaplan 12,227-33. Welsh - 12,982-95. Keir - 29,889-929. White - 404-4699. KiUick 1554-5'. " ■"■ Whitehead -' 28.974-5. Knyvett 27,644-82. Wilchinski -' 3865-4106. Lakeman 16,625-17,146. Wildman 590-713. Laiiu 26,584-658. Wilson 25,198-226. Leggatt J. - 28,829-912. Woodcock 24,257-73. Levy - - - - 2895. Zeitlin ' - 8088-8137. A|;PEN0ix,,— w^qf,|E co]!oiiss:^9^ W: ri''w ■ ■: .'.if MemoeandUm on the Evidence taken bepoee the Gommittiie op The House Op Lojids on the " Sweating System." swEATiHo. I. Sweating defined. No generally accepted and precise definition of "sweating" appears to esist. It is partially de- scribed as the " distribution of work by a middleman " at a reduction of the wages paid by the manu' " facturer."(') Differences of opinion exist on the following points : — (i.) Whether " sub-contracting" {i.e., sub-letting work . till the lowest stratum is reached) is a necessary element in its definition. P) (ii.) Whether the wages paid are unfair and whether the sweater oppresses his " hands."(") (iii.) Whether the sweaterishimself a practical worker or lives on the labour of his " viotims."('') The general use of the term, however, seems clear, and points to^that system of contract which exists in certain industries in which ' ' advantage is taken of unshilled " And unorganised ldbov/r."{') II. Spheke of Sweating. Sweating exists ihalmpst all trades which are either completely or largely unorganised and which arc not regulated by the Factory Aets.(") It is seen in its most exaggerated. form in the tailoring, boot-making, shirt-making, and cabinet-making trades. (') " ' The remedy for its worst evils is to be sought in com- biiiation on the' part of the workers, rather than State interference, except in the direction of improved sanitary arrangements and additional inspection. "You will flcd'that wherever the sweating system " has a v£ry great hold upon the people, the Organi- '■' sation of the men themselves is very loose, and you " will find also the contrary, that wherever the com- " biiiationS ate strong and through that, working on " public opinion,, there" it does not exist to any great " extent."(«) ,- 1. Trades connected, with Committee -A.. (Labour: Gom- wnssion.) (i.) N-ail and Chain T,r-ades, , The system of contracting is largely developed iu these trades; the workmen sell to the " fogger," the "fogger" sells to the master, the master to the " factor," and the " factor " finally to the merchant. The sweaters in the Chain and nail-making trades ai'o known as "foggers." The evidence cOncerniBg their position in the trade, given-before the " Sweating" , OQnamittee-,,was .^pmewhat contradi(3.jiory.(") It was stated that they take the orders from the masters, get the iron, which the men manufac- ture, and enable the masters to break down the price lists. ("•) i , •■'i' ' \ ■ ')■ Various complaints were urged against them : — (i.) Use olthe" truck system." (ii.) Unfair payment of wages by the use of false weights. '■ ' (iii.) Bad material given and no allowance made, and so forth.(") On the other hand, it was stated that workmen tempor- arily discharged from permanent employment are .willing to Work at a low rate for the fogger. The («) F. Baum, 3166. "Wilehinski, 4014. Henderson, 26,680. Flatan, 10,048, 10,092-3. Craig, 9917, 10,014. Alexander, 6865. (2) Simmons, B630-1. Holley.SaSB. J, Burnett, 17,222-4. Pame]l, 2802, 2950. Potter, 8249-50, 3267-8. L'akeman, 16,627-31. . m 'Wilohinski, 8994. liakeman, 10,625-6. P. Baum, 3166. Parnell, 2862. "Walker, 31,608. C. Booth, 313, 333-9, 376-82, 391-3. (1) Flatan, 10,048, 10,092-3. Holloy, 8235r6. Alexander, 5636, 5426-7. (s) Allen, 28,325. Gi Booth, 308-13, 3.32. ' («) Adamson, 2668-9. Potter, 3248. Stephany, 7-8. Laird, 2fi,6.5S. Shipton, 32,142-3. ■ ' (') White, 1305-6. Lakeman, 16,661-2, 16,669-70. («) J . Burnett, 32,117-21. Bhipton, 32,192. Laird, 26,658. (9) Homer, 18,203, 18,208-9. , (") Homer, 18,213, 18,284-5, J.8,8S2-S, 18,666-7. Green, 2890. . (") Homer, 18,276, 18,«97, 18,604. 18,660-3, 19,648-68. Price 19,880. Morris, 22,182. Priest, 19,309-10. fogger holds the work in stock till a demand arises Sweaiivq. for. it in the market. "The real reason why, (the ~~" " foggers get business, is .because the, workmen " prefer to work for them at iow prices rather , than " remain idle." Eespectable manufacturers only deal with "foggers " in times of exceptional pres- sure. ('-) In these trades, moreover, " outsiders " do inferior ': work which the fogger buys, this tends furtter to lower prices and wages. ('') ,< (ii.) Cutlery Trade. Sub-contracting prevails in Sheffield chiefly in the cutlery trades. The sweaters are known as " little masters," who rent a room and steam power, gene- < rally from persons who own a large building fitted throughout with st^am power. They work them- selves, pay, very low piece.-wqrk wages, and have ho capital of their own. They, in their turn, are "sweated" by the "factors" or merchants who do not employ workmen themselves, but obtain orders and give them out to the "little masters." The gopds made under this system compete with those of large manufacturers and tend to lower prices. ('') The severe competition caused by the " outworking " system under "little masters" in Sheffield lowers wages and results in sweating in its most obieotion- able form:(i*) ■ 2. Trades connected with Committee C. mission.) (i.) Glothi/iig Trades. {Labour Com' (a.) Tailor- ' ing in the I ! f oUowiiig ' districts. Scotland Sweating prevails nowhere in the North to any j^^^^ appreciable extent, except in Glasgow. ('") England. In Edinburgh and Newcastle, it exists only to a very small extent and the workers have no fear of its increase, in consequence chiefly of the, ab^en^e o£.the ready-made clothing trade. Pressure has been exerted by publio.opinion in both districts and, in the former, by the Tailors' Protection Society. The trade in Edinburgh is, however, injuriously affected by the existence of the sweating system in other districts {e.g., London).(i') ' In Glasgow, the ■ system is prev^/lent, especially in.fjlie wholesale clothing and ready-made export trades,. .the latter is mostly in the hands of Jew sweaters. The tendency is for' the former trade to become, con- centrated in Leeds, consequently sweating, prevails to a large extent in that district. The swieaters, however, work on a much larger scale and employ a minuter sub-division of labour than in London. " The chief difference between the .London and " Leeds system is to be found in the fact that the " work in the latter district is chiefly carried on. in " workshops of fair size, fairly cleanly, well venti- " lated, and under the supervision of the factory " inspectors," and " while the wages in the sweating " shops are but little below the London level, the " hours of labour are considerably shorter."('*) In Liverpool, Sheffield, and Manchester, sweating is, on ~ the whole, increasing. The bulk of the trade in Sheffield is bespoke (the ready-made trade, as before stated, having become concentrated in Leeds), consequently the system is carried on to a proportionately less extent. The increased sweating is said to be due, in Sheffield, to the intemperance of the better class of workmen {i.e., in-workers) ; in Manchester, to the immigration of foreign labour. The general conditions under, which the work is (i«) Green, 20,888, 20,896, 20,931, 21,126. (13) Homer, 18,227-63. Hoare, 28,09S-9. Bassano, 22,897-8. (W) Uttley, 24,708, 24,710-11, 24,713, 24,716-67, 24,724, 24,798. (15) Davis, 25,326. (16) Laird, 26,647. Henderson, 26,678-9. (1') McLean, 26,614, 26,617, 26,526, 26,676-8.' Henderson, 20,670-5, 26 674-5. Laird, 26,584, 26,588-90. (i«) Sedgwick, 26,462, 26,463. McLaughlin, 25,648, 25,628-9, 25,631. Bflsenberg, 27,546. E. Burnett, 30,659. Isaac, 31,713. Richards, 31,009. See also J. BbiiHett, Appendix 0.,'4th Report on '' Sweaiting - ■ " .{rem the SelfetiCommittee of the-Hftuse of Lords. ' • '. 168 ROYAL COMMISSION ON I,ABOtJR: oarried on in the latter diBtrict are " somewhat worse " than in most of the other provinces. "(") Evidence with regard to the extent and effects of sweating in Bi/rmmgha/m was contradictory. (^) The sweating system has existed in the tailoring trade in London for the last 40 or 50 years, and has largely increased ; the prevalence of the system is, however, less than in the bootmaking trade.f ) The trousers and vest trade, machinists, pressers, and buttonholers are especially " sweated." Tailoring in London is stated to be "worse than slavery." In other districts, sweating in the tailoring trade is either rare or unknown. P*) Sweating exists to a slight extent in the mantle and wat&f proof i/rade ; the condition of the workers in the former trade is, however, good.f") The fur trade may be gronped under three heads(^^) : — (i.) Wholesale manufacturers working on their own premises. (ii.) The better class tra.de which is not sweated, (iii.) The common work done by Whitechapel Jews under the sweating system. In the latter class, the system of sweating is becoming worse, in consequence of the increased competition in unskilled labour due to foreign immigration. The sweater is known as the " chamber master." The workshops are stated to be " unsanitary and de- " moralising, "p) In the ahirt-makvng trade, the evils of " sub- con- tracting " are largely increased by the prevalence of the sweating system. It exists almost entirely among English, as opposed to Jewish, workers, and is mainly caused by the excessive competition of married women for work which they are willing to accept at starvation wage.(^^) The sweating system is most prevalent (especially in London) in the hoot trade, except; in those districts in which the trade is protected by strong unions. It prevails chiefly among the Jews, and has been in- creased, if not caused, by the immense pauper immigration, f') (ii.) Bv/ildmg Trades. There is no evidence of sweating in the hmldmg trade, but a system of sub -contracting prevails which produces somewhat the same results. (^) (iii.) Gdbvnet-mahing. Three classes of work exist in the cabinet trade : — Eirst class goods, manufactured by good firms on the premises ; second class goods, given out to be done by "piece masters": third class, goods for working men, made at Wycombe, Bethnal Green, and the East End. (2') The evils of sweating are great in the East End, caused partly by the demand for cheapness and the " satura- " tion of trade," partly by the influx of boy and " greener" labour. f") Sweating is stated to be as bad in the country as in London ; the evidence, however, is to some extent contradictory as to the prevalence of sweating in the trade, The sweaters are the "piece masters "and " garret masters." The dealers contract with the former, and the fierce competition among them reduces contract prices, therefore they " sweat " those who work under them. The latter are the small masters in the East End who make furniture for dealers in the Curtain Eoad or West End.' The (19) Goodman, 27,676. Allen, 38,326, 28,397. Leggatt, 28,811, 28,912. Quinn, 29,771-3, 29,774. WMtehead, 28,97*-5. (») Pugh, 27,089-99, 27,101-2. Abrahams, 27,248-9. Cook, 27.573. Knyvett, 27,644. Tinker, 27,656. (*) Lyons, 1770, 1776-7. Adler, 5740. Madden, 7981. Zeitlin, 8135-7. Stephany, 7, 8, 111. White, 404, 406. (^) White, 406. Adamson, 2580. Stephany, 112. Lakeman, 17,146. Madden, 7986. m Sedgwick, 26,477. Piatt, 31,087-9. Prankenburg, 31,465. («) Davis, 5205-6, 5289. (25) Davis, 5209-11, 6237-9, 5240-1, 5246, 5248. Eeubenson, 5281-2 Lakeman, 16,670, 16,675. (M) Billing, 5047, 5052, 5056. White, 406, 1389. Adamson, 2580. Moses, 8813. Glazier, 1740-6. Attewell, 1700, 1702, 1721-2, 1724, («) Stepha^, 112. White, 404, 408, 411, 415, 434, 450-1, 455, 471, 1296- 303, 1305-6. Hoffman, 1127, 1150, 1223. S. Baum, 1038-43. Freak. 8424 Eichards, 30,981-2. Miers, 4240-8. Solomon, 880-1. (») Shipton, 32,148-6. <») White, 2148. 1. Banm,S0B5. Maple, 6160-L (») White, 2136, 2148, 2183. Shaugnessy, 4540, 4539. Waltham, 4430. Ham, 3843-6. (i.) Govern- meiit con- tracts. sub-contract system alone enables them to keep their Swbamko, position; they are beaten down by the dealers to — " starvation level-''^") (iv.) Miscellaneous. Sweating exists to some extent in the laslcet mahing and umhreUa trades. <^) Sub-contracting, low wages, long hours — the main elements in sweating — have existed in the accoutre- ment trade since the time of the Crimean war. The Government contractor usually sublets to a sweater. The sub-contractors or sweaters put in their tenders to the contractors, who give out the work to those whose tender is the lowest. The sweaters sometimes further sublet the work.(^*) Sweating exists also in the saddle and harness trade : Walsall is a town of sweaters. ('■*) The net result of sweating has been bad work for the Government, large fortunes to the contractors, hard work and low wages for the workers. (^') By not enforcing the factory clause which forbids sub- contracting, sweating has been encouraged by the Government. {^ War OflSce contracts have been used for some years past " as a vehicle for sweating" ; the work has been handed down from contractor to gangmaster, and the gangmasters had prices given them of which " we Imew nothing, and which necessitated the grant " of low wages to the actual worker " ; " the whole of the sweating business has been carried out almost " under the protection of the War Office." f') Attempts have been made to remedy this since 1889.C^) Complaints are made that these contracts are not (iu Muni- always carried out in the town where the contract is "'P*' oon- given. In Edinburgh^ Leeds, and Newcastle, muni- *"■""*'• oipal contract work (tailciring) was sent to London, where the sweating system prevails, thereby causing injury to the trade in the respective municipalities. ('') In Edinburgh and Glasgow the evils of the sweating system are felt most seriously in public contracts, (^"f Complaints are made that municipal contracts are sub- let to sweaters. The " watch committee " in New- castle at one time stipulated that all contract work should be done on the premises, and directly under the supervision of the contractor ; no steps, however, were taken to enforce i;he provision, and " it has been " practically a ' dead letter.' " In Glasgow (1888), a pubhc contract for police tunics contained a factory clause for the first time. (") In the last municipal contract at Sheffield, it was stated that the work was to be free from " all sweating influences," as a matter of fact, however, the work was sublet to two sweaters.(*2) " III. Causes of Sweating. The main causes of sweating in the various trades are tabulated as follows : A. Alsenee or weakness of any organisation among the worTcers.(^) " B. Competition: — 1. Among manufacturers and small master s.C") exaggerated partly— ^ ' (i.) By foreign competition, (ii.) By the demand for cheap goods. 2. Among workers due partly to— (i.) The large number of unemployed, consequent on the introduction of maohinery.(«) ^^Hirid^: SmK^' 'if^S^r^jf '^StS S '^'^^^i «o3. 2918, 2951. Corp, 7846-7. 3 elhffe, 3225-6, 8231, 3236, 3756. m Shipton, 32,160-1." P) White, 4663. ~ 4869^72. '"""• S""**' 23,208-9 1«) Morrison, 4726, 4759. White, 4699. >Zl Mornaon, 4728. Dunn, 4806-9, 4813. >», 5f°™^™' ^^- Ramsay, 10,847-9, 11,203 (") Nepean, 24,655 . 'i-iwo, {"} Nepean, 24,666-8. C) E. Burnett, Morrison, 4732. Corin, 4864-8, Nepean, 10,986,41,005. McLean, 26,635, 26,638, 36,676-8. Sweeney, , , -. „„„, 30,452. 30,380-8. if}'^''^^^-^-5l'!>^.S2S. McLaughlin 25 553-7 2^fi.) Billing, 7915-8. (M) Wilchinski, 4043-8, 4072. White, 1321, 1329, 1788. Lyons, 1788, 1801,1882,3688. Levy, 2895. Felz, 3576-7. (85) Miers, 4227-9. White, 411-8, 427, 483, 649. Wildman, 590-1. Killick, 1564-6. Hoffman, 1082. Lyons, 1777-9. B. Booth, 10,790. Adamson, 2619-20, 2667. Munro, 1268. C. Booth, 370. R. Burnett,- 30,559. (60) Davis, 26,268. (W) Lakeman, 16,626-6. («) F. Baum, 8166 c.p. Pamell, 2862. («») Miers, 4213, 4226, 4227-9,>4813, 4382. Craig, 9916-9, see also Maple, 6162, 6166. 170 ROYAL COMMISSION X)N LABOUR : It is'itftpossifelentKji'determme how far the 'W starvation wage "earned in many industries is dne to the pre- -valftRqe^fihiiisweatiag system, and hq-vf iw it repre- sents .tii,e" fair value of the work," and is the;- result Bpainliyiaf tte natural causes of supply and demand. f) The wsig^s of th* women in the shirt-making industry ■axe I ^'miserable " and " increasingly falllBg." i A ■facfiory'Was established to determine -iwhetbier .the women coald live on the full wages paid byj the teanufactfirers, without the deduction of i the profits of the middleman. It was then found that they might bufifice for machinists, if clever, but not for " finishers," who could at most make only 5«. or 6s. (This statement does not apply to better class shirts, which acre made hy skilled hands aible to earn a living.) (") Outworkers' wages in the chain and nail trade are almost at" starvation point," and are further reduced by the action of " foggers '' and their use of the truck system.p) In the cutlery trade, wages are Stated lio be especially low whiere the outworking system prevails ; among the spring knife cutlers, the pocket, blade grinders, &c., and in the table-knife hafting trade, sweating "is prevalent and wages are very low.(^) M'th'©' tailoring trade, wages in the "regular line" have been improving, but among the sweaters they have been " gettin'g 'worse." This is due mainly to 'l^e severe competition among the sweaters them- selves, and the absence of any organisation among their workpeople. In London, wages in common tailoring work are " miserably small." Englishmen tjonld not live on the sweaters' wages, and even Jews can hardly make a living in good seasons. (^■') Finally, in the mihtary harness and accoutrements trade, w;ageB have been reduced considerably by the swbatiag ' 'System and the competition of female labour, p) The workers sufi'er as much in some industries from over-work as under-pay. In the tailoring trade in ( London, /the l^o^rs are exoessiye,. a^d tl^e sweaters, in some cases, exact from their men too much work in the hour. It was further stated that the "mischief of the sweating system. " in the waterproof trade (Manchester) is that the men work such "unreason- able hours," that in the bootmaking industry the hours were "' excessively long " in order that the workers might " earn a bare subsistence. "('^ The low wages in the shirt and cabinet trades are a ■ cause of immorality. Among English women (and not among Jewesses), the sweating system, as a whole, was stated to "lead to prostitution," partly in consequence of the insufiBcient sanitary accom- modation provided in sweaters' tvorkshops, (e.g., tailoringtrade in London and Glasgow, and fur trade,) and partly because men and women of different nationalities' ■ are employed- together 'f under un- healthy and demoralising' conditions. "('') Various witnesses urged that sanitary workshops " on humanitarian grounds " should be established at any risk. The workshops, in the boot trade, were in many cases said to be " deplorable," "unsanitary, overcrowded, anfl dirty j " some were small, under- ground rooms, lighted by gas and badly ventilated. In the tailoring trade (Londqu), the saiiitatipp of these domestic workshops' is stated^ to be "bad alnd dangerous to health." It causes consumption and heart disease, and ' impedes nutrition; the mortality from consumption is a quarter of the total deaths among London tailors. Further the sanitary con- ditions under which work is conducted are not only P) C. Booth, 333-9, 376-9. Solomon, 757( 703. Maple, 6978. C ) Wiilker, 31,490-501, 31,508-10, 31,619-30, 31,498, 31,535. White, 1339. (ra) Jnggns, 17,9**, 19,630. Priest, 19,313. Blunt, 17,94^. Hoare, 23,180-1. Price, 19,974-6. (") Davis, 25,325. Uttley, 24,783. Hukin^. 24,987. Cf. Wilson, 25,198, 26,324-6. (") GaUacher, 25,775-6. Pugh, 27,085, 27,101-2. Cf. Eosenberg, 27,543. Tinker, 27,666. Goodman, 27,689, 27,739; Quinn, 29,808, 29,835. Lyons 1816,3605. Wilchinski, 4055. J. Burnett, 17,341. Hawes,1470. BillinK 5048, 5060. ZeitUn, 8088-9, 8145-8. (») Wliite, 4662-3. Morrison, 4728. Dunn, 4809, 4813, 4816-7 4854. 4857. Smith, 4S02-3. Woodcock, 24,257, 24,373. Torahn, 24,144^-6. ('«) Davis, 35,280, 35,286, 23,311. White, 411-3, 427, 549, 1321-2 Platt- man, 2044. Wilchinski, 3966. Zeitlin, 8106, 8137-8. Frankenbure 31,465. Flatau, 10,169-70. . Wildman, 687, 591, 596-7, 601-2, 614. Hiraeh' 694-702. S. Baum, 1014, 1032. (") Walker, 31,499, 31,527. White, 483, 1321, 1.329, 2143. Lakeman 16,670, 16,675, 17,126-9. Wllchmski, 3990, 4042-4, 4047, 4069-60, 4064 4038-72, 4106. Billing, 7914-8. .MeLaughlin, 25,865. Lyons. 1788 18ni' 1882,3583. Levy, 2896. Felz,S6r6-7. .Davis, 6237-8. ' .11 IT injurious to the workerSTtbeiBiselyo?„(ii)Vi.titl(!) the public SwaATWft in the consequent ppread.^f infegtioup diseases. (J") V. Remedied (spoQESTED ipB, th;?,; Abolition oi Sweating. The remedies suggested may be grouped under the following heads : . ■ - ■ J-Jj^' M i A. Legislative. -'■ ' (1.) Direct.^' •• a. Sweating A"ct.(?») ' ' (2.) Indirect. a. Extension of factory system. (*") h. Improved sanitary, ar|Mjge;i;aent8 and additional inspection. (*") c. Registration of didiiliSsti'(J workshops. (8') ■ d.' Legal limitation of Mie tours Of labottt*. P') e. Compulsory apprentiiieship.^*') /. Immigration laws.(^) B. Frivate andr Garporatei Effort, j j '';;; .i ' a. The instruction ■ of apprentioeship and trade schools. (*°) '.I. . I I-:" .■- "' 6. Trade Union eiffortir. self shelpji. and combiaa- tion..(*'') ! . ■ i jju.'i ' :i ■ e. Co-operative prodiiotion.(!*)"^!,o i . j ^ d. Co-operation of employers and employed to , fix.therateof wages.r)'.. ,' ' ■■'■I'l' C; OtJief Mem^iesi ;,j|, i,!- < (• > i. The influena© of pnfflic ojiiiaibi]c;/ihlthe direction of:— . ■ • • • r, ..A I (z. Regalatingthefiuotu&tibnsin the^emand for goods. ('") ' ' 6. Boycotting " sweated " goods.COJ ' ■ ' ' Sweating is a certain system o£ cohtract in which " advantage is taken of 'unskilled and unttf^anised ■" labour." : . i. The evils which follow are, broadly speaking, low wages, long hours, and insanitary conditions of - work. ,,) Solomon, 816. Newman, 10,276, 10,380. Plafau, 10,048, 10,123-83. m 3. Burnett, 32,112, 32,117-20. m Oram, 32,320, 32,326-82. Lyons, 1885-8, 1890. Compton, 10,621. Hoffman, 1366. Miers, 4S69, and others. m Pamell, 2867, 3898-900, 2967-61, 3964, 2968, 2972. Deintje, 6032-42. M Lyons, 1835-6, 1866, 1902-3, 1909-14, 3669, 8744 . HoUington, 9472-5, 9579-80, 9834, 9629. ps) Leggatt, 28,930. E. Burnett, 30,553. (8«) Leggatt, 38,905-0. Craig, 9928, 10,020-1, 10,089. Lilley, 10,236. • ("J Hoare, 28i82ii 'Freak,, S4S8i-62. Pocock, 11.667. Miers, 4380, 4fi88-9. 4846. Hoffman, 1190, 1206, 1263. m Wilchinski, 4089-90. m Oraig, 9870-2, 9968. Lilley, 10,213-4. Miers, 4363-4. Hoffman, 1191, 1202, 1289. (*•) Shannon, 26,953-4. i Goodman, 27,794. (»SMptbh, 32,192. ') J. Burnett, 33,112, 83,117, 83,130. I Hoare, 38,024 I Wilchinski, 4085-6, 4089-92. , ) White, 411, 427, 508-11, 2148. Wildman, 648-60, 704-11, 716. Hoffman, 1237. Freak, 3468-63, 8469. Miers, 4268-9. Pocock, 11,566-7. Pamell, 394«; Waltharc, 4430. Broider, 44ffl-4. Billing, 6048. Lyons, 1880, 1953, 1986, 1990. (iK J°: i APPENDIX. — WHOLE COMMISSION. 171 SwHATiKs. It y,^g further suggested that both employers and em- ployed (or only employers) should combine to fix the rate of wages, without resort to legislation. If this were done, " greeners " would probably be " squeezed, out," because the full value of the wage wotld be demanded in labour." Some ftrrtis have already adopted this plan.('n) The majority of the remedies, however, definitely attacked the question of the over-supply of unskilled labour and the insanitary conditions under which the work is done. The niain remedies suggested were : — 1. The registration of domestic workshops. 2. The Sweating Act, the former attempting to reform the present systeni of small workshops, the latter temporarily abolishing home work, wherever the sweating system might be found to exist. 1. An Act provid.ing for the registration of domestic ;:7Yorkshop8 was approved by witnesses representing — ': . (i.) the chain and nail trades, ("') , -'. (ii.) the tailoring trade in — Scotland: — Edinburgh, Glasgow. (*) North of England : — Leeds, Liverpool, Manchester, Newcastle, SheflSeld.n Midlands : — Birmingham and Dudley-C™) ! -) (iii.) The waterproof trade in Manchester.("") DifiTerence of opinion existed as to whether " purely " family workshops " should be excepted from the provisions of the Act. The terms of the proposed Act were as follows : — The registration was to be compulsory and included all factories and workshops, including domestic work- .- flhops, unless only the man and wife are employed, --^without children. ('»2) The registration was toi be by the; locaL authority, the onus falling on the occupier. ("") The register should be sent to the Home Office and be open for inspection on payment of a certain fee. In return for this fee the occupier should receive an abstjr^ptpl^ i^e Act, in whi(jh shqa Id,, be inserted the registered nuinbei' and maximum niiinber of persons allowed in the workroom according to the measure- ment given by the occupier. ('") The penalty for non-registration within three months from the passing of the Act for that purpose, and afterwards within one month of occupation., to be a maximum fine of 51., or minimum fine of 10».('°*) It was stated that the " factory inspector is eluded " and unable to find the sweaters' dens ; therefore, ;!,■- I- ■ m Lilley, 10,195-9, 10,21»-4. Newman, 10,277. Miers, 4342, 4868-4. Craig, 9968, 9970-2. Hoffman, 1142-3, IllSB, 1172-6,1184-91, 1202,1257-8, 120e-8, 1216-7, 1285, 1289. Salomon, 11,341-2, 11,447, '11 ,474, 11,482, 11,488, 11,498. Pooook, 11,535. ^ ;, v... V") Juggins, 18,023. Eeay, 21,493. Hingley, 22,455, 22,465. Jjassano, 22,793. Hoare, 23,0f6, 23,151. <'8) McLean, 26,575. McLaughlin, 25,694-5. Russell-, 26,347. '■< > , W R. Burnett, 30,513. Goodman, 27,768-71. Allen, 2%gM-j7t,BiBli4 monds, 28,406. Quinn, 29,837. -Piatt, 31,048-4, Sl,126.'^t,air, 26,603, 2ft660, 26,663. Gall, 28,451-3: PreemanT 28,656-7. Leggatt, 28,846-52, 28,910. Whitehead, 28,968. Davis, 29,0B5. Thomson, 29,011-4, 29,019, 29,055. ") ' This system would ptartly deter foreign immigration. Definite legislation, however, was proposed : — That the iaihigration of foreign inefflcieut.laboiir should be, prevented by tbe State, by enacting that a man should " not be allowed to laird," unless he could " prove that he could get a living " ; the proof to be a certificate from his employer as to his ability to work or, the possession of capital. ("^ Finally, the pressure of work, in busy times forces the manufacturer to employ the sub-contractor;, it was stated that " greater forbearance and patience on the " part of customers, and the more even distiibution " of orders for work would check the growth of the " sweating system. "('") &EOFFSET DRA&B; '. -' / ' Secretary. :'" TTT \ , TI ',\-. ■• 7, (iM) HoCEman, 1098-102, IW White, 1323. Munro, 1371. Parnell, " — P. BajSi, 3129, 3134. Potter, 3305, 33S0, 3352-3, 3528-9. Simmons, ' fiolley7«?52; 8262, 8351-2. 'Iflikeman. 17,089, 17,152, 17,160-1. , 1234. P. Baum, 3073-4, Billing, 5082, 5166. Wallter, 31,513. i " ,.■.,( (108) Miers, 4230, 4237, 4248-50, 4261, 4274-8, 4308-14, 4316-23, 4343-9, 4301-2. ■ ,T ' ■•,,,■ !■,, ,,.,, , (M»)(Newman, 10,27ft-8D., Solomon, 816.. Platau, 10,048, 10,123-33. Lakeman, 16,603-22. .Elosenberg, 991. ("") Lyons, 1835-6, 1856, 1902-3,1909-14,3669, 3744. Craig. 9923, 10.020-1, 10,039. Lilley, 10,235. 'Leggatt, 28,906-9. ,' i. iT. ,' , ?." ; . (1") HoUington, 9472-5, a5?9-80, 9582-3 9624, 9629-34,. ( 1"), Lyons, 1835, 1^46. Leggatt, 28,929-30. R, Burnett, 30,653. (™)'Shannon,'28,!).?3-4: Goodman, 27,794.' ' ''•■' ■■ • , /. - ; ?,.!TS/- Y 2 172 ROYAL COMMISSION ON LABOUB : APPENDIX LXXXVI. Summary of " Pauperism, a Picture ; and the Endowment of Old Age, an Argument BY Mr. Charles Booth." TABLE OE CONTENTS. PART I. Page CHAPTBE I.— Paupekism at Siepney ; Area of unioa - ...... 173 Character of population ..>...- 173 Amount of relief given : (1) Out-relief - - - - - - - 173 (2) Inc-oor-relief - - - - - - - - 173 Number of persons relieved during 12 months .... 173 Causes of pauperism - - - -,- - -- 173 Estimated influence of various causes -.-.-. 173 CHAPTER II. — Stobies op Stepney Pauperism : Specimen case -"- - - - - -- 174 CHAPTER III. — Work of the Charity Organisation Society, cases assisted - - . - 174 Other charities ........ 174 CHAPTER IV.— Pauperism at St. Panchas : Area of union ........ 174 Extent of pauperism - - - - - - .-174 Amount of out.-relief given -.--.-. 175 Work of the Charity Organisation Society, case assisted - - - - 175 CHAPTER V. — Paupekism at Ashbt-de-la-Zouch : Area of union -- - . - . . - 175 Extent of pauperism --.-..-. 175 Relative proportions of pauperism in Stepney, St. Panoras, and Ashby - - 175 Causes of pauperism at Ashby ....... 175 Out-relief - - ...... 176; CHAPTER VI. — On the Enumeration of Paupees: Present method of enumeration - - - - - . . 175 Number relieved on one day must be multiplied by estimated percentage for- 12 months ........ 176 ■ Probable amount of estimated percentage ..... 176 Suggested method of making returns - - - - . - 176 CHAPTER VII.— Causes of Pauperism : Interaction of various causes, and extent to which each is operative . - 176 PART II. CHAPTER I On collective Action in dealing with the Causes op Paupekism: Reasons why old age pauperism requires special action . . . 177 CHAPTER II. — The Amount of Old Age Pauperism and its Chakactek: Amount on one day, as given by " Mr. Burt's Return "- . - . . 177 Estimated addition per cent, required ----.. 177 Proportion of paupers to total population ---... 178 ,, ,, over 65 to total population ... . 178 Number of pauper deaths - .... 178 CHAPTER III.~On good Administration as a Cuke: Beneficial results, but unreliable character of good administration - . - 178 CHAPTER IV. — On the Endowment of Old Age : Six proposed pension schemes discussed --.-.. 178 Estimated cost of universal pensions ----..• iT'g CHAPTER V. — On the abolition of Out-kelief: Pensions would supersede out-relief - . . . . , yvg Pensions of those in receipt of out-relief to be forfeited .... 179 Probable effects of pensions on — Work .--....__ 279 Wages - - - . . . . -inn Thrift - - . . . . . - - 179 Self-respect "■-----. 179 CHAPTER VI. — Objections to the general collective Endowment of Old A&b : Objections discussed and answered ----.. 179 Proposed scheme of taxation to raise the money required - - . . igo _ _ _ _ ^^^ ■ 180 Details of administration CHAPTER VII. — Summary op foregoing Arguments Forms suggested for Periodic Returns - - - . - . . . . ,181 APPENDIX. — WHOLE COMMISSION. 1T3 "PAUPERISM, A PICTURE; AND THE ENDOWMENT OP OLD AGE, AN ARGUMENT." PART I. PiXJPEEISM. Pauperism AND THE Ekdow- MBNTOP OiD Abe. Mr. Charles Booth, in his work on Pauperism and the Endowment of Old Age, has obtained his data from investigations inade in the parishes of Stepney and St. Pancras, and with these he has compared one country union, that of Ashby-de-la-Zouch. The first part of the book includes a description of pauperism in these .districts, questions as lo the true volume of pauperism, as to the method to be adopted in enumerat- ing paupers, andthe causes of pauperism. The second part of the book is devoted to an enumeration of the various schemes for the endowment of old age now before the public, to the arguments in support of one of these proposals, and some suggestions regarding its practicability. CHAPTEE I. PArPEKisM AT Stepney. The Stepney Union consists of the parishes of Limehouse. Shadwell, and Wapping, and the hamlet of Ratoliff. It has an area of 462 acres. Of these parishes, Limehouse is tlie most important, containing more than half the acreage and population of the union. The wharves and neighbouring docks are the chief sources of employment for the people. There is a large Irish colony in Eatcliff, the men usually working at the waterside, and the women at the lead or rope works. Many old houses have been pulled down during the last 20 years, and model dwellings have been erected on the sites thus left vacant. At the same time a continual efflux of the better class people has occurred, and the large hquses left empty have been converted into tenement dwellings or business premises. For poor law relief purposes the union is divided into two parts, Limehouse being apportioned to one relieving officer, and Ratcliff, Shadwell, and Wapping to another. The doctor attends daily at the relief office dispen- sary ; the workhouses and infirmary are in the parish of Bromley, about two miles distant. The policy of restricting out-relief was inaugurated in 1870, with the result that the number of out-door poor has been reduced from 7,602 in' 1869, the last year under the old system, to 177 in 1890. The institutions belonging to the union in which paupers live are as follows : — A. Poplar Workhouse (shared by Stepney) for the able-bodied. B. Bromley Workhouse for the infirm and aged, and any children not at school. 0. Sick asylum at Bromley (shared by Poplar). D. District schools at Sutton in Surrey. Roman Catholic children are sent to various schools belonging to that community, and the lunatics to various asylums. There are also a very limited number of out-pen- sioners, and a great deal of medical out-relief. The numbers receiving relief on 30th April 1889, were as follows : — - 6.31 - 504 ( - 155 ^Indoor - - 1,163 - 213 - 238 - 171 - 137 - 8. Able-bodied Infirm, aged, &o. Sick School children Lunatics Pensioners Medical relief Other relief Outdoor "1 ■(1st Jan. 1889'- / 162 Total 1,325 It is usual to consider all those as paupers who have received any form of relief under the poor law within 12 months, except that those who have received medical relief only are not thereby disqualified as voters. . Counted in this way, going back 12 months, the fol- lowing table gives the numbers of fresh admissions to each institution separately, and finally yields the total number of persons living on 30th April 1889, who had received relief during the preceding 12 months. Stepney. Ntjmbee of Indooe Poob relieved oJuring 12 months ending April 30th, 1889. FAtJFBKIBIC ASS THB Bndow- MElfT 01 Old Asb. °x 09 it ^1 u lis i f!i IZ! tH ^ Poplar S3 246 464 299 Bromley 604 244 48 748 Sick Asylum 165 400 268 665 District and other schools ^_ _213 90 42 303 Lunatic asylums • 238 22 9 260 1.163 1,002 86 2,166 • 130 deaths. Number of Outdook Poor relieved during 12 months ending Lady Day, 1389. 43 ■s «: " "% • S nns' Ci sc» 55 g ■E 4 1- ? s 1 Pensiciiiers 17 — — 17 Other out-relief 8 8 100 16 Medical aid 137 900 657 1,037 162 908 560 1.070 76 funerals were paid for. The following are the principal causes of pauperism : — Causes of Crime. Vice. Drink. Laziness. Pauper association. Heredity. Mental disease. Temper. Incapacity. Early marriage. Large family. Extravagance. Lack of work. Trade misfortune. Restlessness. No relations. Death of husband. Desertion. Death of father or mother. Sickness. Accident. Ill luck. Old age. pauperism- InSOout of 634 cases investigated, drink stands as a principal cause, whilst as contributory it appears in 85 more, chiefly in connesdon with sickness and old age as principal cause. Altogether, only 25 per cent, are returned ■ as afiiected by drint. Pauper association and heredity, while only accounting as principal cause for 7 cases, appear as contributory in no less than 106 cases. Incapacity and lack of work together account for 52 cases, or 8 per cent, of the whole, and accidents, 30 cases more. Sickness accounts as principal cause T S 174 ROYAL COMMISSION ON LABOUR t Paupbeism for 169 cases, and old age for 208, whilst the latter B?dSw^ contributes in 107 other oases. XBVI OF Oi-bAoe. chapter II. Case of Sanrnel Milton. Work ol the Chariiy Organisation Society. Case of Joseph Keppel. Stokies or Stepney Pauperism. Samuel Milton, a married man, was bom in 1838. His -wife was born in 1840, and they have eight children, who, in 1889, were from 9 to 17 years of age. The wife has a brother married and^-livJag at some distance, and the man a sister, also married, living in an adjoining parish, who has herself nine ohildrteUi Milton is a pattern maker. In October 1880 the wife applied for medicines, and said her husband had only done two months' work in the past two years. In December 1884 the man was admitted to Poplar workhouse. His family had taken advantage of his temporary absence to get away from him, and he did not know where they were gone. He acknowledged that he had lost work through drink, and independent testimony dubs him "a confirmed drunkard;" He has been in and out of the workhouse ever since. 1,194 similar stories are given. CHAPTEE III. Chakity at Stepney. I The Charity Organisation Society. There has been a very close co-operation between the guardians and the Charity Organisation Society, with whom many of the district clergy have also made common cause. Without this it would not have been possible to abolish out-relief. In January and June 1890, the applications made to the Stepney Charity Organisation Society Committee were as stated below : — Natureof Application. Number of Applicants. Belief granted. January. June, January. June. Letter for hospital or eonva- lesoent home. , i 3 14 2 11 Surgical appliance 1 2 1 1 Help during illness - 22 3 . U 2 Help, out of work i 2 2 - Pension 7 S 1 1 Loan _ i - 2 .. 2 1 1 Temporary aid, &c. 2 6 2 3 Letter of reoommcrdation - 1 i 1 - Employment - 1 - 1 42 36 24 20 Not assisted - - 18 13 Applications withdrawn - - - 3 - - 42 36 The greater part of the funds disbursed by the committee goes in pensions. There were 70 .pejisioners on the books in January (9 men and 61 women) and 68 in June (8 men and 60 women), the amoujit paid weekly being between 13Z. and 141., or nearly 4s. a head on the average. The Tower Hamlets Pension Fund contributes 6^ a 'week to this. '' With temporary cases, the Society for the Ee^ef of Distress assists to a considerable extent. The following is one of the cases in whith temporary help was given in 1890 :— Joseph Keppel was a carman, aged 45, and had been obliged to give up 'a regula*- place six months before owing to illness. He received 14s. a week from the " Foresters," but it was not enough to keep the family, sq he had had to pawn, his things^ He had a wifc! and four children, the eldest not 14^ Keppel had been 10 years in the^Army, discharged ia 1867., and has a good character. "The hoine^is reported clean. and furniture sufficient. Tb,^ commjitee allowed him 5«. a week for seven weeks, and sent him to a convalescent home. Ijat'er on som^ glfrthes were redeemed from pawn and other temporary nelp giv^n.,^ Snbsequently he got better, and f ou!a,d ,y orl^ ais^ a casual hand ^ at a wharf. Finally he ipbt^ined a situa|ion as 'bus ^vfir, and the committee .paid for his license and, provided him with a driving cape. They also paid^ towards expenses of removal to the district in which he has to Paupjsebh live for bis work. f^^H^ MENT OP In the following case a pension was given : — Oid Ase. Miss Spink has always had bad health. She was a j, — dressmaker, but had to give it up more than 20 years Miss Spink, ago. She is now 70 years old. At one ,time she had as much as IhOl. in the bank ; since giving up dress- making, she had done plain needlework, but was growing less able to do it. She suffers from a tumour on her left arm. Her employers speak well of her. Her room is clean and comfortable. A pension of < 4s. 6d. was granted, but reduced to 3». 6d. as other I help was forthcoming. Parochial Gha/rity. A considerable amount of relief is given by the Other , various churches and missions which is usually of a "'""'itios. temporary character — firing, nourishment during or after' ilhiess, or the services of a nurse. Money is seldom given, orders for goods on a local tradesiian being employed. At. St. Anne's, Lirttehoilse, there is a relief com- mittee, and a record of all cases is kept, from which particulars have been obtained of the cases relie'ved during one year from May 1888 to April 1889. " 95 new applications were made. Of these applicants, 62 were married, 27 widowed, and 6 single people. The causes of distress are various, but' si-ckness, or want of work, or a combination of these prevail. Relief takes various forijis-r-Biilk, meat, and small allowances or loans being the most frequent. At St. James's, Ratclifi',, oases, of sickness are generally relieved; tickets for miilk, meat, and groceries being distribuited. In winter, childreai's dinners are provided, and coal given. -d ■ In St. Paul's parish. Bow Common, a trained! nurse is employed , and all cases of sickness visited<; and relieved, if necessary. At St. Peter's Mission, Limehouse, 274 persons were relieved during ]2 months, the number per month Varying from 37 in December to 10 in August. ,The expenditure was about 40Z. Besides the relief given in connexion with the Church of England, there- is a considerable amount giren by the dissenting bodies, of which the most active i-epresentative is the Wesjeyan East End Mission. ' " Finally, in i Stepney are the headquarters of ■Dr. Bamardo's institution, with which maybe inoladed the East End Medical Mifisioni ', .,- , . ,,C:^PTEB IJ. ;- ,.:",, Si. ,Pancb.as., The patish of St. Pan eras is divided into eight wards. Area of and covers a space of '&i672 acres. The population was Union. 236,208 in 1'881, ' apd ' the first countihg of the 1891 , census giv6s 234,437. The care of the poor under the guardians is under nine relieving ofScers, the largest ward, with nearly half the acreag'e, 252,000 inhabitants, being shared by two men, and the other wards having each its ofiBcer. Out-relief is given, though not Bo freely as it used to be, haying been reduced from- 32,600Z. in 1872 to 6,666Z. in 1890.'' Indoo'r'cases kie provided' for in several district institutions. The time of investigation was December 1889, and Extent ot the number in receipt Of indoor relief for the week P»"P^'™- ending 21st December waS 4,908. 916 faifailies, consisting"of 1,713 indivMuals and 92 wayfarers, received outdoor relief. At St. Pancras, to those in receipt of relief on 1st J antiary 1890, the names 'have been added of all others who received relief during any part of 1890, By noting down in alphabetical order the name and age of every person to whom relief was granted in each institution, and then striking off all^ ^except the first entry' of anyindividual: " Several pei'sons appear and re-appear more than 30 times, and in one case the record extends to 48 entries ; in all, there are 4,000 re-admissions. The numbers that must be added to the total at the end of December 1891, to coter the pauperism, of a whole year, are as follows : — On 1st Jan. 1890. 8,057 Gross No. to Add. 7,316 Net No. to Add. Total for 12 Mths. 4,490 , The deaths -yyl^oh occurred during the 12 months reduce the numbers by 841, so that the total number A.PPENDIX,r— *WHOLE COMMISSION, 176 PilfPEBIBM: Old A^e. Work of the Charii^ Organisation Society. Area of Union, Extent of pauperism. ofi persons living on 'Slst December who. had obtained relief during the lU months was 8,716, or 3,649 more than were counted on 1st January, being an addition of 70 per cent, for the year as compared to the numbers counted on one day. Of the total number of permanent paupers relieved during the year, the previous history of 336 is to some extent known, as is also that of 642 pauper^who may be classed as " current " or " ins and outs." 17 per cent, of the permanent pauperism was caused by drink, 19 per cent, by sickness, and 38 per cent, by old age ; among the current cases, drink accounted for 21 per cent. , sickness for 24 per cent., and old age for 18 per cent. ; 43 per cent, of " in and out " oases were caused by drink. In making any comparison with the Stepney figures it must be remembered that, while the information about Stepney covers the infirm iyid sick as well as the able-bodied, the St. Pancras figures are only for the workhouse itself, and omit 1,000 of the older cases, about whom no information could be gathered. For "Ward VI., the poorest in the parish, the following particulars are given with regard to out-relief. Relief was given in December 1889 to 143 permanent and 66 temporary cases, and the whole number relieved for the year ending October 1890 was 165 permanent, and 456 temporary cases. The cost of the permanent relief for six months ending March 1890 was 6231., or (assuming a similar am.ount for the second half year) 71. 6g. 4,d. per case per annum on the average. The cost of temporary relief for the whole year was 2011., or an average of 8s. lOd. a head. Of the 143 permia- nent oases the average age of those over 65 was 75'2 ; they were all of: good character. Of the 11 under 55, nine were blind, crippled, deformed, or epileptic, one had a husband in the lunatic asylum, and one was a widow with children. Of the 66 temporary oases assisted in December 1889, half were reported on favourably. Want of work was the ostensible ground for relief in nearly every case, but drink was reported as the principal cause in 21 cases, or one-third of the whole. Obganised Ohaeitt at Si. Pancjbas. In December 1889 there were 39 persons receiving a weekly pension from the Charity Organisation Society in St. Pancras. The assistance given to temporary cases frequently takes the form of outfits for service, surgical instruments, letters for hospitals and conva- lescent treatment, which is always for three weeks at least. One case will serve as an illustration. H — G- — , aged 63, a bookbinder, who had lived at the same place for 20 yeai-s, applied in December 1889, saying that he found it difficult, to get work on account of his age. He belonged to the Bookbinders' Society, but 'was in arrears. Sis wife was 60 years of age, liable to fits, and unable to earn anything. One son and two daughters were married ; one daughter, aged 22, with spinal disease, lived at home, and could earn nothing. He was highly spoken of by all his employers. Charity Organisation paid club arrears, and gave If. to be ad- ministered for his benefit. When visited again, three months after, he had obtained work, which seemed likely to continue. Temporary or less serious cases of distress are usually dealt with by the clergy. CHAPTER V. Patjpbbism at Ashbt-de-la-Zouch. The Ashby-de-la-Zouch Union consists of 27 parishes, covering 53,000 acres, and contains a population of about 36„000. It is partly agricultural and partly mining in the , character of its industry. The work- house has a large amount of room to spare, and of those it acoQUipiodalies so few are able-bodied that there are hardly enough , of them to do the necessary work of the house. The number of pauper inmates on the 1st January 1889 was 122, or only about 11 in, 300 of the population. On the other hand, out-relief is very freely given,, no less lihan 638 persons, or 1 in 57 of the popu- lation, being on the list for 1st January 1889, and, of . these the greater part were permanent paupers. The 'proportions of pauperism and population at Ashby may be compared with those found at Stepney and St. Pancras. Paupers (exolwiing • the insane: < and vagrants) on Pi,cp»BiBii January 1st, 1891.— .,-v ^TdS^' MEN! 01 OlD AOB. , , Indoor. Outdoor. Combiped. Parish. Popula- tion. No, Per Cent, of Popu- lation. — I No. iPerCBnt. r of Popu- lation. No. Per Cent, of Popu- lation. Stepney - 67,699 878 1'52 188 0-24 1,018 1-76 StcPancra-s 234,487 3,626 .1-60 - 2,142 0-91. 6,667 a-41 Ashby - 36,368 113 O'Sl 660 1-64 678 1'85 The total number of persons receiving relief in any form during 1889 was — indooi^ 224; outdoor, 916; lunatics, 49;, total, 1,189; showing an addition to the count on one day of 84 per cent, indoor, and of 62 per cent, outdoor ; together, of 66 per cent. , . ^ Causes of Paupebism at Ashby. During December 1889 125 persons were relieved indoors, of whom ^2 were men, 36 women, and 37 children. Of the men 14 had been brought into the workhouse by drink, and 12 by old age ; drink only accounted for two cases among the women, but im- morality had caused 11, and mental derangement 10 cases. Of the children, 11 were illegitimate, 7 had criminal fathers, and 6 were orphans., ,. Permission to leave the workhouse without discharge Bischarges. is given at Ashby for longer periods than , in; London, doubtless because it is here less likely to be abused, and because friends live at a greater distance. The result is, that none of the inmates are entetred as dis- charging themselves, and re-entering repeatedly every month. Three discharges in the year is the highest average. There is a most decided aversion to entering the workhouse throughout this union ; but apparently no reluctance to accept out-relief, of which a good deal is given, though in small sums. At Ashby there were 338 "cases " of out-reUef on Out-roliel. the list in December 1889, consisting in , all of 602 individuals, who may be classed as Old people, over 65 - - . - 212"| Widows with more than one child - .43 1-3S8 Special cases - - - - 83 J For the special cases the following explanation is given : — Male. Female. Petmanent disablement Temporary - 1 Mental derangement - Temporary vant of employment Orphans . , . , , 26 9 2 24 4 11 1 3 40 43 Medical advice,, and medicine aire, not included .jn this analysis. Attempts to classify the recipients of out-relief with regard to character were found to be futile. The maximum weekly allowance given to one person is 28. 6d. No inquiries are made as. to the amount given to' the pauper by charitable persons, " as that would paralyse the hand of mercy." CHAPTER VI. On the Enumekation of PaupebsI The first question' to be decided is as to the total volume of existing pauperism, defined as the number who obtain relief during a year, compared to those in receipt of relief on any one day. The Local Government Board at the present time p . * bases its returns on the number of those in receipt of method of relief at any one time. It has been usual to say that euumera- the pauperism of the day must be multiplied three or *"'°' three-and-a-half times to give the pauperism of the year. This multiplier has been generally employed by writers on the subject, on the authority of Mr. Dudley Baxter, who obtained the figures from which this ratio is deduced from Mr. Purdy, of the Statistical Department of the Local , G-overnment Board, the retnrn applying to 1857,; and being, Mr. Baxter says, the only one of the kind ever made. The full figures given by Mr. Baxter are as follow :-- Paupers, indoor and outdoor, relieved during the half-year ending Mi- chaelmas 1856 - - - 1,845,782 Paupers, indoor and outdoor, relieved only on 1st July - - - 796,102 T 4 176 ROYAL COMMISSION-ON LABOUR: Pauperism AITD THE Endow- MEKT OF Old Aqe. Mr.J.E. HoUoud's Return. 1,934,286 800,000 addition, and the Baxter's may be Paupers, indoor and outdoor, relieyed during half-year ending Lady Day 1857 .... Paupers, indoor and outdoor, relieved only on Ist January, estimated Mr. Baxter adds together the two half-years' totals, and from the result (3,780,068), deducts a number (800,000) to represent those in receipt of relief on Michaelmas Day, 1856, who may be supposed to be carried forward and repeated in the second half-year's total. The total number then appears as 2,980,000, or fully three-and-a-half times 800,000. This calculation would be true if the first half-year's total included no duplicate entries of the same pauper, and, further, if no paupers received relief in the second half-year who had been relieved in the previous six months, but who were not amongst those in receipt of relief on Michaelmas Day ; neither supposition is tenable. It is probable that this calculation was an exaggera- tion 35 years ago, and would be still more so now. This probability is borne out by the evidence of a parliamentary return made in 1881 at the instance of Mr. J. R. Hollond, then member for Brighton. This return gives the " number of persons relieved as paupers (exclusive of vagrants) during the half-year ended with Lady Day 1881 in each union county of England, and may be compared with the return of the number in receipt of relief on the 1st January in that year. The comparison shows a total of 1,291,424 for the six months, against 803,803 on the single day, or an addition to the number on one day of 61 per cent. The difference between the 61 per cent, according to Mr. Hollond 's return of 1881 134 per cent., according to Mr. Dudley version of Mr. Purdy's figures in 1857, accounted for in three ways : — (1.) Error in the earlier count. (2.) Difference in the time of year chosen for the " one day " return. (3.) Changes in the character of pauperism since 1857. With regard to (2) it must be noticed that Mr. Hol- lond's figures are compared with the 1st January, while Mr. D. Baxter's are compared with those on the 1st July. The difference between the numbers in January and in July is about 10 per cent. Allowing for this difference, if the 1st July is taken as the starting point, the addition is 79, instead of 61 per cent. The difference is, nevertheless, so great between 61 per cent, (or 79 per cent.) and 134 per cent., that a return to cover the 12 months ending Lady Day 1892 has been made by the Local Grovernment Board. Mean- while Mr. Hollond's return represents the latest and best official evidence on the subject. But both these percentages refer to a six months' count, and give no positive information as to the numbers for a whole year. Something must be added, and just as a good deal depends upon what day is chosen in arriving at the percentage of increase for six months, so the addition to be made for the second half-year will depend much on which six months have been counted first. At Stepney, starting with those in receipt of relief at the end of April, and working backwards, an addition of 130 per cent, must be added to reach the six months' total for the winter half-year ending on Lady Day, and to the six months' total 29 per cent, must be added to giv3 the year's total. At Ipswich, comparing those relieved on 1st January with the whole number relieved (also during the winter half-year) the addition is found to be 92 per cent., and to the six months' total 40 per cent, roust be added to give that for 12 months. The number of paupers for six months and 12 months compared, are as follows : — A similar rate of progress applied to Mr. Hollond's ^^™» figures, would give the number of paupers for all endow? England, as follows : — .SS?^"'' ° . Oto AGS. Counted for th'^wTrftl'sw One Day. ^^^^hr" Counted for Twelve Months. Stepney 1,087 (1st May). 895 (1st January). 2,530 or 130 per cent. additional. 1,723 or 92 per cent. additional. 3,259 or 200 per cent. a^lditional. • 2,406 or 169 per cent. additional Average, 112 i)er cent. Average, 185 per cent. Counted on One Bay. 740,172 (1st Junuai*y). Counted for Six JVlontlis. •1,224,693 or esi per cent. additional. Counted for Twelve Months. 1,589,567 or 108 per cent. additional. * Lunatics deducted. Mr. Hollond's returns probably include the dead as Estimated well as the living, his figures may therefore be cor- Percentage, rected by assuming a death-rate of 6 per cent, which is that actually prevailing in the unions examined. Taking this into account, the estimated figures here given for all England* point to a probable addition of more than 100 per cent, on the indoor, and rather less than 100 per cent on the outdoor, or on the average of about 100 per cent, all round. Mr. Booth suggests that the weekly and half-yearly returns of pauperism should be arranged so as to provide the requisite information in a systematic and continuous manner. He suggests that the statistics should take the form of a running account, from month to month, showing the number in receipt of each kind of relief on the first of every month, with the particulars of those who applied for and obtained relief during the month, these being divided into {a) those who had, and (6) those who had not been in receipt of any form of rehef during the 12 months preceding their application. This return would need to be supplemented by a half-yearly return, which would show in a similar manner the movement for the half-year, and the total number of paupers who had at any time within 12 months sought and obtained relief. For specimen tables, see pp. and The enumeration here attempted has been based so far on an annual view of pauperism, but for some purposes it is necessary to go beyond any such rule. The Stepney stories bring out clearly the extent to which some, who are very much pauperised in their character and surroundings, may go without relief for several years together, and the same stories show how with old. age there is a gradual settling down into permanent pauperism. If the count weie made on a two years' bSisis, a good many more would be found to have had parish relief than the 12 months disclose. CHAPTER VII. TiJE Causes of Pauperism. It is easy to exaggerate any one cause of pauperism at the expense of the rest. Vice, drink, and laziness, themselves closely bound together, fill a great place in connexion with sickness and labk of work ; or it may be shown how sickness and lack of work, and the consequent want of proper food, end in demoralisation of all kinds, and especially in drink. Criminal conduct is not a first cause of pauperism Crime, of any moment, as regards the criminal himself. Criminals are usually men of energy, who can, and do, make their own living. Crime of a brutal type is, however, commonly accompanied by heavy drinking, - and it will be found that with those of this class, who ask for relief, drink stands as the leading cause, at any rate, for the criminal himself. The consequences of immorality are much more Vice and evident in the lives'of women than of men. The direct '"""""'•''^ cause pf poverty is in such cases obvious, but indirect causes may be found in other directions, drink, for instance, heredity or evil associates. A man loses his work in consequence of drink, falls Drink, into irregular work, and finally in destitution applies for relief. Drink is apparently the cause of distress, but if a fellow -workman, who also drinks, does not lose his place, how does the argument stand P Evidently the man's value as a workman was really the active cause. Some men never work when it can be avoided, I/aziness. others are unwilling to work reguliarly. The irregu- larity of waterside work {e.g., at Stepney) reacts on the character of the men who do it, and on their circum- stances. Laziness of this type is an important cause of poverty, some of those who ask aid from lack of work belong to this category. The condition of things which so surrounds people am&ob that they can hardly avoid falling into, or remaining and here- dity. Ai>PElfrdX.^^WHOLE OOMMISSiON'. 1177 Pauperism AHD THE Endow- ment OP Old Age. iix the! ranks' of pauperism, ptows' itself very ';{)la'inly in some of the stories wkioli have been tB4isq occupies a raid^le place. It is not inevitable in the sense that old age and (Jjeath are inevitable, and it is,Jike crime or folly, capable of . indefinite, extension if unwisely treated. It is generally thought best, to leave it to the collective action of - trades unions. When death is mentioned, it is to the widows and ojfphans who remain that reference is made. In the case,of widows, children are generally taken ijqito the parish schools or boarded ou,tl.. This plan may.ib?, less. hairmful than the giving ofiiQutirelief, but it jsj a choice of evils tending either way to the encoBragement of recklessness and the perpetuation of pauperism. Sj . i Sickness is riot inevitable in quite the same sense as old 'age and death, and when it comes, more or less may be made of it. It istbis fact, cillminating in what is called " malingering," which not only renders State action for the relief and support of the sick unmanage- able, but makes it desirable that the societies which undertake its collective care: should be small afid strictly localised. But while sickness may be cured, and the effects of death soon pass away, age lingers and becomes inore helpless year by year. This ip why old age exercises so fatal an influence on pauperism, apd justifies the question whether collective action cannot deal with the needs of old age in same .better way than under the poor law. i 78448. 'OHAttSElI.'-' '■ " On ! THE Amottnt of Old' Age Paupebism and its I Ohakacter. Pawpbmbm AKDTHE ESDOW- MEHT OE OlD Aq-e. Up to a year ago there were no particulars whatfivpi- in existence as to the amount of old age pauperism. We now rely almost exclusively on what is knb*n'as " Mr. Burt's return," which gives the number of old Mr. Burt's people* excluding l^inatics and vagrants, in receipt of ^*'"»''' relief on the 1st of August 1890, |as follows : — :,'! ^ Indppr. ^1 , \ if, , Outdoor. ^., ,^ Ages. M. P. Total. M. F. Total. 80 4,949 4,803 9,752 12,456 22,652 36,108 76-80 : 7,086 5,298 12,384' 16,474 33,021 48l4fi6 70-76 - 9,963 6,866 16,809 . 17,633 43,266 60i89B' 66-70 ' 9,468 31,466 6,339 15,807 10,667 35,866 46,438 Total over 66 - 23,296 54,762 57,130 133,805 190,935 60-66 - 8,018 6,364 13,372 6,959 21,849 27,808 Totaaover:60 - 39,474 28,660 68,124 63,089 155,6Ei4 218,743 ' CombinectTotal. .1 Ages. M. J'- Total. '.'■)''■ 80 ... 7H0 -'\ 70-75 - - - 66-70 . - - - 17,406 23,560 27,686 20,0?5 27,465 , 37,319 50,122 42,205 44,860.. '60,879 75;.708 62,240 Total over 65 - • - - 60-65 88,586 13,977 ■ 167,101 27,203 , 245,687 41,180 Total over 60 102,663 .- m,.S04 286,867 It is to be noted that the women are very much more numerous than the men, -being on the whole as 176 to 100 over 65, and 19&.to 100 from 60 to 65. :?u1;' it is among the outdoor only that the excess occurs, as indoors the men predominate. The greater proportion of women below ^5 seems to indicate,ithat it is not till considerably later in life than with women that, old age renders it necessary., for men to obtain parish relief.. Some possible doubt exists as to the eorreetness of this return, because of the tendency to exaggerate age. On the other hand, in the beginning of Augtist. the tide of movable pauperism is nearly at low- water m.ark, and 1890 was a year of general prosperity. It has been s]jLpw:n that for pauperism of all ages, excluding lunatics, it is prolJEiiMy uBcessary to double the number relieved on one day to arrive at t^e toW number relieved in one year. But as people grow .oIEe'F''tHe3"/feteeome.fm.ore settled in their habits ; and'ai''laigei"and! ij.rgfei'prbpor- tion of thosfe 'who' occasionally accept' relief either enter the house to stay there, or receive "out-relief . id a permanent f or m . The dediiotiOn for deaths also; ohiefly affects the, old. 'The result is that instead of dodfeling the numbdr on one day it ie 'enough to add ftomSO to ■ 50 per cent. This" rate is ba^ed' oh 'Iftie results. of an actual enumeration made in' tS^e' five Unions of Stepney, Paddington, IpswichJ BrsldfieM, and Bartbn-upon- ■ (n •)ill . According. to the ap^;u?J, per-c^rj-t^ei^.^t'^ the diff^'rb'nt age? shown by counl; ^.t Stepney;, ft.iiay be perhaps assuniedthat thB tglal .ad^jiipjj,.,f(f AV P^i; .cenfj.. , would b6 allotte^.as un4pr..to,jj]^e different ages :— _' ''tjnde'r'ie' ■■■.'.■'f^'^ rIndoora86 ; 16to60JoP-Sl0' L per cent. . ■60 to 65 ' ' - Over -65 ■; ■'4'6iier'cent. 305 per cent. Ky^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ■ 60 pgr'cent. - 40 per cent. These per-Cehtages, ap|lliea to the fisruree Of pau- perism on one day, give the following result : — 178 ROYAL COMMISSION ON LABOTJB : P1.T7IKBI8M JlSTDTES M EMT uP (Jlo Ase. A Ybab's Paupbeism, 1890-91. Pauper deatns. Reduction of out-relief. — Under 18. 16-80. 146,358 306 per cent. 446,438 60-66. Over 86. Total. Ku. o{ paupers on 1st July 1-90. Estimated additions for 12 months. 225,327 40 per cent. 90,130 41,180 60 per cent. 24,709 245,887 40 per cent. 98,276 668,652 100 per cent. 658,552 Total 316,457 591,796 65,869 343,962 1,317,104 If this table may be taken to represent the facts, it may then be shown what proportion of the population at each age are to be accounted panpers. Population. Paupers. Ratio to Population. Under 16 16-^ - - 60-86 - Over 66 11,144,021 16,722,273 812,028 1,322,896 316,457 591,796 65,889 343,962 2'8 per cent. 3-8 „ „ 8-1 „ 26"9 „ „ Total 29,001,018 1,317,104 4'5 per cent. It is not possible to distinguish between the direct and indirect influence of old age on pauperism, for age aggravates all the other causes ; but directly or in- directly the effect of old age on pauperism is m^easured by the increase in percentage. As the rate rises with age, it follows that the proportion of pauper deaths will be higher still. Canon Blaokley found, by an iadependent inquiry in 26 country parishes, that no less than 42 per cent, of the old who died had had relief during the closing years of their lives. It is improbable that the average all over the country would be so high, bat 30 per cent, would not be an improbable estimate. CHAPTER III. On GrooD Administbatxon as a Cube. It is often asserted that pauperism is manufactured by bad administration of the law, and especially by the unchecked giving of out-relief, and that good administration will gradually but surely suppress it. The facts relied upon to prove the good effect of careful administration are specific as regards two particular country unions — Bradfleld, in Berkshire, and Brixworth, in Northamptonshire. A.t Bradfield, in 1871, the number of outdoor paupers was 999, and of indoor 258 ; in 1891 the numbers were respectively 26 and 110. At the same time the population had in- creased from 15,853 to 18,017, so that the number of paupers, from being one in 13, fell to one in 132, and the rates from 13«. 8d. to 2s. 3d. per head of the population in the IZ. on the rateable value. At Brixworth, in 1871, there were 1,101 outdoor and 104 indoor paupers, whereas in 1891 there were only 35 out and 93 indoor. The proportion of paupers to population fell from one in 11 to one in 104, and the rates from 8«. 4:id. to Is. 7jo!. per head of the population. These results were obtained in both unions by the gradual denial of out-relief, while strict administration of the law went hand in hand with carefully organised charity, and with the fostering of every agency likely to raise the standard of independent life among the people. But unions such as these are rare, and the advance made by them is unstable, as it depends too much on the character and abilities of the administrator. If poor relief is to be reduced everywhere to the scale granted at Bradfield and Brixworth, it can only be done By first simplifying the problem with which the guardians have to deal, and by then putting some pressure on them in the required direction. Both simplification and pressure may be found in the en- dowment of old ago, and the result should be the entire abolition of out-relief within measureable time. CHAPTER IV. On thb Bvdowment op Old Age. A number of pension schemes are now before the public. These are : — (1.) The purely voluntary, as suggested by Mr. Fat- kin, of Leeds ; Providence (2.) Voluntary, aided by employers, suggested by Padpbsmm Mr. Vallance, of Whitechapel ; ^^J^ (3.) Voluntary, aided by the State (Mr. Chamberlain . mesi oi and the National Providence League) ; OidAoj. (4.) Compulsory (Canon Blackley's original scheme) ; (5.) Compulsory, with a bounty from the State expected to follow on the adoption of (3) j (6.) Free, defrayed by taxation (Poor Law Reform Association). Canon Blackley's original scheme was to collect from 9^°^ every young person between the ages of 18 and 21 a ^heme?''' sum sufficient to provide a pension after the age of 65. He has since admitted the advisability of accepting State aid, in order to reduce the sum required, on the ground that there in a general, as well as individual interest, and in order to make the proposal more acceptable to the working classes. Finally, in order to work with others, he has aban- doned the general and compulsory character of the scheme, and is ready to accept any system of voluntary State-aided thrift. Thus, his proposals may be con- sidered as merged in those of the National Providence League. The main suggestion is that everyone shall be National encouraged to provide for their old age a pension of 61. 10s. per annum by the promise that then an equal sum shall be added by the State (out of Imperial and local taxation jointly), so as to secure in all 131. (or 5s. a week) to each old person. The great objection to the proposal is, that it might not, to any extent, reach the classes who now come on the rates in their old age. Again, it is not clear whether the league expects the State to provide at once for the supplementary pensions which would be provided under this scheme. This liability, as it seems, would have to be met as it arose, but the present generation cannot afford to bear its own burdens and those of the generation to follow. But under any voluntary scheme it is impossible to know to what extent, if at all, future burdens would be lightened, for the comparatively well-to-do would be the most sure to avail themselves of cheapened thrift, and little good would be obtained if the poor still came on the rates. If now the scheme is made compulsory, and every Same young person is compelled to provide him or herself, ^o^f^^ before 21, with an annuity of 61. 10s. at 65, and if to Soi^T' this the State promises to add a further sum of 61. 10s., the bargain, on behalf of the future, might be a good one for the State. But, even so, not for more than 40 years would the results of such a scheme begin to operate. If anything is undertaken for the future, something must also be done for those still in active life, but beyond the scope of any scheme of early thrift. The details of Mr. Chamberlain's scheme are as Mr. Cham- follows : — berlain's » To the account of every man who, when he is 25, shall have paid 5Z. into the pension fund, there will be added from State funds the sum of 151. This account must then be supplemented by a payment of n. each year for 40 years. These payments must at no time be more ithan 61. in arrear, or all claim to benefit will be lost. All arrears must be paid up, together with 5 per cent, per annum interest before benefit can be claimed. The whole fund and its accumulations will entitle depositors to receive : — (1.) If they live to 65, a pension of 5s. a week for their remaining years : (2.) If they die before 65— (as) 5s. a week for the widow for 26 weeks ; (5) 2s. a week for each child till 12 years old (but not to exceed 12g. in all for the first 26 weeks, and 8g. a week afterwards) ; (c) if neither widow nor children are left, the original 51. to be returned to the de- positor's representatives at his death. It is evident that this proposal, if universally ac- cepted, would provide a complete pension system ■ it would not have this effect for 40 years, and, in order to bridge the interval, it is proposed that the State should assist all over the age of 26 at the time of the passmgof the proposed Act, who have already secured, or shall, within three years (being then under 50) secure a deferred annuity. The annuitant must have procured a pension of not less than 61. 10«. a year, and pay in a sum (according to age) of from 41. to lOZ., and the State will then double the amount of the annuity. scheme. APPENDIX. — ^WHOLE COMMISSION. 179 PAUPEBISlt ANDTHB BlTDOW- MBNTOB 0M> Aaa. Mr.Fatkin' scheme. Mr. Val- laiice's scheme. Universal pensions. I'orfeited ptJnsions. Uo proposal is made for dealing with, the oases of men over 50. The foregoing proposals refer to men only ; those for women are on a lower scale. Every woman under 26 is to deposit 30e., and to this the State will add 8L Her yeafty payments will be 8s. 8d., and her benefit a pension after 6.5 of 3s. a week. It is also allowable for any man to deposit 21, 10s. in place of 5Z., and to pay 10s. in place of 20s. each year, if he forego the benefit offered to widow and children or any any return in the event of death before 65. ^A clause is also inserted permitting subscriptions to friendly and provident societies to replace the stipulated annual payments to the pension fund. As about 480,000 men and women reached the age of 25 in 1891, the cost of pensioning them, at 15J. a head for the men and 81. for the women, would be nearly 5,500,0002. As to the effort to bridge the interval between the present time and 40 years hence, if assumed all at once, it would involve an enormous liability, and spread over the whole period of payment, would represent a very heavy annual charge to the State beyond what the individual insurers would pay for themselves. , Mr. Fatkin's proposal is that advantage should be taken of the comparatively high rate of interest at which municipalities borrow money, for the establish- ment of a system of municipal banking, which, by the excellence of the return guaranteed to depositors, shall' encourage thrift. Mr. Vallanoe, also in the interest of individual thrift irrespective of State aid, suggests that weekly wage- earners should be encouraged to put by a small sum lid. or '6d. in the pound on their wages, by an obligation' placed by law on each employer tp add a similar sum. The contribution of the workman, with compound interest, is to be withdrawable by him at any time, but the contribution of the employer and its accumulations to be payable only at death, if happening before 65, or to be commuted into a pension together with the workman's own deposits, if these have not 'been previously with- drawn. The objection to all schemes involving a legal claim on the employer, is that in effect the sum added to the pension fund would be deducted from wages. In England and Wales there are at present about 1,323,000 men and women over 65 years of age (esti- mated pending full returns for 1891 . ) At 131. per annum each, a universal pension ligt would reach 17,000,000!. Putting the total national income at one thousand millions per annum, and assuming that taxation falls, or can be arranged to fall, in true proportion to income, to maintain such a pension scheme everyone would have to pay about If per cent, of his income. The benefit would clearly be unequal ; the rich would pay much more in proportion to what they would receive than would the poor. It may be said in considering the cost of such a scheme that, looked at nationally, the sum paid in pensions would not be so much spent as transferred from one pocket to another, the old having to that extent the spending of what younger men made. As a matter of public burden the present cost of maintaining aged paupers would .be saved. For those in the house the guardians would draw the pension, and out-reUef for the aged would naturally come to an end. OHAPTEE V. On the Abolition of Out-eelibf. The endowment of old age may be expected to bring about the abolition of out-relief, but the process would take time. Any pensioner who had recourse to parish relief must necessarily forfeit his pension to the guardians. On leaving the house the law should permit the amount of the .pension to be paid as out-relief. To prevent the pensions from f allinginto improper hands, the guardians should have a right to the pension of anyone who had received relief from them during the 10 years from 65 to 65. In the same way anyone who had been in prison during the same period should forfeit the pension. Such rules would preserve the dignity of the pensions, but might need some adaptation in the cases of the sick and of widows. The parish sick asylum is in effect a public hospital, it should be definitely accepted as such, and placed under the . control of the local sanitary authority. The charge to patients should be small, and every facility should be given for provident subscriptions. Those who neglected to make them- selves "free of the hospital" and then sought for PjiupiiBiBM medical assistance in sickness, might be sent in at the ^^,"0^1 cost of the parish, but would thereby lose their right jg^j,,, or to a pension. OU) ioa. 8,500,0002. is now spent in poor roUef ; the aged poor are a third of the whole number, and must represent more than one-third of the cost. This is the only public saving to be anticipated, but if it can bo shown that the whole problem of poverty and pauperism would be simplified, it would be worth while to consider whether the financial difficulties could be faced. First, as to worh. What old men do now they would hardly cease to do, excjpt in so far as a small fixed income would encourage them earlier to turn to such duties as those of watchmen and caretakers. Then, as to wages. Those required by watchmen and caretakers might be less, but otherwise there seems little reason to fear any lowering effect. Next, as to thrift. The greater certainty of the en- joyment of savings would make thrift more attractive. Moreover, the years of elderly existence and doubtful earnings before the age of 65 has been reached have still to be provided for, and, given a pension after 65, every extra shilling saved would tell on comfort. Self-respect could not be hurt by the receipt of a pension which all old people alike would draw, and which would not be paid through the Poor Law officials. Widows might be helped in various ways by private charity if the rales of administration made it impossible for the guardians to offer anything but the house. CHAPTER VI. On Objections to the Gbnekai. Collective Endowment OF Old Age. The objections to the general endowment of old age are as follows : — 1. It is held that such a plan taxes the rich for the benefit of the poor, and that the hardworking and thrifty would pay for the idle and worthless. 2. That those who never roach 65 do not benefit at all, however poor they may be. 3. That the sum of 5s. a week is inadequate, and therefore cruel, and calculated to stimulate begging. 4. That such a scheme would only create a new and additional form of pauperism. 6. That it is absurd not to discriminate between those who need and those who do not need pensions. 6. That it is unjust as well as impolitic that the undeserving and those who have done nothing to help themselves should benefit equally with the thrifty and deserving. 7. That the assumption by the State of responsi- bility for the maintenance of the old would be dangerous. 8. That the sphere of thrift agencies would be confined and their energies sapped. 9. That the principle of independence and thrift is assailed by a provision which takes away the stimulus to saving given by the prospect of destitution in old age. 10. That it is the duty of children to support their parents. 11 . That emigration would be discouraged. 12. That the financial resources of the country would be overstrained and crippled. 13. Finally : that the'^administration of such a scheme would present serious difficulties. 1. It is true that under a general pension scheme objections the rich would, to a great extent, pay for the poor, answered. It is not so true that the hardworking and thrifty would pay for the idle and worthless, as it is only when their share of taxation, treating them as young and old of a class, exceeds their share of benefit that this would be so. The inequality of fiscal burdens is, how- ever, nothing new, and the only justice which any system of taxation can effect is that of the equality of sacrifice. 2. So far as the second objection is vaUd, it is also valid against all deferred annuities and civil, military, and naval pensions. . 3. The third objection that the proposed sum of 6s. a week is inadequate and will stimulate begging, is beside the mark, because the desire to give to the Z2 RQYAL COMMISSION ON LABOUB : Padfibisii nnddBerTiug beggsxi will noli, be, stuaulated,- and all Eroo*" selfilsupporting efforts -will be pnoonraged. MBirr^V 4sK,The fonrth, objeotion repts upon. the. definition of Old At3B. pauperism. If to receive advantages under private or public endowment is to be accounted pauperisation, then those in receipt of pensions, though every old man in the land drew one, would b^ paupers, and excepting those who died young, everyone would becomer a pauper. But there can be p.o general pauperisation in a State which supports itsei^f. A pauper State, if such a thing can be imagined at all, must be dependent on some other State. 5. Poverty must not be the qualification of the pen- sioner, for to endow destitution would be to go back to this, worst principles of .jihp pre-1834 epoch, and herein lies the answer to the fifth objection, for it is impos- sible to maintain the dignity of pensions if the question of poverty be introduodd in their distribution. 0. Ite sixth' objection, that only the deservirig should benefit, is like the fifth, but 'it is even more dangerous to inquire into a man's character than into his means, if the benefit to be received is to be kept fr^e from all taint of paJnperism. v > 7. It is ' asserted that the! assumption of such' a resjjonsibility 'would involve danger beyond what is assumed under the present Poor Lstw. But the nation is already bound to keep every old person who requires it at the 'cost of more than 6g. a weeki; and to ofier to all old people this sum and no more might , be thought to make the nature of the responsibility assumed even more definite than before. ' > 8. Thrift agencies at present i do very little business in deferred annuities. Their principal approach to it is in the indefinite continuation of sick pay when illness and old age make work impossible ; and it is precisely this branch of their business which is admit- tedly insolvent. State pensions, then, so far from inijuriag' their business, wpuldke^p them to some; extent out of a serious present diffipulty. 9. The fear of destitution is distinctly not the most pdlfent' cause of thrift in England at present. People save "against a rainy day," to increase their capital,' and to provide' for their children, not for objects more remote : these have their turn, but n6t usually till all reasonable fear of destitution, present or future, has passed away. '' '• Neither are independence and self-respect lost by the aicoeptance of a benefit for which the recipient has not himself fnlly paid, for the enjoyment of endow- ments to which anyone becomes entitled never is so felt 'by 'the rich, and would not be more felt by the poor, always provided that the claim did not require anycforifession'of pove/rty. ■W.^The objection Aatit is the duty of children to support their parents, if good at all, is good against any savings for bid age, and'therefore goes too far. 11. 'That emigration might be' checked is a more valid objection', but the same argument would be equally good against any eflPbi'ts ' to make life in England happier and more prosperous. 12. The amount required to provide pensions in England and Wales would be 17,000,000?. Towards this §artL 'the local authorities, whose rates might be rapidly reduced 'by one-third,' and later by one-half or eiireD. "tWo-thirds, if out-relief is reduced to a miniinum, might contribute fully 4,000,OOOL This leaves a sum of 13,000,000?. to be provided out of taxation, and to it must be added such sum for Scotland and Ireland as' would Represent their contribution towards the taxes levied. If this sum may be taken at 3i000,000Z., we have in all 16,000,000?. to raise by Imperial taxation. ' To raise fairly such a sum as this, indirect as well as direct taxes wouldbe needed ; id. a lb. on the sugar imported in 1891 would amount to over 6,000,000?., 2d. on tea wottld provide nearly 2,000,000?., drink might supply another 2,000,000?., and 3c?. on the income-tax amounts to fnlly 6,000,000?. It cannot therefore be said that there would be any actual diffi- culty in raising whatever sum would be needed, nor in arranging the incidence of the new taxation, so that all classes paid approximately in proportion to their incomes. iPinally, it may be shown that the administration of ihe scheane would be neither impracticable nor very costly. It is intended that everyone born in England or.,]<^ales shall, wjien 65, ,be entitled to the pension. A^l that is needful [is to obtain (1) a reasonably fair and prompt decision as to probable age, without incurring lumecessary charge ; (2) a sure and prolonged identifica- tipn to avoid one person claiming in two places. All eX^enfje as to ag^ would be tr^^ted as matter of hear- say only, for, identification for 65 years is impraotica- PAWEBiaM ble. The applicant would give the addresses at which ■emo™ he had lived for the last 10 years, and if he had mei?t oh resfi^e.i in several districts, the registrar in each must be "^° ^°^- employed (and paid), to the end that., no man could possibly obtain iRore than one pension. The amount of the fees (which need not exceed 10«. or 3.1,) could be deducted from the fir^t payment of p^nBion, at the rate of 2s, 6c?. a week, till paid. To each appUcajnt.who bec.ame entitled to a, pension a certificsite would be granted in triplicate ; one copy would be held by the registrar of the sub-district in wh^ch .^he person resided, anojiher would be lodged with the bank, through which the payments would be ma^de, w|iile the third would be held by the pensioner. The signature ,o,f the pensioner would be attached to the copy,at the bftnk, s^nd a deposit accawnt .&e thereby opened,in.t\^na,Tae: of the pensioner. Finally, on the death of )ihe pensioner, the registrar would reclaim the, qertificates, and, .send^ithem to, the Treasury with report of the death. ,u ;r ,; Under such a scheme existing paupers should continue ExistiiiR to live under the charge of the guardians, i Those now P^npera. receiving out-relief would continue to receive rjt, the only ^fferenoe being that., they would not receive less than 5s. a week. Eor both indoor and outdoor paupers thei guardians would receive and disburse the money, (i OKAPTEE Vli. CONqLTJSip^. ' , X\ has been sl^own that the amount of, old age Summary pauperism is very seripus. Under the Poor Law it is treated undesirably ; indoor relief lapks humanity, and out-door encourages improvidence. ,, As a remedy pensions at 65 are suggested to be acquired voluntarily with State aid. But, to be efi"ec,tu.al„ the system, must be universal, or the improvident would still trust to the rates. If the system is to be universal it must be compulsory;,, and, if compulsory, its cost, however collected, is taxation. , , ,( ,,; By endowment ofr old age is meant a provision grfinted to all oid, people from the common purse. If this be desirable, the money needed is best an4 most equitably raised by taxation which falls fairly on all according to their means. , , The period at which the pension should begin. is fixed by common consent at 65. Public pensions beginning sooner might tend to reduce., wages, at and after 65 they will have no effect on the wages of younger menj and but little on those of the old. The amount, 6s. , a week, is also fixed by common consent. It does, not pretend, to be an "adequate prpivision," but is the contribution of the State towards it, being about the sum which, the bare, maintenance of a destitute person actually costs. {,-,, The sum required to provide 5s. a week to all old persons is large; but not more than could be easilkr raised if the object is worth it. Nor does the admini- stration entail any serioas difficulties. Difl'erence of opinion comes in rather as regards the results to be expected from such. an expenditure. This scheme however, may be fairly regarded as a cure,for pauperisml Life amongst the poorest might be based on; inde- pendence, if provision were made for their old age Chronic pauperism would be confined to a ne'er-do-well class, and might in the end be stringently regulated. The prospect of a pension m,ight not do much U) encourage thrift among the lowest classes of the population, but among the classes above them a pension might prove the beginning of innumerable savings. The interests of all classes are intertwined but especially those of the lowest class and the class immediately above them. . 3^h.ese , will be found to benefit very much if . the st^indard of life belpw them IS raised. They abeady subscribe te sipk, clubs, insure their lives, and prpvide something for a " rainy day " but for old age they do not provide, and it is this neglect which reacts adversely on everything else thev do to better themselves. '' The upper and middle classes will be repaid for their share of extra taxation by the increased prosperity of the community at large, though they themselves maiy not value or greatly benefit, by the pensions. Lastly, it the community prosper, many of the rich will reap advantage from rent or profit, and whether they do so or no, few will regret extra ta?:ation if they can feel that by this means, better than by giving money in charity they may mitigate the hardships of poverty, and benefit the mass of the people. i . - , • .. APBEaPlS.— WHOI.S ■HmMSSW^' ■ 181 ■I'.n -I,: \i I 70'' Vfi Paufbbibu iSD SHE ElTDOW- MEHT or Old Aos. Forms suggested for Pehiowo Eetdens which shall show the true Volume of Pauperism, and Pacpbeism something of its Character. Table I Monthly EErnEus of Pauperism. "Wrt '' _L -£ ' Noi of Persons who apply for and are granted Belief between l|st7Tanuaiy and 1st February. ' " Institution or Class. Relief on; 1st January. Those who have received Relief within 12 Months of present Application. Those who have not received Relief within 12 Months of present Application. No. in receipt of 'Relief on 1st February. : M. W. Ch. M. w. Ch. M. W. Ch. M. W. Ch. Indoor : — Able-bodied Not able-bodied - Insane Outdoor : — Able-bodied Not able-bodied Insane Medical only : — Able-bodied Not able-bodied i j'ldjji i lis;! ,';, ■" i ;'i- ■ ,1 Hi ■ ■ A-Jf (a) uP, ■..)„-, _ ii?-j"-' 1 (■■ (6) (I) ci . •M-i ! •ir iVb/je.^It is intended.thatthose who are.re]ieved>tvioe' or oftener in 1;he month should on ^he first occasion be counted in the I (6) coluton, and on subsequent occasions in the (a) cloluoi^. Transfers from one institution to another would be counted in the (a) column. , "'*- Memorandum as to Tj^ble II. ■i: To find the total paaperism for any 12 months : — On. 30th June (1892) take niimbers from columns w-|-»-+b-|-d + e-|-h. On cilst December (1892) tate numbers from columns x-fe-|-f-)-h-|-i-|-l. Prom the number thus indicated must be taken the deaths which have occurred to give the total required. AND TEB iHDOW- MEiri 6; Oin AoE. ■losr. Table II. — Return for Half- Year ending aist December 1891. Mr. i.i" No. of Applications granted between 1st July 1891 and 1st Janjiary 1892. w« ;. ri Total No. of those who • C*!^ Institution or'Class of (receipt of , , Relief on 1st July 1891. . Previouslyrelieved during Having previously received no Relief, or none since 1st July ' 1890. receipt of Rehef on 1st January 1892., ,. have been reUeved during Six Months Pauper. Second half of 1890. 1/.. First half = of 1891. Secbnd half of 1891. ending 31st December 1891. >.,,,, , M. w. Ch. M. w. Ch. M. W. Ch. M. W. Ch. M. w. Ch. M. W. Ch. M. W. Ch. Indoor : Able-bodied Not able-bodied - Insane Outdoor : Able-bodied Notable-bodied Insane Medical only : Able-bodied Not able-bodied - (jo) (a) (6) (c.y id) - e 1 ■ i.i ' . Z 3 182 ROYAL COMMISSION ON LABOTTR: Fa.i;fesisu Bhdow- MBITT OF OhD ASB. Ebtubn for Halp-Yeae ending June 30th, 1892. No. of Applications granted between 1st January 1892 and 1st July 1892. Having previously Total No. of those who have been Believed during Institution or Class of Belief on 1st January 1892. Previously relieved during — received no Relief, or none since 1st January 1891. of relief on Ist January 1892. of Pauper. First half of 1891. Second half of 1891. First half of 1892. Six Months ending 30th June 1692. M. W. Ch. M. W. Ch. M. W. Ch. M. W. Ch. M. W. Ch. M. W. Ch. M. W. Ch. Indoor : Able-bodied Not able-bodied - Insane Outdoor : Able-bodied Not able-bodied - . Insane Medical only : Able-bodied Not able-bodied - W («) (/) (?) (A) (J) Return for Halj-Teab, ending 31st December 1892. No. of Applications granted between 1st July 1892 and 1st January 1893. Having previously received no Belief, or none since 1st July 1891. ■Wn Total No. of those who have been relieved during Six Months ending 30th June 1892. Institution or Class No. in receipt of Belief on 1st July 1892. Previously relieved during — of Relief on 1st January 1893 of Pauper. Second half of 1891. First half of 1892. Second half of 1892. M. W. Ch. M. W. Ch. M. W. Ch. M. W. Ch. ( M. W. Ch. M. W. Ch. M. W. Ch, Indoor : Able-bodied Not able-bodied - Insane - Outdoor : Able-bodied Not able-bodied - Insane - Medical only : Able-bodied Not able-bodied - (y) (0 0') (A) (0 (2) APPENDIX LXXXVII. GEOFFREY DRAGE, Secretary. General Rules adopted by the Charity Organisation Society in London. Want op Empioymbnt. Assistance of sueh Oases at Normal Times. Charity Organisation Paper No. 5 (suggestion iii.) lays down the following principle as a guide to district committees in dealing with out-of-work oases : — There is no general rule of the Society that able- bodied persons temporarily out of work shall not be assisted. These, like other cases, are considered on their merits. In deciding on the individual case, two main factors bearing on the cause of the distress have to be kept in view ; viz., A. The applicant's trade or occupation ; B. His character and capacity. A. The Trade or Oeowpation. Periodic wani of Employment. (i.) Generally, with regard to the many TJersons out of work at certain periods of the year by reason of the weather or other regularly recurrent causes no charity can meet an economic fact, such as this, of periodic want of employment. To make a rule of relieving distress arising solely from this cause would be to undertake an overwhelming respon- sibility, and it would be also injurious to the wage-earmng classes. It would have a tendency to keep down wages, to discourage saving, and to V''^7^J^\J^^^ <^rying to get some other kind of work to which they can turn in the slack season. In some oases help may be given, conditionally on joining a club or future savmg, or where there is a definite promise of work, or in the rare instances in which employment can be found for the applicant. But the efficacy of any such help IS practically limited by the amount of individual influence and personal supervision forthcoming on the part of members of committees and others interested in their work. Temporary want of Employment. ^f\ ^ ^)t^ distress is occasioned by some temporary and definite cause, after a short period there will be an improvement in the labour market. Distress of this kind, due, for instance, to the failure of a great i^«o'«''^' ^T^ r^*^^ Lancashire Cotton Manufacture in 18b2-3, or to a frost of unusual severity and duration can be properly called exceptional. At such a crisis exceptional means of tiding over the emergency must be sought, and there is a large scope for charitable help, according to the character and capacity of the indinaual. [See B, mf.] Aim TBI Ebdow- MSRT 09 OxD A.as. APPENDIX. — WHOLE COMMISSION. 183 Shifting of Trades. (ui.) When the distress is due to deeper and more permanent causes, as, for instance, when a trade is failing or dying out, or removing to another neigh- bonrhiod, any form of charitable relief on the spot acts merely as a palliative ; it tends to keep labour in the same grooves, to divert attention from the source of the evil, and to become as chronic as the shortness of work. In such circumstances, practically the only remedies are migration or emigration, unless the applicant can be induced to turn his hand to some other occupation. B. Oha/racter and Oeupacity. From this point of view out-of-work oases may be roughly classified as (i.) Thrifty and careful men ; (ii.) men of different grades of respectability, but non- provident, and of very limited capacity ; (iii.) the idle, loafing class, and those brought low by vice or drink. With reference to these several classes, and having regard to the considerations mentioned in section A., it is suggested that Class (i.) may be temporarily supported by charity, or assisted, e.g., by the payment of club arrea>rs, by redeeming tools, &o., by emigration. Class (iii.) should be left to the Poor Law; and also Class (ii.) where there is no decent home. With regard to non-provident cases, where there is a decent home, the following experiment has been found to work well in one or two Unious where the necessary co-operation with the Guardians exists: — The head of the family is offered the workhouse by way of test, and, if he accepts it, his family is tempo- rarily maintained by the committee, and the help continued for a week or two after the man comes out of the house- By this means the improvident are not entirely saved from the consequences of their conduct, and yet they are spared the e.'ctreme hardship of having their homes broken up. Failing any suitable test, all non-provident oases should be left in the hands of the guardians, excepn those in which the committee see their way clearly, by means of personal influence, to effect a lasting improve- ment in the condition of the applicant. Experience op Society in dealing with those in WANT OE WojiK. (a.) InefiScienoy of the labour bureau system (see below). (6.) 'In the case of men who belong to any kind of benefit club temporary allowances, e.g., as follows — at Poplar and St. James's : — 1. Poplar. "In 1886-7 the Committee in Poplar, " where there had been great depression in trade, " formed a Working Men's Committee, to adjudicate on " out-of-work applications. Only those were assisted ' ' who had belonged to clubs, or were still in benefit, " or had saved. Fifty-three were assisted out of 136 ; , " 49 of the applicants were dock, labourers ; 46 belonged " to differeni; branches of the iron trade — ^platers, " rivetters, fitters, labourers in iron yards, &c. Fifty- " one received weekly relief, others had clothing club " arrears paid, and others help. The total expenditure " was 148Z. The committee was composed of 10 " members. They were four delegates of the Boiler- " makers' Union, a shipwright, a driller, a dock " labourer, a builder, a house decorator, a foreman in " the docks, and a foreman in an iron yard. The work ' ' was done probably with the greatest possible care " and discrimination, but this year (1888) the District " Committee ' felt that the distress caused by want of " ' work was too permanent to be checked by temporary '■ • relief.' " 2. The St. James's, Soho, Committee relaxed their rule in 1886-7, which was that "they did not usually " consider it right to assist able-bodied men out ot " work when there had been no illness or accident to " account for it." "We had to ascertain, " they said, " besides credentials as to character, thrift, &c.,'that " the man is not habitually out of work, that he is " making every endeavour to obtain it, and that he " continues these exertions, and is not weakened by " dependence on charity. Moreover there is also the " question to be faced — What his future prospects of " regular employment are P Most of those helped to " tide over their difficulties are now in regular work, " and the timely assistance afforded through the Com- " mittee prevented their homes from being broken " up, and saved them from destitution." This Committee, as others have done, on occasion when there was exceptional distress, have assisted by allowance cases unsuitable for reference to the Poor Law. APPENDIX LXXXVIII. Abstract of part of the Evidence given by Mr Acworth before the Select Committee ' on Poor Law Relief in the House of Lords. This (viz., the advancing of work by the Wandsworth Board of Guardians at a time of want of employment in 1886) Mr. Acworth, in giving evidence before the Select Committee on Poor Law Relief in the House of Lords, thus criticised: — " The men were set to digging out foundations, and the foundations were not wanted at the time', and were not actually built on for, I think, nine months after- wards, and they had then been very much damaged by wet, and they were found not to be in the place entirely where they were wanted for subsequent building . . . We sifted vei-y large quantities of sand. We charged no royalty ; it was our own freehold, we credited our- selves at the full value that it would be to sell, but we have not hitherto sold it. The men worked at SJrf. per hour. They had a very short day's work— only about 7 or 7| hours. Labourers would have been paid 5(^. on an average. In this instance they could hardly be considered deprived of their work, because it had to be done twice over, otherwise they would have been deprived of it. In the following winter there was a general expectation that employment should be again provided. The Board had deputations every week for some period, requesting them to give work at wages, and they had to explain that they had not work at wages to offer. They did not attempt to do any other work again otherwise than by contract, and subse- quently the Guardians opened a labour yard. This too succeeded in attracting new paupers, or was of assistance to those who had in previous years applied. Of 24 under one relieving ofi&cer four had relief since. Out of 62 in another district 17 had relief since. Out of 58 in a third 10 had had relief. In a fourth, where the relieving officer had two districts, out of 21, 7 had applied for relief before or since, and out of 68, 25 ; in the remaining district 19 out of 60 men in 1886 have either had or applied for pauper relief since." APPENDIX LXXXIX. Effect of better Administration of the Poor Law on Able-bodied Pauperism. The general efi'ect of the administration of the Poor Law, as at present conducted, upon ablebodied persons is that the reduction in the number of those who depend upon the Poor Law isiaaarked, and the increase, even in bad years, is comparatively small. Thus, taking England and Wales, the able-bodied in-door pauper is 0-9 per 1,000 of th-) population, and so he has remained, varying only , between •7- and '8 since 1872, when lie stood at. l' per 1,000. The out-door able-bodied pauper stood at 6-7 in 1870, 5'6 in 1872, 4-6 in 1873, and he is now at 2-3 on the 1,000, Taking the in and out together the figure is 3'2, as against 7'8 and 7-9 in 1869 and 1870. There is no doubt that the better administration of the Poor Law has made the working classes more independent. The metropolis shows similar results. Able-bodied now are (in) 1'7 per 1,000; (out) 1'4; in and out 3"1. Taking bad years, in 1880 it was 3'3, and so in 1888. In the country in 1880 it was 4-6 ; in 1886-7-8, 3-7. The Poor Law returns are certainly a much truer indication of actual distress than they are frequently allowed to be. Distress, which puts skilled labourers out of work, affects the unskilled, who are dependent, in a measure, upon the skilled labourer. The skilled Z 4 184 BOYAL COMMISSION ON LABOUR ; labourer, by his trade union and in other ways, may be able to tide over the difficulty, or at least would require help from without only in the last resort, but ,the unskilled, and particularly the older labourer, who depends on him as soon as, his credit with the trades- man comes to an end, or pawning is no longer possible, comes on the rates. To a certain extent, charitable relief may be a help, but — upless under unusual circumstances, or worked on a plan of division of labour with the Poor Law authorities — it would not prevent any large mass of the people of the labouring class falling upon the rates should they not be able to avoid doing so by their own efforts, and though the figures vary less than they used to do in times of distress, owiner partly to better administration, the Poor Law returns haVe' been proved to be, in the last 20 years, a very fair meter. Thus, in London, the mean numbers in 1880 were 98,916 or 26 7 as against 94,565 in the previous year ; in 1888 108,638, or 26-8 ; in 1889 108,788, or 26"5 per 1,000,* with similar figures since. It should be retnembeted, also, that a year of distress leaves behind it, as a rule, an increase of pauperism for two or three subsequent years. * [The weekly returns are, however, a true gauge, being more precise for this purpose.] APPENDIX XO. Ohakts sho-wing Relief of Distress in the Metropolis in good and bad years since 1875. Djagbak of Mean Numbehs of Patjpees of all Classes (Indooe and Odtdook) in the MBTfiOPOLis for the 16 Paeochial Teaes ended Ladt-Dat, 1890. (See page 372, XlXth Annual Report, Local G-overnment Board, 1889-90.) • r o , , Katjo p«r 1,000 or eslimated population Mecropolla 320 319 ■8 1 •B ■s •4 •3 ■2 •1 ■0 30-9 « ■7 ■6 •5 ■4 '3 ■2 ■1 •0 29-9 ■8 7 ■6 •5 •4 ■3 •2 1 •0 28-9 •8 •7. •6 •5 •4 ■3 ■2 ■1 ■0 ■8 ■7 ■8 ■5 ■t ■3 ■2 ■1 ■0 26-9 •8 •7 •6 •6 •4 •3 •2 •1 •0 2S'9 ■8 ■?. •6 ■5 •4 ■3 ■2 ■1 •0 243 ■a •6 ■5 •4 •3 ■2 •1 ■0 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 ,1884 1885 1836 1887 1889 1890' N.^/ NoTE.-'Ke above diagram rein-esents the mean numbers of paupers per thousand in the years named The actr^l number of paupers has, with the excepti6h of the year"^ 1890, Been larger each yeaf S 1885 thou4 relative to the population, the rate of pauperism has in most vews been las-? Thus in 1 8fS^ tho +^;foi ^,v i^^^ a90,mjt'''' " ''''■ '''■''''■" '^'-''''■'^■'■- in'l887,T0^:4ll; i?i888^ol%|';^r l^gr^Bsl APPENDIX. — WHOLE GOMMISSIONv 185 r DiAGtsAic sho-wing tb.e Numbeb of Gases annually dealt with by the Distbici Committees of the SooiBirbetweea the years 1876 and 1890. 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 Note. — The following notes may be of service in considering the results to be drawn from the above table. They are taken mostly from the chronicle of events in the Charity Orga/nisaiion Beporter and jReview. 1. 1878-9. In January 1879 distress was anticipated. A small committee was appointed to make inquiries, and they reported in February that such distress as existed was mainly local, and resulted chiefly from the recent severity of the weather, following as it had on a long period of trade depression fsee G O Beporter, 1879, Vol. VIII., pp. 13. 30, and 37). r v . . 2. i879-80. In January and February 1880 there are references to possibility of unusual distress occurring, but there was evidently less distress than in the previous year fsee Beporter, Vol. IX., p. 22). 3. 1880-1. In IToveraber 1880 (see Beporter, Vol. IX., p. 236) there was some increase of distress. The District Gommittees were communicated with, and in January 1881 (see Beporter, Vol. X., pp. 6, 17) a joint letter was addressed to the Times by the Hon. Secretaries of the Metropolitan Visiting and Eelief Association and the Society for the Relief of Distress, and the Secretary of the Charity Organi- sation Society. Severe weather set in towards the end of that month. There had been every likelihood that in that event there would be want "among casual labourers and in particular trades, whil« the poor generally were ill prepared to meet any additional pressure on their resources." 4. In the winters of 1881-2, 1882-3, 1883-4, there was no exceptional or unusual distress. 6. In 1884-5 (see Beview, Vol. I., p. 131), pressure was expected, but "happily it proved to be less severe than was anticipated." 6. 1885-6." In January 1886 the Mansion House Fund was opened. 7. 1887-8. In November 1887 the Trafalgar Square riots took place. i 78848. A % 186 ROTAL COMMISSION ON LABOUR Threeperiods of want of employment : — 1. (Earlier than the years mentioned in the charts) 1867-8. 2. In 1878-9 and afterwards. 3. In 1886-7 and afterwards. 1. PopiiAB, Stbpnbt, and Hackney affected, above all Poplar. December 7, 1867. Number in receipt of out-door relief there 2,300 in excess of the number of the corres- ponding weeks of the previous year. January 4, 1868. Those in receipt of out relief in Poplar numbered 9,000. ConMione of Difficulty and Suggestions.* Workhouse accommodation insufficient. Better classification required. Better discipline and management. More relieving officers and better investigation wanted. Indiscriminate charitable relief promoted improvi- dence and want of self-reliance, organisation wanted. Provision of " suitable tasks of work under efficient superintendence in return for all relief afforded to the able bodied." Causes of Distress. " Large number of unemployed in Mill wall and Poplar who, even if trade partially revived, would Bcarcely obtain employment for a long time to come." SmaU prospect of returning employment in the iron works and shipbuilding yards. Fluctuation of labour on the docks. Ghouritahle Help for Migration and Emigration. 23 to South Australia; 392 to Canada; 466 to different parts of England. Subsequently (1868), 357 emigrated through the East End Fund. Movement ofLabowf. November 5, 1867.t " The best of the skilled hands are already gone. These with the exception of the few retained in work left early, and upon their own account. Those who remain are for the most part second class men, who were the first thrown out of work, and who would be the last to be taken on again were there any revival of trade." No yublAe worhs. 2. WiNTEKS 1878-9, 1879-80, 1880-1. MeoM Pauperism in MetropoUs.% Group of years 1877 to 1883 ; highest 1881, lowest 1877. Difference between highest and lowest year 117,879 on last day in 5th week of January. Mean paupers dtt classes in year ended Lady-day. § Year. Out. In and oat. 1877 - 41,862 52,574 94,436 1878 14,083 51,118 95,201 1879 - 45,444 49,121 94,565 1880 48,251 50,665 98,916 1881 - 50,175 48,863 99,038 1882 51,136 49,188 100,324 1883 - .52,157 50,038 102,195 Deductions to be made in considering these figures — (a) Continually improving infirmary accommoda- tion and iucrease of applicants for it. (6) Variation in out-door rehef policy. (c) Subject to point mentioned in (a) and increase of indoor relief the best test. Cause of distress : " Depression." No public works. Charitable relief administered 1879-80, especially by the Charity Organisation Society, Society for the Belief of Distress, and Metropolitan Visiting and Relief Association Incorporation. Rule adopted : — " Some classes of workmen have to expect periodical want of employment. In these cases it is unwise to give charitable assistance, except by loan and on a • See Mr. N. Corbett's Beport. t Annual Beport, Local Government Board, 1867-8, p. 125 and p. 119. t Appendix £., Local CrOTemment Board Beport, 804,640 (1881) 686,670 (1877) 117,879 % Cf . chart aa to number per 1,000 of population, the best test. prospect of work being forthcoming at an early date. In a time of depression of trade, however, the want of employmeni; may be of an exceptional, rather than of a periodical and ordinary character. District committees should endeavour to discriminate between these two classes of cases, and if there is evidence of respectability, good conduct, and thrifty habits, they should make every effort to save those who are reduced to distress by unforeseen want of employment from applying for poor law relief." "Able-bodied out-of-work cases, not marked by favourable circumstances, should be referred to the guardians." No relief works. As to the country at large, vide paper by Mr. Mac- donald, Clerk to the Manchester Board of Guardians, " Poor relief during depression of trade in the winter of 1878-9":— Suggestions, p. 20. Use of workhouse test, p. 10 and p. 13. Day-by-day payments, p. 16. As in London, 1867-8, the workhouse the necessary ultima ratio. 3. 1886-7. Metropolis. — Group of years, 1884 to 1891. Highest - 778,111 first day, 6th week January 1887. Lowest - 726,258 „ „ 1884. 51,853 difference. 1884 Mean number of year to Lady-Day 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 Winter of 1884-5. 1885-6. 1886-7. 1887-8. In and out. - 99,425 - 100,213 - 101,443 - 104,431 - 108,638 - 108,788 - 107,343 - 106,670 Pressure expected. Mansion House Fund. Various relief works. Trafalgar Square meetings. 1885-6. Chelsea Vestry Unemployed Works. 1. Men nominated by Mansion House Fund Com- mittee. 2. Pay 48. a day, 2s, of which paid at night so that the men could get food. 3. Employment— paving part of Kings Eoad with wood. 4. M. a day for mixing concrete ; 9d. an hour for laying blocks. 5. 230 men employed. 6. Residents only 'employed. 7. A work of public utility continued when winter had passed. Chelsea 1886-7. 1. Vestry give notice that 200 men are to be em- ployed on St. Luke's Churchyard. " 700 apply. " Bare for a skilled workman to apply. The bulk unskilled labourers, and in the main the same as those who are out of Work every winter." ■Also pauperism relatively larger in 1888 (or 3. Note.- winter of 1887-8) when no relief works were forth- coming. They could not be supplied winter after wmter, and eventually reliance had to be placed on the Poor Law. Gotmtry. In 1885 the relief works at Nottingham— c/. certain unions. Note.—0£ recent years growth of expectation, that work will be provided, and demands for it. This based or a theory that the community should make good the deficiency of work in bad years, supply work for the sake of giving wages. Compare Mr. Chamberlain's circular 1886 and Mr Fowler's 1892. Both presuppose a new kind of employ- ment for the able bodied without Poor Law tests and as employment rather than relief. Persons are to be sent by the relieving officers to works provided by vestries. ' This policy qnestionahle. Note. — Bad years leave their trace on pauperism usually for several years. • Cf. chart 88 to rate per 1,000 of population. APPENDIX. — WHOLE COMMISSION. 187 APPENDIX XOI. Further Details respecting the Dutch Beggar Oolonibs. The Bbbgae Colonies (1820). Object. — The mendicant who showed his wiilingness to work and perseverance was to he provided with healthy outdoor labour, good food, and moral surround- ings. Colonies. — Ommersohans, given by the Government (1,900 acres), and Veenhuizen, bought by the society (2,380 acres). Persons admitted. — (1.) Able-bodied persons fountt guilty of mendicancy, vagrancy, and other petty offences, whose sentence was commuted from imprison- ment to residence for a certain number of years in the pauper or forced colony. (2.) Voluntary inmates, paid for by the communes. (3.) Old soldier families. (4.) Orphans, foundlings, and deserted children. Population, 1827.— Free colonies - 2,179 54 Beggar colonies 2,233 1,22? 1,395 912 984 (Including officials) 4,518 APPENDIX XOII. The Agricultural Beneficent Colonies, Belgium. 1. For six provincial Depots de Mendicity which existed in 1830-31, and two colonies, a forced at Merxplas, and a free colony at Workl, there have been gradually substituted — (as.) A non-able-bodied colony at Hoogstraeten, 110 hectares* (say about 270 acres) ; (b.) An able-bodied colony at Merxplas and at Workl, 520 hectares (about 1,300 acres) + 570 hectares (about 1,425 acres). Each colony has a farm. 2. Persons admitted : — (1.) Every able-bodied person above 14 found in " a state of vagabondage must be arrested and taken before the magistrate ; Under 14 may be arrested ; Penalty, for the former, seven days' im- prisonment and six months at disposal of Government ; for the latter, two yeari subject to Government ; (2.) Voluntary inmates. • One hectare = 2'471 acres. 3. Glassification ; — I. Non-able-bodied: (a.) Bad character j (5.) Cripples and old, able to work a little ; (c.) Infirm, half-witted, and incapable. II. Able-bodied : (a.) Immoral, &c. ; (6.) Under police supervision ; (o.) More than once in the colony ; (d.) New (i.e., first or second time) comers. 4. WorTc. — All kind of work done. An average colonist is said to earn half his cost. Hag wage 15 to 18 centimes a day. Has a deferred pay on going out. 5. Population.— Beoemher 1890, Total 4,213, of whom 2,928 able-bodied, and 1,285 not able-bodied. 6._ Beeuli. — Beeividisme the rule. Thus of the able- bodied {see above) : — (a.) Number - - - 41 (6-) „ . . , 133 (c.) „ - 2,507 (.d.) „ ■ - 24:7 No colony system has succeeded. APPENDIX XCIII. The Arbeiter Colonies. Objects— Ail able-bodied men out of employment are admitted without distinction of class, religion, and character ; discharged prisoners are readily admitted. Aim. — To secure the permanent moral elevation of the colonists. Pay. — 40 pfennigs in winter, 25 in summer. Only punishment dismissal, which carries with it non-ad- mission to any other colony. Size.— In 1889, 2,395 places in the various colonies. Wint&r and Sitwmer.— Four months usual length of stay.^ Places unoccupied in summer. In winter no room. Turned away :— 1889, Oct. - 176 Nov. - 499 Dec. - 622 In 1890, Oet. - 116 Nov. - 397 Dec. - 1,130 GonstoMt Be-adrmssion.—Oi 10,403 colonials 4,117, or 39"5 per cent, admitted more than once, 21 per cent, twice, &o. Qrownds of Bisoharge, 1887-89.— Work of some sort found for 2,465 out of 11,849 ; 7,153 go on their own desire on tramp. Mamy eowuieted. — Out of 10,403 as many as 7,719, or 76'9 per cent. Conelusions.—(1.) Not deterrent, hence failure. (2.) It is urged that only those should be admitted who can be trusted to try and return to an orderly life. Selection will follow, with the usual result, reduced numbers, &c., as in Holland. (3.) The short stay of many men bad. (4.) Suggestions to avoid the creation of the " colony loafer." Aa 2 fs's ROTii 'y^MMIsSlON ON LABOUR: APPENDIX XOIV. Poor Law Relief: relief practically takes tke - vt.y.iu^. 1. Indoor person out of the laarjset; he cannot compete as a subsidised worker. ' Oatctoor relief promotes under- payment, and makes the worker irresolute as to finding employment. (A labour yard in which work for the whole dm, is required may have a similar effect to indoor relief.) 2. As to outdoor relief leadiag to this irresolution — a typical case : — " Inadequate out-relief has been the cause of much misery in the past, and to check it in the future is one of our great aims. During the past year it has been proved over and over again that w.^en out-relief can be stopped adequate charity for a few weeks or months may make a family self-supporting, but that where a hope remains of obtaining out-relief permanent pau- perism is almost inevitable. One instructive instance may be quoted to show the truth of this position : B. R. was left a widow with three small children ; she had a machine with which she earned 2«. Sd. a week, and the guardians granted out-relief to the extent of 2s. 4Ji. Out of this there was 2s. 6d. rent to pay, the children were half-starved, and the mother despondent and careless. She had no inducement to work hard, for if she increased her income by a shilling or two -the out- relief would be stopped, and the family seemed likely to lapse into hopeless pauperism. One of the guardians, however, seeing a chance of better thiiigs, referred the case to the committee, who undertook to deal with it on condition that the out-relief should be stopped. Every effort was made to put the woman in the way of better work, and an adequate allowance made to sup- port the family meanwhile. At the end of two weeks it was found that the woman had again applied for and obtained out-relief. Inquiries were made, and excuses plentiful : they all came to this, that she did not like looking for work, and one of the children was ailing. The committee determined to make this a test case, and after some difficulty the guardians undertook that if the woman applied again she should be offered the house. The committee then resumed their help, the ailing child was sent to a home, the others to a day iiUTsery, the woman was seen every day and incited to ' fresh exertions In less than a week she had found herself regular employment at mantle making, the pay increasing as she became more efficient, and there is every prospect that in two or three weeks time she will be earning a sufficient livelihood." 3. As to outdoor relief promoting under-payment, oases are constant. See p. 364 of this Volume, Note 1. The employer does his best to save what the rates give the employee. See evidence by Mr. Wodehouse, when Poor Law Inspector, Mr. Longley, &c., pp. 364 and 365 of this Volnme, Notes 2 and 3. 4. Conversely, abolition of outdoor relief raises wages of working men, widows, &c., e.g., in a country union. So when the new Poor Law was introduced. 5. Medical out-relief is often the first step to pau- perism. Where the administration of it is strict, medical clubs spring up. Thus at the Milton Union, as Mr. Davy reports : — " The guardians have been most careful in adminis- tering medical relief, and applications are now rare. its Action on ISmployment and Wages. dependent There is a provident medical club for the Union, of which the clerk to the guardians is secretary. A man can secure medical attendance for" himself by the pay- ment of Id. a week, and for each of his children by the payment of id., the children of widows being charged only id. The members of the club can choose any of the five medical men who contract with the club, and who are paid by the secretary. The cases of confine- ment are treated at a fixed payment of 15s. These sums are small because the subscribers to the fund are numerous, and practically include the whole of the labouring classes in the union, who subscribe, at all events ai first, because they know that they will get no medical relief from the poor rates outside the work- house. If the guardians chose to administ-er medical relief with the same laxity which characterises manj boards, who congratulate "tbemselves on their kindness and sympathy with the poor, the whole self-reliant organisation would be destroyed, or the subscribers would be so lessened in number that the subscriptions would have to be materially increased." This shows it is not a question o£ want of wage but want of will, when State interference takes away the object for which the will would naturally be exerted. 6. So with regard to friendly societies generally. Vide Fourth Report of the Friendly Societies Commission, p. cxcii. At Brixworth the guardians, in estimating the means of relief, took the allowance of a friendly society at the whole sum, instead of at half, as is often done, in order to raise the friendly society scale to adequacy. Supplementation by poor relief weakens friendly societies; so friendly societies prospered when the new Poor Law was introduced; so where out-relief has been withdrawn. ,6a. Again, where there is much indiscriminate rehef, there will be least strenuousness, and trade combinations will fail. 7. Strikes :— The resolution of the Council of the Charity Organisa- tion Society in 1889 was — " That inasmuch as care should be taken that district committees of the Society should not interfere in the relations between employer and employed ; it is desirable that the following recommendations should be adopted : — " That district committees should not give chari- table assistance to men on strike or to their families. " That with oases in which the distress is the indirect result of a strike, the district committees should act on the ordinary principles of the Society. " It will, of course, be understood that in this reso. lution only such relief is referred to as might be calculated to cause interference in the relations between employer and employed." Cf. Evidence of Mr. J. S. Davy, Poor Law Inspector, in his report on a strike at Bolton, p. 365 of this "Volume, Note 4. APPENDIX XCV. Summary of Causes of Failure of Schemes (already tried) for Eelief of Distress due to Want of Employment. Note. 1. Failure due to the economic conditions of the problem. Artificial supply of employment saps energy. With less energy the cost of production grows : and there is a continually greater difficulty to find a market. 2. Failure due to difficulty of supervision and con- tinuity in capable management. 3. The larger the fund available the greater the ultimate bankruptcy. The larger the fund the greater the injury to the community at large of drawing into artificial and unremunerative employment resources jhat would have provided in the open market employ- ment, under the wholesome conditions of self-mainte- nance. So employment schemes tend to make things constantly worse, if employment is provided to many. 4. On the other hand, if the employees are selected, they equally fail, for they provide only for a few, become unpopular, or deterrent. , 5. Unless under extreme conditions charity is better than employment. It can tise any means for the par- ticular purposes of the case. It is adaptable to new wants, &c. Employment schemes are not. 6. If charitable relief is provided it disappears with the want it was created to meet— that is, if there be tolerably good administration. Other methods having artificial employment or Poor Law funds for the once distressed to fall back on, contiuue a dependence and make, a pauperism that i^ only very slowly removed. The workhouse test, plus's, good administration of charitable relief in an emergency, is probably the best system. 7. The Poor Law must deal with all applicants. Hence, its essential conditions. 8. Probably we have in England very nearly a maximum of independent able-bodied labour— owing to the closer administration of the Poor Law. APPEKDIX. — WHOLE COMMISSION, 189 APPENDIX XOVI. PuRTHER Notes on Relief of Distress owing to Want of Employment. The Committee of the Mansion House in 1887-88 managed the work in connection with some gardens opened, and put in brder by the Public Gardens' Asso- ciation. It was a mixed committee, on which were poor law guardians, working men, &c. Four hundred and fifty-six men received the ofEer of employment. Four hundred and six were married, 50 single. Of this number 62, or about 14 per cent., to whom tickets were given, did not present themselves at the works, but assigned no reason. One hundred and thirty -four, or about 30 per cent., were dismissed at various times for misconduct, continued absence, or incapacity. One hundred and sixty-four, or about 36 per cent., after careful — in some cases prolonged — investigation, the Committee found themselves powerless to raise from their present position, 17, or about i per cent, left the work of their bwn accord for better employment. Fifty-three, or about 12 per cent., were assisted by being made members of trade or benefit societies, by migration, by obtaining or taking out of pawn tools or clothes when there was definite prospect of work, and in other ways 26, or about 6 per cent., were emi- grated to colonies at their own request. The ages of the men were as follows : — 15, or about 4 per cent. , were under 20 years ; 111, or about 28 per cent., between 20 and 30; 148, or about 36 per cent,,*belween 30 and 40; 78, or about 20 per cent., between 40 and 50 ; 28, or about 7 per cent., between 50 and 60 ; 14, or about 3 per cent., over 60 years. Notes as to Plan of SMPibyiNG Men at Middlebbobodgh and SiocMoir, 1884-85, may be submitted, together with figures showing the rise of Pauperism in the time of Distress and afterwards. Population (1881 Census), 89,871. MIDDLE BBOKOUaH. Population (1881 Censua), 61,246. SlOCETOS. In. Out. Total. In. Out. Total. January 1, 1885 - 1886 - 1887 - 1888 - „ . 1889 - 1883 - 1884 - 606 809 .821 800, , 627 ' 476 645 2,*?8 4,903 3,026 2,984 2,880 2,262 2,127 3,144 8,712 3,847 3,784 3,B02, 2,737 2,672 392 365 302 298 , 266 230 313 S,768 2,072 1,668 1,213 1,123 1,072 1,163 4,160 2,427 1,860 1,611 1,389 1,352 1,476 With regard to exceptional distress generally, our Society, in the year of the Mansion' House Fund, took evidence from many quarters, and drafted a report con- taining many suggestions which would be of service in dealing with similar distress should it arise again. Their conclusions may be submitted. (See further Notes on pp. 366 and 366 of this Volume.) APPENDIX XOVII. Vageants. Analysis of 42 cases in St. Giles's Casual Ward, 1888, and of 293 cases dealt with by the St. James's and Soho Committee in connection with the Ham Yard Hospice. The system of sjielters, whether on the so-called self- supporting plan of the Salvation Army or otherwise, attracts vagrants and increases paupers. Figures and statements to be submitted, showing the applications received from such shelters and common lodging-houses, at the casual ward?, or workhouses. Shelters practi- cally a form of : indiscriminate rehef. The number of vagrants probably exaggerated in the public mind. (Cf. Gloucestershire iCensus.) To submit conclusions of a report of a special com- mittee of the Charity Organisation Society re Homeless Cases. ^ Ottt-doob BelieIp and Indiscriminate Chaeitt. Out-door relief and indiscriminate charity help to reduce the wage in the case of the unskilled labourer- man and woman... The , operations of, the galyation Army, a large factor in point of view of charity in London for the production of dependence and.paiiperism, &,s shown by their owp. published figures. "Analysis of applicants ! to a soup kitchen in St. driles. Other, evidence on the question of indiscriminate charity. ' ,, , Bmigeation as a Means or Assisting those odi of WOEK. , Large amount of .eifbi^ig necessary to ensure good results, but a satigfactpry niethod.if properly carried out. •■ f . Ijiadvisability of;. charitable relief being given to persons on strike. Old-age Pattpeeism. 1. Endeavour to ease the diflSculties of the labour question by maintaining those above 60 or 65 at the charge 6f the country. Character of pauperism. Mr. Gosohen's return, 1869, &c. 2. The economic, loss to the country by the pauperism of a working man at the age of '60 or 65, or of his dependence at that age. 3. The policy of the Poor Law Commissioners in regard to relief of old age. 4. The better administration since 1870 : how far it has shown that old-age pauperism may be avoided. 5. The statement that the reduction of pauperism, especially old-age pauperism, in one union has led to an increase of pauperism in neighbouring unions not correct. 6. The effect of a pension scheme on thrift mis-stated. The present Poor Law has encouraged thrift and in- dependence. ' There is no experience to show that a system of old-age pensions will increase thrift. ' 7. Old-age pension schemes would, as a rule, lead to pauperism, but give it another name. 8: The enormous pecuniary cpst of the system; Its want of finality, Its recognition of the principle that a large portion of the population, irrespective of desti- tution, have a right to maintenance from thei' funds of the community. 9. Poor Law reform and impi^oved poor law admi- nistration the true line of progress in this' matter. ' Childeen. Prevention of pauperism. Physical conditions in childhood that lead to pauperism. The improvement of the quality of the 'workmen by better education and training in the class of backward or feeble children. Special investigation made on behalf of a special com- mittee of the' C.O.S.^by Dr. Francis Warner. Physical conditions, not mere want of food, the true point for consideration. ■ 11-th November 1892. C. S. Loch, Secretary, Charity Organisation Society, ~ 15, BuckinghaiD. Street, Strand, London, W.C. Aa 3 190 ROYAL COMMISSION ON LABOUR I APPENDIX XCVIII. Homeless. 1. Nttmbee of Homeless Pebsons, Night Census, January 16, 1891. Men. ■Women. Children. Total. In nine Eefuges In Casual Wards 712 697 193 138 33 8 938 843 Totals . - - 1,409 331 41 1,781 Add a certain nnmber, (a) for boys' shelters, or one or tw o other small shelters ; (6) persons admitted gra- tuitously or for work — to Salvation Army shelters. Total estimate 2,500 homeless, on a single night, " ample and indeed beyond the mark." Police evidence shows that people do not sleep out in winter as stated. Under Vic. 28. o. 34. sec. 4., police have to conduct to the casual wards destitute homeless persons, and they have strict orders so to do. 2. Outside London. and the effect of this had been to greatly reduce the amount given by the poor to beggars.'" The following are returns up to 1886 of the number of persons who slept in casual wards and common lodging-houses in G-louoestershire on the first Tuesday in April in each year ; • As to the relative number of the habitual vagrants among the wayfaring population, the following state- ments, made by the late Mr. Barwiok Baker at a Poor Law Conference in 1882, are interesting: "The Chief Constable for Gloucestershire (Admiral Christian) had, he said, taken a census of "the tramps found in the county on the night of Tuesday, April 4. The names of every one were carefully taken down, together with their account of themselves. The police- men who carried out the census also recorded how far they judged the tramp's account to be true. Of course ■this last statement was not evidence, but still the belief of a superintendent of police was very likely to be not far from right, and the police were not particularly inclined to favour the class of men with whom they dealt. There were found sleeping in the casual wards of workhouses 171, and sleeping in common lodging- houses 553. These men gave their description : Chil- dren, 64 ; drovers, 12 ; labourers, 141 ; married women, 61 ; orphans, 74 ; and so on. The strange thing which surprised Admiral Christian, and also surprised him- self (the speaker), was that the number of statements believed to be true out of the 553 was 424 ; and the number of men believed toi belong to the tramp class was 129. This would make an important difference in their reckoning if, instead of having to deal with 30,000 or 40,000 or 50,000 tramps and vagrants, such a pro- portion as in Gloucestershire was found of poor men travelling at their own cost, and with whom they had no more right or wish to interfere than with any of the members of the present meeting. They had a right to take notice of the 171 who lived on the public in work- houses, and of the 129 who lived by begging; but, judging by this county, there might be only 10,000 or 15,000 to deal with in all Bngland. His fr|end Captain Congreve, the Chief Constable of Stafford, made some- what the same estimate of those in the wprkhonses of his county, and he put down the whole of the pro- fessional tramps at 235, and the number of honest men at 360 ; so that even in Staffordshire, where the labour- ing classes were very well off, and were vejy ujuch inclined, he believed, to give away very largely, more than half the tramps were believed to be honest tra- vellers. He was told on very good authority that it was believed an ordinary beggar made fro]ji 2e. to 2«. 6d. per day in Staffordshire. In Gloucestershire a con- siderable number had been taken up fojr begging, and a considerable number for other offences, chiefly drunkenness. Two had been taken up for burglary, 43 for stealing, 73 for drunkenness, 15 for assaults, &c. All those taken up for begging — ^with the exception of one man on whom was found a vei-y large sum — ^were found, on an average, possessed of about 4J(?. On those taken up for other offences an average sum of 5ti. was found. The amount gained by the beggars in Glouces- tershire might therefore be put at about double that sum — 8d. or lOd. a day — ^which was, he believed, smaller than in many counties. He attributed this reduction to the fact that, fourteen years ago, the clergy had been asked to explain to their parishioners that all who applied to the workhouses received sufficient food. Remarks i 3 o Nu 1 iiber who slept in Casual •Wards. as to the truth of their state- ments. s • p 1. s ■si c 1^ s s 5 if 1st Tuesday,Apr.l878 1.39 128 11 9 130 - - - - 1879 137 123 14 8 129 - - - - 1880 161 133 28 22 139 - - - - 1881 126 116 10 1 125 - - - - 1882 171 - - — - - - - - 1883* 83' 65 18 9 74 77 6 50 S3 1884 63 48 16 8 65 61 2 40 23 1886 92 76 16 11 81 92 - 62 30 1886 111 87 24 20 91 106 6 58 63 Number who slept in Lodging Houses. iri s ■^ 1 ^ S let Tuesday ,Apr.l878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 698 426 661 383 605 377 593 424 563 391 463 332 561 .399 670 400 697 421 172 168 128 169 162 131 162 170 176 91 ■SM as Kemarks as to the truth of theirstate- ments. g'-H 417 279 397 409 129 11 lis * After the Act of 1882, when the longer detention at the casual wards was in operation. In 1881, at a Poor Law Conference, the Brev. "W. A. Spooner, of Oxford, gave the following evidence : — " Out of 1,000 cases which had since been investi- gated by a society with which he was connected only 18 could be discovered to be workmen in search of employment. This was in the year 1874, when trade was good, and the number must have increased since then ; still it would be safe to say that far less than half of those people to be met with on the roads were really in search of work." In the same year Mr. Basil Cane, a Poor Law In- spector, at a Poor Law Conference, arguing in favour of the separate system in casual wards, said : "The means which I have indicated are strongly recommended, because they enable a person ^if there 1 The census of persons in common lodging-houses may perhaps be considered beside the mark in the present paper. The common loaging. houses would naturally contain many way&rers besides a large pro- portion of permanent inmates. 'With regard to the census of the inmat«s of the casual wards, the inference of the police in Gloucester- shire is much more favourable to them than the evidence given by Mr. Spooner in regard to Oxfordshire. In the latter instance inquiiy was made in regard to each case. In the former the results were obtained without actual inquiry, and rest on the inferences drawn by the police from their inspection. The latter accordingly would seem to be the more certain testimony. APPENDIX. — WHOLE COMMISSION. 191 be such a person — who is honestly. in search of work to be separated from the dirty, filthy, abominable cha- racters he would otherwise meet with in the vagrant ward ; this recommendation is made in the interests of the poor man seeking labour, and who wishes to leave fee workhouse clean and unoontaminated, whereas otherwise he would feel himself degraded and lowered in his own estimation if he had to sleep in a casual ward with all those miserable fellows by whom he is surrounded. Again, the men who go into workhouses go in in large swarms just before race meetings and fairs, and }f we had power to keep them in the ward for three days, the gentlemen who sell correct cards at races would be astonished to find that they were taken in and shut up till the races were all over ; by these means yon would have few applications for races and for fairs. Also I may say that the vagrancy relieved at the cost of the ratepayers of the surro'unding unions during the Donoaster week was something astounding. There is another reason for the recom- mendation, and it is this : that vagrants who frequent the casual wards and common lodging-houses carry infection, not only moral but physical, of various kinds with them ; and if small-pox gets into a parish, if there is any — and there is some now in Derby, I believe — it can generally be traced to some distant part of the country. Besides this, from what farmers and cattle- dealers say, I believe the cattle disease is propagated by vagrants who sleep in outhouses, and go from one place to another, and get employment in driving cuttle about under the pretence of being honest and industrious men." And at the same Conference Mr. Lennard, arguing in favour of longer detention, said : — " "With onorhalf of them their present life has been brought about by idleness, and if you could only get them where you could make them do honest work, you would put a new life in them, and send them from the tramp ward honest working-men. Lately I saw a man in our tramp ward, and I told the taskmaster to send him to a certain place next morning. He was clever at his work, and might have earned 21. a week at it. He went, and at the end of the first day drew some- thing on account ; he went again, and had more money on account, but at the end of the third day his fit of idleness came back upon him, and he left. Now, if we could have kept that man we might have done him good." From all this evidence,' taken at different periods during the last 50 years, a fairly complete idea may be formed of the character of the vagrant population. authority to allow the casual pauper to leave before the usual time for any special reason. Superiiision of Gaaual Wards. There are four visiting inspectors of casual wards in London, with a superintendent. The metropolis is considered as one union for casual ward purposes, and cases in which the same person has been seen by the inspectors within the month in another ward are identified and detained for the longer period. The five central wards are most crowded. Through the police there is telegraphic communication between them. The wards are on the main roads, and in the centre of London. In only two- instances is one ward more than two miles from the next. Character of Persons in Casual Wards. 1. Evidence of casual ward superintendents and others shows that " about 5 per cent, only are bond fide workmen in search of work." 2. The St. Giles's Committee dealt with 255 oases taken down at the St. Griles's Casual Ward, out of some 900. They are thus selected cases, but fairly repre- sentative. 3. The Casual Wahi). Twenty-five casual wards in London, with accom- modation for 1,647 persons. Expenses »f relieving destitute wayfarers and pro- viding wards chargeable to the Metropolitan Common Poor Fund, by 30 Vict. c. 6, 1867, Metropolitan Poor Act. Five unions have no casual wards. Admission usually given by the superintendent. Doors open usually in winter about 5, in summer about 6. Casuals there collected sometimes before. Inquiries. — Name, occupation, where going to, where coming from — on theory that the applicant is a wayfarer in search of work. , j . . Search for money. If he has more than 4a. admisswn is refused. „ „ , Then " baking " of clothes, if necessary. Bath, and clean nightshirt. , „ „ , ■, The casual ward. Most wards cellular and not " associated." . . , Food.—¥oT adult males, 6 ozs. bread and a pint ot broth or oatmeal gruel for supper. Ditto for breakfast. For dinner, 8 ozs. bread and 1| ozs. of cheese, or 6 ozs. bread and 1 pint pea soup— almost always the former. Employment— anlesB ill— for men, 4 lbs. of unbeaten and 8 of beaten oakum, or not more than 13 cwt. of stones; for women, 2 lbs. of oakum, or washing and scrubbing. „ , c • i, j i Task not excessive; may usually bo hmshed early in the forenoon. ,- , r Biseha/rge.*— Not "entitled to discharge before 9 a.m. on . the second morning after his adminsion, or, if he has been admitted more than once during the month, before 9 a.m. on the fourth morning following his admission. But discharge is usually about 8 p.m., and the super- intendent, by Loc al GoTemment Board Order, has * Casual Poor Act, 1882. 45 & 46 Vlot. c. 36. 1. — Tabulation of Homeless Cases dealt with by the St. Giles's Committeb of the Chabity Oegakisation SociETr during four years previous to October 1889. Inmates of common lodging-houses, or wanderers ... 157 Inmates'of St. Giles's Casual Ward - 98 Total ■< - 255 Refused to give an account of them- selves - - - - 41 Disappeared after inquiry commenced 34 Gave false references - - 11 Gave no references - - - - 76 Cases in which information was obtained - - - - 93 Total - - 255 Apparent causes of distress in 214 of these cases : — Loafers^ preference for the life, or no obvious reason - - 43 Failure in trade, or to obtain employ- ment - - - - 50 Extravagant living - - - 11 Drink as an immediate cause - 40 Physical inability - - 39 Mental deficiency (1 lunatic) - - 9 Deserted children - - - 3 Thieves - - - 13 Habitual beggars - - - 6 Total - 214 N.B . — Of these, 45 admitted being habitual frequenters of casual wards. Cases assisted „ not assisted Total - 40 - 215 - 255 Forms of assistance : — Placed in homes - - - 3 Restored to relatives - - - 7 Sent to Ham Yard, or House of Charity - - - 4 Tools, clothes, or stock - - . 8 Emigrated - - - - 9 Sent to sea - - - 3 Surgical or convalescent help - 6 Total - - 40 In 101 oases there had been— In regular employment - - 17 Irregularly employed - - 15 Casually employed - - - - 69 Total - - 101 Aa 4 192 EOYAIi COMMISSION ON I+iBOCJfi : In 235 oases there were stated to be— [" Married Males -i Single - L Widowers r Married Females -I Single L Widows - Total In 228 cases the ages given were — Under 25 years of age 25 to 40 „ „ - 40 to 60 „ Over 60 „ ' „ - Total 28 148 30 7 8 14 235 41 104 74 228 II Tabulation of Cases dealt with by the White- chapel OoMMiriBE of the Chakiit Oksanisahon Society, 1886 to 1889. Referred to Poor Law, ineligible, or undeserving Withdrawn Referred to other agencies - Reported upon only Assisted in various ways Total III. — Tabulation of Cases .dealt with., by the St. GnoaGE's (Hanoveb, Squake) Committee of the Charity Obganisation Society, February 1886 to February 1890. Assisted Not assisted Total Of these, 26 were old soldiers. - 24 138 - 162 SuMMABY of the Pbbceding Tables^ Number of Cases. Assisted. St. Giles's Whitechapel - - ' St. George's 255 200 162 40 31 24 Total 617 95 Note. — It should be borne in mind that 98 of these were selected oases, and moreover, that the forms of assistance were in many cases mere palliatives, and not calculated to prove permanently beneficial. " Casual wards have become the regular resort of persons who are neither /'wayfarers,' nor 'wanderers,' nor 'foundlings,' nor, indeed, destitutej. Pensioners are found there who run through their pension- money as sooii as it is paid, and then throw themselves on the rates until the nest pay-day comes. Women separated from their husbands, and receiving from them a weekly allowance of 5«. or thereabouts, within an hour of receiving the payment will squander the money and enter the free quarters provided in the casual ward. Old soldiers, discharged from the service, able-bodied and capable of work, are frequently found j there — the laziest and most troublesome of the inmates. Old women of 60 and 70 years of age and upwards come in, too helpless even to wait upon themselyes. Then there are the inebriates, men and women, for whom freedom is no boon, and who would be better cared for,, at a less cost to the rates, could they be detained in some suit- able asylum. Runaway boys from the' country, who have been birched or who have committed some petty theft, and whose relations would often gladly receive them back, take refuge there, for it is a place where no awkward que.stions will be asked, nor any inquiries made. For the- same reason criminals who have escaped the benefits of detection frequent them, haunted by a guilty fear of discovery. • Few. amongst these -regular casuals ' answer to the unfortunate 'wayfarer or wanderer' for" whom these wards are intended. Jp fine weather most of them prefer sleeping 4- A out-of-doors to going to any of these wards, or to *b« shelters or refuges with whidh they alternate them'; Many pass the nights in the parks ; many more amongst the hedges and ditches of the outskirts of London. When they feel themselves in danger of being robbed^ or when they fall out with their company, back they will come to the casual ward. On wet nights the applications are naturally more numerous than on other nights. On one wet night last week 10 applications were refused at the Marylebone Casual Ward. During the entire week there have been 24 refusals there. In the previous week there were 14 refusals, and in the week before that 11 refusals. The night on which there were 10 refusals was a Thursday night, and on Thurs- days the lists are generally higher. This variation is probably owing to the greater number of detentions which accumulate on that day, consequent on the fewer admissions on the Sunday and Monday.'' Many come from the country. Large numbers of the homeless are countrymen. Out of 286 applicants to the St. James's Charity Organisation Committee in 1889, the place of birth was, in 248 cases, stated as follows :— -i London - - - - 62 English counties - - 134 Scotland - - - , - 17 . Ireland - - i 18 Foreign countries - . - 7 Trades of Casual Wa/rd Gases. .^ Of the 286, " 60 had on the. whole' good characters,'' 12 only had ever belonged to a benefit club, and of these all but one had run out. Two only had ever belonged to a trades union. Amongst these 286 appli- cants were all sorts and conditions of nien. Fifty had been in professions or tirades' (including clergymen, lawyers, doctors, qflB.cers in the army and nivy, schdttl- masters, shopkeepers, &c.), 95 skilled labourers, artisans, shop assistants, &c., and 120 unskilled' la- bourers. Three acknowledged to having just come out of prison. In the case of those who had fallen from a good social position, drink or gambling are stated to have been almost invariably the true cause. Seventy- seven of the 286 were reserve men or old soldiers. Trades at Befuges. In Appendix L is a full classification of the, trades of the 644 men and 568 women admitted to Newport Market Refuge in the year 1889. It will be seen that 250 of the men were' discharged soldiers ; many belonged to season trades-^painters ■ alone' numbering 67. " • i " - , Men." ■■ ' ' ,. ' Attendant - 1 Grocers - " 2 Bakers y Grocer^s Assistant -'^ 1 Blacksmiths - '2' Grooijis '■■'■'■- -' 12 Boiler Maker - 1 Hammermen - 2 Bookbinder - " - 1 Jewellers 4 Brass Finishers 3 Joiners - ' - 2 Bricklayers - 12 Labourers of all'kinds 86 Butcher - - 1 Missionary - ' - :1 Cabinet Maker 1' Musiciarls ' - '- 5 Carpenters - Carmen'' - 17 Packer i 5 Palckihg Case Makers' 3 Chemists 3 Painters m Chemist's Assistant - ■1 Photogra'jSher - 1 Clerks 25 Plasterers - ' ' 2 Clicker 1' Potters - 21 -Coachmen' 3 Potiiien ■ - ■2 Coach Painters 7 Printers 2 Compositors - 4 Rivetter ' : 1 (Jooks 3 Sawyers - 2 Coopers 2 Scaff older - "' 2 Draper's Assistant - 1 Seamen - 3 Dyer. 1 Servants - '- ' 8 Engine Fitters 2 Shoemaker 1 Engineer 1. Soldiers (discharged)- 280 Errand Boy 1 Stablemen - 18 Farriers 2' Stokers - - - 4 Fishmonger - 1 Stone Masons 2 Footmen 3 Stone Pavior i-1 French Polishers 2 Tailors •-"!■> m '^'4 GrArdehbrs'''.'- ''.' - 2 Wii4t6rs ■- J -'U 10 G-as Fitters ;' - ;; ^_ ■46- Wareheuseltlan. ■•> "t.-^ UUl Gilders i - -.-• 2. .Watohmak,pr 1 JAPPENDIX. — WHOLE COMMISSION. 193 Women. Book Folders - 2 Laundresses - 74 Charwomen - - 47 Machinists - 3 •Children - - 17 Mantle-makers 8 Cooks - 29 Needlewomen 64 Dres^akers - - 29 Nurses 18 Flower-makers 3 Servants - 188 (xovernesses - 4 8hop Girls - 18 Hawkers 2 Tailoresses 22 Housekeepers 3 Gentlewomen 8 Ironers 8 Unknown 5 Number of Uahitiuil and Gastuil Frequenters. A not very large but in some respects quite a distinct •class of homeless people are the habitual frequenters of the casual wards, such as the two esamined by the ■committee. This class is estimated by Mr. Simmons to amount only to about 250 ; Mr. "Vick puts them at ■500. They are said to behave in an orderly manner in the wards, from which they are rarely missed for more than two or three weeks at a time. Those who, though msually resorting to lodging-houses, are recognised as ■occasional frequenters of the wards are a far larger number, roughly estimated by the two witnesses above anentioned at about 4,000. Married and Single. A notable fact in connection with homeless persons is that while the women usually describe themselves as ■widows, the vast majority of the men represent them- selves as bachelors. But there is a consensus of opinion Amongst those conversant with this claBfe that in the larger number of cases these men have wives and families. Many of them have actually deserted their -wives and families. Others have left them to take Tefuge in the worMiouses, and have gone on their travels with perhaps some intention of sending for them when they have obtained work. Conclusion. Physical incapacity and moral defect, separately or ■conjointly, account for a vast majority of eases, and the instances of hand fide workmen of even moderate ■capability found in the homeless ranks owing to want of employment are comparatively few, and even in these instances distress might often have been averted •by a moderate exercise of thrift and providence. Possibility of Effeetnal Ghcvrity. , Taking cases not selected, Miss Tillard, basing her «stimate upon some 1,200 homeless cases dealt with by the St. James's Committee, estimates that not more ■than 6 per cent, have been permanently benefited. [Mr. Smith, speaking of the Salvation Army said that of those who "professed spiritual progress" 30 per cent, did in fact make progress. Mr. Hunt, of the •Church Army, said that .46 per cent, of 100 cases ■(selected) were now doing well.] It is believed that the experience of other Charity Organisation Comriiittees does not point to a larger •degree of real success. But probably a system of hearty •«o-operation between the various institutions concerned would lead to far better results than have hitherto been :attainable. Not only would a larger number be actually loenefited by charitable effort, but many others would Jbe benefited by the mere withholding of charity. •Obtaining food or shelter now here, now there, they prefer to lead a life of idleness. Thrown on their own resources, they might probably settle down to honest work. The vagrant mentioned by Miss Tillard repre- ■sented the feeling of many of his plass when he -remarked, '' What ! work for mj)- breakfast ? No, thank you ; I can get it without that." As to the young, the following are instances. They :are not cases in any way picked out for description, and with one exception they are given in the order in ■which they were dealt with.' E.M., a girl of 17, made herself useful in the casual ward, and was allowed to remain a day or two over her time. She was a stolid, heavy-looking girl, who appeared in the oldest of clothes. She ha^ been brought up at a workhouse school, and had left it with a good character, but she was unfortunate in her first situation. Her mistress went out of her mind. Her master's goods were seized, and the girl's box went with them. She walked up to London to seek a place, and a policeman directed her to a casual ward, i'rom thence she found her way to a second casual ward. On leaving it, an .«ffort was made to help her — clothes were obtained for her, and she was lodged at one of the homes of the i 78848. M.A.B.T.S. A place was found for her. She accepted low wages until she had earned herself a character. She is now in respectable service at 12?. a year, and she has repaid the full amount spent on her clothes and lodging. L. G. was a girl of 18, who left the casu.il ward sooner than she need have done, as she seemed afraid of being locked in the cell at night. She came from a refuge in Chelsea. Hur relations lived in Birmingham. They used not to bear a good character. On this account, as a child, she had been sent to an industrial school. For the same reason she had been emigrated to Canada. There she got into bad ways, and a charitable society paid her fare back to London, where she soon drifts into the casual ward. She, liowever, refused to stay there, and refuseil do go to the workhouse. No home could be found willing to receive her. It was then ascertained that her relatives at Birmingham wished for her return, and that they were, at least, much better than herself. Her fare there was paid, and she afterwards wrote to announce her safe arrival. Her future life iwill probably be somewhat better than if she had been left homeless in London. F. P. is a boy of 17, pock-marked and half-starved in appearance. Some years ago his father deserted him, and for 18 months he had been in the workhouse school. From there he was placed in the House Boy Brigade; and transferred immediately to a Working Boy's Home. He said that there he was sent out to get .work, but could not succeed on account of deficient eyesight, and that, afraid of being unable to pay his expenses at the home, he ran away and tramped about homeless for three or four months, when he was found in a London casual ward. The character given him from his former school was not good. This boy was , placed temporarily in a Lads' Labour Home in the neighbour- hood, where for the last five weeks he has earned his living by wood-chopping. Clothes were given him. He has now obtained an indoor situation as sorter in a shop at Battersea. 4. Conclusions. We want (1) more thorough treatment, (2j especially the rescue of the younger cases if possible, (3j and for these purposes, longer detention, say two weeks, which (4) will give time for inquiry, (5) for testing the applicant and trying to help in some thorough manner ; we want (6) co-operation between the refuges (as above). 5. The Refuges. The refuges are nine in number, without including those institutions for special classes which, as, before explained, were not bi-ought within the scope of the inquiry. The nine refuges are all situated on the north side of the Thames, and they have accommodation 1,249 persons in all. The following table gives the name, total accommodation, and situation of each refuge, with the date of its foundation : — Name. Accommo- dation for Situation. Founded in Houseless Poop Asylum - Providence (Row) Night Refuge and Home. Church Extension Asso- ciation, Tenter Street Refuge. Field Lane R«fuge Newport Market Refuge House of Shelter - House of Charity - Church Army Central Labour Home. Ha,m Yard Hospioe 522 .302 160 fiO - 55 55 ■M 25 20 Banner . Street, St. Luke's, E.G. Crispin Street and Raven Row, Spltal- tields. Tenter Street, "WTiite- chapel. Vine Street, Clerken- well Road, E.C. Coburg Row, ■West- minster. Bagitally Street, Step- ney, E. Greek Street, Soho Square. Crawford Street, Mar.ylebone. GreatWindmill Street, Leicester Square. 1819 1860 1SS7 IS^l^l 1863 i8?e is-w 1890 fs-w Total aocommodation 1,249 Most cf the refuges place restrictions upon re- admission within a certain time. The duration of stay varies ; at some the period is fixed with an approach to rigidity. At the Houseless Poor Asylum, for instance, it is seven nights, which, however, need not be consecutive ; at Tenter Street seven nights, at Field Lane a fortnight, at Ne'wport Market a week, at Ham Yard a fortnight, at the Church Army Labour Home Bb 194 ROYAL COMMISSION ON LABOUR; usually two* months at least. At all the refuges, however, there is some elasticity as to the period of stay, and at the House of Shelter there is no fixed period, but the duration of stay is regulated according to the needs of each case. At the Providence (Row) all except known vagrants or impostors are admitted for one night ; if they cannot give references they then have to leave, but if they give references which prove satisfactory they are allowed to remain for varying periods. The diet varies considerably. At some of the refuges it is inferior to the casual wards, consisting in fact, only of bread and water ; at others — the Church Army for example— it is superior. The sleeping arrangements also differ greatly. At some the inmates sleep on leather-covered mattresses placed in large boxes, with a leather coverlet ; in others, bedsteads and bedding are used. The refuges are usually on the " associated " system, but at Newport Market there are a few separate cells, which are said to be much appreciated. . Many of these institutions are provided with baths, but few make it compulsory to use them. Field Lane and the Church Army are exceptions; there the bath is always administered, and the clothes of each new-comer are "baked." In the Houseless Poor Asylum and some other refuges the dormitories, are always kept heated ; in others this is not done, but a sufficiency of covering is given. At few of these institutions are night-shirts given to the inmates. In this point possibly, as well as in regard to the bath* they might well imitate the casual wards, not only for the sake of cleanliness, but also to give an opportunity to the inmates, after being out in the rain or snow, of getting rid at once of their wet clothes. The winter is the homeless man's liondon season ; and most of the refuges, especially the larger ones, are open only four or five months in the year, from November or December till about April. In midT winter they are most crowded, by Apiil they are usually, comparatively empty. Still, even to the last there is a substantial number at the large refuges. What becomes of them when turned out is not very clear. Probably the majority go at once into the country. 6. The OoMMOif Lodgixg Houses and Self-Suppokting Shelters. Table showing the Number of Common Lodging Houses in the Metropolitan Police District, with their Accommodation, &c., from 1884 to 1889. Year. Total Number of Houses. With Accom- modation for New Houses. Houses Re- opened. Houses Closed. Accommodation : above or below Preceding Year. No. of Houses : above or below Preceding Year., 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1,113 31,064 95 92 178 + 1,678 + 9 1,053 31,010 73 93 226 - 54 - 60 1,069 32,713 63 77 124 + 1,703 + 16 959 31,351 51 66 198 - 1,362 -110 995 32,172 107 85 156 + 821 -b 36 988 33,964 58 87 152 + 1,792 - 7 962 33,947 37 68 131 - 17 - 26 863 33,086 39 92 230 -861 - 99 i- Mansion House Fund. Trafalgar Square Demonstra- tion. ' Salvation Army shelters ac- commodated in 1891 about 1,000 persons, viz., 650 to. 700 men, and abont 250' women. In 1892 they, accommodated 2,509. Note 1. — Common LoDGmG-HoersES grouped — (a.) At Bangor Street (Kensington). (6.) At Westminster, (c.) At St. Giles, (d.) At Whitechapel. (e.) At Southwark. Near these usually are refuges or shelters. Thus at (h) is a Salvation Army shelter ; and the "Newport Market " refuge. ■ Not far from (c) is the Leicester Square Hospice, and the Stanhope Street, Drury Lane, Shelter of the Salvation Army. At (d) are the Salvation Army shelter for men and women, with a shelter at Batcliffe and at Bethnal Green. There is also a Salvation Army workshop, and several philanthropic common lodging-houses in Whitechapel. At (e) are the Blackfriars Boad and Southwark Street Shelters of the Salvation Army; the Farm House lodging-house of Mr. Hunter. Note 2. — Decrease of Common Lodging-House Ac- commodation on Increase of Charitable Shelters, &c. The Salvation Army Shelters consist of penny shel- ters, twppenny shelters, and shelters of a superior kind called Poor Man's Metropoles, where charges of four- pence and sixpence are made for a bed. The following is a list of the men's shelters now in existence : — District. Class of Shelter. Accommodation for Blackfriars Road Lisson Grove Limehoiise Royal Mint Street, E. Penny and twopenny - Twopenny Fonrpenny (including Twopenny Fourpenny (including Metropole 400 men. 800 „ 140 „ 100 „ Clerkenwell ' . - Whitechapel Road "Westminster ^^,- 200 „ 289 „ 200 „ .Sonthwark Street Stanhope Street, Driiry lane Beflinal Green - 154 , 110 „ 120 „ In the penny shelters the men sleep in large rooms- furnished only with wooden benches. When I visited these places (in April) they were not very full, and the- , men were lying on the benches or the floor, but I understand that in winter, when the shelters are more- crowded, many of the. inmates are obliged to spend the night in a sitting posture on the benches, which arei provided with, rails at the back. In the twopenny shelters, and also in those where the inclusive charge of fourpence is ; made, the bed consists of a mattress covered with American cloth and placed on the floor inside a kind of long and narrow wooden case, which looks like a packing-box without bottom or lid. These- boxes or bunks are placed in rows side by side in large' dormitories, a space being left between the rows to- form a passage. Each man has a coverlet, consisting- of two layers of American cloth with a felt lining, between them. Both in the penny and the twopenny shelters the dormitories are supplied with heating apjjaratus. I am informed that the thermometer, which, when the men go to bed stands at abont 65 degrees, usually rises in the course of the night to 75 or even 80 degrees. In the metropoles for sixpence a comfortable spring bed is provided, together with a mattress, rug, pillow, and sheets in a small cubicle divided from the neigh- bouring cubicles by a high wooden partition. Foi*. fourpence a similar bed can be obtained, but in a cubicle containing one, two, or more often three other beds. At the metropoles there are reading-rboms provided with newspapers of various kinds. At all the shelters there are lavatories with hot and cold water. Soap and towels are provided, and the men have the opportunity of washing and drying their shirts and underclothes. At the twopenny shelters and metropoles there are also baths, with hot and cold water. At each shelter is a meeting-room, where from 8 to 9 o'clock religions service is held. Attendance at these meetings is not compulsory."* • Extract from article by Mr. Francis Peek on "General Booth's- hocial boheme, in Contemporary Review," July 1892. APPENDIX. — WHOLE COMMISSION, 195 Mr. Booth states in the last appeal that he has fur ished 1,000,000 people with a warm shelter, in tw( •nished years two Connection between Oommon Lodging Houses and 'Shelters, and Pauperism. Th* oommon lodging-houses of London contribute very largely to pauperism. It has been ascertained that, in St. Giles's, out of 1,518 persons admitted to the workhouse during the first nine months of 1889 there were — From oommon lodging-houses - 746 „ the casual ward - - - 396 „ private houses - - - 476 In Whitechapel, out of 2,654 persons admitted during a period of about four months prior to February 18, 1890, there were from common lodging-houses 1,065, and in Kensington, out of 1,065 admissions during various periods there were 616 from these places. In St. Giles's the total accommodation of the common lodging-houses is little over 3,000 ; in Whitechapel and. Kennington the exact accommodation is unknown, but it is believed to be less in each of these unions than in St. Giles's. It must not, perhaps, be assumed that the persons :admitted from common lodging-houses are in all cases regular frequenters of such places. The i-eturns relate only to the place wheye the applicant slept on the last preceding night ; and it may often happen that when a man's home has been broken up he is a,ble to make a short sojourn in the lodging-house before being finally •compelled to resort to the workhouse. Bat after making every allowance on that score, the figures above-mentioned seem sufficiently remarkable. Note also as to " Sheltees." (a.) Letter of Holborn Guardians addressed to Local Government Board and other evidence respecting appli- cations for poor law relief being made from " Shelters." (6.) Evidence of Mr. Vallance as to Whitechapel : — " We have an increasingly migratory population, the 8,000 or so beds in comnion lodging-houses, shelters, and refuges feeding our infirmary with sick, and mounting up the admissions sometimes to startling figures. Last half year the admissions averaged nearly 100 a week, whilst the average number at one time would not be more than 600 or thereabouts." (c.) Evidence of Dr. Herron, medical officer St. Saviour's District Board of Works. Dr. James Herron, Medical Officer of Health for the .St. Saviour's District Board of Works, in his Annual Eeport for the year 1891, furnishes an instructive analysis of the statistics of mortality for the district. The total number of deaths registered was 836, equiva- lent to an annual death-rate of 30'77 per 1,000 of the population. By the deduction of 30 deaths in the workhouse of persons belonging to other districts, and ■of 16 inquests on bodies found in the district, the ratio is reduced to 29'08 per 1,000. Bud even this is not the true figure, for 50 additional deaths were of persons whose residential claim was founded on the fact that they had passed a single night in the district, either in a common lodging-house or in the workhouse, prior to .admission to the infirmary where they died. This statement exemplifies the necessity of a careful analysis •of official statistics, especially if they are to be made the basis of comparison between different distripts. This is brought out more clearly when Dr. Herron proceeds to investigate the disturbing causes. We cannot do better than quote his own remarks : — "Various reasons may be assigned for the' great influx of the extremely poor, the improvident, and the vagrant. Ever since the opening of the new infirmary at Champion Hill there has been a steady and increasing flow of social outcasts into the district, attracted by the magnificent hospital accommodation and scientific treatment to be found there. Again, for the greater part of the year a well-meaning philanthropist nightly •collected these homeless specimens of humanity on the south side of Blaokfriars Bridge, giving each, one at midnight an order for a night's accommodation in a lodging-house, which was generally situated in St. Saviour or Ohristchurch. As many of these were aiUng at the time of their admission to these retreats, the keepers naturally sought to get rid of them as soon .as possible, with the result that the various Poor Law- institutions attached to the district became their desti- nation, where many of them died. " In addition, several speculative enterprises, floated in the name of humanity and Christianity, have been established in recent years within the district, which give a home for the time being to the nomadic section of the community. These refuges, of coarse, cannot accommodate those who are sick ; and as residents of the district, in the true sense of the term, never by any chance pass a night there, the large number of indi- viduals transferred from these havens to institutions adapted for the treatment of the ailing naturally tends to swell the death-rate. " Another feature of this district is the wonderful array of charities belonging to the parishes of 8t. Saviour and Ohristchurch. A very short residence has, I believe, been generally sufficient to qualify ap- plicants for these gifts; the result being that large numbers of people whose health has broken down, either through age, deprivation, or some other cause less easy to defend, crowd into the poorer and cheaper tenements, so as to become eligible for' these charities. Whether they succeed or not in their enterprise, they are people who are, the least likely to undergo the strain of any severe illness. If only we were fortunate enough to be in a position to offer fewer attractions to pauper immigrants, we should be able to show a death- rate that would compare favourably with the average mortality of London. As matters are at present, I fail to see how, notwithstanding any efibrt we may make in the cause of sanitary improvement, our death-rate can do' otherwise than annually continue to increase. Eliminating only those 50 cases of persons whose claim on this district was fbunded on a short residence therein in a common lodging-house or the workhouse, the death-rate is equal to one of 27"2 per 1,000 of the population." {d.) " General" Booth has, he says in his last appeal, in two years furnished a million people with warm shelter. On the face of it a grave exaggeration. If trae, a sign of wide, indiscriminate, and very injurious relief. The Elevators. 1. " Elevation " by the 100 impossible. 2. Sale of goods injurious to labour, and not confined to members of Salvation Army, as originally it was stated that it should be. The Salvation Army send out "travellers," and of their contracts the following is a sample : — The London School Board is reported to have accepted the tender of the Salvation Army for the supply of firewood for use in the board schools and offices during the 12 months beginning in October, at the rate of 2s. 8d. per 100 bundles. Among the other tenders were : Church Army, 3s. ; Dr. Barnardo'a Homes, 2s. lOd., 2s. lid., and 3!.-. ; and the Boys' Home, Regent's Park. It would be interesting to know whether any tenders were received from strictly com- mercial agencies, and, if so, whether their prices were higher than those of their charitable competitors. A month or two ago we commented on the fact that the London School Board had accepted a tender from the Salvation Army for the supply of firewood. The War Cry, of September 17th, contains the following note : — " As this question of wood-chopping has been raised again, I will once more State the facts and the under- lying principles, and they will not then be under the necessity of visiting ns at headquarters for details. " The underselling cry may be dismissed in a sentence. It is absolutely and entirely false. If any- thing, we are rather above than below the general market prices. " As. to the sweating or lower wages charge, the facts are these : — 1. We do not pay ' wages ' at all — certainly not in the sense in which that term is generally under- stood. As we have just pointed out to an influential member of the London School Board — ^with whom we have a large contract for supplying wood — our Shelters where wood is chopped act as casual ' relief works ' for penniless and destitute men, who do a certain amount of work — a given minimum and maximum quantity for their food and shelter. As these men are unskilled in firewood-chopping, it is obvious to the most prejudiced that we could not, if we would, pay them wages, much more the rate of wages which a skilled man, who has probably been in the industry all his life, would obtain. They spoil much, which is waste, and a good deal has to be re-chopped. The same principle applies when the men come into our more permanent relief works — the Elevators — and the destitute men, most of whom never had a wood-chopper in their hand before coming to us, clearly understand that no wages are paid them. Bb 2 196 ROYAL COMMISSION ON LABOUR; If a man, however, earns more than the cost of his keep-money, grants are made him varying in value according to the worth of his work. The strorg help the weak, and we seek to inculcate Christ's law, ' Bear ye one another's burdens.' " The Firewood Cutters' Association are hardly likely to be satisfied with this explanation, and it seems to be inconsistent with the statement of the Chairman of the Board's Uommittee (General Moberly) that the contract, signed by Mr. Cadman on behalf of the Salvation Army, contained the usual clause about wages. Perhaps General Moberly will look the matter up. 3. Legitimate to employ where there is afi&iction, e.g., blind, &c., in spite of economic diflBculties. Other employment given out of the market interferes with the market, e.g., guardians' wood-chopping, which, by order of the Local Government Board, is kept in closest limits. " The Board are strongly of opinion that boards of guardians should carefully avoid the employment of pauper inmates in such a manner as to cause so much competition with any particular branch of trade as to render it difficult, if not im- possible, for the independent labourer in that branch of employment to earn a living." They consider that the manufacture of firewood should not be carried on in any metropolitan workhouse. 4. It is the standing difficulty of all charitable employment schemes to get rid of their goods when manufactured. (1.) You pay less than standard wage or none, and so bring into the market goods which you can aft'ord to sell at any price. If yon charge a price lower than the market price you injure the just self-supporting labourer ; if you charge the ordinary market price, by taking up contracts, you similarly dispossess the labourer, by reducing the amount of work available for him in the market. (2.) 10,000 persons, "General" Booth says in his last appeal, work has been found for. Many of these must have been manufactured in the Elevators. If the statement is true it must affect the independent unskilled labourer very injuriously, or, in other words, those employed are made dependent, and those in the rank of labour above the employed put in a greater difficulty to preserve their independence. 7. The Municipal Lodging House. In Ihis house there is accommodation for 320 men, consisting of a large hall amply provided with seats and well-warmed, a separate dining-room, a canteen, where the ordinary requirements of common lodging- house needs in the way of food are supplied at the usual trade prices, a public kitchen, . in which the inmates can cook their food, a laundry, a public wash- house, lavatories, and baths, while the dormitories on the cubicle system bccure a degree of privacy un- attainable in the ordinary common lodging-house. Tickets entitling, the holder to the accommodation provided may be purchased, available for a month, a week, or one night, at the rate of i\d. a night, or if a rather superior accommodation is required at 4JtJ., with a reduction for the longer periods. A private locker may be secured on deposit of ^d. for the key, and these are so constructed with ventilating appliances that remains of food may be kept in them. The dormitories are absolutely closed except between 8 p.m. and 8 a. m. Of these there are four, each containing 80 beds, and they are in charge of warders who are res])onsible for order being kept. The superintendent has absolute power to exclude anyone guilty of a breach of the rules. Smoking is only allowed in the hall and courtyard, and intoxicating liquors are rigorously excluded. Order and quietness are stated to prevail generally throughout the establishment. Keformatory efforts are made in the interests of the inmates hy temperance addresses and services by any minister of religion (except Biomau Catholics) who may volunteer ; these are said to be well attended and taken part in reverently. Lectures and concerts are given from time to time during the winter, and, moreover, daily papers and a few games are supplied. A ' ' free library" is yet lacking, but doubtless will be shortly added to the present attractions. With regard to the class of men accommodated, our informant is of opinion that it is distinctly a higher grade than would be found at any private common lodging- house. Graduates even of the University, and others above the working classes, have been known by him to make use of this model institution, these preferring, however, the better accommodation to be obtained by payment of 4Ji. That working men mak^ use of this &s permanent dwellings is shown by the fact that not 25 per cent, of the lodgers leave after a night or two, and there are many respectable working-men in regular employment who have adopted this mode of life during the last eight or ten years. It would, in fact, be a perfectly fair inference that these common lodging- houses form comfortable and attractive residentiar clubs to a considerable number of "unencumbered" men of a class which we should have imagined would have been well able to take care of themselves and provide for their own requirements without having recourse to " municipal charity. Some plausible reasons in their favour might be urged by the advocates of this and similar schemes if it could he shown that they reached the lower grades of common lodging-house life, and thereby created a beneficial change in their condition, but it seems unlikely that this class of the community is affected to any material extent. On the other hand, it is only fair to say that there is distinct evidence of there being among the inmates men who have come down in the world through drink and other faults of character, and that many of these have become reformed characters as a result of the influences for good which have been brought to- bear upon them. We are tempted to reflect whether this reformatory work cannot be done equally well, and possibly more efficiently, through other agencies thaa that afforded by municipal common lodging-houses ancf in similar fields of work. 8. PKOvisioif of Fbee or Cheap Food. Analysis of applications at a soup-kitchen in St. Giles's, January 1879. Some 100 applications were thereupon sent in tO' Mr. A. B., and by him handed over to the Committee, with a note statmg " there would have been many more applications but for the openly expressed unbelief of many of the men concerning any good results there- from," also asking to be informed of any employment obtained for the men, and concluding, " Until these cases, or at least the majority of them, are disposeA of I must ask that no further inquiries be made, as the men are rough, hungry, and may become desperate if they are disappointed." 9. The Test of Employment. The Honorary Secretary at once replied that thi» Committee never promised any employment to anybody, and that this statement of Mr. A. B. in the kitchen was as much a surprise to them as to others. It is in fact usually beyond" the power of charity to find work even for respectable persons. However, the Committee- applied to the superintendent of roads of the district,, who kindly and promptly fell in with its proposal, and' agreed to employ some 25 men on the following morning.. Temporary work at plastering was also found by a friend of the committee for another half-dozen. To inquiries how the work was done, the superintendent of roads wrote as follows : — " Of the total number of men you sent me, eight- were good working, useful men, three or four more' appeared willing men, but the work was too hard for- them (they evidently not being used to manual labour)- and after trying for a day or two, they left. " The remainder gave up their tickets, looked at the work, and walked off." The foreman of the plastering wonk reports "that his men came late in the morning, ' sloshed ' through their work as slovenly as possible, and went away as they could m the evening ; only one man really took pains with his work." He was the only married man sent, and happened not to be one of those found at the soup-kitchen. The cases so offered employment were taken almost at random from among the first who applied, the number of names sent in simultaneously makincr it impossible to select those who merited it and "had famihes to support. The nature of every case inves- tigated is shown in the table appended to this report by an analysis of which it appears that only about 10- had any family at all. Out of the 10, three had deserted their wives ; of the seven thus left only two had cbildren- to support— and two had adult children who might have done something for their parents. APPENDIX. — ^WHOLE COMMISSION. 197 The difiBciilty of applying relief to such a body of men on any safe principle ■will be seen if we attempt to analyse the information,- meagre though it is, that has been obtained concerning them,. Tims, out of 70 whose ages wc know, 5 were in their " teens," 23 „ „ ,, twenties, 20 11 9 2 thirties, forties, fifties, sixties. Four were feeble in health and fit for little beyond carrying advertising boards, but all the rest were able- bodied men ; some of them earning wages up to a few days of their visit to the kitchen, and others capable of work if their characters had permitted them to keep straight. On analysing the evidence as to character, it will be found that about 16 are known to be good. 18 known to be bad, 24. questionable owing to references not having been found, 39 have nothing known about them. Noi hand fide Working Men. Again, referring to their occupations, only a small percentage consisted of honA fide working men, and of these, striking improvidence was the feature. If the returns of a soup kitchen are an index of distress, why is it that the aged, the married, and the working are not to be found there P If the kitchen is an index of distress this year, will its proprietor say it was less full any previous year? If the kitchen is needed for dislress, why was it closed the, last days of February, when the cold continued well into March ? The public will hardly need to know how a ' ' kitchen " is furnished with guests, but in this instance the custom is for Mr. A. B. to supply the deputy landlords of common lodging-houses with tickets to give to those they think most in want, a method evidently careless as to consequences, the life of the Jiabitui of such places being so nomad, that many are unknown by name to the " deputies " who are supposed to knew their circumstances. Number. Age. Married or Single. Occupation. Nature of Case. How dealt with by Committee. 2,047 49 W. Waistcoat Maker. Known to the Committee for five years. Almost always out of work. Constantly had parish relief. E rinks a great deal. Has one daughter subjpct to fits. Dismissed as undeserving. 2,855 59 W. Labourer. Known to Committee as a, good character for two years. Has had good employmeni, 25s. per week, from good firms. A widower four years, and no family, and no club. Now has a bad foot, and getting past work. Dismissed as case for Poor Law. 3,358, C.L.* 38 S. Crossing Sweeper. Born in St. Petersburg. Always a rover. No reliable character. Brothers in Sheffield : known him since he has been in England, i.e., 18 months; cannot help him, as he has no knowledge of any business. Licence and employment as omnibus conductor obtained, having been previously clothed and kept by Committee till place obtained, at cost of •2l. 7«. Gd. Is believed to have very soon lost the employment. 3,362, C.L. 44 M. Clerk. Deserted family eight years. Lost place through drink. Showed copies of testimonials for capability and general good conduct, but lost originals. Ineligible and undeserving. 3,363 40 S. Ex-Soldier. Left army 1 1 months ; lOd. per day pension. Worked in brickfields. Did some plasterwork which was given him, badly. Been lodging in common lodging-houses three months. Referred to Army and Navy Pension Society. Jobs at plastering. 3,364, C.L, 29 s. Porter. Unknown at all references and addresses. Dismissed, ineligible. 3,373, C.L. 26 S. Servant. Formerly in Bluecoat. Mother in almshouse. Had " a place " to go to. Clothes granted to take place. 3,374 26 s. Porter. Had been seeking work, and found work two or three days after came to Committee. Committee granted 3s. 6rf.- on two occasions for temporarj' needs. * Those with C.L. attached are known to reside at common lodging-houses. The Salvation Army have food dep6ts at many centres, seven, at least, in London. Of these, three are in common lodging-bouse districts— Whitechapel Eoadand Fieldgate Street, Stanhope Street (near St. Giles), and Southwark. They are feeding, presumably, persons not ditterent from those analysed m the St. Giles's report. So far as they feed the resident poor they are puttmg them down also. I have come across such cases in central London. So with this form of indiscriminate reliei wherever it may be. 10. The Labobb Bueeau. There is a strong body of opinion among the witnesses experienced in regard to finding employ- ment, that it has a tendency t'o demoralise the men, destroy their self-reliance, and relax their efi^orts iu seeking work for themselves ; and that, where the endeavour is made to find employment, great care must be taken to guard against this tendency. " Experience has taught me," Miss Tillard observes, that unless a man makes exertions to get work he rarely sticks to it ; the job over, he returns to you in the happy confidence that you will find him Bb 3 - 198 ROYAL COMMISSION ON LABOUR; another, and it is a question wliether we do not weaken his self-respeofc and self-reliance, and thereby deteriorate his character for steady work, by en- deavonring to procure it for him."* Moreover it may be doubted whether charitable efforts to find employment are very successful even in direct result. Thus at the Refuge which is most energetic in its endeavours to find employment for its inmates, it appears that between November 1st, 1889, and the end of April in the following year, l,640t persons were admitted ; but work was obtained for 80 only. In the meantime, of the 1,640 only eight were known to have found woi'k for themselves. On the other hand, at a refuge where the men are left to shift entirely for themselves in obtaining employment, it appears that out of 689 men admitted in 1889, it was known that 177 had found Work. At another refuge where the inmates are left to their own resources, out of 292 men admitted in 1890 it is stated that 117 obtained employment ; but it must be mentioned that at this refuge the average period of stay is considerably longer than at either of those previously mentioned. J The Salvation Army, by means of its labour bureau, has made a systematic attempt to obtain work for the unemployed; "but in four months, out of some 4,000 " or 5,000 applicants, they were only able to place " 1,300 or 1,400,"§ and whether in these cases the work was usually anything more .than casual or temporary is not stated. A labour bureau does not seem to go to the root of the diflSculty at all. The evil is, that owing to the limitation of the labour market, there is scarcely enough employment for all. But the labour bureau does not increase the demand for labour. Besides, it would seem particularly ill adapted to benefit the class for whom it is intended. The good and steady woi'k- man need seldom be without work, but the somewhat incompetent or idle are left out in the oold.\ The bureau would rather facilitate the selection of the best men, and the more complete exclusion of the inferior. On the other hand, if its operations were confined to the incompetent, it would scarcely be much used by employers. Labour bureaus seem also possibly to involve the danger, by enabling employers easily to obtain labourers at short notice, of further encouraging, to some extent, the employment of Casual, instead of permanent labour. It would seem that little is to be hoped from any attenfipt to find employment on a large scale ; but in particular cases it is doubtless sometimes the best or only way of helping. Much may be said in favour of assisting recently discharged soldiers in this way. This class of men, often well able to do hard work, seem strangely incompetent to find work; and, after years of reliance upon discipline and authority, often need some help and guidance before they are able to shift for themselves in the world. Since then the Chelsea Vestry has opened a Labour Bureau, now in operation one year. ' ' The Chelsea Vestry yesterday received from its Finance Committee a report upon the first year s working of the Chelsea Labour Bureau, which was established by the vestry at the Town Hall at the beginning of last winter, for the purpose of assisting * " Relief ot the Homeless " p. 10. t The 1,640 include men, women, and children, but more than 1,800 were men, the number of women and children being very smalls The 80 for whom work was found is exclusive of IB who were emigrated, and for some or all of whom work was found in the Colonies. t In regard to the class of men received at these three refuges respectively, see Boulton 976 to 979, 990, 991, 1010, 1044 ; Shaw, S06 to 513. 524, 551 ; Stevens 1071 to 1074, 1122. § Smith, 1672. " Anything in the shape of a labour bureau is not calculated to meet the requirements of the cases." (Smith, 1601). the unemployed of the parish of Chelsea to find work, by putting them ineasy communication with employers. This being the first public labour bureau of the kind established in London, its operations have been very closely watched by many districts besides tliat for whose benefit it was established, and it was understood that at the end of the experimental term of one year the vestry would have an opportunity of considering the advisability of continuing' it. The report showed that between the 5th of October, 1891, and the 31st of August last, 3,611 persons desiring employment registered at the bureau, and employment was found for 1,522 of these. The cost of the year's working was set down at 162Z. 15«. Id:, less than Is. per applicant, or a little over 2s. per head for those obtaining work. This expenditure included initial costs which are not likely to recur, but there was also to be taken into account the fact that no charge was made to the bureau for its offices at the Town Hall. The whole of the work of the bureau^intorviewin^ applicants and employ ers'>, makiug inquiries, personally or by letter, tabulating and classifying applicadons, &c. — has been porlormed by a superintendent, at 21. per week, assisted by a boy. Of the 1,987 males who registered, 567 were placed, the largest class of these finding employment being 178 boys ; other large sections being 126 artizans, and 127 labourers. Fewer women registered — viz., 1,624, but 955 of these were placed, the largest section being 609 domestics, and the next 129 charwom,en. The bureau possesses no means of ascertaining tlje mean duration of the various employments. Mr.' Hilton, who is chairman of the Finance Committee, moved the adoption of the committee's recommendation,, 'That the bureau be continued for ' another year. He nevertheless expressed the personal opinion that it had failed to perform the service expected of it, and that it was too costly in proportion to the number of people for whom it found employment. He pointed out that the largest classes of engagements which had been made were those of charwomen and domestics, who could obtain free registration at the ordinary servants' registries, and he contended that the bureau had no proof that any large proportion of the persons whom it sent to places really engaged, or that their engagements were permanent. For the women, he said, the Ipureau was not required, while the number of legitimate male workers for whom employment of any kind had been found numbered only 2"5 per diem. He criticised the bureau's figures with the object of showing that every person sent after a place had cost the vestry over 2s. Mr. Pennycuick contended, on the other hand, that the cost of the bureau to the individual ratepayer was about jJjt?. in the pbund per annum, and that in find- ing even temporary employment, for 700 people it had kept a proportion of them off the poor-rate. Mr. Irons added that five in-door paupers cost the parish 3Z. 15s. per week, or about the same amount as the bureau, and contended that if it only kept five persons off tlie parish it saved its cost and benefited the public by maintaining • five self-respecting and respected workers instead of five paupers. The motion to continue the bureau for another year was carried bv 21 votes to seven." " Times," November 3, 1892. In a suburban district labour bureaus, may answer, for ohaiwomen, etc.; etc., not elsewhere. Plan of Labour Eegisters, adopted in Kensington, St. George's (Hanover Square), Chelsea, Paddington, North St. Pancras, Hampstead, have obtained work for a small number of persons, mostly women. In some cases they have been given up as not sufficiently useful. APPENDIX, — WHOLE COMMISSION. 199 APPENDIX XCIX. Copy of " Equitable Chaegb." For securing Provident Funds of the Employees of Thomas Bushill and Sons, December 28Lh, 1888. Agorbement made tlie twenty-eiglitli day of December one thousand eight hundred and eighty-eight between Ann Btishill, of the city of CoTentry, widow of the first part ; Thomas "William Bnahili and Newsome Bushill, both of the same city, and with the said Ann Bushill, trading in partnership together as manufac- turing stationers at the said city, under the style or firm of " Thomas Bushill & Sons," of the se'6ond part ; and Charles Philetus Newman, of the said city, bank manager, and John Hine Sharp, of the said city, cashier to the said Thomas Bushill & Sons, of the tbird part. Whereas the said Thomas Bushill & Sons (herein-after called " the Firm ") have established a bonus and provident fund scheme for the benefit of their employees, under certain printed rules, dated the thirty-first day of October last. And whej-eas it is provided in Eule 19 of the said rules that the pro- vident fund of each employ^ would, while the same remained in the hands of the firm, be credited with interest at the rate of 4 per cent, per annum, computed as therein mentioned, and Rule 20 requires that the firm shall give security upon property of ample value for all moneys from time to time belonging to the Employees' Provident Funds, or so much thereof as might be remaining in the hands of the firm. And w:hereas it has been agreed between the said Ann Bushill, Thomas William Bushill, and Newsome Bushill that the said Ann Bushill shall, for and on behalf of the firm, and in conformity with the said rules, give such security as herein-after expressed, and the said Charles Philetus Newman and John Hine Sharp have, at the request of the firm, consented to be trustees in respect of such security for the em- ployees Of the firm from time to time entitled to thd benefit of such security. Now it is witnessed that in oortsideration of the premises, the said Ann Bushill hereby subjects and charges her estate in fee simple of, and iu the here^ ditaments described in the schedule hereunder, written with the payment to the said Charles Philetus Newman and John Hine Sharp, their executors and adminis- trators, as trustees as aforesaid of the principal sums . . . now in the hands of the firm, and all further principal sums which shall from time to time accrue under the recited or referred-to rules, and be in the hands of the firm, and being or belonging to the respective provident funds of their respective employees under the said rules, and also interest at the rate of 4 per cent, per annum, computed according to the said rules upon the respective sums from time to time, standing to the credit of the said respective provident funds, iu the respective books thereof, while the same respectively remain in the hands of the firm or upon so much of the said respective sums as so regain. As witness the hands of the said parties hereto the day and year first above written. APPENDIX C. putting an end thereto ; but such notice, unless given during some month of September, will not take efEecc until the end of the financial year current at the time Kulbs OF THE Bonus AND Provident Fund Scheme. Established in 1888 on a Profit-Sharing Basis by Thomas Bushill & Sons, Manufacturing Stationers, Coventry, for the Benefit of their Employees. (1.) Method of Profit-sharing. — From and after the Isfof September 1888, the surplus (if any) of the clear profits of the business beyond such definite sum as is for the time jaeing reserved to the firm for their own benefit (herein-after referred to as the "Eeserved Limit "), shall be divided into two equal parts : one thereof to be distributed gratuitously as a bonus to the employees in the manner defined by these rules, and the other to be retained by the firm. , (2.) The " Reserved Limit." — The present reserved limit has been communicated confidentially to Mr. Charles J. Angus, 43, Finsbury Circus, London, E.C., Chartered Accountant, and will not be altered for the first three years if the scheme so long subsists. Therer after it may be raised or reduced by the firm, but (unless altered during some month of September) not so as to afl'ect the distribution of profits for the financial year current at the time of the alteration. Notice of any alteration will be given to the employees in such manner as co let them know how far such alteration would have afi'eoted the last preceding distribution had it then been in force. (3.) Accowntant's Certificate.— Ihe amount (if any) available for distribution will each year be certified by a chartered accountant, tod will be communicated to the euiployees. (i.y Qualifications for Profit-sharing.— Ihe employees entitled to share in the profits for any financial year are such only as at the commencement of such year on the 1st day of September were members of the sick club, and have on or before that date delivered to the firm's cashier for the time being a certificate or other satisfactory evidence of age, and a request to be entered on the list of profit-sharers. (5.) BiM-ation of Scheme. — The scheme is to continue in force only until the firm give notice to the employees It is given. (6.) Method of Distribution. — The employees' share of profits accruing in each financial year is (subject as after mentioned) to be distributed among them in pro- portion to their respective salaries or wages at the commenceinent of such year, taken for one week, exclusive (1) of premiums, overtime, or other variable allowances ; or (2) of loss caused by short time. As to enlployees who are piece-workers such week^ wages in the case of each such worker is to be arrived at (exclusively as aforesaid) by averaging the wages earned by him during the last month of the preceding financial year. In making any year's distribution it shall be permissible to the firm to Carry forward un- divided to the credit of the following year's employees share of profits, any sum which if divided, would have given to them' less than one week's wages calculated as afol-esaid. (7.) Employees' Reserve Fund. — (a.) If in any year the employees' share of profits should exceed such sum as would, if divided, give a bonus to them equivalent to six weeks' wages (that is, six times the amount of the one week mentioned in Eule 6), the surplus above such sum shall go to form an employees' reserve fund. (6.)' This fund will remain in the hands of the firm, bearing interest at the rate of 4 per cent, per annum, and may be applied, at the discretion of the firm, in aid of a subsequent year's distribution. (c.) If any such year's surplus should not be so applied within five years of its transfference to the reserve fund, the same, with interest thereon, shall, at the end of such five years, be allotted to the provident ' E b 4 200 ROYAL COMMISSION ON LABOUR: fimdB of Buch of the employees as shall then be in the employ of the firm (subject as after mentioned) under the title " Bonus from Eeserve." (d.) No employee shall be entitled to benefit by any " bonus from reserve " who was not a profit-sharer for the year in which the money allotted in reserve bonus was earned. (e.) The allotment shall be made in proportion to the respective wages or salaries of the employees sharing in the allotment (computed in accordance with Rule 6) for the year in which the money allotted was earned. (/.) It shall be permissible to the firm at their dis- cretion to allot a " bonus from reserve " at an earlier date than provided for in clause (c) of this rule. ig.) The accounts of this fund (whenever any moneys stand therein) will be audited yearly by a chartered nccountant, and submitted (confidentially) to the firm's caehier for the time being. (8.) Treatment of Bonus. — The share of the profits accruing to each employee (herein-after called " Bonus ") is to be divided into three equal parts — one of these will be paid over to him within two months of the end of the financial year, and the other two parts will be credited to him in the books of the firm as a provident fund for his benefit. There will be delivered to him a pass-book in which the account of his provident fund will be entered, and which must be produced when any payment from it is demanded. (9.) Umphyees Leaving. — An employee whose service ends by notice given on either side, by illness, or by death, will have a right to bonus for the financial year in which his service ends in proportioa to the portion of the year elapsed to the end of the month preceding the end of his service. Any employee leaving under circumstances other than before mentioned shall lose such right. Any sum lost to an employee under this rule does not accrue to the firm, but goes wholly to increase the distribution to the other employees. (10.) Proviso in event of Damage or Emhendement. — If an employee ceases to be in the service of the firm upon or by reason of any act or default on his part causing loss or damage to the firm, or is at the time indebted to the firm, his provident fund shall be applied to making good such loss or damage or to payment of such debt. If the act be embezzlement or felony, his provident fund shall be wholly and abso- lutely forfeited, and shall be applied, subject as before mentioned, to such purpose, beneficial to the employees generally, as may be determined upon by the consult- ing committee (formed under Rule 20). AVhenever this rule is called into operation, the circumstances of the case will be reported to the said consulting committee, (11.) As to Withdrawal of Provident Fund. — Subject as after mentioned, no employee shall be entitled to withdraw any portion of his provident fund. (12.) As to Withdrawal after Leaving. — Subject to Bule 10, if an employee during his life ceases to be in the service of the firm from any cause, he shall remain entitled to his provident fund, but he, or any person claiming from or under him, shall not be entitled to withdraw it until such time as, if he had continued in the service of the firm, he would have been so entitled under Eule 13 ; provided, however, that he may be voted earlier payment if the firm and the consulting committee (formed under Rule 20) should be of opinion that exceptional circumstances, existing in his case, make such earlier payment advisable. (13.) On attaimng Sixty-five Years of Age, or complet- ing Twenty-Jive Years of Service. — An employee on attaining the age of sixty-five years, or completing twenty-five years of continuous service, may, on the following 31st day of December, receive his provident fund accruing during that period. In reckoning the twenty-five years' service to the firm or predecessors of the firm, commencing at any time since the 1st of January 1880 is to be included, but not service while under the age of twenty-one years. Any such employee, notwithstanding receiving his provident fund, if he continues on in the service of the firm, will, as to future bonuses and otherwise, have the benefit of and be subject to these rules. (14.) In ease of Marriage, — A female employee, who, after leaving the service of the firm, marries, may thereupon claim an mmediate payment of her provi- deni fund. (15.) In ease of Death. — If an employee dies, his legal personal representatives will be entitled to immediate payment of his provident fund. (16.) Claims to he in Writing.— In every case where an employee or any person claims payment, such claims shall be in writing, and delivered to the firm's cashier for the time being. (17.) In ease Scheme is diseontinued.-r-lt the firm should put an end to the scheme, the provident funds of all the employees will become payable to them on the 31st day of December following. (18.) Interest on Provident Funds. — The provident fund of each employee will, while the same remains in the hands of the firm, be credited with interest at the rate of 4 per cent, per annum, but no interest will be allowed for any fraction of a financial year. The firm may, if they choose, deposit the provident fund of any employee, or part of such fund, in a savings bank, in which case the amount deposited is to be credited with such interest only as may be allowed by the savings bank. (19.) Seov/rity given for Provident Funds. — The firm will give security upon property of ample value for all moneys from time to time belonging to the employees' provident funds, or so much thereof as may be remain- ing in their hands. (20.) Consulting Committee. — The sick club committee are to form a consulting committee under this scheme for the firm to consult with on any question affecting^ any employee, or arising under these rales, on which the firm may desire assistance ; nevertheless the ultimate decision of every question is to rest with the firm. (21.) Partnership not Conferred. — The employees, or any of them, will have neither the rights nor liabilities of partnership, nor are they or any of them to inter- meddle or be concerned in the management of the business or the book-keeping or accounts of the firm. (22.) Giving of Notices. — Notices or communications to the employees are to be deemed efiectually given or made, if given or made in writing to the consulting oommittse (formed under Eule 20). (23.) Alteration of Rules. — Alterations or modifica- tions of these rules which experience may suggest as desirahle may from time to time be made by the firm ;, but such changes, unless made during some month of September, are not to take effect until the end of the financial year current at the time they are made, nor are any such changes to take effect retrospectively, so as to affect the amount of the provident fund at the time they are made of any employee. Notice of every such change will be given pursuant to Eule 22. (24.) Definitions. — In these rules, unless there be something in the subject or context requiring a different construction, words importing the masculine gender Include also females. " Firm " includes the present members of the firm, as also any person or persons succeeding to the busi- ness, whether such person or persons shall be the present members, or one or more of them, together with any other person or persons, or of any other person or persons only. "Business" means the business of the firm, what- ever changes may take place in the nature or branches of such business, or places where the same is carried • on. " Sick Club " means the Cow Lane Steam Works Sick Club, and " Sick Club Committee" the committee for the time being of such club. " Financial Tear " means the year from the 1st of September to the 1st of September. " Scheme " includes all relations between the firm and em.ployees under these rules. " Continuous service," as also any analogous expres- sion, means (notwithstanding- temporary absences) the whole period during which the relation of employer and employee virtually subsists, and there is no dis- missal. " Provident Fund " includes additions thereto under Eule 7, and of interest. Eevised Eules, Dated this 30th day of September 1891. (Signed) Thomas Bnsiiin & Sons. APPENBIX. — WHOLE COMMISSION. 201 IForm ofBeqvMt, voider BmU 4.] Pass-Rof]! No._ .18. . • To Messrs. Thomas Bushill and Sons, Ooventry. I beg to request you to place my name on the list of profit-sharers, and I hereby agree to accept the Sules ior the time being of the Firm's Bonus and Provident Fund Scheme. (Sigfled) Name (in full) Address (in fiill)_ Date of birth FoKMS POR Necessaby Aooount Books. Section of Provident Fund Account Book. Kegister No. Name. 'Bonus (P. F. part). Dec. 31, 1890. Interest. Dec. 31,1891. Bonus. Dec. 31,1891. Withdrawn, 1891. Balance. Dec. 81, 1891. g o £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. \ AB - - - ss 2 CD 1- 3 EF o a. s &c. &e. ght more columns t opening, so as to years on each openi « s [Description of Boole.— im leaves in all. Size of page, 18 by 91 ; size of opening, IB Viy 194. First 20 openmgs ruled ordinary date, rate, and double cash column (for yearly cash account) . Next 80 openings ruled after style and instructions given above (not printed) . For a Arm with 200 employees it may be reckoned that such a book will last about twenty years. (Price, hand-made paper, about Vis. 6iZ.)] Note.— The calculation of the various employees' cash bonuses (if any) will conveniently be entered in the firm's wages book. Copy— Outside of Cover of Pass-Boole. Pass-Book No Name Address * No Name- Copy — Inside of Cover of Pass-Booh. Born- Employees' Pkovident Fond. Established in 18 by No payment on this account can be made until the times specified in the rules, or without the production of pass-book. If this book be lost, a fine of 2«. 6d. will have to be Baid before a new book is furnished. All pass-books must be handed to the_ firm's cashier for making up on the pay day before Christmas day. Admitted to participation . . . Sept. ] , 18 Payment due — If a female (under Bule 14), immediately after marriage. After 25 years' service (under Rule 13), Dec. 31, 18 After attaining age of 65 years . . Dec. 31, 18 Upon death (under Rule 15). (Signature of Firm) Provident Fund Application Form. To Messrs I beg to apply for the payment of the Provident FuDd, No , belonging to— Name Address- ^o, »\-M-- v, >'■ N.B.— If column. EewewaZ, it must be stated how often since 1st December of pre-Hous year by defacing figure in. the 10 11 18 Ee 2 220 ROYAL COMMISSION ON LABOUR ; APPENDIX CXV. Central Young Men's Christian Association. EMPLOYMENT BUEEAU. Exeter Hall, Strand, W.C., London, Dear Sib, 20th January 1892. We beg to notify the close of the first year's operations of the Employment Bureau. During the year upwards of 13,000 applicants were interviewed ; but the results of inquiries as to character and capacity allowed of only 617 being placed on the register. Appointments were secured for 491 up till 14th instant. The number registered will give some idea as to the care exercised in registering applications. We also undertake for an inclusive fee to advertise on behalf of employers, interview all candidates, selecting the best six for their choice. We are greatly extending the operations of the Employment Bureau, and while heartily thanking you for your support in the past we again invite your generous co-operation. Tour obedient Servant, J. McDoNAU), Manager. COPT OF LEAFLET FOE, DISTRIBUTION. Oentbal Young Men's Ohkistian Association. B. J. Kennedy, Gen. Sec. EMPLOYMENT BUREAU. Exeter Hall, 372, Strand, W.C. J. McDonald, Manager. Register kept of suitable candidates for all kinds of commercial employment. Only candi- dates possessing good character and qualifications are registered. First consultation free. Registration fee for One Month, 6s., payable on entry. Applicants having no engagement through the bureau or otherwise, and removing their names from the register at the end of the four weeks, may, on appliciitlon, have 2s. Qd. refunded. Ofllce Hours : Daily, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m., excepting Saturday, 10 to 1 p.m. Office Hours also Tuesday & Friday, 7 to 9 p.m. (front.) m oc m. -A 1^ o o M E-i <1 O P P Facts eor Applicants por Emplotment. AdA}wn,ta,geis. 1. Interviewing the applicant and advising as to future employment. 2. Registration and preservation of particulars. 3. Introduction to employers direct. 4. Constant effort, assistance, and advertising, in the Press and by circular, when advisable, to find employment. 5. Notice of applications for suitable employees as received daily. 6. Access to the bureau and Exeter Hall reading room for one month. 7. The return of half the registration fee as per conditions on other page. Exeter Hall Employment Bureau. J. McDonald, Manager. Note. — Please enclose Stamjped Envelope for Beply. This application can only be Registered for Employment on p&ymentof the Entry Fee, 5s. (back.) Copy of the Form of Application. Oenteai, Young Men's Christian Association, Exeter Hall, Strand, W.C. EMPLOYMENT BUREAU. Confidential Application for Fmployment. No. .189 Your Name and Address in full for the next few months Married or Single State the Employment and Salary wanted Do you write Shorthand, and what speed What Languages do you speak or write besides your own Mention other\quallfications References as to your qualifications and experience ... Give the name of a Clergyman or Minister or other \ two friends who have known you intimately ... J If connected with any Y.M.C.A., state which •Age Nationality Salary, £. Situations heib by the Applicant during the past Five Years. This information should be carefully stated, as it is importoMi. Name and Address of the Firms. Business. Your Duties. Date of Entering. Date of Leaving. P.B, — Please enclose stamped envelope for reply. Bignaiwre, APPENDIX. — WHOLE COftlMISSlON. 221 This application can only be Begisteced for Emolo^menton paymeitof the Entry Bee, 5s. Central Yovna Men's Oheistian Association, Exeter Hall Strand, W.O.. EMPLOYJIBNT BUREAU. ' Oonfidential Application for Employment. iijnTi'i No.. i "'.■■fins' 189 , Toiir Name and Address in full for the next few months Married or Single State the Employment and Salary 1 wanted - - - - J Do you write Shorthand, and what "1 speed - - - . / What Languages do you speak or "1 write besides your own - - J 'Mention other qualifications Give two references as to your] business qualifications and I- experience - - -J Give the name of a Olergjrman or ] Minister or other two friends who \ have known you intimately - J What Y.M.C.A. are you connected T with ... I MK .'■I ri i-ui)..! .Age_ _N'ationality _ Salary £ -i aiiiof ■■((ill . lt-K,toU Situations held by the Applicant duking the Past Five Teaes. This information should he ca/refvilly stated, as it is important. - ■! ■. ,; ,, ,-f Name and Address of the Firms. Business. Your Duties. Date of Entering. Date of Leawng. .. ■/£.. " . ni » ' Note. — First consultation, free. Registration for one month, 6s. payable on entry. Applicants not having secured employment during the first month throagh the Bureau, or by personal effort, may, on application, have 2s. 6d. refunded, and their names removed from the Register, or, at the end of the first month, by the further payment of 2«. 6d., the applicant may concinne on the Register for the two following months. The registration receipt affords free admission to the Reading Room at Exeter Hall for one month, subject to the rules. AppUeant's signature in full_ :;i<;iu. Se 3 ROYAL ,C9MMISSI0N 0(N Lj^qi^;^ , Strictly Private and Confidential Reference. Ali From the , ^ „ Employment Jiureau, Central Toting Men's Christian Association, Exeter Hall, Strand, W.C. To London, No-. 1 ' ,...■'{ ..i 189 . Mr. has applied for assistance in his efforts to find employment. May we tronble you to answer the questions asked below, and to return this document,, giving such » other information as you can in relation to him. We desire to act prudently and efiectually in his case, and ask your help. Please address your reply to the Manager, Employment Bureau, Exeter Hall, Strand,' London. Reply. Address Further remarks. h ■ .v|S How long have you known the appli- cant? >i..(ji MKjiuiMii.-T'di i>) !n/r.jiit.i.V Bemaiks as to his Honesty. hjr ■:n)Ut.mt':Um\' ■'■■: t'-! l' ■ 1 it';*'". BoBBikg as to his Tmthfuhiess. I» he Steady and Sohei in his habits? ■VII Is he of active and peisever i ng habits? ■ Is he reliable and tmstwoithy ? Please state strong and weak points in his character, so far as yon are able to judge. ■' "■ ■ ■ ^o f---i-'I>'' A !'C '*r,;/. From To the Employment Bureau, Young Men's Christian Association, Strand, W/C. No. uoK State Class of Assistant, Qualification requ ired Salary (about) Bate Bequired the Services of 189 Ai-PENDrx. — WHoite 'dciMMISSIONi' '^223 [^Note paper is headed as follows. — Gr. D.] OENTaAL Young Men's Oheistian Association. Exeter Hall, Strand, W.O. • Council : Presidmt. — G-bokge Williams, Esq. The Eight Hon. The Earl OP Abebdeen. ' ■■'' Geoege Hanburt, Esq. J. Desby Allceom, Esq. • | Quintin Hogg, Esq. J.'GtoneyBabclay, Esq. 1 H. M. Matheson, Esq. Sir Aethtte Blackwood, C.B. , Donald Matheson, Esq. Jas. E. Mathieson, Esq. W. E. EicKETT, Esq. S. GuENEY Sheppabd, Esq. Capt. W. E. Smith. Dr. Heebeet Watney. H. M. BoMPAS, Esq., Q.C. Bevan Beaithwaite, Esq. James S. Budgett, Esq. T. A. Denny, Esq. E. M. Denny, Esq. Dr. J. H. Gladstone, P.E.S. Mr. Edmund J. Kennedy, General Secretary. Mr. Claeence Hoopee, Financial Secretary. The Employment Bureau, Exeter Hall, Strand, London, W.©., ' ' Manager, Mr. J. McDonald. _^_ _189 Every care is exercised in the selection of candi- dates for employment. Employers may rely on the Management re- commending men of good character and business aptitude only. Competent applicants for employment should record their names at Exeter Hall, because their Eegistration : and Engagement is entirely covered by the fee of 5s. The Exeter Hall Bureau is by far the best m.edlum for finding situa- tions, and also for sup- plyip.]^ employers with suitable candidates. The bureau is open to all applicants for em- ployment. Advertising under- ■ • taken, and candidates interviewed for the final selection of employers. Employees' Fees. 5(. upon Salaries to 261. io«. „ „ m. 21s. „ „ 70?, And upwards, according to the .work involved. APPENDIX OXVI. Extract from " The 48tli Report of the Central Young Men's Christian Association for the Year ending December 31st, 1891." The Employment Bureau. The past year's work of the Exeler Hall Employ- among them are many able men who have lapsed and ment Bureau has been favourably commented upon by would gladly be helped, are worthy of help, and for the leading journals all over the country. whom another way to employment is now opened up. The figures may be briefly stated thus : — It was with the object of supplying a long-ii6ed'ed Interviewed - - 13,471 want of modern civilized life that the Centrail Young Placed on the register - - 617 Men's Christian Association inaugurated the Employ- i situations found - - 491 ment Bureau at Exeter Hall. ' From its commencement The Employ inent Bureau is undoubtedly a practical it secured the confidence of the commercial and pro- solution of one of the, greatest social problems of the fessional community. It was instinctively pB^rCeiVed day and its actual working deals with a fundamental that it bore the essential characteristics of respecta- fact, to which the attention of all public men, and bility and responsibility. Those requiring additions particularly of Christian men, interested in the social to their working stafi", and those desirous of securing situation, should be directed as a matter of urgent suitable positions, were equally attracted by it. Ex- importance. Among those helped many were capable perienoe has abundantly proved that the confidence men down at the base of humanity from various was not misplaced. There was nothing pretentious or causes. Crowds are habitually out of work whose fictitious about the Exeter Hall Employment Bureau ; characteristics, generally speaking, may be stated to what it promised it petformed. A reference to the be indolence, thriftlessness, and incapacity. Pervert- demonstrated facts will aff'ord some idea of themagni- ing the virtue of patience,, they are perennially content tude, the hour, al the time, and the annoyance, saved to wait ;for the moving of the waters. These are to employers— this may be inferred from the siftiiig difiacult to deal with from a business point of view, but and scrutinisin process to whieh the personality or Ee 4 224 ROYAL COMMISSION ON LABOUK : the credentials of applicants for employment are sub- jected. There is, therefore, reasonable probability for , assuming that this agency in meeting the desires of employers and employes will ultimately exert a widely extended and beneficent influence. The highest paid appointment obtained during the year was under a three years' engagement, averaging 400J. a year and free residence. From the very first there was no intention to confine its operations exclusively to the Metropolis. Employers in the provinces would do well to communicate with the Exeter Hall Employment Bureau before filling up vacancies, and employes before coming to London in quest of situations. Perhaps it is well to mention that no religious test is applied to applicants ; it may not, however, be inappropriate to mention that to the spiritual results alone must be assigned a high portion in estimating the success of this department. The step taken in the extension of the Employment Bureau at Exeter Hall is a decided beneficial advance ; it is a means of help, and it bids fair in many ways to solve a difiBcult phase of a complex social question, and its futur-e development and expansion cannot fail to be watched with the greatest interest. The committee are thankful for the help so freely given by the press, to whose co-operation the em- ployment bureau is greatly indebted. The committee also beg to gratefully acknowledge the courtesy always extended by the principals and managers of com- mercial houses to the applicants for employment sent from this departtnent, and they venture to rely upon a continuance of their kindly favours. Reception Committee. This important work is carried on with earnestness and zeal. Every evening in the week at least one of the members of this committee is "on duty," that is, he is in the corridor or reading room, and is ready to welcome any stranger or new member, conduct them through the rooms of the Association, and explain the work generally. In this way a number of men are brought into direct contact with the work at Exeter Hall and the members seeking to arouse their interest and enlist their sympathy. As there are strangers coming from all parts of the world, who can tell what influence a five minutes' chafwith one of the members may have on the Y.M.C.A. of the future ? There are also a number of visitors from the country branches, and they, of course, are specially interested in the work of the central Y.M.C.A. The members had some very interesting conversations with several of these fellow-workers. One of the main objects of this com- mittee, however, is to get hold of young' men just coming to London from the provinces, and this in the mind and spirit of our Lord Jesus Christ. ExETEE Hall Litebart and Dbbatino Society. This society now numbers over 60 paying members, and remembering that it is distinctly an educational work, this result is considered most gratifying. The debates were a source of great interest,: the average attendance being over 50, and on two occasions there were 100 and 150 present. The rules are elaborate but correct, and under such an able chairman as Mr. W. H. Mills (Deputy Chairman of the Paddington .Vestry), the proceedings have been both business-like and in- structive. The Eight Hon. Lord Justice Fry is the President, and the Earl Compton, M.P., Mr. Justice Bruce, Q.G., Sir Albert Eollit, LL.D., M.P., and Professor Gladstone, Ph.D., are Vice-Presidents. The committee confidently look forward to increased support from those interested in such a useful work. APPENDIX OXVII. Extract from " A Nation ai, Laboue Bureau, with affiliated Labour Registries, and the Evidence given thereon before the Royal Commission on Labour by E. T. ScAMMELL, Honorary Secretary of the Exeter and District Chamber of Commerce." National Bureau. Since appearing before the Commission I have^, further conferred with one or two leading authorities upon the subject, and I have read the able article in " The Nineteenth Century," by Mr. John Burns, M.P., upon " The Unemployed." A careful consideration of the points raised thereby and of the questions asked by members of the Commission, has led me so far to ana.end the scheme which I submitted in my evidence, as to say that the proposed National Bv/reau should he vested with powers to deal with the question of emigration, so that what is now being attempted by General Booth's Over-sea Colony, Dr. Barnardo's work of emigration, and similar efforts, might be accomplished, upon a comprehensive national system, by a department subject to national control and work- ing to the advantage alike of the colonies and the Mother Country. I see, too, that to render a labour registry scheme thoroughly workable, it will be neces- sary that each county should have its central bureau or labour exchange, to which all inquiries from the local or district registries, which those registries would be unable themselves to deal with, should be referred, and the county bureau or exchange alone should com- municate with the Government Department. This would simplify the work of that department; and, while it would not limit the sphere of its operations, it would considerably lessen the detail work which such a department would be called upon to do. Thus the metropolis would have, as Mr. Burns suggests, its labour exchange, dealing with all the registries within its own area, and similarly each county or large indus- trial or agricultural centre throughout the kingdom would have its central labour department. Cost of Scheme. It is impossible to say what is likely to be the ultimate cost of working such a scheme. But, from the experience of those who have been engaged in the work of labour registries — free and self-supporting— I should say that the expense would not be relatively great. Of course, the cost of the Government Depart- ment would depend upon its scope and efficiency. In the United States, according to the evidence of Dr. Gould, who gave the Commission much valuable information on this and other labour questions, the annual charge of the Labour Statistical Department at Washiiigton is 35,0002. This amotint is expended in obtaining and disseminating information on labour questions alone. The present expenditure of the La- bour Department of the Boaijd of Trade, in this class of work, is about 5,000Z. per annum. To render' the proposed new or extended department efficient for this purpose only would mean, of course, a considerable increase of the present grant. But the financial, not to say the commercial and labour advantages that would accrue to the nation at large from an efficient bureau of this nature would amply justify the outlay. To this must be added the cost of the labour registry part of the scheme. Among the expenses of this section of the work of the bureau would be the issue of forms of inquiry, books of registration, &c., to the county labour exchanges for the use of the local regis- tries, and the issue of the periodical journal. The expenses of local registries, such as offices, attendants, correspondence, stationery, &o., would, of course, be borne by the municipalities, and would come out of the rates. The cost of the county exchange might possibly be met by a grant from the technical educa- tion fund, the main object of which, I presume, is the encouragement of local industries. But, judging by the returns of existing registries, these expenses need not be heavy. For example, the registry at Egham, which deals with between three hundred and four hun- dred applicants annually, costs only lOZ. or 111 per annum, including 5Z. for rent of Office. In this case, however, the registrar, Mr. Gardiner, very kindly gives hiB services, and the management is entirely honorary. At Ipswich the registry, which is conducted so ably and energetically by its founder, the Eev. Wickham Tozer, and which deals with eight hundred or nine hundred applicants yearly, the expenses of rented offices, clerk, correspondence, stationery, occasional help m the way of railway fares, &c., amount to about lOOZ. per annum. The Chelsea registry, the first municipal registry in the kingdom which, from APRJJWi:|.^;\yHQL^, qp^s§]^g Ootobar Sth, 1891, to August 31st, 1892, dealt with 1,987 male applicants, besides females, cost the munipipaiity 162Z. 15s. Id., or less than Is. per ajjtolifcaiit". -'Mf. T.- Smyth, the registrar, estimates that this amount will be reduced in time, as it includes items of expenditure which are not likely to recur. Among these " items," there would be the cost of prpyiding temp.Qf.appJicac tion, books, &o., which rtfiiW''shoHfl? 'fte'^st^^lied from the Government department. The cost there- fore, to the local municipal registries would not be large, not mqre , pi:ol^9,bjjfi ,|iji^ (^f^, ,per . japplit^nt anfiually. , , , , j -i,; . :. .. Ti.!! Pebiobical Eefobi. . , ■i One of the points raised by Mr. Mundella, which touches^this question of i6xpe"nse,waS':in reference to the issue of 1 a periedicBl journal containing informa- tion on' questions aiftectjhg "th© labour market and statistics of employment; He inferred that such a report might be a* costly and cfumbersome thing. ' I admit that if each registry communicated direct with the Government d'epartment, and if that department had to tabulate all thfe statistics sent and to issue particulars off'suchi to aiil^the registries the country over, there wowldbe great weight in the objection. But, if the looalTegistries communicate only with their county bureaus,' which would endeavour first to deal with all inqoiries within their own area, and only, when they have^^thaiasted the resources of their dis- trict, forward such inquiries to the central department, the "objection is, to a' large extent, removed. The central department would i^ that case have to deal only with the general returns, which would have been carefully tabulated by the county bureaus, and with those inquiries with which the county bureaus would be unable themselves to deal. This would, at once, simplify and lessen the work cast upon the Govern- ment department in the issue of the periodical report. Further, it might be desirable for large districts, or several neighbouring districts acting together, them- selves to issue a periodical report or newspaper dealing with questions of labour and giving statistics of em- ployment. ' For instance, there might be a jouriial printed and published at Bristol fori the West of Eng- lakd, one at Birmingham for the midland ' counties, another at Manchester for 'the cotton' district, another al Leeds for the woollen district, and others throughout the country. These journals, while furnishing '^such gpneraJ i returns as the Government Report would supply, would be able to deal' with local labour matters of the greatest importance to the districts they Served. The cost of such journals wopld be more than met by a small charge, and byadvertisements. Were su6h a plan adopted, I would suggest that the editorial work of all the local journals should be done in London, say at the ioflSce of tho Metropolitan Labour Exchange, from which all infol»matiWi on labour questions aifeCt- ing the country at large could be supplied, accompanied by one or more high class articles contributed by ex- perts.! Tho sub-editing would, of course, be done in the localities where the journals are issued, aiid would deal with articles and information on local matters. Were such a system as this adopted, the circulation of the Government Eeport might be limited to the' county bureaus, and to the representative institutions of capital and labour. This would still further lessen the difficulty and cost of the issue of such report, and so would largely meet the objection of Mr. Mundella. 1. Employment op Post Opfices. In his article upon " The Unemployed," Mr. Burns suggests that the post ofl^ces would, fo^ good local inquiry offices for registration purposes'^ from which inquiries might be forwarded to local or district centres. I 'agree with him, if he :proposes tq, restrict the use of these offices to the rural districts at a remote distance from the local municipal registries. But even this, I should regard as only a temporary measure, pending the creation of district and parish councils. Ic would be impossible for posfj offipes ajS at present (.onstituted to deal with inquiries of such a nature as would ensue in connexion with a labour registry. ]^othing, but a separate agency, controlled by the district itself, could possibly. work out a complete and satisfactory registration schemfej Besides, the intro- duction of the postal department to any large extent would interfere with the element of volunt3,ry action, which I think is vital to the whole thing. If 'the scheme is to secure the confidence of the people generally, it must be supported by them, and be subject ■ it©, thfitft-rt opatspl. And then, too, if a Government ■4&pi(i4teent faSes up the question of registration, and itself seeks employment for applicants, by inquiry or "correspondence, a function which belongs only to the registries themselves, an impression might be created in the minds of many that the Government, able or unable,'ghbuldind!'iliust find work for the unemployed. This would interfere materially with the success of the plan, 'which to render it useful to the community at largo, njust command the support of a,ll. ^ PhivatIe Hegistbiks. ■ "''■ , ' * Before concluding my paper, it may be well to notice another point which closely concerns a 'question 6f labour. Itniay be asked, how will a national system such as that proposed,, affect laboiir registries at pre- sent in operation, such as trades union, professibnal, domestic servants registries, and the like ? ' It is impossible ,to say hpw' in the end these would be afiected,. ' But iny conviction is. that; while the national system" would effectually and' almost immediately close bogijis registries, it would be an aid. and a valuable aid to genuine registrieg. Information might be obtained, and avenues of employment opened, which would be of the greatest service to them. The advantage would lie in the fact that, knowing where employment or employees might be found, such registries would be able to undertake the work of correspondence and of further inquiry as to character and local circumstances, which might prove of the greatest value to their clients. Many applicants, whose names might be on the local free registry, would be glad to avail themselves of their class or professional registries, in order to secure situations sooner than it would be possible for the local registry to obtain them, or to secure that priority which character and special capabilities might justify them in expecting. "^ImPOKTAUCB of PB.OMPT ACTION. All these, however, are questions of detail, and do not affect the main principle involved in the creation of a National Labour Bureau with affiliated Labour Registries. Upon the importance of immediate action on the general question, I need only say that every labour organisation of note, every leader of the working classes, many associations of employers, — chambers of commerce, and others, — many members of Parliament, and the Press generally, have spoken and written strongly. The evidence that has been brought before the Royal Commission on Labour, though the subjects considered and the opinions expressed^ave been most diverse, has emphasized the urgency and importance of this question. So much so, indeed, that it is an open secret that the .Commission proposes to make an effort towards realising, in some form, the object sought by the first part of this and similar schemes, dealing with the formation of an efficient state labour depart- ment. What that proposal may be, and what action Parliament may take as the result of the Commission's recommendation will be determined to some, if not to a large extent, by public opinion. It is therefore of the utmost moment that all who are interested in the question not only of the establishment of a labour bureau, but of labour registries, , should give the matter their earnest and immediate attention. I hope that the Associated Chambers of Commerce, by which the question was referred tdf the Royal Commission as shown in my evidence, will lend its aid, at the forthN coming meetings in March, to the further elucidation of the subject, and that trades unions, boards of con^ ciliation, and the press, will also discuss and urge it forward. It is eminently desirable that an early, emphatic, and definite opinion upon the subject should he formed and expressed. If this be done, there is little doubt that an effort will bp made to deal with the question in a compreliensivo and even generotis spirit ; a spirit above party on the one hand, and above mere labour theorising on the other. , But, while the subject is one of great and pressing moH),ent, too much must uot be laid upon, nor expected from it. It should be regarded as the first, necessarily the first step towards dealing fairly and rationally with the great question of labour ; a question which should be approached, not, as the battle ground of parties, noi; as the signal of conflict between the classes and the> ' masses, but as one of more than national importance., tbwards the solution of which men should bring the spirit of patriotism, justice, and brotherhood. / 78448. t ! 2!« ROTAI. COMMISSION ON LABOUR APPENDIX CXVIII. An Act to establish a Department of Labour. IPubUe—No. 135.] Be it eninted hy the Senate and House of JRipresen- tatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled. That there shall be at the seat of Govern- ment a Department of Labour, the general design and duties of which shall be to acquire and diffuse among the people of the United States useful information on subjects connected with labour, in the most general and comprehenBive sense of that word, and especially upon its relation to capital, the hours of labour, the earnings of labouring men and women, and the means of promoting their material, social, intellectual, and moral prosperity. Sec. 2. That the Department of Labour shall be under the charge of a Commissioner of Labour, who shall be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate ; he shall hold his office for four years, unless sooner removed, and shall receive a salary of 5,000 dollars per annum. Sec. 3. That there shall be in the Department of Labour, to be appointed by the Commissioner of Labour : One chief clerk, at a salary of 2,500 dollars per annum ; four clerks of class four, all to be statistical experts ; five clerks of class three, one of whom may be a stenographer ; six clerks of class two, one of whom may be a translator and one of whom may be a stenographer ; eight clerks of class one ; five clerks, at 1,000 dollars per annum ; one disbursing clerk, who shall also have charge of accounts, at a salary of 1,800 dollars per annum ; two copyists, at 900 dollars each per annum ; two copyists, at 720 dollars each per annum ; one messenger ; one assistant messenger ; one watchman ; two assistant watchmen ; two skilled labourers, at 600 dollars each per annum ; two char- women, at 240 dollars each per annum ; six special agents, at 1,600 -dollars each per annum ; 10 special agents at 1,400 dollars each per annum ; four special agents, at 1 200 dollars each per annum, and au allowance to special agents for travelling expenses not to exceed three dollars per day while actually employed in the field and outside of the District of Columbia, exclusive of actual transportation, includ- ing sleeping-car fares ; and such temporary exports, assistants, and other employes as Congress may from time to time provide, with compensation corresponding to that of similar officers and employes in other depart- ments of the Government. Sec 4. That during the necessary absence of the Commissioner, or when the office shall become vacant, the chief clerk shall perform the duties of Commis- sioner. Sec. 5. That the disbursing clerk shall, before enter- ing upon his duties, give bond to the Treasurer of the United States in the sum of 20,000 dollars, which bond shall be conditioned that the said officer shall render a true and faithful account to the Treasurer, quarter- yearly, of all moneys and properties which shall be by him received by virtue of hi.s office, with sureties to be approved by the Solicitor of the Treasury. Such bond shall be filed in the office of the First Comptroller of the Treasury, to be by him put in suit upon any breach of the conditions thereof. Sec. 6. That the Commissioner of Labour shall have charge in the building or premises occupied by or appropriated to the Department of Labour, of the library, furniture, fixtures, records, and other property pertaining to it, or hereafter acquired for use in its business, and he shall be allowed to expend for periodi- cals and the purposes of the librarj', and for the rental of appropriate quarters for the accommodation of the Department of Labour within the District of Columbia, and for all other incidental expenses, such sums as Congress may provide from time to time. Sec. 7. That the Commissioner of Labour, in accord- ance with the general design and duties referred to in Section one of this Act, is specially charged to ascertain, at as early a date as possible, and whenever industrial changes shall make it essential, the cost of producing articles at the time dutiable in the United States, in leading countries where such articles are produced, by fully-specified units of production, and under a classi- fication showing the different elements of cost, or approximate cost, of such articles of production, in- cluding the wages paid in such industries per day, week, month, or year, or by the piece ; and hours employed per day; and the profits of the manufacturers and producers of such articles ; and the comparative cost of living, and the kind of living. " It shall be the duty of the Commissioner also to ascertain and report as to the effect of the customs laws, and the effect thereon of the state of the currency, in the United States, on the agricultural industry, especially as to its effect on mortgage indebtedness of farmers " ; and what articles are controlled by trusts, or other combinations of capital, business operations, or labour, and what effect said trusts, or other combinations of capital, business operations, or labour have on production and prices. He shall also establish a system of reports by which, at intervals of not less than two years, he can report the general condition, so far as production is concerned, of the leading industries of the country. The Commissiouer of Labour is also specially charged to investigate the causes of, and facts relating to, all controversies and disputes between employers and employes as they may occur, and which may tend to interfere with the welfare of the people of the different States, and report thereon to Congress. The Commissioner of Labour shall also obtain such information upon the various subjects committed to him as he may deem desirable from different foreign nations, and what, if any, convict-made goods are imported into this country, and if so, from whence. Sec. 8. That the Commissioner of Labour shall annually make a report in writing to the President and Congress, of the information collected and collated Ly him, and containing such recommendations as he may deem calculated to promote the efficiency of the Depart- ment. He is also authorised to make special reports on particular subjects whenever required to do so by. the President or either House of Congress, or when he shall thisk the subject in his charge requires it. He shall, on or before the 15th day of December in each year, make a report in detail to Congress of all moneys expended under his direction during the preceding fiscal year. Sec 9. That all laws and parts of laws relating to the Bureau of Labour created under the Act of Con- gress, approved June 27th, 1884, so far as the same are applicable and not in conflict with this Act, and only so far, are continued in full force and effect, and the Commissioner of Labour appointed under said Act, approved June 27th, 1884, and all clerks and employes, in the Bureau of Labour authorised to be appointed by said Act or subsequent Acts, shall continue in office and employment as if appointed under the provisions of this Act, and until a Commissioner of Labour, other officer, clerks, and employes are appointed and qualified as herein required and provided; and the Bureau of Labour, as now organised and existing, shall continue its work as the Department of Labour until the Department of Labour shall be organised in accordance with this Act; and the library records, and all property now in use by the said Bureau of Labour, are hereby transferred to the custody of the Department of Labour hereby created, and on the organisation of the Department of Labour on the basis of this Act the functions of the Bureau of Labour shall cease. Sec 10. That on the passage of this Act the Com- missioner of Labour shall at once submit estimates for the expenses of the Department of Labour for the next fiscal year, giving in detail the number and salaries of officers and employes therein. Approved, June 13, 1888. APPENDIX,— WHOLE COMMISSION. 227 APPENDIX OXIX. Departments and Bureaus op Labour and Kindred Offices in the United States, State. Title of Office. Estab- lished. Bepoits published. Title and Address of Chief Officer. United States Massachusetts Penntylvania Connecticut - Missonri Ohio New Jersey Illinois Indiana New York California Michigan Wisconsin Ii)wa Maryland Kansas Rhode Island Nebraska North Carolina Maine Minnesota Colorado South Dakota North Dakota Idaho Utah Tennessee New Mexico Department of Labour Bureau of Statistics of Labour Bureau of Industrial Statistics Bureau of Labour Statistics Bureau of Labour Statistics and Inspection. Bureau of Labour Statistics - Bureau of Statisdcs of Labour and Industries. Bureau of Labour Statistics Bureau of Statistics Bureau of Labour Statistics ' Bureau of Labour Statistics - Bureau of Labour and Industrial Statistics. Bureau of Labour Statistics Bureau of Labour Statistics Bureau of Statistics of Labour Bureau of Labour Statistics Bureau of Labour Statistics - Bureau of Labour and Industrial Statistics. Bureau of Labour Statistics Bureau of Labour Statistics Bureau of Libour Statistics Bureau of Labour Statistics Department of Labour and Statistics Department of Agriculture and Labour. Bureau of Immigration, Labour, and Statistics. Bureau of Statistics Bureau of Labour Statistics and Mines. Bureau of Immigration and Industrial Statistics. 1885 1869 1872 1873 1870 1877 1878 1879 1879 1883 1883 1883 1883 1884 1884 1885 1887 1887 1887 1887 1887 1887 1890 1890 1890 1890 1891 1891 Annually Annually - Annually - Annually - Annually - Annually - Annually - Biennially - Biennially - Annually Biennially - Annually Biennially Biennially Biennially ■ Annually - Annually Biennially - Annually ■ Annually ; Biennially - Biennially ■ Biennially ■ Commissioner of Labour, Washington, D.C. Chief of the Bureau of Statistics of Labour, Boston, Mass. Chief of the Bureau of Industrial Statistics, Harrisburg, Pa. Commissioner of Labour, Hartford, Conn. Commissioner of Labour, Jefferson City, Mo. Commissioner of Labour, Columbus, Ohio. Chief of the Bureau of Statistics of Labour, &c., Trenton, N.J. Secretary of the Bureau of Labour Statistics, Springfield, III. Chief of the Bureau of Statistics, Indianapolis, Ind. Commissioner of Labour, Albany, N.Y. Commissioner of Labour, San Fran- cisco, Cal. Commissioner of Labour, Lansing, Mich. Commissioner pf Labour, Madison, Wis. Commissioner of Labour, Des Moints, Iowa. Chief of the Bureau of Statistics of Labour, Baltimore, Md. Commissioner of Labour, Topeka, ICans. Commissioner of Labour, Providence, R.I. Deputy Commissioner of Labour, Lin- coln, Nebr. Commissioner of Labour, Raleigh, N.C. Commissioner of Labour, Augusta, Me. Commissioner of Labour, St. Paul, Minn. Commissioner of Labour, Denver, Colo. Commissioner of Labour, Aberdeen, S.D. Commissioner of Labour, Bismarck, N.D. Commissioner of Labour, Boise City, Idaho. Territorial Statistician, Salt Lake City, Utah. Commissioner of Labour, Nashville, Tenn. Secretary of the Bureau of Immigration and Industrial Statistics, Santa Fe, N.M. APPENDIX CXX. Institut International de Statistique. No. 11. The Progress of Labour Statistics in the United States, By E. E. L. GouLB, Ph.D., Statistical Expert, United States Department of Labour. The United States was the first nation to oflScially I am aware, no Government office antedates the foiindai. recoenise the utility of statistics in the investigation of tion of the Massachusetts Bureau of Labour Statistics labour problems. Statisticians and economists of both in 1869. Furthermore, in no other country does the the Old amd the New Worlds had previously "applied the ' idea seem to have taken such deep root, or to have method to independent lines of research, but, so far as been carried to so complete a development. Within F£ 2 228- BO^'At itiOMkl^SION (M-LABOUSi:' the last 22 years a National Department of Labour and 25 State bureaus have been called into existence. ^ I do not intend to discuss here the osganisatifin, ^ cowers, and duties of these various institutions. In an Appendix will be found a synopsis of their functions, drawn from the laws creating them. I prefer rather to review the ,.prpgre38 | jwhiph a score ,,p^. y^ars has disclosed. One evidence of advance is the wide jextension which the movement has assumed. In the Northern and. Middle Stkes, where social relations are most complex, these institutions have flourished best. Latterly also they have struck root in the virgin soil of the West- and the industrial regions of the South. Were they not recognised as performing some useful function, their numbers would not have so steadily increased. The United States aflFord a peculiarly favoui-able field of operations. The working classes are, generally speaking, well organised anS intelligent. They are for the most part practical, accepting or combating actualities rather than allowing theniselves to be carried away by the glamour of ideas incapable of realisation. There is amongst them a growing disposition to seek for accurate information regarding their present con- dition, and a deepening conscioiishess that their interests can best be furthered by progressive effort along lines where , the necessity of reform is clearly, understood. The poUcy of leaders in the labour movement is to seek for the justification of their aims through ascertained facts, rather than to found them upon considerations of theoretical justice. We may call them practical reformers, moving on step by step, and taking advan- tage of every opportunity to push their claims. I am speaking generally, of course, of those who most permanently continue in leadership. These, fortunately, have the ear of the great mass of the wage-earning population. Another important fact, which must not be lost sight of, is that American employers of labour are much less secretive, and more ready to furnish information affecting their own and the interests of those they employ than in other countries. I do not claim for them, a priori, any credit on this ground. In the beginning they were cautious enough, but they haves learned from experience that what would in many places be considered a business secret may be disclosed without any resulting harm, provided it is done imper^ sOnaUy, and in a way that the source of information cannot be identified. Impartiality, fair-dealing, and a respect for confidences bestowed, have not only disarmed suspicion, but engendered even willing co-operation. This happy result is due in an especial degree to t^ie tact, the fairness, and the scrupulousness of Mr. Carroll D. Wright. He was called to oflSce at a period when the feeling in regard to bureaus of labour statistics was very different from that prevailing to-day. First in the field, and divining correctly the future possibilities of this branch of inquiry, he took care to win the confidence and inspire the respect of employers and labourers alike. Not only has this enabled him to extend his efforts from a local to a national sphere, and to accomplish really admirable statistical results, but his conduct has strengthened the handis of those who wished other States to follow the example of Massachusetts, and furnished the best answer to opposing interests and prejudices. Had his judgment been less enlightened, his sense of obligation less strong, the progress of American labour statistics might have been indefinitely retarded. In America, therefore, four factors in combination- account for the wide extension indicated at the beginning of this para- graph. They are : first, the desire of the labourer to make ascertained facts the basis of his claims ; second, the comparative willingness of employers to contribute information ; third, the presentation of facts without iny particular advocacy ; lastly, the proved u^lity of these agencies in influencing wise legislation, ' arid in'' promoting a better understanding between capital and labour. Concurrently with the growth of bureaus of labour statistics in point of numbers, there has been an appre- ciable augmentation in their resources. " The commis- sioners of 16 of them have kindly furnished me with data showing the annual appropriations niade for the maintenance of their departments during the first year of existence, and also for the presenitj year. The figures include salaries of officials :%nd clerlsB, , office and travelling expenses, in fact, all items of outgo exqept the , cost of (printing the reports, , This latter ,ha|S apt beeu included,vfor the obvious reason that the expenditure varies greatly according to the size of the volume published and the number of copies printed. JJMJ''^} ■ i-. 11 it P^ ng ~ F44A E 3 Qtta • • Stitte. Dfsigiiation of . ■ '!■ t, Bureau. o o +. , - i ■§ i-s-s |-||S g fi -"I ■< ' t-H „ . _- _ . . _ . ,_ _ Dolliu's. Dollars. I'DoUars, United States - Department of La- bom-. 1885 25,000 168,270 143,270 Massachusetts - Bureau of Labour Statistics. 1869 9,500 10.800 1,300 New Jersey Bureau of Statistics of Labour and In- dustries. 1S7S 5,700 7,700 2,00(1 lUinois Bureau of Lahour Statistics. 1879 3,000 8,500 8i600 Indiana ■ Bureau of Statistics 1879 3,500 11,000 7,600 Michigan Bureau of Labour and Industrial Statistics. 1883 8,600 11,500 3,000 Missouri Bureau of Labour Statistics and In- spection. Bureau of Statistics 188.3 ; -fcOOO 8,000 4,000 New York 1883 6,700 25,000. .18,800 of Labour. Cpnnecticut Bureau of Labpm, Statistics. 1885 9,000 9,000 Kansas Biu-eau of Labour StatisticSi 1885 3,000 4,000 1,000 Colorado Bureau of •Labour Statistics. 1887 3,200 3,200 ■ Maiie Bureau of Indus- trial and Labour Statistics. 1887 2,500 3.500 liOOO Minnesota Bureau of Labour Statistics. 1887 3,000 6,500 3,500 Nebraska Bureau of Labour and Industrial Statistics. 1887 2,100 4,000 1,900 Rhode Island Bureau of Industrial Statistics. 1887 4,000 6,000 1,000 North Dakota - Department of Agri- culture and La- bour. O^otal 1890 4,500 4,500 - 97,200 290,470 193.270 This table makes:an interesting exhibit. . The. amount of money spent originally in this branch of social inquiry was a respectable sum. Nevertheless the total is now three times as large. One can hardly maintain that usefulness advances in direct ratio to increased resources. Still it may be safely assumed that enlarged subsidies would not be accorded without compensatory results. To my mind these figures express a growing public consciousness that reliable statistical investiga- tion must replace speculation in the treatment of SQ-called social problems.. Another and surer sign of progress is the improved' character of the work done, jtidged from a scientific standpoint. The earlier reports of many of the bureaus are rather crude. The value of material presejited is not much greater than that of hearsay evidence m a court of. law.- In fact, the intejry;iewer rather than the statistician seems to be at tte desk. This is not remarkable when one refieots that this kind of inves- tigation in a coniparatively new thing, and that many of the commissioners selected, though ahiinate'd by the best intentions, had very little previous training to qualify them for the exercise of their functions. It can be said- of those who have continued at their post that the quality of their work has improved as their official experience widened. Discursive and superficial treat- ment of a great variety of topics has given place to concentrated -statistical effort upon one or two. Both sidfes of -controversial subjects are more fully and impartially stated, and special pleading reduced to a minimum. The annual meetings of the commissioners have promoted this educative process. Up to, date about 150 separate reports emanating from the diflerent bureaus have appeared. It would require too much space to enumerate the various subjects which have undergone ti-eatment. At any rate it would be superfluous to attempt it, as the United State^ Department of Labour will shortly publish a complete topical analysis; In round numbers 130,000 volumes of labour reports are aniiually printed in the- United States. What becomes of all this literature ? The question has been frequently 9,skedi me, and 1 have myself referred it to the different, labour commissioilers. The general trend ' of the response is, that about '7%$eT cent, go direfetly into ,the han4s of working people,^ the remainder being absorbed by newspapers, public libraries, members of APftfNlJtX;-— WHOLE COMMISSION. 229 t^l'^^islatui'e/ccjllege professoi'ii afid teaciiers^ law^eifs, men, .and inanUfactiaTert.'' It n^ust be remeih- clfefeif: ,„„ , bered that. i:^ii^ the tJnifed States jrtiblic docTiments are ftfee _ and supplied upon demarid. People who are irri!e:^sted ei'oUgh tb ask for them are 'pretty sure to rekd tiem. '^O.otatibns it. legislatiTe' halls, in the p^6sB, in the piilpit, and from the proceedings of labour organisations show ' that their contents become more and more widely^ known. ' '' "The function of btireaus 'of labour statistics is mainly educative. It is, therefore, a difficult matter to estimate exactly the, amount of influence they have exercised. A' groat deal of useful ,.logisla,J^i,on staiqds as the diroot result:, of ! their, oilbrtsi , l:n MaK^ichusetts, the psta- bJiskment of a boar (J. of arbitratiiQii - and conciliation, and laWs, relating to factory inspeotiqjck the Iwgth of the working I, day, the cmiployment of •; children, ,ein- ployers' liability and accidents to, labour ; in , llhoclo Island, the. iweskly , payment of w^gos and . tire-escapo li),ws,; in Maine, ,the ballot, reform, and "labour day " enactments ;, in New. Tork, iihe oreatipn.of a board of arbitration for industrial disputes ; in. ^New Jersey, the encouragement given, to , building associations ; , in Michigan.j the 10-hour law, the prohibition of child labour, adequate provision against accidents, and .^ factory inspection Act; in Kansas, the establishment of "industrial arbitration tribunals, payment of wages in cash, increased pirptectibn to miners, m.odification of tte mechaprJics', lien law, and an enactment favouring the creation of co-operative societies'; in Connecticut every la'w recommended by Oontmissibner of LabotH-^has bfeeii palssed. In Illinois repeal of contract labour in penitentiai'ies and other Slates, inany -iiseful measures ilj.jyrhjc^ labour is more,pij le^a dijjectly interested, owe, if not' their initiative, at l^^st their passage, to the active endorsejaaent of th§ respective bjii-eaus. ^,.A foal a.ii4 mPSt hopeful sign of progress is a marked gKowth of public confidence. It is a common mistalie to sjippQSO that bureaus pf labour statistics were created tpi advocate solely the claims of jvorking men. Labour organisations have every where, dena^n^edi their founda- tipn, but have always regarded thejiii. as organs of enlightenment, not.,g.8 agencies of propa.ganda. tlSTpne have mope clearly understood th^t a disregard ef the s^ejitific iunction would lead to inevitable disaster. They, have jconceived them capable of accomplishing pririoipftUy , four things : First, to efficiently collect illfciri'iation, and impartially, present it.. Second, to fui'jgAsh thereby scientific bases for legislfttipfli) Thirds tp ;>as.oej'tain if existing labpur law^ are properly en- fureed- Fourth, . to jBducate public sentiment. Buph a CDBception of duties throws an interesting side ligjht Upop the labour movement in America. (..Public confidence h^is^ been shown in the addition of .other functipns than the investigation of ,the labour question as a; social , prqblem. The Massachusetts bureau is entrusted with the State census, and I. violate ijp confidence when I say that the present federal census came very near falling to the lot pf, the United States Department of Labour. In some other States factory and mine inspection is carried on under the supervision of the Labour Commissioners. Leaving open the question whether such added prerogatives enhance or diminish the importance of. .the purelj' social function. It is nevertheless elear that ^.their inj,? position implies a compliment to integrity as well as a trust in eflBciency. Some investigations which have been successfully UHder^¥enti»'jford a canspicuous. evidence of '.public cpnfidenqe^ .- .Lftt me instappe- twp of :.STjsh Jiqil%t?:ate. ]fiy pMfc "IB the gtkte 'y^e(5hnectiout''a prevalent' feeling had grown up that the profits of capital in industry bore a disproportionate ratio to the share of '"WiigeB. Ini ordter to' ' establish the truth . or ' falsity c^ the' idea; an investigation was^ made, several hundred manufacturers cordially coiopSrating by putting: into the possession of the bureau the most private in- formation regarding their business afiairs. The Commissioner asserts that not a single complaint has 'been made to him of secrets violated or-.of ffhairan ddne. ' • - " 'J •■ . J- But themoSt remarkable ;feat: yet. performed,! is the recently concluded investigation of the Uni'ted States Department of Labour, which was pursued in Europe as well as tin America. . The subject-matter of the inquiry related to an analysed coat of production pf plain units pf manufacture in the industries of coal, coke, irpn,,ste6l, glass, Cotton, woollen, silk, and linen goods/ the relation of the labour; cost to the total cost of manufacture, the eaminge, efiBcienoy, and. _cpat of living of the working pepple employed. Here is a line pf facts, pregnant with interest m cpnn^ctipn with tairift Hiattefs, yet they are exceedingly diflBcult tp, obtain hmkxi&e of the notion that trade secrets might be exposed, or commercial interests injuripusly afiected. JYearly tht^'ee years cf patient offort' was necessary to plage the department in the possession' of adequate infdrmatioh, gleaned by I its '"experts directly from the books of several hundred' American, ahd a 'hundred or more European industrial establishments. This data when_ published Will give really accurate knowledge upon'opiiiparatiye conditions of competition. In time 1* ■'^ill iiiidoubtedly exercise an important educative cfTRCi.. It; has ■ bud absolhtcly iiothin,!? to' do -with existmg liso'al legislation,' for 'tbo reason that ' the' results of the inquiry haveiibt yet' Ij'oen published. 1 have cited these cases tb show that public confidence nitist e.Vist in a very 'large' degree to enable such (lifiicult imd delicate Ihios of inquirv to be su'ccossfnlly prosecuted. I believe it to be true that a large part of industrial strife and social discord is due to a tnisconceptipn of the facts inVblved. Agencies consecrating themselves to' the acquisition and dissemination of reliable knew- ledge cannct fail to Cultivate a better understanding, and to operaite powerfully in the interest of sociial peace. Such being the work, American bureaus of labour statistics are seeking to perform, let us wish for them a success as conspicuous as their mission is exalted. Appendix. Owing a IBesurrte of theProvWiMs of the Laws defiiving ihe Duties of the several Commissioners of Ldbov/r. United States Department op Laboitk. — The general duties, of this department are to acquire and diffuse among the people of the United States, useful infor- mation on subjects connected with labpur, in the mpst general and comprehensive sense of that word, and espepially upon its relation to capital ; the hours of labour; the earnings of labouring men and women,; andi the moans of promoting their material, social, intellectual, and moral prpsperity. The Cpmmissioner isxalso specially directed to make investigations con- cerning the jcost ofproduoing, staple articles at home and in the foreign countries expprting such articles to the United States, shpwing the elements of cost, the wages andheursof labour, of working people, the profits of the manufacturers, and the comparative cost of living and kind of living in different countries, the effect of cqstom laws, the eff'ect of the state of the currency on the custom laws, and ca the agricultural industry pf the country, especially as regards the mortgage indebtedness of farmers ; concerning what articles are controlled by trusts, or othep combinations of capital, business pperations, or labour, and what effect such ccmbinations have pnprpductip'n and prices ; concerning the causes of, and facts relating to, disputes between employers and employed, as they may occur; con- oeriiing what, if any, convict-made goods are imported into the United Slates, and where from. He shall also obtain, such information upon the various subjects committed to him from foreign nations as he may deem desirable. ' He shall also establish a system of reports by which, at intervals of not less than two years, he OSinireport on tb,e general condition, so' far as production ig ci^ncerned, of ftedeadirig.indufttries of the country. Massachusetts. — The law creating the bureau pro- vided that its duties should be to collect and present statistical details relating to the ,departments of labour in the State, especially in 'rela.tion to the industrial, seoial,' intellectual, and - isaditary condition of the labouring classes, and the pirosperitj' of the industries of tho State. ' [The provisions of the laws of'iNew York and Kansas are the same as thosfe'of Massachusetts.] Illinois. — The duties of the Board of Commissioners are to collect and present in biennial reports statistical details relating to all departments of labour in the State, especially in relation to the industrial, social, iiitelleotual, and sanitary condition of the labouring cl.'isses, and to the prospeTity of the industries of the State. The' enfprcement of the laws relating to the inspection of mines is also entrusted to the board. Indiana. — The, duties of the bureau are to collect and present, in biennial reports, statistical details relating to all departments of labour in the State Ff 3 230 ROYAL COMMISSION ON LABOUK : including the penal institutions, and particularly of the number of labourers and apprentices ; their wages, hours of labour, savings, nativities, ages, and sex, and their general condition, the number and character of accidents, the sanitary condition of institutions where labour is employed, the effects of different kinds of labour and of intemperance upon the labourer ; the restrictions, if any, upon indentured apprentices ; the proportion of married labourers who live in rented rooms, and the average amount of rent paid, the size of labourers' families, the amount of property owned by labourers coming into the State from foreign countries, on their arrival, and the length of time they have resided in the State ; concerning co-operation, labour difficulties, trades unions, and their effects upon labour and capital, with such other information as the bureau may be able to collect relating to the condition of the labouring classes and the prosperity of the industries of the State. [The provisions of the law of Michigan are similar to those of Indiana.] Missouri. — The duties of this bureau are to collect and present statistical details relating to all the depart- ments of labour in the State, and especially in relation to the industrial, social, iaieUectual, and sanitary condition of the labouring classes, and the prosperity of the industries of the State, and also to insure the inspection of all mines, factories, warehouses, workshops, foundries, machine shops, and other manufacturing , establishments where persons are employed, for which purpose a State mine inspector and a State factory inspector are attached to the bureau. CoMNECTicuT. — The duties of the Commissioner are to collect information upon the subject of labour, its relation to capital, the hours of labour, and the earnings of labouring men and women ; and the means of pro- moting their material, social, intellectual, and moral prosperity. Colorado. — The duties of the Commissioner are to collect and present, in biennial reports, statistical details relating to all departments of labour in the State, such as hours and wages of labour, cost of pro- duction, the estimated number of persons depending on daily labour for their support, the number of those employed in the several industries of the State ; the effect of labour-saving machinery on hand labour, &c. It is also his duty, where a diiFerence has arisen between an employer and his help, of a greater number than 25, and a strike has been caused or is likely to result, to visit the place, when requested to do so by 15 working people, and seek to mediate between the parties. Maine. — The duties of the bureau are to collect and prtesent statistical details relating to all departments of labour in the State, especially in relation to the social, educational, industrial, and sanitary condition of the labouring classes, also to, inquire into the causes of strikes, lock-outs, and other disturbances of the relations between employers and their help. Minnesota. — The duties of the bureau are to collect and present, in biennial reports, statistical details relating to the different departments of labour in the State, and especially in relation to the social, industrial, intellectual, and sanitary condition of the labouring classes. The Commissioner is also required to visit factories, workshops, and other places where people are employed at any kind of labour, and see that all laws regulating the employment of children, minors, and women, and all laws established for the protection of the health and lives of operatives are enforced, Nebraska. — The duties of the bureau are to collect and present statistical details relative to manufactures, industrial classes, and material resources of the State ; and especially to examine into the relations between labour and capital, the means of escape from Are at factories, the protection of life and health in factories and workshops, mines, and other places, the illegal employment of children, the exaction of unlawful hours of labour from any labourer, the educational, sanitary, moral, and financial condition of labourers ; the cost of food, fuel, clothing, and building material ; the causes of strikes and lock-ouDs, as well as kindred subjects pertaining to the welfare of industrial interests and classes. Rhode Island. — The Commissioner, who is also ex officio superintendent of the census, is required to collect and present statistical details in relation to the condition of labour and industry in the State, and especially in relation to the social, educational, and sanitary condition of the labouring classes, with such other information as he may deem useful. North Dakota. — The duties of the Commissioner are to collect and present, in biennial reports, statistical details relating to all departments of labour in the State, such as the number of employed ; their wages, hours of labour, and cost of living ; the operation of labour-saving machinery upon hand labour ; the sanitary condition of shops and dwellings ; the number, condition, and habits of Chinese in the State ; the number, condition, and employment of inmates of penal institutions in the State ; a description of labour organisations in the State, &c. The Commissioner is also the State statistician, and as such is required to collate and present statistics showing local indebt-eduesB, the assessed valuation of property ; the amount of mortgage indebtedness ; and general agricultural and mining statistics. It is his duty to look after and devise means to advance immigration to the State, and to promote the settlement of the State. It is also his duty, where a difference has arisen between an em- ployer and his help of a greater number than 25, and a strike has been caused, or is likely to result, to visit the place when requested to do so by 15 labourers, and seek to mediate between them. The Commissioner also has charge of any exhibit of the products and resources of the State which may be made at any fair or exhibition in the United States. APPENDIX OXXI. Topics investigated by the various Bureaus of Labour Statistics in the United States, by States, without reference to the Years in which the Investigations were conducted. Calepornia. Condition of labour in the State. Description of the State by counties. Cost of living of employes in various occupations. Retail prices of necessaries in San Francisco. Laws regarding convict labour. Chinese labour. Labour and statistical problems of the farm. California brandy and wine reports. Statistics 'of agriculture. Trade interests. The eight-hour law. School statistics. An account of mining in the State. Earnings of employes in various industries. Labour- saving machinery. Statistics of manufactures. Cost of livirg in various countries. Statistics of railroads. Price paid for prison labour. Comparison of wages paid in various States and in California. Co-operative societies. Wages paid, hours of labour, and classes of labour in the State. Condition of working women. Trades unions and labour organ inations. The appren- ticeship system. Manual and technical training Building and loan associations and co-operative farming. Co-operative insurance associations. CotOEADO. Historical sketch of the labour movement in this country and in Europe. Strikes and lock-outs, 1881- ' 86j • Sketch of arbitration in Europe and in the United States. Employers' liability. Condition of wage workers in the State. Statistics of agriculture. Manu- faccures and mines. Statistics of convicts in the State. Labour laws of the State. Car-coupler accidents. The detective system (of corporations). Deception of working men. Criminal statistics. ' Foreign immi^' gration. Employment offices. Chinese labour in Colorado. APPENDIX. — WHOLE COMMISSION. 231 OONSBCTICUT. Various foi-ms of oheap labour. Health and morals of employes. Working men's homes. Advantages Of weekly payments of wages. Hours of labour, wages, sex, and age of employes. Industrial legislation in Connecticut. Papers on discontent among the labouring classes. Labour organisations in the State. Strikes and look-outs in the State, 1881-86. Statistics of manu- factures. Receipts and expenses of wage-earners. Statistics of agriculture. The secret ballot. The fisheries industry. Statistics of street railways. "Wages of city, town, and borough employes. Method of preventing and adjusting labour difficulties. Constitution and bye-laws of the Danbury trade associations. ItMNOIS. Prison labour statistics. Earnings and expenses of employes in various occupations. Statistics of manu- factures. Factory and workshop inspector's report. Else and growth of communism in Illinois. Coal mine inspectors' returns. Laws governing child labour in other States and countries. Industrial co-operative societies in Great Britain. Account of school savings banks in Europe. Value of labour statistics. Statistics of railway employes. Wages, homes, and social con- dition of mineis. Discussions of co-operative and loan associations in Illinois, of truck stores, of trade societies and wages, of municipal regulation of factories in Chicago, and of women's work. History and agri- cultural resources of Illinois. Statistics of population. Statistics of coal production. Review of lead-mining in the State. Public indebtedness of the State". Strikes and lock-outs in Chicago and vioiiiity in 1882. Sta- tistics of wages, rents, and cost of living. Strikes, their evils_ and remedies. The school system in Illinois. State loan and building associations. Labour laws of Illinois. Time and wages, profits and earnings in manufactures. Earnings, expenses, and condition of working men and their families. The manufacture of drain tile. The economic experiment conducted by the Pullman Palace Car Company. Account of trade and labour organisations in Illinois. Account of the ' eight-hour movement in Illinois. The fining system in factories, stores, &c. Statistics of mortgage indebted- ness of Illinois for 1870, 1880, and 1887. Statistics of strikes and lock-outs, 1881-86 (from United States Report). Earnings of coal inineeTOp?02/es. Foreclosures of mortgages, judgments, and land values. Indiana. History, products, and natural and commercial ad- vantages of the State. Value of statistics. Statistics of agriculture. Statistics, of dealers. Statistics of manufactures. Statistics of banks, of toll roads, of newspapers, of mortgages, and of liens and real estate transfers. Rate of taxation. County expendi- tures. Wages in various occupations. Statistics relating to education, marriages, and churches. Municipal statistics. Vital statistics. Population of the State. Importance of statistics and geology. Number of real estate owners. Railroad statistics. Report of the State health commission. Geological formation of the State. Miscellaneous fauna of Indiana. Paleontology. Cost of provisions. Illi- teracy in Europe and in the United States. Farm machinery and value of production. Aid to railroads. Prices in New York of grain, mess pork, and beef, 1825-80. Condition of county asylums. Criminal statistics. Meteorological statistics. Statistics of gravel roads. Mineral statistics. Statistics of asylums. Internal revenue statistics. Pension statistics. Ex- ports, imports, and immigration. Natural gas in Indiana. Consumption of liquors and wines in the United States. Building and loan associations. Sta- tistics- of divorces. Strikes and look-outs in Indiana, 1881-86 (from United States Report). lOWA. Labour organisations in the State. Co-operative societies in Europe and in America. Technical educa- tion. A sketch of Pullman, Illinois. Convict labour. Strikes and arbitration. Statistics of immigration. Statistics of agriculture. Condition of working men. The coal screen question. Wages and cost of living of school teachers. Street, railway statistics.. Railroad statistics. Mining statistics. Wages and cost of living. Statistics of manufactures. Internal improve^ ments. Taxation and assessments. City, town, and county finances. Statistics relating to working women. Strikes and lockrouts, 1881-86 (from United States Report). Savings banks statistics. Condition of child labour in the State. Kansas. Sketch of Pullman, Illinois. Chemistry and economy of foods. Industrial conciliation and arbitration. Sketch of labour organisations in the United States. Condition of working men. Convict labour. Statistics of mining. Statistics of manufactures, Comparative '.vages in Kansas and in Massachusetts. Statistics of flouring mills. Earnings and cost of living of employes in various occupations. Growth of manufacturing indus- tries in Kansas. Account of " Exodusters " (Negroes). Employed and idle labour in Topoka, December 12th, 1885. Statistics of railroads. Review of the report" on industrial depressions. Sfoikes, boycotts, and black- lists. Chattel mortgages. Statistics of mining. Profit-sharing, Labour laws. Pauperism. State charities and organised charitable institutions. Statistics of strikes. Labour and education. Industrial education. Building and loan associations. Statistics of manufactures. Statistics of newspapers. Statistics relating to working women. Labour oi'ganisations in the State Statistics of street railways. Child labour. Trade organisations in the State. Maine. Wages, cost of living, &c. of wage workers. Statistics of manufactures. Account of labour organisations. V"aluatioii of property. Ship building industry. Social condition of working men. Statistics relating to working women. Labour laws of Massachusetts. Account of the granite, lime, and slate industries. Labour laws. Valuation of property and taxation. Statistics of agriculture. Statistics of abandoned farms. Account of strikes, 1890. Report of factory inspector. Population of Maine. Tonnage and shipping of the State. Makkland. Condition of labour. Population of the State. Statistics of manufactures. Statistics of agriculture. Wages of employes in various industries. Account of strikes. Labour laws. Papers on distributive co- operation. Railroad employes' relief association. Strikes and arbitration. St'ii.tistics of convict labour. Female labour in factories. Statistics of industrial establishments in Baltimore and in the State. Massachusetts. Condition of labour and of labour legislation in England and in Massachmsetts. Laws relating to labour. Accounts of guilds of ancient times, and trades unions of modern times. Account of strikes. Earnings, habits, morals, &c. of factory operatives. Children in factories and half-time schools. Earnings and cost of living of employes in various industries. Statistics of savings banks. Chinese labour. The truck system. Accidents by unprotected machinery. Efl'ects of factory labour. Accounts of strikes. Homes of the working classes. Schools for factory children. Co-operative associations in Germany. Accounts of schools in Prussia. Taxation and assessment. Trades unions. Eight-hour movement. Discussion of co-opera- tion. Educational condition of the State. Education and employment of young persons and children. Statistics relative to professional men. Sanitary condition of working people. Comparative rates of wages and hours of labour in Massachusetts and in foreign countries. Condition of textile fabric manufactories in Massa- chusetts. Prices of provisions, &c. in Massachusetts and in Europe. Account of the Women's Economical Garden Homestead League. The education of working children. Special effects of certain forms of employ- ment upon female health. Factory legislation. Con- dition of working men's families. Industrial arbitration and conciliation. Motive power in Massachusetts. The afflicted classes. Pauperism and crime. Compara- tive condition of manufactures and labour. Growth of Massachusetts manufactures. Relative importance of private establishments and corporations in manu- facturing industries. Conjugal condition, nativities, and ages of married women and mothers. Nativities, ages, and illiteracy of various wage workers. The unemployed in Massachusetts. Convict labour. Wages and prices. 1860, 1872, and 1878. Hours of labour. Statistics of drunkenness and liquor selling. Sixikes ii; Massachusetts, 1832-79. Statistics of cj-ime. Ff 4 232 ROYAfe COMMISSION ON LABpI^R : DiToroes, 1860-78. Social life of workrjien. Em- ployers' liability for ' personal injuries to their employes. Profits and earnings of manufaqturers. Early factory labour in 'New England. Condition of the working girls of Boston. Comparative wages, Massachusetcs and Great Britain. Comparative prices and cost of livingj Massachusetts and Great Britain. Sketch of Pullman, Illinois. Sunday labour. Historical review of wages and prices, 1752-1860. Health statistics of female college graduates. Biograpihy of Henry Kemble Oliver. Co-operative distribution in Great Britain. Profit-sharing. Quantities, costs, and nutrients of food materials. Value of art in industry. Strikes and lock-outs, 1881-86 (from United States Report). Citizens and aliens. Relation of wages to the cost of production. Markets, transportation, importB, exports, and competition. Condition of employes. Classified weekly wages. Daily working time. Women in industry. Influence of intemperance upon crime. The Canadian Piench in New England. Citizenship. Social and industrial statistics of Fall River, Lowell, and Lawrence. Wages, prices, and profits. Michigan. Statistics of penal institutions. Labour organisations. Wage workers, their earnings, &c. Condition of labour. Population of the State. Statistics of agriculture. Valuation of property.^ Pauperism. Immigration. Statistics of manufactures. Statistics of copper mining. Decennial census. Strikes and combinations. Child labour. Manual training in public schools. ' School statistics. Ownership of real estate. Statistics 'of iron mining. Statistics of 'railroads. Statistic's'of telegraph lines. Statistics of banks. , Account of. Pullman, Illinois. Convict labour. Ownership, acre- age, valuation, and mortgage indebtedness of farms. Nativity of farmers and comparative prosperity l)y, nationalities. Strikes and lock-outs, 1881-86 (from.! United States Report). Statistics of the fire-clay,, slate, coal, grindstone, gypsum, building stone, and copper industries. Oomparisoa of wages in the Old Country with wages in' Michigan. The furniture in,dnetry of the Stfl.tc. Wages, &p. of employes in agricultural implement and iron-working industries. MlNSESOTA. Ccmdition of working women. Co-operative indus- tries. Strikes. - Necessity of statistics. Statistics of , school attendance. Child labour. Manual and teclinioal, training. Working men's earnings and expenses.. Mine inspection. Labour laws. MiSSOUKI. Statistics of agriculture. Wages earnings, aiid employment. Wages and ni,odes of payment. ^Earnings an'i i eipenses. Pecuniary c6nditiou of, working- rmen. Condition of miniilg and of , mines. Saiiitai'y condition of workshops and factories, and diseases incident'tb iii and ciut-door labour. Child labour and the ap^-eiltice system. Eire escapes, accidents by machinery," &c. Hours of labour. Trades nnioris, strikes, and arbitratioil. Co-operation. Coiivict' labour. Statistics' of agricul- ture. . Strikes. Apprentices];iiif)' system'. '-'. Insurance societies among working iiien. MahuW .trainin'g. Statistics of breweries. Valiicvtion of property. Labour and capital. ' Wages, &c. oi ' employ es/ iti .differeiit occupations. Factory laws of England. ' Pensipn and benefit societies in industrial establishments.""' Labour laws. Mine inspectors' reports. Railroad statistic^,. Street railway statistics. Sketch of PiilKhan, Illinois. The printing- 'industry. Statistics of manufactures. Imports and building improvements. Unemployed labour in St. Louis. Hkrsh' and un'neces- sary conditipris imposed on the^ workipanl' ' Boycotitirig. Statistics of food oonsuujption. " PrcJfit-shaVing. Cost of growing tobacco^ Trades imions. Strikes andlockr diits, 1881-^6 (froin'irnii-cd States Report). ' Cortl mific^ explpsions. Condition of miners. The tnick system. Obedience to^ mining laws. General ronditioiis' of la.bour. Inspectiou of fnctories and workshops. ' Nebraska. , ,. Labour organisations. Strikes! Arbitration. Manual training. Compulsory education. Causes for the failiro of farmers. Cohv^ct^ IP'houf. Statistics of farming. Statistics of manufactures. Statistics of railrdafiS.' Statistics of Bcho9l atteudaiice. Unskilled wage wprkei's' cost of living Liistructioiis ¥or hoiii0 bd&-keepi]fe. Wage^ and general colldijtioii of working m^n. Buildiiife and loan associations. Darmpjorf^ages. The eight-hdur day. The Australian ballot system. The beet-sngar industry. ;■•''■• '■ ", ■ New JeAsey'.'". ■'■_:;' ./:'"'^ '"^ .,, Considerations, regfkrdiiig iabdnr^, J^ducav^;u3iji t^^}d welfare of labourers. , .Employmejit and sotlooljing pf chil4ren. Agricultural development,^. Statistics pf agriculture. Forestry, rural and village adorhnient. Co-operation. Savings baiJiks. Climate and sanitary condition of New Jersey, Pottery, ilax, hemp, and cranberry industries. Railroad wp,gea. Labour laws. Prices of commodities. . Educational condition of cpn- victs. Statistics of the industries of New Jersey. Statistics of population. State development. Earnings and expenses, &c. of employes in various industi|ies. Industrial development. Trade arbitration. Fibre industries. Ensilage. Irrigation. Construction of roads. Condition of labour in Europe and in the United States. Composition of various articles of food. Loan and building associations. Trades unions and labour organisations. Statistics of specific Stafe in- dustries. Iron and steel production in New Jersey. The dairy interest. Carp and carp culture. Oyster interests of New Jersey. Statistics of the vv-ealth of New Jersey. Jail statistics. Strikes. Pauperism. Industrial education. Sketch , of Pullman, Illinois. Manufacture of sugar froiig, sorghum. Profit-sharjpg. The chemistry and economy of foods. Account' of the Pa|;ronB of Husbandry. Growth and present cpndition of fiamden, Jersey City, Newark, Pater^on, and Tri- ton. Labour organisations in America and in England. The policy, benefit features, and strike regulations of labpur organisatipns. Strikes aad lock-outs. A-coount of the hat industi:y in the State. Railroad casualiies, Americaa arid foreign. Employers' liability for per- sonal injuries to their employes. Wage statistics. School statistics.- Effect o^ occupation Oja the health and duration, of the, trade-life pf Vprkme^. , Real estate, mortgage indebtedness, and foreoloBure execu- tions. Industrial co-operative legislation iii Biigjarid and in the United States'.' 'New York. Contract convict labour. Statistics , of prisoij^. Child labour. Siketoh of Piijli^aan, Illiripis. Wages of factory ewJ^Zoj/es at Manchester in. New Hampshire. Labour lawsof diflerent States. - Statistics relatipg to, working-women in New Tork city. Strikes. Boycott-, ing. Arbitration.. , Foreign labpur in the States .Re- duction of hours of labour. Labour organisations, 'The, apprenticeship system. Manual training. Teclinical institutions and trade schools. Street car employes Early closing and holidays. Conspiracy prosecutiqcns and conspiracy laws. 'V\^ages and working Ijpura. Causes of the rise and, f^U of wages. North Carolina. .IJaruings, cp^ti-pf livjng, &c. of employes iu various occupations. Sta,tisticp.o| various indpstries. Gonditipn of .farm, laboij^eirs. , Sit^ti^tics of, cotton; ,mauufactoripB. Statistics of tofiaccpj^iaimfactorieB. Statistics of rajl- roads. (Convict labpur. Labour aijj|..socia4 organisa^oii^. Apprenticeship. Manual afjdp technical , training-, Public roads. Statistijcs of agriculture^. , .. ''' .';' "■ 'North L)akota: ." , ' '"','" Culture pf sugar, ibe^tSpl^l8tatisti,cs of coal minij^g. i The sheep indT:|§try. ,, Stat?stips pf ,%gricujjture.i ..l^JLt^, statistics. Temperatifre ^ndjprec;ipitatj:on, O^jne^ranip oi.real pstate by individuals as d;stip,guis|ipd froim cor- poratiqns. Municipal, ji>jdebt^ness,,,oStaJistic^',of t^e , deaf and dumb,; blind, idiptic, anij, insane; Qounty, finances. Population- of the. .State. SchooJ, statistics., S,tatigtics of jnechanical and^manufqjqturing infiustrijep.. St^lstipsrof ;education9,l,pr|eligioug, apd, charitable ipni stitntions, , , .Chpr^h .statistics., ifubjiic lan^s in tjje State; Postal ^ui'dp of .l!Jlo';;th Dfikot*. ,J{f]ipf .appfpn P^ation. ,^ 1 ■'. ;. i ' .'.n)";v -;^;^': Ohio. , Trade unions in tjie Ijiiited States and in Great Brifafri. Statistics of" 'iuaiiufacturesl" "'Arbittt'atibli. Statistics of raijroads. 'W^^gei ctr employes in various occupations. Earnings 'dnd*&ji^>Beg of ^««p?oV« in various occupations. ' Statistics of agriculture. Prisoi)., labour. , Co-oijeration. ' Cpndilion of labour. ' S|atist5i^ oF ccTil rhines. Statistics of the yron indtfstry, "Pav-' ni^iit of wages.'' Female labofir. Cost of living. 'BB^s' of'latidiir.. -"Sanitary condit'ion'of ■fhe-'TiibhriririD-''OTSb'Ua • APPENDIX. — WHOLte COMMISSION. 233 Europe. Labour legislation. The leading industries of Akron. 'Wages, &R. of' farm labourers. Trade and labour organisations. Condition of -women wage earners. Building and loan associations. Strikes. Statistics of coal mining. Statistics of various indus- tries, '^hild labour and education. Boiler explosions. Sunday work of railroad employes. Accidents, con- flagrations, and boiler explosions. Strikes and arbitra- tion. Education and crime. Statistics of population. Street railway statistics. Labour troubles. Contract convict system. System of screening coal. Sketcb of Pullman, Illinois. The scrip system of paying wages. Statistics of food oonfeumption. The chemistry and economy of foods. Manufacturers' profits and earnings. Co-operation and profit-sharing. Boycotts. Mortgage indebtedness. Trusts and combinations. Mechanics' liens. Employment agencies. Labours' competitors. Pennsylvania. Statistics of population. Destruction of our native forests. Statistics of agriculture. Statistics of manu- factures. History and financial condition of the State. Statistics of banks. Statistics of railroads. Educational, charitable, and reformatory institutions. Statistics of. newspapers. Statistics of school attendance. Mineral statistics. Trade and industries of Philadelphia, Pitts- burg, and Erie. Labour troubles. Wages in various industries. Educational statistics. The lumber in- dustries. Drainage of Pennsylvania. The tanning and leather industries. Production of petroleum. Vital statistics. Taxation. Statistics of insurance companies. Statistics of canals and telegraphs. Foreign trade of Pennsylvania. Plax culture. Prices of commodities. Earnings and expenditures. Crime, and its causes. Statistics of coal mines. Condition of the labouring classes. Noxious insects. Eeport of the Centennial Exposition. Production of tobacco. Strikes. De- scription of the valley of the Schuylkill. Valuation, taxation, and indebtedness. Paper and its manufacture. Statistics of churches. Iron and steel production. Arbitration and conciliation. The anthracite coal- fields of Pennsylvania and their exhaustion. Condition of agriculture in the State. Imports and exports of the United States. Statistics of immigration. Building and loan associations. The available tonnage of the bituminous coalfields of Pennsylvania. Fire escapes. Payment of wages. Factory regulations. Labour laws. The tariff of 1883. Mining laws of Great Britain. Flour milling industry. Slate industry. Statistics of street railwq^ys. Temporary methods of treating injured persons. Conspiracy laws. Wages in Europe and in Pennsylvania. Wages, cost of living, &o. of employes in various occupations. Importation of contract labourers. Sketch of Pullman, Illinois. The manual training and technical school of Philadelphia. The glass sand industry of the Juniata valley. Homes for working people. Employment of children. School education v. convicts. The alleviatiou of distress among working men. Labour in the 'Oonnellsville coke region. Statistics of strikes (from United States Reports). The Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers. History of the Knights of Labour organisation in Pennsylvania. School of industrial art in Philadelphia. Organisations of glass workers. American and foreign labour organisations compared. Farming and farm values. Growth of the carpet industry. The apprenticeship system. Rhode Island. Statistics of cotton mills. Woollen and worsted industries. Jewellery manufacturing foundries and machine shops. Earnings, cost of living, &c. of em- ployes in various industries. Statistics of strikes. Weekly payment of wages. Free text-books. Labour laws. Labour organisations. Statistics of manufac- tures. Statistics of railroads. General condition of fisheries, of coal mines, and of the oleomargarine industry. Wages of children. Child labour and school attendance. Moral condition of factory help. Statistics relating to working women. School attendance and absentees. Associations for the benefit of working women. Elaborate statistics relating to citizenship. Wisconsin. Statistics of population. Statistics of manufacturing establishments. Statistics of agriculture. State prison and other institutions — convict labour. Apprenticeship system. Trades and labour unions. Strikes. Natural diversity of occupations. Labour laws. Prices of commodities. Sketch of Pullman, Illinois. Distributive and indnstriai co-operation. The eight-hour day. Boycotting. Arbitration tribunals. Foreign immi- gration. Bonus agreements and cut-throat contracts. Report of State factory inspector. Home ownership. Trade organisations. Improvement of the trades. Earnings, &c. of employes in various industries. Em- ployers' statistics. Inspection of factories, shops, &c. Statistics of the building trades. Development of manufacturing industries. United States. Industrial depressions in the United States and foreign countries. Earnings and expenses of wage receivers in Europe. Convict labour. Advantages and disadvantages of various systems of convict labour. The economic employment of criminals in different countries, and at difl'ereut periods. Strikes and lock- outs, 1881-6. Accounts of strikes and lock-outs prior to 1881. Decisions of courts and legislation concern- ing strikes, combinations, conspiracies, boycotts, &c. General condition of working women in large cities. Statistics relating to railroad labour. The relation of ejTipZoye's and railroad corporations. Elaborate statistics relating to marriage and divorce, 1867-86. APPENDIX OXXII. Department of Labour, Washington, D.C, Mt Dear Sis, February 23, 1893. I have the honour to forward herewith, a brief memorandum relating to the methods pursued by the United States Department of Labour at Washington, in the practical conduct of investigations. I have accompanied it with an almost complete set of schedules of questions, placed in the hands of our expert field force, in the prosecution of one particular inquiry, viz., that relating to cost of production. I trust members of the Commission may find a perusal of these of service in connection with the memorandum. I beg that you will thank His Grace the Duke of Devonshire for courteously affording me the present opportunity. I am, Tours most truly, (Signed) B. R. L. Gould. Geoffrey Drage, Esq., Secretary of the Royal Commission on Labour, Loudon.. J / 78448. Memouandum of Methods pursued by the United States Depaktment of Laboub in the Collection and Tabulation of Data. Whenever Congress orders a special investigation, like that concerning the cost of production, or the Commissioner of Labour takes up a subject coming within the scope of the organic law of the Department, the first step is to give the subject of the contemplated investigation, a thorough and careful study as to the character of facts to be collected and the feasibility of collecting them. The sources of information are also carefully studied. A tentative schedule is then pre- pared, put into the hands of experts, and submitted to those most thoroughly informed upon the subject of the investigation, the desire being to have the schedule adjusted exactly to existing conditions, and to the possibilities relative to securing the desired information. Advice is taken, special experts interviewed, manu- facturers consulted, and all parties supposed to be able to give advice, or to make suggestions appealed to, all with a view to the construction of a scientific and harmonious schedule that shall stand criticism when used in service. The tentative schedule is then revised along the lines of, the specific information secured. Gff 234 ROY At COMMISSION Oli LABOUR ; After the schedule M deterpained upon, careful ipgtruc- tions are prepEU'ed to accopipaiiy it, and the, schedule ftnd instructions are put into tLe hands oi traiued experts. , In the inTestigation of -the cost'of productip:^ and like inquiries, the agents, i.e., the field force, are instructed to take no inforniation except that gained from books of aqcount, pay-rolls, anct permanent records, so that there shall be no, question as to tte accuracy cf the information gained, j AU manufacturers will iiot give this information directly from their books, but usually there are enough who understand the value of statistics ready to offer all fao^lities to th^ Department. In the ilivestigatioia relative to ijajdroad labour, the largest railroad corporations in , the .cpuntry readily turned over a year's pay-rolls, being, signed vouchers, to the custody of the Department, th3.t the pay-^olls them,selves ntight be tabulated, ajid the returns as to wages accu- rately determined, In the, cost of production investi- gation, all facts relating: to wages are taken from actual pay-rolls, the receipts of the men for their pay. The construction of. the schedule is harmonious. By this is meant, that such faqts must, in the aggregate, equal other statements, and all be in harmony with expert knowledge, relative to the particulsir industry involved. For instance, if the Footings of the pay-rolls of a year do not fairly or approximately agree with the total sum given from the books as paid for labour, the discrepancy is at once detected and the explanation sought. So in tatfulating and classifying all facts, the office having tlie possession of the returns from indivi- dual works, is also in possession of the name of the proper officer with whom to correspond, and should there be any inharmony as between the capital invested and the product, the relative proportions being known in the office, correspondence is at once entered into and the defects explained. An agent cannot deceive the Department, not because of the supreme knowledge of the Department, but because of the mathematical balancing of the schedules. To illustrate: $100,000. invested in the cotton manu- facturing business results in about 1100,000 worth, of product, we will say. Now shoiild the schedule report $150,000 worth of product, or $75,000 worth of product on $100,000 worth of capital invested, the inharmony appears at once, and .effort, is made to ascertain the truth. When any of the leading features of pi'oductiOn, like capital invested, total wages paid, total raw material purchased, total product are given, an expert who understands the relations of each of these items to the others can readily tell within a few dollars whkt the others not given are. The ,statement, therefore, that tlie Department cannot be deceived holds good through years of practical experience. The least suspicious element of a figure or statement always lead to verifi- cation and re- verification of that figure or statement. After Lhe tables are all prepared, through careful processes of tabulation, analysis, verification, &c., every statement in the tables is again verified, to the end that no errors may have crept in. After the tables are sent to the press verifications again occur in proof- reading. It may be said that experts or agents collecting information may have some motive in returning dis- torted statements, these motives being political or otherwise. As a matter of fact, nothing of the kind has ever oeeurred, nor can it occur without, detection. Agents of both parties work side by side. They also work independently in different localities, and the motive of one, if he projected it into his work, being different from that of the other, would soon discl'ose their motives and the incorrectness of their work. The same is true of the tabulators. Politics has nothing to do with the Department of Labour ; the clerical force being made up from civil service lists, their politics is not known. It is true, however, that they represent all parties, and work side by side. In order to distort figures there would occur the necessity of collusion among a hundred people. The impossibility of such a collusion is apparent upon the face of the matter. Whatever motives one may have in starting in statistical work, he soon loses them, unless he is a rank partisan and a thoroughly dishonest man. If the latter were the case, it would be detected in a very short time, and the party allowed to retire. A statis- tician soon learns to care nothing for what the facts show, but simply to know that his statements are facts. In the eight years' history of the Department only one case of deliberate falsification of a schedule has occurred. That falsification showed at once upon the face of the, returns. The agent was called to account, and 'he insisted that he had the authority of tlie manufacturing concern involved for his statements, and in writing, An examination of the copy-books of the establishment, howeverj showed that he did not. AH the establishments which he had, investigated were then re-investigated, and it was found that while he was one of the best agents of the Department, he had simply been ambitious to send in a large amount of wori. He had no political motive, but only ambition "to make a record." His connection with the Depart- ment was promptly severed,and all the facts re-colleotedi This instance proves conclusively that the ' method of the Department is the correct one, and that no attempt to deceive it can succeed. Errors may be made in transcription or in type, but they are errors, and not the results of motive. Any attempt to secure by correspondence the results attained by the Department of Labour through its methods would meet with abject failure, as it flilways has in this or in any other country where it has been attempted. No scientific reliance can be placed upon statistics of wages, production, or any othei: vital features, obtained through correspondence, when the writer . only is responsible for the statements. The great body of American and foreign statistics collected in this way furnishes constant and abundant proof qi the correctness of this statement. j • The almost complete set of schedules relating to the cost of production inquiry, which are forwarded here^ with, as a public exhibit for the use of the members of the committee, will give perhaps a better idea than anything else of the methods applied in the practical conduct of an inquiry. From these schedules and the accompanying instructions it is easy to see ho* impossible it is for the special agent to inject any personal bias in the information returned. He is held to obtain specific answers to speoiflc questions. He does not take evidence, neither does he interview. His r61e is that of a fact gatherer, not that of a reporter, still less that of a juror. With the checks on his integrity and the veracity of his information which have been already outlined ■ in the preceding pages, it does ' not. seem to be difficult to understand the superiority of the method of utilizing special agents as collectors of information, over that of obtaining it from correspondence. i Another important advantage of the use^ Of tbe speciallyprepared schedules when placed in the hands of an expert field force, is the possibility of securiHg & uniformity in classification, which all who have been engaged iii work of this kind know, is so extremely difficult to do When matters are left to the individual discretion of the correspondent. Many of the difficulties which only disclose themselves when tabulations are being undertaken; are thus avoided, and a far greater surety of the accuracy and harmony of the results set forth is gained. It is true that the maintenance of an expert field force has been a costly affair in comparison wich the other system of collection of information by correspondence, it undoubtedly is ; but it has compen- sating' advantages which fully justify its employment. If the dictum that experience is the best teacher and the safest guide, holds true, then the American system is amply justified for the reason that everywhere where resources have permitted it, the system of fact gathering by individuals has been substituted for that of gathering through correspondence. Unfortunately, however, with the exception of the National Departmeiit at ,Washington, and but a smaU number of the States, financial considerations hav;e not permitted its tull application. But no matter how excellent the methods or hpw generous the resources, the statistician is always painfully conscious of the limitations which attend his work. It is true that if he confines himself to a comparatively naorrow sphere, and is content with compilations as distinguished from original inquiry, the difficulties he meets with are comparatively few and unimportant. But in such a case it seems to me that he does not rise at all to the full utilisation of his opportunities, nor does he accomplish what should be expected of him. There is undoubtedly a ground for honest divergence of opinion as to the proper sphere of the labour statistician. The American ; view has always been that he should not confine himself .within too narrow a sphere, so that by differentiating his activities he mighWhew out new paths, even though he does not grade them and make them easier to travel, rather rhan direct his steps continually in one well APPENDIX.— -WHOLE ddMMissi'dii; 23^ bfeaten pathway. This may be called possibly, missionary effort; but it is necessary, if the public are to have eonfidence in the capacity and utility of these agencies oP social inquiry. - Furthermore, it has the distinct advantage of stimulating the minds of private investi- gators to take up and follow out the lines of study for which individual savants are peculiarly fitted : in other ',7ordS, it assists progress along lines of original social inquiry, rather than favours the developinent of a routine of statistical statement. Not only do difiRcuIties but dangers also present themselves along this line of effort. The dangers are not so much that inaeouraoies of statement may occur, but that results as presented may not be sufficiently broad to b'e representative. The only corrective for this state of affairs is to represe:(it clearly and carefully the scope which has been covered by the investigation, so that all who seek to gather conclusions from the results presented, may know the breadth of the ground which has been covered, and the probable soundness which general conclusions based upon the existing data should have. This is a limitation inherent in all forms of statistical efEort, except the census, and is well enough understood to deceive none of the initiated. It ought nob, it seems to me, to be urged as an objection to a grand extension of effort. In a sphere of activity so broad as, for example, the National Department of Labour ^t Washington, has set itself to operate in, it is hopeless to expect that all sides of the problems whose investi- gation is undertaken will be fully exposed. Oare must be taken that what is done must be outlined on the correct basis, and executed with proper method, and the result set forth with integrity and fearlessness as to consequences. Growing familiarity with the utility of this institution as an agent of social inquiry, and enhanced confidence on the part of the constituency from whom its information is drawn, will enable it in time to accomplish far more than if its ideal had been more narrowly conceived, and it had been content to tread along a narrow, well-beaten pathway. Certainly in no other way could it reach the exalted function of understanding and presenting the facts as well as the processes of social development. E. R. L. Gould. (D. L.— 104.) United States Department of Lahow, 1890. COST OF PRODUCTION— NEW S:ERIBS. Cotton G-oods. Instructions. For convenience, these instructions, in their general wording (unless otherwise stated), are written as if applicable to Schedule No. 1, and the inquiry numbers referred to are those on No. 1, but they are intended to answer in a general way for all other schedules relating to cost of production, textiles, iron, &c. The less number of inquiries on most of the soheduleis, and the consequent difference in numbering will not interfere with the ready recognition of inquiries similar in object. , < It is important to get answers to all the inquiries on the schedule, and to save the necessity of sending for lacking data this should be kept constantly iri mind ; see further along what is said about the use of the No. 2 schedule in cases where a No. 1 cannot be fully filled. . The most vital point, however, to be kfept in view is, that you are securing facts from whifih' to aprive at the cost of, a unit, as one yiird or one pound of staple cotton textiles or yarns ; another very impor- tant fact can be worked out from a properly filled schedule, that is, the efficiency of labour: — the amount olE production per employe per day (or better, per hour) for the mill. , ,Thof oughly complete and reliable schedules from representative establishments making well -knowni lines of goods should be secured. Partially filled or hastily and carelessly prepared ones. are of no value yyha.tever. - I'lie agent shoiild bear in mind tjaat he ca:p. jiever present the facts for an establishment in too great detail. By this is meaij^t that extra information beyond the schedule inquiries should often be given. These data will refer almost wholly to explanatory points necessary to make the answers clear. Supplementary information not ■ called foi^ by the schedules, but which maybe of value, such as wage- lists adopted by workmen's unions or manufacturers' assooiations, as well as paniphletsi circulars, or printed material' of arly sort relating to the mill or its pro- ductions, should 'be secured arid forwarded with' the schedules when possible. -Likewise, saniples 'of the ^bods reported up6n should be obtained, when cphveniepi. ' < ' Tour time should generally be given to large I'epre- sentative establishments engaged ib the produietioh of sheeting, shirting, print cloth, driUihg, calico, gingham, and other staple cotton fabrics, or, the yam used 'In them, or engaged in printing them. The best range of yarn numbersr for drillings and sheetings is from 14 to 24 ; for print cloths and ginghams from 28 to 40 ; i for fine print cloths, satines, i muslins, and other fine goods, from 50 to 75, and even to 100. . ,■ If it is found that any essential inquiry has been omitted from the schedule, it should be supplied and the information called for by. it obtained. Answers representing values may be expressed in the money of the country, as pognqe, shillings, pence, francs, or marks. Erase the dollqir-mark in these cases, to prevent any possible mistake in the office during tabulation. So, answers representing quantities may be given in kilogrammes (kilos) or metres, erasing the word pounds or yards, and vice versa. Experience teaches that manufacturers will frequently request the schedule to be left for them to fill out and forward. Schedules so filled are generally worthless. Tet in some cases it may seem necessary to leave the schedule for this purpose, but the agent should call for it in 'person, and carefully go over it with the manufacturer, criticising each doubtful point, thus perfecting and completing it. In most well-managed mills it will be found that a printed form is used for making a report, at brief intervals of a fortnight or so, to the directors, of the cost of a unit, and of various matters relating to the labour, material, expenditures, &c. When such reports on their own forms are proffered they should be accepted, but not in lieu of a completely fiUed schedule, as the latter contains many inquiries that will not be found on any such form and is intended to cover a longer period than that for which these are supposed to be made. Schedules should be forwarded to the Department as rapidly as they are secured. Three schedules have been prepared for cotton manufacturing. Schedule No. 1 is meant for use in an establishment which makes one or more varieties of woven goods, doing both spinning and weaving, but keeping only one general account for both operations ; or for a weaving mill making one or more varieties of goods fairly similar in fineness and texture and in destined use. It cannot be employed in an establishment making such widely different sorts of fabrics as cotton duck, average sheetings, shirtings, fine percale, and satines. This schedule, when properly filled Out, will furnish the data whereby the cost in detail of each of the principal products enumerated under questions 90 to 105, inclusive, may be worked out and entered upon No. 2 schedules. On su!ch an investigation' as this the working out of the cost of the unit by the agent while he is on the spot would seem to be quite important, for he can then obtain the manufacturer's statement of the items of cost in a unit, and place in the parallel column of Schedule No. 2, and if 'there are discrepancies learn the cause. This Schedule No. 2 also answers (as is mentioned further along) in those mills where cost of the unit in detail is all that can be obtained. ■ n ) With reference to establishihentB that produce several kinds or grades of goods in a Single year, it may be found that they ruH a fixed pbrtion of the year on one kind, and then change to another. In such oases the elements of cost for each can readily be obtained. The facts in all cases should be secufe'd for as long a period as possible, not exceeding one year, as data obtained for a year or six months are manifestly more valuable from which to work out cost of production, or for any economic purpose, than if for only one month or one week. The period selected should be the latest one fOr which figures can be obtained. '....• Although the schedule is designed as if for the entry of data relating to several grades of goods: fairly similar in quality and use, it is.degif'ed, in. establish- ments where a single kind oi:; grade is made for a definite periqd, that only the facts for this particular product be entered on that schedule, and a fresh schedule used for any kind or gradOimade in a different period, so as to secure a complete and independent exhibit for each. Gg2 236 ROYAL COMMISSION ON LABOUR ; lu an eBtablishment manufacturing two or several kinds or grades of goods fairly similar at the same time, only one schedule need be used, but this schedule must be completely filled, or it will not be of any use. The period mentioned in all questions relating to time is the period given in answer to inquiry 6. If the answer obtained, in any instance, covers a different time, erase period and insert the proper term. The most of the inquiries are self-explanatory, but such as seem to need explanation are herewith noted : — Inqidries 1 to 5 are designed to secure the fall and complete address of the proper official for the_ Depart- ment to address by letter in case additional informa- tion is wanted. You are authorised to say to all maimfacturers that under no circumstances will the names of their establishments be made public, the results when published indicating only the State or (lountrj within which they are situated. Inquiry 6. Period of time covered ly this return. — The kind of answer required is obvious, but in this con- nection see what has already been said relative to the time to be covered. Inquiry 7. Days of running time (in full time) for this psriod. — If the establishment ran quarter time, half time, two-thirds time, or other fractional part of a full day, during any portion of the period, such fractions should be reduced to full days in computing the ans^.'3r. In brief, such a reply is wanted as would be obtained by dividing the entire hours of running time in the period by the number of running hours in a full day. Inqtiiry 10. Bent iiaid for water-power (if any) for 'period. — If the establishment owns the water-power, get the best approximate statement of its annual renting value and insert. This will be valuable in making comparison with other establishments which actually hire water-power. Inquiries 11 and 12, relating to fuel. — The answei-s to 11 and 12 should be in tons for the United States and Great Britain, and in thousand kilogrammes for the Continent of Europe. In the former cases it should also bo stated whether long or short ton is meant. Inquires 20, 29, 64, 70, 79, 109, 122, andlii. Ha/rnings per weeh, full time. — This will be noticed as a new inquiry. It is also an important one. It nieans the actual (not average) earnings of one person working fall time for one week. To illustrate its application in practice, let us turn to page 6 and consider the spinners, who are usually paid by the piece. If there are 10 spinners employed, and the conditions are exactly the same for each under the five inquiries 62 to 66, a single line only across tho page will be needed for the entry, putting 10 under inquiry 61, male or female, as the case may be, under 62, the rate per piece under 63, the actual earnings per week on full time of one of them under 64, the number of mules for one under 66, and the number of spindles for one under 66. But if the conditions are unlike for some of them, these would have to bo separated and put on another line. Perhaps the sex would be difierent for some, or the piece price, or the number of mules, or the number of spindles. In other words, the 10 spinners are to be separated into classes, the conditions for all in a class being identical, but the conditions of one class differing from those of another in one or more respects. It is believed that usually not more than two or three classes will be found, so that the spaces left between occupations will be ample ; but sometimes interlineation may be necessary. One important point to be gained by this method is that for all piece workers the efficiency of labour will be brought out very clearly. As, for instance, in the above illustration, if there are six spinners in one class, having the price per pound or hank, and the actual earnings of one of them in a week on full time, we can calculate the quantity of his production and have a figure of positive value to compare with the production of spinners in other mills. Even for day workers the method has its distinct advantages. Inquiry 15. JSow many operations of picking. — Both operaticufi are to be considered in answei'ing this questioLi. Inquiry 19 and others sim/ilav. — Erase in the box- heading the inapplicable words. If the pay is by the piece, describe in the margin what constitutes the piece. The names of occupations may be found slightly different in different localities. In the,-e cases insert the new terms in parentheses iiftci- the one used in the schedule which covers the same labour, leaving the printed term unerased. If occupations are discovered not mentioned on the schedule, insert between lines or in place of other not needed terms. The agents on the Oontinent of Europe are desired to give the foreign language equivalents of the names of all occupations and all machines mentioned in the schedule. These may be inserted in parentheses, as noted — or better, made up as separate sheets, with the American terms in a parallel column. There should also be made out a brief statement of the exact operations performed by the foreign machines where the operations differ from American machines in results accomplished or number of persons required to tend them. The wage slips and the classification of labour' in the schedules must not be filled up as separate and inde- pendent pieces of work having no relation to each ■ other. If this course is pursued there is certain to be error in one or the other. In the cotton, woollen, and iron industries, which we are now investigating, as bearing on this question, the following points may be stated as a very close approximation to fact : — 1. With some of them the works run continuously night and day. 2. With the rest when they do run they run as a whole ; that is, they either close wholly for a time, or are running with the full force. 3. It is apparent then in either case that if a work- man dies or is sick or absent another is hired temporarily to take his position. In other words, his plajx is persistent and must be filled or the works cannot run. It results from this that whatever number is necessary in one week of the period, would be necessary in another (supposing of course there was no enlargement or diminution of the plant). Now, in filling the classification of labour, what is wanted is this persistent number of necessary employes (or rather necessary places), and the manufacturer should be questioned as to the correctness of the above sup- position, and if it is found untrue and (hat a varying number is employed at different times, then the average number for the period of each occupation should be entered. This would be the equivalent of a persistent number had the conditions been as supposed. But in filling the wage slips you will cover the entire number of different persons employed during the period, so it is likely almost always that the total number represented by the wage slips will be greater than the number shown in the classification of labour. Take note whether it is so or not ; also whether rates of pay appear to harmoijize with the earnings given in the classification of labour. Again, every occupation mentioned on the wage slips should be mentioned in the classification of labour. Take note of this also. Inquiries 90 to 105.— This table takes the place of the former inquiries 8 and 9, " Name of goods and " Pull technical and commercial description," and has, com- bined with these, various other pojnts, all of which will be readily understood. The sum of the answers to 95, 97, and 98 should be the weight of one yard of the goods, the number of which to the pound is called for by inquiry 100. Inquiry 133. Grand total of salaries and wages paid dm/ring period.— T^h.e answer to this question should be the total of all wages and salaries in the establishment. The agents should make sure that the amounts given at difEerent points on the schedule, added together, make this sum, and also that the sum is what it appears to be — ^the total of all salaries and wages for the time covered. Inquiry 135. Kind and grade of cotton used.— An example of the answer required would be " New Orleans strict middling." Inquiries 137, 146, and 147.— Supposing 100 pounds of cotton are used, and a yarn product of 80 pounds is obtained. The per cent, of waste (gross) is 20. A part of this waste, say three-fourths, or 15 per cent., has saleable value. The per cent, of waste (net) is, therefore, 5. Inquiries 138 to 141. Price paid for yarns per pound, delivered, if any bought. — Where the return is made for a mill which does weaving only, obviouslv these questions must be answered and inquiry 136 neglected. Inquiry 152. Cost of mill supplies In all cases the agent should obtain the cost of supplies in detail, as indicated. Otherwise, extensive repair supplies, as well as materials for new buildings, &c., might be entered. All ordinary repairs necessary to keep the mill in APPENDIX. — WHOLE COMMISSION. 237 running order aro proper to come in here. If every- thing is entered in detail, the office is then able to exclude from consideration what is manifestly inappro- priate to put under this head. In the unit tables which are pi^vided in the iron and other schedvlles, and which have a single column headed "MiU supplies," this instruction must be kept in mind. Also in these unit tables, as no column is prepared for cost of water power, when such power is used, it is best to put this under "mill supplies," with a footnote showing the amount included. Inquiry 157. Cost of dyeing, 8fe. — State which is used as a basis for this costthe short — skein or the long skein. Inquiry 158. Names of goods. — The entry here should correspond with those under inquiry 90. Inquiry 159. Oosi of hleaehing or printing per yard. — By cost of bleaching or printing is meant the price that is paid if the bleaching or printing is hired or "let out"; or, if the establishment does its own bleaching or printing, the actual cost, when obtainable, or if unobtainable, then what would be paid if let out. Erase whichever term is inapplicable. Inquiry 160. Transportation cost per yard or pound of delivering finished goods into' the hands of the purchaser. — Different systems of selling the newly manufactured product prevail. In some localities the manufacturer has no further expense after the good? are baled at the factory ready for shipment. In others he must deliver them to the commission merchant at his (the manufacturer's) expense. This point of delivery is sonaetimes at a quite distant commercial centre, and the cost of transportation an important item to the producer. Inquvry 161. Cost per hale or package (give weight of cloth in package) for transportation from the factory to the docks at the usual place of shipment to the United States. — This inquiry applies only in European coun- tries. The name of the place of shipment should be given, as well as the cost. Inquiry 162. Names of goods. — The entry here should correspond with those under inquiry 90. Inquiry 163. Flace of sale, Sfc. — Insert the word " Factory," or the name of the place where deliverable by the terms of sale, as explained under 160. Inquvry 164. Net selH/ng price, Sre. — The actual amount of money paid for a yard must be entered. By this is meant that you make sure that all discounts are deducted. Schedule No. 2 is supplementary to No. 1. It is meant to be used where the unit has been already calculated either by the agent himself (as before mentioned, from No. 1, which he has already obtained), or where such calculation appears upon the books of the manufacturer, and the agent is unable to obtain the full data to fill No. 1. When the former is the case the agent should fill the column designated for his use, and insert in the other tlie manufacturer's statement of items df cost of a unit as he may have worked it out for his own information. Important 'discrepancies may, in this way, be discovered and corrected, or at least explained. In case the agent has not been able to fill a No. 1 schedule for a mill, but can get the items of unit cost for the manufacturer's column, and the answers to • the 18 preceding inquiries relating to description of goods, and the eight following on various points, this schedule becomes very handy. Such cases have been found quite numerous. In the iron and steel schedules two lines (instead of columns) are given, one of which can be used for the agent's calculation and the other for the manufacturer's. In the latter case care must be taken that any costs not exactly and specifically enumerated in the schedule be omitted, or else entered on the margin by their specific names. For instance, some manufacturers unSer mill supplies might include very extensive improvements, and even new buildings, and similarly under other inquiries. These thingf! must be guarded against. Schedule No. 3 is designed for use, (11 in a cotton yarn or thread spinning mill, or (2) to determine all necessary facts about spinning in a combined spinning and weaving establishment where a separate and distinct account is kept for the spinning department. This is quite commonly the custom in European mills, and may be found occasionally in this country. , The inquiries relating to royalty in the iron and steel schedules aro not applicable in the United States, but may be found to apply in some foreign countries. Caekoil D. Weight, Oomm/hssioner. In filling out wage slips for piece workers give the time (as well as the rate per piece, number of pieces, and earnings) if possible to obtain it. (D. L.— 105.) United States Bepartmeni of Labou/r, 1890. Special Agent. COST OF PRODUCTION— NEW SERIES, No. 1. Cotton Goods. InqvAries. 1. State ? > 2. Locality (post office) ? 3. Name of establishment ? 4. Name of official to address ? 5. Title of offici; 1.1 to address? 6. Period of time covered by this return ? ... ; 7. Days of running time (in full time) for period? 8. Davs of lunning time (in full time) for last fiscal year? ' Motive Power. 9. Kind of motive power ? 10. Rent paid for water-power, if any, for period ?_$. 11. Cost of coal at factory per ton ? $ 12. Total cost at factory of coal used during 13. Means of lighting ? 14. Cost of lighting for period ? Opening a/nd Fiehing. 15. How many operations of picking ?_ 16. Pounds of cotton put through picking machines for period ? Classification of Labour in Opening and Picking. Occupations. 17. Number. Sei. 19. Rate of I'ay per Day, Week, or Piece. 20. Earnings per Week, Pull Time. Overseers Second hands Openers - Pickers Labourers Others 21. Total wages paid in opening and picking depart- ment for period ? $ 22. Hours of labour per week in opening and picking department ? Carding, Co.mbmg, Drawing, and Saving. 23. Is single or double carding done ?_ ^ 24. Is combing done ? 25. Number of operations of roving P . Gg 3 238 EOTAL COMMISSION ON LABOUR: Olastifieation of Labour in Carding, Gomhing, Drawing, amd Boving. Occupations. Overseers - Second hands Section hands Card grinders Cord strippers Card minders Combers - Sailway hands Can earners Drawing - frame 1 tenders J Slubbing -frame \ tenders > Intermediate ) frame tenders ( Eroving frame > teqders i Fine fly - frame 1 tenders j Labourers Others 26. Number. 27. Sex, Kate of Pay per Day, Wees, or Piece. 29. Earnings per Week, Full Time. 30. Number of Spindles per Operative. 31. Total wages paid in carding, combing, drawing, and roving departments for period ? $ 32. Hours of labour per week in carding, combing, drawing, and roving departm ents ? ^ 33. Different kinds of spinning done in the eBtablish- mentP , 34. Total number of frame spindles in operati on during period P , , , - . 35. Total number of male spindles in operation during period ? .j ,__^ , Frame-spirthing —Warp 36. Num- Spindles per Frame m operation. 38. Kevolu- tions per Spindle per Minute. , S9. ' Produc. tion per Spindle perDay (Pounds). 40. Piece ' Price paid for Spin- ning per Pound. Amount of preceding Price gomg to— bers of Yams. 41. Spinner. 4a. Dpffer. ■I '? t Fra me-sp Inning — Weft. Mule- spmning — Warp . 43. Numbers of Yarns. 44. Spindles per Mule in operation. 45. Length of Stretp^, (Ificbes). 46. Stretches per Uinute. I 47. Eevolutions of Spindles per Minute. 48. Production per Spindle p«r Da.v (Pounds). I 49. Piece Price paid for , Spinning (per Pound). Amopht of preceding Price going to— SO. Spinper. 51. First Pieo'cr. 52. Second Piecer. S3. Back Boy. Mule-spinning — Weft. 54. Total pounds of warp produced in establishment for period ? 55. Total pounds of weft or filling produced in establishment for period ? 56. Do frame-spinners clean, oil, and doff their frames? 57. Do mule-spinners clean, oil, and doff their mules ? 58. Do mule-spinners have piecers and back boys to assist ? . 69. Do they pay them out of their own (the spinners') wages P_ 60. If BO, what proporti'\ One Yard. 96. Numbers of Weft. 97. Weight of Weft in One Yard. >•*' n-O ij-r , WeaMvng — Goods produced. Sizing in Warp. 100. Yards per Pound. Production per Loom per Week. 103. Speed of Looms- Picks per Minute. 104. Piece Price per Cut for Weaving. 98. Weight lin One Yard. 99. Per Cent. 101. Pounds. 102. Yards. Length of Cut in Yards. S Classification of Labour in Weaving Department. Classification of Labour in Cloth Room. Occupations. 106. Number. Overseers Second hands Loom fixers Weavers (1 loom) (2 looms) (3 looms) (4 looms) (6 looms) (6 looms) (7 looms) (Blooms) Filling carriers - Harness menders Labourers Others 107. Sex. 108. Hate of Pay per Day, Week, or Piece. 109. Earnings per Week, Pull Time. Occupations. Overseer Second hands - Polders - Balers Markers or 1 ticketers i Packers - Labourers OtliRrs 119. Num- ber. 120. Sex. 121. Hate of Payper Day. Week, or Piece. 122. Earnings per Week, Pull Time. 123. Hours of Labour per Week 124. Total wages paid in cloth room department for period ? ij? Miscellaneous Labour. 110. Total vfages paid in weaving department for period ? §. _^^_ 111. Hours of labour per week in weaving depart- ment ? 112. Number of looms in operation during period ?_ 113. Total production of woven goods for period, in pounds ? ; in yards ? 114. Do weavers have helpers to assist ? 115. Do they pay them out of their own (the weavers') wages ? 116. If so, what proportion of their own (the weavers') wages ? 117. Do weavers clean and oil their looms ? 118. Do they have any other duties, and what ?_ Occupations. 125. Num- ber. 126. Sex. 127. £at«or Payper DayiWeek, or Piece. 128. Earnings per Week, Full Time. 129. Hours of Labour per Week. Overseers - ? Packers - Packers' assist- ■) ants J Weighers Engineers Firemen Coal wheelers - ■ t y •' Machinists Carpenters or \ joiners i Masons - ! Warehousemen ' Watchmen ■y Teamsters ' .:. , ,. Porters or mes- 7 sengers i Elevator men - - Yard hands Labourers - Others - 1 1 APPENDIX. — WHOLE COMMISSION. 241 130. Total wages paid in miscellaneous department for period ?_ 131. Number of salaried officials and clerks P 132. Total amount paid to such salaried officials and clerks for period P_ 133. Grand total of salaries and wages paid during period ? $ • Materials entering into the Goods. 136. Kinds and Grades of Cotton used. 136. Cost of Cotton per Found at Mill. 137. Per Cent, of Net ■Waste from Cotton to Finished Goods. Price Paid bob Yarks per Poitih) deiiterbd, ip AST Bought. 134. CJommeroial Name of Groods. Warp. Weft. 138. Number. 139. Fripe. 140. Number. 141. Price. « $ $ 142. Pounds of cotton used to make the product of the period P 143. Total cost of cotton used to make the product oE the period P $ 144. Total cost of yarns used (if any bought) to make the product of the period P f 145. Total value of yarn sold (if any) manufactured during period P $ '. 146. Per cent, of waste (gross) from raw cotton to the woven product, not including bagging and ties P 147. Total value of all waste for period P $ 148. Is sizing done by hand or machinery ? 149. Cost of sizing materiai used during period ? 150. Cost of dyeing material used during period P 151. Cost of oil for period P $_ 152. Cost of mill supplies (not including fuel, light- ing, and materials previously given) for period P_ a. $ d. ' ' h. $ /■_ Cost of insurance for period ?_ Amount of taxes for period P_ 153. 154. _ 155. Amount of interest for period? 166. Amount of depreciation ids period ? f 157. Cost of dyeing different colours, per 100 pounds ? In the skein $ In the piece $ Bhaehing or Printing the Goods heretofore desaribed. 158. Names of Goods. 159. Cost of Bleaching or Printing, per Yard. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 160. Transportation cost per yard or pound of deli- vering finished goods into the hands of the purchaser ? $ 161. Cost per bale or package (give weight of cloth in package) for transportation from the factory to the docks at the usual place of shipment to the United States ? $ Weight of cloth in package P 162. Names of Goods. 163. Place of Sale— Factory or Customary Place of Market. (Give Name.) 164. Net Selling Price at such Place, per Yard. 3. 4. 6. 6. 7. (D.L.— 44.) United States Department ofLdhmir, 1890. C. OP P., No. 2.— Wages Slip. Estab. name Post Office State _Goods made Description of piece Li. Na. Oc. Months. Jammry February March April May June July August September October November December Total - Hours, Days, Months, Pieces. Bate. Amount. Special Agent_ (D.L. 60—.) United States Department of Labour, 1889. COST OF PEODUCTION- Wa&bs Slip. Insirtietions. -No. 2. 1. The design of this wages slip is to obtain the earnings of all the different workpeople in the very establishments from which the facts are obtained re- lating to cost of production, and for the same period. Its purpose is similar to that of the one recently used in the railroad work. 2. You will notice that the blank is made large enough so that weekly or fortnightly payments can be entered, as you are quite likely in manufacturing establishments to find payments are made at less intervals than one month. 3. In the column of hours, days, months, piece, erase the unnecessary words. 4. By " description of piece," near the top of the slip, is meant a description of the piece referred to when it is stated in the column below that wages are paid on that basis. 5. As soon as you have made arrangements in a mill to obtain cost of production, notify the Department how many of these will be wanted, and they wUl be immediately mailed ; or a quantity can be ordered in advance if deemed best. Oarboll D. Weight, Gormmssioner. I 78448. H h 242 ROyA^ COIPIISSION ON LAJBOT^ :^ (D.L.— 106.) United States Bepwrtment of Lahow, 1890. Special Agent. ' COST OF PEODirOTION— NEW SERIES; N6. 2i Cotton Goods. Ingw/fies. 1. State?,, 2. Locality (post office) ? 3. Name of establishment ? 4. Name of official to address ?_ 6. Title of official to address ? 6. Tear when this product was manufactured P_ 7. Days of running time (in full time) for the last fiscal year ? . BesoripOon of One Ta/rd of the Goods {the Urdt). 8. Commercial name ? 9. Width in inches ?_ 10. Number of picks per inch — warp ?_ 11. Number of picks per inch — weftP_ 12. Number of yam nppd as yarp P 13. Weight of warp ? ' ' 14. Numbef of yam used as weft ? 15. Weight of weft ?^ 16. Weight of sizing in warp ? 17. Per cent, of sizing in warp P 18. Number of yards to the pound P - Analysed Oost ofprodimvng One Yard of the Goods {the Unit). Items of Cost. 19. Cost of carding? 20. Cost of spinning warp? 21. Cost of spinning weft ? ; 22. Cost of spooling? 23. Oost of warping? 24. Cost of dressing? 25. Cost of drawing-in ? 26. Cost of weaving (actual "i weavers) ? i 27. Cost of weaving (aU others') in weaving department) ? J 28. Cost of cloth-room labour ? - 29. Cost of miscellaneous labour ? 30. Total labour cost? 31. Cost of salaries (officials aad') clerks) ? j 32. Cost of cotton? S3, Cost of warp when bought? 34. Oost of weft when bought ? - 36, Oost of materials for sizing? 36. Cost of fuel and lighting ? - 37. Cost of oil? 38. Costolsiill supplies? - d. *. ' f. " '- • 39. Cost of insurance ? 40. Oort of faxes? ' - 41. Cost of interest? 42. Cost of depreciation F 43. Gra^d total cost of the unit ? Agent's Calculation. Manufacturer's Calculation. yoriofj* Inquiries. 44. Transportation cost per 100 pounds to point of free delivery ? 45; Production per spindle per day of warp yarn used in this unit P . ■ . 46. Production per spindle per day of weft yarn used in this unit ? ■ -■ 47. Speed of looms — spicks per minute in weaving this unit ? 48. Production per loom per day (in yards) of this unit ? . 49. Piece price^per cut for weaving this Unit P 50. Length of' cut (in yards) ?_ (D.L.— 51. United States Bepartmmt of Ldbow, 1890. ' - >' ■■ V, ' ■ Special Agent. ■'"GMt op PRODUCTION— No. 3. WoBKiNG Men's Budbets. jjame : Name of establishment : Year ending: ' IJooahty : The Family. Sex. Age. Occupation. Tear's Earnings. 1. Husbaipd - 2. Wife ' - S. Eldest chUd - 4. Next child 5. Next child - kNext'dhiid - 7. NextoHl^j r 8. 9. 10. Total - Year's income from all other sources ? Do you own a house n Cost of Limmg. Items. . Quantity. , ,. Cost. Rent - Fuel- - ■ , - - Lighting—— -i, --■ '■- "'"r Taxes - - - • " Property insurance. " ' i i ! ' Tiiffiiinsuran(!B,husl)an4.,- ,j tm- ■ t Life insurance, wife - ' - Clothing for husband ,• ■ .•.-,•-,■ ■ ,'11,1. 1 • Clothing for wife 1 vK 1 Furniture and utensils Religion Charity .... Labour organisations Other associations - Books and newspapers - Sickness .... Amusements .... Vacation .... Intoxicating liquors Tobacco Sundries (not above specified) - Food. Total - t Surplus or deficit ? What have you done with the surplus P How have you met the deficit ? Rema^hs, 51. Number of looms run by weaver in weaving this unit p --'■'-■'■'' APPENDlk.- -WHOLE feiiMMISSlbiS'.' Us .1,', \,iin '■ ■■•' \ I ■ ■■!■,■ ' families ; but information should also be furnished to the oflBce on the cost df livia'^'''Of nitriiaiTied persons. AH that will be necessary on this point is the price charged for board (room and meals) to unmarried men and' to unn^arried women in boarding houses pwpied ^pr qon- trolled by the mill prpprie|ors , and in other boarding houses or private families ; also the price charged for room and the price charged for meals separately. A sufiH.oiently fiijl and explicit statement, on a separate sheet, covering these poitts for each locality visited should be forwarded to the department with the budget returns for that locality. Oaeeoli. D. Weight. Gommiesion&r. (D.L.— 107.) United States Department of Laboii/r, 189G. Special Agent, COST OF PEODUCTION— NEW SEEIBS, No. 3. OoTTON Yaks asd Thread. Inqwiries. 1. State P 2. Locality (post oflSoe) P ^__ 3. Name of establishment P ^ 4. Name of official to address P 5. Title of official to address P ^_1^____ 6. Period of time covered by this return P ->- 7. Days of running time (in full time) for this period P_ 8. Days of running time (in fall time) for last iiscal year ? Yarn and Thread Manufdciwred. NUMEEBS OB 'YAEN AND ThKEAD. (D.L.— 61.) United States Department of Labov/r, 1889. COST OF PRODUCTION— No. 3. WoKKiNG Men's Btjbgbts. Instructions. 1. The name of estahUfhrn^nt, asjted for is that in which the man works. Quite generally it should be an establishment from" which cost of production has been obtained; but this is by no means absolutely necessary i .. , : 2. The year ending should be, if possible, for the same year" as that for which the cost of production was obtained. ' 3. Wnder year's earnings, on each line, are to be placed" only the earnings from the occupation men- tioned on the corresponding line. Any additional earnings of the family should be lumped together and inserted in answer Co " Tear's income from all other sources." 4. Numbers 8 and 9 are left blank to insert any relatives who are members of the family. If you are dealing with a family which has a boarder or two, what they pay for board should be put under "Tear's income from all other sources," since theii- cost of living will have to be included with that of the family proper ; but as far as possible aypid families that have any boarders. 5. In addition to any earnings from another occupa- tion than the one given on the slip which you have been instructed to put under '' Tear's income from all other Isources," include also, in answer to this same inquiijy, any other family income, as from savings banks deposits, &c. 6. TJTnder cost of living abouit all of the miscellaneous expenditures of a family are provided for ; but in case you fiixd, as peculiar to foreign countries, certain other items which it seems best to specify separately, itmay be done by interlining between some of the pointed items. Avoid, however, too much of this. Whenever a working man owns real estate upon which there iis an annual expenditure for mortgage, erase the word "Rent" and insert "mortgage." Against the word " Fuel " write " wood " or " coal," whichever is mainly used. Against the word " Lighting " insert " gas " or "oil " whichever is TOdwJ^/ used. At some convenient place before the entries for " Food " interlinei the expenditures for intoxicating liquors and for tobacco, (seD'arately). The column headed quantity quite (j)ften cannot be filled with reference to the printed itemst but when possible proper entry should be made, as, under rent the number of rooms should be stated, &c. . 7 'spaces are left to write in the various km^s of food consumed. These should be given with reason- able fulness of detail, leading articles of meats, of vegetables, and of groceries being specified by name. It will probably nearly always be possible to fill the column headed quantity under food. Avoid using general terms, such as groceries, provisions, &c. 8 If there is objection to answering the two ques- tions relating to surplus and deficit, under the parallel rules, they may be passed by. + ,, • 9 All money values on the blank may be entered m the'money of the country ; we will make the change into United States money here in the ofBce. 10 Inquiries should be made m markets and groceries ' • Utt as to prices of commodities consumed by ocoa,sionauy ^^^^ statements closely approximate to families, to see^^^ ^ ^^^ ^^ ^^^ families themselves, the trutti are m ^^^gj. remarks may be used or not, as n. The space ^^ ti^ere aTg conditions surrounding seems »e^^^^;^-f.^ientl7 illustrated by the answers to the family not sumoi " j ^ y^^ the inquiries mentioned °" «^« °j^y,S brpugh\out in this^Pa- SeuSeLs" formation tioned here. ^°*7T„„ ^ Yf tbia snace is used at all however is not wanted, and if this space^ ^^^ ^^ ^^^^^ it should be f«^J'*°Xd universally to all families, essential pointsi and applwdunivers^ y ^ .''i.^ ITwh^e ;:™ on Se spot, so that anf ^"of made'by'^etSly in giving information may '\naf aS fiS the blank, read it all over aloud to the party from whom you are getting the _ Lformation, to make sure that he or *e t oroug y ^^^^^ ^ .^ .^ opening and picking depart. Werstands what has been statej^ and a^ n,ent for perio^ P,^ $ .. _ ij rin,,,a fav what has been saio. reiaueo u" "»" ° ■, j «« -a „ «J! loV.n,-,Y. ,iQT. ttbbIj- in nriRTimor a.nrl mntiTic T-, ^*i- K WoSnKMen's-Budgets, which are intended blank No7^tJ,WorJimgJiwu. ° Uo«i working men's to secure the necessary facts about worsuiH 9. Warp. 10. "Weft. 11. Thread. » 12. Average number of yarn spun during this period P 13. Average number of thread spun during this period P Motive Power. $ 14. Kind of motive power ? 16. Rent paid for water power (if any) for period ? 16. Cost of coal at factory per ton ? 17. Total cost at factory of coal period P_ _ $ used during 18. Means of lighting P 19. Cost of lighting for period P $ Opening and Picking. 20. How may operations of picking P ^ 21. Pounds of cotton put through picking machines for period P . Olassificaiion of Labonr in Opening and Picking, Occupations. 22. Number. . ' i 23. Sex. 21. Rate of Pay per Bay, week, or „ „ Piece. 25. Earnings per Week, .Full Time. Overseers - S $ Second hands Openers Pickers Labourers Others •- ' ent for period i * _ , ,_ .._ 27. Hours of labour per week in opening and picking department P_ * Hh 2 244 ROYAL COMMISSION ON LABOUH : Oarding, Gomtmg, Drawing, and Boeing. 28. Is single or double carding done ? 29. Is combing done P 30. Number of operations of roving ? 38. Different kinds of spinning done in the establish- ment ? OloBsifieaUon of Labour in Carddng, QoTnibing, Drawing, and Boving. OcoupationB. SI. Number. Sex. 33 Bate of Pay per Day, Week, or Piece. 34. Samins perWeeL, , „__ ^"Ttae.jopPSive. Number of Spindles 39. Total number of frame spindles in operation during period P 40. Total number of mule spindles in operation during period ? Frame-ipinmng — PTarp. Oterseers Second hands Section hands Card grinders Cardstrippeis Card minders Combers Railway hands Can carriers Drawing-fnune tenders Intermediate- frame tenders i Saving -framed tenders S Pine fly - frame') tenders i Labourers Others 41. Numbers of 42. Spindles ^P™ ■ Frame in operation. 4S. Bevolu- tionsper Spindle per Minute. 44. Produc- tion per Spindle (Foonds). 46. Piece Price for Spinning per Pound. Amocht oj PKBOBDIHa Price ooikq TO— Tarn. 46. Spinner. ■ 47. Doffer. t t » Frame- Spinning — Weft. 36. Total wages paid in carding, drawing, combing , and roving department for period P $ 37. Hours of labour per week in carding, oorabing, drawing, and roving department ? ^ t i Mule-spinning — Warp . 48. 49. Spindles per Mule in operation. 50. Length of Stretch (Inches). 51. Stretches per Minute. 62. Revolutions per Spindle per Minute. 53. Production per Spindle per Day (Pounds). 64. Piece Price paid for Spinning per Pound. AMOUlfT OB PBECEDINe PkIOE GOIITO TO- Numbers of Yam. SS. Spinner. 66. First Piecer. 67. Second Piecer. 58. Back Boy. $ t i S • $ Mu lo-spimwng — Weft. 59. Total pounds of warp produced in the establishment for period ? 60. Total pounds of weft or filling produced in the establishment for period ? OlasBificatwn of Labour in Mule-spinning. Occupations, 61. Number. Overseers Second hands Section hands - Spinners Piecers Doffers Boving carriers Back boys - Creelers Labourers • Others Sex. 63. Bate of Pay per Day, Week, or Piece. 64. Earnings per Week, Full Time. 66. Number of Hules per Operative. Number . of Spindles . per Operative. APPINDIX. — WHOLE COMMISSION. i, OloBsifieaUon of Lothowf in Frame-spifiimng. 245 Occupations. • 67. Number. 68. Sex. 69. Rate Of Pay per Day, Week, or Piece. 70. Eai'nings per Week, Full Time. 71. Number of Sides per Operative. 72. Number of Spindles per Operative. Overseers Second hands - Section hands Spinners botEers Boving carriers Labourers Others i * 1 73. Total 'wages paid in frame-spinmng department for period P_ 74. Total wages paid in mule-spinning department for period P_ 76. Hours of labour per week in spinning departments? Glassifieation of Laibov/r in Winding, DoMing, and Twisting. Occupations. 76. Number. 77. Sex. 78. Bate of Pay per Day, Week, or Piece. 79. Earnings per Week, Pull Time. Overseers - Second hands Doublers Twisters • Oasers or singers - Twiners Labourers Others t i 80. Total wages paid in winding, doubling, and twisting department ? $ 81. Hours of labour per week in winding, doubling, and twisting department ?^^ , Miscellaneous Labour. Occupations. 82. Num- ber. 8S. Sex. 8*. Sate of Pay per Day, Week, or Piece. 85. Earnings per Week, full Time. 86. Hours of Labour per Week. Overoeers (or') foramen) / Packers - Packers' assist- ) ants ) Weighers - Engineers - Piremen - Coal wheelers - Machinists - ■ Carpenters orl Joiners J Masons - Warehousemen Watchmen Teamsters Porters ormes-l senders } Elevator men • Tard hands ■ Labourers Others - ? S 87. Total wages paid in miscellaneous department for period ?____$ , . 88. Number of salaried officials and clerks P 89. Total amount of money paid to such salaried official and clerks for period? $ ^ 90. G^^and total of salaries and wages paid during period P .$ . Waste Aeeownt. Departments. 91. Pounds of Waste. 92. Value of Waste per Pound. 93. Total Value of Waste. 94. Per Cent. of Waste in different Departments. Opening and pick- \ Single carding Double carding - Combing Drawing, roving,') and spinning } t $ Total 95. Do frame-spinners clean, oil, and doff their frames ? 96. Do mule-spinners clean, oil, and doff their mules P 97. Do mule-spinners have piecers and back boys to 98. Do they pay them out of their o-wu (the spinners') wages ? 99. If so, what proportion of their own (the spinners') 'wages ? Materials entering into the Goads ; also other Sv/pplies, ^c. 100. Pounds of cotton used to make the product of the period ? 101. Total cost of cotton used during the period ? Cost of Ootton per Pound used in making different Ya/rns and Threads. 102. Numbers of Tarn and Thread. 103. Kind and Grade of Cotton used. 104. Cost per Pound. $ 105. Cost of oil for period P _ 106. Cost of mill supplies (not including fuel, lighting, or materials previously given) for period ?__ «• I h. $__ «. $. /•: 107. Cost of insurance for period? $. 108. Amount of taxes for period? J $, 109. Amount of interest for period P $ 110. -Amount of depreciation for period ? $ 111. Cost of transportation per 100 pounds to point of free delivery P $^ Hfa 3 '246 ROYAL dbMMlfesiON ON'LABOtJR : Ancdysed Oosi ofProcbioing OHe Pound {the tfnit) of Yarn and Thread of different Numbers. Numbers of Tam .)uid Thread. 116. Cost of Cotton. $ 116. Cost of Opening and Picking. 117. Cost of Carding, Drawing, and Roving. 118. Cost of Frame Spinning. 119. 1 Cost of 1 Mule 1 Spinning. , lan. ; Cost of Winding?, Doubling, and Twisting. 121. Cost of Mis- cellaneous Labour. 122. Total Labour Cost.' las. Cost of Salaries 113. ■Warp. US. ■Weft. 114. Thread. (Officials and Clerks). ' $ $ $ $ % $ $ -' 1 nif.vtt,! 124 Cost of Oil. 126. Cost of -Mill Supplies. 126. Cost of Fuel and Lighting. 127. Cost of Insurance. 128. Cost of Taxes. 129. Cost of Interest, 'i' 130. Cost of t Depreciatioif. 1. • ; 131. Grand Total Cost of Unit. t iv $ $ i , 1, .■,<■' ■ t (D.L 108.) juih" 1 'jf-jTw United States Department of Lahoitr, 1890. Special Agent. COST OF PEODUOTION— NEW SERIES, No. 4. WOOUBN AND WOKSTED GOOSS. Ingwiries. 1. State? 2. Locality (post office) ? 3. Name of establishmeiit P _, 4. Name of official to address ? 5. Title of official to address P 6. Period of time covered by this return i* . 7. Days of running time (in full time) for this perio^ ? 8. Days of running time (in full time) for last fiscal year P . Motive Power. 9. Kind of motive power ? 10. Rent paid for water-power (if any) for period P 11. Cost of coal at factory per ton P $ 12. Total cost, at factory, of coal used during period P 13. Means of hghting ? 14. Cost of lighting for period P. Classification of Lahovr in Wool Sorting. Occupations, 17.: Eate of jPay per Day, Week, or Piece. 18. Earnings per Week,^iUl Time. Overseers Second hand Sorters - Labourers Others- ! -loil 19. Tot:il wages paid in wool-sorting department for period ? S ^^^_ a . , , , 20. Hours of labour per week in wool-sorting- de- partment ? , °, Olassifiec ition of Itdbour in Seoitring and Dyeing. Occupations. 21. Number. 22. Sex. 23. Kate of Pay perDay,'Vreek, or Piece. Earnings per Time. Overseers i $ Second hands - Scourers Dyers • 1 Driers - \ Pickers - Labourers .'.HI. .. y J Others - 25. Total wages paid in scouring and dyeing depart- ment for period P $___ 26. Hours of labour per week in scouring and dyeing department ? Classification of Labour in Cardmg and Comhimg. Occupations. Overseers (carding) Second hands (card-') „ing) S Overseers (combing) 8econdhand8(Domb- \ ing) i Card feeders - Card strippers Card grinders - Preparers Finishers . - . Gill-box tenders Back washers Combers Labourers Others 27. Num- ber. 28. Sex. 29. Eate of Pay per Day, Week, or Piece. Earnings per Week, Full Time, .),,.,.,< !,■" RioT SB 31. T6tal wages paid in carding and combing depart- ment Jfor Beriod ?_ $ _ ' »,/ ' ,r ' , 32. Hours of liabour per week in carding and combing department? _^— ' api^j;npiix.— wHQiij; q^pussjsQN., 247 33. Different kinds of spiimiiig done in the establishment P 34. Total number of frame spindles in operation during period P_ 35. Total nttinber of mule spindles in operation during period P_ l/inswqft .A' «l,|!\n.i "-\p )iii'\ ■.\' Frame-spinning— Warp. ! ■'86. Kuns, or Numbers, of Tarns. VmH.".' ". ■..lill'i . ■^ '"' 37. Spindles per. Fraiiiie in Operation. i 38. Eeyoliltions.per- Spindle per ^ Minute. S9. Pjraduotionper Spindle per Day (Pounds). ■ i 40. i Piece Price for Spinning per Pounqi. Amount oj pRECEDiird IPeicb GOIirO TO— , 41. Spinner; Dofler. 1 1 i ■ ■ 1 PIT ■ ■■>■)&■'!•■' •I'lTi'l ' r . 1 i ! ( UJuai', ■'"'■'i ;>P^Mm le-spinrwng— -Weft. ':' ■■■: ■'I;-;'' .1 "o ,iTtr ■ ',: '* ;'-'. ■•'^)Oi)'r> — |i.n'"t'' s * % IfitZe-gjpMMiMig' — lyisrp. 4S. 44. Spindles per Mule in Operation. 4S. , Length of Stretch (Inches). Stretches Minute. 411. Efivolutions of Spindles per Minute. 4fi. Production per Smndle per Bay (Pounds). 49. AmotTNT OB PBEOBDIua PeiOE OOIira TO— Buns, or Numbers, of Tarns. '■ paid for Sjpiiming (perPouna). i BO. Spinner. 61. First Pieoer. 62. Second Piecer. S3. Back Boy. 1 ' i $ $ % $ . • hlSi': .It Mide-epimmigr- Weft. i ' i^' rui'i u[ tii 1' $ ' . "? s $ $ hi. Total pounds of wdrp produced in the establishment for period ? 56. Total pounds of weft or filling produced in the establishment for period ?_ 56. Do frame spinners clean, oil, and dofP their frames ? 57. Do mule spinners clean, oil, and doff their mules ? 58. Do mule spinners have piecers and back boys to assist P 59. Do they pay them- out of theii* own (the spinners') wages ? 60. If so, what proportion of their own (the spinners'), wages ?. Hh 4 248 ROYAL COMMISSION ON LABOUR: Glaesifieation of Lcihowr m Spinnmg. Occupations. Overseers - Second hands - Yam inspectors (frame) j Boilerg (frame) Spinners(mule) Krst piecer') (mule) S Second piecer') (mule) i Doffers (mule) - Back hoys Twisters - Winders (skein} or hank) } Labourers Others 61. Num- ber. Sex. Bate of Payner Day, Week, or Piece. 64. Earnings per Week, Full Time. as. Number of Spindles per Operative. 66. Total wages paid in spinning department for this period ? J $ _: 67. Hours of laboiir per week in spinning depart- ment P . OlaBsijieation of Labour m Winding, Wa/rping, and Dressing. Occupations. 68. Number. 69. Sei. 70. Bate of Pay per Dw. Week, or Piece. 71. Earnings per Week. Full Time. Overseers Second hands Slasher tenders - Twisters Winders - Warpers Srawers-in - Handers-in Labourers Others * $ $ , 72. Total wages paid in winding, warping, and dress- ing department for period ? .f 73. Hours of labour per week in winding, warping, and dressing department? " WeaviMg — Goods Prodmced. 75. Width (Inches), Number of Picks per Inch. ' Yams used. 74. Commercial Name of Goods. 76. Warp. 77. Weft. 78. Buns, or Numbers, of Warp. 79. Weight of Warp m One Yard. SO. Buns, or Numbers, of Weft. 81. Weight of Weft in One Yard. Siziug in Warp. 84. Yards per Poimd. Production per Loom per Week. 87. Speed of Looms- Picks per Minute. 88. Piece Price per Cut for Weaving. 82. Weight in OneYard. 83. Per Cent. 8S. Pounds. 86. Yards. liength of Out in i 90. Total production in pounds P in yards P_ 91. Total number of looms in operation duruig this period P _ Classification of Labour in WeaviMg Department. Occupations. Number. Bate of Pay per Day, Week, or Piece. 95. Eamingsper Week, FuUTime. Overseers Second hands Loom fixer - Weavers (1 loom) Weavers (2 looms) Weavers (pattern) Chain makers Filling carriers Harness cleaner Cloth inspector - Designer Labourers Others 96. Total wages paid in wearing department for this period p 97. Hours of labour per week in weaving department P APPENDIX. — WHOLE COMMISSION. 249 Classification of Labour in Finishing and Picking, Bepartment. Miscellaneous Labour. Ooiupations. 98. Number. 99. Ser. 100. Rate of Pay per Day, Week, or Piece. . 101. , Eamines per Week. Full Time. t t Second hands Shearers Bnrlers Fullers Sewers-in Presaers Measurers Packers - Labourers Others Occupations. 104. Number. 106. Sex. I 106. Bate of Pay per Day, week, or Piece. Engineers ^Firemen Coal wheelers - Machinists Carpenterrs Masons Warehousemen - Watchmen Teamsters Porters EleTator men - Yard hands Labourers Others 107. Earnings fer Week, 'uU Time. 108. Hours of Liibonr per Week. 102. Total wages paid in finishing and packing department for period P_ $ 103. Hours of labour per week in finishing and packing department P 109. Total wages paid in miscellaneous department for period P I_lI 110. Number of salaried oflScials and clerks ? 111. Total amount of money paid to such salaried officials and clerks for period ? | 112. Grrand total of salaries and wages paid during period ? % Materials entering into the Goods. 113. 114. Kind and Grades of Wool used. 116. Cost of Wool per Pound at Mill. HO. Per Cent, of net Waste from Wool to finished Goods. Pbioe paid foe Tarns per Pottsd delivebeu, ip any bought. CJommeroial Name of Warp. Weft. Goods. 117. Number. 118. Price. 119. Number. 120. Price. t t i 121. Pounds of wool used to make the product of the period ? 122. Total cost of wool used to make the product of the period ? $ . 123. Total coat of yarns need (if any bought) to make the product of the period ? $ 124. Total value of yam sold (if any) manufactured during period ? % - 125. Per cent, of waste (gross) from wool in the grease to finished goodsP 126. Total value of all waste for period ? $ 127. Per cent, of waste (net) from wool in the grease to finished product ? 128. Is sizing done by hand or machinery ? 129. Cost of sizing material used during period p % 130. Cost of dyeing material used during period? % 131. Cost of oil for period ? % 132. Cost of mill supplies (not including fuel, lighting, and material previously given) for period P a.^ $ , _^ 6. % c. % d. % ^ e. %, '1 /. ^ '- ■■ 133. Cost-of insurance for period P % . 134. Amount of taxes for period P $__^ 135. Amount of interest for period P $ Bleaching or printing the Goods heretofwe described. 1.38. Names of Goods. Cost of Bleaching or Printing per Yard (Metre). 4. 5. 6. 7. yard or pound of the hands of the 140. Transportation, cost per delivering finished goods into purchaser ? $ 141. Cost per bale or package (give weight of cloth in package) for transportation from the factory to the docks at the usual place of shipment to the United States P $ Weight of cloth in package P 142. Names of Goods. 143. Place of Sale— Factory or Customary Place of Market (Give Name). 144. Net selling Price at such Place, per Yard (Metre). 136. Amount of depreciation for period P_ $_^ 137. Cost of dyeing different colours per 100 pounds ? $ / 78448. 1. 2. ». 4. 5. B. 7. I i 250 KOl'AL COMMISSION ON LABOUR : (D.L.— 109.) 'United States Department of Lahowr, 1890. Special Agent. COST OF PRODUCTION— NEW SERIES, No. 5. Woollen and WoasTED Groops. Inqniries. 1. State? ^ 2. Locality (post office) r li_^^ — — 3. Name of establishment ? _ — ^^, — 4. Name of official to address ? ^ 5. Title of official to address P^ ^Jlill^^V. — 6 Tear when this product was maniifaotnred ^„^__^^ 7. Days of running time (in fall time) for that fiscal year P .^ ^ — Description of One YoA'd of the Goods (the Fmi^),,,. Commercial name P Width in inches ?_ 10. Number of picks per inch— warp t-. 11. Number of picks per inch— wett .-'_ 12. Number of yarn used as warp ? — is! Weight of w^rpP' " 14.. Number of yam used as weft P_ 15. Weight of weft P 16. Weight of sizing in warp P 17. Per cent, of sizing m warp !'^_^ 18. Number of j-ards to the pound f . Analysed Oast of prodming One Yard of the Goods (the TJmt). Items of Cost. Agent's Calculation. Manufacturer's' Calculation. % % 19. Cost of sorting - - 20. Cost of scouring and dyeing - 21. Cost of c;irding - 22. Cost of tombing - - 23. Cost of spinning warp 24. Cost of spinning weft - 25. Cost of spooling - 26. Cost of warping - 27. Cost of dressing • 28. Cost of weaving (actual weavers - 29. Cost of weaving (all others in| weaving department) > 30. Cost of cloth-room lahour - 31. Cost of miscellaneous labour - 32. Total labour cost - 33. Cost of salaries (officials, clerks, &o.) 34. Cost of wool 35. Cost of warp when bought - 36. Cost of weft when bonitht - S7. Cost of material for dyeing - 38. Cost of fuel and lighting 39. Cost of oil 40. Cost of mill suppUds a, • b. d. 41. Cost of insurance 48. Costoftaies 43. Cost of interest 44. Cost of depreciation - 45. G.'and total of cost of the unit " Various Inquwies. 46. Transportation cost per 100 pounds to point of free delivery ? _ 47. Production per spindle per day of warp yarn used in this unit ? _______^___ 48. Production per spindle per day of weft yam used in this Tiliit ? ',■ , 49. Speed of looms— picks per minute in weaving thig unit ? 50. Production per loom per day (in yards), pf this unitP 51. Piece price per out for weaving this unit ? 52. Length of cut (in yards) ?_ 53. Number of looms run by weaver in weaving this unit? !_' (D.L.— 110.) United States Depatrbment of Lahow-', 189(y. Special Agent. COST OF PRODUCTION— NEW SERIES, No. 6. Woollen and Worsted Taens. 1. State? 2. Locality (post office) ? 3. Name of establishment ? 4J Name of official to address ? 5. Title of official to address ?_ .6. Period, of tim^ covered by this return ?_ 7. Days of running time (in full time) for this period ? 8. Days of running time (in full time) for last fiscal year ? ^__^ ' ' Ya/rns manufactured. Buns, or Numbers, of Yarns. 9. Warp. 10. Weft. 11. Average number of runs of woollen yarns spun during period ?_^ 12. Average number of worsted yarns spun during period ? [ Motive Power. 13. Kind of motive power ? . 14. Rent paid for water-power (if any) for period ? $ 15. Coet of coal at factory, per ton ? $ 16. Total cost at factory of coal used during period ? 17. Means of lighting ? 18. Cost of lighting for period ?_ Olassifi^ation ofliahowi in Wool Sorting. Occupations. '' 19^ Number. * 20. Sex. 21. Bate of Pap . per Day, Week, or Piece. 22. Earnings per Week, Pull Time. Overseers - i % Second hand - Sorters Labourers Others - ■'■ Glassificafno n of lidhowr in Seowrmg amd Dyeing. Overseers $ $ Second hands Scourers - Dyers - Driers \ Pickery - Labourers Others - APPENDIX.— WHOLE OOMiMISiSlON. 251 23. Total nagfiSipadd in Mnool-sortrng department for period P .$ 24. Hours of labour per -week in. wool-sorting department ? i ^ ii 26. Total wages paid in scouring and dyeing depart- ment for |Jeriod ? $j ■. -■> 26. Hours of labour per week in scouring and dyeing department P ■UlMi'Xi.l- V' Glasaifioation of Jidbow m_0 ants ) Weighers - Engineers Firemen - Coal wbeelers - Machinists Carpenters or\ jomers i Masons - Warehousemen Watchmen Teamsters Porters or mes- ") sengers > Elevator men Yard hands Labourers Others 68. Total wages paid in miscellaneou* department for period ? $ Number of salaried officials and clerks V _ 70. Total amount of money paid to such salaried oiiicials and clerks for period ? % ■ • 71. Grrand total of salaries and wages paid during period ? % Waste Aceaunt. Departments. 72. Pounds of Waste. 73. Value of Waste per Pound. 74. ■ Total Value ofWante. 76. Per Cent, of Waste in diflertnt Departmenta. Wooll sorting and') scouring } Carding Combing Spinning ' - $ $ 76. Do frame spinners clean, oil, and dofE their frames ? 77. Do mule spinners clean, oil, and dofE- their mules ? . 78. Do mule spinners have piecers and back boys to assist ? 79. Do they pay them out of their own (the spiimers') wages ? : 80. If so, what proportion of their own (the spinners') wages P _ _^ Materials entering into the Goods ; also other Supplies, Sfc. 81. Pounds of wool used to make the product of the period ? , 82. Total cost of wool used during the period? % Cost of Wool per Pound used in mahing different Yarns. as. Runs, or Numbers, of Yams. 84. Kind and Grade of Wool used. 85. Cost per Pound. t 86. Cost of oil for period P_ 87. Cost of mill supplies (not including fuel, lighting, or materials previously given) for period P a. $ ZZZZHZ b. at e. d.. e. fi 88. Cost of insurance for period ?_ 89. Amount of taxes for period P 90.' Amount of interest for period P_ 91. Amount of depreciation for period ? $ 92. Cost of transportation per 100 pounds to point of free delivery ? $ ^^ Analysed Cost of producing Ons Pound {the Unit) of Tarns of Different Buns or Numbers. Runs, or Numbers, of Yams. 95. Cost of Wool. 96. Cost of Sorting, 97. Cost of Scouring (Dyeing, if any). 98. Cost of Carding. 99. Cost of Combing. 100. Cost of Spinning, 101. Cost of Miscellaneous Labour. 102. 93. 94. Warp. Weft. Total Labour Cost. $ ^ $ f K $ $ i APPENDIX. — WHOViB COMMISSION. Analysed Gott of producing One Pound (the Unit) of Yarns of different Bv/n» or Numbers — continued. If 253 ' lOS. Cost of Salaries (Offloial|uid ! 104. Cost of Oil. 105. Cost of Mill Supplies. 106. Cost of Fuel , {and Lighting. 107. Cost of ■ Insurance. 108. Cost of Taxes. 109. Cost of Interest. , ,110. Cost of Depreciation. 111. Grand Total Cost of Unit. 1 « $ i f * « t t (D.L.— 63.) United States BepoA-tment of Laiow, 1889. , Special Agent. COST OF PEODXTOTION— NEW SEEIES, No. 7. Iron Ore. Inqui^iee. 1. State? 2. Locality (post office) P 3. Name of establishment ? 4. Name of official to address ? . 5. Title of official to address P_ 6. Period of tim.e covered by this return ? 7. Days of running time (iu full time) for this period ?; 7a. Days of running time (in full time) for last fiscal year ? . - 8. Does this establishment also operate blast furnaces P 9. If so, give the location (post office) of such furnaces where the ore from this mine is melted ? 10. Average depth of mines ? . :_ 11. Ho-w are they worked P ^ ■ . 12. Average thickness of the veins P ^^ 13. Is the ore hard or soft P ^ Kinds cmd Quantity of Ore produced for Period. u. Kinds of Ore (as Hematite, Magnetic Specular, ke.) ? Tons (1,000 Kilos) produced ? Analysis of Ores. Kinds of Ore (1, 2, S,e» mentioned above). 1- ; 2. 3. 16. Constituents. 17. Per Cent. 16. Constituents. 17. Per Cent, 16. Per Constituents., ,^^^ Iron Sulphur Silica - - Phosphorus - Water - Iron - Sulphur - Silica Phosphorus Water Iron - Sulphur - Silica Phosphorus Water 25. Amount of taxes for period P $_ 26. Cost of insurance for period P | 26a. Amount of interest for period P 266. Amount of depreciation for period ?_ Olassification of Labour. 27. Occupation. Mine bosses Bankmen Blacksmiths Blacksmiths' helpers Brakemen Carpenters Oartmen Drivers Dumpers Engineers Firemen Greasers Labourers Miners On-setters Ore cleaners Pumpmen Stablemen Strikers Timbermen Trappers Tub cleaners Watchmen Weighers Water boys Others Number. Sex. Rate of Pay per Day, Week, or Piece. 18. Distance from mines to place of ftee delivery to purchaser ? ,_ ] 9. Name of such place of free delivery ? 20. Means of transportation to place of free delivery P 21. Coat of transportation per ton (1,000 kilos) to place of free delivery ? $ ^ ^ 22. Name of shipping point to the United States ? 23. Cost of transportation per ton (1,000 kilos) froln place of free delivery to such shipping point ? $ 24. Cost of supplies in detail used during period : -■ - a . ^ $ . 6. » . — Earnings per Week, PuUTime. Hours of Labour . per Week. 32. Average immber of wage-workers employed for period P 33. Total wages paid wage-workers for period P $ 34. Average number of officials, clerks, and other salaried employes for period ? 35. Total wages paid such salaried officials, clerks, &o. for period P $ 36., Grand total of all wages and salaries for period ? S - 37. Total amount paid f 8°^^™™^"' '^ - *■--'- as royalty for period to . \^^^^^^ ^f the soil ? $ 38. Average output per mine per day for period — tons (1,000 kilos) ? .SS. Daily lionrs of labour <, I" above ground ?_ under ground ? li 3 254 ROYAl, COMMISSION ON LABOUftl/ Analysis of Cost ofproduai/ng Ona Ton. Labour. Salaries (Officials and Clerks). Eoyalty. Puel and Lighting. Supplies. Taxes. Insurance. Interest. Depreciation. Grand Total. (D.L.— 54.) United States Department of Lalowr, 1889. Distances, Means, and Oost of Transportation between Blast Furnaces and M^iries, Quarries, or Ovens from which Supplies a/re d/ranan. Special Agent. COST OF PRODUCTION— NEW SEEIES, No. 8. Pig lEoiu. State ? Iru^unvies'. Locality (post office) ? - Name of establishment ? Name of official to adi-ess ? Title of official to address ? 6. Period of time covered by this return ? 6a. Days of running time (in full time) for the last fiscal year ? r 8-hoiir j 9-hour 7. Whole number of turns for period ? <( 10-hour I 11-hour L12-hour . Kinds and Q/UMntity produced. FulI.Techuical and C!ommercial Description. 1. 2. 3. 4. 6. 6. 7. Tons (1,000 JCilos). 10. Does this establishment operate — Through Ownersmp ? Through Eental? 1. Coal mines 2. Ore mines - 3. Limestone quarries 4. Coke ovens 1. Coal mines 2. Ore mines 3. Limestone ' quarries 4. Coke ovens 11. Distances. 12. Means of Tronspoi^tation, IS. Cost of Transporta- tion of Product per Ton (1,000 , . 14. Distance from blast-furnace to place of free delivery of product P . - . 15. Name of such point of free delivery ?_ 16. Oost of transportation per ton (1,000 kilos) to point of free delivery ? $ ^___ 17. Name of shipping point to United States ? _ 18. Oost of transportation per ton (1,000 kfIo&) froni point of free delivery to 'such, shipping pbintp ^$_ 19. Number of blast furnaces ? " ' 19a. Diameter of bosh (in England,' bosbefe) ? -■■. 195. Height of furnace ? 20. Output of famaces per turn of 12 hours P a. ..furnaces, tons (1,000 tilos) each. &• furnanes.j tons (1,000 kilos) each. "■ fumaces,^ tons (1,000 kilos) each. d. "- - -- 21. _fumaces, tons (1,000 kUos) each. Number of blowing-engines per furnace P_ 22. Number of heating-stoves or ovens per furnace P 23. Average period of time furnaces "are in blast without being re-lined? , , , 24. Kinds of stoves or ovens in use P_ 25. Kinds of fuel used to run engines ? period P % ' 26. Kinds of fuel used to operate blast ? period ?_ _% Cost for Cost for Materials cha/rged vnto the Fwrnace dmrimg Period. 27. Kind of Ore. Analysis of Ores (per Cent.). Iron Phosphorus Sulphur Silica "Water Iron Phosphorus Sulphur Silica Wiitor 20 Tons (1,000 Eilos) of Ore charged. 30. Whole Cost of Ore atPumace. 31. Tons (1,000 Kilos) of Limestone charged. Whole Cost of Limestone at Furnace. ■ 33 Tons (i,000 Kilos) of , Coke charged. 34. ; TThole Cost of Coke at Pomace. 35. Tons (1,000 Kilos) of ' Coal charged. 36. Whole Cost of Coal atPumace. APPENMX.' — WHOLE OOMMISSION. 255 Materials charged into the Fwnaee dwrmg Period-i-coniAmiei. 27.« Kind of Ore. 28. Analysis of Ores (per Cent.) . Iron 1 FhosphOTQS Sulphur - Silica Water Iron lorus Sulphur Silica Water Iron Phosphorus Sulphur - Silica I ■Water - ) ' . Iron Phosphorus Sulphur SUica - - I Water i.jifr Tons (1,000 Kilos) of Ore charged. 30. Whole Cost of Ore at Pumace. 31. Tons (1,000 Kilos) of Limestone charged. 32 Whole Cost of Limestone at Furnace. 33 Tons (1,000 Kilos) of Coke charged. 31. WhoW ,Cost of Coke at Pumaoe, 36. Tons (1,000 Kilos) of Coal charged. Whole Cost of Coal at Furnace. 'iifioJ' 36a. Tons of scrap, cinder, &c. charged for period P_ 366. Whole cost of same at furnace P. " 9' 3- 37. Whole^oQSt of supplies in detail for blast fnmace : a. 9. *.. e. d' 38. Cost of insurance (blast famaoe) P .. ■' ' $. 39. Cost of taxes (blast furnace) P $ ^ 3Pa. AmoTint of interest for period ? % 396. Amount of depreciation for period ? $^ 40. Average number of men employed per turn to each furnace ?_ Classification of Lahowr in Blast Fwrnace. 41. Occupation. iNumher, Superintendent Foreman Keepers Helpers Moulders - Water-tenflers Stockers i - Top fillers' - Caeemen - Kllers Stove men - Hot-blast men 43. Sex. I^ate of Pay per Day, Week, or Piece. learnings per Week, Full Time. Hours of Labour per Week. 41. Occupation. Locomotive engineers Locomotive firemen Locomotive brake- > men i Machinists Carpenters - Blacksmiths Watchmen - Engineers, dinkey Brakemen, dinkey Cinder tappers Slagmen Iron handlers Labourers 42. Number. Bate of Pay per Day, Week, or Piece. Earnings per Week, FuU Time. Hours of Labour Week. 46. Average number of workmen employed in blast furnace during period P. 47. Total wages paid to vf orkmen for period ?_ * 47. Total wages paia to worKmen loi pwiu^ , * — ^^ , - , . . , , „ 3 — , ^^^^ 48 Average number of ofiSoials, clerks, and other salaried persons employed m blast furnace durmg period ? . 49' Total wages paid to salaried officials, clerks, &c. for period p I _ 50 Grand total of all wages and salaries in blast furnace for period ? , — $ li 4 256 ROYAL COMMISSION ON LABOUR : Analysis of Cost of prodiusing One Ton. Materials. Labour. Salaries (Officials and Clerks). Royalty. Fuel and LiKhtiug. Sup- plies. Taies. In- surance. Interest. Deprecia- tion. Grand Total. Ore. Scrap, ic. Lime- stone. Coke. Coal. (D.L.— 55.) United States Depa/riment of Lahortr, 1889. Special Agent. COST OF PEODUOTION.— NEW SBEIBS, No. 9. Mttce Bab,-Iron. Inqwries. ' State ? Locality (post office) P Name of establishment p 4. Name of official to address ? 6. Title of official to address ?_J 6 Period of time covered by this return ? 6a. Days of running time (in full time) for the last fiscal jear ? r 8-hour 1 9-hour 7. Whole number of turns for period ?-^ 10-hour I 11-hour L 12.hour 8. Number of puddling-furnaces ? lb. 11. Whole cost of mix for lining puddling-furnaces for period ? $ _^^ 12. Kind of fuel used to heat furnaces P 13. 14. Number of trains of muck-bar rolls ? 16. 16. 17. Beseription ami Quantity of Much Bar-Iron prochieed d/wri/ng Period. 18. Kind (Pull Tech- nical and Commercial Description) . 19. Size. 20. 21. Tons (1,000 Kilos). 1. a. 3. 4. Bescrvption, Quantity, and Cost of Metals used dwring the Period. Kind (Full Tech- nical and Commercial Description). 9. 10. 11. 12. 23. ,, Tons used wi,„r„'n„.* during Period. Whole Cost. 23. Proportion of each per Ton of Muck Bar Iron. 29a. Total period ? number of tons of coal used for the 30. Whole cost of fuel used to heat puddling and heating furnaces and for all other purposes dnrins period? % ^ 31. - 32. Cost of insurance during period ? .33. Cost of taxes during period ? .33a. Amount of interest for period p^ % :i36. Amount of depreciation for period ? 34. Whole cost of supplies in detail during period (not inclndiiig sums already given in answer to inquiries 11 and 30) :- «■• _$ : h. $ e. $ d. $ e. « /■ $ 35. Distance from establishment to place of free delivery of product F 36. Name of such point of free delivery p 37. Cost of transportation per ton (1,000 kilos) to such point of free delivery ? $ 38. Name of shipping point to United States f 39. Cost of transportation per ton (1,000 kilos) from point of free delivery to such shipping point P | Classification of Labour. 40. Occupation. 41. Num- ber. 42. Sex. Blacksmiths Blacksmiths' helpers Carpenters Engineers - Firemen Finishers Haters Heaters' helpers Inspectors Foremen ol labourers Labourers Millwrights Puddlers Puddlers' hclptrs - Filers Sougheri Shearmen - Shearmen's helpers Straighteners Watchmen Weighers - Hookers-up (Muck) Hookers-up (Bar) - Hollers (Muck) - Rollers (Bar) Drag-outs Teamsters Roll turners Masons Machinists Others Bate of Pay sr Day, 'efik, or Piece. per W« Earnings per Week, Full Time. Hours of Labour per Week. APPENDIX. — WHOLE COMMISSION. 257 45. Average number of workmen employed for period ? 46. Total wages paid to workmen during period P $•_ 47. Avtrage number of officials, clerks, and other salaried persons employed for period ? 48. Total wages paid to salaried officials, clerku, &o. for period ? $ . 49. (rrand total of all wages and salaries in puddling and rolling-mills for period ? $ 60. Total value of scrap, cinder, &o. for period? Analysi$ of Oott ofprodmemg One Ton. Materials (Nat). Labour. Salaries (Officials and Clerks). Fuel and Lighting. Supplies. Taxes. Insurance. Interest. Depreciation. Grand Total. (D.L.— 55.) United States Department of Labmvr, 1889. Special Agent. COST OF PRODUCTION— NEW SEEIBS, No. 10. Finished Bab-Ibon. Ingwiries. 1. State? 2. Locality (post office) ?_ 3. Name of establishment ? 4. Name of official to address ? 5. Title of official to address ? 6. Period of time covered by this return ?_ 6a. Days of .running time (in full time) for the last fiscal year ? f 8-hour_ 9-hour 7. Whole number of turns for period ? -^ 10-hour 11-hour [_12-hour 8. Number of .puddling-furnaces P 9. 10. 11. Whole cost of mix for lining puddling-furnaces for period ? f "_ ' 12. Kind of fuel used to heat furnaces ? 13. 14. Number of trains of muck-bar rolls ? 15. 16. Number of trains of flnishing-bar rolls ? 17. Description, Quantity, and Oast of Metals used during the Period. IS. Kinds (full Technical and Commercial Description). 1. 2. 3. i. 6. 19. Tons used during Period. 20. Whole Cost. 21. Proportion of Each per Ton of Pmished Bar-Iron Description and QuantHy of Finished Bar-Iron prod/ueed d/u/ring Period. Kind (full Technical and Commercial Description) ? Size. 24. Length. Tons (1,000 Kilos). 1. 2. 3. 4. 6. 6. 7. 8. 9. lU. 11. 12. 26-29. 29a. Total number of tons of coal used for the period ? 30. Whole cost of fuel jised to heat puddling and heating-furnaces and for all other purposes during period ?^ $ 31. ■ "^^' ' ~ ^~^~ '~ 32. Cost of insurance during period ? $ 33. Cost of taxes during period P_ 33a. Amount of interest for period ?^ 336. Amount of depreciation for period ? J_ 34. Whole cost of supplies iu detail during period (not incJuding sums already given in answer to inquiries 11 and 30) : a. c. d:_ e. /•: 3- 3. I 78448. 35. Distance from establishment to place of free deliveiy of product P 36. Name of such point of free delivery ? 37. Cost of transportation poi- ton (1,000 kilos) to Such point of free delivery P % 38. Name of shipping point to United States ? 39. Cost of transportation per ton (1,000 kilos) from point of free delivery to such shipping point P % Kk 358 BOTAI. COMMISSION OIT I4BOUB : ■•'"'' 'Glassifi\)ation of Ldbov/r. U lUlJ IVI 40. Occupation. 41. Number. 4S. Seir. Bate of Pay per Day, Week, or Piece. Earnings per Time. Hours of Labour 40. Occupation. 41. Xumtaer, :■■.(! ; 42. Sec. Bate of Pay per WeSt'or Keoe. Eamingb \^Mk, Full Time. Hours of Labour par MfeHk. Blacksmiths - s , 5 1 ■ . \>i .„.,,,.„ , Catchers (muck) ,n, }- $ $ Blacksmiths' lielpers - Drag-outs (muck) Carpenters Hookers-up (muck) - Engineers - ' - .>it i»Jj. Heaters (bar) - iK f-l • .li'ur'jfJ I'iiemen ... _. ., Heaters' helpers (bar) Finishers - Boilers (bar) Stocker • Boughers (bar) Squeezermen Catchers (bar) • Watchman Stiok-ins (bar) Weighers Hookers-up (bar) Inspectors Straighteners (bar) - Foremen of labourers - Teamsters Labourers Boll turners MUlwrights Masons - Puddlers Machinists - Fuddlers' helpers Others - EoUers (muck) - '■'-Si ,^ L ii'^',\'(',V'-- • For the bar Tnilln employis' rate of pay per piece should be on base sizes only ; speoift' in footnotes what the sizes are. 45. Average number of workmen employed for period ?^ ■ - ■; ■ 46. Total wages paid to workmen during period? 47. Average number of officials, clerks, and other salaried persons employed for period ? 48. Total wages paid to salaried officiah, clerks, &c. for period? $ ' 49. (3jand total of all wages and salaries in puddling and rolling-mills for period P ' $ ■ ■ '■'■ 50. Total value of scrap, cinder, &c. for periodTP vv«-.'i Analysis of Cost of producing One Ton. Materials (Net). Labour. Salaries (OlEciaJs and Clerks). Fuel and Lighting. Supplies. Taxes. Insurance. Interest. 1 r. Depreciation. .1 OS . iO Grand Total. ■lot f-.j. ii -n't fen )!■ U- ■Vti l.ljl- •I'i.nlfC!, :n!;. 1 !.,<|. '.ox :f/ ■t-T:it,H>i (D.L.— S6.) United States Department of Lahowr, 1889. Special Agent. COST OF PEODUCTION— NEW SEEIES, No. 11. Steel Ingots. IrigvArieg. ■ 1. State? 2. Locality P 3. Name of establisbment ? 4. Name of official to address ?_ 5. Title of official to address P _ 6. Period of time covered by this re turn T_ 6a. Days of running time (in full time) for the last fiscal year P , f S-hour j 9-Hbu r 7. Whole number of bums for period P«( 10-hour 1 11 -hour (^12-hoiir^ 8. Process of making steelli "..ujv jqiJ. li'j. !. u.i ii'ii'oa-ii 'iu ,. 9. Number of converters P 10. Output of converters P_ a._^ converter )l /! I. each, per turn of _ - converter' each, per turn of converter • " each, per turn of_ _tons (1,000 kilos) hours. _ tons (1,000 kilos) hours. _tonB (1,000 kilos) hours. Description, Qucmtity, and Cost of Metals used dva-ing t}ie Period. 11. Kinds (full Technical and Commercial Description). ■12. Tons used during Period. IS ■Whole Cost. 14. Proportion of each (Pounds or Eilos) per Ton (1,000 Kilos) of Steel. H+t-- ■At?ENt)tX.-^WHOL^ "GOMMISSICrtJ. 269 15. Kind of fueliised fofheatitlg ? 16. Cost of fuel for period ?_! % , 17. Tons (1,000 kilos) of steel prodnoed during period P 18. , , . 19. "Whole cost of supplies in detail during period (dbtt including sums already given in ans"wer to inquiry 16) : a. $ 5. $ 0. $ d. $ ^I'tiiwUV/ ^" 20. Cost of insurance during period P 21. Cost of taxes during period P X 21a. Amount of interest during period p ' $ " 216. Amoilnt of depreciation during period P ""$ ' 22. Numbers of oha.rges made into the oonrerters pep turn of ^hours P 23. 24. 25. Distance from establishment delivery of product P to place of 'free Name of such point of free delivery P _^_^_^_^ Cost of transportation per ton (1,000 kilos) to point of free delivery P $ .- ■: 26. Name of shipping point to United States P 27. Cost of transportation per ton (1,000 kilos) from place of free delivery to such shipping point ? I GlassifieaUon of Lahowr. 28. Occupation. 29. Number. 30. Sex. Rate ot Pay per Day, ■Week, or Piece. Earnings "WeeX Full Time. Hours of Labour ■??eek. Heaters Iron stackers Iron melters Iron melters' helpers First runner Second runners Scrapper and recorder Ladle cleaner "Weighers Iron pourers - Manganese heaters - ManKanese heaters' \ First vesselmen % GlassifieaUon of Caftott^— continued. Occupation. Second vesselmen Cindermen Mould setters Mould swingers Ingot loaders Pit cleaners - First ladlemen Second ladlemen -, ^ Stopper maker Stopper makers' helpers. Stoppeu carriers Stopper setters Steel pourers Steel blowers Regulators - Bottom builders Bottom builders' helpers. Agitator Test catcher Vessel repairers Mould repairers Mechanics Labourers "Watchmen Others Number. SO. :Jlil Bate of Pay per Day, "Week, or Piece. Barjiings per "Week, Full ■ Tiine. r 'i.!iij{i fill .a i Hours , of Labour ''vi^ek. <"U i)i XI M 33. Average number of -wage-workers employed for period ?, 34. Total "wages paid wage-'workers during period ? $ 35. Average number of officials, clerks, and other salaried employes for period ? . 36. Total "wiiges paid such salaried officials, clerks, &c. for period P | ' . 37. Grand total of all images and salaries for period P ^J, ' 38. Total value of scrap, cinder, &c., for period? $ T' Inr Analysis of Oosi ofprockteing One Ton. Materials (Net). Labour. Salaries (Officials and Clerks). Bayalty. sfeiii Fuel and Lighting. Supplies. Taxes. Insurance. Interest. Depreciation. Grand Total. ,tr;■-:.'■>' V-\ji ?.V»\riBviL ,,,.,„ „,,, (D.L.-57.),,, Vmted States Depa/rtment of Labow, 1889. Special Ag6nt. COST OF PRODUCTION— NEW SERIES, No. 12. i Steeii Blooms. Billets, Babs, Rails, Plates, Rods, Wise, &c. Inquiries. 1. State? 2. Locality (post office) ?, 3. Name of establishment P_ 4. Name of official to address P_ 5. Title of official to address P ' 6. Period ^f time covered by this return P I 6a. Days qf running time (in f nil time) for the last 1 fiscal year ? |__ r 8-hour 7. Whole ilumber of turns j ^^S""'" for this period? ^VI'T'^''— ^ 11-hour [12.honr -.--"" 8. Process of making steaTp 10. Kind of fuel nsed for lieating ?_. 11. Cost of fuel for period ?, Kk 2 260 KOYAL COMMISSION ON LAlJOUR : Proditets of the Period. Olassifieation of Labov/r — oontinued. 12. Full Technical and Commercial Description. 12a. Size. 126. Weight. IS. Tons (1,000 Kilos) produced. 14. 15. 16. 17. Whole quantity period P of steel ingots used during Whole cost of such ingots ?. J- 18. Whole cost of supplies for period, in detail (not including the sums already given in answer to inquiries 11 and 16) : a. $ e. d: 19. Cost of insurance during period ? 20. Cost of taxes during period ? $^ 20a. Amount of interest for period P_ 205. Amount of depreciation for period P | _ 21. Distance from establishment to place of free delivery of product P^ . - 22. Name of such point of free delivery ?^ 23. Cost of transportation per ton (1,000 kilos) to point of free delivery P $ 24. ISame of shipping point to United States ?_ 25. Cost of transportation per ton (1,000 kilos) from place of free delivery to such shipping point ? $ OlassifieaUon ofLoihowr. 26. Occupations. 27. Number. 28. Sex. Bate of Pay per Day, Week, or Piece. Earnings per Weei, Pull Time. Hours of Labour T^lek. Heaters Heaters' helpers Telegraphmen Door hands Boilers Assistant roller^ Catchers Hookers-up Shearmen Levermen Hammermen % % Occupations. Engineer of hammer Scale wheelers Drawers Chargers Stockers Cranemen Buggy-men Boughers Chippers Strikers Levermen Oilers (rolls) Hot sawyers Drag outs Stampers Hydraulic-man Hot-bed hands Drillers Bail handlers Chippers and filers Bail pliers Press hands Inspectors Gaggers Drillsmiths Engineers Firemen Brakemen Boiler cleaners Boiler tenders Carbon setters Watchmen Labourers Others 27. Number. Sex. Bate of Pay per Day, Week, or Piece. Earnings per Week, Full Time. Hours of Labour _per Week. 31. Average umber of wage-workers employed for period P 32. Total wages paid to wage-workers for period P $ 33. Average number of officials, clerks, and other salaried employes for period P^ 34. Total wages paid to salaried officials, clerks, &c. for period P ' $ , 35. Gcrasd total of all wages and salaries for period P f 36. Total value of scrap, cinder, &c. for period P % Anah/sis of Go tt ofproditemg One Ton. Materials (Net). Labour. Salaries (Officials and Clerks). Eoyalty. Fuel and Lighting. Supplies. Taxes. Insurance. Interest. Depreciation. Grand Total. APpEj^IIIIIX. — WHQX4E COMMISSION. 261 (D.L.— 112.) OloBsijieaUm 0/ iaftowr— continued. United States Department of Labour, 1890. Special Agent. COST OF PRODUCTION— NEW SERIES, No. 13. GoAIi. IngwirieB, Occupation. 46. Number. 47. Sex. 48. Bate of Pay per Day, ■Week, or Piece. State P_ . Locality (post office) P Name of establishment ? Name of official to address P Title of official to address P 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. PerioJ of time covered by this return P_ 9, 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. Days of running time (in full time) for this period ? Days of running time (in full time) for the last fiscal year ? Kind of coal mined ? Number of tons mined for this period P Perpendicular depth from surface to 'working level of mine P Distance from mine ■workings to surface of mine ? Size of coal vein (thickness) ? Size of screens P How are oheck-weighmen selected (if any) P Are coal-cutting machines used P_ Cutting capacity per machine per day P Average number of tons of coal mined by miner per week P Price paid to miner per ton (of ^pounds to the ton) ? $ Does the miner pay out any part of this to helpe 21. If so, what proportion per ton P 22. Do miners provide their own tools P 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. Does the miner pay for tool sharpening ? If so, how much does he pay per week ?_ Does the miner pay for oil ?_ If so, how much does he pay per week P_ Does the miner pay for powder ? If so, how much does he pay ])er week P_ 30. 31. 32. 33, 34, 35 36 Does the miner bestr any other expenses, and what P If so, how much does he pay per week P $ Is the miner allowed his rent free P If so, what would be a fair rental value per week P $ Is there any allowance of coa L to miner P ^ . If so, how much per week , and val e of same ? $ '._ Total amount of wages paid i or period P - . S . Total amount paid to salarie 1 officials and clerks for period P_ Miners Miners' helpers Heading cutters Ooal-cutting ma- 'I chine operators } Stonemen Labourers (inside) - Slate pickers Drivers Door boya Trappers Dumpers Greasers (or oilers) Trimmers „ Track layers Mine pumpers Switch keepers Lamp keepers Stable keepers 37. Grrand total of all wages and salaries for period ? Screeoers Earnings . per ■Week, Full Time. 60. Hours of Labour week. 38. Total cost of timber used for jjeriod ? 39. Total cost of fuel used for per od ? 40. Cost of other supplies fn detail for period : _$ \d. $ a. K c. 41 ;/: Amount paid for royal- "I To Government $ ties for period P /To owners of the soil $ 42. Amount of taxes for period P $ 43. Amount of interest for period P $ 44. Amount of depreciation for period p ^| 45. Cost of transportation per ton (of pounds) to point of free delivery P $ OlateifieaUon of Labour T--1 ,dc!'S Dockers ,(.;.• , "Weighmen Inspectors Timber men Occupation. 46. Number. 47. Sex. 48. Bate of Pay per Day, ■Week, or Piece. 49. Earnings ■WeeX Pull Time. 60. Hours ol Labour ■\^e*. Mine boss (overman) „ „ Assistant (depulyl overman) / k (loco-') motive) J (winding) (pumping) (hauling) Tiremen Kk3 262 ROYAL COMMISSION ON LABOUR : OlassificaUon of Laibcmr — contiwied. Ooonimtion. i 1 46. Number. 47. Sex. 48. Bate of Pay per Day, Week, or Piece. 49. Earnings We J^ Pull Time. 50. Hours of Labour Week. Firemen Oagemen w Incline brakemen - Banks men Pnmacemen Slack haulers Plate layers Machinists \ Olassifioation of Labour — continued. Occupation. 46. Number. 47. Sex. of Pay per Day, Week, or Piece. 49. Earnings Wee^'i'ull Time. SO. Hours of Labour ■per Week. d ■WW .: .,/; ■T.J .■ '•»(> V« Miners' Helpers. Other Labour. Total Labour. Salaries (Officials and Clerks). Supplies. Royalty. Onal fbr Engines and Plues^ Taxes. Interest. r Depre- ciation. Grand Total. Miners. Timber. Other Supplies. i O -/ [ K - ( •J n: (D.L. 113.) United States Depa/rtmemt of Laihowr, 1890. Special Agent. COST OF PBODTJCTIOlSr— NEW SERIES, No. 14. Coke. IngvAries. 1. State? 2. Locality (post office) ? 3. Name of establishinent ? 4. Name of oflBoial to address ? 5. Title of official to address ?_ iirrii'l' 6. Period of time covered by this return ? " 7. Days of running time (in full time) for this period ? 8. Days of running time (in full time) for the last fiscal year P 9. Tons.pf coke produced for this period ?_ 10. Pounds tojhe ton ? 11. Total amount-of wages paid for this period P % 12. Total amouiit paid to salaried officials and clerks "^Ibr^fliia period ? .'V $ 13. Grand total_Qf all wa'ges and salaries for this period V $ "• 14. -ToHS-of-cqal used in malang product of period p < 16. Total cost of coal (not including coal used as fuel), delivered at the ovens, for making product of period P ^_^ . 16. Kind of fuel used ?_ 17. Oost of fuel used for' this i period P f 18. Cost of other supplies in detail for the period ■.i?,(. a. 6-. c. 19. Amount of taxes for period P $ 20. Amount of interest for period P % 21. Amount of depreciation for period P 22. Cost of transportation per ton of point of free delivery P 8 jponn^s to A]8BBNBJX.-r-WH0I)E , qOMMISSION, 268 ' '1 (!\ \ , Olassifieaiion of LaV&ur, >fi\n h\'>'»'i;i ,1 Oo^pation. as. Number. -24. Sex. 2S. Bate of Pay per Day, Week, or Piece. 26. Earniijgs per Week, Pull Time. 27. Hours oJ Labour Week. Foremen (overmen) - ,» „ „ „ Assistant foremen (deputy ovannen) . Chargers „ „ Drawers w - • Porkers ■,■ ,. ^^t.■■,^^ ,■ . Olas$ifieation of Labour — continued. Occupation. , 23. Number. 24. Sex. 25. Bate oJ Pay per 'Da.f, ' Week, or Piece. 26. Eftmings WeeEfpull Time. 27. Hours of Labour Week. Porkers Levellers „ ■ " Weighers ' '- ^' ■ .J-;. '')i,i' nV Loaders Uasous Carpenters Labourers Others ii ■ b i ! '■J .i Analysis of Oost of producing One Ton Labour. Salaries (Officials and Clerks). Coal (for Coking). Puel and Lighting. 1 Supplies. Taxes. 'n. Interest. '■^' Depreciation. Total. '■ ' (D.L.— 114.) Umted States Department of Ldbowr, 1890. Special Agent. OOST OF PEODUGTION— NEW SERIES, No. 15. Application foe lacking Data ts IngvM-y Nwnhers. 1 26 2 27 3 28 4 29 .,, 5 30 6 7 31 32 >l .f To This sheet is designed to obtain information now lacking on the shednles sent in. Against each inquiry number is placed the answer found on the schedule. As answers are wanted to e'very inquiry you are desired to visit the establishment at once and obtain the lacking data. Also ample and lucid explanations are wanted of whatever is noted bdlow as doubtful or obscure. This application is generally made to the agent nearest to the establishment, whether he filled the original schedule or not. When the space against the inquiries ia insufiScient for proper answer put the replies on the succeeding pages. All explanation^, &c. should also be -written within, and nqt embqdied in a separate letter. Oabeoll D. WsieHT, Oommissioner. 8 9 10 11 12 IS 14 16 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 37 1.1.4 .-/: Kk 4 264 ROYAL COMMISSION ON LABOUR : (D.L. 115.) Materials charged into the Ftirnaces dv/ring Period. United States Bepartment of Ldbom, 1890. Special Agent. COST OF PRODUCTION— NEW SERIES, No. 16. Window G-lass. [One ultimate object of this schedule is to arrive at the cost of producing certain sizes of window glass, and it is prepared on the following plan: All labour, materials, and other items of expenditure for the estab- lishment (except those labour and material items which vary with the size of the glass — as blowing, flattening, gathering, cutting, packing, and packing boxes), are to be charged to the cost of producing glass melted in the pots ; when the cost of the actual weight of glass in a box of any particular size is thus determined we may add to it the cost of these omitted items for that size and have the cost of a box of the finished product. In this way, though a hundred different units are made at once, we may obtain the cost of each. Of course, in- quiries 31 and 32 refer to all workmen except those covered by 47 to 61. In determining the answer to inquiry 42, inquiries 35 and 38 should not be considered, as they are not an essential part of the cost of production. Give precedence to obtaining the facta for the sizes mentioned under inquiry 43. As a general thing window glass should average about 65 pounds per box of 50 square feet for single strength, and 80 pounds for double strength, free of package, but bo provide for possible variations from these weights inquiry 44 is inserted.] - 23. Description. 24. Quantity. 26. Cosi Delivered at Factory. Sand $ Soda ash Salt cake Lime Salt Glass* * This refers to old glass or cnllet purchased from outside sources, and not to that which accumulates in the estahlishment. No account is to be taken of the latter, as it is held to be a pennanent quantity, constantly being remelted. Fuel ^^sed dv/ring Period. IngwWies. 1. State? 2. Locality (post office) P 3. Name of establishment P 4. Name of official to address ? 6. Title of official to address ? All other Materials and Supplies except Packing used during Period. 6. Period of time covered by this return P^ 7. Days of running time (in full time) for this period ? 8. Days of running time (in full time) for the last fiscal year P 10. Number of melting furnaces in operation durine period ? ^ 11. Total number of pots in furnaces P 12. Number of tanks in operation during period ? 13. Total capacity of tanks (pounds) ? 14. Number of blowing furnaces in operation P 15. Whole number of blowings made daring period P 16. Length of time for a blowing (hours) ? 17. Number of fiattening ovens in operation P 18. Number of pot arches ? 19. Number of sand ovens P 20. Kind of fuel used in melting furnaces ? 21. Kind of fuel used in flattening ovens ? 22. Kind cf fuel used in blowing farnaces P, 29. Description. 30. Cost delivered at- Factory. Pots Fire clay Materials for repairs and rebuilding of furnaces Materials for repairs to buildings Straw and other packing material i 31. Total wages paid workmen to produce the glass, melted in the pots, during period. (This includes all workmen except those covered bv inquires 48 to 62) ? $ _ 32. Average number of such workmen employed for period ? ^ •' 33. Total salaries paid salaried officials and clerks during period ? $ 34. Number of such salaried officials and clerks ? 36. Cost of insurance during period p f 36. Cost of taxes during period p ~$ 37. Amount of interest for period p « 38. Amount of depreciation for period ? * oy. ~^~~~" 40. 41. Total weight of this product (pounds) p *^' ^per poSp!!!^f ""^^^"^ '"^ *^' potsTf^Ti^ri^ APPENDIX.— WHOLE COMMISSION. 265 Ooetfm-c-ertedn Siaes of Quality " A" for Perisd from the Mdtvng Potto the delivery of the flmshed Prodmot in Poxes of 50 sqwxre feet. " [Single strength and double strength are indicated by s. s. and d. s.] 44. Pounds of flniahed Glaaa per Box. 46. Ooat per Box lor eiafisin Pots; 46. Cost per Box for Packing Boxes. Labock Cost peb Box bob— 62. Total Cost pfir Box. Sizes. 47. Blowing. 48. Flattening. 49. Gathering. 60. Cutting. 61. Packing. 8 X 10, a. 8. - 10 X 16, a. a. - 12 X 18, a. 8. - 16 X 24, 8. 8. 24 X 30, 8. 9. - 24x36,8.8. - 26 X 40, a. 8. 28.x 44, 8. a. 32 X 49, 8. 8. - 12 X 18, d. a. 16 X 24, d. a. - 24 X 36, d. 8. - 30 X 41, d. a. ■ 36 X 51, d. a. - 39 X 60, d. s. - 40 X 66, d. a. - 40 X 70, d. 8. - % % % % % 1 % ,J Nwrnher of Boxes of 50 sguotre feet produeed dwring the Period. [The distribution of the various sizes into what are- technically termed " brackets'' is supposed to be common.] • 53. Bkackets. Description. 6x8 to 8x 10. 8x11 to 10 X 16. 10x16 to 12 X 18. 12x19 to 16 X 24. 16x25 to 24 X SO. 24x31 to 24x36. 24X37 to 26x40. 26x41 to 28x44. 28x 45 to 32x49. All Above. Total. Single strength ' 1 ,,vi '. ^, »u " Description. 6x8 to 12 X 18. 12X19 to 16x24. 16x25 to 24 X 36. 24x37 to SO X 41. 30 X 42 to 36 X 61. 36 X 32 to 39 X 60. 40 X 60 to 40 X 66. 40 X 86 .to 40 X 70. Above. Total. Double strength ,« 1 54. Average number of workmen employed in the immediately preceding operations (47 to 5) beginning with blowing for period P |55. Total wages paid such workmen during period ? 66i Average number of turn men per turn employed during period P __, 57. Distance from works to place of free delivery of product ? 58. Name of such place of free delivery P 59. Cost of transportation per box of 50 square feet ip such place of free delivery P $ 60. Name of shipping point to United States P_ 61. Cost of transportation per box (SO sqnare feet) from place of free delivery to. such shipping point P $ ^ Claseification of Lahowr. [Omit nothing relating to the pteoe-workers for lack of space. If -they work at several different rates use an extra sheet, and give these rates with the amount earned on full time in 4 week at each ralie ; also apu f 78448, approximate statement of their average earnings per week during the period.] Occupation. Number. Foremen Foremen, assistant - BloTers (single') strength) J Blowers (double') strength) 5 Blowers' helpers Gatherers (single \ strength) i Gatherers (double \ strength) J Platteners -' tl«'f'l(;, 63. Sex 64 Hate of Pay per Day, 'Week, or Piece. 66. Earnings per ■Week, Pull Time. Hours of Labour per 'Week. J^l 266" ROSAi. COMMISSION ON liABOUB : Glassifieation of Iiahowr — continued. Occupation. Outteiu ■ 1. Master teasers Teasers Mixers Batcli wheelers Sand burners La^ers-in Layers-ou Takers-otf Dippers Pot malcers Pot shell pickers Clay trampers Clay grinders Boiler boys BroUer carriers Box makers Packers Fillers-in Leersmen Coal wheelers Blacksmiths Blacksmiths' helpers Engineers Teamsters Watchmen Labourei-s Others 62. Number. Segi.' I 64. Hate of Pay per 65. Earnings Hours of week, or Ti^e. ' ^ Piece. Wages. 11. Total number of pots in furnaces P 12. Number of tanks in operation daring period P_ 13. Total capacity of tanks (pounds) P 14. Number of tempering ovens P _ 15. Number tif tempering Iders P 16. Number of pot arches P_ 17. Number of sand ovens P 18. Kind of fuel used in melting furnaces P 19. Kind of fuel used in tempering ovens or leers P_ 20. Do blowers work on stem or clean pipeP Maieriah charged mto the Fwrna/ses dmrmg Period. 21. Description. 22. Quantity. "^^^^ Sand Soda-ash - Lime Glass* .,. .c, .«* ^ ,f. .1. ,. . : * This refers to old glass or cuUet purchased from outside' sources, and not to that'which accumulates in the establishment. No a(MX)unt is to be taken of the latter, as it is held to be a permanent qnontityr constantly being re-melted. Fuel used dwrmg Period. ■ Jb, 24. Kind. 25. Quantity. •'26. Cost Delivered at Paotory. Coal ^\p •ntUi.-iV * Coke :-..v- Gas Oil ^""■l .......r-' .-'/" ■ (D.L.— 122.) United States Bepcuriment of Lahowr, 1890. Special Agent. COST OF PEODUOTION— NEW 8BBIES, No. 17. Gbeen Glass Bottles. [This Schedule i^ prepared on the same plan as that for window glass (New Series, No. 16), which see for explanation.] Inqmries. 1. State? 2. Locality (post office) P 3. Name of establishment ? _ 4. Name of official to address P ^ 5. Title of official to address ? "" " 6. Period of time covered by this return' P '"" 7. Days of running time (in full time) for this period ? 8. Days of running time (in full tiine) for the last fiscal year ? ; ;___ 9. Whole number of hour tnmfe in blowing for period .>'_ .. q;, , 10. Number of furnaces in opention during this period p [ i__ All other Materials omd SwppUi esKsept Boxes for paeleing dMring Period, ' Product. Description. Cost Delivered at Paetoiy. Pots - Fireclay ... Materials for repairs and^rebuilding of furnaces Materials for repairs to buildings Straw and other paicking material ' '"' " - '' •" I ' • - '■ ht.-'-nii ij.t?;.i(-njt ,;.-<»(><.) iMl\' HI ICT.J .^bh 'I 29. Tbtal •vtages paid ■ workmen to produce the-glass, melted in the pots, during period. , (This includes wages Vsf all worknien exoepf blowers) P $ .■ 30. Average number of such workmen employed for periodP . '' ,'' "'.' 31. Total salaries during period ? 32. Number of such salaried officials and clerks P ?aid salaried officials and clerks % 33. Cost of insurance for period P 34. Cost of taxes for period ? 35. Amount of interestifor period .'. -%: $: 36. Aipoun|j of depreciation for period P %_ 37. Poiuiiis of, product ijnade during period? 38; OostofthiB'ppodTictv malted- in the pots, for period j; I o'|)erJ0OHiiA»a Jii $-f:n- v. m jin, .In'; . .. !. ■ '.,^,/ Oostforcertfmi, Kinds for Perwdfrom the Melting Pot to the Delivery 0/ the finished Product. Kinds of Bottles. 4/>. Gross produced. 41. Pounds of Glass per gross. Cost per gross for Glaas in Pots. 42. Cost ' ■ per Box for packing Boies. Labour cost per gross for blowing. 45. Total cost per gross. Quart export beer bottles, weighing 24'ounces \ each i Pint export beer .bottles, weighing 14 ,ounces \ each S Quart champagne beer bottles Pint ohampa^e beer bottles Hock wine hiqttles— 6 to gallon : ,,. - Hock wine bottles — 6 to gallon Schnapps or sarsaparilla bottles— quarts , Schnapps or sarsaparilla bottles— 6 to gallon - Half-pint soda or mineral water bottles, weigh- 1 ing 14 ounces each ' Quart apolllnaris bottles Full quart brandy botfles, weighing 22 ounces') each ' ' •> Half-gallon standard ftliit jars Quart standard fruit jars I ill ii->i.- I- Ic ' -.111" ' lll'.Hill.J. .,-.K 46. Averag'e numiser of turrnnen per turb (blowers) employed during period ? 47. Total wages .paid blowers during period ? $ 48. Distance from' T^orks to place of free delivery of product ? ^- . i '- .' '■ 49. Name of such place of free deliyery ? ■50. Cost of transportation per gross to saph place of free delivery ? $ ^ _ 51. Name of shipping point to United States P ' 52. Cost of transportation per gross from place of free delivery to such shipping point ? I Classification of Ldbov/r. [Omit nothing relating to "the piece; workers for lack of space. If they work at several different rates use an extra sheet, and give these rates with the amount earned on full time in a week at each rate ; also an approximate statement of their average earnings per week during the period.] Occupation. 63. Number. ' 54. Sex. 56. • Bat«of Pay per Day, Week, or Piece. 66. Bamings per Week, Full Time. 57. Hours of Labour ^eek. $ 1 Blowers Teasers Mixers Teamsteis - k , -; Master teasers ■ Engineers , jt. Fillers, |- Sand burners Pot makers Assistant pot makers Carpenters Gathering boys Carrying-iu boys Mould boys - Stick-i(p boys - '■ Ware boys Labourers Others i'\ \-\\vVf.MV\ s---- {D.L.— 123.) United States Depa/rtment of Labour, 1890. Special Agent. ^-m i'ia^- trrf! ■ COST OF PKODUCTION-^^NEW SERIES, No.. 18. 1)0' Flint Glass Bottles. [This schedule is prepared on the same plan as that for window glass (New Series, No. 16), which see for explanation.^ Inquiries. 1. State? 2. Locality (post ofiBce) ? n. 4. 5. 6. 7. Name of establishment ? 'wU^an. Name of ofi&cial to address? ' '■'■'" •'^' Title of official to address ? ■ '"" ''*'■' Period of time covered by this return ? Days of running time (in full time) for this period ? '■'-"'■ '' "^"" " ■ : Days of running time (in full time) for the last fiscal year ?_ 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. Whole number of period P Number of furnaces period ? -hour, turns in blowing for in operation during this Total number of pots in furnaces ? Number of tanks in operation during period ? Total capacity of tanks (pounds) ? , Number of tempering ovens P .^ Number of tempering leers ? " ■ _. Number of finishing ovens or glory holes ? Number of pot arches ? Kind of fuel used in melting furnaces ? Kind of fuel used in tempering ovens or leers ? Kind of fuel used in finishing ovens or glory , . holes ? 21. Do Mowers woiik on stem or clean pipe? LI 2 268 ROYAL COMMISSION ON LABOUR; Materiah ahcvrged into the Fwrnaces dwrmg Period. 22. Desoriptioii. 23. Quantity. 24. Cost Delivered atl'actory. Sand S Soda ash - j Lime - ' Glass* - 1 • This refers to old glass or collet purchased from outside sources, and not to that which accumulates in the establishment. No account is to be token of the latter, as it is held to be a permanent quantity, constantly being re-melted. PiteJ used dwring Pe/riod. 25. Kind. Quantity. 27. Cost Delivered at Factory. Coal Coke Gas on vi'ood All other Materials cmd SiyypUea used dmrimg Period, except Boxes for paehing the finished Product. 28. Description. . 29. Cost Delivered at Factory. Pots Fire-clay ' • - - Materials for repairs and rebuilding of furnaces Materials for repairs to buildings Straw and other packing material 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. Total wages paid workmen to produce the glass, meltediin the pots, during period. (This includes wages of all workmen except blowers) P $ Average number of such workmen employed for period P Total salaries paid salaried officials and clerks during period P $ Number of such salaried officials atid clerks ? Cost of insurance for period P | . . . Cost of taxes for period ?^ Amount of interest for period P $_ Amount of depreciation for period P_ 38. Pounds of product made during period P 39. Cost of this product, melted in the pots, for peripd per Pound p I Cost for certain Kinds for Period from the Melting Pot to the deUvery of the finished ProdMct. 40. Kinds of Bottles. 41. Gross produced. 42. Pounds of Glass per Gross. . 4S. Cost per Gross for Glass in Pots. 4-1. ■ "■> Cost per Box for Packing Boxes. 46. Labour Cost per Gross for Blowing. 46. Total Cost per Gross. 4-oz. prescription bottles— French squares $ $ i $ 6-oz. prescription bottles— French squares ' ' 8-02. prescription bottles— French squares >-' T^ST. 8. r . . I'uU Technical and Commercial Description. 1 9. •Tards in the Ounce. i ft I-' ■ i Analysis of Cost of Production of One Fovmd. 10. Cost of winding (hard silk) P % 11. Cost of winding (soft. silk) ? $ 12. Cost of spinning ? $^ 13. Cost of dyeing P_ 14. Cost of other labour P $ 15. Total labour cost (10 to 14) ? 16. Cost of salaries (officials and oler ks) $■■ 17. Cost of raw silk p $ 18. Cost of materials for sizing and dyeing P_ 19. Cost of oil P $ ' ; 20. Cost of miUsupplies ? a. % 6- - $ 0- % d' $ . ■ e. $ • 21. Cost of fuel and lighting P^ 22. Cost of insurance ? 23. Oosii of taxes? .$. 24. Cost of interest ? 25. Cost of depreciation ?_ 26. Grand total cost of the unit (15 to 25) ?_ Various Inquiries. 27. Kind of silk used in the manufacture of this sewing silk p 28. Cost of same per pound at the factory ? $ 29. Kind of silk used in the manufacture of this machine twist ? 30. Cost of same per pound at the factory ? $ 31. Transportation cost per 100 pounds to point of free delivery ? f Classification of Lahour. Occupation. 32. Number. 33. Rct. 34. Kate of Pay per Dky, Week, or Piece. 35. Earnings per Wee>, Full Time. 36. Hours of Labour _per Week. Overseers At $ $ Second hands Winders (hard silk) Doublers (hard silk) 'i.'.mriii Spinners Heelers Stretchers Dyers - * - Driers Winders (soft silk) - Doublers (soft silk) - Skeiners '' Enginemen ., -.,.. . Firemen <.:-.,iiKli (Jarpenters Machinists Masons - Watchmen Porters Sweepers Labourers Others - :'o(D.L,— 130.) . ;v...' > United States BBpttftrrient of LahoUr; 1890. Special Agent. COST OF PRODUCTION— NEW SERIES, Nalb. Jute (Joods. Inquiries. 1. State P , ' 2. Lpcality (post office) P S 3. Name of establishmenjl; ? '_ ''' ^' 4. Nsime of official to address ? ('Ht.,i m'Ki^ .. 5. Title of official to address ? -__ ai .' •.:. 6. Tear when this product was manufactured P ,., '-.;. , 7. Days of running time (in full time) for the last fiscal year P '_ " Description of One Yard of the Goods (tJie Unit). '-■-•• 1 8. Full Technical and Commercial Description. Picks to the Inch. Number of Yam. 18; -TV, Yards 9. Warp. 10. Weft. ll.i Warpi 12. Weft. to the- Found. BT-'K ■ ■■ -T-" Analysis of Oast of Production of One Yafd'.' 14. Cost of preparing (includes batching, carding drawing, roving) ? $ 15. Cost of spinning warp ? $ ^ 16. Cost of spinning weft P_ 17. Cost of reeling, winding, twisting, warping, draw- 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. J mg-m f^ ^ Cost of dressing and beaming P_ Cost of weaving (actual weavers) P ' $~ '''"'"' '''"" ' Cost of weaving (others in weaving department) P $ Cost of finishing and packing P ;$ ^' ''''' Cost of miscellaneous labour P $ 23. Total labour cost (14 to 22) ?_ 24. Cost of salaries (officials and clerks) ?_ 25. CostofjuteP %_ 26. Cost of warp yam (if bought) | 27. Cost of Weft yatn (if bought) ? ' 28. Cost of oil P $' ^ 29. Cost of mill ;supplies ? d. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. Cost of fuel and lighting p^ Cost of insurance ? $^ Cost of taxes P $ Cost of interest ? $ Cost of depreciation P 35. Grand total cost of the unit (23 to 34) P„ %^ Various Inquiries. ,. .-jjti I'n 36. Speed of looms— picks per minute P $ , 37. Number of looms run by weaver in weaving this unit ? $ 38. 39. 40. Piece price per cut for weaving this unit ? „, $ Length of cut in yards P f —-\: Production per loom per week in weavinelhiB unitP ; $ ° ■ 41. Transportation cost per 100 pounds ^ point of free delivery P $ ^ L14 272 ROYAL COMMISSION ON LABOUR : Ola,s»ifioaHon of Lahour. BA.TOHIIIS, OiBDnre. Dbawikg, akd Eoviho. Occnpation. 42. Number. Sex. Oveniears Second hands Selectors Handlers (jute) Batehcrs Weigher Card grinder Card stripper Card minder Drawers Dofters Eovers Sweepers Labourers Others 44. Bate of Pay per Week, or Piece. 45. Earnings Wee^^Fnll Time, 46. Hours of Labour per Week. SpiimiNe. Occupation. 42. Number. 4&. Sex. 44. Bate of Pay per Day, Week, or Piece. 45. Earnings Wee^^Full Time. 46. Hours of Labour A^e^ek. Overseers Second hands Oilers Spinners Piecers Bobbin boys Shifters - - Labourers Others ' ^' .-.' 'J. i S ■ BEELIVQ, WINBIHG, TwIBTIMG, WAEPIHG, DKEBSIHe, AND DuAwiire-iir. Occupation. 42. Nimibei'. 43. Sei. 44. Bate of Pay per Day, Week, or Piece. 45. Earnings We^TPull Time. 46. Hours of Labour Week. Overseers Second hands Bundlers Beelers Winders Twisters Warpers Slasher tenders Slaaher tenders') helper^ i Dnwera-m Labourers Others $ $ "■ of Lahvwr — contmued. Wbavisg. Occupation. Overseers Tenters Undertenters Weavers (1 loom) - Weavers (2 looms) - Pickers Loom fixers Inspectors (or draw- ) ers) i Labourers Others Number. 43. Sex. 44. Bate ofPSyper Day, Week, or Piece. 46. Earnings per Week, Full Time. 46. Hours of Labour per Week. FuriSHHTG and Paokino. Occupation. 42. Number. 43. Sex. 44. Bate of Pay per Day, iWeek, or Piece. 46. Earnings Wee^FulI Time. '46. Hours of Labour ■viCk. Overseera Second hands Croppers Caleiiderers Manglers Measui'ers tappers Packers Labourers ' "1 , i $ MlBCBLLANEOirS LABOUB. Occupation. 42. Number, 43. Sex. 44. Bate of Pay per Day, Week, or Piece. 4S. Earnings Wee^FuU Time. 46. Hours of Labour ■V^k. Overseers * % Second hands Enginemen Firemen Coal wheelers Fitters (machinists) Millwrights Joiners or carpenters Masous Warehousemen Watehmen Porters Teamsters Elevator men - | ' Yard hands I ' • Labourers - ; [ Others APPENDIX. — WHOLi-: COMMISSION.: 273 (D.L.— 132.) United States Department of Labour, 1890. . Special Agent, • ., ■}■'■'< COST OF PRODUCTION— NEW SERIES, IsTo.aS. Linen Goods. ' ' Inquiries. 1. State? 2. Locality (post oflBoe) ? 3. " " 4. Name gf eBtaibUsilipient f Name of official to address P 5. Title of official to address P 6. Tear when this product was manufactured P 7. Days of running time (in full time) for the last fiscal year P DescripUon of One Yard of the Goods (the Unit). ' ■• ■'■' ■ ■■ '■ 8. Full Technical and Commercial Description. PiokS' to the Inch. Numiberdf Tarn. IS. Yards 9. Warp. 10. Weft. 11. Warp. 12. Weft. to the Pound. '. 1 ■ Analysis of Cost of Produetion of One Yarj,: 14. Cost of preparing ? % 15. post of spinning P_ 16. Cost of winding, (Messing, and warping ? 17. Cost of weaving ? . $ -,...■ ,. 18. Cost of bleaching, finishing, and packing ? _ 19. ' Cost of miscellaneous labour ? $ ao. Total labour cost (14 to 19) P 1 31 Cost of salaries (officials and clerks) ? % 22. Cost of line P I 23. Cost of warp yarn (if bought) ? 24. Cost of weft yarn (it bought) ?_ 25. Cost of oil.*' $ 26. Cost of mill supplies ? a- % 6. |_ c. $ d. |__ 27. Cost of fuel and lighting ? _ 28. Cost of insurance P , $_ 29. Cost of taxes? _% 30. Cost of interest ? % 31. Cost of depreciation P 32. Grand total cost of the unit (20 to 31) i 33. 34. 35. Various Inquiries. Kinds of flax used in making this unit ? Cost of same at the factory ? % Cost of warp yam jper pound (if bought) used in this unit P S ,. -at,.! post of weft yarn per pound (if bought) used in this unit P $ Production of hackling machines per day, stating number of hackles to the machine ?_ 37, 38. Speed of looms— picks per minute ?^ 40. 41. 42. Piece price per cut for weaving this unit ? Leng'h of cut in yards ?_ Number 6f looms operated by weaver in weaving this unit P '^__ Transportation cost per 100 pounds to point of free delivery ? $ / 78448. I OlassificaUdnl of''I/abour. Hao^hko Depaetmeut. Occupation. 43. Number. 44. Sex. 45. Hate of Pay per Day, Week, or Piece. 46. Earnings per Week, Full Time. 47. Hours of Labour T^eek. Overseers Second hands Hand dresser Erougher Machine boys Sorter Labourers Others $ SPEEADIlfO, DiUWIlfO, AMD ROVIlra. Occupation. Number. Overseers Second hands Spreaders Drawers Eovers Doffers Oilers Labourers Others 44. Sex. 45. Bate of Pay per Day, Week, , or Piepe, 46. Earnings per Week, Full Time. m. Hours of Labour per Week. SPIHSIHS. Occupation. 43. Number. 44. Sex. 4S. Bate of Pay per Day, Week, or Piece. 46. Earnings Week, Full Time. 47. Hours of Labour -^^ek. Overseers $ $ Second hands Spinners Doffers "'■/? Band-tiers Oilers - Sweepers Labourers Others WlNDIITGt, DEESBIlfG, AHD WABPllfa. Occupation. 43. Number. 44. Sex. 45. Bate of Pay per Day, Week, or Piece. 46. Eai'nings per W«e\ Full Time. 47. Hours of Labor r per Week. Overseers Second hands Winders or spoolers Warpers Slasher tenders Slasher tenders' I helpers S Labourers Others $ f- ,T M m 274, ROYAL COMJMISSION ON LABOUR: WBATISa. Occupation. 43. Ntunher. 44. Sex. 4S. Bate ofPK7_per Day.Week, orKece. 46. Earnings per We&,Full Time. 47. Hours of Labour Overseers i i Second hands Loom fixers : h- Weavers (1 loom) - Weavers (2 looms) - Weavers (3 looms) - Weavers (4 looms) - •lo.t— Weavers (6 looms) • 'nitoci ' Filling carriers rj^ti ■ Oilers ! j i Sweepers 1 , 1 i 1 Labourers \ Others - BLEACHIWa, FlKISHIKe, ARD PACKIKG. Occupation. 43. Number. 44. Sex. 46. Bate of Pay per Day, Week, or Piece. 46. , Earnings Weel^FulI Time. 47. Hears of liaibour Week. Overseers $ 5 Second hands 1 Bleachers Beetlers Pi'essers Measurers .,i Folders Packers Inspectors of cloth - ' Ticket makers Labourers Others MlSCELXiANEOirS LA30UK. Occupation. 43. Number. 44. Sex. 45. Bate of Paypsr Day, Week, or Piece. 46. Earnings Wc^'fuII Time. 47. Hours of Laboiir Enginemen Firemen Coal wheelers Machinists Carpenters Masons Warehousemen Watchmen Teamsters Porters Blev»tor men Labourers Yard hands Others $ $ (D.L.~133.) United States Depcurtment of Labour, 1890. Schedule and wage Blips by Special Agent. OOST-OE-PBODUOTIOK"— NEW SERIES, No. 24. Application fok HAiMONizijfG Data ; Indtjsiiit ' To The special object of this sheet is^to correct iiiharmony existing between wage slips tsoA schedules, ... CabboIiL D. Weight, Ingv/i/ries. 1. State ?_ 2. Locality (post of&ce) ? 3. Name of establishment P 4. Name of official to address ? 6. Title of oflScial to address ? 6. Period of time (dates and days) covered by schedule .P , .^ ^ ,.■,..■ 7. Period of time (dates and days') covered by wages slips ? ^ "" '' 8. Amount of product (tons, yard's', &c.) of establish- ment for period covered by wages slips ? 9. Total amount paid as wages as shown by schedule P • 10. Total number of salaried officials and clerks as shown by schedule P [The foUowing table, relating to such salaried officials and clerks, should be filled out in all cases. The inserted totals represent the numbers and amounts paid to this class of persons as reported on the schedule. It is desired to know the occupa- tions, and to have these totals apportioned to them, in order that duplications may be discovered and that transfers of individuals may be made when necessary from salaried to wage class, or vice versa.'] u. Occupation.- . . 12. Number.of Persons. . 13. Amounts paid for period. - . $ Total [The information entered below (except column 15) lias been derived from the wages slips. As vrill be apparent by addition of the column for total esirnings, the figures do not agree with the amount reported on the schedule as wages (see inquiry, 9}. When "the total wages given below are less than those given in answer to inquirjr 9, it is desired that the agent supplement the information furnished by the wages slips by a statement (a careful estimate will do if nothing better can be obtained) of the numbers, occupations, time Worked by, and amounts paid to such wage-earjfera' as did not appeal on the pay rolls of the establishment (and hence were not (reported upon wages slips) but the wages for whom were included in the sum returned upon the schedule. The information thus obtained should be entered upon the blank lines at the bottom of the table, or on a separately ruled sheet if the table affords no room, in ^sif c(i form tjiat it may be harmonious with the remainder of the table. \ APPENiDIX.— WHOLE COMMISSION, 275 When the total wages given below are more than those given in answer to inquiry 9, erase such, occupations and amounts below as are not properly chargeable to the product reported on the schedule, or specify in what way the amount of wages given on the schedule should be increased.] 14. 16 1 Working Days in ■ Period. Average Dailj Bate of Wages. Employes. 19. Total Days employed. 20. Total Earnings. 21. Daily Hours of Labour. * ■* ' Occupation. 17. 18. Total. Average. 1 ■ <; ■■(•V,' !• ' ' , ■ rtJ '- . -.;■ .1 i -riKy. I . ■, . ,ri v(j-);. 1,1 ■•;> ■,-i; liili 11. ' >■; 'i $ 1 Total - 1 (D.L.— 134.) ,, , Uwited States Department of Labour, 1890. Special Agent. COST Of PKODUOTION— NEW SERIES, No; 25. Linen Tkeead. Inguvries. 1. State ?_ 2. Locality (post office) P 3. Name of establishment P 4. Name of official to address ? 5. Title of official to address ? 6. Tear when this product was manufactmred ? 7. Days of running time (in full titne) for the last fiscal year ? rti Description of the Unit (One Pound). Pull Technical an(J Opmmercial Description. , ,NupTber ■ of Thread. 10. Number of Ply. * Analysis of Cost of ProdMction of One Pound. 11. Cost of preparing ? % 12. Cost of spinning ? % 13. Cost of twisting, spooling, and reeling ? 14. Cost of other labour P | 16. Total labour coat (1] to 14)? $ >*; 16. Cost of salaries (officials and clerks) ? _ $.___ - 17. Cost of line ? 18. Cost of oil ? 19. Cost of mill supplies P _ a. $ 6. % 0. % d. % 'j.iO 'JiiiJ,f**04 /•_ 20. Coat of fuel and lighting ?_ 21. Cost of insurance ? _$_ 22. Cost of taxes ? ' ' S' 'l 23. Cost of interest P $ 24. Cost of depreciation P_ 25. Grand total cost of the unit (15 to 24) ?_ Various Inquiries. 36. Kinds of flax used in makiog this unit P Cost of same per, pound at the factory ? 27. 28 Production of hackling machines (stating number of tools to machine) in pounds per day ? 29. Average number of spindles operated by spinner P 30. Production per spindle per day of this unit P . 31. Transportation cost per 100 pounds to point of free delivery P $ Classification of Labour. HACKiiiro Depaeijibnt. Occupation. 32. Number. 33. Sex. 34. Bate of Pay per Day, Week, or Piece. 3S. EaiTiings Weel^PuU Time. 36. Hom-s of Labour per Week. Overseers i $ Second hands Hand dressers Bougher Machine boys Sorters ' '■'' ~ Labourers ! Others (i-.T, ; Sprbadiug, Dkawins, jihi> Bovino. 1 [ Occupation. Si. Number. 33. Sex. 34. Bate of Pay per Day, Week, or Piece. 35. Earnings Wee^Full Time. s 36. Hours of Labour mek. Overseers $ $ Second hands Spreaders Drawers Eovers Doffers Oilers Sweepers Labourers - ' - Others Spinning-. Occupation. 32. Number. 33. Sex. 34. Bate of Pay per Day, Week, or Piece. 36. Earnings Week, Full Time. 36. Hours of Labour Overseers Second hands Spinners Doffers Band-tiers Oilers Sweepers Labourers Others $ $ Mm 2 276 ROYAL COMMISSION ON LABOtTR : Ohi unification of Lriboiir — continued. WlKDING, DOUBlIHe, AHD TWISTINS. Occupation. 32. Number. 33. Sex. 34. Kate of Pay per Bay, Week, or Piece. 36. Earnings per Week, Full Time. 36. Hours of Labour per Week. Oveiseers Second hands Doublers Twisters Twiners Labourers Others 7. Days of running lime fin full time) for this period? , 8. Days of running time (in full time) for the last fiscal year? 9. Whole number of -hour turns for period ? ^ 10. Number of melting furnaces in operation during period ? 11. Total number of pots in such furnaces ? 12. Number of tanks in operation during period ? _ 13. Total capacity of tanks (pounds) ? 14. Number of glory holes or finishing ovens in operation during period ? 15. Number of leers or tampering ovens in operation during period ? ^_^ 16. Kind of fuel used to heat melting furnaces or tanks ? i 17. Kind of fuel used to heat glory holes or finishing ovens P 18. Kind of fuel used to heat leers or tempering ovens ? 19. Kind of glass made (lead or lime) ? MlSCELLANEOTrS LABOCK. Matmials charged into the Furnaces during Period. Occupation. Enginemen Firemen Coal wheelers Machinists Carpenters Masons Warehouse men Watchmen Teamsters Porters Elevator men Labourers Yard liands Others Number. 34. Kate 33. of Pay per Sex. Day, Week, or Piece. 35. Earnings per Week, Pull Time. Hours of Labour per, Week. (D.L.— 140.) United States Department of Ldbowr, 1890. Special Agent. 008T OF PEODUCTION— NEW SERIES, No. 26. Lahf Chimneys. [This schedule is prepared on the same plan as that for window glass (New Series, No. 16), which see for explanation. The tbllowing is a description of the different chimneys referred to : No. 1 bulb, crimp top, for sun burner, is 7i inches in height, fits a burner 24 inches in diameter, and one dozen weighs 44 ounces ; No. 2 bulb, crimp lop, for sun burner, is 8i inches in height, fits a burner Si inches in diameter, and one dozen weighs 54 ounces ; No. 1 bulb, plain lop, for sun burner, is 7i inches in height, fits a burner 2i inches in diameter, and one dozen weighs 44 ounces ; No. 2 bulb, plain top for sun burner, is 8i inches in height, fits a burner 2i inches in diameter, and one dozen weighs 54 ounces ; No. 1. student is lOi inches in height, fits a burner If inches in diameter, and one dozen weighs 48 ounces ; No. 2 st.ident is 10 inches in height, fits a burner li inches in diameter, and one dozen weighs 34 ounces.] Inqui/ries. 1. State ? 2. Locality (post oflBce) ? 3. Name of establishment ? 4. Name of official to address ? 5. Title of official to address ? 20. ■Description. 21. Quantify. Cost Delivered at Factory. Soda ash Potash Lime Lead Sand Other chemicals Old glass * • This refers to old glass or cuUet purchased from outside sources, and not to that which accumulates in the establishnjent. No account is to be taken of the latter, as it is held to be a permanent quanti^, constantly being re-melted. Fuel used dwriMg Period. 23. Kind. 24. Quantity. 25. Cost Delivered at Factory. Coal t t Coke Gas Oil Wood All other Materials and SwppUes used during Period. Description. 27. Cost Delivered at Factory. Pots, and clay for pots Materials for repairs and rebuilding of furnaces Materials for repairs to buildings All other materials for period (except boxes) 28. Total wages paid workmen to produce the glass, melted in the pots, during period. (This includes all workmen except those covered by inquiries 43 to 47) ? $ 29. Average number of such workmen employed for period? 30. Total salaries paid salaried officials and clerks during period P | 31. Number of such salaried officials and clerks P 32. Cost of insurance for period ? ? 33. Cost of taxes for period ? !§ " 3i. Amount of interest for period? ,5 6. Peiiod of time covered by this return : 35. Amount of depreciation for period ? ,, 36. Total expenses for period (except that covered by inquiries 42 to 47) ? $ 37. Quantity of finished product for period (pounds) ? 38. Cost of this product, melted in the pots, for period, per pound $ APPENDIX.— WHOLE COMMISSION. 277 Gosifor certain Kmds of Chimneys for Period from the Melting-pot to the deUvfry of the firdghed Product in Boxes of Six Dozen each. [Blowing and gathering refer to each kind of chinuiey mentioned, but crimping, &o. may not.] • * S9. Description. ' •40. ' Weight of Six Dozen (pounds). 41. Cost of Glass in Potior Six Dozen. 42. ' Cost of paching Box. Labour Cost per Box (of Six Dozen) for - 48. Total Oost of Six Dozen. 43. Blowing. 44. Gathering. 45. Crimping. 46. 47; No. 1 bulb, crimp top, for sun) burner J No. 2 bulb, crimp top, for sun ) burner j No. 1 bulb, plain top, for sun ) burner -J No. 2 bulb, plain top, for sun) burner ) No. 1 student No. 2 student $ 1 1 $ $ $ S S 49. Average number of workmen employed in the immediately preceding occupations (43 to 47), beginning with blowing, for period P 50. Total wages paid such workmen during period ? 51; Distance from works to place of free delivery of product P 52. Name of such place of free delivery p 53. Oost of transportation per 100 lbs. to such place of free delivery ? $ 54. Name of shipping point to United Staate P 55. Cost of transportation per 100 lbs. from place of free delivery to such shipping point P $ GlassififOation of Lahowr. Occupation. Blowers Gatherers Crimpers Mixers Teasers Furnace-men Coal wheelers Firemen Engineers 56. Number. 67. Sex. Bate of Pay per Day, Piece, Turn, or Week. 59. Earnings per Week, Pull Time. 60. Hours of Labour per Week. Glassijieation of Laho wr — continued. Occupation. 56. Number. 57. Sex. 58.- Rate of Pay per Day, Piece, Turn, or Week. 69. Earnings WeeirPuU Time. 60. Hours of Labour Xek. Leersmen Packers Wrappers Blacksmiths Cutters Grinders Teamsters Labourers 5 $ Efficiency of Tv ■■- 10. Protection of the Earnings of Clerks and Work- men in Belgium, October 1887. 11. Payment of Workmen's Wages in Belgium, November 1887. 12. Institution of Councils of Industry and Labour in Belgium, November 1887. 13. LalDour and Wages of Agricultural and other Labourers in the South-Bastern Counties, November 1887. 14. Industrial Legislation in Belgium, January 1888. 15. Female Labour in the Manufacture of Ready- made Clothing in Germany, May 1888. 16. Belgian Inquiry into the Condition of the Indus- trial Classes — (continued), May 1888. 17. Factory Operatives in Germany, June 1888. 18. Memorandum on Co-operative Congress, June 1888. 19. Establishment of a Department of Labour in the United States, July 1888. 20. Condition of Labour in the State of New York, July 1888. 21. Establishment of a Department of Labour in the United States — (continued), August 1888. 22. French Legislation for regulating Female and Child Labour, August 1888. 23. Accident and Sick Insurance of Agricultural Labourers in Saxony, September 1888. 24. Labour Statistics in Denmark, October 1888. 25. The Netherlands Labour Commission, December 1888. 26. The Housing of the Working Population in the Principal Cities of Germany, April 1889. 27. Female Labour in Silesia, May 1889. 28. Canadian Labour Commission, May 1889. 29. The Housing of the Working Population in the Principal Cities of Germany — (continued), May 1889. • Tlie^c are inserted in the List as dealing to a considerable extent vrith the ijm-wtion of the imriigration cf pauper aliens. 30. The Co-operative .Congress, Report on, June 1889. 31. Dock Labourers Agitation at Hamburg, June 1889. "" •■'■.; "" ^'''' ■ 32. Wages of the Working Classes in Japan (Statis- tical Sketch of Japan), July 1889. 33. Inspection of Industrial Establishments in Bel- gium, August 1889. 34. Housing of the Working Classes in Belgium, August 1889. 35. Housing of the Working Classes in Austria, August 1889. I 36. Workmen'^ Wages id Germany, September 1889. 37. Wages of jFarm Labourers in Ontario, September 1889. : • 38. Housing of the Wopkipg, Classes in Belgium — (continued), September 1889. 39. New Laoour Regulations in Turkey, Oefeber 1889. L 40. Strikes im France since 1874, October 1889. 41. Employment of Children in German Factories, November 1889. • ■• 42. Factory Inspeotioni in Atl&tria;;' November 1889. 43. Cost of Living in the Transvaal, December 1889. 44. Factory Inspection in Bohemia", December 1889. 45. House Industries of Germany, January 1890. 46. The working of the Lifege Labour Btirean, January 1890. 47. Co-operative Societies in Germany, January 1890. 48. Labour and Wages in China, February 1890. 49. Belgium Law regulating Female and Child Labour in Factories, February 1890. 50. Arbitration Courts for settling Labour Disputes in Germany, March 18p0. 51. European Legislation afieoting Accidents to Workmen, April 1890.' 52. French Councils Prud'hommes, May 1890. 63. The Paris Labour Exchange, May 1890. 54. The Co-operative Congress at Glasgow, Report on, June 1890. 55. The Labour Oongres^ at Olten, June 1890. 56. German Coal Miners' Wages, June 1890. 57. New York State Labour Statistics, June 1890, 58. Labour Laws of Europe, July 1890. 59. Canadian Labour Statistics, July 1890i" (Text of an Act providing for the' Collection and publication of Labour Statistics). 60. Condition of Miners in Hungary, July 1890. 61. German Workmen's Budgets, August 1890. 62. French Miners' Wages, August 1890. 63. Co-operative Laibbui;'ln Bulgaria, August 1890. 64. Berlin House Industry, October 189p. 65. GertnaD'OoairMinerS'«WA^^,>N6vember 1890. •66. Parisian Industries, Wages, and Hours of Labour in, December 1890. 67. Conditio!} of Miners in Hungary, February 1891. 68. Swiss Factory Law, February 1891. 69. Wages of' Italian Workmen, April 1891. 70. Condition, of French Agricultural Labourers,' April 1891. 71. Wages of Berlin Industrial Glfjissesj May 1891. 72. Cost of Production of Piece Dyed Satins at Lyons, May 1891. ' • • ' "^ 73. Cost of Living- in Germ'any, 'May 1891. 74. Food of the Working QJasses,!^, Italy, May 1891. 75. Labour Legislation in Germany, June 1891. 76. Labour Legislation in New York State, July 1891. • ' 77. Condition of Weavers in Prussian Silesia, July 1891. 78. Watch-making Industries of Switzerland, Sep- tember 1891. 79. Swiss Factory Operatives, September 1891. 80. New Labour Bureau in France, September 1891. 8L Comparison of Domestic Budgets of Miners in Germany and England, October 1891. 82. Accidents to Austrian Workmen, November 1891. 83. Condition of the German Labouring Classes, November 1891. 84. Condition of the Italian Labouring Classes, November 1891. ' ^ 85. Labour in Ecuador, November 1891. 86. French Miners'; Wages, December 1891. 87. Industrial Wages in Mexico, January 1892. 88. Russian Hours of Labour and Rates of Wages, February 1892. 89. Cost of Living in Pig-iron Producing Countries. March 1892. APPEiiblX. — WHOLE COMMISSION. 279 90. Labqwre^'s Aooideat Insuranjoe in Austria, March 1892. ' 91., 93. 94. 95. 1892. 96. 97. 1892. 98. 1892i 99. 100, French MjiiingJsdpBtrieB, April 1892. Coal Fields of Northern France, April 1892, Brussels Labour Bureau, June 1892. Nd^v Zealand Bureau of Industries, June 1892. Industrial Labour in ■ Southern Eussia,- June ■■•■i\ !>iJ); ■ ' ■ "Labour Institutions in Belgium, July 1892.- ■Labour Legislation in the United States,' ' July The Condition of Labour in Austria, Septmeber ">'| -.i- . . i' ,r' • . ■. '.I ■ , State of Labour in New ^ITork, October 1892. Wages in Canada, Oototer 1892. !!•» Shoei Ebpobts on the State of the Skilled Lajjoue Mabkbt hare appeared in the following Numbers of the " Board of Trade Journal." 1887, November - - l , 1888, January, .Februai'y, March, May, June, July, 9 Augustj November, December^ 1889, January, February. . March, April, May, June, 11 July, August, September, November, December. 1890, January, February, Miaroh, April, May, June, 12 July, August, September, October, November, Deceoaber. 1891, January, February, March, April, May, June, 11 July, August, October, November, December. 1892, January, February, March, April, May, June, 1 1 July, August, October, November, December. 1893, January - . . i I- ■ o<- f 1 - (- 56 • i.i: •in; APPENDIX OXXIV. I. — Number and Percentage of Persons employed at Various Rat^ss of Wages. No. 1. — Table Bhowing the A!vjbbage ITobmai Wages paid to Men in the under-mentioned Employments, and the Propoetion of Men paid at different Bates. [Bedmaed from ,Beturns of Bat^ fif Wages published in Parliamentary Papers 0. 5?,07, of Session 1889 ; G. 6161, of Session' 1890 ; G. 6455, of Session 1891 ; and C. 6715, of Session 1892, and the preeedmg Tahles Nos. I. to XV.I X- » , , Of 10s. Of 15s. Of 20s. Of 25s. Of 30s. Of 35s. Average Under and [and and and and and Above Total. Wages 10s. under under under under under under 40s. per 15s. 20s. 25s. 30«. 35s. 40s. Head. No. No. No. No. No. No. No No. No. s. d. Cotton Manufacture 2 370 8,793 8,822 4,525 7,283 2,394 — 32,189 25 3 Woollen ■ — 146 3,377 5,559 1,725 705 736 — : 12,248 23 2 Worsted and Stuff Manu- — 835 1,705 909 2,635 879 42 — 7,005 23 4 facture. • Linen Manufacture 192 780 2,952 2,070 416 290 107 6,807 19 9 Jute — 565 1,038 964 127 53 52 2,799 19 4 Hemp, fee. „ -^ 25 300 581 168 39 94 25 1,232 23 6 Silk — 324 881 867 278 121 273 4 2,248 22 3 Carpet „ — — ■ 130 183 834 100 15 30 1,292 . 26 7 Hosiery „ — — 296 458 51 190 75 — 1,070 24 5 Lace — — 38 142 306 62 4 41 593 27 3 Small Wares — 493 880 808 418 98 16 21 2,734 20 2 Flock and Shoddy Manufac- ture. Coal, Iron Ore, and Ironstone — 23 103 143 42 4 15 — 330 21 2 427 13,117 82,902 19,821 863 160 139 67,429 22 11 Mines. Metalliferous Mines — 562 4,168 310 6 — 5,046 16 6 Shale Mines, &o. — -, — 426 880 1,643 50 4 18 3,021 25 Slate Mines and Quarries — 83 1,797 4,956 38 40 19 ■ — 6,933 22 1 Granite Quarries and Works 9 35 742 930 535 57 7 ^- 2,315 21 11 Stone Quarries — 116 612 1,447 1,356 418 8 — 3,956 23 10 CbinaClay, &c. Works — — 442 57 — — — — 499 18 8 Police - - — — 474 16,194 22,878 9,893 1,874 1,369 52,682 27 6 Roads, Pavements, and Sewers 235 1,914 9,644 8,948 1,583 1.411 385 156 24,276 20 9 Gasworks 60 374 2,362 10,176 4,857 4,580 4,609 947 27,965 27 2 Waterworks , 13 574 2,659 1,034 615 210 82 5,187 24 9 Pig Iron Manufacture - - _ \ 215 1,108 1,163 872 496 157 145 4,156 24 Engideering and Machinery Works, &c. Shipbuilding — Iron and Steel -- 125 3,482 2,421 2,670 2,424 1,043 479 12,644 25 8 — — 1,633 737 1,886 1,671 420 942 7,295 28 8 Tin Hate Works — — 244 202 107 133 326 502 1,514 33 5 Saw Mills - , - — 58 485 655 404 329 102 55 2,088 24 3 Brass Works — 18 138 332 433 523 198 201 1,838 29 7 Shipbuilding, Wood — 2 50 84 66 198 45 9 454 28 4 Cooperage Works — 1 20 46 76 89 62 .'13 327 30 5 Coach and Carriage Building — 68 182 437 398 376 105 98 1,664 26 6 Boot and Shoe Miking* — 36 810 1,421 663 317 96 59 2,902 24 3 Breweries — 113 2,079 3,098 1,578 682 369 447 8,366 24 3 Distilleries — ■ 136 807 546 143 87 55 21 1,795 20 4 Brick and Tile, Ac. Making - — 97 7R9 1,262 588 367 50 35 3,188 22 10 Chemical Manure Works — 45 307 292 271 91 30 18 1,054 23 Railway Carnage and Waggon — 35 •'503 548 507 581 35 30 2,239 25 2 Builditig. ^ 498 8,033 66,983 113,709 75,938 36,115 14,198 5,906 321,380 24 7 <••• ' Factory workers only. M,m 4 280 ROYAL COMMISSION ON LAEOUM : I. — Number and Percentage of Persons employed at Various Rates of Wages. Xo. 1. — Table showing the Aveeagb NoauAL Wages paid to Men in the under-mentioned Employments and the Pkopoetion of Men paid at different Bates — eontmued. Of I OS. Of 15s. Of 20s. Of 25s; Of 30s. Of 3.is. Average Under 10». and under and under and under und under and under and under Above 40s. Total. Wages per 15s. 20». • 25s. 30s. 358. 40s. Head. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent Per cent. 1 ». d. Ckitton Manufacture — 1-2 27-3 27-4 14-1 22-6 7-4 — : , 100-0 25 3 Wollen „ 1-2 27-6 45-4 14-1 5-1 6-0 — 100-0 23 2 Worsted and Staff Manufacture 119 24-3 13-0 37-6 12-6 0-6 — ' 1000 23 4 Linen Manu&cture 2-8 U-4 43-4 30-4 6-1 4-3 1-6 — 100-0 19 9 Jute — 20-2 37-1 34-4 4-5 1-9 1-9 — 100-0 19 4 Hemp, &c. „ — 2-0 24-4 47-2 13-6 3-2 7-6 2-0 100-0 23 6 Silk — 14-4 39-2 16-3 12-4 5-4 12-1 0-2 100-0 22 3 Carpet „ — — 10-1 14-2 64-5 7-7 1-2 2-3 100-0 26 7 Hosiery — — 27-7 42-8 4-8 ■ -• 17-7- 7-0 — 100-0 24 5 Lace — — 6-4 23-9 51-6 10-5 0-7 6-9 100-0 27 3 Smallwares — 18-0 32-2 29-5 15-3 3-6 0-6 0-8 1,00-0 20 2 Flock and Shoddy Manufacture — 70 31-2 43-3 12-7 1-2 4-6 — 100-0 21 2 Coal, Iron Ore, and Ironstone — 0-6 19-5 48-8 29-4 1-3 0-2 0-2 100-0 22 11 Mines. Metalliferous Mines — 11-1 82-6 6-2 0-1 — 100-0 16 6 Shale Mines, &c. — — 14'1 29-1 54-4 1-7 0-1 0-6 100-0 25 Slate Mines and Quarries — 1-2 25-9 71-5 0-5 0-6 0-3 , — 100-0 22 1 Granite Quarries and Works 0-4 1-5 32-0 40-2 23-1 2-5 0-3 ' ' k 100-0 21- 11 Stone Quarries — 2-9 15-5 36-6 34-3 10-5 0-2 lOO-O 23 10 China Clay, &c. Works — — 88-6 11-4 — — — 100-0 18 8 Police — — 0-9 30-7 43-4 18-8 3-6 2-6 100-0 27 5 Roads, Pavements, and Sewers 1-0 7-9 39-7 36-9 6-5 5-8 1-6 0-6 100-0 20 9 Gasworks 0-2 1'3 8-4 36-4 17-4 16-4 16-5 3-4 100-0 27 2 Waterworks — 0-2 111 51-3 19-9 11-9 4-0 1-6 100-0 24 9 Pig Iron Manufacture 5-2 26-6 28-0 21-0 11-9 3-8 3-5 100-0 24 Engineering and Machinery — 1-0 27-5 19-1 21 1 19-£ 8-3 3 8 100-0 25 8 Works, &c. Shipbuilding — ^Iron and Steel - — — 22-4 10-1 25-9 22-9 5-B 12-9 100-0 28 8 Tia Plate Works — — 16-1 13-3 7-1 8-8 21-5 33-2 100-0 33 5 Saw Mills . 2-S 23-2 31-4 19-3 15-8 4-9 2-6 100-0 24 3 Brass Works ... — 1-0 7'2 18-1 23-6 28-4 10-8 10-9 100-0 29 7 Shipbuilding — Wood — 0-5 11-0 18-5 14 < 5 43-6 9-9 2-0 100-0 28 4 Cooperage Works — 0-3 6-1 14-1 23-2 27-2 19-0 10-1 1000 30 5 Coach and Carriage Building - — 41 10-9 26-3 23-9 22-6 6-3 5-9 100-0 26 6 Boot and Shoe Making* — 1-2 10-7 49-0 22-9 10-il 3-3 2-0 100-0 24 3 Breweries . - . — 1-4 24-8 37-0 18-9 8-3 4-4 5-3 100-0 24 3 Distilleries — 7-6 45-0 30-4 79 4-8 3-1 1-2 100-0 20 4 Brick and Tile, & c. Making 3-0 84-8 39-6 18-4 11-5 1-ti 11 100-0 22 10 Chemical Manure V^orks — 4-3 29-1 27-7 25-7 8-6 2-» 1-7 lOO'O 23 Railway Carriage and Waggon — 1-6 22-5 24-5 22-6 25-9 1-6 1-3 100-0 2.5 2 Buiioing. ■ 01 3-9 25-7 30-4 20-4 11-5 4'9 3-1 100-0 24 7 * Factory workers only. No. 2.— Table showing the Avebage Nobmal Wages paid to Lads and Bors in the under-mentioned Emplotmekis and the Peopobtion of Lais and Boys paid at different Bates. Cotton Manufacture Woollen „ Worsted and Stuff Manufacture Linen Manufacture Jute „ Hemp, &c. „ Silk „ Carpet Hosiery „ Lace „ Smallwares Flock and Shoddy Manufacture Coal, Iron Ore, and Ironstone Mines Metalliferous Mines Shale Mines, &c. Slate Mines and Quarries Granite Quarries and Works Stone Quarries China Clay, &c. Works Roads, Pavements, and Sewers Gasworks Waterworks Half- timers. No. 5,440 391 2,070 669 621 116 151 13 110 Under 10*. Of 10s. and under 1 5s. No. 6,947 2,757 3,030 3,417 1,757 680 442 239 89 180 1,178 11 3,922 962 43 .•J87 290 136 12 406 175 38 No. 9,1.51 1,382 467 99 177 39 236 181 50 71 110 22 6,252 ;;, 89 22 fl5 25 140 5 215 321 39 Of 15s. and under 20s. No. 2,278 10 3 11 41 555 68 207 9 Of 20s. and under 25s. No. 16 Total. No. 23,832 4,540 5,570 4,185 2,555 835 829 444 139 292 1,398 33 10,729 1,051 70 482 315 276 17 689 705 88 Average Wages per Head. s. d. 9 4 8 6 6 6 6 3 6 8 6 7 2 8 4 9 6 9 4 6 9 10 5 10 9 7 10 6 8 8 3 9 10 8 9 9 6 12 3 11 1 {continued over.) APPENDIX. — WHOLE COMMISSloKk' 281 No, 2. — Table shomng the Average NoEitAL Waoes paid to I^Ads and Boys in the tmder-irientioned Emmotments and the Pkoportion of Lads and Bots paid at different Eatbs — ecmtmued. • Half- timers. Under 10s. Of 10s. and under 15s. Of 15s. and under 20s. Of 20s. and under 25s. Total. Average J Wages per Head. Fig Iron 'Manufacture ... Engineering and Machinery Works Shipbuilding — Iron and Steel Tin-Plate Works Saw Mills Brass Works Shijjbuilding— Wood Cooperage Works Coach and Carriage Building Boot and Shoe Makingf Breweries Distilleries ... Brick and Tile, &c. Making Chemical Manure Works Eailway Carriage and Waggon Building - No. No. 91 2,153 500 249 289 584 216 111 448 548 288 6 6.58 54 199 No. 83 1,014 781 292 148 221 26 36 92 204 223 6 305 36 230 No. 4 171 277 157 30 30 2 6 3 49 2S 33 11 37 No. 5 177* 2 No. 178 3,348 1,735 698 467 837 244 153 S43 801 536 12 996 101 466 s. d. 9 8 8 9 12 10 11 3 8 10 8 5 6 5 7 9 6 8 8 4 9 9 y 10 9 '•• : 9 10 • 10 6 9,581 33.492 22,885 4,022 204 70,184 9 2 * Including 29 big lads at 26s. id, per week employed on piece-work, t Factory workers only. No. 2.- -Table showing the Average Normal Wages paid to Lads and Boys in the nnder-mentioned Employments, and the Proportion of Lads and Boys paid at different Bates — contmwed. Half- timers. Under 10s. Of 10s. and under 15s. Of 15s. and under 20s. Of 20s. and under 25s. Total. Average Wages per Head. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. s. d. Cotton Manufacture 22-8 .„, 29-1 38-4 9-6 0-1 100-0 9 4 , Woollen „ 8-6 ",, 60-7 30-5 0-2 — 100-0 8 6 Worsted and Stufi Manufacture . 37-2 54-4 8-4 — — 100 -0 6 6 Linen Manufacture 16-0 81-6 2-4 — — 100-0 6 3 Jute „ - - 24-3 68-8 6-9 — — 100-0 6 8 Hemp, &c. „ - - - 13-9 81-4 4-7 — — 100-0 6 Silk „ ... 18-2 53-3 28-5 — — 100-0 7 2 Carpet „ 2-9 53-8 40-8 2-5 — .100-0 8 4 Hosiery „ — 64-0 36-0 — — 100-0 9 6 Lace „ — 61-6 24-3 14-1 % — 100-0 9 4 SmaJlwares 7-9 84-2 7-9 — — 100-0 6 9 ,. Flock and Shoddy Manufacture — 333 , 66-7 — — 100-0 10 5 " Coal, Iron Ore, and Ironstone Mines — 36-5 58-3 5-2 — 100-0 10 9 Metalliferous Mines — 91-5 ■ 8-5 — — 100-0 7 Shale Mines, &c. 61-4 31-4 7-2 — 100-0 10 6 Slate Mines and Quarries — 80-3 19-7 — — 100-0 8 Granite Quarries and Works — 92-1 7-9 — — lOO'O 8 3 Stone Quarries ' — 49-3 50-7 — — 100-0 9 10 China Clay, &c. Works — 70-6 29-4 — — 100-0 8 9 Beads, Pavements, and Sewers — 58-9 31-2 9-9 — 100 -0 9 6 Gasworks — 24-8 4S-5 29-4 0-3 100-0 12 3 Waterworks — 43-2 44-3 10'2 2-8 100-0 11 1 Pig Iron Manufacture _ 5fl 46-6 2-3 100-0 9 8 Engineering and Machinery Works — 64-4 30-3 5-1 0-2 100-0 8 9 Shipbuilding— Iron and Steel — 28-8 45-0 16-0 10-2* 100-0 12 10 Tin Plate Works — 35-7 41-8 22-5 — 100-0 11 3 Saw Mills — 61-9 31-7 6-4 — 100-0 8 10 Brass Works — 69-8 26-4 3-6 0-2 100-0 8 5 Shipbuilding — Wood — 88-5 10-7 0-8 — 100-0 6 5 Cooperage Works — 72-6 23-5 3-9 — 100-0 7 9 Coach and Carriage Building — 82-5 16-9 0-6 ^ 100-0 6 8 Boot and Shoe Makingt — 68-4 25-5 6-1 — 100-0 8 4 Breweries — 53-7 41-6 4-7 — 100-0 9 9 Distilleries — 50-0 50-0 — — 100-0 9 10 Brick and Tile, &c. Making — 66-1 30-6 3-3 — 100-0 9 Chemical Manure Works — 63-5 35-6 10-9 — 100-0 9 10 Eailway Carriage and Waggon Building — 42-7 49-4 7-9 — 100-0 10 6 — , 4-1 60-1 30-5 4-9 0-4 100-0 9 2 • lDcluding.29 big lads at 25». id. per week employed on piece-work, t Factory workers only. 78448. Nn 28f2 BQYAIi COMMISSION ON LABOUR: No. 3.— Tajslj! showing the Aveuage Normal Wages paid to Women in th? undGr-mentioned Employments, '''"' ' ■' and tie PKOPopiiQNflfWOMEi^, paid ?it (iifferentEATES. ,,, Under 10«. Cotton Manufacture Woollen „ Worsted and Stuff Manufacture Linen Manulacti(re , , Jute ! » Hemp, &c. „ - Silk. , „ Carpet ,i „ Hosiery; „ - Lace „ . 1 . Smallwarcs „ . - Mofjk a/nd Shoddy Manufacture Coalj ;lrpn Ore, and Ironstone Mines Metailiferous Mip,es ! - China Clay,.&e. Works i Boads, Pavements,, and Sowers Tin Plate Works - ! Brass Works Boot and Shoe Making* Distilleries Brick and Tile, &o. Making Chemical Manure Works Railway Carriage and Waggon Building Of 10«. and mder . .lis.''-" Ifo. 776 1,37^ 4,086. 17,115 g,023 657 2,848 240 558 168 1,879 236 i365 I 251 I 8 52 202 33 164 2 166 Of 15s. and undei; 20s. ■" Of 20s. and under ' 25s. Of 2 5s. and under 30s. Total. 39,235 No. 31,459 11,175 12,714 4,696 2,886 . 635 2,193 997 l,36i0 557 5,900 159 4 305 41 474 9 70 4 8 75,646 1^0. 22,707 4,082 125 128 6 151 89 278 143 9 No. 8,174 10 11 212 24 4 27,969 18 13 8,215 No. 192 198 No. 63,308 16,639 21,939 10,909 1,298 5,192 1,326 2,196 868 7,788 395 369 251 , 8 52 507 110 867 11 260 33 12 Average Wages per Head. 151,263 s. d. 15 8 13 8 11 11 ( 8 11 9 7 9 8 10 1 II. I 11 6 12 8 10 9 9 9 8 a 5 10 6: .9 9 10 4 12 II 12 6 9 5 9 8 13 12 8 No. 4.- -Tabkb showing the Aveeage Noemal Wages paid to G-iRts in the under-mentioned Employments, and the PaoPOBiiCN of G-ibxs paid at different Bates. Under 10s. Of 10s. Of 15s. Of 20s. Average Half- timers. and under 15s. and under 20s. and under 25s. Total. Wages pel Head. No. ' No. No. No. No. No. s. d. Cotton Manufacture 7,469 11, .534 3,694 697 15 23,405 6 10 Woollen „ 322 2,424 561 ■ — — 3,307 7 S Worsted and Stuff Manufacture 2,559 4,367 — — — 6,926 6 2 Linen Manufacture ' 1,269 5,432 — — — 6,691 4 11 Jute „ ' - 957 1,322 — — — 2,289 4 8 Hemp, &c. „ 51 208 — — — 259 5 I Silk „ -■' 343 1,470 — — — 1,813 5 8 Carpet »..,',■ Hosiery „ - Lace 38 9 488 150 260 44 — — 526 194 269 6 11 8 3 6 2 Smallwares 221 2,030 — — 2,261 5 9 Flock and Shoddy Manufacture — 6 -- — 6 4 6 Coal, Iron Ore, and Ironstone Mines — 119 — — — 119 5 7 Metalliferous Mines — 11-2 — — 112 4 9 Tin Plate Works 180 180 6 11 Brass Works L — 37 4 — — 41 6 2 Boot aiid Shoe Msftcing* — 320 13 1 — 334 5 6 Brick and Tile, &c. Making — 37 9 — — 46 7 7 Railway Carriage and Waggon Building — 4 — — — 4 7 13,238 30,500 4,321 698 15 48,772 7 • Factory workers only. Uo. 3. — Table showing the Average Noemal Wages paid to Women in the nnder-mentioned Employments, and the Pkopoetion of WoMlEN paid at different Rates — continued. Under Of 10s. and under Of 1.5s. Of 30s. Of 25s. and under Total. Average Wages per. Head. 10s. 15s. 20s. 25s. 30s. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. s. d. Cotton Manufacture WooUen „ - - - Worsted and Stuff Manufacture Tiinen Manufacture Jute „ - 1-2 8-2 24-2 78-0 73-5 49-7 67-2 75-1 21-4 26 • 5 ■ 35-9 24-5 - 0-7 0-6 12-9 0-1 0-3 100-0 100-0 100 100-0 100 -0 15 3 13 3 11 11 8 11 9 7 Hemp, &c. „ - - 50-6 48-9 0-5 .-^ — 100-0 9 8 Silk 54-9 42-2 2-9 — — 100-0 10 1 Carpet „ 18-1 75-2 6-7 — — 100-0 11 1 Hosiery „ 25-4 61-9 12-7 — — 100-0 11 6 Lace „ 1 19-3 64-2 16-5 — - — 100-0 12 8 (continued over.} APPENDIX.-#-WHO]JB iGQMBHSSIQNv, 388i No. 3 — Table allowing the Aveeage i^OKMilii 'Wages paid to Women in tHe'imder-mentioned Employments, and the rROPOETIOl! r of WoMR> f paid atdi flferent Ea IBS — continued. Under , Of 10!. and undei; Of 16s. and under Of 20s. Of 25s. Average • . W) 10s.' ' and under and under Total. Wages , .All?' I .:• i>o;- 15^- „ 20s. .,^, , : 25s. 30s. It per Head. ;i Per cent. Per cent-. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. s. d. Smallwares Manufacture 24' 1 75-8 0-1 100 10 9 Flock and Shoddy Manufacture 59-7 40-3 __ 100-0 9 9 Coal, Iron, Ore, and Ironstone Mines - - -9S-9 1-1 ,; 100-0 8 2 Metalliferous Mines' 100-0 . __ J , , lOO'O - 5 10 China Clay, &o. Works 100-0 __ 100-0 ftii 6 ' 9 Boads, Pslvemehts, and Sewers 100-0 — — ~ -u,(5 ' 100-0 lis 9 Tm Plate Works 39-8 60-2 ' \ ■! • ■' .z 100-0 ! 10 4 Brass Works , - 34-5 37 3 10-0 16-4 1-8 100-0 .'■• 12 11 Boot and Shoe Making* 18-9 54 7 24-5 1-5 0-4 ■ 100-0 12 6 Distilleries - ~ - - .- iis-3v 81 8 100-0 9 5 Brick and Tile, &c. Making - 63-9 26 9 9-2 100-0 9 4 Chemical Manure Works 87-9 12 1 100-0 8 9 Bailway Carriage and Waggon Building - , — 66 7 33-3 — — 100-0 13 3 47-8 43-6 7-7 1-4 0-1 100-0 12 8 No. 4.- • Paotory -workers only. -Table showing the Av;EEAq^E Nobm^ Wages paid to G-mLs in the under-mentioned Employments, and the Pbopoetion of GiELS paid at different UiLTES—contimued. ' i Half- Under 10s Of 10s. Of 15s. Of 20s. Average timers. and under and under and under Totiil. Wages 15s. 20s. S5s. iltlVf .1 per Head. ■PeV ctent. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. s. d. Cotton Manufacture 31-9 49-3 15-8 3-0 100-0 6 10 Woollen 9-7 73-3 17-9 — — 100-0 7 5 Worsted and Stuff Manufacture '^' ' - 36-9 63-1 — — — 100-0 6 2 Linen Manufacture . tn . . . 19-0 81-0 — ■■:. j — 100 4 11 Jute 41-8 58-2 — — 100-0 4 8 Hemp, &c. „ - -^ 19-7 80-3 — — 100-0 5 1 Silk 18-9 81-1 — — 100-0 5 8 Carpet. 7-2 92-8 — — 100-0 6 11 Hosiery „ — 77-3 22-7 — 100-0 8 3 Lace „ 1 -, ,- 3-3 96-7 — — 100-0 6 2 Smallwares Manufacture 9-8 90-2 — — 100-0 5 9 Flock and Shoddy Manufacture — 100-0 — lOO'O 4 6 Coal, Iron Ore, and Ironstone Mines — 100-0 — 100-0 5 7 Metalliferons Mines i — 100-0 — — 100-0 4 9 Tm Plate Works 100-0 100-0 ' 6 11 Brass Works — 90-2 9-8 — 100-0 6 2 Boot and Shoe Making* — 95-8 3-9 0-3 — 100-0 5 6 Brick and Tile, &o. Makmg — 80-4 19-G ',, — — 100-0 7 7 Railway Carriage and Waggon Building - — 100-0 * < t — 100-0 7 10-4 84-7 , -^'^ 0-2 — 100-0 7 * Factory workers only. No. 5. — Summaet of preceding Foma Tablss. Na 2 284 ROYAL COMMISSION ON LABOUR : No. 5. — StTMUABT of preceding Foue Tables — contimted. LADS AND BOYS. Half- timers. Under IDs. Of 10s. and under 15s. Of 15s. and under 20.?. Of 20s. and under 25s. Total. Average • Bate of Wages.* Total Numbers 9,581 33,492 22,885 4,022 204 70,184 9s. 2d. Proportions of total numbers paid at different rates : — Mean of percentages given in Table. Average percentage of aggregate numbers dealt with. Per cent. 4-1 13-7 Per cent. 60-1 47-7 Per, cent. 30-5 32-6 Per cent. 4-9 5-7 Per cent. 0-4 0-3 Per cent. 100-0 100-0 9s. Rd. 9s. 2d. WOMEN. Under 10*. 0/ 1 OS. and under 15s. Of 15s. and under 20s. Of 20s. and under 25s. Above 25s. Total. Average Bate of Wages.* Total Numbers 39,23.^. 75,646 27,969 8,215 198 151,263 12s. 8rf. Proportions of total numbers paid at different rates: — Mean of percentages ^veu in Table. Average percentage of aggregate numbers dealt with. Per cent. 47-8 26-0 Per cent. 43-0 50-0 Per cent. 7-7 18-6 Per cent. 1-4 5-4 Per cent. 0-1 0-1 Per cent. 100-0 lOO-O 10s. 8d. IZs. ed. GIRLS. Half- timers. Under 10s. Of 10s. and under 15s. Of 15s. and under 20s. Of 20s. and under 25s. Total. Average , Bate of Wages.* Total Numbers 13,238 30,500 4,321 698 15 48,772 6s. \0d. Proportions of total numbers paid at different rates: — Mian of percentages given in Table. Average percentage of aggregate numbers dealt with. Per cent. 10-4 27-2 Per cent. 84-7 62-5 Per cent. 4-7 8-9 Per cent. 0-2 1-4 Per cent. Per cent. 100 -0 100-0 1i. 3d. 6s. 10(2. • These rates are based on the fiRures in the preceding colamns, the mean rate in each group being taken for the purpose of the calculation. In tlie case ol Men, the group under 10s. has been taken at 7«. Sd., and thut above 40». at 47*. Sd. For Lads and Boys and for Girls, " half-timers " have been taken at 3»., and the group under 10s. at 7s. ed. For 'Wonien, the group under IDs. has been taken at 7«. 6d., and that above 2Ss. at 27s. 6d. ■■' II. —Table showing the Total Number of Peksons employed in the under-mentioned Tbades on 1st October 1886, and the Total Amoitkt paid in Wages to them in 1885, as given in the EEnraus made by Employers, togeiiher with the AvEEAGB Annual Amount par Head deduced from these figures, classed according to Amount. Tkades. Number of Keturns giving Particulars. Number employed 1st October 1886. Amount paid in Wages in 1885. Amount per Head, i.e., dividing Amount paid in 1885 by Numbers employed as at 1st October 1880. OflOl. and above. Pianofortes, manufacture of - - - - Portmanteaux, Bags, &c. . - - Astronomical, Optical, Mathematical, Meteorological, &c. Instruments. Organ Building . . . ■ - Steel, mannfacture of - Gas Works - ... Pig Iron (Blast Furnaces) .... Bailway Carriage Wagon Building . - - Vinegar Works ..---- Typefounders, Electrotypers, and Stereotypers - 6 11 20 11 17 306 54 22 6 42 5 347 299 725 871 9,343 28,670 7,173 3,145 185 16,118 69 £ 29,930 22,919 54,935 28,281 - 691,905 • 2,080,080 524,908 280,834 9,877 1,135,260 4,847 £ 86 77 76* 76 74 73, ,. 78 78 73 70 70 Totals and Average ... 500 66,890 4,813,776 78 ' Average of Indoor Workers only, so far as could be seen from the Betiums. (continued over,") ATl>ENDIX.-^WHOLE COMMISSION.' 28S^ II. — Table showing tlie Total Number of Persons employed iu tho under-mentioned Trades on Ist October 1886, and the,ToTAL Amottnt paid in Wases to tkom in 1885, as given in the Eettjrns made by Employers, together with the Average Annual Amount per Head deduced from these figures, classed according to Amount — contvrmed. Trades. Chemical Manures . . . - Clock and Watchmakers (Manufacturers) Docks Shale Mines and Paraffin Oil Works Puddling Furnaces and Iron Rolling Mills Oil Mills (Seed-crushing Works) Water Works ■ - - Chemicals - - - White Lead, Paint, Colour, Varnish, and Japan Works Bicycles and Tricycles Sugar Befining Baskets, Wicker Furniture Lime and Cement Works - Coal Yards - . - - Totals and Average Numher of Beturns giving Particulars. Number employed 1st October 1886. Amount paid in Wages in 1885. Amount per Head, i.e., dividing Amount paid in 1885 by Numbers employed as at Ist October 1886. Brewing Trade - - - - Flour Mills - - - General Engineering, Iron and Brass Foundries, and Machinery Trades. Glass, manufacture of Packing Cases, Boxes, &c. Cooperage Works - ' - Silver, Electro-plated and Britannia-metal Goods, &c. Asphalte (making and laying down of) - Distilleries . - - . Nails (machine made only) Printing and Engraving Trades White Salt Works Wood Shipbuilding Trade Gunpowder - - " Leather Sewing Machines Wire Works Brass Work and Metal Wares India-rubber, Gutta-percha,. Ebonite, &c. Tinplate Works Art Ware, General Stoneware, Terra Cotta and Crucibles Bakers, Confectioners, and Pastrycooks - Hollow- ware. Stoves, llanges. Bedsteads, and. General Hardware, manufacture of. Ironmongery, ihanufacturing Saddlery and Harness (wholesale) ' Scales and Weighing Machines, manufacture of Slate Mines and Quarries - Tramway and Omnibus Proprietors Bill Posting, &c. Candles, manufacture of - Coal and Ironstone Mining Printing Trade Saw Mills (sawing, planing, moulding, &e.) Coach and Carriage Building (including Van, Wagoni'and Wheel Works). Glue, Size, &c. - - , '. . " Eoads, Pavements, and Sewers (makmg, repairmg, and cleaning). Canals (repairing and working) - - ■ Fellmongers, Woolstaplers, &o. - Paper-hangings . , - - Tubes, &o. - Totals and Average - - - Cart, Of 60l. and under 701. £ £ 58 1,689 117,171 69 11 506 35,048 69 31 21,310 1,471,855 69 5 3,091 212,618 69 39 10,789 730,985 68 17 878 58,972 67 167 5,275 353,369 67 100 14,976 983,421 66 53 1,403 89,131 64 9 781 48,871 63 15 2,242 140,470 63 16 140 8,622 62 60 3,382 209,997 62 55 858 53,950 61 636 67,320 4,512,880 , 67 Of 5Ql. and under 601. & £ 361 15,793 937,915 59 202 3,392 201,122 59 554 58,502 3,468,540 59 i 7,002 414,163 59 836 49,328 59 31 513 29,530 58 13 777 45,039 58 10 432 24,626 57 95 2,763 156,229 57 4 168 9,616 57 152 9,098 510,934 56 16 680 38,287 56 32 899 50,642 56 4 448 24,534 55 177 5,220 286,204 55 10 1,281 70,058 55 23 1,404 77,475 55 128 4,992 269,521 54 8 2,455 132,039 54 18 5,800 314,818 54 35 3,074 161,465 53 73 1,438 75,825 53 46 3,823 202,001 53 85 1,184 63,143 53 23 686 36,294 53 6 76 3,992 53 47 7,415 390,133 53 54 8,177 433,711 53 7 63 3,279 52 30 788 40,794 52 296 78,646 4,080,207 52 318 6,425 332,559 52 193 4,725 246)438 52 252 3,929 202,307 51 6 198 10,068 51 265 25,017 1,276,644 51 15 500 24,807 50 42 774 38,858 50 12 1,800 89,375 50 9 1,468 72,697 50 3,730 272,666 14,894,617 35 (contimied over.} Nn 3 286 ROYAL COMMISSION ON LiJBOXJR ; n.— TiBiiE showing the Total NtnoER of Peesons employed in the nnder-mentioned Trades on Ist October 1886, and the Totai, Amount paid in Wages to them in 1885, as given in the Ebtuens made by Employers, together with the Average Annuax Amount per Head dednced from these fignres, classed according to Amount — c 0-16 714,649,500 932,7&5,150 16-58 51-53 16-03 8-88 4-77 2-21 402 928 3-248 9-639 37-855 206-789 Eleine Einkommen, 526— 2,000 M. Massige Einkommen, 2,001 —6,000 M. Mittlere Einkommen, 6,001 —20,000 M. Grosse Einkommen, 20,001 —100,000 M. Sehr grosse Einkommen uber 100,000 M. . ; 4,094,428 5,517,828 490,541 91,512 12,521 1,062 8,383,359 18,562,145 1,778,155 317,193 r 43,400 1 3,681 1,647,444,650 5,119,735,640 1,593,074,721 • 882,105,000 . r 474,174,000 ' 219,609,800 197 276 896 2-781 11-027 59-666 Zusammen 10,207,892 100^00 39,087,933 100-00 9,936,143,811 100-00 973 343 Nn 4 288 ROYAL COMMISSION ON LABOUR: APPENDIX OXXVI. Extract from Report of the United States Commissioner of Labour for 1889 (with reference to Raiboad Labour), pages 160-2. " On the 60 roads there were employed 224,570 individual men, whose services could be reduced to actual time. They were employed on an average 147 days I each, and they received 8243 average actual earnings for the year employed. Now those men (224,570) were employed to fill 105,807-14 positions ; in other words, if 105,807-14 men had been employed on full time they would have accomplished the same results that were accomplished by the greater number working on an average but 147 days each during the year. The differences in the variation between the actual and necessary number of employees, asindicated by the occupation, are such as might' occur to one's .mind. Bringing forward the results for each of the 17 selected occupations, we have the following : — " Actual andl Theoretical Numbeu of Employees compared in Leading Occupations of 60 Systems or Boads. Occupations. Actual Condition — Different Employees. Theoretical Condition — Necessary Employees. Ratio of Necessary to Actual Employees. BaKgagemasters U04 822-34 ltol-34 Baggagemen 989 633 -63 1 „ 1-56 Blacksmiths 1,435 947-54 1 „ 1-51 Brakemen 20,117 7.276-18 1 „ 2-76 Carpenters 8,277 4,348-60 1 „ 1-90 Conductors Engineers 5,181 3,431-54 1 „ 1-51 2,974 2,254*63 1 „ 1-32 Enginemen 998 771-98 1 „ 1-29 Eiremen 5,717 2,836-20 1 „ 2-02 Flagmen 1,989 1,308-19 1 „ i-ea Foremen 7,085 5,576-60 1„ 1-27 Labourers • 89,429 27,938-69 I „ 3-20 Machinists 4,506 2,777-06 X „ 1-62 Masons 874 268-76 1 „ 3-38 Painters 1,583 859-89 1 „ l-«4 Switchmen 4,262 2.390-13 1 „ 1-78 Telegraph operators 4,216 2,202-65 1 „ 1-91 " The last column in the foregoing statement means, under baggage-masters for instance, that to one neces- sary employee, or to one employee necessary to perform the duty of the position for a whole year, there were employed during the year of the investigation 1-34 employees. The larger proportions are brakemen, 2-76 employees to one necessary employee ; firemen, 2'02 em- ployees to one necessary employee; and labourers, which constitute the largest class of railroad labour, 3-20 actual employees to one necessary employee. The largest ratio in the column is for masons, it being 3-38 actual employees to one necessary employee j but this large proportion is easily understood from the fact, that masons oftener than others, perhaps, are called in to do particular jobs of work, and are not in any sense steady railway employees. " I do not remember having seen this feature, the tendency of labour to migration, brought out statisti- cally on any extended scale before. TMs constitutes a new phase in the labour question. What were the men doing the remainder of the year? Were they un- employed P Did they shift from one position to another on the same road ? Did they work a while on one road and then enlist in the service of another P Were there concentrations of labour at certain seasons of the year ? These are questions which cannot be answered at present. It is true that many of the men, especially those employed as trackmen, have to lose much time in waiting ;' others, unskilled labourers, , in the same way lose much time ; but the higher grades must be quite constantly employed — in fact, the tables would indicate it. It was impossible, however, from the pay-rolls to ascertain either the causes of lost time or the extent to which men shift their positions, or the extent to which men are recounted. If a man borne on the rolls of Eailroad No. 50 worked but 88 days in the year, and then worked 20 days on Eoad No. 51, 60 days on Road No. 52, and a month on Road No. 53, he would appear in the whole number of employees as four men, and he might have been employed among them all perhaps a full year or nearly a full year. To determine this migratory habit was impossible under the present in- vestigation, and in order to settle the question as to the cause or causes of this fluctuation in railroad labour additional investigations would have to be made. Whether this serious fluctuation in railroad labour compares favourably or unfavourably with like features in productive industry cannot at present be stated. In the series of reports which this department w:ill issue dtiring the next few months opportunity will be secured for comparisons in this respect, as jbetween railroad labour and labour in the great iron, cotton, and woollen industries, not ;only in this country but also in other countries, which will show the extent of the movement of labour, and a series of comptwisons- ■ thus instituted may lead to a line of investigation which will throw some light upon the causes. " It will be remembered that, as stated by the Inter- state Commerce Oommission, the whole number of employees on the railroads of the United States, June 30, 1889, was 689,912 approximately. This number represents the average number of employees in the service of all the roads of the country. The average number of employees means the number required to fill all the positions necessary for the management of the railroads. Applying the same ratio of necessary to actual employees, as was ascer- tained by the investigation of the 60 roads, it would require 1,462,613 men to perform the labour on the railroads of the country during one year ; that is to pay, 'if 689,912 men were employed, on an average, during a year, in the service of the railroads of the United States, there must have been about 1,462,613 different individuals employed during the same time in the same service. No one should conclude from these statements that there are constantly out of employment 700,000 or 800,000 railroad men every year, because no such conclusion can be sustained by anything contained in this report ; in fact, as just stated, this feature of labour offers a new problem for discus^on and for investigation, and it must be left to further study before the exact amount of idleness can be stated, in contradistinction to the exact amount of migration." APPENDIX CXXVII. Conspiracy Law Amendment Bill. [To avoid displacement of type this is printed 07i p. 295. — G. D.] APPENDIX. — WHOLE COMMISSION; 289 APPENDIX OXXVIII. Labour Association. List of Membehs and Subscbibehs Aberdare, Eight Hon. Lord. I Agar, B. L. AKord, Rev. B. H. AUsop, T. Anonymous. Austin, — Baker, A.,, M.A. Ball, A. J. A. Ballard, F. Bancroft, J. Barbour, W., M.F. Barnes, F. G. Bartlett, Rev. E. R. Beevor, Sir Hugh. Behrens, A. Belluvehi, B. Bennel, F. J. Benett, Miss. Benson, Miss Margaret. Blandford, Thomas. Blundell, H. Bodenham, J. Bousfield, W. Brassey, Lord. Brassey, Hon. T. A . Broomhall, W. Brownfield, A. Buchanan, W. Bulwer, General Sir Ed. Burroughs, S. M. Busbill, T. Carlisle, Right Rev. the Lord Bishop of. Carpenter, W. Carter, J. Bonham. Chamberlain, S. G. Chance, W. Chancellor, C. Chancellor, H. G. • Chaplin, A. Chitty, E. Clarke, Lieut. - General Sir A. Clements, A. J. Clements, C. Clements, G. IT. ClifEord, Dr. J. Cockerell, ,8. P. Cohen, N. L. Oonnell, A. K. Constable, Rev. J. Cotton, Mrs. Cousins, E. Coventry Distributive Society. Orowder, A. J., J.P. Currie, Sir P. Dalmas, G. De St. Dawson, J. T. Debenham, Frank, Alder- man, L.O.C. Derby, Right Hon. the Barl of. Dickinson, G. L. Donville, W. H. Donaldson, J. H. Durham, The Right Rev. the Lord Bishop of. Ecoles Quilt Society. Elder, T. E. Eley, T. EUice, W. Everard, C. H. Farrer, Sir Thomas. Forbes, W. H. Forster, H. 0. Fort, J. A. Fortescue, Hon. D. Foxwell, Prof. H. S. Fry, E. P. Fyffe, 0. A. Galbraith, W. Gandar, F. J. Gaskell, R. Grainger, W. Granger, E. Greening, E. W Greenwood, J. Grenfell, W. H. Grey, Albert. Grioe, Dr. GrifHth, M. Gwynne. Gronwick, W. Gull, Sir W. C. Hall, J. Hare, Thomas. Hardy, James. Harrow, H. Herbert, W. Hervey, H. Hervey, Lord John. Hill, F. Hole, James. Holmstrom, C. Hollond, J. R. Hoskins, E. J. Hubbard, J. Hulme, B. W. Hunt, Mrs. F. Jones, E. Jones, W. Brittain. Kennedy, B. E. Langley Mill Society. Lawrence, W. F., M.P. Lawrenson, Mrs. Livesey, G. London, The Right Rev. the Lord Bishop of. Longstaff, Dr. G. B. Lucas, F: L. Mackail, J. W. Mackenzie, J. S. Macmillan, G. Makovski, S. Manchester, The Right Rev. the Lord Bishop of. Mann, Tom. Marshall, Prof. A. Mather, J. Matheson, P. E. Martineau, Miss L. E. Martineau, The Rev. Dr. James. Mayne, Rear-Admiral R., M.P. Mocatta, F. W. Moxon, C. F. Muir, A. Naoroji, Hon. D. Nash, A. Neale, E. V. JSTelson, E. M. Neville, Ralph, M.P. Newell, — . Nickalls, Mrs. P. Orwin, J. F. Palmer, G. E. Parnell, W. Parry, 0. H. H. The late the Very Rev. Dean of St. Paul's. Pember, G. H. Pembroke, The Right Hon. the Earl of. Phillips, S. W. Pirie, F. Logie. Podmore, F. PoUington, Right Hon. Viscount. Potter, R. Pratt, Hodgson. Rawlings, A. Rawson, H. G. Ripon, Right Hon. the Marquis of. Robinson, A. Robinson, W. L. Rosebery, Right Hon. the Earl of. Schloss, D. F. Scrimgeour, W. Sharland, Miss. Sidgwick, A. Simpson, "W. Simonds, R. H. Smith, G. A. Smith, S., M.P. Stamford, The Earl of. Stocks, L. Sullivan, Sir Arthur. Tangyes, Messrs. Tattdn, R. G. Thompson, W. W. Thompson, Mrs. Percy. Thomson and Sons. Thomson, B. K. Timson, J. Tollemache, H. J., M.P. Trower, H. S. Underwood Coal Society. Vivian, H. H. Wedgwood, A. " A¥oUwisher, A." Whitelaw, T. Williams, Aneurin. Wilson, H. J.,M.P. List or Societies Membees. Agricultural and Horticultural Association. Aloester Needle Society. Brighton Artisans' Society. Co-operative Builders' Society. Coventry Watch Society. Ecoles Quilt Society. Edinburgh Printing Society. Gorton Sundries Society. Hebden Bridge. Fustian Society. Finohley Hosiery Society. Keighley Ironworks Society. . Kettering Boot Society. Leicester Boot and Shoe Society. London Productive Society. Leicester Hosiery Society. Northamptonshire Productive Society. Norwich Boot and Shoe Society. Paisley Manufacturing Society. Scotch Tweed Society. Sheffield Cutlery Society. Airedale Worsted Society. Midland Tinplate Society. Wm. Thomson and Sons, Limited. Walsall Padlock Society. Burnley Self-Help Society. Productive Federation. General Builders. Coal Porters' Society. Co-operative Bookbinders. APPENDIX OXXIX. Sabden Company. Hebden Bridge FUstian Manufacturing. Leicester Hosiery. Sheepshed Hosiery. Eocles Manufacturing. Leek Silk Twist Manufacturing. Airedale Manufacturing, Bradford. Northamptonshire Productive, Wollaston. Labour Association. List or successful Societies in existence; BEroRE 1883. Dudley Nail Manufacturing. Coventry Watch Manufacturing. Sheffield Cutlery. Manchester Co-operative. Dumfermline Manufacturing. Paisley Manufacturing. Edinburgh Printing Company. J 78448. Od 290 BOYAL COMMISSION ON LABOUR : APPENDIX OXXX. List of Co-operative Peodugtive Societies sharing Profits and Management WITH Workers. 1 1^ Xame. •3 |: 1 j 1 ^ •1' S s 1 Tear ending. 1 Bemarks, 1860 Bccles Manufacturing Society - £ 20,450 £ 311 £ 98 £ 22,664 £ 500 e 1,149 £ £ 1891 1862 Paisley Manufacturing Society - 60,326 1,014 250 39,067 1,194 6,069 - 566 June 30, 1892 1867 Agricultural, 4o., Association 86,326 3,057 126 4S,077 4,371 4,230 _, . 'fes July 30, 1892 1869 Manchester Printing Society 63,149 607 330 32,126 6,691 6,030 - 4^7 1891 1 ^ 1870 Hebdeu Bridge Fustian Society 43,184 742 260 23,689 4,205 5,876 - 618 Dec. 31,1892 1872 Airedale 'Worsted Manufacturing Sctelety. Dunfermlineattanufaotunng Society - 14,100 265 30 3,797 669 913 - 36 Dec. 31,1892 1872 1,006 95 16 1,002 203 101 - 11 1891 1872 North Seaton Parming Society 649 104 - 330 {sic) 2,333 195 92' - - 1891 1873 Walsall Padlock Society 14,722 63 200 1,203 1,029 - 700 Dee. 31, 1891 1873 Sheffield Cutlery Society 2,121 66 60 612 350 273 - 19 June 30, 1892 1873 Newcastle Furnishing Society 14,255 73 93 15,657 — 605 - - Sept. 30, 1891 Division of profits not stated. 1873 Edinburgh Printing Society 9,487 139 73 15,766 1,000 995 - 199 1891 1874 Leek Silk Twist Society 8,985 41 41 1,796 158 301 - 86 1891 1874 Dudley Nailmakers' Society 300 12 15 52 - 2 - - 1891 1876 Coventry Watchmakers' Society 3,990 106 40 2,006 667 198 - 70 - 1876 Leicester Hosiery Society 24,086 297 180 16,456 680 1,020 - 44 June 30, 1892 1881 Northamiitonshire Boot Society 16,982 43 129 1,764 200 633 - 274 1891 1882 Midland Nailmakers' Society 356 8 15 268 18 26 - - 1891 1883 Asiington Farm Society 1,217 281 - 3,381 - 35 - - 1891 Division of profits not stated. 1884 Hinckley Hosiery Society 1,463 60 - 240 - 30 - - 1891 1885 London Bookbinders' Society 587 81 6 408 4 - 24 -' Deo. 31,1891 1885 Norwich Boot itnd Shoe Society 2,000 198 16 352 3 80 - 6 1891 1886 Co-operative Sundries Manufactui'ing Society. Keighley Ironworks Society 12,127 .174 50 5,213 - - 107 34 Oct. 8, 1892 1885 5,361 200 24 5,467 150 490 - 34 Dec 31,1892 1886 Finedon Boot and Shoe Society . 19,881 27 134 2,127 - 697 - - 1891 Division of, prOflts not staled. 1886 W. Thomson and Sons •■ 31,883 236 130 17,716 160 1,672 - 463 Dec. 31,1892 1886 Burnley Self-Help Society 57,755 270 200 6,993 679 998 - 137 Dec. .31,1892 1887 Leicester Boot and Shoe Society 33.000 866 250 6,666 800 1,934 - 678 Dee. 31, 1892 1887 Walsall Cart-Gear Society 576 22 8 220 — 31 - — 1891 1887 Midland Tinplate Society 3,332 78 60 917 - - 134 — 1890 1887 Baunds Boot and Shoe Society 14,529 19 160 1,290 312 842 - -4'- 1891 bivislion of proftts ' not stated. 1887 London Productive Society 2,724 162 10' 2,547 - 73 - '- Dec; 31,1892 1888 Tingdene Boot and Shoe Society 12,033 26 - 647 - 55 - ■- ■ 1890 '. .1 1888 Alcester Needle Society 699 124 25 1,049 21 29 - - . Deo; 31, 1891 ■ ■ i .: 1888 Dudley Bucket and Fender Society - 6,841 19 30 929 167 493 - 166 1891, 1 1888 Kettering Boot and Shoe Society 17,471 358 150 3,083 219 1,276 - 430 July 6, 1892 , t 1888 Bromsgrove Nail Forgers' Society : 398 145 38 283 32 21 - - Dec. 31,1891 1888 Brighton Artisans' Society 102 35 23 32 - 2 - - 1891 1888 Co-operative Builders' Society (Brix- ton). Bristol Pioneers' Boot Society - 25,946 180 170 4,056 908 216 - - 1891 1889 4,249 77 - 826 - - 30 - 1891 1890 Scotch Tweed Manufacturing Society 19,972 355 100 24,934 112 886 - - Oct. 29,1892 1890 1890 Atherston Hat Society - Hinckley Boot Society 5,362 64 21 56 1,822 270., 50 177 1891 1891 Division of profits not stated. Betum incomplete. 1891 Lye Sheet-iron Works Society 4,466 92 40 1,219 ■■ ~ ' - - - 1891 1891 1892 Bradford Cabinet Makers' Society - Nottingham Tailors' Society - 1,875 165 49 10 9 443 173 26 68 4 _ — 1891 Division of profits not stated. Only twelve weeks. 1892 London Leather Manufacturers' Society. 122 — ' 11 172 — 7 — - - One quarter. «66,«83 il,050 3,65? 326,839 24,948 37,896 296 5,826 ■•■■■' ■ ,. • . ' . Deduct 143,783 being I can Cap ital ijpon which interest has been allowed before ' 1 , , . [calculating profit. It on the same made being about 20 per cent. Tot il Share Clapital 183,056 the ave page prof APPENDIX.^— WHOLE COMMISSION. 291 TSsw SocuiiEs. 1892 1892 1892 1892 1892 1892 Walsall Horse Collar Society. Bo'ness Pottery Society. Walsall Bridle Bit Society, Qeneral Builders' (libndon) Society. London Coal Porters' Society. Union Confectioners' Society. 1892 1892 1892 1893 1892 1892 Name. Shirtmake^s' (London) Society. Sheffield Tailors' Society. Brownfield's Guild Pottery Society. Liverpool Tailors' Society. Medway Barge Builders' Society. Scotch Go-operative Wholesale Society. APPENDIX CXXXI. Leading Features connected with the History op some of the Co-operative Societies. The foUowiiig particulars from certain societieB are Belected to show how various are the conditions under which many of them start, and go to prove that the principle is applicable in a large number of different circumstances. The Wolverhampton Plate Locksmiths is an instance of a society failing, registered in 1864, its object being to raise the condition of the workers in the trade, the average wages being not more than 12s. per week. The society started with a capital of 131., but the society was so well managed that by October 1864 they had over 50 men at work, the total employed in the trade being only about 250. The employers became alarmed, and endeavoured to ruin the society by reducing prices below the cost of production, and by trying to prevent them from getting raw material and by discharging their shareholding employees. The public came to their aid, and, amongst others, Mr. J. S. Mill, and they survived. In- 1877 they had 120 men at work, over 100 of whom were shareholders holding from 30 to 40 shares each, and they were earning double the wages they had earned previous to the society starting. But a great depression came in the trade. This led to an accumulation of stock, owing to misjudgment, and as trade did not revive they could not meet their liabilities with cash, and being pressed for payment they went into ' liquidation, although " virtually solvent." The Paisley Manufacturing Society was started in 1862 by a few . weavers and others that had had some experience in co-operative distribution, and has been a success from the commencement. The society manu- factures drefes stuffs, skirtings, &c. The consumers are strongly represented in this society, and receive a large share of the profits. In 1870 the capital was 1,177Z., and sales 2,463i. In 1891 the capital was 33,754Zi, and sales 48,361?. The Walsall' Padlock society is an instance ofi co- operative production being very successful in a sweated industry. Starting in 1872 with a capital of 83J., it now claims to be doing two-thirds of the total trade. It is purely a producers' society, and sends its goods into various parts of i the world. The society was the result of a strike, and met with great opposition from the masters. When the society was started it was the custom in the trade for most of the work to be, done in small workshops .or in the homes of the workers, but the society has led the way in centralising the work, and has built what is undoubtedly one of the finest look factories in the neighbourhood, and only 20 out of the 200 workers employed are now out-workers. The society has frequently helped other workers in the trade to improve their position, and pays a higher rate of wages than other firms, often amounting to 10 per cent. > ■ The capital in 1891 was 2,333Z., trade 14,722Z., and profit 1,0291-, 7001. of which went to the workers, being about 10 per cent, on wages earned. The Coventry Watch Society is an instance of success in high-class work. The society was started by a small number of working watchmakers, and registered in 1876. The trade has steadily increased. The workers control the Society. Eeductions in the price of work have taken place, but were accepted by the workers without any friction whatever. The Burnley Self-help Cotton Spinning Manufac- turing Society was registered in 1886, and deserves special attention, for two reasons: First, because of the fact that the workers guarantee the interest on capital out of their wages; secondly, they have, since 1889, themselves agreed to a fixed manager for ten years. The workers paid two half-year's- losses, amounting to 10 per cent, of their wages earned during the previous six months in each case ; and on another occasion losses amounting to 16J per cent, on the wages earn,ed in the previous quarter. Since 1889 the society has greatly improved its financial position, and, besides wiping off all previous losses, has placed to reserve fund over l,0O0Z., and has paid a share of profit to workers and customers. The society employs. 200 workpeople. Tbe Scottish Co-operative Wholesale Society is a consumers' society ttat has gradually adopted our principle. For some years they have given a bonus to their workers, but did not allow them to take shares or participate in management. They have, within the last two months, amended their rules, so that the workers ■ may take shares and ca/pitalise their profit, allowing them to elect one delegate for each 150 working shareholders. As these rules affect some 3,000 workers, we think this is a great advance, and more especially seeing that the Labour Association has for some years been striving to secure the same rights for the workers employed by the English Co-operative Wholesale Society, but up to now that body has declared such a step to be impracticable. Wm. Thomson and Sons is an instance of a private employer converting his business into a society upbii our basis. As Mr. Thomson has already given evidence before the Commission,* little remains to be Said, except that when Mr. Thomson presented his evidence be could not report that'^hey had made much profit to divide. We wish 'to say that in each financial year since that time they ha\e shared considerable profits among the workers ; ,'in 1891, amounting to lOd., and in 1892, Is. 3(i. in the £ on labour. * /See Minutes of Evidence, Vol. ii., Group C. Oo 2 292 ROYAL COMMISSION ON LABOUR : APPENDIX CXXXIi. Details concekning Strikes in Co-operative Workshops. Memorandum from tlie Leic£stee Co-opebative Boot AND Shoe Manupactueins Society, Limited, to the Co-oPEEATivji Society, Laboub Association, Leicester, November 1st, 1892. GZNTR, Ee yours of the 27th. I only know to one strike at C.W.S., previous to 1876, the year we started. A year or two ago the girls were out on strike for a few days. And this year the whole of the workpeople struck against one of the foremen. Independent of the oases mentioned above, there has been hundreds of cases at C.W.S. where the trade oflBcials have had to be called in to insist on the workmen being paid the right price for his work. It is a well-known fact a few years ago the name of O.W.S. used to appear on onr trade balance sheet oftener than that or any private manufacturer, for men paid for loss of time ihrongh having work in dispute. Tou ask, could I give you any evidence of the effects of our system upon the character of the workers. First, you would find a higher moral tone in our workshops to that of any similar establishment in Leicester, and you would not find 10 per cent, of the gambling that exists at the average workshops of the town. We find, from ex- perience that our workers, as their interest in the society increases (which it does automatically), take a far more intelligent interest in its managenent and welfare, and are more anxious to join other progressive movements. All our workmen are members of the trade union on principle. Yet the society has never cost the Union a penny during the whole time we have been in existence. It only requires that similar societies to our own be established in every trade. Then trade unions, instead of wasting their funds in strikes, would be able to go into co-operative produc- tion, and existing difficulty between capital and labour would be on the highway to a permanent solution. Tours respectfully, (Signed) R. Potteb. Statement op Case op the Leicester Wohkees lately on Strike at the Wholesale Society's West- End Boot and Shoe Wobks. The workers express themselves as greatly aggrieved by the wilful misrepresentation to which they have been subieoted, and by the difficulty tbey experience in getting their real grievances properly before their actual employers and the co-operative public. They denounce as untrue the official paragraph which appeared in the " Co-operative News," stating that the strike was a technical difficulty amongst themselves, and not against the management. They assert it was entirely a strike against ' the management and was the outcome of long-standing grievances and many com- plaints. They state that before they were driven to strike their complaints to the nianagement were systematically concealed or perverted, and that the workmen who complained were cowed by threats, or cajoled or bullied. They instance the complaints in the clicking depart- ment which were published in the " Oo-operative News ' ' as far back as April»— May last. They speak in the strongest terms of Mr. Butcher's statements at the London meeting on May 29th that he knew nothing of those grievances. They assert that, on the contrary, he called the men together the evening before that meeting, and did his best to terrify them into withdrawing their complaints by threatening libel proceedings, winding up by saying he should go to London and tell the delegates that nothing of the kind complained of existed, and that the men were all satisfied. He was told in reply that the foreman had ndmitted the existence of the evils, and that if the evils were not known to him (Mr. Butcher) before, they were now. He only pooh-poohed this, and repeated his declared intention to put his foot down on it, &o. The men say they felt then very strongly the way they were being dealij with, and thought of sending to the meeting through me, a telegram containing the facts, but that Mr. Butcher's manner had cowed many of them at the moment. The men admit that the Board have made inquiry into some of their complaints, but they say it has been done in such a way as would lead to nothing better thnn a momentary smoothing ovep of difficulties. They say the foremen and manager are heard at full length in the absence of the men, and then the men are called down to be told that the committee regret there has been a little unpleasantness lately, but hope a bettei* state of things now exists, &c. This " outs the ground," they say, " from under their feet," making them appear anxious to open an old wound if they tittempt to go into the facts of their late complaints, and so they have never been able to get their real feelings either before the delegates or the Board. They charge Mr. Hind, especially, with constantly misrepresenting them and_ their complaints, and afterwards at inter- views with the committee, &c., preventing them from discussing and making known their real views. Passing to the dispute which eventually culminated in the late strike, they say the grievance goes back a ,-long time, at least 10 years before the adoption of the present agreed list of working prices in November 1885 and February 1886. Shortly stated, it is not a question of prices ur of disputes between two sections of workers as has been asserted, but is an objection to the plan adopted at the West End works of playing ofl" two Ipodies of workers against each other, so as to screw down and injure both. The men assert that years ago whilst the old list was in force, the authorities at the West End works com- menced to employ a "sweater "of the name of * * * to take out work to the village of Enderby, and get it done there by village hands at prices below the rates then agreed to between the Wholesale Society aiid the Trades Unions at Leicester. As it has been deided on behalf of the Wholesale, that Mr. * * * was a "sweater," I quote upon this point the words of the employees as literally as possible. They say "Mr. * * * had the work (given) out " to himself. He booked the work out (at Enderby) at " any price he liked to give, and to anybody he could " get to do it. He also bought all grindery, and com- " polled his hands to buy it from him or have no work " to do, and he charged them 3d. per lb. more for bras* " than the retail price in Leicester." This arrangement with Mr. * * * having been some time ago publicly denounced, was professedly abolished, but of this the men say : — " Now see the effect when the manager had done away with the middleman. It was not one whit the better for the workers, for the manager simply trans- ferred the profit from Mr. * * * to the society, who bought a horse and van and conveyed the work to and fro themselves. They got rid of the middleman but kept up the system for their own benefit, and this is how they were enabled to boast about abolishing the middleman at Leicester." In connection with this statement, the hands very strongly denounce Mr. Hind's assertion in the "Co- operative News " of March 1st, 1885, that never since the works started had there been a middleman of whom the committee had any cognisance. They add that Mr. Butcher, when he first returned to the manage- ment, admitted this evil of the middleman, stating that he saw the evil and intended to put his foOt down on it, and keep it down. This being their statement of the original grievance, the workers proceed to say that about a year ago their grievance being pressed by them, they were told in reply that they (the workers) were being paid more for their work in Leicester under the then °' statement " or agreed list than was being paid by private workshops in the town. _ To meet this they agreed to a rediiced " statement," with the understanding from the manager " that he would not ti-y to undersell our labour in the " future by sending it into tho country at a reduced '■ rate from our price," They proceed to say this understanding was broken. First. By the work being by-and-bye again booked out at Enderby below the " statement " iprices. Second. By th« same thing being attempted at Leicester. When the men receiving the work at Leicester resented the attempt, they were told they could either take the work at the incorrect price or leave it, and it would be sent out to be done in the country. As this brings me to the actual cause of the strike I will very carefully quote the facts as given by the workers. They say that work was given out to be APPENDIX. — WHOLE COMMISSION. 293 done at Enderby under vn-ong classifications. Thus work, which at Leicester was admitted to be first-olass, was given out at Enderby as second-class work ; whilst work which at Leicester was classified second, was girejj out at Enderby as third and fourth. This difference in olassifioation made a great reduction in the wages paid. But beyond this " extras " were not properly allowed. As regards these they explain that the list is compiled by fixing a " groundwork " price for all classes of goods, and that additions are made for the extra work required -to be put into more complicated boots aud shoes. Thus — Plain side-spring boots may be 5». per dozen, and this 5s. will then be the " groundwork" price. Then lace boots will be, say 6d. per dozen extra; buttons, 6d. ; puft" toe. Is. ; leather lined, Is^ ; broad welts, M. and 9d. ; high leg, 6d., and so on. In giving out work at Enderby, they say it would be often booked out at " groundwork " prices When extras ought to have been allowed, which would have nlade a difference in the wages paid of from 10 to 40 per cent. Thus nominally the list was adhered to, but really broken in practice. As regards the attempts at Leioostar, the hands say that " scores of times during the past 12 months the " men at Leicester have had work booked out to them " at leas than the list price, and when they have asked ■' for the correct price, they have been told that if they *' insist on having that price the work will go to the " country to be made. Time after time men have taken " work back upon the West-End works refusing to " pay the list price, and it has been sent into the " country to be made at a reduction." " vi.bout 14 days before the strike a man at Leicester received a dozen of boots out to rivet, booked to him at less than list price. He went back to ask for correct list price, when the foreman told him if he wanted that price to bring the work back at once. Turning then to a boy at his side, the foreman told him to go and fell the booker-up not to book up any more work of that class for Leicester, but send it all to the country. During that week several more men had work booked out to them below list prices. " The result was the men decided to elect a deputa- tion to wait on the manager for explanations. The meeting took place on September 14th. Mr. Butcher and Mr. Hind were present. The men stated their case and pressed to know on what principle the men were paid at Enderby ? Mr. Butcher replied ' any price the men at Enderby liked to ask for,' by which the deputation understood that the men at Enderby had to look after themselves to obtain proper prices. But Mr. Butcher added that the Wholesale did not send the work to Enderby on purpose to get it done cheaper than at Leicester. Eventually the interview ended by Mr. Butcher saying, in the presence of Mr. Hind, that the Wholesale were perfectly willing to pay the men at Enderby the same list price as was paid at Leicester, charging only for the cost of con- veying the goods out and in by van, and that if the Enderby men disapproved of the charges for conveyance, the option would be given them of delivering their own work." This being perfectly satisfactory the deputation with- drew, and communicated the result arrived at to the men at Enderby, who held a meeting on September 16th, and declaring themselves much gratified at the result, resolved that, in future, they would act in unison with the men at Leicester for the maintenance of their common rights. Next day (September 17th) the Enderby men sent a deputation to the West-End works to have the under- standing properly confirmed with themselves. Mr. Butcher met this deputation before it reached his office, and refused to discuss matters with them in Leicester, saying he wanted to see them privately, and was coming over to Enderby on Tuesday, Septem- ber 21st. On the Monday, however, he had the foreman over from Enderby and told him to make the following proposals to the men at Enderby on the Tuesday morning. , . 1st. They could have the same list prices as the men at Leicester; but they must allow Is. per dozen carriage oh the Work, and they would not be permitted to employ boys to help them. 2nd. They could continue as they were receiving vaiying prices as bargained for and arranged from time to'time. ' '' 3rd. If they would not accept either Of these two alternatives no more work would be sent out to Enderby. The foreman who convoyed the proposal added tliat the men at Leicester did not care about the men at Enderby receiving same prices as themselves ; but that what they wanted was to stop the work going to Enderby altogether. He insisted, too, on an immediate reply to the proposals, thus giving the men at Enderby no opportunity to compare notes with their co-workers at Leicester. On the above ofEers the Leicester men remark that the first was a monstrous proposal to overcharge, as Is. per dozen for conveying boots and delivery of work would amount to a deduction of 20 per cent, on the wages for some classes of work. They add, too, that this and the second were both breaches of the under- standing arrived at with themselves five days before. The condition that the Enderby men would be allowed to employ boys if they worked below list, but not if they insisted on being paid full list prices was a temptation to " sweating " in the eyes of the men. They proceed : — " Tou need not be surprised. Sir, to " hear that the men at Enderby, most of them men with " families, finding themselves threatened with loss of " their work, and seeing no possibility of obtaining " further employment in the village, decided to accept " Mr. Butcher's terins, to break off with the men at " Leicester, and in future act as best they could for " themselves." The Leicester deputation went over to Enderby on Tuesday, September 21st, to learn the final issue of the negotiations, and, hearing the above facts from the Enderby men, returned home, called a meeting of the men after work at night and told them what they had heard. The woi'kors at Leicester were so exasperated by the proceedings of the foreman, and stung by the apparent deceptions of the manager, that they would not even wait to be drawn off in the usual routine by the officers of the Union, but resolved unanimously to strike work until the men at Enderby were conceded the same price for the same class of work as is paid at Leicester. Two da,ys later on, Thursday, September 23rd, a very large meeting was held of the branch of the Union, when it was unanimously resplved to support the West- End men in their strike. During the next 12 days deputations met the manager and the directors of the Wholesale and made them acquainted with the facts and the views of the men. On Tuesday, October 5th, Mr. Butcher met the President of the Union and representatives of the men, and in their presence signed an undertaking to pay the men at Enderby full list prices for the same class of W^ork as paid to the men at Leicester, never deducting more than 6d. per dozen in any case for conveyance of the boots to and fro. On the same evening at a meeting of the Enderby men, held at the local store, the men of Leicester were thanked £or the action they had taken to secure to the men of Enderby their rights. The Leicester representatives repeat very emphatically that it is perfectly false to say they have any objection to, or quarrel with, the men at Enderby. They only object to this system of lowering the Enderby wages and then using the reductions to lower wages at Leicester. The men say that if these facts are denied, they challenge the production of the books at Enderby and Leicester, and pledge themselves thereupon to produce a hundred witnesses to prove the truth of their assertions. Compiled from the statements of the workers by Edwaed Owen Geeening. Memorandum from the Leicester Oo-opbeative Boot AND Shob Manupactueing Sooiety, Limited, to the Oo-oPEEATivE Society. Deae Sibs, May 5th, 1891. Tours of the 3rd to hand. The first question you ask is : How many workers from the West End have joined our society ? — From 150 to 200. 2nd question. How many have come to work for us from first to last ? — Forty-three. 3rd. How many have come of their own choice P The whole of them. 4th. How many have come because they were dis- charged by C.W.S. ? — None. 5th. How many have come back of their own free will ?— One. r John Pottbe, President To Mr. E. 0. Greening. IB. I*otteb, Secretary. Oo 3 294 BpYAL COMMISS,ION ON LABOUR: APPENDIX OXXXIII. Figures showinq the Effects of shaeing the Result with Labouk in accordancb with THE Labour Association principle, in comparison with the Effect of dividing the Results amongst Consumers. The figures selected are tlioge connected with the working of the English Go-operative Wholesale Society's Shoe Works at Leicester. The following shows the effect of ^dividing results >; amongst cnnsiunerg : — £ g. - 22,047 The total wages paid for the quarter ending June 1890, were Assuming the workers had desired an eight-hour day by extra diligence, the extra diligence would have represented 2,450 This would first be sent to Manchester and merged in the total profit of the quarter, which amounted to - - 60,337 And would have added about 4 per cent, to it. The total is then divided amongst the community of stores, and Leicester, of course, gets its share, which amounts to - - - - 98 The efiect on this sum by the extra diligence of the workers at the shoe works is an increase of about - - 4 This is,, , then divided i; amongst the £ s. members of the store, numbering 8,008. The workers at the shoe works numbered 1,105, so that (assuming they were all members of the store) their share would be about •, - 11 So that by working equivalent to one hour per day extra the porkers could shorten their day by about three-quarters of a second. The following figures show the effect of dividing: the same result in accordance with Labour Association principles as carried out by the rules of the Eagle Brand Society at Leicester : — £ Sum taken - - - - 2,450 This would have been allotted as follows : — , To Provident, Education, and Eeoreation Funds 360 , ,, Workers and Committee - - - 1,040 ,, Reserve - - . - . 400 „ Capital - - - - - 200 „ Custom - - , - - . 400 For the actual division practised by this Society, tee Minutes of Evidence (Whole Commission), questions 7547-53, pp. 520-1. APPENDIX CXXXIV. Table of actual Results from Work Books of the Oil Gake Mill at Deptpped, showing increased efficiency of Production. The following facts are taken from the books of the Agricultural and Horticultural Association at Deptford :— Commenced to manufacture oil cake, April, 1888, with machinery calculated to produce 35 tons per week. ' ' The association engaged men from a liiiseed mill. They bad been accustomed to turn out from 24 to 28 tons a week with the old firm. ' ' The following figures give the output of the men on the maobinery of the association : — 1888. May production, 21 tons per week. June ,, 23 ,, October ,, 26 After this date a bonus on production was added. 1888. November production, 31 tons per week. Up to this time the loss had been 9L Is. 9d. per week. 1889. February production reached 46 tons per week.' 1889. April production reached 52 tons per week. The net profit was now 351. 14s. 9d. per weejs. 1889. July 31st the books were balanced, and showed the workers were entitled to a share of profit of 2«. in the £ on wages, which amoulitqd. to about Sj. to a full journeyman. 1889. August production, 57 tons per week. 1890. A' new press was added, calculated to produce 60 tons a week ; this produced at the time these figures were extracted 70 tons a week. ' APPENDIX CXXXV. Actual Effect of Bonus on Production on the Workers' Remuneration. First pressman, originally a labourer, at - Regular wages now Bonus on production Share of profit - Second pressman, original w»ges Wages now Bonus on production - Share qf profit . . . Third pressman, original wages Wages now Bonus on production Share of profit Fourth pressman, original wages Wages now - - - - Bonus on production Share of profit . - . £ g. d. £ s. d. 1 12 5 3 3 . . 1 10 4 5 3 1 8 ^4 5 2 9 1 3 6 2 14 -2 .0 3 ',0L"8 1 17 1 7 1 15 1 15 6 Pirsji yputh. vages - Boiius on production - Share of profit Second' youth, wages now - Bonus on production Share of profit Boy wages - - - Bonus on production ' Share of profit r Total. boniie earned on production in IS'ovember, and December, 1888 . - - ' Total bonus earned on production .-. in November and December. , 1890 - - , . ,,. '. £ «. d. £ s. d. ■ 18 2 2 0; 1 10 -'■ 12 6 19 13 - 8 19' , 10 ' 12 15 6 10 7 1 10 3 11 19 10 PPENDIX.— WHOLK COSlMriiSiON'. 295 APPE NDIX O XXXVI. RiMARKs from one of the British Societies upon the effects of Co-opbeative Puoduction in dereloping temperal/^, pTOjridsnt, and other good habits. Asf in tabulating the Appendices, this document was not found to be in the possession of the'Oommission, Mr. Vivian was applied to for a copy, y In q,iletter d,atied September 28th, he stated as follows :— " The remark We intended to have put in as being more important " than the others was as follows : ' Tou would not find ' one-tenth of the gambling amongst the workers in ' our society that you would find amongst workers '■ ' engaged in the same industry outside.'— G. D." APPENDIX OXXXVII. Facts concerning the Pamilistbee, at Guise, which is oeganised upon thb Basis o? f sharing Ebsults between Capital and Labour, founded by Mj G-odin. v.: It is an iron foundry, employing over 1,500 workers.; started sharing pi^ofits in 1877 ; took the worlsers. into partnership ,in 1880. The amount standing to their credit at that date was 10,490J., the total capital being 184,OOOZ. Method adoptedfor division of results— 5 per cent, is first ^aid on capital! ; of the remainder, 25 per cent, to int,elligenoa, 75 per cent, to labour and capital, jpra raid on the salaries of each. Since the foundation of the association — ' '■ ■ £ Capital has received above its wages - 122,222 Labour, besides its wages - - 128,458 Insurance fond - - - , - 22,544 The whole of the capital has now passed into the hands of the workers. Spent on education aniiually, V,600l. A member of ' the association earning 4s. a day will, at the end of 30 years'- work, find himself in the following monetary pbsition : — ' ' Shares in the' society - Yielding, per annum, with interest and profit - - - - Entitled to receive from pensiqn, fund, per annum - - - , - Total income £ s. 540 d. 30 : 36 10 £64 10 0. APPENDIX CXXVII. Conspiracy Law Amendment. A But TO AMEND THE LaW OP OoNSPIRACy. (Prepared and brought in by Mr. Edward Sobertson, Mr. Shaw Lefevre, Mr. Broddhwrst, and Mr. William Hunter.) Ordered, by The House of Cbmmona, to be Printed, 26 November 1890. Memorandum. A Biil to amend the Lav or Conspiracy. By the, Conspiracy and Protection of Property Act, 1876, it is provided (section 3) that "an agreement or " combination by two or more persons to do or procure " to be done any act in aontemplation or fiirthereunce of " a trade dispute between emphyers and worhmen Shall " not be indictable as a conspiracy, if such act com- " mitted by one person would not be punishable as a " crime." The object of this Bill is to make the foregoing enactment general by omitting the words, ^printed in italics. The other provisions of section 3 of the Conspiracy and Protection of Property Act,< 1876, are reproduced in clause 3 of the Bill, with some alterations, the most important of which is the : introduction .of certain additional exceptions, y'^z.,: conspiraaies. to bring, false accusations, conspiracies to pervert justice, conspiracies to defile women, conspiracies to defraud, amd Conspiracies to prevent by force the collection of rates anditaaes.. The clause will thus declare the law bf criminal conspiracy substantially in the terms proposed by the OriminaL Code Bill Commissioners (Lord Blackburh, Lord Justice Barry, the late Lord Justice iLush, and Mr. Justice Stephen) in 1879. The Conimissioners reported as follows on the provisions relating tp this subject in the Draft Code appended to their Eepprt :— " We have taken the responsibility of. recpmniending that crimes should no longer be indictable at common law, but only under the provisions of the iDraft, Code or some other Act in force for the time;beii}g Section 5 lirillthus have ,the effect of preventing ■mdict- ments at common law for conspiracy. The sections of the Draft Cpde which deg.1 with this subject comprise treasonable conspiracies (se.qtion 79), seditious cpn- spiraoies (section 102), conspiracies to bring false accu8p,tions (section 126), conspiracies tp pervert justice (sectipn 127), conspiracies to defile women (section 149), conspiracies to murder , (section, 180), conspiracies to defraud (section 284), conspiracies to commit indictable offences (sections 419, 420), and conspiracies to prevent by force the collection of rates and taxes (section 421) . . . " There is not, perhaps, any distinct authority for the proposition that there , are at common la,w any crimijipal ponspiracies other than those referred tp, but some, degree of obscurity, exists on the subject. An agreemen,t to do, an unlawful act has been said to, be a conspiracy, but as no definition h^s, been foun,4 of what constitutes unlawfulness, it seems to us unsatisfactory that there should be any indictable offence of which the elements should be left in uncertainty and doubt." Amendment of the law of con- apiracy. Bp, it enacted by the .Queen's most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows : 1. This Act may be cited as the Conspiracy Law Short title. Amendment Act, 189 1 . 2. This Act shall come into operation on the fi/rst day of September one thousaiid eight hundred and ninety-one, 3. Subject to the provisions of this Act an agreement or combinntion by two or more persons to do or procure to be done any act shall not be punishable as a consiraoy if such act committed by one person would not be punishable as a crime. Nothing in this Aoc shall affect the law relating to riot, unlawful assembly, breach of the peace or sedition, or any offence against thp State or, the Sovereign, or to conspiracies to bring false accusations, cpnspLracies to pervert justice, conspiracies to defile wpn;i.en, con- spiracies to defrand, or conspiracies to prevent by force the collection of rates and taxes., A crime for the purpose of this Act means an offence punishable on indictment, or an offence ' which is punishable on sunlinary conviction, and for the com- mission of which the oflfender is liable under the statute making the offenofe punishable to be impris,oned' either absolutely or at the discretion of the Court as an alternative for some other punishment. When a person is ponvjctpd, of an agreement or combination to^do or procure tp, be done an act -yrhich is ptmi^hablei only on summary conviction, and is sentenced to, imprisonment, (the imprisonment shall not exceed -.three, months or such longer time, if a,ny, as may have been prescribed by the statute for the punishment of the, said act wheni . committed by one person. , ,)./ .;, . ; - 4. For the purposes of the seventh section of the Conspiracy and Protection of Property Act, 1875, inti- midation shall mean and include only sttch intimidation as would justify a justice .of the ^eace on complaint made to him in binding over the person so intimidating to Iteep the peace. ■ 5. The third section of the Conspiracy 3.nd Protection Repeal, of Property Act, 1876, is hereby repealed as from the commencement of this Act. Intimida- tion. Oo 4 296 ROYAL COMMISSION ON LABOUR: APPENDIX CXXXVIII. The London County Council's Wages Bill. MAEKBT BATE OE FANCY EATS. Memokanddm omginally pkinted fob the use of Membees op the London County Council, and since eevised WITH CONSIDEEABLE ADDITIONS UP TO DECEMBEE, 1892. By SiE T. H. Faeeee, Bart. Action op the, Council with ekspect to Laboue IN the Paeks. Oil the 21st October, 1890, the Council resolved— not on the report of any Committee, or -with any estimate before them, but npon a bare notice of motion — " That " as regards the employees attached to the Asylums, " Schools, Parks, Fire Brigade, Main Drainage stations " and other places where continuous service is abso- " lutely necessary, the details and hours of service " shall be arranged so as to afford a reasonable relief " from Sunday labour." An amendment to the effect " That a previous report " should be obtained from the Committee^ concerned " as to the practicability and extra expense of giving " one day's rest in seven, with power to make alter- " native suggestions" was summarily rejected. Few, if any, members of the Council would be found to oppose the principle of Sunday rest. But if the members of the Council had been as cautious men of business as they were well-intentioned, they would scarcely have determined upon a change, which might prove to be a very sweeping change, without some careful report on its practicabilitj', on its probable cost, on the effect it would have on the remuneration of its existing servants, and on their feelings towards it. The Council, however, determined on the change with- out any precautions of this kind. On the 5th May, 1891, the Council, on the report of the Parks Committee, shortened the hours of their employees and increased their wages, making the wages of the gardeners 27s. a week for 48 hours in the three winter months, and 28s. for 54 hours a week in the remaining nine months, with 6ld. an hour for overtime, when required. They also made the wages of ordinary park constables 24s. a week for 48 houra in the three winter months, and 54 hours a week in the nine other months, with overtime at 6d. an hour, and a uniform valued at 51. 10s. a year. The Council also increased the park labourers' wages by a sum estimated at about 514Z. a year. The report of the Committee on which this action of the Council was founded, estimated the expense of labour necessary to make up overtime at 1,800Z. a year, and they expressed their opinion that the increase of wages above mentioned would make up to the men for the loss of Sunday pay. A motion was made to refer the report back to the Committee, but it was rejected and the report was adopted en hloe. On the 3rd May, 1892, it was moved by Mr. Tims, and seconded by Mr. Henderson, that it be an instruc- tion to the Parks Committee to pay all labourers, gate- keepers, and constables in the Council's employ not less than 6d. an hour. The Chairman ruled that this motion, being a motion involving increase of expense, was out of order, and a resolution was carried that it be referred to the Parks Committee to bring up a report on the subject. On the 20th May, 1892, the architect made a report to the Parks Committee in which he stated that a great deal of extra labour had been employed to make up for overtime reduced, but that there was still a good deal of overtime ; and he estimated that the cost of labour necessary to make up for overtime and Sunday work would be 3,564Z., in lieu of the 1,800Z. which had been originally estimated by the Committee, and that the additional cost involved in making the rate of pay of all labourers and constables 6d. an hour would be 1,568Z. In addition to this the Clerk to the Council estimated the increased cost of paying caretakers of disused burial iirounds and constables on open spaces 6i. an hour, at 694Z., making, with the l,b68l. for constables and labourers in the parks, 2,162Z. Adding this to the 3,564Z. increase for extra labour to make up for overtime, we have an aggregate addition to the cost of the most ordinary kind of labour, in tbp parks caused by abolition of overtime and the adoption of a rate of wages not less than 6d. an hour, of 5,7261. or nearly 6,0002. a year, and this, it will be remembered, is in addition to whatever sum vas added to the wages of existing labourers by the resolution of the 5th May, 1891. No report has ever been made to the Council on the merits of the proposal to pay all men 6d. an hour,* an omission which, considering that it is one of the most important proposals ever submitted to the Council, does not say much for the administrative capacity of the Committee to which it was referred. But on the 14th October, 1892, the Parks Committee made a report concerning the men employed on certain small spaces taken over from the Metropolitan Gardens Association in April, 1890. These sp3,oes were taken over reluctantly and temporarily. When bther parishes were maintaining their own small open spaces, it was not considered fair to relieve the parishes in which these spaces were situate at the expense of the common fund. Lord Meath's Association had prudently em- ployed on these spaces men, often, I believe, in receipt of other means, at wages varying from 12s. to 22s. a week. But the report of the Parks Committee stated, without giving any reasons, that if the Council should determine to take over these places permanently, " it would he necessary to increase the amount allowed for " maintenance, which was based in 1890 on wages va/ry- " ing from 12s. to 228. a week, so that all able-bodied " men may receive 24s. a week," and they recommended therefore that this should be done until 31st October, 1894, thus increasing the expenditure on these spaces from 900Z. to 1,400Z. a year. This was a very remarkable recommendation, con- sidering that the Committee themselves only proposed to continue the arrangement till 1894; and that no reason whatever was given for the alleged necessity of the increase. On the contrary, the chairman himself stated in the Council that some of the men employed on these spaces had not enough to do. The report came on for consideration on the 25th October, under circumstances which precluded the possibility of a full and satisfactory debate, and the Council adopted it, only shortening the period from two years to one. Some hundreds a year have thus been wantonly added to the expenses of the Council, without any additional service rendered ; and the difficulty of get- ting the local authorities to undertake the management of these places has been increased. On the 8th July, 1892, the Parks Committee made a report in which, without any complete report of the above facts, without calling attention to the great and unexpected increase of expense caused by iheir previous recommendations, and without reference to the report of the architect, they simply recommended the Council to pay each labourer, gate-keeper, and day constable in their employ, 6d. an hour with half pay during sick- ness, and full pay during seven days' leave each year ; and this they said would cause an additional expendi- ture of about 1,828Z. a year. This is about 334Z. less than the estimate of the architect and clerk above referred to, and the difference is caused, I believe, by omitting the caretakers on disused burial grounds. But this is not explained in the report, and past experience shows that the anticipations of the Committee have not always been correct. The report was withdrawn on the 19th July on a point of order, but was again brought forward on the 15th November, 1892, without any fv/rthtr explanation ; without any reference to the ciA-cumstances mentioned in this memorandum,; and witliout amy reason for the •proposed increase of payment. It was nevertheless adopted by the Council. • On this point, see below. APPENDIX. — WHOLE COMMISSION. 297 Eesults : Additional Expense ; coupled WITH Discontent. It VFill be observed that the result of the well- intentioned action of the Council in reducing overtime and !:5uflday work, and adopting a minimum rate of 6d. an hour is to add between 5,000Z. and 6,000Z. to the Labour Bill of the Council — besides the further addi- tions made to the wages of the regular staff labourers by the resolution of the 5th May, 1891 , of the actual amount o£ which we are not informed. Now this would be a serious matter if it were a matter of expense alone. The aggregate pay of the whole staff of the parks, including the central staff, superior officers, gardeners and constables, and men and boys temporarily employed, is about 48,0002. a year, out of which the wages of ordinary gardeners and constables is between 24,000Z. and 25,0002. a year, and the above addition of 6,000Z. is nearly one-fourth of this latter sum. But this is not all. If the above action of the Council had produced contentment among their men, there would be something to be said in its favour. But though the Committee in their report of the 8th .Tuly, 1892, take no notice of the matter, this is very far from being the case. The architect's report of the 20th May, 1892, contains the following passages : — " The new regulations have not given satisfaction to the Councils employees. In fact, from reports made to me by the superintendents it is quite certain that the men prefer the old system of longer hours and more pay, and that they more especially object to standing off duty as a compensation for working on Saturday after- noons and Sundays, which system has become com- pulsory in order to comply with the rule that men shall not work more than six days in seven." , Trades Union oe Labobeeks oe the Council. A petition has lately been presented to the Council headed — " United London County Council Employees Labour Union. For Gardeners, Park-keepers, and Labourers, in which the petitioners, after stating themselves to be the employees in the parks, gardens, and open spaces, make the following demands, viz : — That the working hours per week, viz., 48 in winter and 54 in the rest of the year, should remain as at present. That holidays should remain as at present, but should not be shortened un account of over- time. That no reduction in the rate of wages (sic) should be made in winter. That the rate of wages should be— for propagators, 35g. ; for jobbing men, 35s. ; for gangers, 33g. ; and for parh-heepers and labourers, SOs." The wages thus demanded for propagators, jobbing men, aad gangers are considerably more than the in- creased wages as fixed in 1891, and the wages demanded for park-keepers and labourers are, taking the year round, considerably over 6d. an hour. rinally, the petitioners demand that union men be engaged in preference to others, and they give refer- ences to the places where union men can be heard of. The following extract from the " Pall Mall Gazette" of the 18th August shows that this union was then still active — ^ " L.C.C. Employees.— Growth of the Union. A meeting of men engaged in the parks and open spaces in the Metropolis under the management of the County Council was held last night at Olerkenwell, when Mr. Lawrence Stevens, L.O.C., presided. Mr. Dardan, L.T.C., moved, ' That in the opinion of ' this meeting it is necessary for all classes of workmen ' to combine and form themselves into a union. Only ' by organisation can workers compete with capital, ' and we congratulate the London County Council for ' the'iiotive support they have given to trade unionism. Mr G. D. Bead (Eotherhithe Yestry) seconded the resolution, which was carried. Mr. Keeble (president of the union) gave an account of the work or the union, and said they had already five branches of the union m existence, with 500 members, and all this had been done in five weeks." Eecent Eesolution op the Council in PAVoua of Tbadbs Union Wages. In conneetion with this matter it is important to bear in mind the recent resolution concerning contractors z 78448. labour, which, on the motion of Mr. Burns, was on the 27th May last adopted by the Council and referred to a Committee. That resolution is as follows :— " That all contractors be compelled to sign a declara- tion that they pay the trades union rates of wages, and observe the hours of labour and conditions recognised by the trades unions in the place or places where the contract is executed." If this resolution is to be taken in its literal sense, it means that as between the Council's contractors and their workmen the trades unions of workmen are alone to settle the rate of wages ; and I distinctly understood Mr. Burns to state that this was his Own meaning. If this be so, it is difiioult to see why the same rule should not also be applied to men employed directly, by the Council; why, in short, the labourers of the Council should not form themselves into a trades union, just like other labourers ; or if other trades unions are to settle the terms on which their labour is to be purchased, why a trades union of the Council's labourers should not have the same power. This is, so far as I under- stand their report, the view taken by the so-called Fair Wages Committee, to which Mr. Burns' resolution was referred. This Committee, have, at last, in the month of De- cember, 1892, after six months' deliberation, made a report. In that report they distinctly recommend that the Council shall, in doing its own work, be bound to obey the rules of the trades unions. But they do not set out any scale of wages and hours in any one trade ; they do not describe, except in the vaguest way, the works or trades to which the proposed rules are to apply ; and they do not even specify the trades unions whose rules the Council is to follow. They do not attempt to tell us who our new masters are to be. How serious this question is liholy to he will he seen below. The Council will no douht he' a gigantic em- ployer of labour; and for purposes connected with labour it will lose its independence, it will be run by trades unions, and will be bound hand and foot to obey their orders, without even hnowing who or what tliey are. However this may be, it is clear, as regards the immediate subject of this memorandum, that neither the arrangements made in May, 1891, nor the present proposals of the Committee, will content the park la- bourers, or settle the question so far as these particular workmen are concerned ; and it is also clear that the action which the Council has hitherto taken in the matter has not been taken with full knowledge and consideration of the consequences. Exclusion or Old or Ineehior Workmen. Another criticism on the proposal to pay all workmen employed by the Parks Committee 6i. an hour is that; it will, as shown by Mr. .ffineas Smith in the recent debate on Mr. Burns' motion, have the effect either of excluding all men who are not of full strength from the service of the Council, or of paying to men. who are not capable of doing a full day's work the same pay as is given to those who are. This is especially questionable in the case of caretakers, for some of whom, as stated in my hearing by the Chairman of the Parks Committee in the debate of the 25th of October, there is not enough to do. Merits oe the Proposal to pay Qd. an Hour. Whether the above extra expense has been incurred in consequence of the shortening of the hours of work and pay, and the consequent discontent amongst the men; or in consequence of the pressure of men who have votes on the members of the Council ; or in con- sequence of a theory that all men should be paid 6d. an hour without regard to the nature of their work or the market value of their labour, it is impossible, with nothing but the meagre reports of the Parks Committee before us, to tell. But I have taken some trouble to compare the above rates of wages with other wages given by public authorities in London. Sixpence an hour, or 27s. per week of 54 liours, for nine months in the year, and 24s. per week of 48 hours for the remaining three, comes to 682. 5s. a year. In addition there is for these men — The possibility of overtime ; Seven days holidays ; Constant work ; Probable help towards superannuation ; In the case of constables a dress valued at hi. 10s, P 1. 298 ilOYAL COMMISSION ON LABOUR: Mr. Gitfen, in his valuable report on wages, gives as the average of yearly wages of workmen employed under local authorities in London, — In Inner Londoa, 551. a year ; In Outer London, 53i. a year ; and he gives the following as the weekly wages of the under-mentioned classes of labourers employed by local authorities in Inner London, carters, 23g. 6^. ; road sweepers, 19«. 2d,; road repairers, 22s.; and general labourers, 22s. 6d.* The labourers in the London parks receive from '21s. to 24s. a week, gangers more. To make the pay of the workmen in the central park* 6d. an hour would be an addition of 6,000Z. a year to the present aggregate sum of WfiOOl, now expended for that purpose out of the Imperi^il taxes. At Kew the pay of labourers is from 18s. to 20s. a week, and there is no difficulty in getting any number of good men. It is certainly not a little remarkable thut facts such as these should not have been thought even worthy of notice by, the Parks CommiiAee or by the London County Council when adopting the sweeping changes above mentioned. But this is not the first time that the Council has raised wages with what seems to be a strange lack of consideration. In 1891 the firemen and engineers of the Fire Brigade hdd petitioriBd fof an increase of pay. On the 29th January, 1891, the Mre Brigade Committee made an elaborate report in which they compared the pay of these men with that of the Metropolitan Police,t showing that she pay in the Fire Brigade was the better of the two, reported against the increase. The Council adopted this report on the 3rd February, 1891, rejecting the petition of the men. But on the 13th March, a further petition was referred to the Committee, and for reasons which have never been stated (for this Com- mittee did not think it worth while to answer their own previous report), tbey recommended an addition amounting to 5,200J. a year, which was adopted by the Council on the 23rd June, 1891. The addition would have been larger but for the eflbrts of the Chairman, Vice-Ghairman, and Deputy-Chairman of the Council. It is impossible under the above circumstances to say what were the reasons and motives which operated on the minds of members. But if it should be the case that it was to any extent due to pressure put upon them by men who have votes, it may be predicted, as I told the Council at the time, that the jobberies of kings and of aristocracies will prove to have been trifles in their effect compared with the probable jobberies of a democracy. Salart op Supebintendent. It is interesting to compare the action of the Council in the matter of these men with their reluctance to grant the salary of a superintendent, which has been repeatedly recommended by the Parks Committee. Whatever may be thought of the merits of this par- ticular recommendation, it will be the opinion of most persons who have had experience in administration, that under-payment of brain labour engaged in super- intendence would be as great an evil as over-payment of muscle labour, and that it would be likely to lead to results even more dangerous to the reputation of the Council. Epbect on Unemployed — ^Wages in the Countey. At the present moment one of the saddest and most alarming features of our industrial condition is the number of the unemployed in London. "Work is falling off, and we have, according to those who know best, a season of much distress before us. The Council are, I am very glad to say, themselves taking action in the matter. At the same time, farmers and landowners in the country are in peculiar diflBculty, and agricultural wages, never as high as could be desired, are going down, simply because employers cannot afibrd to pay. Now a farm labourer begins work early and leaves off late, and he is often a highly skilled workman, able to plow, and sow, and reap, to hedge and ditch, to build and thatch ricks, to tend horses, cattle, and sheep • See Parliamentary Paper, C. 6716, 1892, pp. xviii, xx, xxxv. t It is to be observed in connection with tins, that, in Mr. GiHen's report above referred to, the wages oJ the MetropoUtan Police, as taken from a return of 1887, and therefore before the changes made in 1890 in the pay of the Metropolitan Police, was higher than that of any other class of labourers, except London gas-stokers.— Parliamentary Paper, C. 6716, p. xiiT. kindly, skilfully, and well. Is it not preposterously unjust that whilst such a man is reciving lis. or 12s. a week of precarious wages, the Council should be giving a gopd deal more than twice that sum, wit^ fixity of sei-vice and other advantages, for such work as that, of caretakers ? Nor does the matter end with the Council and its labourers. The example it is encouraging is already being followed by the laboui'ers in the_ ^mploy of other governing bodies in London and of the Central Govern- ment 5 and at a time ^hen every penny those bodies can save is needed for the help of the unemployed, they are urged, and possibly compelled, to spend large additional sums on the wages of those who are well paid already. But the injustice and extravagance of such a course are not its most dangerous features. It is notorious that London suffers by being made the sink into which unemployed country labour is drawn. It is the great object of politicians and philanthropists to keep country men in the country and prevent them from being attracted to the towns. Is, it not suicidal under such circumstances for the chief governing authority of London to hold out to the poor agricultural labourer who has difficulty in getting 2d. or 3d. an hour in the country for very hard work, the possibility 'if he comes to London of getting 6d. an hour for very easy work ? I iim informed that the Eichmond Council who, lilje jihe London County Council have adopted the 6d. an hpar minimum, find its probable effect on the influx of strangers so great, that they are refusing to employ any but Richmond men. , The Council's ruiUKE Laboue Bill. The question thus raised involves still larger issues. The labour employed on the parks is but a fraction of the whole labour at present employed by the Council ; and much of it is not severe labour, or labour requiring great skill. The work of a superintending gardener is of course highly skilled labour, but the work of an ordinary gardening labourer is not. It is probably lighter and less skilled than that of an ordinary farm labourer. The work of a constable or caretaker can hardly be called labour at all. If, therefore, these men are all paid at the rate due to skilled labour, will there not be reasonable discontent and jealousy amongst other workmen now employed by the Council ? It is obvious, at any rate, that to alter wages materially in one de- partment of the Council's business must nffect wages in other departments, and that the question of wages of the labour employed by the Council should be considered as a whole. Even this is only a part of a still larger question. It is the jiisc ambition of the Council to get transferred to itself the management of very large undertakings in which a vast amount of labour is employed, e.g., the supply of water and of gaS, the ownership and control of tramways, and possibly of other enterprises. In that case, the cost of the labour employed in the parks will form a very insignificant fraction of the Council's labour bill. The economies which may be effected in transferring the above-mentioned undertakings to the Council are no doubt large; but if in accepting the transfer the Council- increase the labour bill to the same extent to which they are increasing it in the case of the parks, the increase in the labour bill will soon outrun those econom^s. Thus I find in an official analysis of the accounts of the Londpn water companies for 1890, that the amount expended in services, of which wages are a principal element, was about 276,000^.* The labour thus paid for will, in case of purchase by the Council, have to be employed by them, probably with large additions. If the cost of it is increased in any- thing like the proportion in which the cost of labour in the parks has been increased, that increase will very soon eat up any saving which may be made by amalga- mation of staffs and suppression; of salaries and directors' fees. The case of gas is still more important. In that case the sum expended directly in wages and, so stated separately in the London companies' accounts was 415,435Z., whilst the sum expended. on servipes in the cost of which wages are the principal element, was 625,6582. ;- and in. coals — of which wages are also the principal element, 1,593, 302Z. — making .altpgether for the London gas companies a labour bill of between two and three miUions.t - :; ; ,..' * See Eeport of Board of Trade on the relation of wages to cost of pro'dudticta.—C. 6636, 1891, p, 41. t Same report, p. 18. ' APl'ENDIX. — WHOLE COMMISSION. 299 Besides gas and water there are th.e tramways, and probably otker industries, of which the Council in the present state of public feeling is not unlikely to take the management as well as the ownership, and all of which m.ust involve large employment of labour and a large outlay in wages. Were the Council, as has been frequently suggested, to undertake the working of the docks, it is diflficult to say what, their labour bill might not be. The cost of labour employed in the parks, small as it may be in amount, isi therefore very important in th6 principles it involves and in the precedent it sets. The labour bill of the Council will, in the events above mentioned, be a very large one. It will form an important proportion of the whole expenses of the Council, and may even be no insignificant fraction of the whole labour bill, public and private, of London. , Mtjnicipal Wokkshops. The Council's labour bill will be made still larger by the policy it has recently adopted of executing its own work instead of employing contractors. The history of that policy 'is interesting. On the 5th of March, 1889', the late Council adopted the policy of a fair- wages clause by passing ihe following resolution— " That the Council shall require from atiy person or firm tendering for any contract with the Council a declaration that they pay such rates of wages and observe such hours of labour as are generally afecepted as fair in their trade, and that in the event of ally charges to the contrary being established against them their tender shall not be accepted." It was found that this clause raised so many doubts and questions that good and careful contractors were nnwiUing to tender for the Council's contracts, and this was one strong reason for adopting the motion of Mr. Burns with respect to trades union wages which is quoted above. The Council amended Mr. Burns' original resolution by making it extend to country trades union rates as well as London trades union rates, but they refused to adopt an amendment proposed by Lord Monkswell to the eflfect that the rates and rules to be adopted should be those agreed upon for the time being between em/ployers and trades unions, and the resolution passed in the form above quoted, placing the Council's contractors entirely in the hands of the trades unions. Tt was furthar resolved that the resolu- tion in question shonld be referred to a Special Committee to consider and report as to the best means of carrying the same into effect. The Special Com- mittee was accordingly appointed on the 31st May 1892, but they have only just reported, as above mentioned. The consequences of the resolution were, however, not long in showing themselves. On the 11th October the Council adopted a recom- mendation by the Main Drainage Committee that a work of sewer reconstruction in Lambeth, estimated to cost 7,000L, should be executed, not, as usual, by contract, but by the Council's own workmen. On the 4th and again on the 11th October the Bridges Committee bi-ought up a report stating that " Severar tenders for the erection of dwellings on the " Yabsley Street site (Blackwall Tunnel) had been " referred to them; that they thought it would be " more economical if the Council were- to erect the " dwellings, and that by so doing it would save the " extra cost which would be represented by the con- " tractor's profit, and also the expense of supervising " the work" The Bridges Committee, after their peculiar fashion, gave in their report no account of the amount stated in the tenders, and no estimate of the cost if executed by the Council. In fact, upon a recommendation which involved one of the most impor- tant steps eter proposed to the Council, they gave the Council no information or assistance whatever. It was, however, stated in debate that the sums named m all the efficient tenders submitted to them were much larger than the estimates of the cost made by the Council's architect, and there can be little doubt that this excess was due to the action which the Council has been taking with respect to wages. .^. . The proposal that the work should be done without a contractor came on in the Council on the 18th October and the Council adopted it, with an amendment instructing the General Purposes Committee^ to con- sider and report on the best manner m which works can be carried out in fut-ure. and to make proposals as to the necessaty staff. The Council emphasised its decisibn to employ its own workmen m future by rejecting an amendment which would have lett it open to consider in what manner future works could be most advantageously executed. The Council is therefore committed to the policy of doing its own work and erecting its own buildings without the intervention of a contractor ; and the above cases show that it has been driven into this course, not only by a priori considerations of expediency, or by socialist theories of municipal action, but by its own previous dealings with contractors' wages, whioh had made it impossible for contractors to tender except at an exorbitant price. Jf any further proof of th|i8 were needed, it is to be found in a case dealt /y^th on the Igt November , last. In that case the Bridges Com^ mittee reported upon the reconstruction of Barkijig Boad Bridge in the following terms : — " We halve considered the tenders for thesreconstruc- tiOn of this bridge which were referred to us by the Councilon the 27th ultimo. On an examina- tion of the tenders it was found that all the firms had not filled in the schedule of wages to be paid to the men who will have to be employed on the work. We accordingly asked each firm to state whether they would be prepared to , adopt the rate^ pf , wages and hours, of labour as fixed by the . various trade unions concerned. The Thames Iron WoJ^ks and ^Shipbuilding Company, whose tender is the lowest, stated in reply that they were prepared 'to do so, but that it would necessitate an increase in their tender by the sum of 5,750Z." And they recommend that the tender of this com- pany, amounting to 54,353Z. shonld be accepted. This accordingly was done by the Council, who rejected an amendment asking for further inquiry. This case deserves special attention. It sKows ithat in eonseqVfenee of the action of the Oovmcil m interfering between the contractors and their worhmen, the ratepayers of London are to pay to a contractor nearly 6,000Z. more, out of a total of 54,O0OZ. than they would have paid but for that action. If this is to be the result of the Council's dealings with contractors, it is indeed time to have done with contracts ! Now the question of abandoning the contract system and of setting up municipal workshops to do all the work of the Council is no matter of general experience as argued by Mr. Burns, still less a result of exact science as stated by Mr. Sidney Webb. The question is in each particular case a matter of expediency. The step taken by the Council may turn out a blessing, and it may turn out a curse. If plae municipal workshops are managed with care, foresight, and economy, they may do good service, if not, they may prove a great evil. But this, at any rate, may be said about them with certainty : they will enormously increase the staff of workmen and the direct labour bill of the Council ; and if they are to be run, not in the interests of the rate- payer, nor in the iilterests of the whole of London, but in the sole interest of the workmen employed in them, they will very soon add to the expense of the' Council's works in London very many times the expense which will be saved in contractors' profits. Epfeci of a wkong Step in itoE Matteb, op Wages ON Eatepaybes. If the mana.gement of the parks were a commercial concern, and if the cost of labour employed hy it were increased by one quarter for the purpose of injproving the condition of the labourers, and if discontent and a demand for still higher Trages were the result, the probable end of such a concern would be bankruptcy, with a permanent loss of profit to employers and of work and wages to the employed. In the case of the London County Council, there can be no bankruptcy, since there are the rates to fall back upon, but there may be great loss to the ratepayers, and who are the ratepayers P Some of them no doubt wealthy men, of whose expenditure rates form a very small part ; but the bulk of them are small tradesmen,, clerks, and other housekeepers, little, if at all,, richer than the workmen whose wages they are paying. Eppeoi on Workmen gbneeally. Even this is far from being the worst of unnecessary expenditure on municipal wages ; the worst of it is its effect on labour and on workmen themselves. If it should turn, out that the Cpuiioil, with the numerous body of men they' are now employing, and the much more numerous body they may in future P p 2 300 ROYAL COMMISSION ON LAROUJl : employ, are paying higher wages than are paid to workmen in other employ, and if in addition to the higher money wages given by the Council, its work- men or many of them have, beside their pay, the advantages of constant employment, of nniform, of holidays, and of superannuation, not enjoyed by other workmen, will not there be jealously on the part of other -London workmen, and dissatisfaction with the Council P And will not such dissatisfaction be amply justified ? There is apparently an opinion in some quarters that it is the business of the Council to set an example in the matter of wages, that this example will be followed by other employers, and that the result will be a general increase of all wages of all manual labour all round. Such opinions have been expressed in this Council, and I have seen it stated by an able advocate of the late Council as one of its principal claims to public favour, and especially to the favour of the workmen, that whilst it had saved about 2,000Z. a year in the very moderate salaries paid for brain service, it had added 50,0002. to the wages of its labourers, i.e., to payment for muscle service.* Now if this addition could be made without injuring the ratepayer, and, which is even more important, without injuring other industries and other classes of workmen, if wages could be raised all round by the mere will of a democratic government, it would indeed be a new argument in favour of democracy, and we should all hail the attempt to realise such an ideal. For many dreams — and especially for dreams which foreshadow the equalisation of human lots, and the raising and brightening the lives of those who toil — we must, if we have real human sympathies, feel the greatest respect. In the beautiful words of one of our own labour members — "'Dreamers of dreams!' we take the taunt with gladness ; Knowing that time beyond the years you see Has wrought the dreams that count to you for madness Into the substance of the life to be." But dreamers of dreams must, if they walk in their sleep, take heed to their footing. No bright vision at the zenith or on the horizon will prevent the dreamer from falling into a well or stumbling over the stone that lies before his feet. No dream and no fiat of a democratic assembly can increase the funds out of which wages are paid or make the remuneration of labour greater than the product of labour. No such dream and no such fiat can alter facts or ward off the penalties which a power greater than that of Councils or Parliaments has annexed to extravagance — Dreamers of dreams ! no taunt is in our sadness, Whate'er our doubts, our hearts are with your cause ; God's mills grind slowly ; thoughtless haste were madness ; To gain Heaven's ends, we dare not break Heaven's laws. There is a notion abroad, arising probably out of the state of things in which workmen generally have been forced to combine in order to obtain a fair share of the produce of their own industry, that there is some unlimited fund, called capital or capitalized property, out of which all wages may be indefinitely raised if only workmen will all combine to raise them ; a sort of cistern of infinite capacity, out of which any quantity may be drawn by an infinite number of taps without exhausting it or even lowering its level. No dream can be more baseless. Some margin of profit there often is upon which labour may safely draw ; some fixed capital there is which may for a time bear drafts on it without being exha\isted. It is the difficulty of ascertaining this margin which renders it almost impossible for outsiders to form sound judgments on the merits of most strikes and disputes about wages, and those who have most experience will be very cautious in paying too much attention to the outcries of frightened capital. But there is no such thing as an inexhaustible fund out of which to pay wages. The fund out of which wages as well as profits are paid is the constantly accruing produce of industry, and it is only by increasing this produce that wages can be increased all round. Further, any excessive demand on this fund by any one class of work aod workmen must diminish the share of it which other classes would otherwise get, either by making the produce of their * " Paily Chronicle." 6th Pehrunry 1892. own labour dearer, and thus lowering real wages ; or by exhausting the fund, and thus lowering money wages as well ; or by both processes. If the colli€irs of the North, rightly or wrongly, got their wages doubled or reduce their output, it makes coal dearer to all other workmen, and limits employ- ment wherever coals are used. If the building trades get more for their labour, it makes the housing of the working classes more difficult and more costly. If Government servants are paid in excess, taxation becomes more heavy, and private industries are checked and discouraged. < This is obvious enough in the case of the huge service of the Central Government — the Civil Service — with all its clerks ; the Army and the Navy, with their hundreds of thousands of men.: for it is a fact, though sometimes overlooked, that the real expenses of the services, compared to which all other expenses are trifles, is that of wages. What is obviously true of the Central Government is really no less true of municipal governments in their degree. And though the amount now under discussion is a mere trifle, the aggregate labour bill of the London County Council is even now no trifle ; and, if the legitimate aspirations of the Council, not to mention extreme socialist dreams, are realised, the labour bill of the Council will become no small item in the aggregate drafts made by labour on the productive powers of London. In making the above observations I have not for- gotten that there is a new source of income to be looked for in the taxation of capitalized property, an object no less desirable than difficult, on which in common with other members of the Council I have taken some trouble, and have made some suggestions including a very sweeping change, and very much heavier taxation on realised property than now exists. But it is obvious that any possible addition to the income of the Council to be obtained from this source is very limited in comparison with the expenses which the Council have before them. Nor, however much could be obtained from this source, would it be a simple addition to the fund applicable in payment of labour. The income of the Crown, the Ecclesiastical Commis- sioners, the Dukes of Bedford and Westminster, and of all the landlords in London, is now, for the most part, spent directly or indirectly on labour, and if a portion of it were diverted from these great landowners to the Council, to be by them spent in wages to their workmen, it might be spent on better, more remunera- tive, and more reproductive objects, though even this is doubtful. But however this might be, there would be a proportionate amount withdrawn from other workmen now employed, directly or indirectly, by the landowners, who would then have to find fresh work or to be maintained at the public expense. Even if it were right or practicable to confiscate all rents and all profits, for the purpose of applying them in payment of wages, such a measure would not only not increase wages, but must in the end destroy the funds out of which wages are paid, by driving away the new capital without which no industry can for long be maintained, and by gradually eating up existing capital. There is, as I have said, no fund out of which wages can be permanently paid except the accruing profits of industry, and. any reduction of this fund or any waste or misappropriation of it, whether by capitalists or by governments, must tend to reduce and to impoverish labour. Concluding Remaeks. ■The above general observations on the principles which govern wages are, therefore, not superfluous and not out of place. They are made, not so much with the view of criticising the recent proposals of the Parks Committoe, as of calling attention to the extreme importance of the course and direction of the Council's action in the matter of wages, to the necessity of more care and foresight than have been shown in the pro- ceedings above referred to; and to the expediency above all of dealing with the question of wages upon some general principles applicable to ail departments of the Council's work, and not upon hasty and ill- considered motions, or upon the isolated and possibly discordant recommendations of separate Committees. A tendency to overpay muscle labour, to underpay brain labour, and to act both in these and other matters without due consideration, forethought, and consistency, seem to me to be among the most formidable of the dangers to which the Council is now exposed. APPENDIX. — WHOLE COMMISSION. 301 That Ihero should bo such dangers is not surprising, especially when we take into account the eager and enthusiastic desire of the Council to lose no opportunity of bettering the condition of the mass of their fellow- citizens ; and anxiety on the pare of the writer that these* dangers may be successfully encountered, will not, I feel sure, be regarded as signifying any want of hearty sympathy on his part with that desire. It only remains for me to mention, by way of apology foi- the somewhat unusual course I am taking, two reasons which have induced me to circulate this memo- randum. First, the fact that the Parks Committee in making their recommendations for an increase of wages have not brought the whole of the case in a collected form before the Council. They have, it is true, circulated the very valuable report of their architect ; but they have not expressed any opinion on that report ; and, as regards the above facts, I have not found them stated in any collected form in the reports of the Parks Committee, but have been forced to pick thorn out, at the hazard of iuaccuracy, from the scattered records of the Council's proceedings. Nor does their case stand alone. It seems, as will be seen from the cases mentioned above, to be a growing habit in the Council to adopt principles of extreme im- portance upon reports which contain very little infor- mation concerning the particular cases they deal with, and no discussion whatever of the consequences they involve, so that the Council may easily find itself committed to a doubtful course of proceeding by a hasty, ill-informed, and inconsiderate vote. My second reason is to be found in the extreme importance of the questions involved to the welfare and character of the Council as an administrative body, in which, though my own share in its doings must be short and limited, I take the deepest interest. T. H. Paeree, Abinger Hall, December, 1892. APPENDIX CXXXIX. London County Council. Adjoukned Repoet op the Pair Wa&es Committee. , (Deferred on 6th December.) Payment of trdde union rate of wages, form of contract, Sfo. I. — On the •27th May 1892, the Council referred to us the following resolution passed on the motion of Mr. John Burns, M.P., and the amendment of Sir Thomas Parrer — that all contractors be compelled to sign a declaration that they pay the trades union rate of wages and observe the hours of labour and conditions recognised by the trades unions in the place or places where the contract is executed, and that the hours and wages be inserted in and form part of the contract by way of schedule, and that penalties be enforced for any breach of agreement. The Council also referred the following proposals by Mr. Stockbridge: — Should any workmen in the employment of the con- tractor be not paid the schedule wages, then the Council shall be at liberty to deduct from the money payable to the contractor under the con- tract a sum equal to double the amount of such deficiency, and the Council shall be at liberty out of such sums so deducted to pay the contractor's workmen any deficiency in their proper wages for the whole of the past term of the contract. The contractor shall undertake to keep proper time books and wages books in connection with the contract work, and such books shall at all times be open to the inspection of such person or persons as may be appointed by the Council for this purpose, and the contractor shall, under a penalty, be bound to make and deliver to the Council when- ever required a declaration that the hours and wages set out in the time and wages b'ooks are correct, and that he has paid the several sums charged therein. And also the following proposal by Mr. Leon :— " But London rates of wages shall be paid by every contractor to all workmen employed on any London County Council work within 20 miles of London." We have proceeded upon these resolutions at con- siderable length, and have endeavoured to ascertain from other public bodies how far they have proceeded in this direction. As we said in the former report, we have been unable to gain much or indeed any guidance from their proceedings, with the exception, perhaps, of some of the Government departments, which have at least to some extent adopted the system of scheduling rates of wages. As the result of our deliberations, we have come to the conclusion that the best way in which the original resolution of the Council can be carried into effect is by the Council adopting the proposed standing orders appended hereto. It will be seen from these standing orders that we do not at present see our way to carry the resolution of the Council into effect with reference to contracts for clothing, owing to the absence of unanimity amongst the trade unions concerned. In- deed, aJfter careful consideration of the facts relating to the clothing contracts, we do not find ourselves in a position to make a distinct recommendation to the Council, beyond this — that we believe that the evils of "sweating," of "home work," and many other evils attendant on the present system of making clothing can only be obviated by the Council undertaking its own clothing work, and in the meantime we suggest that in all future contracts for the supply of clothing home- work be strictly prohibited. The question of the Council's powers in this direction, and whether the quantity of clnthing required by the Council is suflBcient to justify the establishment of a separate factory, and whether (if it be not) other public bodies, e.g., the Corporation of the City of London and the Receiver of the Metropolitan Police, &o,, could be induced to join with the Council in directly manu- facturing all clothing required by them will, no doubt, require consideration. It will be seen from the perusal of the proposed standing orders that we are of opinion that the reso- lution of the 27th May should be extended, so that the principle shall apply to all work carried out by the Council under its recent regulations with respect to works to be executed without the intervention of a contractor. It is thought by the Committee that if the Council requires contractors to pay and observe the rates of wages and conditions of labour recognised by trades unions, it can hardly with justice object to be bound by a similar regulation. It will also be seen that the proposed standing orders provide for the making and keeping of a wages and hours of labour log at the County Hall, and that this log shall be open at all times to public inspection. We have been unable to obtain suflBcient information to enable us to compile a complete log for submission to the Council, and suggest that this task should be continued by the Works Committee, which, if the recommendation.of this Committee is adopted, will be immediately concerned in the matter. It will be seen from the proposed standing orders and the form of contract therein that we have adopted the second proposal by Mr. Stockbridge. After careful consideration, we have not thought it desirable to recommend the Council to adopt the first proposal, as we think that this proposal would be somewhat difiicult toapply, and might be construed to suggest what we think is not the fact — that the Council has no direct or legitimate interest in the payment of good wages. We think that the Council is directly interested in the payment of good wages and the observance of proper conditions of labour for the purpose of securing good and substantial work. With regard to Mr. Leon's proposal, we think that it should be adopted, and have inserted words in the proposed standing orders which we believe will carry it into eflPect. It will be seen from the proposed standing orders that we have not thought it within the scope of our reference to prohibit overtime altogether, but the proposed clause only permits overtime where it is strictly in accordance with the rules of the trade union concerned. P p 3 302 ROYAli COMMLSSION ON LAliOTJR : The question of sub-contracting has engaged our attention on several occasions, and ultimately we have come to the conclusion that, although in any case of sub-contracting the stipulations ' and penalties with regard to rates of wages and hours of labour in the original contract should apply, it is not desirable that these stipulations should be set out in detail in the original contract. We have therefore come to the conclusion that the clause at present inserted in contracts for the purpose of preventing sub-contracting sbould be inserted in future in the manner set out in the proposed standing orders, and that, in the event of permission to sub-contract being applied for, such permission should only be jgiven upon the contractor undertaking in the terms of the proposed Standing Order No. 6. In order to show how stringently other public bodies have dealt with sub-contracting — no doubt with a view to its prevention — we may mention that the Corporation of Nottingham has adopted the following clause — " That " every contractor who does not propose to carry out " every part of the work himself, shall, with his tender, " supply the name of every contractor he intends to " employ." Wehavenot, however, thought it necessary to go so far as this. We are advised and believe that the penalties and stipulations we have inserted .in the proposed form of contract would have full legal force and effect. We therefore recommend — That for the purpose of carrying into effect the before-mentioned resolution of the Council of the 27th May, 1892, the following standing orders be adopted by the Council : — Fair Wages Ciattse. Suggested standing orders as to contracts, except contracts for clothing. 1. There shall be kept at the County Hall, a list of th'' rates of wages and the hours of labour to be paid and observed by the Council in works which are in the nature of construction or manufacture, and which the Council may resolve to carry out without the interven- tion of a contractor. The list shall be settled by the Council on the recommendation of the Works and Stores Committee, and shall be based on the rates of wages and hours of laboiir recognised by the various trade unions in London, and shall form part of the standing orders of the Council. The list shall at all times be open to public inspection. 2. In inviting tenders for work to be executed within 20 miles of Charing Cross, the advertisements and instructions for tender shall state that in the case of all workmen to be employed by the contractor he will he required to pay wage's at I'ates not loss, and to observe hours of labour not greater than the rates and hours set out in the Council's list, and that such rates of wages and hours of labour will be inserted in a schedule and will form part of the contract, and penalties shall be enforced for any breach thereof. 3. When the contractor in connection with the works contracted for intends to employ labour at a greater distance than 20 miles frbm Charing ■Cross, he shall be required, in addition to the above, to insert in the said schedule the names of the various classes of labour which he intends to employ, together with the places where such labour will be employed, and the rates of wages and hours of labour to he paid and observed in respect to each class of labour, and no tender shall be accepted unless the rates of wages and hours of labour inserted in such schedule be proved to be the rates and hours recognised at the date of the tender by the trades unions of the district where the work is to be done, and such schedule will be added to and will form part of the contract, and penalties shall be enforced for any breach thereof. 4. In all contracts for the supply of any raw material or manufactured articles, other than clothing, a con- dition shall be inserted that with respect to all materials or articles produced or manufactured by the contractor, the contractor will, in the production or manufacture thereof, pay and observe the following rates of wages and hours of labour, viz. : — {a.) Where the production or manufaotare thereof is carried on within 20 miles of Charing Cross, the rates of wages and hours of labour appearing in the Council's list. (6.) Where the production or manufacture thereof is Carried on_ at a greater distance that 20 miles from Charing Cross, the rates of wages and hours of labour recognised by the trade unions of the district where it is carried on. Provided that this standing order shall not apply to the supply of articles not manufactured by the contractor. 5. AU instructions for tender and contracts under these standing orders shall be respectively, as far as possible, in the following forms : — . CoNTfiAcrNo. ,- Instructions for Tender. Tenders must, be on the printed form and be apoom- panied by tjie forms of contract and schedules thereto. The schedule of prjces forming the second schedule to the form of contract must be fully priced out, and the schedule of rates of wages and hours of labour forming the third schedule to the contract must be fully fiUed up by specifying all the trades which the contractor may require to employ in and about the execution of the contract, and by filling into the proper columns against each trade specified the rates of wages and hours of labour and rates of wages for overtime (if any) recognised at the date of the delivery of the tender by the several triades unions of the districts in which the work is to be done, and for this purpose all work to be done on and about the or within 20 miles of Charing Cross is to be considered as within the district of the London trades unions. On this head reference should be made to the form of contract and the recitals in that form. The tender and accompanying documents filled up as before directed must be enclosed in a sealed cover and be delivered at the offices aforesaid of the Council not later than o'clock on the , 189 . No tender will be received after that time. POKM OF CONTBACT, ScHEDTJLE, &C., AS TO WaGES, &&. Recital. ' Whereas on the day of , 189 the contractor made and , delivered to the Council, a tender for [stating purpose and nature of T^orks and amount of tender] and the Council accepted ' such tender. And whereas the Council with the intention of preventing the loss and damage which are caused by defective workmanship, and of preventing disputes between the contractor and his workmen, and the con- sequent delay and loss to the Council, stipulated that it should be, and it was a condition of such tender and acceptance that the contractor should be bound to pay to all workmen employed by him in or. about the execution of this contract the rates of wages, and to observe and cause to bo observed by such workmen the hours of labour set out jn the schedule hereto, and to perform and observe the stipulations set out in clauses A, B,,and C of this contract. Provisions. A. The contractor shall at all times during the continuance of this coiitract, abide by, perform, observe, fulfil, and keep all and singular the stipulations' following, that is to say : — (1.) The contractor shall pay all workmen employed by him in and about the execution of this contract or any part thereof, wages at rates **' not less than the rates stated in the schedule hereto, and such rate of wages for overtime, as may from time to time be re- cognised by the trades uniofis to which the work relates, and for each and every breach by the contractor of this stipulation, and not- withstanding the condonation of any prior or other breach, the contractor shall on demand pay to the Coancil as liquidated damages and not as a penalty ithe sum of 51. (2.) The contractor shall observe, and cause to be observed by such workmen, hours of labour not greater than the hours of labour stated in the said schedule, and for each and every breach by the contractor of this stipulation, and notwithstanding the condonation of any prior or other breach, the contractor shall on demand pay to the Council as liquidated damages and not as a penalty for each day APPENDIX.— WHOLE COMMISSION. 303 on whicli any such breach, shall be committed and for each workman in respect to whom it 'shall be committed, the sum of 5s. per hour for every hour during which, on each day, each • such workman shall be employed by the con- tractor beyond the maximum number of hours stated in the said schedule, provided that this stipulation shall not be construed to prohibit overtime, if .siich overtime be in 'accordance with the rules of the trades unions concerned. (3.) The contractor shall at all times during the continuance of this contract display and keep displayed upon the site of the works and in every factory, workshop, or place occupied or used by the contractor in or about the execution of this contract in a position in which the same may be easily read by all workmen employed by the contractor in or about the execution of this contract, a clearly printed or written copy of the said schedule hereto, and for each and every breach by the contractor of this stipulation, and notwith- standing the condonation of any prior or other breach, the contractor shall on demand pay to the Council as liquidated damages, and not as a penalty, for every day during which such breach shall be or continue the sum of 11. (4.) The contractor shall, to the satisfaction of the Council, provide and keep proper books, in which shall be correctly and promptly entered from time to time the names of and the wages paid to, and the hours of labour observed by all such workmen as aforesaid, and shall froni time to time when required produce such books to any person or persons, whether a member or members of the Council or not, appointed by the Council, or by any Committee of the Council to whom the matter or business out of which this contract arises may have been or may be referred to inspect the same, and allow such person or persons to take copies « of, or extracts from such books, or any of them provided that no person shall be appointed as aforesaid who is carrying on, or who is pecuniarily interested or employed in a busi- ness of the same or a like kind as that carried on by the contractor. And for each and every breach by the contractor of this stipulation, and notwithstanding the condonation of any other or prior breach, the contractor shall on' demand pay to the Council as liquidated damages, and not as a penalty, the sum of 31. (5.) The contractor shall from time to time, if and whenever required by the Council so to do, and within seven days after such requisition, make and deliver to the Council a statutory declaration, stating that all the entries in such books as aforesaid are correct, or in the case of any inaccuracy therein setting forth the details of such inaccuracy, and that all entries re- quired by stipulation (4) to be made in such books, have been made therein to the date of such declaration, and for each and every breach by the contractor of this stipula- tion, the contractor shall on demand pay to the Council as liquidated damages and not as a penalty, the sum of 101- B. The contractor shall not, without the written con- sent of the Council under the hand of its clerk, which consent may be given subject to such conditions (if any) as the Council may think fit to impose, assign or underlet this contract or any part thereof, or make any sub-c6ntract for the execution or performance of the said works or any part thereof, and for each and every breach by the contractor of this clause the contractor shall, notwithstanding the condonation of any prior or other breach, on demand pay to the Council as liqui- dated damages and not as a penalty the sum of 200L C. Any sum or sums of money which on breach by the contractor of any one or more of the stipulations aforesaid in clauses A and B, may from to time become payable by the contractor to the Council as liquidated damages, may either be recovered by the Council from the conti-actor by action or other Ipgal proceedings, or maybe deducted and retained by thte Council out of any moneys due or to become due from the Council to the contractor under this or any other contract, or the Council may obtain payment thereof, partly in the one mode and partly in the other. In case of any breach by the contractor of any one or more of the stipulations aforesaid in clauses A and B, orof any one or more of the provisions contained in the schedule hereto, it shall be lawful for the Council, instead of claiming payment to them by the contractor of the . liquidated damages payable by the contractor as aforesaid in respect of such breach, to jdetermine this contract in the same manner and to the same extent as they have power to determine the same under clause* in the' events therein mentioned, and if this contract shall be determined under this present power, then all the provisions of that clause shall apply as if this contract had been determined under that clause. The Schedule. Eates of Wages to be paid, and Hours of Labour to be observed by the Contractor as re^ard.s all workmen employed by the Contractor in or about the execution of this contract : — Teades. For all Work done within a radius of not . .exceedinR 20 miles, measTiired in a straight ; line from pharing Cross, Fqr all Work done outside the said radius the Bates of Wages and Hours of Labpur recognised at the Date ' of the Tender l^ the . . Trade Unions of the District, in which district such ' Work is intended to , be done, viz.,^ Eate of Wages per Hour. Hours of Labour per Day. Bate' of' Wages per Hour. Hours of Labour per Day. The foregoing list is believed to include all the trades which the contractor may require to employ in or about the execution of this contract. If, however, he should employ any workman or workmen in any trade not before specified, the rate of wages per hour to be paid ' to such workman or workmen is not to be less, and his or their hours of labour are not to be more, than the rate of wages and hours of labour respectively which, at the date of the contractor's tender were recognised by the trade unions of the several districts in which the work is done. Provided always that all work done on a site within 20 miles of Charing Cross shall be considered as done within the district of the London trades unions. 6. There shall be inserted in every contract a clause prohibiting the contractor from entering into any sub- contract without the consent of the Council, and in granting such consent the Council shall require the cbnttactor to enter into an'agreement which will secure the -observance of the fbUoWing conditions, viz. : — That no sub-contract shall operate to relieve the con- tractor from any of his liabilities or obligations, and that the contractor shall be responsible for all the acts, defaults, and neglects of the sub-contractor as fully as if they were the acts, defaults; and neglects of the contractor, and that there shall be inserted in the sub-contract a covenant by the sub-contractor that he will pay a;ll workmen employed by him in or about the execution of such sub-contract rates of wages not less, and observe and cause to be observed by such workmen hours of labour not greater than, the rates of wages and hours of labour following ; that is to say, as regards all work done upon a site, any part of which is within a radius of 20 miles, measured in a straight line from Oharing Cross, the rates of wages and hours of labour set cut in the schedule appended to the original contract aS applicable 'to- work done within such radius, and as' regards all other work such rates of wages and hours of labour as at the date of the sub-contract are recognised by the trades unions of the several districts where the work is done, and that such rates of wages and hours of labour be inserted in a schedule to the sub-contract, but in no case shall such rates of wages be less, or hours of labour greater than, those set out in the third and fourth columns of the wages and hours schedule of the contract, between the Council and * This will be the general olausfe in the contract giving the Council power to determine it or put the work in the hands of other contractors at the cost of the original contractor, P p 4 304 llOTt AI, COMMISSION ON LABOUH : the contractor, and that in case of any breach by the sub-contractor of the covenant as regards rates of wages and honr^ of labour to be inserced in any sub-contract (and notwithstanding the connivance of the contractor in or condonation by such con- tractor of such Vjreach or any prior breach) the contractor shall for every such breach as regards the rates of wages, on demand pay to the Council as liquidated damages, and not as a penalty, the sum of 5?., and shall for every such breach as regards the hours of labour on demand pay to the Council as liquidated damages, and not as a penalty, for each day oii which such breach shall be com- mitted, and for each workman in respect to whom iii shall have been committed, tho sum of 5«. per hour for every hour during which such workman shall have been employed by the sub-contractor beyond the maximum number of hours during which under the terms of the said covenant he ought to have been employed. And that the sub-contractor shall at all times, during the continuance of the sub-contract, display and keep displayed on the works, and in every factory or workshop, or place occupied or used by the sub-contractor in or about the execution of the sub- contract, in a position in which the same may be easily read by all workmen employed by the sub- contractor in or about the execution of the sub-con- tract, a cleai-ly printed or written copy of the waid schedule : and for each and every breach by the sub- contractor of this stipulation, notwithstanding the condonation of any prior or other breach, the contractor shall, on demand pay to the Council, as liquidated damages, and not as a penalty, for every day during which such breach shall be or continue, the sum of 11., and that the sub-contractor shall, to the satisfaction of the Council, provide and keep proper books, in which shall be correctly and promptly entered from time to time the names of and the wages paid to and the hours of labour observed by all such workmen, and shall, as re- quired, produce such books to any person or persons, whether a member or members of the Council or not, appointed by the Council or by any committee of the Council lo whom the matter or business out of which the sub-contract arises may have been or may be referred to inspect the same, and allow such person or persons to take copies of or extracts from such books or any of them, provided that no person be appointed, as aforesaid, who is carrying on or is pecuniarily interested or employed in a basiness of the same or a like kind as that carried on by the sub-contraotor ; and for each and every breach by the sub-contractor of this stipulation, and notwithstanding the condonation of any other or prior breach, the contractor, shall, on demand, pay to the Council, as liquidated damages, and not as a penalty, the sum of 31., and that the sub-con- tractor shall from time to time, whenever required by the Council so to do, and within seven days after such requisition, make and deliver to the Council a statutory declaration stating that all the entries in such books, as aforesaid, are correct, or in case of any inaccuracy therein, setting forth the details of such inaccuracy, and that all details required by the stipulation lastly herein-before contained to be made in such books have been made therein to the day of such declaration, and for each and every breach by the sub-contractor of this stipulation, the contractor shall, on demand, pay to the Council, as liquidated damages, and not as a penalty, the sum of 101. Provided that this standing order shall not be construed as prohibiting the sub-contractor without the consent of the Council from purchasing or sub- contracting for the supply of any materials, articles, or things required for the execution of the contract which are ordinarily to be purchased wholesale in the market or of wholesale merchants or manufacturers. Proposed selected list of contractors. II. — On 21st July, 1892, the following proposal by Mr. Beachcroft was referred to us for consideration and report. That committees charged with the carrying out of works undertaken by the Council be at liberty to invite tenders from an approved list of persons willing to tender for such works, under the conditions imposed by the Council ; such list, however, in no case to contain the names of less than seven persons. We have carefully considered this proposal and have to recommend to the Council as follows : — That it is not desirable to depart from the method of obtaining tenders hitherto adopted by the Council. Hood Babrs, Ghairmmi. Previously (o moving the reception of the report the Chairman of the Committee, with the consent of the Council, substituted the following for the proposed Standing Order No. 4: — 4 In all contracts for the supply of any raw material or manufactured articles, other than clothing, a con- dition shall bo inserted that with respect to all materials or articles produced or manufactured or supplied by the contractor, the contractor will in the production or manufacture or supply thereof (as the case may be) pay and observe the following rates of wages and hours of labour, viz. : — (a.) Where the production or manufacture or supply thereof is carried on within 20 miles of Charing Cross, the rates of wages and hours of labour appearing in the Council's list. (6.) Where the production or manufacture or supply thereof is carried on at a greater distance than 20 miles from Charing Cross, the rates of wages and hours of labour recognised by the trade unions of the district where it is carried on. Provided that this standing order shall not apply to the production or manufacture of articles not produced or manufactured by the contractor. Resolved— That the report be received. (1.) On the motion to adopt the first words of the recommendation of the Committee and the proposed Standing Order No. 1. Amendment moved by Sir T. Farrer, seconded by Mr. Debenham — That the following words be added after the word " Council " in the second line — '' to be " applied and enforced in those cases, and in those " cases only, in which there is a trades union of " which the rates of wages and rules are recognised " and observed in the trades." Amendment put to the vote, and, the Council having divided, there appeared — For the Amendment — 46. Against the Amendment — 62. Amendment declared to be lost. Farther amendment moved by Lord Monkswell, seconded by Mr. Orsman — That after the word " labour " in line five of the proposed Standing Order No. 1 the word " generally " be inserted, and that after the word "recognised," in the same line, the words "and enforced " be inserted. After debate and a resolution that the question be now put, — Amendment put to the vote, and the Council having divided, there appeared — For the Amendment — 62. Against the Amendment — 53. Amendment declared to be lost. Further amendment moved by Mr. F. Harrison seconded by Mr. Hoare— That the words "and in " practice obtained " be inserted after the word " recognised " in the Standing Order No. 1. A motion having been carried that the question be now put, — Amendment put to the vote, and the Council havino- divided, there appeared— ° For the Amendment— 73. AgaAnsi the Amendment — 29. Amendment declared to be carried. Previously to the motion as amended being put, Resolved, on the motion of Dr. Collins—That the debate be adjourned. 16th December 1892. Adjoukned Kepoht or the Faik Wages Committee. The Council resumed the consideration of the report of this Committee brought up on 6th December and of the motion to adopt the proposed Standing Order No. 1, as amended on 13th December. On the motion being put, — Amendment moved by Mr. Campbell, seconded by Mr. Eeed— That previously to the adoption of any such standing order the opmion of eminent counsel be taken as to the legality of this Council, as representing the general body of ratepayers, doing more than pay or cause to be paid to every man (unionist or non-unionist) APPENDIX. — WHOLE COMMISSION/ 305, employed in its behalf what the Council itself from time to time may consider to be a fair and proper wage with reference to the general circumstances of each case. After debate and a resolution tliat the question be now put" — Amendment put and declared to be lost. Further amendment moved by Mr, Henderson, seconded by Mr. Hoare— That after the word "by " in the fifth line of the proposed standing order, the words "or adjudged reasonable by the Council on the " recommendation of " bo inserted. After debate and a resolution that the question be now put, — Amendment put to the vote, and the Council having divided, there appeared — , For the Amendment — 31. Against the Amendmsnt — 61. Amendment declared to be lost. Motion carried. Resolved accordingly. It was agreed, on the suggestion of the Chaii-man, that as the Council had resolved to insert in the Standing Order No. 1 the words "and in practice obtained" after the word "recognised" the same words should be inserted as a consequential amendment after the word " recognised " in the remaining standing orders. On the motion to approve the proposed Standing Order No. 2,— , Amendment moved by Sir J. Luhbock, seconded by Mr. Arnold — That the following be inserted after the proposed Standing Order No. 2 " As regards each oon- " ti-act the list shall be that in force at the date of the " tender." Amendment put and declared to be carried. Mdtipn as amended carried. Resolved accordingly. On the motion to approve the proposed Standing Order No. 3, — Amendment moved by Mr. Arnold, seconded by Sir John Lubbock^— That the words " proved to be " be omitted from the sixth line of the proposed Standing Order. Amendment put to the vote, and the Council having divided, there appeared — : * For the Amend/ment~¥i. Against the Atrtendinent — 62. Amendment declared to be lost. Motion carried; Resolved accordingly. On the motion to approve the proposed Standing Order No. 4,— Aniendment moved by Mr. Pearce, seconded by Mr. Marsland — That the proposed standing order be referred back to the Committee for further considera- tion. Amendment put and declared to be carried. Carried also as a Substantive motion. Resolved accordingly. Moved by Mr. Ward, seconded by Mr. Benn — That the following additional standing order be made — Where there is no. trades union to fix the minimum wage.s in any trade in London, the Council shall itself fix the minimum rate of wages to be paid. Amendment moved by Mr. F. Harrison, seconded by Mr. Costelloe — That the following be added to the motion " But there shall not be entered in the Couucil's " list any rate of wages less than iid. per hour for " men, or any hours of labour more than 10 hours per " day." The Chairman having suggested that the questions raised by, the motion and amendment should be referred to the Committee for consideration, — Resolved — That the Chairman's suggestion be adopted, and that the questions be referred to the Committee accordingly. , , , . Resolved— ^Th&i the proposed Standing Order No. 5 be approved. On the motion to approve clause (l)'of provision A., i-^ ' Amendment moved by Mr. Pickersgill, and seconded * — That the words "and wagfes for overtime respec- tively" be inserted after the word "wages" inline' two, and that the words " and such rate of wages for " overtime as may from time to time' be recogniised by " the trades unions to whifch the work rehttdi" -he omitted. " '' ' ' ' .;■,'■■ I 78448. After debate and a resolution that the question be now put, — Amendment put and declared to be carried. Motion as amended carried. Resolved accordingly. Resolved— That clauses (2) and (3) of provision A. be approved. On the motion to approve clause (4) of provision A.,^^ Amendment moved by Mr. Antrobus, seconded by Col. Hughes— That the following words be omitted " provided that ho person shall be appointed as afore- " said who is carrying on or who is pecuniarily ' " interested or employed in a business of the same or a " like kind as that carried on by the contractor." Amendment put and declared to be carried. Motion as amended carried. Resolved accordingly. Resolved — That clause (6), of provision A., be ap- proved. Moved by Mr. Stockbridge, seconded by Dr. Collins — That the following be inserted beford provision B. — Should any workman in the employment of the con- tractor be not paid the scheduled rate of wages, the Council may pay to any workman or workmen whomay have been underpaid the difference between the amount of wages which he may have been paid by the con- tractors and the amount which he would have; beeu paid if the stipulation as to wages had been observed, and may deduct from any moneys due or to become due under the contract the amount of the said difference so , paid to such workman or workmen. After debatei and a resolution that the question be now put, — ' Motion put and declared to be carried. Resolved Aooorditiglj. ■' ; , On the motion to approve provision B., — -■ Amendment moved by Mr. Ward, seconded by' Mr. COstelloe — That the following words be omitted from the second line " which consent may be given " subject to such conditions (if anj) as the Council may " think fit to impose." Aniendment put and declared to be lost. Further amendment moved by Mr. Ward, seconded -by Mr. Costelloe — That the following words be added to provision B. "provided that if at the time of tender. ' " ing the contractor states his desire to sub-let a portion " of the work not usually done by him, the Council will " agree to this sub-letting to an approved sub-con- " tractor, the principal contractor being' responsible " for the work being done under the same conditions " as if done by himself." Amendment put and declared to be carried. Motion as amended carried. JSe8oZ«;e(^ accordingly. Resolved — That provision C. and the schedule, with the addition thereto of a column as to overtime, be approved. Resolved — That the proposed Standing Order No. 6 be approved, subject to an alteration consequential upon that made in provision A. (4). . Resolved — That the following be standing orders of the Council : — 1. There shall be kept at the County Hall a list of the rates of wages and the hours of labour to be paid and observed by the Council in works which are in the nature of construction or manufacture, and which the Council may resolve to carry out without the interven- tion of a contractor. The list; shall be settled by the Council on the recommendation of the Works and Stores Committee, and shall be based on the rates of wages and hours of labour recognised and in practice obtained by the various trade unions in London, and shall form part of the standing orders of the Council. The list shall at all times be open to public inspec- tion. 2. In inviting tenders for work to be executed within 20 miles of Charing Crosfi, the advertisements and instructions foi: tender shall state, that in the case of all wd Jkmen to be ' employed by the contractor he will be required to pay wages at rates not less, and to observe hours of labour not greater, than the rates and hours set out' in the Council's list, and that such rates of wages and hours of labour will be inserted in a schedule ana will form part of the contract, and penalties shall be enforced for any breach thereof. C' As regard^' each' contract the list shall be that in force at the date of the tender. , Qq 306^' BOYALiMMISSION ON LABOUR; 9.' WbieaDlie cOfntradtoi* ifiio6nnec Perform, 'dl^erve, fulfil, and keep aU and singpjar the , stipulations following, that is to say : — (1.) The contractor shall paya.ll;workmen«ijipioyed by him in and about the, execution .of this con- tract or any part thereof, wages, and wages for overtime ro^^J^YpljV ** rfjtes iiot.^jf^^,than the rates stated in l^e. , ' , , sp^e^ule hereto, and fpr e^h aind every preach; by the contractor of this stipulation, and notwith- standing the condonation of any .prior or other breach, the eontn^ctor shaU on demand pay to the Council as liquidated damages . and jaot as a penalty the sum TOriIW3'H or workmen. B. The contractor shall not, without the written consent^.pff^he, Q<;>VMcii,,midof ph^.ha,n^^^^,ita. clprk, which, consent may be given SBbj^qt^ tp such co^it^ns (if any) as the Council may thia^.fit tp^.impo^," assign or, under-let, this contract or any, j^rtjrjiUereof, or make any sub^contraot for the execution or performance of t^ei said wppks or, W3I I>a?t ,tb^Ti?p4 and for each ?ind eyerybrfiajchby the opntrap^pr of this eism^^i^e oo^. tractor ahall, notwithstanding the coDdonaticn c^, any AP5PEN1WX.*J^W«0L1S aOMMISSHJlT. 307 prior di' ofter breach, on ddmand'pay to the Oouncil as liquidated damages, and not * as a penalty, the sum of 2001. ProvT.ded that if at the time of tendering, the contractor states his desire to sub-let a; portion of the ■work net usually done by him, the; Oomaacil will agree to this sifb'ietting to an approved sub-contractor, the principal contractor being responsible; 'for the work being done under tihe, same .conditions,, a§ if, done by himself. C. Any sum or sums of 'ikoney which on breach'by the conteactor of any one or more of the stipulations aforesaid in clauses A. and B. may frpm time to time become payable by the contractor to the Council as liquidated damages may either be recovered by the Council from the contractor by action or other legal proceedings, or may be deducted and retained by the Council out of any moneys due or to become due from the Council to the contractor under this or ati^ other contract, or the Council may obtain payment thei-eof partly in the oce mode and partly in the other. In case of aii.y bEeach tjy the "Qpntractpr of Sny one or more of the stipulations aforesaid in clauses A. and B., or of any one or more of the provisions contained in the schedule hereto, it s^ajl be lawful for the Council, instead of claiming payment to them by the contractor of the liquidated, Aainq,ges payable by the contractor as aforesaid in respect of sncn, breach, to determine this contract in the same .manner and to the same extent as they have power to determine the sajine under clause* in the events therein pipptipned, and if this contract shall be determined under this present power, then all the provisions pf that, clause shall apply as if this contract had been determined under, that clause. , , The Schedule. Rates of Wages to be paid and HouHS of Labour to be observed by the Contractor as regards all Workmen employed by the Contractor in or about the execution of this Contract : — Teades. ' For all Wsi-ic done within A K»aius of not exceeditig 2a miles, measured in a straight , ' liif^'lrom Charing ■ : ; ( ) Cross. ■ , , » ■ For all Work done cutsidietheaaiiil; Badius ,, the Kates q£ Wages and Hours of La66ur • reoognisedaisdiiiii ■ ,practice{0)9taiined3at , the date of the Tender "by the Trade"Uriioni( in which District such Work is intended to he done; viz; :—- -' Wages lorOver- _ time. Rate of Wages per Kour. Hours of Labour per Day. Eateof Wa«es per Hour. Hours of LaBourper Day. r, 1 i- j i r The Joregoing list is believed to include all the trades which the contractor may require to employ in or about the exectttion of this contrafct. If, however, he should emplov any workman or workmen in any trade' not before" specified, the rate of wages per hour toobe paid to such workman or workmen is not to be less, andihis or their hours of labour are not to be more, than the rate of wages and -hours of labour respectively which at the date of the contractor's tender were recognised and in ^practice obtained by the trade unions of the several districts in which the work is done. Provided always that all work done on a, site within 20 miles- of OhaTiiig Cross shall be considered as done within the district of the Irondon trade unions. 6. There shall be inserted in every contract a clause prohibiting the contractor from entering into any sub- contract without the consent of the Council, and in granting , such consent the Council shall' require the contractor to enter into an agreement which will secure the observance of the following conditions, viz.,— That no ' sub-contract .shall operate to relieve _ the contractor from any'of his liabilities or obligations, and that the contractor shall be responsible for all the. actsv defaults, and neglects of the'sub-contractor as fully as if ■ thdy were the aotfe, defaults,' and neglects of ithe- contractor, and that there' shall be - This wSU be the- general clause in the oikntM,ct rtiving the- Council power to,clet«rniine it of put the work in the J^g^^oJ othej; fiontfagto'? afthe cost of the orijrinal contractor. at inserted in the aabrcoiitract aroovenalit byithi^isub- contractor t!hat he will pay all workmen employed by him in or about the execution of such sub- (iontract rates 'of wages ribt less, and observe tiiid (iause to be observed by suoh-'workmeln hours of labour nOt greater, than the rates of Wages and houfs of Ikboiir following; that is to say, 'aS rBgatdS all work done upon a site amy part of' which JS within a radiils ojf 20 miles, measured in a straight line from Charing Crciss, the fates of wages aild hours of labour set out in the schedule' 'appended to the original coUitrapt as appHfiS'ble, to -work dope within such radius, and as regards ajll pthep wor^ such rates of wages and hours of labour as at the date of the sub-contract are recognised and in praottoe obtainfed by the trade unions of the several districts where the work is done, and that such rates of wages and hours of labour be inserted in a schedule to the sub-contract, but in no case shall such rates of wages be less, or hours of labour greater, than those set out in the third and fourth coltimns of the! wages and honrt' schedule of the contract between the Council and the contractor, and that in case of any breach by the sub-contractor , ,.pf the covenant as regards rates of wages a;nd hours of labour to be inserted in any sub-contr^ict (aiid notwithstaading the cpnnivance of the co];itractor in or condonation by such contractor of such breach or any prior breach) the contractor shall for every such breach as regards the rates of wages on demand pay tq.the Coflnoi] as liquidated damages, and not as a penalty, the sum of 52., and ,^all fpr every such breach as regards the hours or labour ;on demand pay to the Council as liquidated damages, and not as a penalty, for each day on which, such breach shall be committed, and for each workman in respect to whom it shall ^ave been cpmmitteds the sum of 5s. per hour for e-very hour during .which , such workman shall have been employed by the sub-contractor beyond,the maxi> mum niimber of hours during which, under the terms of the said covenant he ought to have been employed. , And that the sub-contractor shall at all times during the cpntiniianoe of the sub-contract, display'Hiid' keep displayed on the works and in every factory pr ■workshop or place occupied or used by the sub-contractor in or about the executibn of the sub-contract, in a position in which the same may be easily read "by all workmen employed by the sub-contractor in or about the execution of the stib-contract, a clearly 'printed or ■written copy of the said schedule ; and for each and every breach by the sub-contractor of this stipulation, notwith- standing the condonation of ,any prior or other Weaoh, the contractor shall on demand pay to the Council as liquidated damages, and not as a penalty, for every day during which such breach shall be or continue, the sum of 11., and that the sub-contractor shall, to the satisfaction '■ of the Council, provide and keep proper books in which shall be correctly and promptly entered from time to time the names of and the wages paid to and the hours of labour observed by all such workmen, and shall, as required, produce such books to any person or persons, whether a member or members of the Council or not, appointed by the Council or by any Committee of thfe 'Council to whom, the matter or business out of which the sub-contract arises may have been of may be referred to inspect the same, and allow such person or persona to taike copies of or extracts ffom such books or any of them, and for eac"h and every' breach by the sub- contractor of, this stipulation, and notwithstandiiig the condonation of any other or prior breach, the contractor shall on demand pay to the Council as liquidated damages, and npt'as a peinidlty, the sum of 31., and that th^ sub-contractor shall from time to time, ■whenever required" by the Council so to , do,'and within seven days after such requisition, ' make and deliver to the Council a statutory declaration stating that all the entries in such books as aforesaid are correct, or in case of any inaccuracy therein setting forth the details of ^uch, 'ina;C0Qra,cy, and' that all details required by' the ".stipulation lastly h^rein-before cotttained to be made in such books have been made' therein td' the: day of Buoh declaration, and for ,6ach and every breabfi'by thd snb-cdntraotor of thii stipulatiion the coiiir&tor shfell 6n deiiiand pay to'tti'e Cbuncil M' Qq 2 308 ROYAL COMMISSION ON LABOUK : liqnidated damages, and not ae a penalty, the sum oflOL Provided , that this standing order shall not be construed as prohibiting the sub-contractor without the consent of the Council from ' parchasing or Bub-oontracting for the supply of any materials, articles, or things required for the execution of the contract which are ordinarily to be purchased wholesale in the market or of wholesale merchants or manufacturers. (II.) On the motion to adopt the recommendation of the Committee No. II., Amendment moved by Mr. Beachcroft, seconded by Mr. Boberts — ^Thab the consideration of the recom- mendation be postponed. Amendment put and declared to be lost. Further amendment moved by Mr. G-rosvenor, seconded by Mr. Eoberts — That the recommendation be referred back to the Committee. After debate and a resolution that the question bo now put, — Amendment put and declared to be lost. Motion carried. Besolved accordingly. APPENDIX OXL. Notes on Statistics of Labour supplied by Sir T- H. Farrer in his Summary of Proposed Evidence. It is very important to develop these, for many purposes, e.g., to ascertain, — 1. What' share of the proceeds of industry falls directly to labour ?. What share to dapital ? What share to rent ? 2. What are thfe numbers of the unemployed ? 3. What proportion of the labouring classes are ' represented by trades unions ? ''4. Wha.t is the progress of remuneration to skilled and nngkilled labour respiectively ? 5. How do wages paid by G-oivernments, national or local, compare with private wages? 6. Possibility of labour bureaus and assistance in the form of information to labour seeking employ- ment. 7. Effect of shorter hours on the men employed — on ' bther workers aiid on output. &c., &c., &c. ' If this is done, it should be done not as isolated work, but in connection with other statistics, such as statistics of production, of export and import, of population ; of taxation, imperial and local ; of educa- tion ; of pauperism ; and of commerce ; so that all these and other particulars may be capable of com- parison, both in point of areas and of periods. For this purpose a reorganisation of our statistical departments will be necessary. Attempts made in 1878 and 1879 were failures. The necessary conditions are : — 1. That each department must collect the statistics with which its own administration are concerned. 2. That' these must be brought into a focus and harmonised by some one control department. Not a joint board, and not a pow;erless office such as the present Eegistry of Births, Deaths, and Marriages. Probably the best plan would be to have one superior officer, under some responsible Minister— not the Treasury, ■ who have too much to do — and to let this officer be in constant commuhication with the several statistical officers in the different departments. Occasionally a Treasury inquiry might be needed. The object' would be (a) to get certain general rules adopted, and (b) to publish general results in a harmonious form; in short, to carry out further and more completely the statistical abstracts. Eefer to reports of 1878-9, and especially to the memoranda contained in Appendix A. to that report. APPENDIX CXLI. Draft of an Eight Hours Bill; by H. M. Hyndman. iHTKODnCTION. The spread of the Eight Hours Movement in all countries is unquestionably one of the features of the time. Here in Great Britain, since the Social Demo- cratic Federation nearly ten years ago first made this limitation of the hours of labour by legal enactment a portion of a definite social and political programme, the cliangc which has been brought about in the opinion of the working classes themselves is most remarkable, fn the face of the most bitter opposition, not only from the Tory, Whig, Liberal and Badical factions, but from the so-called " leaders " of the trade unions, the idea of the restriction of the working day by law to eight hours has been accepted by the majority of the working classes of this country. The House of Commons is, as usual, altogether behind the people on this question. The landlords, lawyers, and capitalists of various degrees of turpitude who constitute that assembly at the present time are, of course, bitterly opposed to a measure which must, sooner or later, give the workers greater leisure, and therefore greater knowledge and power ; consequently they spare no effort to crush any Member who, like Mr. Cunninghame Graham, has the courage to force an eight hours law upon their considera- tion. What is, perhaps, still more remarkable, those who pretend to be the special friends of the people, Mr. JohnMorley, Mr. Henry Labouchere, and Mr. 'Brad- laugh, for example, are as hostile to the measure as the most bigoted reactionists, and are still more active than the Tories in their opposition to the men who champion it. All the qld capitalist arguments are stiU reiterated as if their fallacy had never been exposed ; the supercilious impertinence of men of education sufficiently good, and parts of speech sufficiently developed, to throw their ignorance into high relief, is perpetually exhibited at the expense of the advocates of State interference with the unchecked right of the English slave-driver to overwork his wage- slaves ; and no pains have been spared to prove to the people that their only hope of comfort in life is to work themselves to death. I have more than once challenged any or all of the above-named Trinity of Radicalism, either in their individual superior persons or in all the majesty of their: collective omniscience, to debate this subject of the desirability of the limitation of the hours of work to eight hours a day or forty-eight hours a week by Act of Parliament. Mr. Bradlangh is the only man in Great Britain of either party who has ever had the pluck to take up this challenge, and a debate between himself and me had been arranged at Glasgow prior to his late unfortunate illness. Two months ago I was appointed by the organisation which • has done infinitely more than any other to educate the people of England in sociaLdemocracy and to bring forward palliatives of our existing industrial anarchy to endeavour to arrange a debate with Mr. Bradlangh in St. James's Hall. Diffident as I feel in some respects' in championing the cause of the workers, I caimot but rejoice on other grounds that it has fallen to my lot to again encounter my antagonist of six years ago on the platform of St. James's Hall. Since my debate with Mr. Bradlaugh of April 19th, 1884, social democracy has swept trinmphanuly through the length and breadth of this lPPENDlX.*-Wfi:OLE COMMISSION. 309 island, and it is with the assuved oonviotion of complete victory in the near 'future that every social democrat goes forth to-day to encounter the decaying political factions around him. We know, however, that this eighjj hours' day, by law enacted, valuable as it must be as a palliative of the evils of our industrial anarchy, is of itself no solution whatever of the groat class antagonism. Though we argue that even from the point of view of the 5' per cent, philanthropist the workers are entitled to derive some advantage now and at once from the enormously increased power of man over nature, and the greater amount of wealth which is created with far less labour ; though we know that they will derive such advantage to a certain extent from an eight hours law ; we know also that the enhanced efficiency of machinery, and the development of invention which must follow, will, later on, inevit- ably provide the capitalist class in existing conditions with a still larger reserve army of unemployed labour than at present, and that the pefrdds' of industrial crisis will recur yet more rapidly and with greater severity than heretofore. An eight hours law being only a smiall peaqeful advance towards a better period, a means of gaining for the workers some leisure and relief from crushing overwork, I am glad that a revolutionary social demporatjtwho works for the /complete socialisatipn of the means and instruments of production, should have the opportunity of publicly arguing the eight hours question from that point of view. As to the result of the debate I have no doubt whatever. Whether I succeed or fail in the immediate object of convincing the audience this evening, the principle that the community has the right as well as the power to interfere with an illusory freedom in order to obtain greater real liherty for the workers and to check the fearful physical degeneration now going on among them must gain by vigorous discussion. Thus, with perfect confidence in the advance of the cause, I leave my draft Bill and the arguments of our debate to the kindly consideration of the public. July 23rd, 1890. H. M. H. A Bill entitled an Act to LiTfiit the Hours of Lalwur to Hight Hours a Day. 1. This Act may be cited as the Eight Hours of Labour Act, 1890. 2. This Act shall come into operation on the first of January, 1891. 3. In all contracts for the hire of labour, or > the employment of personal service in any capacity what- ever, a day shall be deemed to mean a period not exceeding eight worTcmg hours, and a week shall be deemed to mean a mamimMm period of forty-eight worleing hours. 4. No -person employed under the Crown in the United Kingdom, in any department of the public service, or in arsenals, small arms factories, dockyards, clothing establishments or other industrial business, or by any county council, municipal corporation, vestry, local sanitary authority, school board, guardians of the poor, dock or harbour trustees, district council, im- provement commissioners, commissiqners of sewers, commissioners of police, commissioners of public libraries or baths and washhouses, or any other public administrative authority whatsoever, shall, except in case of special unforeseen emergency, be employed for a longer period than eight worleing hours _ in anyone day, or tor moie than forty-eight worleing hours in anyone week. Any public officer or public functionary ordering or requiring any person in public employment to remain at work for a period in excess of eight working hours in any one day, or forty-eight working hours in any one week, except in case of special unforeseen emergency shall.be liable to a fine of not less than fifty pounds for eaA such contravention of the provisions of this section on conviction thereof ; and one-half of all fines so imposed shall be paid over, without any deduction whatsoever, to the person or persons directly or indirectly affected, whose action and evidence shall be the means of bringing home such ofEence to. the perpetrator. 5. No person shall, except in case of special un- foreseen emergency, be employed _ by any railway company for a longer period than eight worhing^ hours in any one day, or forty-eight working hours in any one week. The general manager of any railway company employing or permitting to be employed any person in contravention of this section shall be liable, on conviction thereof, to a fine of not less than fifty pounds for each such contravention; and one-half of all fines so imposed shall be paid over, without any deduction whatsoever, to the person or persons directly or indirectly afi'ected, whose action and evidence shall be the means of bringing home such ofienoe to the perpetrator. 6. No person shall be employed on any line of tram- way, omnibuses, cars, wagons, or other conveyances for the purpose of the transport of goods or persons, except in case of special unforeseen emergency, for a longer period than eight worleing hows in any one day, or* fori^'eight worleing hours in &ny one -weak. The general manager or manager of any company or firm, or individual firm, or employer employing or per- W.tting to be employed, any person in contravention of this section, shall be liable, on conviction thereof, to a fine of not less than fifty pounds for each such contra- vention ; and one-half of all fines so imposed shall be paid over, without any deduction whatsoever, to the person or persons directly or indirectly afi'ected, whose action and evidence shall be the means of bringing home such ofEence to the perpetrator. 7. No person shall be employed under ground for hire in any mine, except in case of special unforeseen emergency, for a longer period than eight worleing hours in any one day or forty-eight working hours in Eifuy one week. ... The period of employment under ground in a mine shall, for the purposes of this section, be deemed to be the whole period from the time of leaving die surface of the ground to descend the mine, to the time of return to the surface of the ground aftei' ccsoation of work. The manager of any mine employing oi- permitting to be employed any person in contravention of this section shall, on conviction thereof, be liable to a fine of not less than one hundred pounds for each such con- travention ; and one-half of all fines so imz)C"'5d shall, be paid over, without any deduction wLiff^aver, ,to.the person or persons directly or indirectly atleoted, whose action and evidence shall bo the moans, of bringing home such ofienoe to the perpatiator. 8. No person shall be employed iu any -factories, workshops, laundries, or otlaer business conducted for profit, except in case of special unforeseen emergency, for a longer period than eight worleing hours in any one day, or forty-eight worleing hours in any one week. , i Any employer or manager employing or permitting to be employed any person in contravention of this section shall, on conviction thereof, be liable to a fine of not less than fifty pounds for each such contravention ; and one-half of all fines so imposed shall be paid over without any deduction whatsoever, to the person or per? sons directly or indirectly afiected, whose action and evidence shall be the means of bringing home such ofienoe to the perpetrator. s ' 9. No person shall be employed to serve behind the counter or elsewhere in shops, co-operative .stores. storehouses, or magazines, .for the sale or distribution of goods by retail or otherwise, or shall be employed to serve behind bars to sell intoxicating or others drinks, or to purvey food or other refreshments, except, in case of special unforeseen emergency, for a longer period than eight worleing hours in any one day, or forty-eight worlcimg hours in any one week. . Any shopkeeper, storekeeper, manager, or general superintendent employing or permitting to be employed any person in contravention of this section shall, on conviction thereof be liable to a fine of not less than fifty pounds for each such contravention ; and one-half of all fines so imposed shall be paid over, without any, deduction whatsoever, to the personor persons, directly or indirectly affected, whos,) action and evidence shall be the means of bringing home such ofi'ence to the perpetrator. 10. No domestic servant shall be employed in any club or in any hotel. Inn, lodging-house, house or fiat let in apartments, or other place in which accommoda- tion or food is provided for payment, except in case of special unforeseen emergency, for more than eight worleing hours in-any one day, or forty-eight worhimg hours in any one week. Any steward, manager, inn-keeper, lodging-house or eating-house keeper, or his or her deputy employing or causing to be employed any person in contravention of this section shall, on conviction thereof, be liable to a fine of not less than ten pounds for each such contra- Qq3 310 RQYj^k,mmuimo^,gy perBons,dir^otiy,opij^dirqflt|y a'^e^lied, vy-hose actlQ^^^^ evi^hce shajl bes tl^e nieans of bringing hfijij^ si^g^ offence to the perpetrator. • ,, , loi -iji'i 12. In the cases of special unforeseen . emergentiy refefrfed to in the above sections, each persaniwjio shalls by reason of such emergency, work beyond theiqjeriod of eifjht worhing hours in any one' dags, or n forty-eight workiiig hours m any one week thtoein enacted, ahaii be eMitled to receive and shalL roaeiiae iromuthe indit vidual firm, or company, '. so employimg such persotei notwithstanding any stipulation or contract, to I'tbe contrary, expressed or impHeid, doable'the rate of; wages p6r hour which has been paid pep: hour during fih.^ norniiBll working day of eight working hom'ps,! for loaoh hour of overtime so worked.!' . ' r;"' ■ i)^>.M'._L't APPENDIX CXLII. Note oi the OoMPARATivis Cost of Transport of Fbeight on American and English- •'■■■-;',. Railroads. ■/ '" '"',"' In questions 8446-51 and 8454-59, reference is made to the comparative coat of moving'Sfeight i*n American and English railroads, and it is- p6in*ed Btit that the cheapness of Ainericail trans;^ort is dtte ib the much greater amount of paying freight carriedHo' thB amount of dead-weight hauled. This is, 'perha|)ss fitiniewhat overstated at one-fifth of the dead-weight haule'd'by English railroads, "as .that proportion would only EtYi^ly to the best American freight 'cars as compared to thi ordinary run of English 'trucks. Betweein the best American freight cars and any but the"best 'Efiglish trucks the statement wottld bte correct; aUdeveh'Sle newest English trucks only parry one toil of paj'ing freight, when fully loaded, to one ton' of dead weight ; whereas the best American cars carry more fhan foiir tons of paying freight to one ton of- dead-weight (35 tons of paying freight to eight tone of dtead- weight). The three diagrams submitted show conchSsifely' the superior economy of the American systein, alid' how greatly the adoption of larger waggons has educed the cost of hauling freight on certain 'W'ell-kno^lnlAnieric&.n railroads. Thus in Diagram " A" -it.is set fortt'how the Norfolk and Western Eaih-oadj begihniKg inlS&S with an average freight of 9'75 tons to every waggon loaded steadily increased that averagte, until in' ISi^l each loaded waggon carried an average of 18"il tons of freight. The result of this was that the average charge for transport was reduced from '70 pence or y'^i. per ton per mile, to "27 pence or x^d. per ton per Baile in the nine years ; while the actual woAiHg e34'ehses had decreased from "38 pence per ton per mile to '18 pence per ton per mile. The fi*€iight traflBo had inci-eased ftom 797,255 tons in 1883 to 5,797,944 tons in 1891. Thus by the use of more teavily -loaded waggbhS thfe- charges were decreased 61'43 per cent, and the working expenses 52'63 pet cent; Diagram "B " similarly shows the effect of increased train loads -on ihe -traffic of the New York Central Bailroad where waggons of a similar kind are used, and without which #aggons such increased loads could not be hauled profitably . From this diagram It appears that, whereas in 1870 the charge on this railroad for mbving freight was *94!d. per ton per mile, when 103 tons constituted a train load; and the working expenses of hauling per ton per mile were •57d., in 1890, when 248 tons were an riterage train load, the charge had fallen to ■38£J. per ton per mile, and the working expenses had been reduced to '27d. per ton per mile in 1890. ' ■■ -■ Diagram " " makes an elaborate compariBon,as.fo the efi'ect of heavy train loads on the JWorMng expenses of American and English railroads', i In thisi respect the most interesting^, points to note are the rfignres which relate to the Pennsylvania B^lroad, with its 2,351 miles of' lijie, and. the New (Tork Central.Biaih road, with its '2,096jrmiles of line, and- thte Midland Bailway, with its'ljOiO. miles of line, and the .Londdn and North-Western Railway, with' its 1,877 mill's of line. The average train, loads of the Benn'sylvania Bailroad were 285 tons, and the total working expenses wore for. 1891, '255(2. per ton per mile; the.ayei^ge train loads of the Midlan^ B.ailway were 48 ton's, and the average working expenses ,""688rf. per ton per mile. The ^average train Ipaifls ,o^f the New Twk Central Railroad were 250 tons, and ,fhe working"^'^ensti?f6r 1891, •285(2, per ton per mile ; the average traia loads •of Ihe Jtcffldon and.. Nortfe Western .R^jl'vys.yft were; 65 tons, and the working expenses, "658(2. per ton,p0jr; mile. ' The corhparativi*'3figni'eB ht Jiaiaevaikvtm&o and mer- chandise hauled by the American and ; Bligli^uEail- Ji6ads .respectively ie manifestly alkin,;fft5;9ii|;^f„$ars of heavy (biffldpn for the tetter, ,'iChua..the, Londe^'iaiid North-Western Railway carories 77 per cent, of minerals and 23 per eent.tf)fmexQh'9»B4'is6 -as .against 30 pei- c,eflt. of mineuals and 7iftper cent, of .«ierchftndj^e cay^^djiS^ the New York Central Railroad. Cojn8eaventJyri# would seem thajt; by ibj;ve, adoptjjOn , of- the, .American system, the English railipiaySt wojjji sax? a^bptj'Xfper c^nt., or perhaps Bior passenger vessel. H^re'.is'ati incre^'se, of efficiency in lahour whjic^ cer- tainly is not'ovei-stajije^^ at Jour to one^.,. The wages of sailors ai;d engjpeers and stokers rang^ from'$Z. tc> 5^ a month. Here, .again, ,it is qiii^e^ certain thp,t T?;ages have .inrreased '^ out of all proportion less.'" than the inor6a8oa'>^biency of .l^bou;r -ivb^ich has, a,dded to ■ the w^altli.,, .fipmf^f'f., ','a(nd ' enj.9ymei],|i of,' ihe prope^ti^^. ,.,in!.the iron industry .the imi)i;ovementg,,Rhemica!l aind m?pt»nical, cahijot he reasonably stated. a,t less than .folic to one in the oft yeais i:nder consideration ; that is to "say, that one man to-day.in the yaripusuprocesses of iroi^ pelting' and, manufactur^t^represents fully the power of production which foTjr men could apply 50 years ago., I^ot even Mr. Bo^ert Giffesn .will maintain that the wages of the men employed have increased in anything approaching, that proportion. In the cotton industry it is, again, an under-state- ment to say that, alike in coarse and iine gpods, the production por head employed has doubled in the 60 yea'rs for any giyen time of full work. Nevertheless, it was concl!asiyely proved, as against Mr. Pielden a fewyews ago ill the "Manchester Guardian," that the worjcers in the cqtton industry receive little more, and in sonieri cases receive less wages than they did 50 years agp. ji Similar remarks apply to the Bradford woollen industry. ; In- agriculture, though improved processes have not been so generally applied jn this country as they ought tp, be, in this department likewise, especially in the breeding of stock, draining, and manu:?ing, great improvements have been made,, But, the wages of agricultural labourers can scarcely be said to have generally increased, and they have lost certain advan- tages in many parts of the country which formerly they had. . , , ,,j In mining, in some parts of Englan4, wages have inereasedi paj-tly in: consequence of the. gappression of women's and children's labour below ground. But even in this department it is doubtful whether the increase of wages has kept pace with the improved methods of industry. But fthe best evidence that the workers have not benefited to 'any considerable extent by the improved processes of production is showi) by th.e fact that, even to-da/y, as a mass they possess no realisied property. Yet,, according to Mr. Robert Giffen,. the actual wealth of the country has increased from 6,O0OiO0O,OOOZ. 28 ye^rs ago to 9,000,000,OOOZ. or more now. It may be observed also that, although the purchasing power of the wages of the workers has ponsiderably in- creased, especially of late years, when bread, cheese, bacon, imported meat, and clothing have been rin- preoedentedly cheap, rents have risen so ma^terially in our great ,cities that th^ deduction on that head from the. wages available , for food and clothing has, to a great : extent, counterbalanced the greater cheapness spoken, of. On .the whole, therefore, I do not-think it admits o^ any question whatever that I was absolutely, right when-: Isaid that the workers had benefited out of all pro- poTtipn less than the owners of. their country, and the monopolists of capital by the improvements in industrial prooesses.^ H. M. Htndman. , B.S.! — It may be observed that in the above statement no Account whatever is taken of the increased and increasing freqftiency of depressions of trade and their longer, duration . when they f come. These depressions are directly due to the inoapacity of the (Capitalist class to handle the vastly inorensed powers of modern pro- duction. These very powers of production, indeed, which ought to be, and Mr. Gerald Balfour evidently still thinks are, beneficial to , theiwhole cornmunity, act as the means of reducing the wages, and inflicting worklessness and starvation On the producing class. The periodical recurreuce-of such " hard times " is most ceitP'irily not compensated in a,ny trade by any increase of wages, either actual or hypotheticftl. H. M. H. Qq 4 312 ROYAL COMMISSION ON LABOUR; APPENDIX CXI. Article on the Subject of Labour Registries in " Daily News " of the 28th October 1891. A National Labouk Eegistey. Tii a previous article it was shoTTO that the absolute necessity for some system of registry for the unemployed of the labouring and nondescript classes has been long practically recognised by the attempts that have been made to establish such registries, and that within the past year fresh attempts on a large scale have been niade to accomplish this. These and several others are all centred in London. There are at least two very in- teresting experiments of the kind that have been made very aucCessfnl in the provinces. One was bsgun at Egham, in February 1885, by Mr. N. Q. Oohen, of Throgmorton Street, who has a residence down there. He happened to meet with a man who had tramped 40 miles in quest of a job of work, and then discovered that, if he had only known, he could have found employ- ment close to his own home. Anything more abjectly wretched than this trnmping in search of work it is difficult to conceive. Weary and footsore, very often wet and hungry, with any little sum of money in the pocket dwindling away, the' failures and refusals, and rebuffs to which a man must be subjected must, one would think, be enough to break the spirit of the stoutest and bravest. At the same time, it is evident that the free and roving life of a tramp has a fascina- tion for men of a certain class, and beyond all question our casual wards are largely filled by habitual patrons, who originally set out upon the road honestly in quest of work. The' truth is that for a man on the road looMng for a job it is an extremely easy thing to become a cadger. Nobody knows him, it is almost excusable under the circumstances, or it .seems so, and of course it is only to be just this once to help him over an extremity. A man in this way loses any little self- respect his snubs and rebuffs may have left him, and at thfe same time finds ho can just rub along. He has left behind him all his cares and responsibilities. His wife and family, if he has any, must look out for themselves. He' is looking for work, and if he finds any perhaps will be able to send them something. Meanwhile he is rapidly forming the roving habit, and soon finds any sort of settled work irksome. In the summer-time, at all events, it is much pleasanter to stroll gently about from place to place, sleeping under hayricks, resting in public-houses, occasionally picking'up a few shillings at a fair, or a market, or a regatta. And thus our tramps are formed very often out of good honest working material. In riding about the country Mr. Cohen met a great many people tramping about from place to place pro- fessedly on the look out for work, and, as it has been said, he happened to find one undoubtedly genuine case, in which a respectable working man had been wasting time and strength in looking for a job which he might have had close at hand. It set him thinking, and with his city training, he saw at once the proper remedy, and started a registry " to afford easy means " of communication" between unemployed labourers '■ and artisans residing in the parish of Egham and em- ' ' ployers requiring workmen, with the hope of avoiding " or diminishing the waste of time and energy, and " the hardships involved in tramfiing for work." This was done in conjunction with two or three other local gentlemen, and as a matter of fact seems to have been the germinal idea of the many similar schemes set on foot during the past few years. The register at Egham wds no sooner instituted than the necessity for one was practically demonstrated. Egham is but a small countr3- town, yet in eight months after it was first opened they had 223 applicants for employment. The next year they had 374 appli- cations, and of these they were able to place, quite free of expense to the applicants, no less than 325, the total working expenses of this excellent agency being only 71. IBs. 4d. for the year. It would be extremely difficult to conceive of any other way of disposing of the same sum of money with anything like the same good effect. In the first fonr years they spent only S4l. 10»., and they placed in employment over 1,000 men and boys. Gardeners, carpenters, general labourers, painters, stonemasons, bricklayers, stablemen, plumbers, and gasfitters were among those for whom work was found last year, and the Egham Free Registry is still going on its useful way, proving beyond all possible question that there is a real need for assistance of that kind. The mechanism of the thing is extremely simple, as may be gathered from the expense of it, but for this little country town and its neighbourhood.it seems all sufficient, and as a practical df-monstration both of the need and of the-'way of meeting it this Egham Regiswy has been extremely valuable. A larger, and therefore, in some respects a more im- portant experiment is oue at Ipswich. The Labour Bureau at Ipswich is due to the practical sagacity of the Eev. Wickham Tozer. In a letteir addressed to the "Daily News" a few days ago, Mr. Tozer says; "After ' ' many weary years of relief work, which I could see " plainly did as much harm as good, I, six years since, " began trying to find work for the people instead of " feeding them." An office was taken and a clerk engaged, and it seems soon to have become apparent that here also there was a most important work to be done. Last year over 1,000 men applied to the bureau for work. Only those with a satisf actor}' character are registered — as is the case also at Egham^ — and it is interesting to learn that out of about 1,000 applicfints for registration, 891 were found to be lip to the mark, of whom 531 were introduced to employers. People of almost all sorts were among the applicants here,;butiOf course the unskilled, the labourers, were by far the greater number. Out of about 900 men there were about 430 of this class. The fact that a man's work is unskilled is sufficient with many people to debar him from much sympathy when he is out of employment. They forget that a large amount of mere muscular labour is really as essential to society as any other kind of labour. These men are simply indispensable, and whatever can be done to mitigate tjie hardship of their lot society would be wise to do. as a mere matter of policy. This bureau in Ipswich is an institution of public importance. It is managed quite gratuitously. " No fees are charged," says Mr. Tozer. " They are " declined if offered, and returned if sent. My manage- " ment is entirely honorary, and for personal reasons " I do not accept payment in any form. But that need " not be, and could hardly be the case with others. I " pay the clerk and messenger and rent and taxes, &o. " A few friends supply the needful, which is about 1001. " a year." Both these provincial institutions appear to be very careful to avoid dabbling in matters of wages orconditions of labour. Their function is taken to be simply to bring employer and unemployed together, leaving them to make their own terms, and as their clients are mainly composed of the unskilled and the unorganised, and therefore most helpless section of the community, they cannot be said to trench on the field of usefulness already occupied by the Trade Unions. They seem to be growing, at all events. "Last year," says Mr. Tozer in his report for 1889, "we had 398 ap- plications for work ; this year we hale had 455." The year following—in 1890, that is— as it has been said, the number had risen to over 1,000. Thus, in the country as well as in the town, it is shown by the best of all evidence that a real need exists for an organisa- tion supplying to masters and to men such information as the continual shiftings and changings in the labour render a matter of the utmost importance. It is perfectly clear at a glance that whatever may be the usefulness of local registries of this kind, the usefulness Of each register would be greatly enhanced if all other centres of population were similarly pro- vided, and the whole were in ready communication with each other. Mr. Cohen's scheme seems to have contemplated this from the first. The earliest report from Egham— that for 1&85— distinctly says that " It " is hoped that in time similar free regisiries may be " established in adjacent parishes, and that their scope Aplf^Mibli. ?liwH8tE'''c(d'k'wiski6if. sm " may be extended to include a record of vacancies for " for boys and apprentices. If such registries were ", affiliated to a central office, information could be " exchanged 'as to tbe entries in the. ^espec^tivo regis- " tri^, and migration of labour Vould'^thus' "be facili- " tated from over-stocked districts to places where " labour was, scarcer. The registries could also be " used as records of the fasilities alforded by some of " our colonies and by various home institutions to " assist emigration.'' Later reports have reiterated and amplified this idea, and indeed something like an Imperial labour registration system ig- dimly ifore- shadowed; the country labour registries might, it is pointed out, be placed in habitual correspondence with a federated organisation of the philanthropic emigra- tion societies, by aii arrangement under which separate colonies, or sections of colonies, should be assigned to separate constituent emigration societies. ' This is looking a long way ahead, but the origipator of the other provincial registry is evidently loofi^ig in the same direction, even if at present he doesn't see quite so far. This wider outlook has come to the Ipswich institution as a simple matter of neotessity. " We have connections all over England." " Some of " the most respectable firms in the country apply to " us for men." "Why?" asks Mr. Tozer, "could " there not be an institution of this kind in every " centre of population, and why not have thern so " federated as to make them mutually helpful?" Supposing I wanted a dozen fabourers and hadn't got them. I could telegraph to the nearest bureau and the next nearest until I obtained the men I wanted, and the others may telegraph to me when they had cirders they could not meet. Think what an advantage it would be to employers. What it is to the men, on even a small scale, I know full well. One of the great needs of the day is the distribution of labour. We have congestion at one place and want in another, and there is no rational system of relieving the one or supplying the other. Much valuable time is lost, and work goes undone. "I do not see," continues Mr. Tozer, " why our corporations should not originate and " support labour bureaus in large towns and pay for "-, tt|em out of, the rates.'' Ttie great difficulty in the way of siich a step -svould be found in doing this without impeding and interfering with the develop- ment and nfl-vaace of the trade unionism, which has now grojvn to be a force to be reckoned with before any very bold step can be taken in the labour world. The greatest and most important of all our corpora- tions, the London County Council, has very unmis- takably recognised this growing, power, and it may be that by-and-by the trade unionists may come to feel such confidence in municipal coiinoils as to regard them as the natural centres of such organisations. But they certainly would not do so at present, and it is to be feared that any attempt to do what Mr. Tozer proposes would be met by insuperable opposition. , At the same time, the public organisation of casual and unskilled labour is a matter of the greatest public interest. Every idle man is a burden on the com- munity, and where idle men are found in tens and hundreds of thousands the burden is greater than we many of us rep.lise. Benevolence and public policy alike demand that whatever is feasible should be done to find work for all. Trade unionists havfe been reproached with selfish indifi'erence to the needs of others when qnce they have attained their own ends. There has been undoubtedly , some ground for such reproach, but it would do much to remove it if the Unions would themselves devote a little serious atten- tion to, this proljlem of the labouring class and their need of registration. . i H^re are the rudiments of a national scheme. How are the other parts to be developed, and the whole knitted .together in one, com- prehensive system, of which the trade unions them- selves shall be component parts P That is an important question', and one which we should be glad' to see taken up by earnest and practical men outside and inside the 78448. Ki 314 fiOXAL COMMISSION ON LABOUB : v.— EXTRA LIST OF DOCUMENTS. [This list enumerates the documents relating to the inquiry conducted by the CommiBsion, Sitting as a Whole, forwarded from time to time to the Secretary and laid before the Commission.] Document. No. of Appendix. Reference to Evidence,* Date received. By whom sent. Co-ope7-ation. " Coming-of-Age Celebrations of the Hebden Bridge Fustian Manufacturing Co-operative Society, Limited." Hebden Bridge Fustian Manufacturing Co-operative Society, Limited, 43rd half-yearly report and balance sheet, December 31st, 1891. " Hebden Bridge Fustian Manuiacturing Co-operative Society, Limited ; A brief Sketch of 21 years' Work in Co-operative Production." " Historical Sketches of our Productive Societies, 1892," issued by the Co-operative Productive Federation, Limited. " An Account of the Exhibition of Co-operative Produc- tion, Crystal Palace, from 15th to 19th August 1891." Handbook of Co-operative Congress, Eochdale, June 4th, 6th, 7th, and 8th, 1892. " Co-operativfe Congress, Rochdale, 1892. Profit- sharing ; A Demonstration of its Advantages, reprinted from the ' Leeds Mercury,' May 9th, 1898." Ninth Annual Report of the Women's Co-operative Guild, April 1891-April 1892. "Tabulated Statement of Returns from Societies (^Co-operative) showing their average sales, dividends, and the earniugs of the members," (date, probaUu, 1884). Rules of the Co-operative Union, Limited. (a.) " Is co-operation beneficial to the community ? "■ (6.) The Queen and co-operation, giving both sides of the controversy, (c.) Suggested amendments in the Industries and Provident Act, 1876, in the interest of the trader, and also of the public interested in co-operative societies. Documents respecting co-operative banking. Sesumg of paper on "Labour and Capital,"read by Mr. C. H. Perkins before the British Association at Cardifl; August 1891, together with letter from Mr, W. Mather, M.P., on the subject. Statement with regard to co-operation from a trader's point of view, with copies of advertisements in " Glasgow Herald " for co-nperative assistants. Statement upon the principles of co-operation and its relation to capital and labour. Co-operative Workshops Exhibition, August 18-23 1893, and Report of Labour Association. "The Labour Association for promoting Co-operative Production, based on the co-partnership of the Workers. Sixth Report, 1890-91." (1-1221) 144 2; 941 J 1108 145 (5142-5337) (1-1221) (7523-7688) (7523-7688) Profit-sharing. («.) Rules and provisions to be observed in dealing T with the Provident Fund in connection with the employ^ profit-sharing scheme : Clarke Nickol!s, and Coombs, Limited. ' I (6.) Object and articles of the scheme. [ (c.) Notes of the 3rd and 6th. I (d.) Annual ordinary general meetings of the Company. J Nov. a4th, 1892. Oct. 26th, 1892. Dec. 7th, 1891, Nov. 15th, 1892. Nov. 15th, 1892. Aug, 22ud, 1893, July 19th, 1892. * Where it has been found impossible to irive snficifip ,-r,>.o„„. a. ', ' ■have been given in brackets.-GfD; ^ ^^""' references, the numbers of the questions embracing J. T. W. Mitchell. H. B. Wilkinson. Robert Ewen (Ex-Provost of Hawick). C. H. Perkins, A, Pollock. G. J. Holyoake. H. Vivian. Clarke, Nickolls, & Coombs, Limited. the evidence of the witncss.referred t APPENDIX. — ^WHOLE COMMISSION. V. — Extra List of Documents — contmued. 315 Documents. No. of Appendix. Keferenoe to Eridence. Date received. By whom sent. Profit-sharing — cont. Letter, dated January 10th, 1893, from Mr. Robert Duncan, engineer of Glasgow, respecting profit-sharing, addressed to Mr. Bushill. Experience of the firm of Charles S. Madan & Co., mechanical and consulting engineers. Statement advocating profit-sharing, instancing Ihe fishing industry, and suggesting application tu agri- culture. Summary of " The Labour Day," by Maltman Barry, prepared by the Secretary of the Commission. (5893-6172) Arbitration and Conciliation. Besolntion passed at the Second Congress of Chambers of Commerce of the British Empire. " Boards of Conciliation in Labour Disputes " ; A short address to the artisans and labourers of Liverpool and vicinity, by James Saiunelson. Proposal re State Board of Arbitration. Resolution passed by the Provisional Board of Concilia- tion and Arbitration (Liverpool) as to formation of boards of arbitration and conciliation. 146 147 148 Labour Bureaus. "The Depopulation of English Villages," by Rev. "Wickham Tozer. Resolution passed by the Executive Council of the Association of Chambers of Commerce of the United Kingdom with regard to a National Labour Bureau. 149 (6173-6386) (6387-6427) "The Eight Hours' Day,'' by Sidney Webb and Harold Cox. " The London Programme," Sidney Webb. " Socialism in England," Sidney Webb. « Socialism," Fabian essays. Fabian Tracts, No. 9, " An Eight Hours Bill." (a.) Programme of the labour unions. (6.) Notes upon — 1. "Acquisition of Railways, Docks, and Liquor Traffic ; " 2. " Homestead Law ; " 3. " Provision of Workshops ; " 4. " Arbitration Boards." (c.) Pamphlet—" The Eight Hours' Day.'' fd.) Pamphlet—" Why there is discontent m the Post ^ Office." Socialism and Eight Hours' Day. 1 150 ■ (3578-4877) Statement with regard to funds of the Eoyal Liver Friendly Society. Copy of "Echo," September 1 7th, 1892, containing article signed •' Bxperientra," on the subject of " Building Society Frauds and their remedies." Documents concerning dispute of the Agricultural Labourers' Union relative to the distribution of sick benefit funds. Memorandum on "The Connection of Trades Unions " and Friendly Societies with the Mediaeval Guilds," prepared by the Secretary of the Commission. Friendly Societies (1806) (1504 i 1509-12 1522 ; 1528-9 1547; 1550 1596-9 ; 1775-6 1883-5 ; 1889 1914; 1925) Jan. 12th, 1893. Dec. 5th, 1892. Dec. 29th, 1892. July 25th, 1892. July 20th, 1892. April, 1891 July 6th, 1891. March 17th, 1892. Nov. 19th, Dec. 5th, 1892. Nov. 5th, 1892. Nov. 2nd, 1892. T. W. BushiU. Chas. S. Madan. W. P. Coleman. Eenric B. Murray, (Secretary, the London Chamber of Commerce). James Samuelson. Tom Mann. A. A. Paton. J. Hole. Sidney Webb. A. K. Oonald. A. J. Fowler. G. Mansbridge. G. Mitchell. Br 2 316 ROYAL COMMISSION ON .LABOfUR: V. — Extra List of Documents— rfiojaiwMteS. Doettmeut. No. of Appendix, Eeferenee to Evidence. Bate refleived. Friendly Societies' — cent. Correspondence by Mr. Greedy with Jlr. Brabrook, respecting evidence of the latter giving information on building societies. 470th and 472nd Monthly Ifeports of the Friendly Society of Iron Founders of England, Ireland, and Wales. " Strikes, &c. What is Liberty ? " by W. E. Kochs, Engineer, Cardiff ; also manuscript notes upon the subject. "Memorandum on Strikes and Labour Disputes," pre- pared by Edinburgh Chamber of Commerce. The Strike : Carron and Hermitage ; P. Barry and Tom Mann. " England's duty, and what it should do to revive trade in this and other countries by the introduction of a new motive power engine," Speech of Col. Hughes in the House of Commons August 8th, 1890, with regard to wages paid by Government in Her Majesty's dockyards. (a.) " Our Patent Laws," by James Keith, C.E., re- printed from " Inventions " (Dec. 27th, 1890) ; (A.) " House of Commons, Sessions 1890-91 ": excessive Patent Fees," Speech by Mr. Leng, M.P. for Dundee, with observations by Sir William Har- court, and reply by Sir Michael Hickp-Beach (July 14th, 1891), reprinted from "Dundee Advertiser." " Old Age Pensions," by C. S. Roundell, M.P., reprinted from the " Manchester Guardian." " Our Foreign Competitors," by James Baker : news- papers containing criticisms, viz., " Sheffield Daily Telegraph" of July 9th, 1892, "Cork Examiner " of July 19th, 1892, &c. (a.) Resolution passed by " Deriiography Committee on Childreiji " (International Congress of Hy- ' giene and Demography). *f;) (6.) Circular concerning "The Association for pro- ; venting thd Immigration of Destitute Aliens." (u.) Statistical information as to physical condition and brain power of children in schools. (6.) " Abstracts of ithe Milroy Lectures on An In- quiry as to) the Physical and Mental Condition of School Children," delivered before the Royal College of Physicians of London by Francis Warner, M:D., &c." Rules of the National Labour Federation. Memorial by S. E. Cooper on effect of State support upon' trade. Memorandum on the Improvement of Census Returns,' especially as regards occupations and industry. A., present difficulties ; B., remedies. Post Office Injustice and Persecution: anappeaj to all. Rules of Women's Protection and Provident League. Dock, Wharf, Riverside, and General Labourers' Union of Great Britain and Ireland : correspondence between Union officials and the Dock Company. "Modem Banking: Sweating Labour, Industry, and Commerce," by P. Barry. Summary of proposed evidence embracing railways coal, shipping, &c. Summary of proposed evidence embracing rural labour printing trades, shorthand and typewriting industry, shop assistants. : 1 it Strikes. (1222-1646) (1629-3^; 1638; 1745-^6 -1779) Miscellaneous. I ' 151. 152 (1647-1739 ; 5338-5403) 687-90 i-'ih i^J «- Nov. 22nd, 1892. Nov. 7 th. 1893.1 jctOTIJ May 5th, 1892. Nov. 25th, 1891. Nov. 19th, 1892. Jan. 23rd, 1893. By whom sent. F. Creedy. The Secretary. W. E. Kecbs. James Pollard, Secretary. P. Barry. G. Eydill. July 17th, Edwin Hughes. 1892. ■IJciO'fJJi" i,n;.i Sept. 10th, 1892. Bee; I2th, ' 1892. July 15th, 1892, &c. Aug! 2nd, , 1'892. June 8th, 1892. Dli-'/l-lcV ',, "., ~' ^ ■ . March 18th, 1892. Not. gth ..I,-!) Nov. 15th, 1892. Nov. 19th, 1891. :j- ;:■ ) March 31st, iiNov. 19th, 1891, &c. James Keith. ■i C. Roundell, M.P. James Baker. Francis W^arner. S. E. Cooper. G. Stcrrv'. Tom Mann. P. Barry. W. J. Thompson C. W. Barkfer. V.-r;BxTjiA .List oj' Documents — contmued. 3U Document. d'k: No. of ' Appendix. Eeference toJELviftence. Date received. By whom sent. Proposal to provide work for unemployed in the flax industry of Ireland. '■ n ■"!' •-. r"; '\ \^ ;.■ J1-, .eiii^.j -..n .1.1,. , . . Stsitemect on bi-metallisjm. t , , , ,|,, - . . ' 1:0,:. . J'. • ■.,!■ i.jii . • ii,i. . . ,' Printed' copies,, of fetteys addressed by , ^M.r. D. ,.M. Stephenson, toi the '; Glasgow Hi^ral^ " I'e^arding his ^ visits to the various Labour polonies.' ; , '/ (a) '' Speech delivered by John fiurns on ' The, Liyer- , J pool C!6ngress,' at a meeting hdld at the ''" Washington Silusic Hall, Battfersea, on Sunday, September 21, 1890. Michael Davitt in. the Chair." ^ '", ,-. ' • ". > '" (6) " The Unemployed. [Reprinted -from ' The Sine- '■^ ' teenth Century ' (Nol CXC;, December lS92), ' by kind permission of ^ the • Editor; ■ James Knowles, Esq.] " •' ; . - ■-■ ■■' . u)-. ,,. .w-.Z-ul ^ Beiport of the Public Inquiry into the fii*n^r^l Qhairities of Coventry,, by ,Mr. C. jQ. ,S,, |ili^-ray,. Assistant Ghaiityi iComraissioiier, Noveinber 15tb and 16th, ■1893. ' , ; ',..., ,,l, ,.,■■;' ,;■; Minutes of Pojirth Annual IJelegate Meetiiig of the, Dock, Wharf, Riverside and General Labfturefs' Unipn, held at the , Shepherd's Hall, Market! Street^, Bristol, on September lith'tblGth; 1893. ■ Further Notes on — " .' 'i; , . (a.) Poor Law • Relief : its action on Kroployment and Wages. .i,> ,, i .■,'.; %. (6.) Relief of Distress oytiug to Want of Employ- TTipnt ' O. I. Y u _- 153 162 163 (o.^ Prepared by the Secretary — ' . ', (1.) Summary drawn up by the Secretary of ' the Goin'mission entitled "Rfeasons against Goveinment interference through the Scotch Fishery Board" from the foflowing. docu- ments:^ -' -'-li ■■■■'- " Seasons why Government should cease to r brand fas a certificate of ,(jualiliy)iwhite ;i ' , -Kji'irherriBg* i° Scotland., Submitted to. the Conference of the, JTational' ^isherief, ,. ,,,, ., ! Assoqia.tion, at thejr meetimginLondoh, oh Friday, 26th February, 1892. ^ Letters between the Hououl-able Ed-Ward iiarjoribanks, M.t"., Patroliage Secretary of the Tre4siity;'i,hd Mr. T^honias Jenkins, Fishcurer, Burghead', with reference to the Herring Brand in Scotland'.' ■ Newspaper cutting'^-Letter to Editor of the " Daily Free Press," datad November .. . . i,2thv'lS92i,.headei"TheSeotch Fishery ■ - ■,■ : ''iT-i'. .Board." i'''- ■'•■ . .■: - '"■ (2.) Memorandum on the ; Co-operative Move- !],, i:-ment ■■.i.'-^i "', . " i-i . ,.! ; , (3.) Meisorapdu^ViiOS mc|thods of , 4f aling ,'iyi(^ Wage Statistics. ■ ,, i-^,, ..m v' (4.) Memorandum, on, Eight Hpur^ , Day m the United States. (5 and '«.) See also under "Profit Sharing" and "Friendly Societies." , / (b.) Prepared by Sir Frederick PoUpck,-- '^ (1.) .The Statute '.Law as to ' Arbitration m Tride Disputes. ' ' (2.) Prooedijire as to the Law of Trade Com- ■''-■' binationft -'•■'"'' '' (3.) The Law of Trade CombiaatioTisi. : . • (4,) The Employers' LiabilityiAct. .rx (c.> Prepared by Sir' Godfrey Lushington— (1.) Memofandum on the Liability of Em- ployers for Injuries to their Servants. (2.) Memorandum on Employers' Liability for , ,, ; . . .Accidents in France .Gepnany, and,. Austria. (d ■) Prepared by Mr. George .Livesey (and checked by the Secretary) ff'oni"th6 published volumes of if.TabiBar . -startement' : showing ■i^t»mia?iJ;eB , ot Memhers-.ttfclhe'CqAiijaSsSion., ;..;yr,s.; '..ifij 'o I-, ; .(j:i,H vn '1 frrn T Memoranda. r.., IS'* { 15.5 156 157 158 159 ISO 161 (5(i02 i_. if face -5892) Jflf,! IJI Appendix XCIV Appendix XCVJ Nov. 23rd, 1891. Nov. 19th,' 1892. Feb. 19'tli, 1932. , Oct. 3.0th, . 1893. Dee. 5th, ' 1893. Oct. 27th, ■)■ 1893. : [Jan. 11th, . 1894. James Canning. U. Heath, D. M. Stevenson. John Burns. T.. W. Bushill. ^BenTillett.: C. S. LochXChaT rity Organisa- tion Society). Nov. 10th, ■1892. ^ 1 •; <■!. «tS)Jb T. C. Macqueen, ( A dvocate, Aber- deen.) L, • .. . . .'J.'irf '•' ' fi'f t' 1 ■ , ' ^_^j u^ T' *i ^ Pull t^eriicgi'to'thrftaatteVih mfe documents havebeen-tnjads.in the Summaryof theiavidenee taken before. «ho .Oortimission as a Whge-^_ ><>r' ■■■■■" f"''!' "i" ' '1 '''V- I " Ti ii-°p'-- }"' -' ' ' R r 3 318 ROTAL COMMISSION ON LABOUR; DOCUMENTS SBLBCTBD FROM LIST V. APPENDIX OXLIV. The Rules of the Co-operative Union, Limited. Whereas there now exists a body called the Co- operative Union, whicli lias been formed for purposes similar to those herein-after mentioned, and the members of the said Union desire to convert the same into a society to be registered under the Industrial and Provident Societies Act, 1876: Now for this object the following Rules are adopted. Interpketation Clause. In these rules (including this rule) the following expressions have the meaning following, unless there is anything in the context inconsistent therewith : — "Central Board" (26), "Central Office" (22, 4), "Congress" (14), " Qeneral Secretary" (45), "Office Committee - (43), " Section " (26), " Society " (6), and " United Board " (34) have the meanings expressed in the rules referred to under them respectively : The "Committee" means the directing executive of any society under whatsoever name : " Conference Association " means a group of societies, whether exclusively composed of members of this society or not, which are united for co-operative purposes in connection with any Section : " Sectional District " means the local district assigned to anv Section of the Central Board under Eule 27 : "The Union" means The Co-operative Union, Limited ; Words expressing the plural number shall apply to one person or thing, and the converse ; and words expressing the masculine gender shall apply to a female. I. — Name and Objects, and Opmce. 1. The Name of the society is The Co-operative Union, Limited. 2. The Objects of the Union are to carry on the trades of accountants, booksellers, commercial and general advisers, publishers, and teachers of the principles and methods of co-operation. The Union shall have full powers to do all things necessary or expedient for the accomplishment of all objects specified in its rules, including the power to purchase, hold, sell, mortgage, i-ent, lease, or sub-lease, lands of any tenure, and to erect, pull down, repair, alter, or otherwise deal with »ny building thereon. 3. The Registered Office of the Union is at 14, City Buildings, Corporation Street, Manchester. The office may be changed by a resolution of the United Board. The rules of the Union shall be recorded in Scotland and Ireland. 4. RemovaZ of Office to he notified. — Notice of any removal of the office of the Union shall be sent to the registrar of friendly societies within 14 days after such change, or such other time as may be required by the Treasury regulations, and in manner and form thereby prescribed. 5. Books of Accounts, 8fc. to he hept at Office, — All books of accounts, securities, documents, and papers of the Union other than any (if such) as are directed by the committee to be kept elsewhere, shall be kept at the Registered Office, in such manner and with such provisions for their security as the United Board from time to time direct ; and shall be open to inspection by the members as is hereinafter provided. II. — Members and Shares. 6. The Union shall consist of the persons who sign those rules, each of whom shall be deemed to hold one share, and of all industrial and provident societies, joint stock companies, and other bodies corporate, all of which are herein-after included in the term societies, which are members of the Co-operative Union above mentioned and apply for admission, or may be hereafter admitted by the United Board ; but, except in the case of the original signatories of these rules, no individual members shall be admitted. Adm,ission. 7. Application for Admission shall be made m writing, fn snob form as the Cejitral or the United Board may No. 2,783 E. prescribe from time to time, signed by the secretary or manager of the society, to the general secretary, who may provisionally admit the applicant, subject, in all cases other than that of a society member of the Co- operative Union aforesaid, to approval at the next meeting of the United Board. 8. Each Applicant for Adrmssion shall be deemed by such applioatioa to accept — as the principles by which all its business transactions should be guided — the desire to promote the practice of truthfulness, justice, and economy, in production and exchange — (1.) By the abolition of all false dealing, either — (a.) 'Direct, by representing any article produced or sold to be other than what what it is known to the producer or vendor to be ; or, (6.) Indirect, by concealing from the purchaser any fact known to the vendor material to be known by the purchaser, to enable him to judge of the value of the article purchased : (2.) By conciliating the conflicting interests of the ca.pitalist, the worker, and the purchaser, through an equitable division among them of the fund commonly known as Profit. (3.) By preventing the waste of labour now caused by unregulated competition. 9. No Society shall be admitted into the Union unless its management is of a representative character. Shares and Contributions. 10. (1.) Every member of the Union shall hold one shafe, and no member more than one. (2.) Every society shall, so long as it continues a member of the Union, make annually for its support the contributions following : — (a.) If the number of memberb of any such societj is less than 500, then the sum of 'M. pel member ; (6.) If such number exceeds 500, then, at least, the Slim of 1,000(?. (3.) In estimating the number of members of a society comprising other societies, each such society shall be reckoned as one member. (4.) The number of members shall be the number at the beginning of each Congress year. H. (1.) Tlie contributions aforesoAd [shall be payable quarterly in equal sums, but may be paid wholly in the first quarter of the Congress year. (2.) The Congress year shall commence on the 1st of April of each year and end on the 31st of March in the year next following. (3.) A society admitted in any quarter after the first shall pay during that year only the contributions due for the then remaining quarters. (4.) The Union may receive from its members or other persons subscriptions or donations in aid of its opera- tions ; but no such payments shall give to the payer any right not expressed by the rules 12. (1.) The shares of the Union shall be of the nominal value of 5«. each, which shall be paid up out of the first contributions received from the respective societies. (2.) The shares allotted to societies shall be held in their corporate names, attested as the united board directs from time to time. (3.) The shares shall be transferable only, and shall be registered in the names of their respective holders, and transferred with the consent of the united board, in the form contained in the Appendix. (4.) The shares rf the signatories of these rules shall be extinguished at the meeting of the first Congress after the rules are registered, subject to the repayment of any moneys paid thereon. (5 ) No share shall carry any interest er confer any right to dividend. Withdrawals. 13. (I.) A society may withdraw froiu she Union, by a notice in writing sent to the centra, office, under the seal of the society, if it is a body corporate, and otherwise attested as is reqniied by Eule 12 (2), and the payment of all contributions due from it up to the end of the Congress year. Appendix. — wMole commissioi^o 319 (2.) A society whioli goes or is put into liquidation, or becomes bankrupt, shall be. deemed to have withdrawn. (3.) A society in arrears of its contributions for eight quarters may be excluded from the Dnion by a resolu- tion dt the United Board without prejudice to any proceedings that may be taken against it for the recovery of the arrears due from it. (4.) Upon the withdrawal of or exclusion of a society its share shall be forfeited and extinguished. III. — GrOVEBNMBNT, Congress. 14. The Union shall he governed by a general meeting, herein called the Oongress, which shall be held annually, at such time as may be determined by the preceding Congress, or under its authority, and subject thereto the Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday in Whit week. 15. The Place of Meeting of the first Oongress after the Union is registered shall be Glasgow, and subse- quently the place of meeting of each year shall be fixed at the preceding Congress, at some place within the limits assigned respectively to thb sections herein-after mentioned. 16. (a.) The Gongress shall consist, subject to Eule 21, of delegates from the societies members of the Union which subscribe to its funds not Jess than the amount required by Eule 10, clause (2), of which each shall be entitled to send — If the number of its members is not over 500, one delegate. If the number is over 500, one delegate for each 500, or fraction, for whom it has subscribed. (6.) A society consisting of other societies shall be allowed such number of delegates .as the United Board or Central Board may authorise or sanction. 17. Societies may join in sending delegates to any number not exceeding that to which the collective number of .members on whom they have paid would entitle them. 18. A seat on the Central Board shall not disqualfy any person from representing a society at Congress. 19. A Delegate must be a member of some society, member of the Union within the sectional district where the society appointing him is situate, but need not be a member of the society which he represents. 20. Each Delegate shall have one vote. 21. Conference Associations which have subscribed to the funds of the Union in any Congress year not less than 10s. may, with the consent of the section of the district in which any such association is situated, testified under the hand of the secretary of the section, send to the next following Congress a delegate, who shall be entitled to take part therein as if such con- ference were a member of the Union. Credentials of Delegates. 22. (1.) There shall be sent, not later than the first week of each month of April, to every member of the Union and every conference association entitled as aforesaid to send a delegate thereto, a notice, stating — (a.) The date and place of meeting of the Congress : (6.) The qpialification of a delegate under Rule 19 : (c.) The manner in which the delegates are to be elected : d.) In the case of a society, the number of delegates which it is entitled to send in virtue of its contributions. (2.) The Notice shall he accompanied by a form for returning the names of the delegates. (3.) Ddegates may he "appointed by resolution either of the committee of management or of a general meeting of the society or conference association : The mode of appointment being in each case notified on the forms on which the names of the delegates are returned. (4.) A Statement of the Name and postal addressof each delegate appointed, and the authority by which the appointment has been made, shall be delivered at the registered ofiRce of the Union, hereafter called the central office, not later than the fourth Friday before the first day of the meeting of Congress, on the form above mentioned, duly filled up, and attested by the signatures of the secretary and two members of the committee of the society represented. (5.) A society which lias appomted fewer Delegates ihAu it is entitled to have, may, at any time previous to the fourth Friday aforesaid, appoint additional delegates to "any number not exceeding, with the delegates previously appointed, the total number that it is entitled to appoint, and shall on application to the central office be supplied with an additional form for this purpose, (6.) Each Form shall hear externally the name of 'the society or conference association to which it is supplied, and if it is received at the central office after 6 p.m., on the fourth Friday aforesaid, shall be returned unopened. (7.) The General 8eoreta/ry shall, at least seven days previous to each Congress, send by post to each delegate appointed, at the address mentioned in the notice of his appointment, a delegate's card, filled up with his name, to be accompanied, as far as possible, by copies of the reports and papers to be submitted to the Congress. (8.) If a Delegate appovrtted is unable to attend Con- gress, his card may be transferred to any other person nominated by the directors of the body by whom the appointment is made, so that such nomination is com- municated in writing to the general secretary before the first sitting of the Congress. (9.) No Delegates' Cards shall be issued otherwise than in accordance with the above rules (1) to (7). (10.) Delegates shall he admitted to the .Congress only on presenting the delegates' card sent to them. (11.) The Delegates' Ca/rds shall be numbered con- tinuously, and shall be exchanged on application at the office of the Congress for an attendance card, bearing the same number as his delegate's card, and so stamped or otherwise distinguished as the United Board directs from time to time. Proceedings at Congress. 23. The Congress shall have two Sittings in each day, in the morning and afternoon, at such times as the United Board fix, subject to any resolution of the Congress itself. 24. The Chairman of each day shall be appointed by the United Board. If he is not present, the chairman shall be appointed by the delegates present. 25. Subject to any resolution of the Congress for the time being, the Proceedings of the Congress shall be regulated as follows : — I. They shall include — (1.) The opening address of the chairman of the first day: (2.) The discussion of the report to be made by the Central Board : (3.) The declaration of the election of the Central Board for the ensuing year : (4.) The discussion of any papers, or proposals, directed or authorised by the United Board or the Central Board to be brought before Congress : (5.) The discussion, by the consent of the Congress, of any matters arising out of (2) or (4) : (6.) The discussion of any independent motion pro- posed by five delegates, or authorised by the standing orders committee. II. A Standi/ng Orders Committee shall be appointed by or in such manner as the United Board directs from time to time, which, subject to any resolution of the Congress, shall regulate all matters requiring decision connected with its proceedings. The committee shall meet at such time before the Congress as the United Board may fix, and if no other time is fixed, at tho close of the meeting of the Central Board before the Congress. III. The Report of the Central Board shall be printed and distributed to the delegates, with the accounts audited as herein-after is provided at the first day's sitting, and shall be considered at the commencement of the second day's sitting ; and no amendment thereto shall be admitted but such as are handed in, in writing, to the chairman of the second day's sitting at the com- mencement thereof, with the names of the proposer and seconder. IV. Deputations from local institutions, trade unions, foreign societies, or any other bodies desirous of com- municating with the Oongress, shall be received the first day of Congress, after the inaugural address, when not more than two from each deputation, besides the member by whom they are introdiiced, shall speak ; and the acknowledgment shall in each case be confined to a few words from the chairman. Y. Votes of Thanhs other than that to the chairman of the day, which shall be spoken to only by the mover and seconder, shall be included in one resolution, in which the person thanked may be separately named, but which shall be spoken to by a mover and seconder Rr 4 83Q BeTAfi' "l&tfMSllS^ON 'ON- ¥jaswfi4 only, and shallJjeipropaaed o«-%e eWrd day imtnadiaMy bdfore.the bloae pftbe Cofl^fessr ■itY L iThe-Oeneml S^gi-eiai-iJ, a^iiUpiiie apirPO'val of the ofl5ce ooiiimittee, may issue to visitors to thfr Congress ODmplimentaTy cards of admissic*!,^* on- eaeh' of ' whicli sballbe distinctly: printed a notice that the Card does not confer on the holder the 'ri^iit to take any part in the -discussioiis of the Congress, except'''by'piermissit)ii of the standing orders committee aforesaid. ..,,^.-i c. ,,YII. The timBaUowed for reading a paper, or iiaking any; speech other than- ^h&^p§jiirig aiMresS, shall' not, except by. consent of the Congress, exceed the foUcSwitig limits :■— ' .1 ' ; '■-■ 11 "' ■■; '■ ,., Anyapajper or opeiiiog speech - 30 nflnutes. Arepl^bjr'the.,2^9i(r|jfci'n?'^g (8.) Societies situate' in one sectional district may, by resolution of Congress, be transferred to another disteiot atHheir request, and with the consent of both sections. Mode of meeting. the Central Board. • 27. SiAject to Bules 60 and 61, and to the cases where hereiafter a special provision is made under Rule 29, ■the members in each section shall be chosen as follows: — , '^'•■■ 28. A. Nomination papers — (1,) In the GouTse of the thirteenth week, next pre- ceding the Congress in each year there shall be sent to all the societies, members of the Union, which have duly contributed to its funds during the preceding Congress year, papers by which they may nominate CBiidida^tes for -their own section. (2.) Each such paper shall contain the names of all the then members of the section willing to "be re-elected, with a statement of the nnm,ber of meetings of the section attended by them respectively, and spaces for as many nominations as there are members 'to be elected for the sectional district in which the sibeiety ■'is Bituate. • ^ ' '" {9.)' TWe cartdidatfe'irfhst'bl'-tfhietilBef ofStto'e^ooi^y, metabof of the 'Union,' 'belonging to the sectional district for wliich he is ijominated, but need 4ot be a meWbetAif'^he *(ifciety.'bij>'wi^ich he is noniiii^t'ed. •'-t4;f'!Eji,cl4',uo'mination pstper shall b6. signed by some person officially' entitled- to' Represent the society, and shair conWn d statomeiifc'of the^lace of residence of each Candidate nopiinatfed other than afty t/teii member of the Centi-al Board, and tha;t the ' s-igiiiitory has ascertainedhis ■vWUingness to'serve on the boardi (5.) Every such nomination paper or statement must be returned to the central office .-Within one calendar month from the date on which it is issued ; otherwise it shall not be available fol" the ensuing election. '.B. Voting Papers—''' "■ '■ ' ■' y"'''"-' "'^'[ ' (6.) From the . nomination papers shall be. prepared voting jj'fcperS,, of which one 'shall l^e , sent to ; each sriciety nlemtiei- of the Union which hias coiitriblited to its funds the Stim' required by Rule 10 since the 3lst of Mai-chpt'ecedirig, and which shall 'respdctively contiain the nimes of all the caiididates ^nominaited for ttie sectional iiistrict in -wtich the sbcie'ty is situftt'e, arranged in ^phabetical Ol-der, Subject to the provisions next following :~ ■ ' "', , I. If the candidates nominated by ^vny, section are '-' fewer thain the number of me'iibers to be felected ' thereforj the' deflcieno'y' shall be made up by adding the names of all. the existing members not included in the list. II. TJie voting paper shall contain "the'name and the ^lace- of i-esidehce'of ^^fch"^ candidate, and' a statenient signed by ijhe. general_ secretary,' that 't'bc ^CT.SbiiB whose n'toes are 'cdnfailied therein , have'D^eii duly nom'ina;ted 'as candid'atfes for , the Section' iii'''v»'hich the' papS-'ia to "be used, and ihat it conta^ins the names 'of all persons do nominated'. It' shall "iiot c'dnt'airi '^iiiy statemeht " Vo.f, oryeferenCe iio, the, n'pminatiiig' society. III. Subject to' irij di'rectibns gl-^en by th^ COngre'sS, ■ ' the Central Board, or the United Board,, the voting papers sh^U be dealt with thus— •'-■■■' ' (a.) They shall.'be enclosed in envelopes, bear- ■ ■ ing the words " Toting , piper only," ■with . 1 . ■ J |-"^the name'of the section 'rana 'me society for """'■-'■ aiid'by which, the vote' ia given; ' .., •'"*0 if]xej''6h^lV'be deli'-r'ered at the 'Congress, '''■■of its first sitting, to dnch persons as the Congress M^y Appoint aS scrutineers, (7.) The'generkl Secretarj^' fehal! Send io' each society, with the -roting ;^aipfer, tlife envelope wherein the same is to lie delivered, which shall be returned to him at the Central' office not liter than seven days before the first' day of, the'Cdngress, and shall be delivered by him to the sfirb.tineei'^, unopened. '' ' ''" „'* Votes — ,(10- ■ -I i .. .; f'-r, ■.--■■■'» 1-1 J (8.) Each society mav vote for each of any number of the candidate^ 'fiOTnmated fdr> the -section in which itj yo^s, not greater than t]!],e number of the members for ^hat Mectipn ; ^.^id each such vote sJi^ll give to the candidate for w^om it is recorded as.m.any -srptes, as are equal tQ.the fujl yoting power of thp society. ,. . (9.) ^ach votin.g papier .shall Stete .the,, number of voti^s io which .tile sopiety is entitled, which" ^shall be equal to the nuinber of delegates whom it iijs entitled to send to the Congress, and' shall bear, the signatures of the B,ecret£|jry and presidsjit, or principal officer of the society whose vote it records. r j. , (10.) Members of the Union whose official, address is not within the United Kingdom shall be' assigned, for the "purpose' "of voting,' t6 siich s6btidriB gis they may request on applying -for admisSibii' to the Union ; ancl iii' the' ab'senbe of afay" such request, shall be assigned to the southern sebtion. ■ . , (11.) The scrutiiiy of vbiies' shall take place on, the first day "of the ' Corigresa, and' the result shall be aniiounifed at''the commencement of ,.thfe second day's sitting. -, . ,'' "'''■,' "'^. , ' (12.) jIn case of a.ii equality pf^' votes", the ^^ecision shall be made by the'Gongress. • '[>" '' ' 29. (1.) Each Seition shall heflt 'libirty to determine the mode'of election of" members of the Central Board to be elected for it,", by a resolution passed by an ajbsolute niajority of votes of all the societies in the secliional diijtttct entitled to vote, upon a "plan to be subiflitted to them by^the' board o'f the Section, on which the votes shall Bb 'given by vqting papeirfe. &.) AH such reBbW'tions shall be registered as a'mendment^ of the Rulfes of the Unibn. ' r'. (3.) The ji'kpierfe required ifo'gi-ire'Wect tiJ' any^lan which ifaaybe ^o adopted shall be issried ifrom the APPENDIX. — WHOLE COMMISSION. 321 oentral office ; and the TJnited Board shall give such directions as may bie necessary, for carrying the plan •out. Sonorary Members. 30. Past members of the Central Board who have sefrved not less than live years each may be elected honorary members of the board, subject to the following conditions : — (a.) They must be nominated by the United Board, and elected by the Congress. (b.) The United Board may elect honorary members, after nominations by their respective sections, till and subject to confirmation by the next Congress, provided the names of such persons have not been before the Congress for such a purpose and been rejected by it. •{c.) Honorary members shall be entitled to attend the meetings of their respective sections and the annual meetings of the Central Board and Congress ; but must pay their own expenses. If they attend meetings or conferences by special request of the section, they shall be paid expenses at the same rate as the ordinary members of the board. (d.) Honorary members shall receive all notices of meetingSj copies of minutes. Congress reports, &o., in the same way as ordinary members of the board. ■(e.) Honorary members shall be entitled to speak at all the meetings which they may attend under clause (c), but shall not be allowed to vote. Meetings of the Central Board. 31. (1.) There shall be two regular annual meetings •of the board — I. Immediately before each meeting of the Con- gress — (a.) All the members of the board shall be sum- moned to m.eet at such time and place as the United Board may fix, for the purpose of settling the report to be laid before the Congress on matters connected with the operations of the Union, the sections, or any of its members during the past year, which shall be prepared by the general secretary, after consultation with the members of the board, as is provided by Rule 45 (6). n.) At this • HI eeting'any member of the board may bring before it any matter of which he has given notice at the central office not less than four weeks before the meeting, and which shall be circulated with the draft copies of the report as ultimately prepared by the general secretary. {c.) The general secretary shall have the same privilege. id.) Any member of the board may bring before the Congress any resolution of the board from which he differs, if he has given at the meeting of the board notice of his intention, but is otherwise considered honourably bound to acquiesce in the resolution of the majority. II. During, or immediately after, the Congress, thiere shall be held a meeting of all the members of the newly-eleoted board — (a.) To appoint an office committee with the functions stated in Bule 43 ; (6.) To determine the amount of the overdraft on the banking account of the Union, within the limit fixed by Rule 48, which may be permitted ; (e.) To transact any other business which may be referred to it by the Congress or the Central Board, or be brought before it by any member of the board. (2.) A special meeting of the Central Board may be •«alled by the United Board — (a.) Por the removal of any member of the board ; (6.) For any other purpose they deem advisable ; The vacancies occasioned by any such removal shall ibe filled as is provided by Rule 33. The Sectional Boards. 32. (1.) The members of each section shall regulate ■for themselves their times and places of meeting, and -shall determine all administrative questions arising within their respective distvictfa ; but shall act in their own name only, and shall be subject to the regulations from time to time made by the United Board; I 78448. (2.) All members of each section shall, notwithstand- ing their independent election, be regarded as officers of the Congress, and honourably bound to carry out any line of policy adopted by it. Vacancies in the Sections. 33. Yacaacies occurring in the sections shall bo filled as follows : — (1.) Ifat the last election any candidate not elected has obtained not less than 20 per ceril . of the total number of votes that could be obtained, the vacancy shall be filled up by appointing that candidate; or if there is more than one vacancy and more than one such candidate, those candidates in'the order of the number of the votes obtained by them respectively : (la.) A member of any sectional board shall be deemed to have vacated his office if he betiomes a bankrupt, or makes any arrangement with his creditors ; or if, without the leave of the board, or some reason accepted by it as suBncient, he has absented himself from two successive meetings. (2.) A vacancy which cannot be thus filled up shall be filled by appointing the person whom the section in which the vacancy occurs recom- mend if the election is sectional ; and whom the executive of the district recommend, if the election is made by any conference association, and in default of any such recommendation, snoh person as the United Board select. The United Board. 34. (1.) The United Board shall consist of members appointed by the sections from their own body, of whom the North- Western section shall appoint three, the Midland, Northern, Scottish, and Southern sections two each, the We-itern and Ireland, or any other section which may hereafter be added by the Congres,3, one each. (2.) The appointment shall be made at the firnt meet- ing of each section after any Congress, and shall con- tinue till the next Congress ; but the section by which any such representative is appointed may, if he is unable to attend any meeting of ihe United Board, sub - stitute some other of its members for that occasion, and if any representative resigns his office, shall appoint a successor. 36. (1.) The United Board shall hold three ordinary meetings in the year, and such extraordinary meetings as it appoints, or as are required to be held by a special resolution of any section, when the meeting shall be held within three weeks from the time that notice of the resolution has been delivered at the oentral office. (2.) A Chairman for the year shall be elected at the first meeting of the board, but if he is not present at any meeting it shall appoint its own chairman. (3.) No subject not on the programme of the board shall be brought forward by any member other than the chairman, unless on notice in writing given to the chairman before the meeting begins by the member who desires to bring the matter forward. (4.) No commMnication shall be received from any conference association except by the authorisation of the section to which it belongs, or on the report of the office committee. 36. Tlie meetings of the United Board shall, subject to any special resolution of the board as to the time or place of any meeting, be held at Manchester, at such place as the office committee determine, at six in the evening ; and the ordinary meetings on the day before the quarterly meetings of the Co-operative Wholesale Society, Limited. 37. Notice of all meetings of the United Board shall be sent to the ordinary pla6e of meeting of each section fourteen days before the day of meeting, stating the subjects to be brought forward. 38. No puUication shall be made in the name of the Union which has not been directed or authorised by the Congress, the Central Board, or the United Board. 39. The resolutions of the United Board shall, subject to any special directions of the board, be printed and published in the " Co-operative News," and copies of them shall be sent to each member. 40. The resolutions of each section shall be sent to the central office, to be there filed, and shall be printed and copies thereof shall be sent to each of the other sections; but they shall not be otherwise published without the authorisation of. the United Board. Ss 322 EOTAL COMMISSION ON LABOUR; 41. The United Soard sTiall pvhlish, at each of ita ordinary meetings,' a statement bf the receipts and expenditnre of the'iilcome of the TJnion since its last meeting, and shall lay before each Gdngress a conlpleite account of such. rec9ipts and expenditure lor the year ending on the 31st day of March then last, audited as is directed by Bnle 53, -with an estimate of the proposed expenditnre for the ensuing year. 42. The D»iifed ioorfl!, subject to any resolutipns of the Congress or Central £oard,i shallr-^ ; , (1.) Control the disposal of the funds of the Union according to its rules y, ' l- (2.) Appoint and, if needful, remove aU officers of the Uxri6ti and &% their duties and salaries ; (3.) Determine any question as to the limits assigned to the several sections ; .i < ! . I (4.) Pill top vacancifes' in the members of the sections in accordance -with Eule 33 ; (5.) Have power to refer any subject, whether or not forming part of amyvmattei) speciall3^ referred to by the Congress or the Cbntral Board, to any section, and to require a report thereon ; (6.) Appoint any committees, either of its own mem- - beraor of' any members of the Central Board, for anypurposes conneoted with the operations of the Union that it m'ay think expedient, with such-powers, within the. limits of its own aiithtsrity, as itmay think fit;. . ; (7.) Putolishy or authorise thepublication, inthename of the Uiiion, of any woris £>{ which it may approve ; r , , , (8.) Transact any other business, "or do or authorise any other matters or things which it may con- sider to be cdnduoive to the welfare of the Union and the proper conduct of its opera- tions ; And all resolutions of the United Board, within the limits of its powers hereby given, shall be binding on all members of the Union to the same extent as if they had been resolutions of the Congress. The Office Committee. 43. (1.) .Bwring the intervals of the meetings of the United Board, the operations of the Union shall be con- ducted by.' a body to be called the office committee, to be appointed as is provided by Bule 31, II. a, which shall constitute the permanent executive of the Union. (2.) The Office Committee (a) shall mfike to each meet- ing of the United Board a report, which shall be drawn by the general secretary and signed by him in the name of the; committee, after it has been settled by them, and stall state the matters to be brought before the board eitKer for its information or decision ; 1 (b.) May refer tp the Central Board any matter arising sabsequej^tly to, the last meeting of the United Board, consequent upon a,ny resolution of such meeting ; (o.) M(;i,y appoint from its own members an executive sub-committee, to which it may delegate any of its functions .as an executive, and which shall report its proceedings regularly to the committee. . Payment ofthk Central Board. 44. The following sums shall he allowed to the members of the Central Board : — (1.) To the I members of each s^o.tion for attendance at the sectional meetings, second-class return fares^ arid 2s. 6d. to cover expenses ; (2.) To the members of the United Board for attend- ance at its meetings, second-class return fares and such sums for expenses as the respective sections consider reasonable ; (3.) To the members of the Central Board for attendance at the Congress, second-class return fares and 10s. a day for expenses ; (4.) To the members of the sections attending any meeting by appointment of the section, second- class return fares, and for expenses, if,it is not necessary to stay; overnight, 2«. 6d. ; if it is necessary to stay overnight, l6s. ; and if ^he . time necessarily occupied exceeds 24 hours, 11. ; (5.) The United Board may authorise the sectional board's respectively to make to members of the sections attending meetings, whether within or beyond the lirtiitsof the section, payments in excess of the sums named in clause (4) to any amount not exceeding 10«. to any one person on the same occasion, in such cases, and subject to such conditions, as the Board prescribes from time to time. General Secretary. 45. (1.) There shall he a General Secretary of th»- Union, who may be a member of any section of the- boaxd, and of the United Board, and shall have the right of attending dll meetings of any section, or of the United Board, and of taking part in the proceedings thereof, but without the right of voting, unless he is a member of the section or board. ■ '-(2.) He shall be appointed and may be removed by the United Board, snbjecV in his appointment to the approval of the following Congress. ■•'■ ■>) ' (3.) He shall sumrhon all extraordinary meetings of the United Board. • (4.) He shall summon all committees, appointed by Congress or the Central or United Boards, to meet on such day within four weeks after their appointment as he may flxi in all cases where the committee have not previously appointed a day fot" their first meeting. (5.) He shall be ex-officio a member of all committees appointed by the Congress, or the Central dr United Board, except a committee to inquire into ahy matter where he' is personally concerned. But he" shall not act as secretary of any such committee unleHs. specially appointed either on appointment of the committee or by it. • •" ■; • ■' ■''•■} '(6.) He shall preipEtf e the draft report of the Central Board to the CorigreSSj'and send it not less than four' weeks before the meeting of the Congress to all members of the board for suggestions, and; shall, as (far- as practicable, embody in tii'6 report'anylsiich sugges- tion, other than a suggestion to omit any portion, which shall be complied with only if made by a majority of the board. ' (7.). He shall edit jthe reports of the Congress, subject to any special resolution of the Central Board ■ for vttip tirne being. , (8.) On his death or resignation, if it takes place bet'ween the regular, meetings of the United Board, his place shall be filled as the office committee direct 'till the, next regular meeting of such board, which shall proceed to the -appointriient of another secretary, and provide as it thinks fit for the discharge of the duties of the, office till such appointment is made. Transitional B/ule. 46. The members of the Central Board and the United Board, and the general secretary of the Co-operative Union aforesaid, at the time when these rules are registered, shall respectively exercise the functions- and have the powers ascribed hereby to the boards and .general 'secretary herein-before mentioned as if they had been respectively elected and appointed hereunder.. Conduct of Business arid Application of Profits..-. 47. The Union shciMha:Be, in addition to the central offices, such branch offices in any part of the United Kingdbm, with such staffs respectively, having such duties and remuneration as the United Board,, subject to any resolutions of the Congress or Central Board, may fix from time to time. ' ' "' 48. The United Board may horrow, , subject to any re- solution of" the Congress or Central Board, from any person or society, for the purposes of the union,, su^ sums of money, not exceeding in the whole two-thirds of the estimated income of the union from all sources at the time of any such loan, a'fc such rate of interest not exceeding five pounds per centum per annum, and on such terms of repayment as are agreed on, upon the security of bonds under the, seal of the Union, attested as is prescribed by Sule 61 (2), an^ may make any said bond a continuing security fpr advances to be made to it by any society or person with which it may bank. The Union shall not receive, any money on deposit. 49. (1.) The services rendered hy this UnAon tO' its members shall, so far as its funds permit, be rendered in consideration of the contributions to be made by them under its rules, -without further charge. (2.) The profits of the ?7raiio« arising out of any surplus • of its income from all sources, after providing for all expenses connected with the conduct of the said business, according to its rules, together with any sums which may be handed over to the p^nipn by the present co-operative union aforesaid, shall be carried to a reserve fund, which shall be applicable in such manner as the United Board, subject to any resolution of the Congress or Central Board from time to tiaie APPENDIX. — WHOLE COMMISSION. 323 -tlireot, for the prdmotion of oo-operative action among the members of the Union, or the public generally — (1.) By means of grants either made to the various • :■ ' • sections, or to any oo-operative association or other body connected with any such section, • under such conditions as the board fixes from time to time ; (2.) F6r the estalblishment or aid of any society ; (3.) For promoting the preparation, publication, or sale of any ■work on oo«operative matters ; (4) For lectures, meetings, or any other means of Jiropaganda ; or any other operation they may judge expedient for promoting the spread of co-operation, or of education generally among the members of co-operative societies, or for advancing or defending the interests of societies menlbers of the union ; (5.) For combined action in connection with any association for the promotion of co-operation in other countries ; (6.) For travelling expenses connected with any such . . action as aforesaid. .50. The United Board may invest, in its corporate tiame, any portion of the reserve fund, not appropriated ras 'last aforesaid, in such manner as appears to be Jadvantageous to the Union, so that no such investment be made in the shares of any company or society with anlimited liability';- for which purposes the members of the Central Board for the time being named in any such resolution as proxies for the union, shall be deemed to be members of the union during such time ;a3 any shares in which any such investment is made stand in their names respectively. VI. — Vaeious Formal Rules. 51. (1.) The name .of the Union shall be kept painted and affixed on the outside of every office or place in which the business of the union is carried on, in a conspicuous position, in letters easily legible, and shall be engraven in legible characters on its seal, and shall be mentioned in legible characters in all notices, -advertisements, and other official publications of the Union, and in all billfe of exchange, promissory notes,' indorsements, cheques, and orders for money and goods, purporting to be signed by or on behalf of the union, and in all bills of parcels, invoices, receipts, and letters of credit of the Union. (2.) The Union shall have a' seal bearing the device of a 'plate witb the word " Union " in "the centre; and the other words of 'its name arranged in the margin. It shall be in the custody of the general secretary, and ahaiU be used only by a resolution of the United BoaA-d, attesBed by the signatures of the chairman and the general secretary, or their substitutes named in the resolution. 52. Copies of the. Rules. — It shall be, the duty of the United Board to provide the secretary witli. a sufficient, number of copies of the rules to enable him to deliver to any person on demand a copy of such rules on payment of a sum not exceeding 6d., and of the secretary to deliver such copies accordingly. 53. Aecownts.^The United Board shall once at least in ■every year submit the accounts of the Union, together with a general statement of the same and all necessary vouchers up to the 31st December then last, for audit, either to one of the public auditors appointed under the Industrial and Provident Societies Act, 1876, or to two or more persons appointed as auditors of the members by the Congress, and shall lay before every meeting . of the Congress a balance sheet (which either may or may not be identical with the annual return, but must Upt be. in contradiction to the same), showing the receipts and expenditure, funds and effects of the Union, together with a statement of the affairs of the Union since the last ordinary meeting, and of their theh:oondition, gnoh auditors shall hay^ access to all the books andi accounts of the Union,;and^hall examine •every balance sheet and annual return of th^j receipts and expenditure, funds and effects of the Union, and ■s^iall verify the same with the accounts and, vouohersn relating thereto, and. shall either sign the .same as found by thenjL.^to be correct, duly voiichedi .ftBcL, ia ;acfiQrda (4.) They shall be brought eta. lipon the second day of the Congress, after the discussion of the report, and no amendments thfereto shall' be received, except such as are handed in to' the chairman, with the name of the proposer and seconder, before the discussion commences. Se 2 324 ROYAL COMMISSION ON LABOUR: (5.) Any sucli intended amendment, sent in to the general secretary seven days at latest before the iineeting of the Congress, with the name of its proposer, shall be printed, so as to be distributed among the delegates. (6.) The special rules regulating nominations and elections in the sections may be varied or rescinded in a manner similar to that in which they may be made. 69. No amendment is valid until it is registered. VIII. — Appendix. Special Hides for the Election oftJie Central Board. A. In the Northern Section— 60. The following rules are substituted for clauses (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), and (7) of Rule 28 .— (1.) The Northern Sectional District shall be divided into seven electoral districts, each comprising one of the following conference associations: — 1. North Northumberland. 2. South Northumberland. 3. Cumberland and Westmoreland. 4. West Durham and South Northumberland. 6. East Durham. 6. South Durham. 7. Part of South Durham and the North Eiding of Yorkshire : Which shall respectively have such limits and com- prise such societies as the section determines by its resolutions from time to time. . (2.) Each conference association shall elect one representative to the section. (3.) In the course of the thirteenth week next preceding the Congress in each year, there shall be sent from the central office of the Union to all the societies in each of the conference associations which have contributed to the Union during the preceding Congress year, not less than the minimum sum required by the rule, papers by which they' may nominate a candidate for the section, as a representative from that particular association. (4.) No society can nominate more than one candidate, who must be a member of some society member of the Union belonging to the association for which he is nominated, but need not be a member of the society by which he is nominated. Should any nominated candidate be a member of more than one society in different districts, he shall have the choice of the district in which he prefers to stand election, but no candidate shall go to the poll in more than one district. (5.) Nomination papers must be returned to the central office within one calendar month from the date on which they are issued, otherwise they shall not be available for the ensuing election. .; , (6.) From the nomination papers shall be prepared voting papers, of which one shall be sent to each society member of the Union in the seven conference associa- tions which has contributed to the funds of the Union during the year ending March 31st, containing re- spectively the names of all the candidates nominated for the district in which the society is situated, arranged in alphabetical order, and assigning any candidate who has been nominated for more than one district to the district in which he has elected to stand. (7.) The representative of the districi upon the northern section shall be, by virtue of his election, a member of the committee of the conference Association returning him to the Central Board. (8.) The arrangement of nominations, voting, and voliTig papers, and the declaration of poll, shall be made in manner prescribed by Eule 28. B. In the North-western Section — 61. The following rules are substituted for clauses (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), and (7), of Eule 28:— (1.) The North- Western Sectional District shall be divided into twelve electoral districts, comprising the following fifteen conference associations : — I. Cheshibe DmsioN.— Electoral District 1., including (a) Macclesfield, (6) Chester ; II. liAKCASHiBE DIVISION. — Comprising Electoral Dis- trict 2. Bolton J 3. Irwell and Eoch Dales, including (a) Eossendale, (6) Eochdale; 4. North-East Lancashire ; 5. North Lanca- shire ; 6. Manchester ; 7. Oldham ; in. ToHKSHiiiE Division. — Comprising 8. Airedale; 9. Calderdale East, including (a) Dewsbury, (6) East Yorkshire; 10. Calderdale West; 11. Colnedale ; 12. South Yorkshire ; which shall respectively have such limits and comprise such societies as the section determines by its resolu- tions from time to time. (2.) Each electoral district shall elect one representa- tive to the north-western section. (3.) In the course of the thirteenth week preceding the Congress in each year, there shall be sent from the- central office to every society in each electoral district which has contributed to the funds of the Union during the then current Congress year not less than the mini- mum sum required of it by B.ule 10, a paper by which it may nominate a candidate for the section as a- representative for that district. (4.) No society can nominate more than one district candidate, who need not be a member of the society by whioh he is nominated, but must be a member or some society member of the Union situate in th& district for which the nomination is made. Any personi nominated as candidate in more than one electoral district shall have the choice of the district in which h» prefers to go to the poll ; but no candidate shall go to the poll at the same election in more than one electoral district. (5.) Nomination papers must be returned to the central office within one calendar month from the date on which they are issued. A nomination paper not so returned shall not be available for the coming election. (6.) If any candidate has been nonainated for more' than one district, the names of the respective districts, and the time within which the candidate must notify his choice to the central office, shall be communicated to him as soon as is practicable. (7.) From the nomination papers there shall be pre- pared voting papers, of which one shall be sent to each society member of the Union in the electoral districts above mentioned which has contributed to the funds of the Union in the year ending March 31st not less than the sum stated in Eule 10, and which shall res. spectively contain the names of all the candidates nominated for the electoral district where the society is situate, and shall assign any candidate who has been nominated for more than one such district to the district selected by him ; or if he has not made known>' his choice by the last day allowed for that purpose, to the district first in numerical order. (8.) No society shall vote for more than one candi- date. Voting papers not conformable to this rule shall/ not be counted by the scrutineers. (9.) The arrangement of nomination and voting papers, and the declaration of the poll, shall be made< in manner prescribed by Eule 28, so far as its provisions' are not hereby expressly altered. (10.) The three remaining members of the section!' shall be elected by the votes of all the societies mem- berg of tne Union in the section, under Eule 28, which shall apply and be limited to the three members to be> so selected. (11.) The north-western section for the time being paj) by a vote of two-thirds of the whole number of its members, constitute the societies included in the Chester, Eossendale, and East Yorkshire Conference Associations respectively, into electoral districts, ia. which case the societies so constituted shall elect one of the three sectional members under clauses 2 to 9, as a district member, and the number of members to be' elected under clause 10 shall be correspondingly diminished. (12.) Subject to any direction hereafter given by the* board, the nomination and voting papers to be issued' for the elections to the board shall be in such form as the said section from time to time determines. Form of Transfer. 62. Transfers shall be in the form following, or as- near thereto as the circumstances admit : This instrvmient, made the day of between the Society, Limited, of the- first part, and the Society, Limited, of the second part, herein-after respectively called the vendor and purchaser, witnesseth that in consideration of paid by the vendor to the purchaser, the receipt whereof the vendor hereby acknowledges, the vendor with the consent of the United Board, testified by the signature of iis secretary hereto, hereby transfers to the purchaser the share in the Co-operative Union, Limited, now standing in the name of^the vendor, to hold the said share on the same conditions on whioh it is now held by the vendor, and that the purchaser hereby accepts the Baid share subject to the said conditions. In witness whereof the undermentioned officers of the said societies and of the United Board, APPENDIX. — ^WHOLE COMMISSION. 325 have, on behalf of the said societies and by the direc- tion of the said board respeetively, set their hands tho year and day first aforesaid. Secretary of the Vendor. . Secretary of the Purchaser. Seereta/ry of the United Board. a. scotton, Henet Eobinson Bailey. James Johnson. Jno. T. "W". Mitchell. J. Deans. Benjamin Jones. K. Wahnb. E. VANSirrAKT Nealb, Secretary. Acknowledgment op Eegistky of Society. The Co-operative Union,* Limited, is registered under the Industrial and Provident Societies' Act 1876, this 20th day of July 1889. J. M. L. Copy kept.— J. M. L. Aclcnowledgment of Registry of Amendment of Bules, Eules 33 (la) and 44 (5). The foregoing Amendment of the Eules of the Co- CPEKATIVE Union, Limited, is registered under the Industrial and Provident Societies Act, 187fi, this 15th day of September 1891. E. W. B. Copy kept.— E. W. B. APPENDIX CXLV. Eastera Lodge, Brighton, November 16th, 1892. Mt dear Sib, Please lay before the Eoyal Commission on Labour the enclosed communication addressed to them. Tours faithfully. To Geoflfrey Drage, Esq. G. J. Holyoake. To THE Eoyal Commission on Laboub. My Lokd and Gentlemen, The commercial features of distributive and productive co-operation have been brought before your notice. In the opinion of the Commission enough for its purpose may have been already considered. But the principles of the co-operative movement, in their relation to the hostility of labour to capital, appear not to have been distinctively put before you. Having been familiar with co-operation as it is knoTPn new, previously to its recommencement in 1844, and connected with it oflBcially continuously isince its organisation in 1869, I beg to submit for the information of the Commission the following brief statement. Co-operation began in the desire to establish indus- trial cities in which there should be common labour, common property, and common responsibility; in which subsistence, instruction, recreation, and ultimate competence should be the result of the common industry. To procure capital 'for the commencement of these cities co-operative societies were devised, and to this end (in 1844) it was resolved that the profits of the the store should be divided among the purchasers and the profits of the workshop among the workers. The larger and more valid part of co-operation is that which makes the workman a participant in the profit of the workshop. It is only by substantial and equitable participation in the gains of capital and labour that the antagonism between them can be dissolved. The co-operative store is a social and pecuniary advantage to the household and increases the income of the family by making its expenditure go further. The co-operation now established has grown by virtue of one feature — the distribution of profits among purchasers. But it does not touch the problem of uibour and capital. The co-operative workshop seeks to increase the wages of those who labour, by taking them out of the class of hirelings and transferring them to the class where the dignity of self-employment prevails, and where the total profits made are equitably shared. Workshop co-operation has, therefore, a message to labour everywhere, calculated to raise the position of workers as a class in a degree not even attempted by trade unions. Trades unionism is war with employers. Co-operative industry is concert with capital. It is in Scotland and not in England that organised co-operation exists. Scottish co-operators believe in the expedience of principles. The Commission has been told that this is not thought " good business " to do this in England. Where self-employment is at present, and may for a long time be, impossible, those of this way of thinking look to the advantages of partnerships of industry, where working people shall be accorded a share of profits in addition to their wages. Co-operative workshops and industrial partnerships increase the wages of workers and improve their character by interesting them in the success of the business in which they are engaged, and bjr enlisting their skill and goodwill in their work, which under the system of hired wages are, as a rule, seldom brought into action. Those who think that justice should rule in industry, maintain that profit-sharing is equity and is a right of labour, for if the workman, whose labour mainly creates profit, has no right tt) a share of it, no man has a right to anything, since there can be no right to property so sacred as that of having earned it by honest and arduous industry. We do not say that any workman is entitled to another's property, but we do say that he is entitled to his own. We regard his labour as his property and as much entitled to interest as capital is. Under competition the adulterations of the workshop are threefold : — 1. In the quality of the material used. 2. In the quality of the workmanship. 3. In the adulteration of the character of the work- people who are, as a rule, subject to a daily conspiracy of employers, foremen, and sweaters to extract from the workers more labour than is paid for. Though all wealth is accumulated labour the accu- mulation is found in the hands of those who do not labour. Co-operation was designed to remedy this inequality. Co-operation is a new form of industry which attains competency without mendicancy, and effaces inequality by equalising the fortunes of the industrious. An argument in defence of capital and its uses as a condition of civilisation is not needed by us. Co- operators never doubted it. We are creators of capital. We never doubt that capital, honestly earned, equit- ably employed and equitably shared, is the nursing mother of all progress. Co-operation proceeds by self-help, not by State help ; by reason, not by constraint. It always shares losses as well as profits. The stores make the fortunes of countless shopkeepers, and the workshop will in like manner make the fortunes of manufacturers. Co-operation begins in enthusiasm for the equal good of others ; it is continued by dividends. To care for the welfare of others means conversion and education . Few, comparatively, undergo this conversion, and fewe remain in the school in which consideration for other is taught. Only superior natures can permanently promote the good of those they dislike. Geokge Jacob Holyoake. Ss 3 326 EOYAL COMMISSION ON LABOUR: APPENDIX OXLVI. London Chambee of Commerce — Incorporated, Botolph House, Eastcheap, London, E.G., July 25th, 1892. Deab. Sih, The London Chamher of Commerce has been requested by the Second Congress of Chambers of Commerce of the British Empire, which was held in Merchant Taylors' HaU on the 28th, 29th, and 30th of June and Ist of July, to take steps to carry out the resolution passed thereat. It is therefore my duty to convey' to the Eoyal Commission on Labour the following resolution, which was carried unanimously at this Congress, viz. : — " That the frequent recurrence of labour disputes has caused and is causing great damage to the commercial and manufacturing interests of the Empire. That it is extremely desirable, in the best interests, both of employers and employed, that the re-adjustment of the rates and conditions of labour, which from time to time are inevitable, should be brought about without the wasteful a ad calamitous results proceeding from strikes and lock-outs. And that this Congress strongly recommends the forma- tion of properly constituted boards of labour conciliation and arbitration in all important centres of industry and commerce throughout the Empire." This resolution was proposed by Mr.. S. B. Boulton (the Chairman of the London Conciliation Board), seconded by Mr. T. F. Firth, J.P, (^eckmondwike), and supported by Mr. Dibbs (the Premier of New South Wales), Mr. E. T. Eeed (Leith), Mr. B. Plummer (Newcastle-on-Tyne), Mr. "W. Fielding (Premier of Nova Scotia), and Lord Brassey, who occupied the chair, in the temporary absence of Sir John Lubbock, the President of the Congress. I am, &c. Keneic B. The Secretary, Boyal Commission on Labour, Parliatoent Street, S.W. MUEEAY, Secretary. APPENDIX OXLVII. Proposal re State Board of Arbitration. ,, ^ „ AprU1891. My Loeds akd Gentlemen, I beg most respectfully to submit to your notice the following proposals referring to the establishment of a State Board of Arbitrators. The many labour disputes that have taken place during the past few years, some of which have covered a period of several months, render it necessary that, if possible, steps should be taken to prevent the long continuance of labour disputes in the interests of all concerned. In many districts boards of conciliation and arbitra- tion have been established on voluntary lines, and it is desirable that every district should be urged to establish such boards; but over and above all these there is now required a State Board, who shall be empowered to inquire into the causes of disputes, and give a decision, stating the terms upon which the dispute shall be closed. Such decision to be binding for such time as may be agreed upon by the parties affected, but in no case for less than three months. Therefore I venture to propose for the consideration of the Commission — That in connection with the Labour Department of the Board of Trade, or as a new Department of State, there be established a State Board of Arbitration as follows : — Number, and how elected. The Arbitration Board to consist of thirteen persons, six of whom should be elected or appointed by the capitalists or employers, six to be elected by the workers through the agency of the trade and labour organisations, and these 12 to appoint a chairman. Duties. That upon an invitation frpm an employe]^ employing not less than 15 persons, or from a majority of the persons employed, the Board shall inyestiga|ie into the causes of a dispute expected to break out, and shall, if possible, prevent the same ; or, a dispute having broken out, shall immediately proceed to investigate the causes, and close the difiSculty, if invited either by the employer, a majority of the workers who have left work, or by a local board of arbitration or. conciliation to whom ,the matter may have been' referred. , i -m It shall be the, duty of the employer to notify the State Board of Arbitration of the existence of the dispute,, and :0n fhe ^ sixth day of suqh dispute (irrespective of whetlier the employers or workers request them) the Stfite Board shall proceed to locality, investigate, &c., and, instruct the w;orkera to retiirn to work under old conditions, pending their investigation and decision, which shall be given within one week. The decision of the Board to be binding for such period as may be agreed upon by the parties affected, but in no case for less than three months. Tom Mann. APPENDIX CXLVIII. Clarendon Buildings, Tithebam Street, ' Liverpool, 6th July 1891. Mt Lord, It is with much pleasure that I send you a copy of the resolution which was passed at a meeting of the Provisional Board of Conciliation and Arbitration f of Liverpool and District, proposed by Thonias Holder, ' Esq., J.P., ex-mayor of Liverpool, seconded by W. B. Bowring, Esq., J.P., and supported by Mr. Thomas Connerty of the Sailors and Firemen's Union and other members, and carried unanimously. Our Board is firmly convinced that the time is rapidly approaching when boards of conciliation and arbitration will be formed in all the leading labour centres, as public opinion, especially amongst the working classes is, growing in favour, of these methods of settlmg the grievances that may arise in the various departments, rather than by having recourse to the disastrous policy of strikes, and this Board hopes that the influence oi. the Gi-overnment will also be given ih this direction. / I have, &c. (Signed) A., A. Paton, OJumnum, Provisional Board of Coiiciliation and Arbitration. The Right Honourable The Earl of Derby. APPENDIX.-s-WHOLE COMMISSION. 327 (Copy op Eesoltjtion.) ' Moved by Mr. Thos. Holder, J.P., seconded by Mr. W. B. Bowring, J.P., member of the Mersey Dock Board, supported by Bancroft Cooke, Esq., and Mr. Thomas Connerty : '.' '.' Tlat this com'iSnittee of employers and employed, elected at a public meeting for the purpose of pro- moting the establishment of one or more boards of conciliation and arbitration for the settlement of labour disputes in Liverpool, strongly recommends the recog- nition by the State of such boards throughout the country, in order to prevent the injuries inilioted upon trade and industries through strikes and lock-outs." APPENDIX OXLIX. National Labour Bureau. Association of Chambers of Commerce •' Of the! United Itingdom, : ■. ' 1, Great College Street, . ,' . "Westminster, S-W!. ■ Sir, .., . , i 17th March 1892i I am desired by the Executive Council to forward you ihe. following resolution which was unanimously iadopted at the annual meating of this association last ^eek, on the. niotion of the Hon. Sir Stafford Northi- cote, Bart., M.P.:— . ,)" That, in, view of the embarrassment and loss of ; ; ■ trade, and the inconvenience suffered by many of -u. the workiiig class, resulting from the absence of. a ' . general system of communication between em- ployers of labour and the unemployed in the various ■i.( i; branches df industry .throughout the kingdom, it is ; ■, desirable that labour bureaus or labour registries ii. . be organized: wherever practicable ; and that the attention of the Royal Commission ' on Labour be invited to this subject, with the sugg;estion that they obtain information as to, existing agencies of this kind, for the ptirppse of formulaijing a' plan for the establisjbment of a Naitibnfil, Labour Bureau." The Executive Council desire that the above resolution should be communicated to the members of the Eoyal Commission on Labour, in order that they may consider the advisability of taking steps for, the purpose of obtaining information as to existing labour 'agencies. I may add that, the Exeter Ohambejr of,,Commercs lias taken considerable interest in this question. I am, &o. (Signed) James Hole. The Secretary, Eoyal Commission on Labour, J Parliament Street, S.W. APPENDIX CL. Fabian Tracts, No. 9. An Eight Hours Bill in the form of an Amendment of the IVoiOHY Acts with Ecjbthbb Pbovisions for the Imtbovement of the Conditions of, Laboub. Intkodtjction. The Bill submitted in this pamphlet was drafted by the Political Committee of the Fabian Society in November, 1889, with the object of embodying in .precise and -Parliamentary terms certain" familiar ;deinands'for the democratic regulation of industry. The committee expressed in its clauses only proposals for legislative reform which are plainly " within the immediate scope of practical politics. Their aim was, first, , to supply both, advocates and opponents of the limitatioi} ol the working day with a model of an Eight Hours Bill, which might serve as a test for Parliamentaiy candidates, and as an illustration of the : method in which our existing political machinery can be applied to enforce such limitatiun; and, secondly, to formulate amendments most pressingly required for the extension of the benefits of the Acts already protecting and ordering labour for the common good, and for ensiiring their efficiency where their provisions have been found to f aU. The Bill, accordingly, is divided into two parts. The first, which is concerned exclusively with the regulation of hours, is largely (like the second) a development and amendment of laws already in force. But while it enacts a .Uinitation of hours in certain employineiits , already regulated by the, ^tf^te, and enables such, limitation to .be imposed in all privileged undertaking's and monopolies, it undertakers no more, witt regard to, other epiployments, than to guarantee to the,,-yrorkers the power ^to enfor.ce a si^nilar restric- tion, wjfhowt -the ,need of ,?iny further law making, as soon as they shall, theiiisplves desire to do .?o. • The notes which are appended to the, various clauses ^e confined for the most P;?w't to, references to existing ISws anj|,i preqedents, and .to explanat;ions of tjie principles ,ioliow,ed in novel provision^. No attempt has b§en made to , develop the general arguments for the' resliriction of hours of labour, or for interference with the arrangements of employers. Such an under- taking is outside the scope of this pamphlet- Its intentions will be fulfilled if it supplies a formulation of this policy sufficiently precise and practical to render it impossible for " business men," officials, or politicians to evade the issues raised on the ground of their vagueness or Utopianism. The general:, argu- ments oa the subject may be gathered , from the publications named on page 16.* No uniform Act of Parliament can deal with, all occupations, and this Bill, if it became the law of England, would not of itself secure an eight hours day for every worker. But if this Bill proposes as much as can forthwith be done by law, and if what it proposes can all forthwith be done, legislation founded upoh it might claim an honourable place in the file of industrial enactments, and, as with all such legislationj its actual working only can teach what is the best direction for further application of its principles. The adoption, wholly or in part, by the) Jjondon Liberal and Eadioal Union, the Metropolitan Eadical Federation, the London Trades Council, and most of tiie London forking Men's Clubs of the general firiuciple of this draft Bill, as well as the enOiinous "Eight Hoiirs Demonstration" in Hyde Park on May 4th, 1890, sufficiently indicate the progress pf the movement.' ' " A Bill, entitled an Aai to amend the Faetory and Worlcshop Act, 1878, and to prevent Bsecessive Hours of Labour. PltELIMINABy. ' 1. This Act may be cited as the Hours of Labour Act, 1890,- and shall, except as regards the sixth section, be read and construed as one with the Factory and Workshop Act, 1878, and the Acts amending the same. The whole Bill applies^ like the existing Factory Acts, to Scotland and Ireland, as well as to England and Wales. The sixth clause, relating to mines, will more con- veniently be incorporated in the Mines Eegulation A.ctd, so as to be enforced by the Mine Inspectors. The definitions of terms are given in the Faciiory Act of 1878. • Not printed. Ss 4 328 EOYAL COMMISSION ON LABOUR: 2. This Act shall come into operation on the first of January 1891. Paut I. The Normal Bay and Week. 3. In contracts for the hire of labour, or the employ- ment of personal service in any capacity, a day shall, unless otherwise specified, be deemed to mean a period of eight working hours, and a week shall be deemed to mean a period oi forty-eight working hours. This is already law in various American States, such as New York, Illinois, California, and Wisconsin. In others, such as Pennsylvania, Ohio, New Hampshire, Bhode Island, Maine, Michigan, and Nebraska, ten hours is the normal day. (See " First Annual Beport of the Federal Commissioners of Labour, 1886.") To these may be added Florida (ten hours), Indiana and Connecticut (eight hoars). (See Foreign Office Eeport, C— 5886.) The clause would not prevent agreements to work for a longer period : hence it will, in itself, only be useful as declaring the public opinion as to the proper maximum hours of labour, and as a means of thereby bringing about a voluntary shortening of hours where they exceed this maximum. "Overtime" would therefore not be universally prohibited, but the remaining clauses of. the Bill make no distinction between "time "and "over- time," and where they apply, " overtime " will be forbidden, except in the emergencies provided for in clauses 4, 5, and 6. For Govamment Servants. 4. No person employed under the Crown in the United Kingdom in any department of the public service, other than military or naval, or by any county council, municipal corporation, vestry, local sanitary authority, school boaa-d, board of guardians of the poor, dock or harbour trustees, district board of works, district council, improvement commissioners, commis- sioners of sewers, of public libraries, or of baths and wash-houses, or by any other public administrative authority, shall, except in cases of special unforeseen emergency, be employed for a longer period than eir/ht hours in any one day, nor .for more than forty-eight hours in any one week; provided that in cases of public emergency a Secretary of State shall have power, by order published in the " London Gazette," to suspend, for such employments and for such period as may be specified in such order, the operation of this section. Any public officer ordering or requiring any person in public employment to remain at work for a period in excess of either of those herein specified, except in case of special unforeseen emergency, shall be liable to a fine not exceeding ten pounds. Amy public authority, or the principal officer of any department of the public service, employing or permitting to be employed by reason of special unfore- seen emergency, any person in excess of either of the periods herein specified, shall report the fact within seven days to Secretary of State, and a complete list of such cases shall be laid before both Houses of Parliament once in each year. This is already law in the States of New York and California ; but in the former case " overtime " is permitted. {First Annual Report of Federal Corn- missioner of Labour, 1886 ; see also C. — -5866.) United States Statutes, c. 43, sec. 3738, enacts it for labourers employed on G-overnment works, in navy yards, &c. (see p. 56 of 0. — 5866). Maryland law limits the working day in the State tobacco warehouses to ten hours (p. 65 of C. — 5866). The Eoyal Commission on Labour and Capital in Canada recommended that all Government work should be subject to a maximum of nine hours per day. Bight hours is fixed by law for Government works in Victoria. (Sir 0. W. Dilke's " Problems of Greater Britain," vol. ii., p. 286.) The hours are the same in the Portuguese Government tobacco factories. (" Times," 3rd May, 1890.) Provision is made in the clause for " overtime " in case of" special unforeseen emergency," but every such case must be reported and published. In case moreover of " public emergency," as in the existing Factory Act, a Seoretai-y of State will be able to suspend the operations of the whole section, but the order must be published.' At present he has power to exempt from the existing Acts Government factories (»ee sec. 93 of 41 Vict. c. 16.) ; and this power is frequently exercised without the knowledge of the public. Besides preventing excessive hours in any one department, the clause will also put a stop to the practice which prevails in the Post Office, Inland Bicvenue, and Customs Departments, of taking on, as casual workers or "glut men," or even for the performance of the regular work of the depai-t- ment, persons who have already done a day's work in one of the other departments. This re-engage- ment of exhausted workers is obviously a fraud on the public. The principle of this clause has been adopted by the London Liberal and Radical Union, the Metro- politan Badical Federation, and by all parties to the great " Ei^ht Hours Demonstration " in London on 4th May 1890. For Railway Servants. 5. No person employed wholly or mainly to work railway signals or points shall be employed continu- ously for more than eight hours, nor for more than forty-eight hours in any one week. No person employed ais engine-driver, fireman, guard or wholly or mainly in shunting, on any railway, shall be employed continuously for more than twelve hours, nor for more than forty-eight hours in any one week. The general manager of any railway company employing or permitting to be employed any person in contravention of this section shall be liable on con- viction thereof to a fin^ not exceeding one hundred poimds for each such contravention. Provided that in any case in which the employment of persons to work railway signals or points, or as engine-drivers, firemen, or guards, or in shunting, for longer periods than is permitted by this section is by I'eason of some special and unforeseen emergency necessary for the public safety, it shall be lawful for a Secretary of State, on a report made within seven days by the general manager or secretary of the railway company acting in contravention of this section, to direct that no legal proceedings should be taken in the case of the particular contravention so reported. A list of the ca?es in which any such direction has been issued by a Secretary of State under this section shall be laid before both Houses of Parliament once in each year. The Amalgamated Society of Eailway Servants strongly supports the immediate restriction by law of their present excessive hours. The General Railway Workers' Union has been formed mainly to secure this boon. Particulars of their over-work are given in the official return, H.L. 33 of 1889 (6d.). It is generally admitted that considerations of public safety, especially in the case of signalmen and pointsmen, clearly warrant prompt public intervention; and the Railways' Regulation Act of 1889 (52 & 53 Vict. c. 67, sec. 4) recognises this principle by requiring an annual return of cases in which any man has been continuously employed for more than a number of hours to be specified by the Board of Trade. This clause will only apply to certain classes of railway servants, in whose oases the consideration of public safety is most prominent. Other railway servants can obtain a legal limitation of their hours of labour under clause 7 (trade option). A precedent for the legal limitation of the hours of railway servants is given by the State of Minnesota, where the law forbids the employment of locomo- tive engineers or fireman for more than eighteen hours in one day ! (" First Annual Report of Federal Commissioner of Labour," 1886, p. 469.) Fm' Miners. 6. No person shall be employed underground for hire in any mine for a longer period than eight hours ih any one day, nor than forty-eight hours in anyone week. The period of employment underground in a mine shall, for the purpose of this section, be deemed to be the whole period from the time of leaving the surface of the ground to descend the mine, to the time of return to the surface of the ground after cessation of work. The manager of any mine employing or permitting to be employed any person in- contravention of this section shall, on conviction thereof, be liable to a fine not exceeding one hundred pounds for each such contravention. In any cases in which, through accident or other unforeseen emergency, any person may be employed APPENDIX. — WHbtE COMMISSION. 329 underground for a longer period than is proscribed by thxs section, a special report may, within seven days thereof, be made to a Secretary of State -by the manager of the mine, and a Secretary of State may, if he thinks fit, thereupon direct that no prosecution shall be instituted in respect of the particular offence so reported. A list of the cases in which such direction has been issued by a Secretary of State under this section shall be laid before both Houses of Parliament once in each year. This section shall be read as one with, and be deemed to be incorporated in, the Coal Mines Regulation Act, 1887, and the Metalliferous Mines Act, 187-2. Labour in mines is already subject to a special code of law, dating from 1842 ; but boys of twelve work underground (half-time), and youths and men are not protected from having to remain at work underground for long hours. The coal hewers in Northumberland, Durham, and the East of Scot- la.nd have already brought down their working hours ; but elsewhere they still often work much longer than eight hours underground ; and the accessory workers in the mine are usually even less fortunate. It is computed that less than a fourth of the coal miners yet enjoy an eight hours' day. They are practically unanimous in favour of the " eight hours movement." Their National conference at Birmingham in October 1889 passed the resolution in its favour by 93 to 13' (see " Times " report, October 12, 1889), and was cordially in favour of Mr. Cunninghame Graham's Bill. A clause limiting the liours of work under ground to eight per day was proposed in Com- mittee of the House of Commons on the " Coal Mines Regulation Act, 1887," and was only rejected by 105 votes (see Hansard, vol. 319, pp. 899-912), although the " labour members " declined to vote in the absence of a "mandate." Since then the Trades Union Congress has voted by ii large majority " an Eight Hours Bill for Miners " (" Times " report of Dundee meeting, 7th September 1889). The Miners' National Conference again affirmed their demand for legislation at their meeting in February 1890, and at their April meeting they censure^ the Parliamentary Com- mittee of the Trades Union Congress for its neglect to act on the Dundee mandate. The clause will not apply, to Cornish or other miners not employed foi' hire, who work as "adventurers " on their own account. The legal limitation of the hours of adult labour in mines is not without precedent. In Austria no shift may exceed 12 hours ; in France the 1848 legal maximum of 12 hours is fully effective as regards mines (see 0. — 5866, pp. 2 and 17) ; in the United States the Maryland Act of 1886 fixes the maximum hours of miners at 10 per day, " unless by special contract " (p. 466 of " First Annual Report of Federal Commissioner of Labour, 1886 ; " compare p. 55 of C. — 6866). By Trade Option. 7. Where it is proved to the satisfaction' of a Secretary of State that a majority of the persons employed throughout the United Kingdom in any one trade or occupation are in favour of the maximum hours of labour per week in that trade or ojcupation being fixed by law, or, if already so fixed, being altered by law, he shall, by order made under this part of the Act, declare a maximum number of hours per day or per week for such trade or occupation, and after the expiration of three months from the date of publication of such order any person employed in contravention thereof shall be deemed to be employed in contra- vention of this Act, and the person so employing him or permitting him to be so employed shall be liable on conviction thereof to a fine not exceeding ten pounds for each such contravention. A Secretary of State shall have power, in order to satisfy himself of the desire of the persons employed in any trade or occupation as aforesaid, to cause a pablic inquiry to be held in the principal district or districts in which snch trade or occupation is carried on, or to cause a poll to be taken of the persons employed in such trade or occupation, or to take such other means as he may deem fit. For the purpose of this section, persons ettipldyed in any trade or occupation shall be taken to mean all r 78448. persons employed for hire, or actually performing labour in any capacity, in such trade or occupation, whether already subjc' t to the provisions of the Factory and Workshop Act, 1878, or of this Act, or not. No order made in pursuance of this section shall declare a maximum number of hours of labour per week in excess oi fifty-fov/r. It shall be the duty of a Secretary of State to institute an inquiry, in such manner as he may deem fit, with a view to the consideration of the expediency of making an order under this part of the Act, in each of the following cases, viz. : — (a.) Whenever he shall have reason to believe that excessive hours of labour prevail in any trade or occupation. (6.) Whenever he shall be requested to do so by the committee or other executive body of any duly registered trades union, or. in the case of there being no duly registered trades union in the trade or occupation in respect of which the application is made, by the committee or other executive body of any trades council, trades union congress, or other association or federation of trades unions. Provided that a Secretary of State shall not, except for special reasons appro\-ed by him, institute any such inquiry within a period of twelve nhonths from the date of the holding of any previous inquiry in respect of the same trade or occupation. This clause enables the legal limitation of the hours of labour to be introduced in any trade as soon as a majority of the workers desire it. It provides for the case in which a majority of the workers are compelled to work against their wish, by the obstinacy or disloyalty of the minority, which prevents an efieotive strike. In such a case, as John Stuart Mill pointed out (" Principles of Political Economy," book v., ch. xi., s. 12, pp. 581-2), the interference of law is required. On similar grounds Mill supported the continuance of the legal enforcem.ent of a weekly day of rest (Mill's " Liberty," p. ftS, cheap edition). The principle has received the endorsement of Pro- fessor Heniy Sidgwick (" Principles of Political Economy," book iii., ch. ii., p. 422, 1883). The clause could not practically be put in force in any trade until a prolonged discussion had convinced a considerable majority of the workers of its advantage ; and by that time the minority would have become prepared to acquiesce in the law, and the employers would have been able to make arrangements to avoid any inconvenience from the change. The clause provides that the labourers, and all other workers in the trade, should be able to take part in the decision and share in the benefit. By this means the advantages which the skilled and organised workers can now sometimes obtain by combination, would be extended to their less fortunate colleagues. The employer, if actually performing labour in the trade, is not excluded from participation in the decision. The benefits of the clause are available for the workers in the occupations specially provided for , in clauses 4, 5, 6, and 8, if they like to exercise their option. By providing that the initiative may be taken by the workers themselves approaching the Home Secretary through some representative organisa- tion of their own, the clause will promote the organisation of labour, and make the aid of the State practically conditional upon the workers first using their opportunities of self-help, as far as is either possible or — having regard to the interests of the rest of the community — socially expedient. At the same time it permits the Home Secretary to step in to the relief of those exceptionally unfortunate workers who, by their condition or the circumstances of th«ir employ- ment, are hindered from associating for the purpose of discussing their position. The final decision, which must necessarily be given to some public officer, is left with a Secretary of State (meaning the Home Secretary), because his subordination to the House of Commons affords, at present/the only practicable means of exercising public' supervision and control over the award; Tt 33a, ROY A]L, COMMISSION ON LABOUR and bacauae he is the oflBcer entrusted .^v^% the general adminis^ation of the Factory Acts. ,, There are varioas precedents, besides those cited in the notes to clauses 4, 6, and 8, for the legal limitation of the hours of adult male workers. Austrian law Kmits the hours in factories to eleven 'per day for men as well as women, with certain exceptional' extensions. Hungary enforces meal times and relief for night shifts. The French law of 1848, prescribiiig a universal maximum of twelve hours, is still in force, though modified by Imperial decrees ; by Cipciilar' of 25 November 1885; i't w'as held to apply to all factories employing 'power, and having twenty hands in any one shed. Switzerland forbids, work for m^rethan eleven hours aday, less an hour for meals, with permission to apply for special exceptions not exceeding a fortnight.^ (Foreign Office Reports, 0,-5866.) The legal prohibition of labour on Sundays is very general. The labour of adult women is usually specially regulated. It is now widely admitted that there is no insuperable objection in principle to regulating male adult labour. Jevons (late Professor of Political Economy at University OoUege, London) sums up the matter in his book " The State in Relation to. Labour " (p. 65), referring to the incipient movement for an " Eight Hours Bill:" " I see nothing, therefore, to " forbid the State interfering in the matter if it " could be clearly shown that the eifisting customs " are injurious to health, and that there is no other " probable remedy. Neither principle, experience, " or precedent, ;n other cases of legislation,! pre- " vents us from, contemplating the idea of Stat^ " interference ia such circumstances." By liocal Option for MonppoUeg. ' 8. The council for the • administrative county of London, and elsewhere ihe sanitary authority, shall have power to make, and from time to time to amend, bye-laws restricting the hours of labour of persons employed for hire in or in connection with any docks, harbours, tramways, telephones, markets, establish- ments for the supply of electric light, or of electric or hydraulic power, gasworks, and waterworks, within the area under its jurisdiction, whether owned by a public authority or not. Any bye-laws made in pursuance of this section shall be submitted for confirmation to a Secretary of State, and shall, when confirmed by him, be deemed to be incorporated in this Act, provided that no such bye-law shall fix a maximum number of hours of labour in excess oiffty-fowr per week. Local monopolies, where still administered for private profit, are clearly subjects for local regulp/tion, and no fear of foreign competition need hinder the legal limitation of the hours of labour in connection with them! Where they are already administered by a public authority clause 4 will apply. The Huddersfield Town Council, which is the only public aiithority working its own tramways, has already instijt'uted ah eight liours' day for ,its tramway servants. As regards tramways and elevated railways, a pre- cedent, is afibrded by the law of the State of New ^ork, which limits the working hours to ten per day. New Jersey has a legal maximum of twelve hours, " with, reasonable , tiine for meals." The limit in Maryland is twelve hours per day. Glasgow Corporation, in leasing out its tramway lines, prescribes ten hoars as the maximum average work per day (and see note to dause 11). In all New Enterprises wnder Pa/rliamentary Powers. 9. No person or company, other than those to whom section 5 or 6 of this Act is applicable, bereafter obtaining statutory powers lir privileges of any descrip- tion by private or local Act of Parliament, sh^ll employ any person for hire for more than forty -eight hours in any one week, and this section shall be dgemed to be incorporated in every subsequent private, or local Act of Parliament granting statutory powers or priyile'^es of any description to any such person or company that employs labour of any description for hire, and tx;) apply to aU the operations of the said person or cqmpany under statutory powers or privileges, wlxether by that or any other Act. Any person, or the principal ijianager nr other chief officer of anj company, employing, or allowing to be employed any persoif i|*,,fiOntr^^en1a,pji,Qf,thi^^ ^potion shall be, liable te, a jgne ,not exope&mg- one hund/red pounds for ^ach such contravention. Parliament may fairly determine the conditions upon which it will accord^ special powers, or privileges by Act of Parliament. , Mines and railways are dealt wiljh in clauses 5 and,6„ and are therefore excluded from the operation of this clause. This proposal receiyed the adherence, in principle, of the London Trades. Council and the great "Eight Hours Demonstration '' in London on 4th May, 1890. In view of the diverse occupations and localities to whjqh the. .clause will apply, it seems better to enforce only Jjhe weekly maximum, so as to allow some d4.ily latitude where convenient. This limitation has been inserted in various Tramway Acts in Victoria. (Sir C. Dilke's " Problems of Greater Britain, vol. ii., p. 286.) For Young Persons. 10. No child or .young; iperson under jfl/ieero years of age shall be employed for hire in any trade or occupa- tion whatsoever for more than fijoe hours in any one day, nor for more than thirty hours in any one week. Thp provisions of sections 12, 14, 16, and' 23 to 25, in- clusive, of the Factory and Workshop Act, 1878, relating to children employed in factories or workshops, shall apply, also to children and to young persons under ^/ieera years of age, enxpjoyed for hire in any trade or occupation whatsoever ; and such young persons shall, for the purposes of the Elementary Education Acts and the Technical Education Act, 1889, be deemed to be children of school age. ,. Section 26 of the Factory and Workshop Act, 1878, is hereby repealed. This clause makes the " half-time " law, now applying nominally to children under fourteen, apply also to those under fifteen. It also abolishes the exception recognised by sec. 26 of the Factory Act of 18^, by which children between thirteen and fourteen can go to work " full time," and otherwise escS,pe the '■ protection of the Act, provided they have passed a prescribed educational standard (at present Standard IV. See the First Schedule to the Act 43 and 44 Vict. c. 23).. The repeal of this exception, and the raising of the "half time" age, are strongfly urged by medical and educational authorities. France, the Colony of Victoria, and the States of Maine and New Jersey require, at any rate, partial education up to fifteen ; Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Pennsylvania up to sixteen years of age (see note to clause 13). The Berlin Labour Conference em- phatically adopted a similar principle. Pabt II. 11. The Council for the Administrative County of London, and elsewhere the sanitary authority, ' shall have power, if deemed by them necessary for the proper enforcement of the laws relating to the employment of labour or to p;ublic health, to maji^ and from time to time amend, bye-laws providing for any of the follQwing objects, viz. : — (1.) The compulsory ijegisia'atipn of all premises in which persons' are employed for hire, otherwise , than exclusively in domestic service. ''' (2.)-. The inspection of all such premises by ainy medical officer of health, .sanitary officer, or any in- spector either appointed under any Act relating ito the employment of labour, or 'specially for the purpose, n '- r. (3.) The .prevention of over-crowding in premises in which persona are employed for hire. (4i) The provision of proper sanitary arrangements in such premises. ; (5.) The prevention of excessive hours of labour jn occupations in which the provisions of Part I. '/ mi.'*^*^** •^°* ™^^ "°* bei applicable or eflfective (6.) The prevention of public injury or inconvenience in connection with the employment of labour in or about docks, harb&urs, rivers, tramways telephones, establishments for electric lighting or for the supply of electric or hyd ranlic power .. gas workp and waterworks: '; ' Any byprlaws made in pursuance of this section shall be submitted for.confirmacion to a Secretary of State and shall, when confirmed by him, be deemed to be ucorporated in this Act. > j The Council for the administrative county of London and elsewhere the sanitary authority, shall' have power tq I &ppf;mt IopaJ,rin«peo such. The working day of conductors and drivers shall not exceed an average of ten hours. The conductors of cars shall be pro- vided with proper uniform, consisting, of tunic, trousers and cap, and no conductor shall be per- mitted to be on duty without uniform. A uniform greatcoat shall be provided for the winter months. JSTo conductor, driver, or other officer shall be per- mitted on a car unless his clothing is in good order and his whole person clean and tidy. The ' lessees shall provide proper sanitary conveniences for the drivers and conductors at places where these are requisite, and as may be agreed on with the corporation." The " sanitary authority" which would have, 6"atside London, the power to make such bye-laws, is, in municipal borougns, the t6wn council, and in rural disliriots (where the power would hardly be needed), usually a committee of the Board of Guardians. But the power would, in the latter cases, be trans- ferred to the new elective ''district council" as soon as they are established.' " 12. It shall be the duty of the occupier of any factory or workshop in which any labour whatsoever is em- ployed .for hire, to specify in a notice affixed in a prominent position in the workshop or factory the time of beginning and quitting work on each day of the week, the time allowed for meals, and if children or young persons rnider fifteen are employed* whether they are employed on the system of morning and afternoon sets, or of alternate days. A 'copy of every such notice, and of every alteration thereof, shall be sent by post' in, a registered letter, or delivered by the employer to ah'inspector within seven days of its publication, aiid shall be open to inspection at the Home Office by any person at any time when that offibe is open for official business. A factory or workshop iii. which no such notice is affixed as herein specified, shall be deemed not to be kept in conformity with this Act. Provided that nothing in this section shall affect the provisions of section 19 of the Factory and 'Workshop Act relating ■ to ' th® ' employinent •'of ' women or children. ' ' , > , Thjs provision merely extends 'the requirement of the existing Factory Acts to all .^or^Esit^Qps. It does littjle more .than afford a means of bringing public opinion efEectively to bear on those eipployers who make their men work expessiye hours. Incidiantally, however, it will cause the r^siration of all workshops, a reform often called Tor by the inspectors. At preseni'^11 factories, anid , all work- shops employing women and children, have to be registered, but not workshops employing men l3. Notwithstanding anything contained in the sec- tions 61 and 93 of the Factory and 'Workshop Act, 1878, such provisions; of that. Act, and of any Acts amending the same, as relate to tlie cleanliness, or to the free^pin from effluvia, or to (he overcrowding, or ventilation of a factory or workshop, or to the Sending notice of accidents, shall apply to all workshops other than those specified ' in clause (a) of section 61 of the said Act. '• " ,,,,., At present the sanitary provisions 'of the Factory Acts do not apply to workshops where only adult men are employed; and the factory inspector is therefore not able to enforce them. Similar pro- 'visions already exist, however, in the Public Health Act; 1875, which appUes to all workshops (by sec. 101 of 41 Vict. c. 15) ; but these are enforceable only by the local sanitary authority, whose duty is often very imperfectly performed. The proposed clause (together with clause 16) practically imposes no new restrictions, but merely facilitates the enforcement of the existing law. The exception continued in force undeif clause (a) of sec. 61 is that applying to " domestic workshops," where an occupation is carried on at home by members of the family only. This hardly permits of any other regulation than those applied by the Public Health Acts, and the Elementary Education Acts, provided that the premises are duly registered and inspected; (See note to clauSe 11.) 14. No child under twelve years of age shall be employed for hire, in any capacity or for any period, in any trade or occupation whatsoever, except as pro- vided in section 3 of the Prevention of Cruelty to Children Act, 1889, which shall apply to children under twelve years of age ; and, except as therein provided, any parent causing or permitting his or her child under twelve years of age to be employed for hire, and any person employing such child for hire shall be guilty of a misdemeanour. The law at present forbids employment of children • under ten in any workshop or factory (41 Vict, c. 16, s. 20), or in any theatre except by special licence of petty sessions (52 & 63 Vict. c. 44, s. 3). Persons under eleven, faurteen, sixteen, and eighteen respectively may not work in certain dangerous occupations (see note to clause 16 of this Bill) ; and no child under twelve may work in any mine underground (49 & 60 Vict. c. 40, s. 4). The Education Acts forbid, moreover, the employment of any child under ten except under special circumstances (see 43 & 44 Vict. c. 23, s. 5) ; and aim at the prohibition of child labour under fourteen, unless the child possesses adequate elementary educatiton. Nevertheless, so effective are the exceptions that children over ten work as soon as they have been five years at school or have passed an educational standard fixed by the local school board or school attendance committee. In order to provide cheap child labour, this is usualUy fixed at Standard IV., Or even III., which children often pass at nine years old. The only restriction in' force is the " half-time " for children under thirteen or fourteen: Further prohibition, of child labour is urgently called for on educational and medical grounds. England has, on this point, lost her lead in labour'le^isla- tion. Germany and Huiigafy absolutely forbid it under twelve ; Switzerland forbids it (in factories) under fifteen (Act of 1877) ; and ,rrance under fifteen, unless the fchild has received sufficient primary education. (Keport of Royal Commission on Education, 1888, p. 391.) In Victoria the law (49 Vict., No. 862, s. 30) is similar to that of France ; in New Zealand no Tt 2 332 ROYAL COMMISSION ON LJIBOUR ; child under twelve may be employed in a factory (Act 23 of 1881, s. 4) ; in Ontario and Queben no boy under twelve and no girl under fourteen may work in a factory (47 Vict c. 39, s. 1 ; Quebec Code, sec. 3,026). In the United States, the employment of children under twelve is prohibited in Pennsylvania (p. 57 of C. — 5,8t)6) (for textile and paper factories the minimum is thirteen) ; in Indiana (as regards six specified industries) ; in Kansas ; in Massachusetts " during the days when public schools are in session " ; in New Jersey (where the minimum age is even fourteen for girls as regards any work- shop or manufactory) ; and in Ohio. In nearly all the States further restrictions are imposed unless the child is well educated. Thus in Colorado and Kansas, no boy under sixteen may work in a mine unless he can read and write ; in Maine and New Jersey, no child under fifteen ; in Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Pennsylvania, no children under sixteen may be employed unless they have been to school during a certain portion of the preceding year. (First Annual Report of the Federal Com- missioner of Labour, 1886.) Up to the age of twelve, at any rate, the future citizen should be protected from toil. The Berlin Labour Conference has now a£Srmed this principle. 15. No person under sixteen years of age shall be employed for hire in any of the occupations or places specified in the I'iret Schedule to the Factory and Workshop Act, 1878 ; but nothing in this section bhall be deemed to permit the employment in such occupa- tions or places of young persons over sixteen years of age where such employment is now prohibited. The dangerous or unhealthy occupations specified in the First Schedule, in which young persons under sixteen miiy now be employed are the following : — Melting or annealing glass. (No boy under foui-teen or girl under eighteen may now be employed.) Making or finishing of bricks or tiles, not being ornamental tiles ; making or finishing of salt. (No girl under sixteen may now be em- ployed.) Dry grinding in the metal trade ; dipping of lucifer matches. (No child under fourteen may now be employed.) "In any grinding in the metal trades other than dry grinding, or in fustian cutting, a child under the age of eleven years shall not be employed." If these occupations were found so bad in the effects on young persons as to lead to the imposition of special prohibitions, it is suggested that all young persons under sixteen should be protected from being forced into them. Precedents already exist for prohibition up to eighteen years of age, for the same schedule forbids the employment of any person under that age in ' ' the process of silvering of mirrors by the mercurial process, or the process of making white lead.' Moreover, as already stated, no girl under eighteen may be emplojed m counection with the melting or annealing of glass. When the Colony of Victoria copied this section of the English Act, the ages were raised all round, to fourteen or eighteen (49 Vict., No. 862.) 16. Where it appears to an inspector under this or any other Act or local bye-law relating to the employ- ment of labour, that any act, neglect, or default, by any person whatsoever, in or in connection with any place in which any person is employed for hire, is punishable or remediable under the laws relating to public health, it shall be the duty of the inspector himself, without reference to any local authority, to take such action as he may deem lit for the purpose of enforcing the law, and every such inspector shall possess more rights or powers ol instituting legal proceedings for this purpose which are or may be possessed by any sanitary authority, sanitary officer, or medical ofiicer of health. Provided that nothing in this section shall relieve any sanitary authority or ofiicer of such authority from any duty in connection with the law relating lo public health. Under the existing Aot (41 Viot. o. 16, B. 4). w^hen a factory inspector discovers an infringement of the sanitary law, he can only report it to the local sanitary authority, a procedure which always causes delay and frequently results in no action being taken to enforce the law. This clause (coupled with clause 13) will enable the factory inspector himself to proceed against the offending employer. 17. The provisions of section 7 of the Factory and Workshop Act, 187S, shall apply to any vat, pan, or other structure which is so dangerous as to be likely to be a cause of bodily injury to any person employed in the factory or workshop, whether a child or young person or not. This clause destroys a historical survival. In the earlier Factory Acts the provisions against dangerous machinery, etc., were restricted to such as was dangerous to women and children, In the existing law this limitation is generally removed, and all dangerous machinery, for instance, must be fenced, whether the danger is to men or to w;omen (41 Viot. c. 16, ss. 5, 6, 8). But sec. 7, which pro- vides for the protection of workers from danger from " a vat, pan, or other structure," only applies to women or children. If the " vat, pan, or other structure " is also dangerous to men, surely it ought to be made safe. 18. Notwithstanding anything contained in the 17th section of the Factory and Workshop Act Amendment Act of 1883, an inspector shall be required and em- powered to inspect all bakehouses in which persons are employed for hire, and shall, concurrently with the officers of the sanitary authority, possess for the pur- pose of enforcing the provisions of any of the laws relating to public health, the same rights and powers as they at any time possess. Bakehouses already come under the provisions of the Factory Acts, especially as regards sanitation {see sees. 34, 36, 45, 61, 93, and Fourth Schedule, of 41 Vict. c. 16). But by a most unfortunate provision of the amending Act (46 & 47 Vict. o. 53, s. 17), which gave the local sanitary authority jurisdiction over them, the factory inspector was ousted from his power to enforce these sanitary provisions. As a consequence the bakehouses are most imperfectly inspected, and the sanitary laws not well enforced. The clause (compare also clauses 13 and 16) restores the power of the factory inspector concurrently with that of the local sanitary authority. 19. The provisioijs of the Factory and Workshop Act, 1878, and of this Act, shall apply to any laundry in which persons are employed for hire, and in which washing is performed for payment for perso;ns other than those resident in the premises on which it is situated. Women in laundries are often shamefully over- worked, and exposed to insanitary conditions. 20 It shall be the duty of every inspector appointed under any Act relating to the employment of labour to execute and procure the enforcement also of the Tj-uck Act, 1831, the Shop Hours Regulation Aot, 1886, and the Prevention of Cruelty to Children Act, 1 889 ; and any rights or powers possessed by such inspectors under any Act, shall be deemed to be possessed and to apply for the purposes of, the execu- tion and enforcement of all the aforesaid Acts. No inspectors exist for the enforcement of the Acts named, and evasions of them are therefore fre- quent. The factory inspector may as well have power to enforce the law wherever he discovers an infringement of it. 21. It is hereby declaicd that women are eligible to be appointed inspectors, clerks, and servants, for the execution of this or any other Act relating to the employment of labour, upon the same terms and subject to the same disqualifications as men. This clause does not require women to be appointed factory inspectors, but only makes it clear that they are eligible, in case it should be deemed well that some should be appointed. The present Home Secretary has expressed a doubt whether he had power under the existing law to appoint a woman. APPENDIX. — WHOLE COMMISSION. 333 APPENDIX OLI. Rules of tlie National LABOtrn Federation, Registered under the Trades Union Acts. 1871 and 1876— Established November 20th, 1886. privileges of membership, and the benefit to be derived from the funds. Trustees: Thos. Bttet, M.P., Chas. Fenwick, M.P., Rev. Mooke-Ede, Jos. Heslop. Bankers : General Post OrriCE Savings Bank. General Treasurer : Samuel Smith, 66, Whitehall Eioad West, Gateshead. General Secretary : Robebt Huntlt, 61, Maple Street, Nwcastle-upon-Tyne. Notice to Membeks. All previous rules are rescinded. No alterations to these rules can be made except at a meeting of delegates, and in accordance with Rule 10. As every member will be supplied on application with a copy of these rules, no excuse of ignorance will be accepted in extenuation of any violation of the same. Genebal Rules. Constitution. 1. Name. — That this Association be named the " National Labour Federation." 2. Ophce.^ — That the General OfBoe be at 61, Maple Street, Newcastle-on-Tyne. 3. Objects. — That the objects be : 1.— To form a Federation of all workers for the better protection of labour, and the attainment of its full rights ; and for these purposes to raise a fund by regular contributions, donations, and levies, for mutual help. , Clause II. — To agitate for improved enactments for more efficient management of works, shops, factories, whereby the health and lives of members may be pro- tected. Clause III. — To secure the prices and wages bar- gained for by the members, and to protect them when unjustly dealt with by employers or managers. Clause IV. — To obtain compensation for accidents where the employers are liable. Clause V. — To regulate the hours of labour. Clause VI. — ^To provide a weekly allowance for the support of members and their families who may be unjustly locked out, or on strike. CloMse VII. — To improve the intellectual, moral, and social condition of its members. Clause VIII. — To assist similar associations that have the same objects as are herein stated. Clause IX. — To regulate the relations between work- men and employers. Clause X. — That the whole of the moneys received by this Federation shall be applied in carrying out the foregoing objects according to rules ; any officer mis- applying the funds shall be prosecuted in the courts, and be excluded from all benefits. 4. Membekship.— That no person, male or female, be eligible until they have been proposed and seconded by two members, on the proper contribution night. Each person on becoming a member of the Federation shall be supplied with a Copy of Rules and a Contribution Card (free of charge) on payment of one shilling entrance fee,, which shall be placed in the General Management Fund. 5. CONTEIBUTIONS.— That all male persons joining shall contribute 2d. per week ; l^d. to General Fund and id. to Management Fund. To be distributed as follows : 2d. per member per quarter to be sent to general office ; 4Jd. per member per quarter to be kept in" districts for local expenses. That 12 consecutive weekly payments constitute a free member, who will be entitled to ail the rights and privileges of membership. The executive shall have power to put a levy on the members when the funds are below l.OOOi. In cases of sickness or compulsory cessation of work, menibers will be exempt from paying contributions when ofl' work la clear days. That all female persons shall contribute Id. per week, and 2d. per quarter for Management Fund; that 12 consecutive weekly payments constitute a free member, who will be entitled to the rights and 6. Abbeabs. — Any member allov ing his or her con- tributions and levies to run more than 12 weeks in arrears shall have no claim on the funds, and will be suspended from all benefits until all their arrears are paid, for the period of one month after such arrears have been paid. Sailors and others, who by following their occupation have unavoidably fallen into arrears may apply to the secretary of their branch, and the Committee shall have power, on receipt of the arrears, to instal such members as free members at once, but members are recommended in all cases to acquaint the secretary of their branch previous to their departure. All members allowing their arrears to exceed 1«. on the last meeting night in June and December shall be fined 3d. ; all fines are to go to district funds and will be strictly enforced. 7. Beanches. — That the Federation be divided into •branches, to some one of which every member shall belong. Women may form separate branches. 8. Suggestions. — That any member may submit to his branch any suggestion for tbe better carrying into effect the objects of this Federation, to be sent, if approved of, to the general secretary to lay before the next delegate meeting. All suggestions and amend- ments to these rules must, aloug with nominations for general secretary, general treasurer, and members of the Executive Council, be sent to the general secretary from the branches, must be collected and sent out to each branch for discussion four weeks previous to the delegate meeting in order that each delegate may vote as instructed by his branch. Any suggestion not men- tioned on agenda will not be entertained by delegates. 9. Honokabt Membees. — Any person may become an honorary member of the Federation by paying five shillings per annum. 10. Executive Council. — That the Executive Council shall consist of 10 members. They shall be nominated by the branches, and elected by the delegates annually at the annnal delegate meeting. Branch secretaries will send their nominations to the general secretary one month previous to the delegate meeting, when they will be placed on the agenda paper to enable branches to instruct their delegates how to vote. Any member who has sat on the Executive Council for a period of two years will not be subject for re-election until the expiration of twelve months. That in the event of a vacancy occurring on the Executive Council between the appointed times of elections, the nominations who received the highest number of votes, who were not elected at the previous delegate meeting, shall be called upon to fill such vacancies ; until the regular election takes place the time they have filled the vacant positions will not count as part of the twelve months, providing they may be elected by delegates at annual meeting. Any member of the Executive douncil having to travel a distance to attend council meetings, and by so doing lose a day's work, shall be allowed 6s. for one day's pay, and 3s. expenses, with third-class train fare. When members travel a distance of over 20 miles they shallbe allowed third-class train fare and 2s. allowance. Members residing within a radius of 20 miles from the general office shall be allowed third-class train fare and Is. allowance. Detail Rules. Branches. 11. New Beanches. — That any ten members residing in a district where there is no branch, shall have power to open a branch ; and all branch books and other neces- saries will be forwarded on application to the general secretary. 12. That if any branch exceeds 300 members, and the committee consider that another branch in the same district would be advantageous, or add to the member- Tt 3 384 KOTfAL iCOMMISSION ON I.ABOUR : ship of the Federation, they, may apply to the district committee for permission to open one. » i 13. Meetings. — That all branches shall meet fortnightly, and have discretionary power as to date. 14. Book Eent, &c. — That the room rent and other necessary branch expenses shall -bee defrayed out of the district fund. 15. GovEfiNMENT. — That all brk'nches shaU be con- trolled and worked by a president, secretary, treasurer, check-book keeper, door-keeper, and a committee of six. They shall be elected every six months at the last meetings in June and December with the exception of the secretary' and treasurer, who shall be elected in December for one year ; that in the event of any ofi&cer being unable to fulfil the duties of the oflB.ce, he shall immediately comimunicate the sam.e to the secretary, who shall lay it before the next branch' mieeting, and another member shall be elected to the ofiBce. In the case of a branch secrfetary , wherever possible, a month's notice must be given ; in cases of emergency the branch committee shall have power to elect another 'pTo tern. The branch delegate shall be elected at the summoned meeting in March, and his pay be -fixed by the brarich or district committee, where one is formed. 16. Obbee in BbJlNches. — Perfect order must be preserved at all meetings. Every member shall be obedient to a call of order from the chair on pain of fine of 3d. for each offence ; no personalities shall at any time be permitted. All speakers must confine them- selves to the subject of debate. Every member shall address the chair standing uno'overed. Any member entering any meeting and acting in a disorderly manner and interrupting the business, shall be ejected by the door-keeper upon orders from the chair. . Any member excluded from his branch, for any cause shall have power to appeal to his district committee and if not satisfied shall have power, to appeal to the delegates, \fhose decision shall be final. I 17. Visiting Membbes. — Any member visiting a branch must produce his pence card upon request, and must "ask permission before addressing the branch. He cannot vote in any branch, except thaff to which he belongs. ', , , .. , 18. DtTTiESf OF Bbanch Oppiceks. — President. — That the president^^shall be present at all branch and con- tribution meetings, and branch committee meetings, and see that all business is conducted properly, and he shall countersign '-ail cheques before they are paid by treasurer, and sign- all minutes after they are con- firmed. He shall have power to call meetings of his branch, with the approbation of the secretary. Any president neglecting 'the fulfilifiHiit ttf his duties raay be disqualified at the disbtetiou of his branch. 19. Sbcketakt.^.Hjs duties shall be to keep a correct account of all moneys Received and expended, he shall strictly attpnd tp ,^11 moneys being rernitted to the general treasurer, an .account of w;hichr shall he sent by him to the general secretary at the saijie time. He ^hall attend .all branch and committee meetings, and take minutes of the same, and have charge of all books, documents, and correspondence relating to the branch. He shall keep the books clean, and have theni ready for inspection at any time. He shall also forward to the general, secretary a quarterly balance sheet ending the last day pf March, June, September, and December, showing the number of financial and unfinancial members, anji the amount of money paid by them for the protectioji of labour. He shall post.up all members' names who may be in arrears the sam of Is. Qd. Any secretary neglecting to comply with the foregoing rule shall be liable to suph fine, not exceeding 7s. 6d., as the district committee may determine. He shall, on his election, forward at once his name and address to the general office. S'o member shall be eligible to hold the office of secretary to any branch before he has been a financial member of the Federation three consecutive months, except in the case of new branches. 20. TbeasUjBEB. — The branch treasurer shall be a householder, and must give such security as the branch may determine ; he shall be responsible for all branch funds, and must forward them to the general treasurer as soon as they amount, in branches of 100 members or under, to 11., in branches of over 100 to 21. All remittances must be made payable at Neville Street Post Office, to Samuel Smith, 56, Whitehall fioad. West, Gateshead. He must pay all cheques for branch expenses presented by the secretary after seeing that they bear the branch s-tamp and are endorsed on the back -vrith the president's aignatare. He must carefully preserve all cheques paid oy him and present them for examination at the audits, and must be prepared to give an account of the financial position of the branch at each meeting. On leaving or resigning office, all moneys and books in his possession must be handed over to the branch committee. The treasurer of each bijanchjOn the. one part, and the president, secretary, and not less than two members of the branch on the other part, shall sign a. stamiped agreement ; the treasurer binding himself to fulfil and discharge the duties of such office, as stated in these rules andithe agreement ; and the president, secretary, and other two members binding themselves to prosecute the said treasurer in the courts -for any departure from '.the aforesaid agreement. 21. Check -BOOK Keeper. — The check - book keeper must attend all branch meetings,, and enter all members' contributions in the check contribution boolt j he must add up his columns at the close of each meeting, and see that the secretary's and treasurer's accounts agree ■with his. In no case shall any o^cer of this Federation erase atiy figures fi'oni the books; all alterations, must be made -with the pen. ' ■ , 22. Ttlee. — His duties shall be to keep the door, and see that none but menibers are admitted, and that no disorderly person enters the room ; he shall carry out the orders of the chair on all occasions. He shall attend all contribution and branch meeting nights. 23. Auditors. — One auditor must be appoiiited alt the last meeting in each quarter to audit the books of the branch ; he shall serve six months, so that each auditor attends two audits and then retires, but is eligible for re-election. A provisional auditor must be elected each quarter, who shall take office should either auditor be unable to attend. Wherever possible, the auditors must give notice to the secretary if they be unable to attend, to allow him to summon the pro auditor. Their duties shall be to audit and examine each quarter all books and documents belonging to the branch; they shall see that all members' contributions are correctly entered in the secretary's contribution book, and that they correspond with the check book, and see that each members' arrears are correctly entered and carried forward ; they must inspect all financial tran- sactions and demand receipts for every item of expen- diture. They must examine the secretary's quarterly report, and if correct, sign the same, and read it to the next branch meeting. If any auditor sign any books when not satisfactory, he. shall forfeit th,eisa],?iry for every such pfience.. jj,,, ' i ", 24. Branches Dissolving. — That in the case ' of a branch dissolving or leaving this Federation, all books, documents, moneys, or other property, must be handed over to the person or persons appointed ,hy th6.,dj.6(trict committee or j^xecutive Council to receive theni. ^,,,i .[,25. ,Me?i:?e»s. Transpeering.,jtt^ That .any ,,meniber working or reaidiag in any distript, Tthere^^g^e ^re branches of the Fe^deration,, pan place his card, in \the most convenient branch, biit' he must in all cases b,e clear on t|ie books before a transfer card cd,n be granted His date of entry shall be stated in the transfer card. Each member shall bear the cost of his 'transfer. " 26. The foUo^ying shall be . The Branch Oppicehs' Salaries. Secretary. — 4«. per quarter up to 100 members, aapl 28. for each additional 50 up to 300, and 2s. for each additional. 100 after. Treasurer. — 3s. per quarter up t« 150 members, and Is. for each additional 50 up to 300, and Is. for eab^h additional 100 after. Assistant Secretary. — 28. per quarter tip to 150 members, and Is. for each additional 50 up to 300, alfid Is. for each additional 100 after. President.— ,2e. -per "quarter up to 150 members,, and Is. for each additional 50 up to 300, and Ig. for each additional 100 after. Boor-Keeper.— 2s. per quarter up to 150 members, and Is. for each additional 50 up to 300, and Is. for each additional 100 after. Auditors.— Is. per quarter Up to 150 members, and 6d. for each additional 50 up to 300, and 6d. for each additional 100 after. 27. Benepiis.— That when the male members of. any branch are likely to require the assistance of the funds, APPENDIX. — whom; . OOMMISSION. 335 stiid the Executive Council decide to support them — locked out or on strike^ — they shall pay to ' everyone entitled to be'neflt (according to Eule 5), the sum of 7s. 6d. per week, providing the funds are in a state to meat the same. If any female members of any branch be looked out or ob strike and the executive decide to supifiort them; they shall bfe entftied to 5s; 'per 'Week, prcmded the funds are in a state tc meet the samS. ■ ' ' No branch or part of a branch of the Federation shall give notice of a strike, or of an intended alteration in the hours, or conditions of labour until its case has been laid before the members, and a vote by hallct taken, which will be submitted to the district committee, and, if svistained by the district, they will then communicate ■with the Executive Council to obtain their, consent before taking action., Any branch or number of mem- bers in a branch ceasing work w;ithout having complied with this rule shall forfeit all claims on, or protection from the Federation. When members of a branch have ceased work, the control and guidance of such branch shall be vested in the association. This shall not be understood to prevent negociations by the workmen, who shall at all times be left at liberTy to come ,to any agreement, provided terms satisffictory to the branch and district committee can be made without setting forth a prin- ciple which would be detrimental to other members in future. No ,:pemltier shall receive strike pay unless he or she has been on strike one week. 28. Duties OF Members on Benefit. — That any mem- ber while on strike or locked out and in compliance (according to Eules 5 and 6), must sign a strike book every day, unless he resides over 3 miles from the place of meeting, ,when he shall be required to sign every alternate day ; members shall only be paid for the number of days signed. All arrears owing to the branch by members shall be deducted from their first week's strike pay. 29. Pabtial Employment. — Any member engaged in a dispute, being ofEered employment elsewhere at his trade or occupation, shall submit such offer to the strike committee, and, on the decision of the committee boiug obtained, any member not acting in accordance with ' their ruling shall forfeit all claims on the Federation. 30. Membees Excluded. — Any member excluded from his branch for any cause shall have power to appeal to his district committee, and if not satisfied, shall have power to appeal to the delegates at the next delegate meeting, their decision to be final. 31. Genebal Seceetaey. — That the general seoretnry shall be elected at each delegate meeting. His duties shall be to make the annual returns and transmit them to the registrar, as required by the Trades Union Acts 1871 and 1876. He shair also watch over and further the interests of the Federation to the best of bis ability ; he shall keep his books and accounts in a clear manner, and enter all contributions and other receipts from the branches, and acknowledge the same promptly to the secretary and treasurer of each branch;'. he is to lay all business communications before the Executive Council, and, on urgent questions arising, to summon the sub-coir^mittee appointed by the Executive Council; lie is to have possession of all books, papers, and documents connected with the Federation, unless otherwise specified in these rules, to draw all cheques on the general treasurer for payment of all claims and expenses incurred by the Federation, to pi-ep^e agenda for' all delegate and council meetings, and attend all such meetings, to call the roll at all such meetings at beginning and reassembling, and enter the minutes of the same, and tead the minutes of the previous meeting which shall be confirmed by the delegates present. He shall prepare quarterly retuins and an annual balance sheet, and supjsly the same to the members, with the number of the financial members then in the Federation and'the total arrears, together with such information as he may deem useful. Balance sheets must bear the signatures of the auditors. The.palary of the general secretary shall be fixed at the annual delegate meeting, and paid 'by the treasurer every: week; h* shall give three months'' notice, and receive the same before leaving the service of the National Labour Federation. 32. Gehebal Tkeasi'eer.— !A general treasurer shall be appointed at each delegate meeting, and shall hold office until the next meeting of delegates, unless he, for misconduct, be 'rein6v6d Tbj' resolution at the Executive Council'. His d'uties'fehall be to receive all moneys from the branches, and pay all cheques signed by the secretiry, fbut in no case pay money to' the secretary personally, unless the cheques be counter- signed by' the president of Executive Council ; he shall keep an accurate account of all receipts and payments of muneys. He 'Shall keep in his possession ' a sum not exceeding 20 pounds for curreit accounts', except in the Case of a dispute occurring, when the Executive Council shall' givb' 'the trustees notice tb supply him with ' such sums as they miay require to ' pay ' the members. He shall enter himeelf into a guarantee society for suoh sum as the executive- nifty tleteritnine, the premium to be paid out of the' General fund. He shall be paid for his attendance the same rate of wages and railway fare as the Executive Council, and shall not be allowed to absent himself from duty without first giving notice to the Executive Council or delegate meeting, who shall employ a substitute of their own choice to act in his absence. On no account will the treasurer be permitted to appoint his' own substitute without leave from the Executive Council. 33. Tetjstees. — Tjtiat there shall be seven trustees, wlip shall tie truai^^es of a,lj. jponeys and property invested or ^banked on Ijf^alf of this Feijeration, and two of their . signatui-es shall , be sufficient for the withdrawal of auy moneys banked. , In case it be necessary to bring, or defend an action or prosecution concerning the property, rights, or claims, of this Federation, the same shall be brought or defended in the nam,es of^, the, trustees for , the time being, who shall be .indemnified , from,, all costs or expenses incurred,, but no, such proceedings shall be taken or defended until the consent pf . the Executive Council shall first have been obtained. So much of the funds . as may not be required for immediate use, or to meet the usual accruing liabilities, shall be placed by the trustees in such places as. the Executive Council may determine. 34. Delegate Meetings. — The annual meeting will be held on the first Wednesday in May. The chairman will be elected from the delegates present. No branch shall be allowed to send more than one delegate to the annual delegate meeting, who, on questions of general management, will give one vote, but any delegate may demand the accumulative vote, when he shall have power to give one vote for every 100 or part of 100 financial members that the branch he represents contains ; but no branch or any part of a branch shall be allowed to vote on any question affecting them- selves. The accumulative vote or vote by ballot shall always be taken on the electicm of ofl&cers. Every delegate shall exercise his vote on all questions that come before the delegate mpeting, except on those that affect his owu, branch, and in the event of the pleotion of a deputation or committee he sha,ll be compelleii to vole fpr the number required, tp serve on eact deputation or committee. Any branch with a financial membership under 25 shall not b» allowed a representative at the delegate meeting. Delegates' expenses shall be fixed and paid by the district committee, and paid from the district management fund. Rules may be made, altered, amended, and rescinded at a delegate meeting. 35. SDtjties of JJxEquiiVE Council.— Tha.t they shall Yacch over the interests of the Federation in. all matters ; and shall see that the rules are properly observed and carried out ; and consider every appli- cation from the districts for assistance, and decide whether the applicants shall receive support ; and in granting or withholding support, they shall in every case endeavour to work in harmony with the members and the trade societies taking part in, that dispute. The Executive Council shall determine anything wherein the rules are silent, but in cases of importance and where time permits, they shall consult the districts, but in no case shall they alter the authorised rules of the Federation. The Executive Council shall at their first meeting after election elect frdm their own body a president, who shall be entitled to a vote, and in the event of the, votes being equal, a casting vote. He shall preside at their ineetings, sign the minutes after they have been confirmed, also all cheques and other, documents that require his signature. The execiitive shall have power td appoint an assistant to the general secretary when found necessary. 36. Victimised Membees. — If any. male member or members Should be discharged from their employment in consequence tif adhering to'the rules of the Federa- tion or for holding any office, or sitting in committee, T t 4 336 ROYAL COMMISSION ON LABOUR: or attending council nieetings, or attending on depu- tations to employers, if properly appointed, or collecting contributions, or in any other leg:al way advocating the claims and furthering the objects of the Federation, without interfering with the employers or the liberty of their fellow- workmen, such member or members shall immediately communicate the particulars of the case to the committee of the branch they belong to, who shall promptly investigate the matter, with a view to restoring such member or members to their work, but if it is found impossible lo do so, they shall be supported from the funds of the Federation. But no member or members will be supported as victims who may have been discharged from their employment through neglecting their work, swearing, and using abusive language to the owners, managers, or foremen. Any male member or members who may have been acknowledged by the Federation as victims in accordance with the foregoing rules shall receive 15«. per week and Is. 6d. per head for each child for one month, if they are not able during the time to get work, but at the end of four weeks they shall attend on their branch committee for the purpose of stating their efforts to get work, when it shall be at the discretion of the branch committee whether the support shall be prolonged, and, if so, to what amount, in accordance with the. circumstances of the case. Any male person who has been duly made out to be a sacrificed member, shall, on finding employment, receive as a removing portion such sum as the Executive Council may determine. Fepaale members who are victimised according to the foregoing rules shall receive 5s. per week. 37. Investment op the Funds.— The funds of this Federation shall be invested in the following manner : — In Grovemment securities, in public funds, in real securities, in the National Provincial and other banks, in railway stock, in the purchase of land not exceeding one acre, or in mortgages. The ways or means in which funds shall be invested must be settled by a council meeting, of which seven clear days' notice must be given to each branch. The trustees in no instance to have power to control the members with respect to the modes of investment, but neither will they be held responsible for any commercial losses sustained by such investments. 38. Auditors. — That two auditors and one pro- visional auditor shall be appointed annually by the delegates. No member of the council or permanent oflScial connected with this federation shall be eligible as an auditor. The duties of the auditors shall be to audit annually the accounts of the income and expenditure, also all books at the general office, and see whether they have been correctly kept, and whether the contributions from the branches have been entered in the ledger, and correctly added and transferred with any other income to the cash book. They shall also, in examining the expenditure, require the pioduction of all cheques for every item of expense, and all cash in hand. They shall examine the balance sheet drawn up by the secretary, and if satisfied with its correctness, sign the same. Each auditor shall be present at the next delegate meeting to give his report. 39. That any member or person having an interest in the funds may inspect the books and the names of the members at any time, provided that if required he gives one week's notice to the officers concerned. 40. Dissolution. — A dissolution . of this Federation may take place with the consent of five-sixths of the individual members, the votes of whom shall be taken by ballot, and in the presence of the general secretary of the Federation. 41. The foregoing rules set aside and render null and void all previous rules. 42. That the removal of committee and officers be decided by a vote of the members taken at the delegate meeting. 43. We, the undersigned members of the National Labour Federation hereby subscribe our names in accordance with the Trades Union Act, 1871. Waltee Habbis. JaUES McGrHEGOK. John Foohd. "William Teemblb. William G-oldsbbough. John' Keir. Robert Huntly. Foem G. Reg. 10. Trade Union Acts, 1871 and 1876. Certificate of Registry of Goinplete Alteration of Rules. National Labour Pedeeaiion, a Trade Union, Register No. 603. It is hereby certified that the set of rules, copy whereof is appended hereto, has been registered under the above-meiitioned Acts, in substitution for the set of rules already registered for the National Labour Federation, a Trade Union, this 7th dav of Jauuarv 1891. ^ J. M. L. Copy kept — J. M. L. APPENDIX OLII. Memorandum on the Improvement of Census Returns, especially as regards Occupations and Industry. A. — Present Deficiencies. We, the undersigned, desire respectfully to express our opinion that in this, as in other countries, there is a rapidly increasing need for more accurate statistics, especially in matters relating to industry ; and that the existing arrangements for the Census do not meet the requirements which have grown up since they were first adopted. The chief deficiencies which we find in these arrangements are : — I. The length of interval, ten years, between suc- cessive Censuses. H The absence of a Permanent Department with a sufficient number of officers devoting their whole time to Census work, to enable all the more responsible parts of the work to be undertaken or supervised by persons specially trained for it. III. The absence of any information with regard to the numbers of employers and employed, except in agriculture. IV. The absence of any attempt to distinguish be- tween skilled and unskilled workers, in such cases as the building trades, where these dis- tinctions are clearly marked ; and the misleading character of the returns that are made in this respect. V. The vagueness and unsystematic character of some parts of the lists of occupations, and especially of Class VI., which includes more than half the population under one head as "Persons returned by Property, Rank, &c., and not by special occupation," without any attempt to distinguish the sub-classes to which they properly belong. B. — Remedies. We venture, with great submission, to ofier proposals for changes, which, without involving any inordinate expense, would, we believe, remove the chief of the defects which we have noticed . — I. The Census should be quinquennial instead of deijimial. [If a complete Census every five years would cost too much, a simplified one might be taken of a scheduled APPENDIX. — WHOl^E COMMISSION. 337 list of large to-wiis,. intermediate between decade and decade, that is,' in 1.896,, 1906, &c. On the latter plan the intermediate Census (iu addidon to general information) might deal with special sujjjepts applicable to large towns. A complete qumquennial Census is, however, much to be preferred.] II. The Census should be the care of a special depart- ment, which should continue in existence, and after one Census was over should begin to prepare for the next. It is believed that this would be found an oconomical as well as efficient plan ; the general object being that the fullest value ahould be obtained for th(i large expenditure to which the State is in anj' case committed. [It is , possible that in the years in which the staff is least occupied the department might be able to undertake other inquiries suggested by the events of the moment, It might do work which Koyal Commissions need, but cannot accomplish for themselves, except in an imperfect way, and with great loss of time.] III. A column should be added to the Householder's Schedule to state (1) employer, (2) employed, ■ or (3) neither, and in order to obtain specific information on questions of employment, the, Numerical Census should be immediately followed by a further inquiry. [The instructions printed at the back of the House- holder's Schedules for 1881 not only provide for the designation of masters as such, but ask for a declai'ation of the nunaber of workpeople employed. No use seems to have been made of this informa- tion, which was perhaps very imperfectly obtained. It is now suggested that if the information 'asked be confined to the declaration " employer or em- ployed or neither," there is no reason to expect that it will not be made as fairly as for any other part of the Census, and that if the common impulse of self-importance causes the return to favour the side of the employer over that of the employed, the error will be detected by the special inquiry which it is suggested should immediately follow the enumeration.] The object of the special inquiry will be to find out the numbers usually employed by each person returning himself as an employer, together with such other information as can be obtained towards the perfecting of an Industrial Census. [It is suggested that this subsequent inquiry shall be made by the sub-registrars, who shall for this purpose detain the original jjapers long enough to prepare lists of the names and addresses of em- ployers, and shall make use of the most intelUgent of their temporary stafE to obtain the returns and be responsible for their bond fides. The inquiry may be spread over as many weeks as may be necessary to do the work thoroughly. It is intended that the iuformation obtained should be used in connection with the labour statistics of the Board of Trade.] IV. The General Plan of Arrangement of Occupa- tions, used since 1851, requires revision in order to give an intelligible picture of the industrial constitution of the kingdom. Two columns should be used to state the occupations in the Householder's Schedule, one for the general denomination under which the occupation falls, and the other for the particular branch named ; and the general plan of arrangement should be printed at the back of the Schedule as a key to the instructions. [The undersigned are well aware of the difficulties which surround this part of the subject, and it is only in a very general way that they venture to put forward their views. By the suggested use of two columns to describe occupation or position, they merely seek to apply to all the rule which the instructions printed on the Householder's Schedule of 1881 applied to many; while the object of printing the general plan of arrangement as part of the instructions is to attempt to interest the householder in the return, and enlist his intelli- gence. The points on which confu&ion has arisen' -in th&past, and on which better returns are much to be desired, concern : — (1.) The separation , of manufacturers from ; ; dealers. • , ' ' (2.) The separation of artisans from labourers. I 78448. (3.) The separation of different classes of workers in the large industries. It is fully admitted that these diotinctions cannot be made with precision, but it is cla,imed that they do in fact exist, and it is believed that they would, in fact, be , fairly reflected in the returns ; and that the extent of possible error could not in any case rob the returns of a large measure of value and utility. And, further, it is submitted that the special employers' inquiry herein suggested, and the inquiries now undertaken by the Board of Trade, would throw cross lights on the subject, and, combined with the general returns of the Census, form an extremely valuable body of infor- mation. As to manufacturers and dealers, it is submitted that the difficulty of those who are both applies only to master men, would hence be reduced to a small matter by the separation of employers from employed, and solved entirely by the special employers' inquiry. As to artisans and labom'ers, it is not sought to push the distinction beyond what is commonly recog- nised in the trades. On the two-column plan suggested above, men may be expected to return themselves as labourers or as journeymen, and according to the trade at which they are working. Similarly with the leading divisions of the great industries, it is believed that if encouraged by the form in which the return is asked, the information as to the particular branch or status in the em- ployment pursued, will be readily, and on the whole correctly given. It is also thought that such vague expressions as "agent," "contractor," "machine worker," would be avoided to a great, extent by this means. The practical difficulties of tabulation are beyond the scope of this memorandum. It is not to be ex- pected that the total number pf recognised employments can be indefinitely increased, nor is it thought that any great increase in the Lotal number would be necessary. It is rather a re- arrangement that is asked.] V. Minor suggestions are : that the last column in the Householder's Schedule for 1S81 (that for infirmities) should be dispensed with, experience having proved it to be unreliable and valueless : that the inmates of workhouses, asylums, and prisons, be stated as such in the general returns, and not under the heading of the employments they have formerly pursued ; that all instructions furnished to the enumerators be printed with the report of the Census. VI. For the disintegration of the "unoccupied class" or "persons without specified occupation, " we do not venture to make any positive suggestions. It would be desirable, if it were possible, to show for each employment not only those working at it, but also, separately, those dependent on these workers; and we think, though not possible in detail, this might be done in some general way. It should at least be possible to subdivide in some explanatory way the mass (over 60 per cent, of the population), stated in one line of the last Census, and described as " Persons returned by Property* Bank, &c.," with most misleading effect. ,In conclusion, it is submitted that the country regards with general approval the present large ex- penditure on annual agricultural returns ; that those returns show the advantage of retaining a specialised staff with acquired technical knowledge, and entrusting to it the collection of statistics at shorter intervals than now intervene between successive Censuses ; that a re- organisation of the Census Department would give opportunity for bringing the statistics relating to agri- culture, and those relating to, other industries, more into harmony than they are at present ; and lastly, that the additional expenditure now asked for on behalf of the general industries of the country would not amount to nearly as much per head as that incurred on behalf of agriculture. A. H. D. AcLAKB, M.P. for Eotheram Division, Yorkshire. *Arthtjb H. Bailey, Actuary to the London As- surance Corporation, Eoyal Exchange, E.C. *T. G-BAHAM BaTiPoub, M.D., P.R.S., President, Koyal Statistical Society, London. C. F. Bastable, Professor of Political Economy, University of Dublin. ' * James Bonar, Civil Service Conimission, West- minster. * Those marked with sin asterisk express general concurrence only. U a 838 ROYAL COMMISSIOK ON LABOUR: Ohakles Booth, 2, Talbot Court, E.G. •' ♦Stephen Bouknb, H.M. Custom House, JE.C. Ohakles Br-adladgh (except A I. and B I.), M.P. for Northampton. ■ • ' James Bbtge (exciept A I. and B I.), B,egiiiH Pro- fessor of Civil' Law, Oxford, and M.P. for *Thomas Bubt, M.P. fcr Morpeth. Wii. Gukningham, University Lecturer, Cam- bridge. F. T. EnGEWoaiH, Professor Of Political Economy ir. King's College, London. T. H.' Elliott, Inlaid Eevenue Office, Somerset House, W.C. KoNALD Pekgtjson, M.P. for Leith. H. S. Foxwell;' Professor of Political Economy, University College, London. E. L. K. GbTraEB, Lecturer on Political Economy at University College, Liverpool. ♦William Gbaham, Prdffessor of Political Economy and Jurisprudence, Queen's College, Belfast. R. B. Haldane, M.P. fbr Haddingtonshire. ' Rowland Hamilton, Oriental Club, Hanover Square, W. "Wm. Henky Het, Secretary of the Ironfounders' Society. W. amrER HmsTTEE, K.C.M.G., M.D. (except A I. and B I.), M.P. for Central Hackney. P. H. Janson, 41, Einsbury Circus, E.G. J. Stephen Jeans, ' Victoria Mansions, West- minster. Bbujamin Jones, 99, Leman Street, E. *CouaTNEY S. Kenny, LL.D., Reader in English Law, Cambridge ; M.P. for Barnsley Division of Yorkshire. J. N. Keynes, University Lecturer, Cambridge- John B. Lvwes, Bart., LL.D., E.R.S., Rotham- sted Park, St. Alban's. R. Lawson, 20, Lansdowne Road, Netting Hill, W. G. S. Loch, Secretary, Charity (Jrgauisatiou ' Society, London. G. B. LoNGSTAPF, Southfield Grange, West Hill Road, Wandsworth. *JoHN Macbonbll, 4, Elm Court, Temple, E.G. *Mais'chestee Statistical Society, Edwin Gtjtheie, President; Ekancis E. M. Beakdsali, Hon. Sec. ; Geokge H. Pownall, Hon. Sec. Alfiied Makshall, Professor of Political Economy, Cambridge. ,, A. J. Mundella, M.P. for Brightside Division of Sheffield. J. E. 0. Mhneo, Professor of Law and Political Economy, Owen's College, Manchester. J. S. Nicholson, D.Sc, Professor of Political Economy, Edinburgh University. R. H. Inglis Palgeave, FJ.I.S., Belton, Great Yarmouth. Lyon Playfaib, K.G.B., F.E.S. (except A I. and B I.), M.P. for South Le^ds. L. L. Peice, Oriel College,' Oxford. Benicst G. Ravenstbin, 29, Lambert Road, S.W. James E. Thoeold Rogehs, Professor of Political Economy, Oxford. Heney E. Eoscoe, Kt,, LL.D., F.R.S., M.P. for South Maiptohester. H. Llewellyn Smith, Toynbee Hall, E. W. R. SoECEY, Professor of PoUtjcal Economy at Upiyersiiy College, Cardiff. WillUm Stebbing (except A I. and B L), Lin- coln's Irin.' J. E. Symbs, Professor of History alid Political Economy at University College, Nottingham. B. Aethue Whiteleggb, Medical Officer of Health, ' , Nottingham. The Statistical and Social Inquiry Society of Ireland (Dublin) has passed resolutions fully supporting the proposals contained in this memorandum, and will be represented in the deputation to the Treasury. • Those marked with an asterisk express general concurrence only. APPENDIX CLIII. Extract from Minutes of Fourth j^nnual Delegate Meeting of the Dock, Wharf, Riverside, and Gteneral Labourers' Union, held at " The Shepherd's Hall," Market Street, BrisDol, on September 11th to 16th, 1893. i Seceetaky's Repoet. To the Members of Gonferenee and Trustees. De All Sirs and Bhothees, . • You have now been called for your Fourth Annual Conference. What is done at this Conference will decide as to whether our Union will grow to its wonted strength, or whether a weakening will continue, vitally affecting the existence of the organisation itself. You have had the benefit of advice from capable men, inside and outside of the Organisation. Men who have grown in experience with your growth ; men who have given unceasingly of their strength, and talents, to maintain in undisputed effectiveness your Trade Union. During these four years many instances of the greatest importance have thrown a light on the. cha- racter of our fellow Hiembers ; poEsibiUtieSj latent and undreamed of, have evolved, and, as a consequence, we have gained in kind, experience, ability, and fitness, so that to-day no man capable of reading, or capable of intelligently thinking, can ignore the vast changes wrought through the medium of our movement. We found dock and riverside workmen unorganised. We were met at the outset by a condition of things which baffles human ingenuity to describe. The docker, robbed of his wage, forced at any period of the day to be at the beck and call of contractor, sweater, and shipper. We found him all but unprotected from grave danger while at work ; exposed to all weathers ; paid off with an hour's pay ;, no definite time of hiring ; no minimum condition of work and wages-;- no ohance but a scramble for work; and no chance 'but fitful and uneffective opposition to bad conditions, wages illegally detained, and absolutely without organisalion to redress or resist a grievance. i,. All these environments have been changed or modi- fied. A standard condition of wages, rates of overtime pay, conditions of labour have been fixed. In every one of the'Districts, without exception, where the organi- sation has been maintained, nearly all the conditions afore-mentioned have been Upheld. . In all cases where the members have lapsed or seceded froth our Union, and the severance has been to localise, every District and body of men acting as indicated have met with igno- minious failure, and loss of all the conditions for which we strove. According' to the returns in our 1890 Report you will find every justification for computing that over one million sterling has anntially been added to the wages of the members of our Union , embracing of course all the varietieis and classes of trades particularly interested in the Dock, Wharf, Riverside and General Labourers' Union. These facts have been collected by the respon- sible officials in all Districts where advances have been won, and tabulated in such a form that all may under- stand the same, from its simplicity and comprehensive- ness. Many other advances have been gained, and tabulated in the succeeding Reports. During this year, a year that will be famous in the records of trade unionism, a severe blow has been struck at unionism, the effect of which ds not easy as yet to foresee. Many of the better favoured unions have been weakened; the ruthless behaviour of, em- ployers has dofle much to prevent even the civil rights of tie workers being respected. .The ^strikes which have occurred since January 1st, or since our last Conference, have been fraught with the gravest con- APPENpiX.- -WHOLE COMMISSION. ■'■I'l ./ .. Bristol. Swansea. Newport. Gloster. sequences to us. Those of chief importance have taken place m Bristol, Swansea, Gloster (otc), Hull, London, Grimsby, and Skewen. '"' '^' - The deal carriers have suQoessfuHy resisted the intro- duction of unfair conditions of labour, and are to-day, afte»a„ dispute lasting more than six months, working on the, same conditions as previously obtained. AH imported men are withdrawn, and even better condi- tions , prevail, the men themselves being party to a^ improved method of supervision, and are loyally stand- ing by all agreed terms..,: During the hajf-yeai;, no less than 2,229i. 15s. Od. has ibeen, paid for disputes alone. The very intricate nature of the various employments followed by our members in this district, have rendered it imperative a very careful watch over the conditions, rates of pay, &o., and the manifold di^culties attend- ing the regulation of the conditions drawn up and aE\sqnted to by the members and their employers. The depression in trade has naturally affected this port a,nd its industries in adjacent Districts! Llanelly, Skewin (sic), Wea|;h, Briton Ferry, are practically covered in the term Swansea District. The tin plate trade, the copper trade,, steel works, fuel works, together with every form of dock, ship, quay, or warehouse work have shared the depression. The late dispute among the miners in South Wales has seriously affected the Dis- trict also. In spite of the machinations and the delib^ate attack upon the unions, in spite of boy- cottii^gs and threatened reductions, our men in this district may be said to have loyally stood to their principles, and in all cases have been able to prevent serious reductions. The coal dispute ha? also seriously interfered with the members in this district, but, so far, those who are being distressed, are bearing bravely the unforeseen conditions now imposed owing to the colliery stoppage. In this district, by persistent wiatchfulness, rates have improved, agreements have been made, and many of the strained relations tvith some of the em- ployers relaxed, for a butiness understanding of obligations. Bridgwatir. This District has held its own,' and every one of the conditions kgreed to in 1890 are being enf6rced with the exception of one firm, whom we are now approach- ing' for the purpose of bringing them to agreement with the other employers) who are aijxious also to see the conditions acted upon by all the firms who axe signatories to the agreement. Cardiff. Owing to the apathy displayed by those who have materially benefited, in this district, we have reluctantly been fdrced to withdraw our delegate. London. With the exception of some slight District trouble, in most cases caused by the introduction of some new methods of working, London may be said to have improved all round. A reference to the half-yearly statement will suffice to show the relative liability of 6ach District. Hull. You are aware of most of the facts of the severe and protracted struggle in Hull. During the whole period covered by the dispute, every opportunity presenting itself to bring about negotiations and settlement was eagerly grasped; As usual, we wer6 met at every turn by the false rumours circulated in Order to weaken our ranks. Every day saw placards announcing the close of the dispute, and a more malignant, method of checking supplies can hardly be conceived. In spite of such heartless tactics we were enabled, through our Union and friends, to subscribe and collect the large suiti ' of 14,000Z. The period of the struggle covered seven weeks, with an averdige 6{ 8,400 ou our list for relief. The sum just mentioned, although being a large one, scarcely sufficed to meet the large demands of those in distress. The relief given, and assistance rendered during the struggle, came from skilled and uriskilled alike, 'f he Railway Servants, Amalgamateli Society of Engineers, Miners in Torkshire and Lanca- shire, all contributed. J'he' Stove Grate Workers' of Sheffield, their Executive, together' with the Miners, organised large meetings, at which considerable sums of money were collected. In Leicestershire and Not- tiiigham, and in Lincolnshire; meetings were organised, where valuable assistance was rendered us. The Executive of the Railway Servants lent us the services of Mr. Maddison, who' rendered yeoman service. The Hull Trades Council and its Executive gave invaluable aid. No words of mine could adequately express the real good ddjie by them, under the capable haiid,ling of their tresident. ■ . i 339 The Oamse of the Dispute. You will I bear in mind the cause te^/ding up to the development was a desire expressed, by ..the firm of Messrs. Wilson to check or crush the .men^s com- bination. By their long acquaintance with the port, and the wealthiest shipowners in the United Kingdom, they were in a position to, wield immense influence. The first signs, of active hostilities were given, in the creation of a Eree (?) Labour Exchange., /, The combination of employers placed the trade of Hull and the interests of its inhabitants in the hands of the Shipping Federation. This unreserved alloca- tion to an outside syndicate of the duties of supervising the labour, naturally resulted , in the men themselves declaring their determination not to work with the imported non-unionists. As was to be expected a struggle took place, in which our men behaved with commendable bravery and coolness, in spite of the overwhelming odds opposed to them. With an ernpty exchequer, with all civic government suspended, with barbarous intimidation of magistrates, police, soldiers, and gunboats to f front, each and every function of local office, watch committee, board qJ guardians, arranged in fi, conspiracy agaipst us, we maintained a stubborn fight, ultimately eflecting the removal of all imported non-unionists before returning to labour. The Conference and membership generally will be interested to learn that manifestoes were promptly issued ; replies were also given to all statements in the local and London press, which adversely criticised the men of Hull. We offered on several occasions to undertake to work for all employers who would undertake to " guarantee that all conditions agreed upon before the dispute were maintained." Thus,, those who would gladly haye accepted wer^ prevented from so doing, by the fact that some indemnity was guaranteed the waverers on condition they acted with the other, eiliployers of labour. Questions were moved in the House of Commons, and a very interesting discussion took place, which ' resulted in the piously dropping the discussion, in spite of the vigorous Speeches of all the Labour Members. Two gunboats, as well as troops of horse soldiers, were introduced, and the sight was to be beheld each day of two ' divisions of cavalry parading the streets, ^vith a magistrate in a cab, being drawn (evidently in great discomfort) round' ^the town several times. Picketing under these circumstances became a difficult task, rendered d.angerous in some instances hy the fact that men were deliberately ridden over vrhen peaceably walking the rounds of duty, necessi- tated by picketing. At the present time work has slackened in the Port. As a consequence many men, who have ndt been working for months together, have been unable to pay ordinary Contributions. We are trusting, however, to see a return to something like the old enthusiasm, whfen the Hull brothers will make their local centre a power for good. Permit me to thank the whole of those branches and Bristol Trial members who were so solicitous for my welf&.re during Case, the ordeal of the trial, " Queen v. Tillett." In this case a deliberate attack was made upon organised labour. No expense or effort was spared by the Bristol autho- rities to bring abotit tny incarceration. Happily, those who were anxious for my imprisonment were doomed to disappointment. Under the astute lead of Bernard Coleridge, Q.C., ably assisted by the union' solicitor, the venue of the trial was removed from Bristol to the Old Bailey.' I , Judge Lawrence coming in the rota in turn was selected to try the case. The unfairness of assuming such a position was so obvious, that when our counsel submitted the propriety to him of vacating the position of judge in my 6ase,, after some very malignant state- ments at the close of the Bristol trial. Judge Lawrence graciously withdrewi Justice Cave was appointed, with the result you all know. The counts were lessened, and an aWe defence made to what might be termed a most scurrilous and vicious attack upon ■Workmen's combinations. The result of this trial will prevent other benches of magistrates in other centres from adopting the same tactics. You will see that last ybiir's Confleronce Was rendered importai t abortive by the fact that rules in all cases were hot Conference 6omplied with. This yea'r it will be best if the strictest ™***«"- reg'ard is paid to constitutionally altering, amendihg, rescinding, or modifying the laws governing our union. It behoves the membership entrtis'tfed with the Uu 2 340 KOYAL COMMIStSlON ON LABOUR : care of W',rk of tlie Conference to realise the im- portance of paying studied attention to the Districts now disaffected by disputes locally, either with em- ployers or among our own membership. Swansea, and in fact the whole of South Wales, needs thorough re-ovganisation, as does London and Hull, Medway and Thames. Southampton and the North of England could be extended. We have opened up a branch at Worcester, which is in direct touch with Grloster. ReK)rgani- There is a tendency, which is natural, to economise, sation. The slightest mistake, the interference with the wishes of a particular District, have in the past (although in some cases justifiable) meant the total loss of a District, which means a general weakening of the whole Union. That unity of desire which should give character to our movement is too often lacking, and precious time is wasted, and a precious movement is wasted by the fanlt-flnding of those who recklessly gamble with the destiny of the organisatioij. There must be a chivalrous give and take. There are two expressions of our organisation : — 1st. The formative or organising portion of our Union. The creative capacity, which has called into existence many Districts, and have defined an incoherent movement in others. The capacity, which during that period of strife, either with outside forces or from dissension in our midst, is the capacity called upon to grapple with the really hostile forces of capitalism. The work of calling into e.xistence an organisation in the various centres has entailed labour of no mean order. In some centres there have been many who have readily and intelligently recognised the worth of such work, .and have gladly assisted. The calling into existence of the organising capacities of the men forming Districts and branches, the development of Districts, have naturally called for local representation. That in itself shows that progress has been made. Men have been chosen who are experienced in the particular trades worked at by our members. The first and most important of our organising resources have been called upon to render the best interpretation of all executive decisions. Being central officials they have been in a position to impart infor- mation which, were it to come from a local man, would necessarily awaken animosity against the local representatives, and in some cases would prevent a friee and frank expression of opinion, or the firm carrying out of an E.G. instruction. Our aim should be, then, to make the most effective use of such organising talent as we possess, consistent with economy. District lu ^'1 cases your Executive have endeavoured to Secretaries make all necessary provision for local wants. The task is a difficult one, in view of the circumstances that our control is central, thereby removing the burden of interpretation of rules from the shoulders of local men ; but we depend upon the loyalty of local officials to carry out instructions. On many occasions firmness has been lacking, and the whole responsibility has developed upon central officials and Executive Council. Great praise, however, is due to the men who daily, face to face with the many troubles arising, are to be found advising, assisting, and often checking those who would otherwise take unwise and precipitate action. In all the Districts these men have been able, whenever active, to render invaluable service to the Union in the maintenance of its membership and their wage advantages. Government ^ ^^"'^ °^ these expressions of government the lay bjr E.C., member has splendid opportunities to do good or ill. pistrict j^g ^ i-nle, human nature is most serious uhen it wants and Branch, to resent some grievance. Those moat relentless in objections oft(!n are those who consider the movement should yield more than can be expected from it, but when it is understood that our class follow precarious employment, a precariousness often preventing, and in nearly all cases neutralising, their power to subscribe regularly. Lack of persistency in well doing, we undertake to say, is inevitable, and belongs to all Unions, unless the standard of education and ex- perience, together with the steady employment of its members, offers a check to inconsiderate action. Economy may be effected in many cases of local administration. The greatest care should be taken in dealing with the minute details of expenditure. You will find that travelling and organising for the half- year has cost 131Z. for all Districts ; Services Rendered, 981?. ; District Expenses, 218Z. ; Executive and Emer- gency, 201Z. 17«. ; Finance, 231. Whatever the services to be rendered in the future the utility value of onr staff' of District and other officials must bo gauged. and Inves- tigators. The task before you is to decide wlictliur a multiplicity of minor officials, with restricted duties, shall take the place of those who were in the inception of our move- ment, the creative and organising forces, defining, educating and helping the formation of branches, tabulation and presentment of grievances, and negotia- tors for terms when organised efforts have been made to redress grievances, to improve rates, and to generally advance the claims of labour. If the time has come when members are prepared to rely on perfunctory unionism, the Conference should give this their serious consideration. Tour duty will be to make your deliberations all embracing, taking extreme care that your decisions be compatible with the needs and the desires of all the Districts represented here. You will be glad to learn, 1 trust, that the deputa- ?!"?!{!?*"' tiou introduced by myself, which waited on the Home b;*]' ' ^ Secretary, laid before that gentleman the facts con- cerning the dangers associated with the work of our members. Wo explained in detail the various agencies through which you obtain employment. Our object was to secure from Mr. Asquith a definite expression of opinion as to who should constitute the employer in cases where the merchant had contracted with the shipowners for the loading, carriage, and discharge of cargo, the shipowner again handing over the duty of loading or discharging to a dock company or a sub- contractor. We pointed out that the merchant or shipowner, do(;k, wharf, or warehouse company, should i on each occasion when sub- contractor is employed bo the party liable in case of accident to workmen. We also urged that contributory negligence in the Bill, should be understood as actual negligence in all cases of defect in gear or machinery. We explained that intimidation of the worst character was often utied against witnesses, and that men were prevented from speaking the truth on account of the harshness and boycotting they would have to submit to. The Trades Congress have done well also in emphasising this, and I trust to see the Bill carried as it stands, and the contracting out disallowed. This question, which has been agitating industrial Eighthoura. England, is now nearing the goal of realisation. Some of us are sanguine enough to believe that if the measure does not become a statutory measure, the swift progress of industrialism will settle the question for itself. It must not be supposed that a reduction of the hours of labour will solve the labour problem. The advance of scientific methods in productive effort multiplies the efi'ect.ive capacity of the workers pro- digiously. A limit of hours fixed, while, presumably, a gain on account of extending the available bulk of labour to a greater number of workmen, is, after all, only a transitory benefit. This productive capacity is for ever advancing, and the task for the intelligent workmen is to see that all gain should not go to the capitalists, in inverse ratio to his leal claim ; but that all aids to production shall be jealously commanded in the interest of the many. The standard of wage and living really determines prices, and the purchasing capacity of wages is the rea,! market arbiter. A low purchasing capacity means slack trade, and vice versa. Wages then is the positive power, fixing a standard condition of living. One great need is stability. An everlasting fight is going on between produyer and consumer. Every additional agency through which the commodity passes before reaching the consumer adds in rent, dividend, and profit, to the original cost, The work of the economists of the futuie will be to simplify industrial processes ; to insure that unearned incre- ment goes to reduce taxation for the many, instead of making fortunes for the few ; to bring in direct totich the producer and consumer. Co-operation and Irades unionism is now the immediate agency, giving in the first place the co-opcator full value at first cost ; and in the second, assuring to the worker a rate of pay fixed by his trade union, and not subject to the un- certain barterings and haggling of the market. Beyond and above this is the collective ownership of land. Palliatives or relief works. Socialists' colonies, work- houses, and charities will not suffice to meet the larger needs of the times. Up to the present, failure has dogged the footsteps of these attempts. More drastic legislation is necessary ; municipal and State collec- tivism must be taught and practised. At the present moment many hundreds ot millions are sunk in muni- cipal undertakings, and the collective experiment is gradually, but surely, extending to undertakings which in the p.ist were believed impossible to, be successfully managed by a civic corporation, or tke Statei Al'PENDIX. -WHOLE COMMISSION. 341 Unem- ployod. Our dallies may be saocinctly stated as follows : — (1.) Trades union rate of wages must be paid in the manufacture for all goods purchased. The sweater must be avoided. (2?) The sweater abolished. (3.) Oo-operative effort under trades union conditions made. (4.) The surrounding by statutory protection of the workers' condition, his civil rights, and representative character. (6.) The affording to the worker of every educational advantage and opportunity. One of the saddest, and certainly the most serious of all the difficulties facing the social reformer is the question of the unemployed. Our wtirk is especially subject to fluctuations in trade. Not more than 30 per cent, of our members may be said to find regular employment. Another 30 per cent, may be said to command three to four days per week ; while the remaining 40 per cent, gravitates between casual em- ployment, or being out of work for long periods of time. At least a million of men are constantly on the list of the unemployed. Frederick Harrison has said that 90 per cent, of the working population are without proper home accommodation. There is no absolute solution until the ownership of all means and instru- ments of production, distribution, and exchange are in the hands of the community, and the nationalisation of capital is an acconiplished fact. Immediately before us there is a possibility of great good being accom- plished. Efforts might be made at once by the calling of a National Congress of representatives from couniy councils, town councils, vestries, guardians, and high- way boards, who could undertake to discuss these questions : — (1.) The improvement in the sanitary condition of all localities by (a. clearing of all insanitary areas. (2.) The erection of new and improved dwellings in place of dwellings demolished, (a) widening of streets, (6) relaying of roadways and making of new road- ways, i (3.) Purification of all rivers, streams, and tideways. (4.) Construction of harbours of refuge. (5.) The multiplication of bridges, demanded by growing traffic. (6.) The direct employment by the municipal autho- rity of its own labour. (7.) The drawing up of a bill giving full borrowing authority to districts to undertake any local improve- ment, or to provide remunerative work to unemployed, or in the cultivating of new industries, purchasing of docks, waierways, river frontage, waterworks, gasworks, and land. Suoh a conference could define the position, and would tend to benefit the workers of the country if the needs of the unemployed portion of the com- munity were met. So long as this hungry host is with us, the task of the reformer is made a thousand-fold more difficult. Families are called upon to share out of their scanty provisions, which scanty wages affords to relatives who are distressed; thus the burden of meeting wants is ever becoming weightier, gradually lowering the average standard of living, and surely tending to the deterioration morally and physically of the workers. Trusting we shall register progress at this Con- ference. I remain fraternally yours, Ben TiiiLEto;. APPENDIX CLIV. The Scotch Fishery Board and tlie Herring Brand. English Fisheries. Government Supervision of the Gondhiet of English Fisheries was abolished in 1850, and of the Isle of Man Fisheries in 1869, with advantageous results. Scotch Fisheries.— The Brand is a suevivai,. The Scotch (noi-th and east coast) Herring Brand survives in a form " very different from its oi-igihal nature and object." In its earlier years the industry was subsidised by Grovernment " with the ulterior view of obtaining recruits for the Royal Navy." The brand was employed as a stamp or token of a title to partici- pate in the bounty or premium paid for each barrel of fisb. properly cured for consumption. The Bounty. The industry, in consequence of the bountyj so prospered that, in 1830, the. bounty was discontinued. The Crown branding survived, and, in spite of recurring complaints of disastrous effects, and appeals based on the anomaly of . the situation, continues to the present time. iNQuiRy OF 1881. ■It is maintained by the opponents of the system that, at the time of the inquiry in 1881 of a Select Committee of the House of Commons, the Fishery Board for Scotland and their officials did all in their power to maintain an institution from which a large part of their revenue was derived. The opponents of the brand point to the arguments in the minority report of this committee of 1881 as valid, and reply seriatim to the arguments of the majority report, which was in favour of continuance of the brand; They urge consideration of the practical difficulty of adjusting any system of brands to the various markets. In 1890 six new brands had to be substituted for the five brands previously in force, but the change has not availed. Decrease in Branding since 1881. In reply to the report of the majority of the Committee, 1881, it is urged: — 1. That statistics show, since 1881, that a steady decrease of branding has taken place, which con- tradicts the opinion " that the success of the brand had been permanently established." There was a uniform decrease from 60 per eent^ in the five years ending 1875 to 20 per o6nt. in 1S91. There was an increase of exportation of nnbranded herring from 20 per cent, in the five years ending December 1875 to 46 per cent, in December 1890. Branding Curers are given an undue advahtage by a certificate of quality, which enables them to sell their hemiigB at a higher price than they could obtaiin -Without. Sov^s curers hrand their imferior cure only. 2. The experience of the west coast of Scotla/nd, where no brand exists, contradicts the opinion that the brand assists the smaller curers, or that it induces greater competition for the fishermen's labour. . 3. The whole of the trade witnesses examined before the 1881 committee, whether abolitionists or advocates of the bi'and, have since that time passed thirbtigh commercial disaster, and some of them have beeii driven out of the trade in consequence cf the speculation and gambUng hy " blank sellimg " which is created hy the Government brand. " The continental buyers by blank selling " through agents in Scotland, who have not one TT ,1 3 342 ROYAL C0^IMIS3I0N ON LABOUR: herring in stock when they sell thousands of barrels, thus get the command of the market. . . . The brand is the leveller which artificially puts good and bad curing on the same level.'' 4. During the past two years only one-third of the herrings exported have been branded. The mteresis of the m/ajority are ecusrifieed to ihe minority. " It is most undoubtedly true that the Government brand subsists only to keep in the trade of curing those men who are unfit to retain a place in it on their own merits, and who are almost exclusively persons having some pther business as a means pi liveli^ppd, such as bankers, sailors, general merchants, com- mission agents, and farmers, who are without practical knowledge." ■ Geoffrey Dra&i:, Secretary. APPENDIX OLV. The Statute Law as to Arbitration in Trade Disputes. The Act of 5 George TV. c. 96, passed in 1824, arid amended in details in 1837 (7 Will. IV. & 1 Vict. c. 67.), gives compulsory powers of settling certain disputes between masters and workmen on the application of either party. The process is a hearing before jiot less than four or more than six arbitrators, hsilf being or representing masters and half being workmen, but all nominated by a magistrate of the district where the party complained against resides,* to whom application must be made in the first instance. But also the parties may agi-ee upon any other mode of arbitration (s, 13). A number of causes of dispute are mentioned, evidently with a principal, if not an exclusive, regard to piece-work in textile manufactures, but the following particulars appear to be of general application : — "Disagreements respecting the price to be paid for " work done, or in the course of being done, whether " such disputes shall happen or arise between them " (masters and workmen) respecting the payment of " wages as agreed upon, or the hours of labour as " agreed upon, or any injury or damage done to work " or delay in finishing work, or not finishing the work " in a good and workmanlike manner, or according to " any contract or to bad materials." Further details as to causes are special to the textile trades."' The general rate of wages is expressly excluded from the statutory jurisdiction. " Nothing in this Act contained " shall authorise any justice ... . to establish " a rate of wage or price of labour or workmanship at " which the workmen shall in future be paid, unless ■' with the mutual consent of both inaster and " workman." A justice of the peace may, however, by consent of both parties, hear, in a summary manner, and finally determine, a matter in dispute on this as well as on any other of the enumerated points. But it seems clear that even then he could not " estajjlish a " rate of wages or price of labour or workmanship " BO as to bind anyone who was not a party to the pro- ceeding. If the arbitrators cannot agree they niust refer the points of difference to the magistrate who appointed them, oT, failing him, to the nfearest available magistrate. There are special provisions for enforcing the award by distress, and in default thereof by imprisonment, or by imprisonment simply in special cases where it may appear to the justices that it will be less injurious to the party than distress. Also the Act requires a ticket of particulars to be delivered "with every piece of " work given out by the manufacturer to a workman " to be done." Two Acts of 1845, 8 & 9 Vict. c. 77, and c. 128, make further regulations concerning this ticket in the textile trades. The latter Act applies to the silk trade only, the former to ", persons employed " in the woollen, worsted, linen, cotton, cotton and silk " hosiery mauufactures."f It ,dpes not appear why there were two distinct Acts .in the same session; both received the Eoyal assent within the space of a few days (August 4th and 9th), , The principal Act disqualifies a justice. who is a master manufacturer or agent from exercisino' the powers given by it. , Voluntary arbitrations haying become comm.on, the Councils of Qonciliation Act (30 & 31 Viet. c. 106.) was passed in 1867. The object of this Act was to facilitate the settlement of disputes between masters and work- mep, and it was declared "to be exj^edient without " repealing the said several Acts that masters and " workmen should be enabled, when licensed by Hei' " Majesty, to form equitable councils of tonciliation " or arbitration, and thdt the powers in the said Acts " contained' for enforcing awards made nndfir or by the " provisions thereof should be extended to the enforcing " of awards to be made by ^nd under the authority of " such' equitable councils of conciliation:" Unde^ this statute any number of master.-! and work- men in any particular trade (with certain qualifications as to residence and continuance in the trade) might at a specially convened meeting agree to form a council of conciliation and arbitration, and might apply to the Home Secretary for a licence authorising them tp hold and exercise all the' powers granted under the above- named Acts to arbitrators and referees, and also to " adjudicate upon and determine any other case of " dispute or difference submitted to them by the " mutual consent of master and workman or masters " and workmen." These councils were not to consist of less than two masters and two workmen, nor of more than 10 masters and 10 workmen. The express exclusion of any authority to establish a rate of wages, &6. is repeated from the Act of George IVi ' " The coimcil, when formed, must appoint a " com- " mittee of conciliation " consisting of one master and one workman, to whom disputes shall be referred in the first instance. Three are a quorum of the council itself, one being a master, another a workman, and the third the chairman. The chaii'man of the council must be a person unconnected with trade. It seems needless to state the provisions as to the right of voting for members of the council, and the manner of conducting elections. ' ' The Act does not apply to domestic servants or agricultural labourers. l The Arbiteation (Masters and Workmen). Act, 1872, 35 & 36 Vict. c. 46, may be described as o.'itending in detail section 13 of the Act of 1824. Masters and workmen may cl^0QS,e, either a board or ooupcil, or persons designated or to be designated, as' standing arbitrators, and may give them sjiU the powers, both of arbitrators undpr thei Act pf'.Gep. IV-, and also (in efi'ect) jurisdiction over any dispute whatever arising out of the contract of service.* The arbitrators lose tjheir jurisdiction oyer any particular case unless they hear and determine it within 21 days of the event from which the dispute arose (not, be it observed, the date of the reference). The agreement may give power to determine rates of wages, hours of work^ and other regulations. This, as has been seen, could not be done under the- former Acts. ■■ ■ ' I ■.. ,. The most peculiar' part of the machinery of the Act is the mode of concluding an 'agreement under it.- If the master or his agent gives the workman a printed copy of such an agreement, and the workman accepts it, and does not notify his'dissert within 43 hours.f the agreement, becomes, binding upon both parties, and remains binding during the continuance ,of the pontr^ct of service, and any continuous renewal of it. J •7 "Will. IV. & I Vicl. c. 67. + "ManuJaoturers " by an obvious error iij the text of the Act as printed in the Keyised Statutes, • This extended power was conlerred^yrefereiKSB to th^prbvisionsbt the Master and Servant Act, 1867, since repealed byithe CSnspiKU'y and Protection of Property Act, 1876. The result is tiiaton the face of the Eevised Statutes this clause Of the Act of 1872 is not intelligible. t It would no doubt be held that the wdrkittin must brfinformed of this provision 'at the time, on the face of thp document or otherwise. X The effect of s. 1, sub-s. i, is not perfectly clear in some devils. APPENDIX. — WHOLE COMMISSION. 343 It ■vsouM seem that the Act contemplated The whole- sale formatioil of ptandiug agreements to refer disputes to the councils established, or to be established, under the Act of 1867. ' Yhe result is that employers and workmen can practically, whenever they think fit, create, or a,dopt by agreement, a special tribunal, whose decisions will be binding in all trade disputes, and enforceable by the special powers of the Act of Geo. IV. The existence of the ordinary means of enforcing a submission to arbitration must at the same time not be overlooked. Employer's and workmen are as free as all other persons to refer existing disputes, or agree to lefer iu'tuie ones, to arbitration under the general law now embodied in the Arbitration Act, 1889. In some trades, however, it appears from evidence already given before the Commission that settlement of disputes as they arise by i^epresentative committees of masters and worimen is preferred to arbitration in any F. Pollock. Lincoln's Inn, July 7th, 1891. APPENDIX OLVI. PEOCEDUREias to the Law of Trade Combinations. It seems to me that the only practical course will be to appoint a small committee to examine and report on the actual state of the law, with liberty to suggest possible amendments of the law to > be considered by the Commission as a Whole. , I think such a committee would have U) inquire — 1. What are or were the principles of the common law applicable to trade combinations and their usual incidents P . ,. , , 2. What is the effect of legislation, now in force jn adding to or varying those principles ; and in particular what acts, if any, done or likely to be done in connection with trade disputes, which at common law would be not unlawful, or would be only civil wrongs, are punishable offences by statute ? . 3. Whether the existing law makes any difference between combinations of employers and com- binations of employed; and, if so, on what grounds ? 4. ~V^at points of substance either in the common law or in the . construction of statutes are still doubtful in the existing state of the law? •5. What legislation is desirable in order to make the law not only just but intelligible to the persons concerned ? , . < I should not be myself disposed to lay down these or any heads of inquiry as formal instructions to the committee. I have set theni down rather for the purpose of showing that the questions to be dealt with on this ground, before the Commission can enter on the general question of policy with adequa(;e informa- tion, are proper for a committee-, and a small cqmmittee rather than a large one. There appears to be no reason why such a committee should not, be appointed forthwith, and proceed pari passu with the sections of the Oppimission taking evidence, so far as practicable. But it would probably not report until the evidence had been ta.ken by the sectional committee, unless it seemed, expedient to make an interim report strictly, confined to the expla- nation of, the law as it exists, which might be con- ceivably useful for reference in the course of the other proceedings of the Commission or its committegg. I apprehend thai this special commintee would in any case await the decision- of the House of Ltirds in the Mogul Steamship Company's case now pending, a decision which, one may hope, will do much to clear up the doubts now reasonably entertained on various points. The special committee would probably have no occasion to take evidence or formally address questions to any person. It would of course be free to do so should it appear usefiil, The Commission will at some time have to decide whether the Employers' Liability Act falls within the scope of its inquiries, and I do not know that the present is not as, appropriate a time as any. I have given, much attention to ,the subject, and have long been of opinion that the Act of 18$.0 has mad,e the.law more obscure and difficult to administer than it wajS before, whil,e it has only partially succeeded in,m^king it less unjust, and has hampered, such justice as it grants by imposing yexatiqus conditions of. prQcedlwe. If, therefore, the subject were properly before iis, I should be prepared to advocate a large change in the law. But, as at present advised, I entertain great doubt whether tlie question of " common employment," or any question arising out of the Employers' Liability Act, or on this subject generally, has been' so material an element in any recent trade disputes as to bring the matter within the terms or the spirit of our Commis- sion. This, however, must be settled by the Com- mission as a Whole, aiid the point is one upon which a lawyer's opinion, as such, is of no special value. 1 would further suggest that the special committee whose primary dnty would be to report on the law of trade combinations could be used as a legal sub-coni- mittee to assist the sectional committees, so far as might be desired, on any legal question presenting itself in the course of their respective inquiries and proceedings. F. Pollock. Lincoln's Inn, June 2, 1891. APPENDIX OLVII. The Law of Trade Combinations. It does not seem needful or de-sirable for the present purpose to enter at large upon the history of onmiiial legiSation in the past as afEecting trade unions and other trade combinations. That history, from the Statute of Labourers (1349) to the Conspiracy and Protection ot Property Act, 1875, has been sfet forth by Sir James Stephen with complete mastery of the authorities, and in,^a perfectly impartial spirit.* Rather it may now be useful, before considering the present state of the law as a whole, to examine ,what seem, apart from Acts of Parliament and the judicial interpretation of them, to be the principles ot • History of the Criminal Law, 1883, lu., 203-227; the late Sir W Krle'9 work ou the Law of Trade Union? (1869): and Mr. (now JusUoe) Bi S Wright's on Criminal Conspiracies (1873) are likewise of iraport»,nc,e. Sir James Stephen uses and qit^ both . English jurisprudence applicable to these matters. And it rnay be worth while to distinguish carefully, in the first instance, between civil and criminal rights and liabilities. Many persons are apt to think, or to speak as if they thought, that whatever is not a criminal offence must be rightful or even laudable (except when it is done by a public officer in apparent execution of his duty ; in which case, according to some, the presumption is that it is wrong); or that there can be no effectual remedy for wrongful acts which are not criminally punishable. Each of these propositions, when plainly stated, is easily seen to be contrary to the laws and judicial practice of England, and (I believe) of every civilized commonwealth in the world ; nevertheless it is not difficult to construct arguments of plausible appearance that really involve one or both of them. Uu 4 344 ROYAL COMMISSION ON LABOUll : 1 . The Common Law as to Civil Righfs and Liabilities. It has been a settled principle from early times that every one is free to carry on his trade or business in his own way, save so far as the conduct of any particular business may have been regulated or restrained by lawful authority, and provided he does not so conduct his own business as to interfere with the equal_ rights of others. Hence every one is entitled to be free from obstruction or molestation in the pursuit of his calling, though not from competition or from its natural results. A new school- master may set up a rival school in a town, and do bis best to attract scholars to it ; but if he tries to increase the custom of his new school by beating or frightening boys on their way to or from the old one, bis act is wrongful. One may lawfully endeavour to attract workmen from a rival's employ by better terms (though not to indufce them to break existing contracts) ; but it is a trespass to beset a man's house and prevent his servants from going in and out, or to intimidate his workmen, tenints,, or customers in order to obstruct his business.* 'i' nvards the end of the last century an African trader recovered damages from a rival who fired at natives to deter them from trading with his ship. Modem decisions have gone a step further, and it is now held an actionable wrong to persuade B to break his contract with A, intending thereby to obtain an advantage for oneself over A, or to do him a mischief by depriving him of B's services. This rule was not established without judicial dissent, and its precise limits have been much discussed; hut I think it is accepted, on the whole, both here and in America, to some such extent as I have stated. Much more will A have a right to sue X for damages if X induces A to break his contract with B, not by merely offering higher pay, or the like, but by unlawful violence or by threats of it. All this, be it observed, is established by decisions un- connected with any disputes between employers and work- men, and independent of ainy legislation subsisting or repealed.t And the acts described as wrongful, in other words, as entitling the person injured by them to sue for damages, are not punishable by a criminal court for that reason only, though they may happen also to be common criminal offences against some person (as if X assaults B in order to deter him from working for A) or nxay come within the terms of some special penal enactment. Again, the common law never could (as statute law no longer does) compels, man to work in his trade. But it does not encourage him to abridge his freedom of working or trading, and, therefore, agreements " in restraint of trade," although it be not unlawful either to make them or to observe them, are not enforceable contracts unless made for value, nor if the restriction imposed on any ])arty is, in the opinion of the court, unreasionably disproportioned to the interest of the otlicr party or parties which is to be protected. Agreements between men of business to regu- late the conduct of their business as to wages, hours of work, and so forth, by the decision of a majority^ ; not to employ travellers or others who have left the service of a member of the association within a certain time§ ; to divide their business according to a fixed scheme, and refuse to accept business from third persons except accord- ing to thatscheme|| — have been held inv3,lid as in " restraint of trade." There is no doubt, I conceive., that the same principle would apply to the ordinary rules of trades unions in so far as they purport to bind the members as to hours of work, wages to be accepted, and the like, according to the decision of any committee or executive. But this only means that the members cannot be compelled by process of law to obey the rules. It does not mean that they do any positive wrong if they think fit to obey them. In the words of Lord Justice Bowen — " Contracts, as they are called, in restraint of trade, are not . . illegal in any sense, except that the law will not enforce them. It does not prohibit the making of such contracts ; it merely declines, after they have been made, to recognise then: validity. ... No action at common law will lie or ever has lain against any individual or indi- viduals for entering into a contract merely because it was in restraint of trade."^ * Authorities are collected in my bcok en the Law of Torts, Znd ed. 212. t The rule in Lumley v. Oye is now aupportcd as a pure common-law rule, and the discu-ssion of ithe Statute of Labourers which took place in that case must he considered irrelevant. American acceptance of the rule seems conclusive on this point. t Baton V. lickersley (1853-56), 6 E. & B. 47, 66. 5 Vimn-al Water Bottle Sosiety v. Booth (1887), 36 Ch. Div. 465 ll CoUin» V. Loclce (1S79), i App. Ca. B74. "7 Mogul Steamth-.p Co. v. McGregor, Gov), f 1875, with which thei iramers of the Code were doubtless acquainted. I append: a. translation of these sections. Thev appear tO' leave open the same question as to what amounts to intimidation, unless indeed the Italian term nUnaccia has been more definitely interpreted by authority, as to iitrhich I have not any knowledge, n- n.' !.' ■■ ■■"■:■■ On the whole it will be seen that ohr present, law makes no diSerenee' in principle between .icomlnnaloons 'of em- ployers and. combinations of workmen, but >has made an exception or resolved a doubt (according' to! the view taken; of what the common law wasX in favtrarof trade combinations as distinct firom.i combinations for other purposes. - .13, Old Square, Lincoln's Inn^ 9 .January 22, 1892. Freogrick Pollock. APPENDIX I. 38 & 89 Vibt. o. 86. " An Act for amending the taw relating to Conspiracy, arid to. the Rtoteotion of Property, ajid for other purposes/ [13th. August 1875.] ;. " (Conspiracy, and Protection qf Property." 3. "An agreement or combination by t>vo or more persons to. do or procure to be done any act in contempla- tion or furtherance of a trade dispute between employers and workmen shall not be indictable as a conspiracy if siioh act committed by one person would not be puiiishable as a crime. " Nothing in this section shall exempt from 'puriishirient any persons guilty of a conspiracy for which a 'plinishment is awarded by any Act of Parliament. " Nothing in this section shall affect the law relating to riot, unlawftil assembly, breach of the peace, or sedition., any offetlce against the State or the Sovereign. " A crime for the purposes of this section means ai- offence punisliable on indictment, or an offence which is punishalble on summary conviction, and for the commission of which the offender is liable under the statute making the offence punishable to be imprisoned'either absolutely or at the discretion of the court as an alternative for some other punishment. , i . " Where a p^son is donvicted of any such agreement or combinB^on as aforesaid to do or procure to be done an act which is punishable only on summary oonvictioii, ?nd is sentenced to imprisonment, the inlprisonmeht shall not exceed three months, or such longer time, if any, as may have been prescribed by the statute for the punishment of the said act when committed by one person." * *« * * # * • 7 . " pvery person who, with a view to compel any other person to abstain from doing or to do any act which such other person has a legil right" to do or abstain from doing, wrongfully and without legal authority, — "1. Use's violence to or intimidates such other person or hiis wife and children, or iryures his property; or, " 2. Persistently follows such other person about from . place to place ; or, , ■ " S. Hides any tools, clothes, or other property owned or tised b^ such other person, or deprives him of or hinders him in the use thereof ; or, "4. 'Watches or besets the house or other place where such other person resides, or works, or carries on business, or happens to be, or the approach to such '' h'ouse or place ; ot, ' " 5: Follows such other person with two or more other 'persons in a disorderly manner in or through any street or road, shall, on cottvictirtn thereof by a cOnrt of summajy juris- diction,' '6r ori' indictment as herein -after mentioned, be liable either to pay a peAalty not exceeding twenty pounds, or to be imprisoned for a term not exceeding three months, with b(r without hard labour." - ' ""M-ttending at or near the ' house or ' place where a person resides, or works, or carries on business, or hap- pens to be, br the approach to such house or place, in order rnerely to obtain or communicate information, shall not be deemed a watching or besetting .within the meaning of this section." APPENDIX II. Italian Penal Code (1889), Book II., Tit. II., C. VI. Of Offences against Freedom of Labour. Art. 165. Whoever by force or threats restrains or hinders in anywise the freedom of industry or trade is punishable with imprisonment not exceeding 20 months, and with a fine of froni 100 to 3,000 fl-ancs. Art. 166. Whoever by force or threats brings about, or causes to be continued, a stoppage or interruption of work, in order to impose either on workmen or on employers or contractors a lowering or rise of wages, or terms different from those already agreed upon,' is punishable with im- prisoniiient not exceeding 20 months. Art. 167. In the case of ringleaders or promoters of the offences specified in the foregoing sections, the punishment is imprisonment for any term from three months to three years, and fine Irbm 500 to 6,000 francs. Exercising compulsion by violence or ' threats, and thTeatening with unlawful harm of any serious kind, arc also made substantive offences in another'chapter (ss. 154, 156). APPENDIX CLVIII. Memorandum on the Employers' Liability; Act. The existing law i^, in my opinion, adequately stated in the meniorandum prepared in the Home Office, and already comiiraniisated to the Commission. I should like, however, lb 'point opt that, although the doctrine of "common employment" is only about 50 years old, the getieral doctrine of an employer's liability for the negligfence of his servants,' to 'which it is an exception, is not itself of great aiitiqtiityi and does not appear to have been of any practical use to work- men as against their employers before " common employment " was heard of. Nevertheless I think the doctrine of the American and English courts (for it is American qilite as much as English) is .liadlaw as *ell Bs bad policy. The "correct course; in my judgment, would have been to hold that the rule expressed by the maxim respondeat superior, whatever its origin or rea- son, was general ; and that if employers desired to avoid its application against them a'; the suit of their own workmen, theymust protect themselves by express contract or by insurance. It will be clearly understood that, even if the doctrine of " common epaployi^ent " or, more accurately, of the wprkman taking all usual risks of the employment as be- tT^eeii himself and t^e employer, were wholly abolished, the common law would not provide any means of com- pensation for accidents that cannot be traced to any default or negligence at all. Where there has been no breach of duty, there can be no legal groiind of com- plaint, and compensation, whatever it may be called, can only be in effect a kind of insurance. Compulsory insurance cannot be provided for in any ordinary course of legal .justice. Liability going this length is enforced by the common law in a few case* always treated as exceptional, of which this is not one. If Buoh liability appears in other particular cases to be a matter of social expediency, the legislature alone can establish it. I do not know what may be the proportion of injuries received in the course of manual work which, are purely accidental in the sense of not being traceable to any person's negligence. Probably there are no ; APPEWJ^X^T-WIIOLi; i,(?PMMJgSWSf» ,347 meaug of kno'wiug with. auT ezactneBS, but eyery occa^ pation has its own peculiar dangers, and I think one may say without rashnegs that almost erery one of them is subject to some, risks which cannot be wholly done away with by any known precautions. What are called latent defects in machinery and materials afford, per- haps, the most obvious example); On' the whole, I should think the proportion pf accidents not ' traceable to negligence anywhere, and therefore not creating, any right to a legal remedy on any possible' view of purely legal principles, must be considerable. Mil., Chamber- lain (in the Nind^enth -Oeniwefy, Nov. 1§92) takes it from German statistics as being nearly one-half. Oases where the harm suffered is due to the work- man's Qwn negligence are still more obviously outside the scope of ordinary legal remedies. A man cannot complain of what he suffers by his own fault. For the present purpose it sufl3.ces to take. the principle broadly without entering upon the somewhat refined doctrine of " contributory negligence." Within its own scope the Employer^' Liability 'Act of 1880 has failed to give satisfaction. ' In matters affect- ing large piasses of ciliizens, the law should not' only be just, but appear so. This Act is framed in such a complicated manner that, even if its provisions were perfectly jiist, their justice could only with the Utmost diflSoulty be made apparent to any one but a practised lawyer. The obnoxious doctrine of so-called " common employment " is not abrogated, but whittled away by a number of minutely guarded exceptions. The statutory right arising out of those exceptions is further .made subject to restrictions as to the amount recoverable, to special conditions as to notice of the claim, and to a very short period of limitation. There is something to be said for the last-mentioned provision, but only on the ground that the existing period of limitation for actions of this kind under the general law (six years) is much too long. The other special restrictions are, in my judgment, useless and irritating, and have given rise to more litigation than they can have been worth in any view. Indeed I believe that this kind of minute and unsystematic precaution almost al-w-ays does more harm than good. It obscures the' principles and embarrasses the practice of the law, amd pi-events fraud, if it does prevent it, at an unrfeasonable cost. Mr. Chamberlain has lately* described theActasa half-hearted compromise. As I have spoken of it in almost identical terms myBelf at various times during the last seven years or more,t I find no difficulty in accepting this description as a starting point. The practical question- is not whether the law needs further amendment, but whether any amendment will suffice which does not go beyondfixing the incidence of ordinary legal liability. Had the doctrine of " common employ- ment " never been introdticed, it may be that the law, though it would not have pretended to make an ade- quate provision agaiust.,aoci(iftnts, would have been acquiesced in as being just so fsw. as it went, and some scheme or schemes of mutual insurance, would have been worked out with the co-operation of employers and employed in order to cover, the whole ground. But it is perhaps too late to return to the point from which a more wholesome development of the law might once have taken place without special legislation.., It is to be observed that n« such doctrine as that of" common employment" has found place in the law courts of France or of any German state. Yet Germany ha« adopted, and France, it seems, is on the point of adopting, an elaborate scheme of state insurance against workmen's accidents. Assuming a system of general insurance to be de- sirable, I do not see why in this country voluntary enterprise, with a certain amount of encouragement from the law , should not be adequate to the demand. Mr. Chamberlain proposes to relieve the State of all trouble by throwing the whole responsibility on the employer in the first instance, and leaving him, la the next place, to insure himself, and ultimately to add the cost of insurance to the price of his^product, J whateverit may be. Thus the consumer, in other words the public at large, would pay in the long run. I leajve i^ to the iudgment of my economist and practical coUeagues whether the self-acting adjustment of the burden would • "Tifineteenth Century," Nov. 1892; + In ™T S on the Law d£ Torts, and m several notes on current flpnisions in the ''law Quarterly Review." j ^ t.. u • tiThS of course, is not confined to material products. It would in- clude the services ot carriers by tand or water, for example. be so pertain and frictionless as Mr. Chamberlain appears to expect. A less heroic method might proceed on some such li^nes .as , the following,: — ■ i. . , , ' 1. Abolish the defence ot " coiUmon eniployment " in all cases. (It would not, in my opinion, be necessary or de- sirable to interfere with arty oi^er possible defence given by the common law. 'The danger- of the maxim volenti nonfit injuria being used to bring back something like '^-common employment " in oases within the Employers' Linbillty Act is icheoked by the decision of the "House of Lords in Smith V. Baker, 1891, A. C. 325). 2. No action to lie (except, perhaps, for the employer's personal .negligeuo^) at the si^it of a wprkman in an establishment ■where an approved scheme of insurance has been adopted by a majority (say, two-thirds P) of the employee^. ,3. , Approval of insurftnoe schemes tp,,rest w;ith,the Board of Trade ; it might be practicable to , , dispense with approval in eaoh^indjlvidual case by sanctioning oei;tain typipal schenies adapted, so far as necessary, to tD,6 leading, branches of industry, as railways, mijies^ &c. ' 4., Adoption of' the insjar3,nce system to be by ballot in each establishment, (or possibly by districts in . .. some of the greater local, industries).. .The em- .'. . ployer (or, if voting by districts be preferred, a '[ . cerfcainnumberofemployers), or a certain number of workmen, to have the right tp demand a ballot. , ,. 5; Adoption of a scheme by agreepsent pf employers and work.Taen as represented by local associa- tions and unions might perhaps be held binding throughout the district unless objected to by a (tworthirds ?) majority in any particular estab- lishment. ,. 0, In view of the possible objection, that an unlimited system of insurance against accident may en- courage carelessness,,* it might be proper to increase the criminal penalties fpr acts of negligence tending to endanger life or limb. .p'. N9' further, provision against " contracting out " seems reqairpd. There is no evidence that men do contract out except in the form of rinsurance, which seems rather laudable than otherwise, and is the very thing which modern legislation ought to encourage, in preference to litigious definitions and„^xceptions. In fact a wholesale and compulsory contracting out on terms fixed ,, by the State in the essence of the latest Conti- ijj nentaj legislation. I do not suggest going so far , , in this couDjtry. , ,. " , , , ^ .. Tjie foregoing suggestions' are purposely . set down quite in the rough. It is useless to attempt working out details before we know what amount of agreement can be arrived at on the principles involved. Partly for similar reasons, and partly for want of particular knowledge, I likewise make no attempt to indicate the modifications, if any, ■which might be necessary in adapting ^uPh a scheme' to particular occUpationg. Seamen, for example, niight require separate considera- tion. Domestic "servants have hitherto been expressly 'or ta'citly excluded from all discussions of the subject ■With whitfh I am acquainted. I' assume that the defi- nition of "workman" in the Employers' Liability Act . is abandoned; and that the question will be not what kinds of employees are to be included'in the amended law, but which (if any) are to be excluded for special reasons. ', The suggestion nuiiibered 5 implies "a much fuller recognition by the State of trade unions and the correlative associations of employers than has hitherto been accorded. I hold this result to be altogether desirable on general grounds, and wotild father go out of the way to attain than to avoid it. Trade combina- tions cannot remain half inside and half outside the law ; the business of rational legislation is to make the law fit the facts. I shall be happy to receive and consider any remarks with which members of the Commission may be disposed to favour me. Lincoln's Inn, Fbbdeeick Pollook. November 10, 1892. * I am aware that attempts have been made to prove this as a fact ■ by statistics, but I do not think any certain conclusion can be drawn from the evidence adduced fortlmt purpose. Xx 2 U8 UOYAL COMMISSION ON LABOUU : APPENDIX OLIX. Memorandum on the Liability of Bmplotbb.s for Injuries to their Servants. But in actions against wealthy corporations and The law to be considered consists of— A — 2%e Common Lam on the subject of Negligence B.— Employ ert' Liability Act, 1880, 43 Sr 4i Vict, c 52. Bowen, L. J., Thomas V. Qnnrter- maine, 18, Q.B.D., 696. A. Negligence at Common Law. The Common Law of Negligence belongs to the law of Tort. (a.) Liability for Negligence towards Strangers. i. By common law every person is liable for his own personal negligence, ii. The master is also responsible for the negligence of his servant if acting in the scope of his employment. This condition that the servant is acting in the scope of his employment is one which in practice gives rise to difficulties. But when it is held to be complied with, then the servant's negligence is deemed to be the master's negligence. The attempt is sometimes made to explain this rule by the mottoes " Respondeat sv/perior. " " QuifacHper alium faait per se," but these in truth are no explanations, but merely Latin statements of a rule of English law. On what, then, is the rule founded? Not on the blameworthiness of the master, for ex confesso the master is not personally to blame. Nor on the master's control over the servant, because the master is equally liable, not only though he was not privy beforehand or at the time to the servant's acts, but even though the servant was acting contrary to the master's express instructions (if not acting wilfully). Nor on the ground that the master selected the servant who did the injury, for the master selects his contractor, but is not liable for the contractor's negligence. Nor on the ground that the servant is engaged in the business and interest of the master ; for so is the contractor, but the master is not liable for the contractor. The origin of the doctrine is disputed, but the doctrine itself has been well established for a great length of time. It sometimes operates with great severity, especially in the case of large companies employ- ing hundreds or thousands of workmen. It should be added that the negligent servant, as the actual tortfeasor, is also personally responsible. But in practice this responsibility is merely nominal, iii. As already stated, an employer is not liable for the negligence of the contractor who does the work for him. But to this there is an exception (in appearance only) that were the employer retains control over the contractor in the execution of the work, there the men in the service of the contractor, and as such hired, paid, and dismissed by the contractor, are held to be in the service of the employer, and their negligence to bo his negligence. V. Negligence is a general term not defined : roughly speaking, it means failure in the duty of ordinaiy care, such as reasonably may be required under the circumstances of the case ; it is therefore, especially relative to those circumstances. For instance, a different degree of care may be expected from an owner of premises or machinery, according to the character of the danger and according as the person concerned is a stranger, a servant, a licensee, a person invited, &c. tr. The burden of proof lies on the plaintiff ; he has to show (1) negligence, i.e., a duty and a breach of thai< duty, and (2) injury as the consequence of that breach. vi. If the plaintiff succeed, he is entitled to fair if not perfect compensation for what he has suffered. Strictly speaking, therefore, this compensation has no relation to the degree of negligence or culpability of the defendant ; nor any relation to the capability of the defendant to pay ; it is measured solely by the extent of mischief which the defendant's negligence has caused to the plaintiff. This would lead to shocking con- seqaences, were it not for the good sense of juries. vu. companies the law is unmitigated severity. To an action for negligence defences, amongst them :— often exhibited in its there are various (1.) No negligence, but accident. (2.) Volenti nan Jit injuria. The plaintiff voluntarily encountered the risk. (3.) Contributory negligence of plaintiff. Contributory negligence means that the plaintiff him- self by his negligence has contributed to the accident in such a sense as to render the defendant's negligence or breach of duty no longer the proximate cause of the injury. The application of this law often gives rise to great hardship. Suppose, for instance, that both plain tiff and defendant were guilty of negligence, but the defendant's negligence was far the graver of the two ; if,^ however, the plaintiff's negligence was " contributory," he would recover nothing from the defendant, though the plaintiff alone suffered from the injury. (b.) Law of Negligence as between JEmployer and Servant. With one important exception, to be presently mentioned, the law of liability for negligence applies as between employer and servant. The employer is, therefore, liable to his servant for his own (the employer's) negligence. And it is well recognised that though the master does not warrant his machinery or the competency of his servants, proper care in providing machinery and in selecting servants is a duty of the master, and breach of that duty constitutes negligence. So, too, the employer, as defendant, has the usual defences against the plaintiff, his servant, such as Volenti non jit mjwia, and contributory negligence. In fact, from the nature of the case, both these defences play a more important part when plaintiff and defendant are in the relative positions of servant and master. The defence of Volenti non fit injwria commonly took the form of saying that a servant, by entering or continuing in a service, was to be considered to have voluntarily under- taken such risks of the service as were either palpable or actually known to him. Common Urmployment. The one exception is that whereas to a stranger a master is liable for the negligence of his servants, to his servant he is not liable for the negligence of a fellow servant in com/mon employment. Hence a master when sued for injury which the negligence of one of his servants has done to another of them, has an additional defence, viz., that the plaintiff who suffered and the defendant's servant whose negligence caused the injury were in " common employment." It is disputed whether this exception was first created or only first declared in the case of Priestly v. Fowler in 1837, since which time it has been recognised as law in England. Not till 1868 did the House of Lords extend it to Scotland. Very diflScult questions arise as to the meaning of "common employment," especially in undertakings which are interconnected without being wholly united. But the meaning attributed to it in the law courts is very wide indeed. Workmen employed by a contractor and workmen employed by the contractor's employer have been held to be in common employment. And when applied to the same undertaking and the same employer the term has come by a series of decisions to be all-comprehensive ; all the servants, from the lowest to the highest, including the vice-principal himself, are held to be in common employment; Thus, in a mine the manager and a collier would be fellow servants. Moreover, it has been decided that this common employment need not be subsisting at the time of the injury, e.g., supposing, the servant of a master to suffer injury consequent upon the negligence of a person who had been in the employ of the same master, but who had left it before the injured servant entered it, the master might, nevertheless, plead common employment. The arguments commonly used in support of the doctrine are such as the following : — There is no ground for supposing that the doctrine arose from any class prejudice in favour of the employer ; it is based Wilson V, Merry i i., L.R., H.I/., Scotch App. 826, Howells «. Landore Steel Co., L.B., 10 Q.B., 62. APPENDIX. — WHOLK COMMISSION. 3*4& P«rl. Paper 1877, No. 286, Q. 1100. Hutchinson «. Yorkshire Bulway Company, 5 Exoh. Kep. 3tS, Thomai o. Quarter-, maine. 18 Q.B.I). 692. upon what appeared to tke judges to be the reason aiid equity of the case. The question at issue is whether constructively there has been a breach of obligation on ttie part of the employer towards the person injured. Wheal the person injured by the negligence of the employer's servant is a stranger, in no relation to the employer, there is nothing to bar his claim. It is otherwise when he is himself also a servant of the same employer. The contract of service forms a new element in the case. In deoidiag, therefore, whether the employer has (through the delinquent fellow servant) been guilty of negligence or breach of obligation to the injured servant, the law has to consider what are the obligations of the employer towards him under the contract of service. The late Lord Bramwell put it thus — ^the onus being on the plainti:S to prove his case, it is for him to show that the contract of service comprises a condition that the ■master is to be liable to the servant for the negligence of a fellow servant, and this the 'plaintiff cannot do. According to this the question would cease to be one of tort, and would become one of contract. But the more common explanation is that in interpreting the contract of service the law implies an undertaking on the part of the servant to accept the risks incident to the service, and — an important corollary — that one of the risks incident to the service is the risk from, the negligence of a fellow servant. Such an undertaking is consonant with the circamstances and justice of the case, and if so, then it may be fairly implied, although, 86 a matter of fact, it was not present in the mind of either party at the time of making the contract. It thus rests on the same foundation as all other — very numerous — contracts that are implied by law. Further, it is added that whatever hardship the rule that a master is liable for his servant's negligence may be to the master in the case of a stranger being inj iired, is much intensified in the case of a fellow servant being injured. In the former the contact of a stranger with the employer's servants is generally no more than occasionai, or at least limited (this is not always so ; it is not so, for instance, un a railway) ; but m the latter the employer's servants — often very numerous — are in constant juxtaposition to one another, and if one of them is negligent over dangerous work, his comrades are pretty sure to suffer. On the other hand, {he objections made to the doctrine of common employment are such as these. The doctrine is an exception to the general rule ; is modern judge-miMle law ; implies a contract founded on a legal fiction not in accordance with fact ; has been pushed to extreme length by the judges forcing and straining the meaning of the term " common employment " ; and in practice leads to gross anomalies and injustice. The little master who does the work himself is responsible ; the large employer by delegating authority escapes responsibility. The stranger who is injured by the employer's servant has his remedy, the workman has none. The law, therefore, is an unfair law, operating oppressively against workmen as a class. The general result is that under the common law a workman can but very seldom have a remedy against his master for negligence. True the master is nominally responsible for his own negligence, but in all large undertakings his personal share in the work is slight or none at all. To succeed the workman must prove (1) that the machinery was defective or the delinquent servant incompetent; (2) that the master has personally failed to take reasonable care that the machinery should be proper or his servants competent. And this it is next to impossible to prove. If the master can only show that he bought the maohinery in the ordinary way, paying the ordinary price, or that he hired his servants in the ordinary way, there is an end to the charge of personal negligence. Such then is the common law on the master's exemption from liability to his servant for injury caused by the negligence of a fellow servant. The common law, it may be added, now applies also to proceedings under Lord Gampbell's Act, y ^ 10 Vict. e. 93, which was passed to allow suits for compensation on account of fatal injury to a workman, such suits having before that Act been precluded by the axiom Actio personaUi moritur cum persona. The Act has been amended by 27 & 28 Viet. c. 95. The only alteration in the oommou law doctrine of common employment is that efl'ected by the Employers' Liability Act of 1880, a temporary measure passed in the first instance for beven years, and since then annually renewed. ' Employers' Liability Act, 1880, 43 ^ 44 Vict. c. 52. The principal provisions of the Act are to the following effect : — Section I — Where personal injury isV caused to a workman in the following cases : — Case (1). By reason of any defect in the condition of the ways, works, maohinery, or plant connected with or used in the business of the employer. Provided [section 2 (1)] that the defect therein mentioned arose from or had not been discovered or remedied owing to the negligence of the employer, or of the person in the service of the employer, and entrusted by him with the duty of seeing the ways, works, • maohinery, or plant was in proper condition : Case (2). By reason of the negligence of any person in the service of the employer who has any sitperi/ntend- ence entrusted to him whilst in the exercise of such superintendenoe. (By sec. 8, unless the context otherwise requires, the person who has superintendence entrusted to him means a person whose sole or principal duty is that of superintend- enoe, and who is not ordinarily engaged in the manual labour) : Case (3). By reason of the negligence of any person in the service of the employer, to whose orders or directions the workman at the time of the injury was bound tc conform, and did conform, where such injury resulted from Ms having so conformed : 3ase (4). By reason of the act or omission ol any person in the service of the employer done or made in obedience to particular instructions, given by any person delegated with the authority of the employer in that behalf, provided [section 2 (2)] the injury resulted from some impropriety or defect in the rules, byelaws, or instructions therein mentioned ; and where a ruin or byelaw hS,s been approved, or has been accepted as a proper rule or byelaw by one of Her Majesty's Principal Secretaries of State, or by the Board of Trade, or any other Department of the Grovernment under or by virtue of any Act of Parliament, it shall not be deemed for the purposes of this Act to be an improper or defective rule or byelaw ; Case (5). By reason of the negligence of any person in the service of the employers who has the charge or control of any signal, points, locomotive engine, or train upon a railway. The workman, or, in case the injury results in death, the legal representatives of the workman, and any persons entitled in case of death, shall have the same right of compensation and remedies against the employer as if the workman had not been a workman of, nor in the service of the employer, nor engaged in , his work. / The Act thus deals only with five particularised cases or sets of circumstances in which the injury to the work- man arises from the negligence of persons who, for the sake of convenience, may be here called by the generic name of foremen ; and in these it takes away from the employer the defence which the common law allowed to him of common employment. (At the same time two of the cases described, viz., 1 and 4, either are or include cases in which the employer is already liable at common law.) In order to bring a case within the Act, it is necessary to prove that its circumstances correspond with the circumstances described in the Act, and this is often a matter of great diflSculty. The Xx 3 Unless the workman knew of the defect or negligence which caused his injury and failed with- in a reason- able time to give or cause to be given in- formation thereof to the em- ployer or some peraoB superior to himself in the service of the em- ployer, un- less he was aware that the em- ployer or such superior already knew of the said defect or negli- gence. — Sec. 2 (3). 350 ROYiiL-QOMMISSION ON LiiBOUR:( terms used in the Act describing tbe ciroomstances, particularly those of the first case, have given rise to m'ibh litigatioia. Then the "ftJremen," for whbse negligence the master is to be responsible, are differ- ently described in each of the five cases. Especial controversy has taken place in reference to the second case over the definition in section 8 of the person entrusted with sugmntendenoe (as a person whose sole or principal duty is that of 'superintendende, and who is not ordinarily engaged in manual |la"bour), and. the requirement that his negligence must have peen, com- mitted by him whilst in th? exercise of such superintend- ence. The workman to whom the master is to be respouHible is defined as being either a railway servant or a workman within the Employers' and Workmen's Act, 1876 ; bat a railway servant includes clerks and persons of a very different category from manual work- men under the Act of 1875 ; whiph Act, moreover, was passed alio inPidtu. Ihirther, it is plain that by means of this definition, and also of the provisions of Case 5, railway companies are subjected "to exceptional legisla- tion. Then for these five specified cases the Statute does not in direct terms enact that the defence of common employment sh^l be abolished, but it enacts that the workman shall have the same remedy as if be were not atrorkman in the employer's service. These words, no doubt, do take away that defence, but possibly do some- thiSig more, for, as has been stated, the standard of care enforced by the law varies according as the person concerned is a workman, a licensee, a person invited, a stranger, &c. Further, the prpviso in section 2 (3). which in form restricts "the operation of section 1, has been interpreted to widen it by qualifying the defence of violenti non jit i/njv/ria, or acquiescence, to this extent, apparently, that henceforward whatever may have been she case imder the common law— mere continu- ance of the servant in the employer's service with full knowledge of the danger is not necessarily to be con sidered snfiicient to establish that he has voluntarily undertaken the risk. At the same time it is not in- dicated what will be deemed suflScient. This, from a practical point of view, is a very ipiportant question. The information of the defect or negligencp which the Act requires to be given by the workinah having knowledge of it, in order to qualify him to sue, may be -given to any person superior to himself, but this person may have no means of remedying the matter, which may be entirely outside his depart- ment. ' And the obligatio^i. to inform may be dispensed with only if the workman knew that the employer or the workman'Si superior knewpf ithe defect, i Iti je>, often diflScult.to prove that the emjjloyei! knew it'; s^nd whefe the workman is dead, almost impossible to proye that he knew th^..enxployej;. knew. , , ,. . >w In the five cases sjjfeteified ' the iAct protides speoitrt piiooftdure— ' ■ i.. ^ •- (a') Tte" action is to be brought in the^countiy court, with power on the apptioatipn of eitjier plaintiff OT defendant tp have it removed into a superior Court. Section 6 (1). If tjiq trial '^s befbl-e a jud^e without a jury one bi: more assessors inay be appointed. Section (2)'. (6.) The 'action is to he broiight w^ttin si^ months from tie date of the injury or, if the injury is fatal' within 12 months froi3pi the fla^e of 'the death. Section "4 ' (c.) Notice of tjie injury to'be given to, the employer' ,. .wthin six weeks. Section^ 4 and 7., ^ ' \ i. nptLoe'is not to be deemed invalid by .^, rgason of any defect pr inaccuracy mil^s tlje /, judges shall be of opinion that the, defendant is prejudiced in his defence, by such dpfppt or in- accu^rajcy, and thai the defect or inaocur^w was for the pijrj)pse of misleading., Section 7. ^ In case of dedth the want of a notice is to be no bar to the mai^il^hanoe of the, action if tlie judge is of opinion that there was. reason- able excuse for such want of ii?*!*'^-; ^ptidh i. (d) Compensation is not to exceed the . estimated : , . ^ earnings during the three, years precis ding the injury of a person in the. same grade employed during those years in the like emplpyment in the same district .[section 3], ajid. from this .compen- sation is to be deducted any penalty paid to the workman or hjs representatives under any ■ other Act. [Section , 5.] (See J'actory and Workshop Act, 41 & 42 Vict, c. W» a. 82 ; Goal Mines Regulation Act, 1887, 60 & 61 Vict., c. 68. B. 70 j Metalliferous Mines Begulation . Act, 1872, 35 ■ ' ■ ■■' ■' In 1887. " Number. £ . Number. £ Number. £ ,Number. ..4' Number. ' ". £ , Total number of cases tried in 1 County Courte 443 — 99 — 3^ ;— 161 — 17,0 , — Amount of compensation ' ^1,196 claimed — 76,337 — 30,845 ^ 49,46^ — 25,559 — Amount awarded — 18,124 — 8,662 — 7,356 — 4,791 — 6,669 Number of cases in which the """ application to remove the case ^ for trial from the County ' Court to the Superior Court has been granted, i.e., number 1 < of removals 22 — 7 •2-' — 3 — 1 . Number of cases not tried 192 76 166 — -k^; - Of which struck out - 7 59 35 ,, 34 — — — rj. „ settled 133 41 — P, 75 — — b .. — ,^ „ pending on December "' J . , 31, 1885 — . 1. 57 — 1 -r. — — , ., Appeals ... 12 — 3 3 T" , ., .,,?,„. . 'jT~ 2 i Inl888. .In 1889, . In 1890. . Total number of cases in County Court - Amount claimed - . - Amount awarded - - - Number of removals into High Court rStruek out Cases not tried -J |«"Jf.^ *°f withdrawn ] Pending at the end of L year Number. 331 5 29 55 45 £ ' 49,300 7,559 Number. 361 8 48 69 47 £ 53,590 8,186 Number. 389 7 38 89 54 .£ 6S,070 8,679 AStBNmx^-^WHOKE COMmISSIOM. mt ■■But it muBtnot be supposed that tKe tftHlt- tohibits the whole of the operation of. the Act. in the first place it takes no "account of cases to which the Act could have applied but for the parties having contracted °^* °1^*' ^^^^' "^^^^ there is no contracting 'Out no aoooufft is taken of eases under the Act not carried into court, though in many of them claims are made and compensation given ; and with respect to cases which are brotfght into court, though' the table states the total of' the claims made, the amoUnt ai*arded does not iiidlude compensation paid under compromise effected out of court after action broughti but- before adjudication." Still less can the iiamberpf.f)laints|?e; .taken as fairly represent,ing the number of iijjuries caused by the negligence ^f foremen. The truth is -that to the workman litigation under the Act has more than its usual , terrors. It is not merely that litigation is expensive, and that he is a poor man and his employer ijpinp^rativel^ a rich". one, it is that when a workinan goes to law with his^ employer he,, as it were, declares war against the person on whoni his fBiture probably ((epends ; he, seeks to compel him by legal force tp pay money, and 'his only piode of doing so is the odious one of proving that his employer or Ms agents — his owji felloTy^ worfemen^have been guijty of negligence. Aid to this that the legal proof of Buph negligence is of ten extremely difficult. The broad rejfult is thg^ a legal claim for damages only answers where the injury is very great, and the workman is pr^pai;ed to leave h^s masteir's service. It is quite unsuitable as a reniedy to meet the common cage of a tricing injury which befaUs a workman in the course of hip employment and tem- porarily disables him. Wherever the service is good, as that of a railwa;y company, for instance, a man who enters it comes, tp stay, and it would never be worth his while to institute legal proceedings against his employer for small damages for a slight acoideit|i, when the result would be, to make unpleasantness fOr himself, and possibly to endanger his continuance in the Griffiths V Earl of Dudley, 9 Q.S.D. 35. .employer is not liable at alU ' Omtraeting Oiit. By contracting out is meant an arrangement between employer and employed by which the employed re- nounces the rights conferred on him by the Employers' Liability Act (and often also his rights under the common law to be indemnified for injury the result of the employer's negligence). The Act is silent on the subject, but it has been decided by a court of law that contracting out is permissible. 'The usual oorisidetatiou given by the fenployer io his workmen for contracting out is a contribution to the workmen's insurance fund against ' injut'ies befalling them in the course of their employment. Such ilijuries may arise : — (a.) From jiegligence, for which employer is liable at common law. (6.) Fpm negligence of foreman (or in some oases employer), for which employer is liable under the Act of 188(); (c.) From negligence of fgllow work-T I , man, pot bemg foreman - | .For which (d.) From negligence of injured work- I man - - ,(e.),|Fr9m_ no negligence, but , mere accident - . - The workmen's insurance fund is usually an insurance against all accidents from whatever cause they may arisej But this is not always the case; and the pro- portion of the employer's contribution to those of the men and the amounts insured vary very widely. iThe following summary, which is derived for the most part from the evidence given before the Select Committee of 1886, supplaanented in some instances by information subsequently received, may enable some general conception to be formed of the extent to which contracting out has been resorted to in the; different industries. Details are given in the Appendices to this Memorandum. Mining. — The majority of miners have not contracted out, and object to doing so, and even to being allowed to do so. This is the official view of the Central Board of the Miners' National Assbeiation, representing 20Q,000 miners (1,065). But there is a stong minority who have contracted out, and who resent any proposal to deprive them of their liberty in! this matter. Official statistics are wanting ; the following come from , the Central Association for dealing with distress caused' by minin^g accidents — an association which in 1886 represented 209,306, and in 1891 represented 268,985 miners. This association is itself neutral on the question, as it is open to the local relief societies in affiliation with it to contract out or not as they please ; some do and others do not. In most districts (through the operation of the Miners' Union or the influence of the mine owners) there is a uniform rule for all the men of the same pit, if not for all the men of the same county, that they should or should not contract out ; but in the Monmouthshire and South Wales district there is no rule at all ; each individual is free to contract out or not as he pipages, and those who contract out work in the same pit side by side with those who do not. Table showing the Numbeu of Peesons Bmploted at the Ooliiehies in G-Abat Bbitain and Ireland, and the NiTMBEK of Peksons who have made Abeangements vrith their Emplotbes in view of the Employers' ,Jjiabiliii. Act, 1880. 1886. 1886. 1887. , 1888. .J889. 1890. 1891. - Districts if |1 4 -R t^l 43 O II n If 4i |i 1 PS 4 If' *5 ■ < Northmnberland, Cumber- land, and North Durham 53,611 _ 52,648 _ 53,057 _ 63,906 _ 56,777 61,386 _ 65,034 SiutK Durfiani, Westmore- land, North Eidin^ of Yorkshire, and Cleveland 62,4?4 1 60,903 61,223 62,422 _ 65,205 — 69,198 72,272 rdrkshire and Lincoln- shire _ 63,6W — 65,840 — 67,015 — 67,009 — 70,062 — 76,893 — 82,165 Lancashire and Korth Wales 44,398 wm 46,683 , 27,4i79 48,001 27,182, 48,882 27,081 51,906 27,187 67,802 28,680 61,642 29,800 Ireland - 860 - 864 - 849 - 779 - 761 - 772 - 742, Derbyshire, Leicestershire, N«tinghamshire, War- wiotshire, , Cheshire, SMEoTd^hire, and Shrop- shire - - - 1,069 99,lio 1,368 98,648 393 98,452 305 101,895 398 107,036 411 116,486 121,869, Monmouthshire, Somerset- shire,jports of Glamorgan and Brecon, and South Walesj "-1 37,469 59,817 41,117 65,961 42,168 56,812 89,281 64,034 45,982 66,673 52,774 70,036 67;6S0 72,346 Scotland, Bast — 46,022 - m.mi - *7,732 - 46,734 - 42,602 - 46,819 - 60,238 SlpotJ»nd„Wa9t - 23,908 - 22,262 — 23,443 - 22,527 — 30,206 — 32,977 ■ — ■ 34,862 82,916 ■ 437,716 89,018 430,962 90,562 436,716 88,668 ' 446,387 98,2S6 1 ' 466,499 110,987 502,246 119,122 629,328 . r ^ Xx 4 352 ROYAL C0MM19ST0N ON LABOUB : Railways. The London and North- Western Bailway Company, on the passing of the Act of 1880, gave to the men in their employ the option of contracting out in return for certain contributions to be made by the company to the men's insurance fund. The men, with very few exceptions, accepted these terms, and for all who have since joined contracting out is the rule of the service. The company has now in. their employ over 50,000 men, all of whom have contracted out, and these men petitioned Parliament against any change in the law which might prevent them from doing bo. The London and l^orth-Westem Eailway Company is the only railway company in which contracting out is the obligatory rule of the service. In the London and Brighton Railway Company themen do, as a matter of fact, contract out, but on a month's notice any man can regain his legal position without leaving the service, simply by renouncing the insurance benefits! Very few have thought it to their advantage to do so. In the Eastern Counties Railway Company the men do not contract out, but if a man claims and obtains damages by legal process there is a certain deduction made from the Company's contribution to the men's insurance fund. In all other railway companies there is no contracting out. Throughout the Building Trade there is no contracting out, and Mr. Shipton, the Secretary to the Amalgamated Society of House Decorators, represented to the Committee that contracting out should be pro- hibited. In the trades connected with the Iron Trades Employers' Association, representing the employment of 50,000 men spread over 18 districts, with their centre in Manchester — that is, the trades of general engineering, iron shipbuilding, marine and locomotive engineering, steam boiler making, textile machine making, and iron and brass founding — there is no contracting out. In the large Alkali Worles of Messrs. Chance, and in the iron works of Messrs. Pearson and Knowles the men do contract out. As toother trades there is no endence that there is contracting out. One of the main questions with reference to the subject of employers' liability is whether contracting out, which is now permissible, should be prohibited by law. In favour of such prohibition, the principal arguments used are (1) that the Act is the workmen's charter, and all rights under it should be inalienable ; (2) that contracting out leads to negligence on the part of employers, and, therefore, is injurious to workmen, whatever pecuniary advantage they may derive from the employers' contributions to the workmen's insurance fund; (3) that it is not to be presumed that if contracting out is prohibited, these contributions of employers will be together discontinued, still less that the workmen will abandon their provident institutions ; (4) that so long as contracting out is permitted, workmen are liable to be coerced into it for no consideration. On the other hand, it is argued (1) that to prohibit contracting out is an unjustifiable interference with the liberty of the individual, and that the right conferred by the Employees' Liability Act to bring an action for damages is as fitted to be made the subject of a compromise as the action itself when brought ; (Si) that contracting out does not tend to cause negligence ; (3) that the system of employers and employed jointly contributing to the insurance fund of the employed is beneficial to both parties, to the employers in securing amicable relations with the employed, to the employed in assisting their efforts to make provision for themselves and conferring on them pecuniary advantages in comparison with which anything they give up is insignificant. If conttacting out is prohibited, this system, with all its benefits, must fall to the ground ; (4) that there is no coercion to compel workmen to contract out for no consideration. Coercion of such large numbers is impracticable. On the question whether contracting out tends to cause negligence on the part of employers, reference may be made to the following statistics : — Railways. Table showing from 1877-89 the Pbopoktion of Accidents to Number of Employes. Eailway Company. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. , Fatal. Total. Fatal. Total. Fatal. Total. Fatal. Total. Fatal. •Total. Fatal. Total London and North- Western One in 411 One in 94 One in 432 Onoin 78 One in 661 One in 113 One in 500 One in 102 •One in 525 One in 61 One in 50 1 One in 62 London, Brighton and South Coast 580 107 303 111 464' 88 497 107 366 82 409 44 Great Eastern 454 82 604 102 408 68 464 76 396 74 396 73 Great Western 462 76 406 82 766 93 685 84 609 72 726 74 Great Northern - 466 123 668 119- 999 128 424 129 464 94 569 77 Midland 423 124 526 148 693 140 575 160 610 248 588 210 Lancashire and Yorkshire - 322 .4ff 464 53 544 60 292 47 376 47 378 47 Average of ahove six railways - 451 95 477 103 646 76 4!ri 99 470 102 607 87 Railway Company. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. Fatal. Total. Fatal. Total. Fatal. 1 Total. Fatal. Total. Fatal. Total. Fatal. Total. Fatal. Total. Loudon and North-Westem One in 834 One in 117 One in 697 One in 107 One in 1,001 One in 121 One in 983 One in 134 One in 949 One in 114 One in 1.058 One in 92 One in 916 One in 66 London, Brighton, and South Coast 819 140 702 117 766 218 1,228 361 702 225 1,638 239 924 254 Great Eastern - 740 116 714 149 1,111 99 1.18S 206 714 176 688 181 1,405 144 Great Western 637 112 1,163 116 1,040 126 1,601 146 1,198 131 1,163 143 1,188 124 Great Northern - 927 91 756 93 .849 98 1,359 98 i,iai 142 1,133 219 806 225 Midland 874 231 960 261 971 361 926 370 1,248 331 1,214 361 1,024 239 Lancashire and Yorkshire 615 73 410 62 675 62 560 68 698 63 698 61 799 89 Average of above six railways - 768 127 782 133 900 160 1,126 206 932 178 1,089 200 1,028 196 As already stated, the London and North-Western Railway Company is the only railway company in wbichithe men contract out as a permanent condition of th^ service. On the Brighton Railway the men contract out, but can withdraw from the contract at a month's notice without leaving the service. On the other railways there is no contracting out. APPENDIX. — WHOLE COMMISSION. 353 OoAL Mines. The following table, compiled from the Reports of Her Majesty's Inspectors, shows the number of perKOns emplaj-ed per death by accident in mines under the Coal Mines Act s — West Lanca- South Durham Northumber- land. Year. shire and South Wales. yorlcihire. and North All Districts. North Walei. Hiding. One death in One death in One death in One death in One death in One death in 1873 338 385 4S6 702 496 479 1874 380 384 558 733 722 510 1875 349 404 234 771 686 430 1876 348 396 872 748 696 551 1377 318 367 566 595 727 ' ■ 409 1878 128 357 738 638 890 336 1879 407 246 527 88.-; 716 490 1880 443 208 576 220 834 368 Average for the 8 years 339 343 571 661 721 446 1881 262 402 807 645 740 519 1882 426 379 648 294 672 447 1883 502 825 586 878 691 488 1884 460 349 660 764 79S 552 1885 428 275 757 715 582 452 1886 - 449 391 502 662 938 545 1887 485 319 603 685 769 529 1888 - 471 433 760 755 586 602 1889 400 480 666 707 757 530 1890 570 338 754 1,080 667 528 Average for the 10 years - 445 369 674 718 719 519 West Lancashire is mainly, and North Wales exclusively, a contracting out district ; in South "Wales the majority do not contract out, but there is a large minority who do. In the other three districts that are named, there is very little, if any, contracting out. (See Table siypra, p. 10.) From natural causes, however, the dangers of coal mining vary considerably in the different districts. No case was established before the Select Committee of workmen contracting ojit for no consideration, nor did workmen come forward to say that they had been coerced into contracting out against their will. But where there is contracting out, it is usually_ made the rule of the service, and this, it was stated in general terms, means coercion. The reply made by employers was to point to the benefits conferred on workmen contracting out, and to the number of employed alleged to be coerced also to the number contracting out in cases where, as in the South Wales mining district, it was not the rule of the service. APPENDIX A. CONTEACTING OUT IN COAL MINES.* Lakcashiee and Cheshikb. Beiwlett—GoBX Owner (3731). Woods.— Agea.'s, for Ashton and Haydook Miners Trades Union (1). Picari.— President of Lancaihire Miners' Federation (4660). Cmiplell. — Secretary to Central Association for dealing with distress caused by Mining Accidents (3488, 3601). Appenddces. — Nos. 13 and 14. Before the Act of 1880 it was a condition of service that the men should belong to a society wherein they were insured against all accidents. The men contributed 3d. or lid per week, according as they were full members or half members (men or boys), and the masters 10 per cent. • The numerical references in this Appendix and those which follow it Me iSateTothCTwise stated to the answers given before the Commrttee bf 1886^ in some cases the statistics have been supplemented from «iidpnce Kiven before the Labour Commission of 1891, and from Mr. Campbdl^^mphlet, " Miner's Thrift," Wigan, 1891. Z 78448. on their contributions. The men did not contract out of their common law rights. The next step (3742) was to raise the contributions of the men to Ad. and, 2d., and that of the masters to 15 per cent. This was the state of things when the Act passed. There was much apprehension on both sides that the Act would give rise to litigation ; the men, in particular, feared tliat the masters would withdraw their contributions from the fund and insure themselves against claims under the Act, and that they (the men) would be left to prosecute their legal claims and maintain their fund out of their own moneys. The first to call attention to these dangers was the " Wigan Observer " in an anonymous article ; this was followed by a published letter from Mr. Pickard , M.P., Yioe-President of the Miners' Relief Society, and thereupon the South Lancashire and Cheshire Coal (Masters') Association opened a negotiation with the Miners' Permanent Relief Society, and the result was that a conference of the two societies took place and agreed to recommend both to masters and men a new arrangement, to the effect that the masters should raise their contribution from 15 to 25 per cent, of the total contributions, and that the men should look only to the fund, and should waive all legal claims under the Employers' Liability Act, or otherwise. The masters- accordingly gave notice at the collieries to terminate contracts with a view to make new contracts on the new basis. But before anything could be done a general strike broke out about wages, and this was followed by a complaint of the men that the masters were coercing them to contract out. The masters then withdrew their offer of an increased subscription. The strike, after its general close in the district, was continued (3707) in the case of one colliery where contracting out was insisted upon ai a rule of the service. There appear in 1886 to have been, perhaps, 60,000 miners — about half the collieries were in the Permanent Fund (3637) ; and in the collieries forming this half there were 33,830 miners who had contracted out as against 4,402 who had not. In South- WeEt Lancashire (with the exception of one colliery, that of Colonel Blundell) the men have all contracted out. UUEZAU AND NOHTHUMBERLAND. Patterson: — Secretary to Durham Miners' Associa- tion (1423). Beid. — Member of Durham Miners' Executive Committee and Joint Secretary of Permanent Relief Fund for Northum- berland and Durham Miners (1508). Y y 354 HOYAL COMMIiJtilON PS LABOUR; Nixon. — President of Northumberland Miners' Mutual Confident Aasooiation (1932). Campbell. — Secretary to Central Association for dealing with distress caused by Mining Accidents (3584). Not one of the miners, numbering, in 1886^-86,886, in June, 1891, 107,997, has contracted out (1943). Previous to the Act the masters, or many of them, dontributed 20 per cent, to the naen's fund ; on the Act passing they offered (2001) tb increase this to 25 if the men would contract out, and on the men refusing, the masters generally withdrew their contribution (1574, 2001). Consequently, the total of those contributions (taking into account employers who refused or failed to contri- bute) which before the Act had been llj per cent, sunk to 8J (1625), but notwithstanding this the Miners' Permanent Relief Society, to which the men in all the collieries belong, goes on enlarging itself (1612, 1641). Their fund, however, has now, 1891, an estimated deficit of 90,000Z. Had all employers contributed 26 per cent., as they offered to do, the fund would now instead have a surplus of 30,0002. (Evidence of Mr. Steele before Eoyal Commission on Labour, 1891.) The reason why the men refused to contract out was that they thought the fear of exposure in court was a stimulus to the masters to manage their mines carefully (1502). The total numbers voting do not appear, but in the Northumberland Miners' Mutual Confident Association, non-contracting out was carried by 100 to 80 votes, one vote being given for 50 miners (page 51). No ill-will from the masters followed fron» the refusal of the men to contract out (1444-6). The m^asters formed them- selves into a muiual assurance society (3590). In the five years not more than eight notices have been given under the Act, and there has not been a single case in court by the association against an owner (1431, 1478, 1629, 1968). ToAJtSHIKE. Cowey. — Preiident of Yorkshire Miners' Association (1023). Kale. — Collier appointed to speak for his pit-fellows (4361). Hatfield. — Collier and secretary to fund (4473). Campbell. — Secretary to Central Association for dealing with distress caused by Mining Accidents (3650). There are about 60,000 men in the district ; of these, 20,000 men are in a trade union (1078) ; about 15,000 belong to the Permanent Belief Association, the others usually belong to a fund established for the colliery where they work. The men are strongly opposed to contracting out (1030) ; there is no contracting out, except in the collieries of a single firm, Messrs. Charlesworth (4422). No coercion was attempted by the masters (1179). There have been only eight oases in the courts, four won and four lost (1095). The masters insure ; the cost of five years' premiums has been under 2,000Z. ; of contributions, if the masters had contributed as in other districts, would have been 50,000Z. (3682-3). In the Thomicliflle Iron Works and collieries, employing 3,500 hands, there was established about two years ago a fund to which the employers contributed 20 per cent., without, however, contracting out. There h»s not yet been a single action under Employers' Liability Act. (Evidence of Mr. Chambers before the fioyal Commission on Labour, 1892, Q. 8079). In Messrs. Charlesworth's collieries the men, about 2,700 in number (1107), contract out, the employers contributing 25 per cent, of the men's contributions (1080). These collieries are in West Yorkshire and South Yorkshire. In West Yorkshire contracting out was determined by a small majority on a ballot (4372, 4439), but all are perfectly satisfied (4413). In the South Yorkshire collieries there was an unanimous vote by lamp-showing (4483-7). NoETH Wales. Griffith. — Mining Engineer and Chairman of Board of Management of North Wales Miners' Permanent EeUef Society (3828). Jones. — Collier and Member of the Board (3849). Dailies.— Banksman (3912). OamfibM. — Secretary to Central Association for dealing with distress caused by Mining Accidents (3660). All the men in the Permanent Belief Society f which is- neutral on the question of contracting out) have contracted out to the number of 10,668. Tormerly the masters contributed 10 per cent., since the Act they contribute 25 per cent. (3909). There is only one colliery in North Wales where the employer does not contribute (3858). The men in the Permanent Society are quite satisfied at having contracted out (3838). An arrangement has been started iinder which royalty owners contribute to the Belief Society one-half of the amount contributed by lessees. (Evidence of Mr. Chambers before the Eoyal Commission on Labour, 1892, 9. 8273.) In his slate quarries at Dinorwic, Mr. Assheton-Smith, who had erected a hospital and contributed towards itS' maintenance, and to a sick fund and superannuation fund, insisted, in 1881, upon his workmen contracting out of the Act. (Evidence of Mr. Parry before the Eoyal Oommiss'-on on Labour 1892, Q. 9566.) South Wales. Thomas. — Miners' Agent at Aberdare (8945). Wilkinson. — Colliery Manager in Monmouthshire, • and on Board of Monmouthshire and South Wales Permanent Provident Society (4028). Byer. — Checkweigher (4136). Simons. — Solictor for Associated Colliery Owners of Monmouthshire and South Wales ; I also Solicitor for Miners' Provident Society (5444).. Hood. — Mine Owner in Glamorganshire (6624). Campbell. — Secretary to Central Association for dealing with distress caused by Mining Accidents (3669). The account of this area is specially important : (1) because there are tolerably complete atatistics for the district, of those who do not contract out as well as those who do; (2) becausrfin this district the freedom of the individual workman is placed beyond question. Before 1880 there was no permanent fund (3960) ; on the passing of the Act was established the Monmouth- shire and South Wales Permanent Provident Society, to which employers contribute 25 per cent, of men's contributions; the society insures against all accidents, and all the men in the society contract out (6451-2), but it is left jjerfectly free to each man whether he will join the society or not; anyone can leave it at .any time (3974) ; in some collieries half are in, half out (4038) ; those who are not in the society can claim under the Act, and besides may be members of clubs to which employers do not contribute (3985) ; it is found that in the more dangerous collieries where accidents more frequently occur, the men mostly join the society, because they are more sure to profit by the benefits (4058,4149). _ The most important figures are those in Appendix No. XV., Tables A. and B, since supplemented by Mr. Campbell, the secretary to the Central Association. • Xumber of Colliers Year. who did uot Number who Contract out. Contracted out. 1881 67,227 5,665 1882 60,698 14,276 1883 58,188 22,509 1884 53,775 30,119 1885 59,817 37,434 1886 55,961 41,117 1887 56,812 42,168 1888 64,034 39,281 1889 63,673 45,932 1890 70,036 52,774 1891 72,346 57,580 In the five years, 1881-86, the total amount of the masters' 26 per cent, contributions for those who contracted out was 13,9022., as compared with 717Z., the total amount recovered from employers by those who did not contract out — recovered whether by legal proceeding or otherwise. Daring the same five years the number of accidents amongst 287,671 colliers who did not contract out was 51,702, and among 110,005 who contracted out was 22,326. The difference ther»fpre is slightly in favour APPENDIX. — WBWbE GuMMISSION. 355 of those who do not contiact out. Possibly this may be accounted, for by the fact that all those -who contract oiait are necessarily membbrfe of the Permanent Society, which keeps- a nlost ' accurate register of the accidents it has to pay for (55-21), and it is also to be remdlnbered that it is in the dangerous mines that the preference to contracting out shows itself most markedly (4058, 4149). Mr. Hood is a coal-owner who emploj's between 2,000 and 3,000 men ; they all refused to contract out, but in the five years none of them had ever made a claim against him under the Act (6527, 5534). SodTIAND. There is no contracting out. Masters have a mutual liusnranfie iassociation. But quite receatly, February, . 1892, about 90 per.cpnt. of miners iuiMidlothian and Ha,ddingtonshire ^ave T0ted,,in favour of establighjjig a,, permanent associaJ;ion ioT;. insuranee- against fatal accidents to which roasters are willing to contribute. ■ H.O. Ttta., B. 30M S. S. Bill [1«0]. Midland Disthici. * Smith. — Lord Dudley's Agent (5264). Campl>ell. — Secretary to Central Association for dealing with distress caused by Mining Accidents (3675). In this district the Central Association for permanent relief has but a slight hold. In every colliery there is, as in Lord' Dudley's collieries, a fund to which owners contribute; besides this insurance societies have a considerable business, insuring against all arccidents^ the premiums, to these policies come partly from the employer, partly from the men (collected through the employer), and partly from the contractors (3569, 3572, 3598-9). Before the Act the general system was that followed at Lord Dudley's, viz., there was a fund insuring against all accidents to which the employer contributed himself and required his men to contribute (5265) ; on the Act passing Lord Dudley proposed to withdraw, but the. men pressed him to remain, and contracting out became a term of the service; in three years to collieries on one side only of Dudley (Lord Dudley has collieries on both sides, and the practice in both is not quite alike — figures are given as to one set only) Lord Dndley paid 1,032Z., 1,045?., 7321. (5419) ; if instead he had paid only legal damageii for negligence, he would have paid but a trifling sura (5416) ; he could certainly have insuredfor'400?. per annum (5438), his contributions were a bagatelle as compated with the wages he paid, say from 3,000J. to 5,000Z. per week for collieries on 6o 1. Men's relief societies, to which the men alone contribute. 2. Men's relief societies, to which both men and masters contribute. 3. Insurance companies. 4. Masters' mutual assurance societies. The first two modes have been dealt with elsewhere under the heads of the different trades. ' The best instance of an insurance company, ijs the Employers' -Liability Assurance Aisooiation. This association issues two kinds of policies. (a.) Separate policies (4166-73)'in which the employed have no part. The company insures the master only against such Occidents as the master is liable for, not, however, kgainst'accidents caused by the naaster's personal negligence, and befpre itisuring the association makes inquiries to ascertain that the master is careful, &c. (4290). The figures given are — "■ Total number of accidents reported - 10,217 Of these no claim is made in 76 per cent., or - 7,750 2,467 Total number of claims Thus accounted for : — Claims admitted - - - - ,, abandoned - . , . ,, litigated - Total Of the 327 litigated cases there were : — Won by workmen Lost by ,, - - . " Total Also of the 327 litigated cases there were : — Appealed by master .... Won by men - - -' - „ master , - . - . 1,188 952 327 2,467 136 191 327 Total 29 '1 35 35 Appealed by men Won by men ,, master - 32 Total - 9 - 23 - 32 '(6.) Joint poH-eies, in which > employers in the first place pay the entire premiumy but to a certain extent recoup theniselves by a deduction from the men's wages : in this way the men contri- bute, ^ijidby the policy the insurance company undertake to indemnify^ the -trorkmen against ; all accidents whatever., There i^ no, con,trjicting out. Report, p. S57. r,.',,->(o.i( rrftrj APPENDIX'.— WHOLE COMMISSION. ' 3&9 As to thfise policies the statistics are: — Total number of accidents reported - 26,188 Of these, there were claims ad- mitted .... 26,037 Of these, there ■were claims aban- doned - - - 97 Of these, there •vr ere claims litigated about .... 4 The rates of insurance ■srwe threefold : — Total 26,188 Had these policies been single instead of joint, the company (4179), instead of paying on 26,087, -would probably have paid only on 3,026, which might represent the number of accidents for which the employer might be held liable. The insurance company, however, do not provide relief beyond a certain limited time (4306-8). Mutual A»sukance Societies. The Iron Trades Employers' Association, spread over 18 districts, with its centre in Manchester, and representing the employment of 28,000 men employed in general engineering', iron shipbuilding, marine and locomotive engineering, steam boiler.making, textile machine-making, and iron and brass founding, is an association in which the members mutually insure each other against claims made under the Employers' Liability Act, 1880 ; the only object is to cover expenses. For the period between October, 1881, and May, 1886, the statistics were : — Number of notices received of injuries - 788 Number of claims compensated by agree- ment - - - - 81 Number of claims litigated and lost' by men 6 Number of claims litigated and won by men 3 Eemainder arranged between employed and the individual employer without reference to thQ association . 698 Total - -• - 788 Per cent, of Wages in the First Year. Machine makers (who have small machinery) Engineers (with larger machinery) - Shipbuilders who woik out in the open and have a great deal of scaffolding <. d. 1 3 1 9 2 3 In the building trade, as stated elsewhere, the masters have formed a mutual insurance society, each paying 4«. for every lOOZ. of wages (4944i, 5034). In the south district, comprising London and counties ApptadU, south of Birmingham, during the five years, 1881 and pp. SSJ, 664. 1885, the average number of policies in force was 290, and the total number of oases (accidents) reported was 1,315, of which 349 were settled as under : — How settled. Amount. Number of,' Cases. Settled without intervention of solicitors for - Settled after notice of action for • < , Contested claims being made for 6,727^.— In 22 the verdict was for defendant £ a. d. 2,416 14 2 1,962 4 9 1,607 7 6 245 «S } '• Total - - - - 5,976 6 10 S49 In Northumberland and Durham mines the owners have a mutual assurance assooiation. In five years their premiums amounted to 2,000Z. ; if they had contributed to the men's fund, their contributions would have amounted to 50,0002. APPENDIX OLX. France. In il'ranoe the law is still under consideration. A Commission de Travail was recently appointed to examine (1) the Government Bill (projet de loi) on the subject of Employers' Liabilitjf and the Organisation of Obligatory Insurance ; (2) Bills of Private Members {propositions de loi) on the same subject.' Mo, 1926. The report of this Commission, issued in 1892, is an important volume which^ besides a resume of Foreign Legislation and the French Bills referred to the Com- mission, contains a fresh projet de loi, prepared by the Commission, together with a full explanatory memo- randum ; and in the appendices are to be found the text of all the measures, foreign as well as French, discussed in the report, and other useful information. For present purposes, however, it will hardly be necessary to enter on the details of these various Bills ; and it may be sufficient to describe the purport of the projet de loi, which was elaborated by the Commission after a careful review of the legislation efl'ected in Germany or Austria, and all the legislation that had been previously attempted in France. PeOJBT DB IiOI. The new legislation, it is intended, shall apply to workmen and persons employed in the following occupations : — Building. Workshops. Factories. Stone, timber, and dockyards. Work of carriers, dockers, and public warehousemen,, Mines. Works in which ore is treated. Quarries. - •■.,.• Also every undertaking or part of an undertaking m which explosive is manufactured or employed, or in which use is made of machines with motive power, whether animal power, or power from water, air, gas, electricity, &c. A detailed list of these various industries will be pre- pared by a Government department — Gonseil Superiev/r des accidents de Travail. It will be noted that this list does not contain " sailors " or "fishermen," who, it is intended, shall be the subject of special legislation. In these trades then, which, speaking roughly, are the dangerous trades, there is to be recognised and enforced the principle of " risque prof essionel," by which is meant the employer's liability for all accidents. The workman, or his representatives, is to be entitled to compensation according to a statutory tarifi" for injury from accident of any kind, except accident intentionally produced by himself. Nevertheless, in case it is proved on behalf of the employer that the accident was due to the faute lourde of the workman, the compensation may be reduced, or even altogether forfeited, and vice versa if the workman proves that the accident was due to the faute lourde of the employer or one of his foremen (preposes) the compensation may be increased up to complete indemnity. No contracting out. All actions to be brought within a year from date of accident. In order to secure the payment of the compensation, the system is introduced of " Assiwance Obligatoire." The State is made directly responsible, but is to be recouped by employers in local groups. For this purpose the whole of France is divided out into eiroonscriptions, each dreonsoripiion to consist of one or more departments, except that the Department of the Seine may be subdivided into several circonscrip- Uons,- In Book cvfeonteviption all employers in all the occupations subject to the Bill are made collectively responsible (as herein-after mentioned) for the statutory Yy 4 360 ROYAL COMMISSION ON LABOUll: compensation to all workmen of the circonscriplion who are injured by accident, power, however, being reserved to single employers or to syndicates of employers to exclude themselves from the general arrangement, and, instead, to insure the same statutory compensation for their own workmen, snch insurance to be in conformity with certain prescribed regulations as to caution money, &c. The cvroonscription does not insure beforehand against the risk of accidents ; but the total amount of compen- sation awarded and paid by the State in the course of any year to workmen in the eirconscn-iiption (including where, as usual, the compensation is in the form of an annuity, the capital sum representing such annuity) is recovered in the next year from the employers of the circonscription and repaid to the State, the relative contribution of each member being detei'mined by the product of the total of the salaries paid by him during the past year X a certain "co-efficient of risk," which, as presently to bo explained, has been officially assigned to his establishment, as representing its degree of dangerousness.* Such is the general scheme. In greater detail it is as follows : — The Conseil Superieur des accidents de Travail, besides framing a list of the industries, assigns to each of these industries a co-efficient of risk ; such co-efficient is in three degrees, from which, by a subsequent pro- cess presentl}' described, one will be selected and assigned to each individual establishment belonging to that particular industry. The list will be revised every three years, but in the meantime additions may be made to it when necessary. Each circonscription is administered by a Comite Birecteur, and is divided into sections, each of which has a comite also. The Comite de Section is elected by and from employers of the Section. The Comite Di- recteur is to be elected by the Committee of Sections. Bach Committee is to last for four years, and to be paid. The function of the Comite de Section is chiefly to advise the Comite Birecteur, more particularly as to the co-efficient to be assigned to each separate estab- lishment, and , as to the bonification — that is the reduc- tion — amounting in some cases to 30 per cent, upon the contribution of the employer — to be allowed by reason of all due measures for safety being observed in the establishment. The function of the Comite Birectewr is to settle the list of all the establishments of the various industries within the circonscription which are subject to the law, and to assign to each separate establishment its proper co-efficient of risk, to settle the ionifications, and fix the amount of contribution from each employer, and deal with every claim for compensation. Each employer is bound at the begin- ning of each year to make a return, which is subject to correction by the Comite Birecteur, of the number of workmen he has employed in the past year, the number of days each has been employed, and the salary paid to him. From this return and other official information the Comite Birecteur prepares the list of establishments of the circonscription, commune by commune, showing for each establishment : (a) the class to which it belongs in the classification issued from the Conseil Superieur ; (6) its co-efficient of risk, being such one of the three degrees of the co-efficient assigned to the class, by the Conseil Superieur, as appears to the Comite Birecteur to be most suitable to the particular establishment ; and (c) the bonification to be allowed, if any. If several difierent industries, with different co-efficients, are carried on in the same establishment, each has to be treated as a separate establishment. This list is sent to the Mayor of the Commune. Any employer may object to his own classment or co-efficient; and anyone whatever may apply for anyone else to be put on the list of contributory employers. At the end of 10 days the Mayor forwards the list, together with any objections or applications he may have received, to the Comite de Section, who in turn forward it with their observations to the Comite Birecteur, who settle it. Any omissions of establish- ments from this list maj' be subsequently rectified by supplementary lists, and the proprietors made to con- tribute. The list so settled is final, except that any employer mUy within three months appeal to the Conseil de Prefecture du Bepartement on the ground that the co-efficient of risk assigned to his establishment is not authorised by the legal classification. • See the Annexe (page 5 of this Memorandum), which is a specimen of the working of a similar system in Qerm^ny. The Comite Bireettur will thus be in a position to issue a list of contributories, together with the con- tributions of each, necessary to provide the total amount of the last year's compensation. In case of the default of the Comite Birecteur to levy the contributions, the Minister of Commerce and In- dustry will appoint persons to do so. Tariff. When the accident is fatal, the compensation is : — (a.) Funeral expenses = 20 times the daily pay (i.e., the pay on the da}' of the accident), but not to exceed 100 francs. (6.) To the relict— An annuity for life - - = 20 p.c. of annual (c.) To children — salary. If only one, an annuity up to 16 years of age - - = 16 „ „ If only two, an annuity up to 16 years of age - = 25 ,, ,, If only three, an annuity up to 16 years of age - - = 35 „ „ If only four, an annuity up to 16 years of age - =40 „ „ Or if orphans, to each child an annuity up to 16 years of age - - - = 20 „ The total not to exceed - = 40 „ (d.) If neither relict nor children, then — To each grandparent a life annuity - ^ 10 „ „ But total not to exceed - =: 20 „ „ When the effect of the accident is permanently to disable, then the compensation is : — (a.) If disability, total, i.e., if workman unable to earn anything towards his livelihood, a life annuity = two-thirds of armual salary. (6.) If disability partial, i.e., if workman able'' to earn something but not sufficient for a livelihood, the life annuity of two-thirds is subject to a corresponding reduction. Annual salary means the remuneration (in cash and emoluments) actually received during the year pre- ceding the accident ; if the employment has been for less _ than a year, then the remuneration actually received during the period of employment, plus the salary received by a workman of the same category in the same industry during the remainder of the year. If the employment is in a trade which only lasts part of the year, then annual salary means the salary received during the period of activity, plus any other salary received during the rest of the year. In the case of a youth or an apprentice the annual salary is taken to be that of the lowest workman in the same enterprise. When the efiect of the accident is to temporarily disable, " temporary indemnities " are given, as follows : — [a.) Medical expenses. (b.) Allowance during continuance of disability at the rate of half of annual salary, but not to exceed 3fr. 5,0c. a day. These "temporary indemnities," up to the end of the first month, fall upon the individual employer, after that on the circonscription. An accident which disables for only three days or less does not count as an accident, and gives rise to no claim for compensation. The compensation awarded may, within three years of the award, be revised, on the application of either party, with a view to its being either increased or decreased, on account of the consequences of the accident having in the meantime proved to be more or less severe than had been anticipated. A workman whose salary is under 2,000fr. can pro- ceed only under the Bill, and forfeits his Common Law rights. If over 2,000fr. he may elect between proceed- mg under the Bill or proceeding undei- the Common Law, in which case compensation is subject to no statutory limit, but proof of negligence will have to be given by workman. In the case of faute lourde being established against the employer in a Common Law suit, the circontcripUon is only liable for so much (if anything) as may be necessary to make up the damages to the statutory amount. APPKNDIX. — WHOLE COMMISSION. 361 r.i^^ ?i^ ^°^^ '»*'* interfere with the Common Law rignt ot the person injured against the third person, who actnally caused the injury, but in the event of mis right being exercised the cwconseipUon is only T^»t! fu °5'"'^ f'*" ^"ytliiiig) as may be necessary tb make up the damages to the statutory amount. Procedure. When an accident takes place tho employer has, within 48 hours, to notify it to the Mayor, and send medical certificate. Then if the accident is fatal, or tnreatens to be so, or to occasion permanent disability, the mayor forwards the notification to the Juge de Faix, who holds a public inquiry with, if necessary, an expert, and within 10 days forwards his report to the President du Tribunal Civil de I' Arrondiseement. Temporary indemnities T Are settled by the Juge da Medical expenses - i. Paix of the canton where Funeral expenses - J the accident took place. But for the annuities there is a special procedure. First, with a view to conciliation, if possible, the President du Tribunal Civil calls together the repre- sentative of the circonscipUon, the employer, and the injured workman, br, if dead, his representatives, and if they can settle it together, well ; if not, the case is referred to a board of arbitration (Trihunal Arbitral). The board sits at the capital of the arrondissement, and cousists of three employers, three employed, and the President du Tribumal Cvoil or his deputy. The three employers are taken from a list which every year is oflacially prepar'ed and revised, of all employers in the arronditsement who possess certain qualifications (i.e., they must be 30 years of age, be able to read and write, and must have resided two years in the canton). The three operatives are taken from a similar list of operatives. The process is that when a case comes on to be heard there are drawn by open lot : — Sis from the list of employers. Six from the list of operatives. Four supplementary jurors. All of these are paid ; each side can challenge three. The trial is pubUc, and the decision is final, except that on a point of' law there is an appeal to the Court of Cassation. State Intervention. The order of the Board of Arbitration or, where the parties have agreed, the order of the President declaring the right of a workman to a pension, will constitute a good claim against the Caisse Nationale d' Assurance centre lee Accidents, which will then pay the pension in Paris through one of its offices or in the departments through les receveurs etjpereepteurs. It appears that it is the duty both of the Condte Direoteur of the cvrconscrvption, and also of the Cornite de Section to see that the annuity is not continued after the death of the annuitant. Somewhat similar arrangements are made for the payment of the temporary indemnities. The Caisse Rationale d' Assurance will, if necessary, be financed by the Caisse des Depots et Consignations, the rate of interest being fixed by the Minister of Commerce and Industry and the Minister of Finance. All pajTnents made by the Caisse Nationale are in the nature of advances only, and will, as abov#de- scribed, be repaid in the following year by_ the cireonscriptions. The yearly budget of the expenditure of the circonscipUon will consist of : — 1. The capital required to provide the annuities awarded the year before. 2. The temporary indemities of the year before. 3. The cost of administration of the year before. 4. Contribution to a reserve fund, such contribution not to exceed one quarter of the expenditure of the previous year. Annexe. Example du calcul de repartition des charges annuelles dans une corporation industrielle en Allemagne (*). Classes de risquef. Coeflloients de risques. Salaires pay^s aui ouvriers oIass6s d'aprts lea classes de risques. TTnit^s de repartition. A B C Ci D Di - E F - G H - . 20 30 5S 60 70 .75 90 100 130 Marcs. 1,188,927'4S X 20 14,175,607-60 X so e,98*-72 X 40 819,646-20 X 65 731,252-67 X 60 8,251,607-96 X 70 10,9«l,178-48 X 75 18,276-80 X 90 85,895-66 X 100 6*7,875-34 x 130 23,778,619 425,268,226 279,889 46,080,486 43,875,160 577,612,567 820,613,386 1,194,822 8,689,556 84,168,894 36,860,750-66 2,030,360,924 La somme totale des salaires pay^s dans I'ann^e a 4t6 de 36,860,750 m. 66. La somme totale des charges a repartir entre les membres de la Corporation est de 132,784 m. 70. Si done on divise cette somme de 132,784 m. 70 par le total des unites 2,030,350,924, on obtient un coefficient de 0-0654 par 1,000 unites. La repartition de la somme a payer dans chaque clasae de risques est done obtenue oomme suite : Classes de risqnes. Ooellicipnts de risques. Salaires paySa aux ouvriers classes d'apr^ les classes de risques. TJnitfe de rgpartition. A - . . 20 Marcs. 23,778,549 x 0-0654 1,666-10 B ■ SO 425,268,226 x 0-0654 27,812<60 C - . . 40 279,389 X 0-0654 18-25 C . . 66 46,080,486 X 0-0654 2,948-20 D . . . 60 43,876,163 X 0-0664 2,869-40 D' - - 70 677,612,657 x 0-0664 37,776-85 E 75 820,513,386 X 0-0654 63,661-66 P . . SO 1,194,822 X 0-0654 78-16 G - - - 100 8,689,650 X 0-0654 661-76 H 130 84168,794 X 0-0654 6,603-95 2,030,360,924 . 132,784-70 Pour une usine d^terminee, comprenant trois ateliers qui out chacun re5U un coefficient special, par exemple : — Coeffloients, Salairepaye dans chaque atelier. Unites. SO .... 70 .... 100, .... Hares. 260,000 400,000 60,000 7,600,000 28,000,000 6,000.000 Le notnbre total des unites est done 40,600,000 Oe qui, multiplie par le coefficient 0-0654 et divis^ par 1,000 donne la part a payer pour I'annee, soit 2,648 m. 70. • Cette note est empruntee au travail de M. Griiner, ingfoieur civil des mines, secretaire general du Comitg ititerDAtiOnal permanent des accidents, charges probables resultant des projets djB loi de Tassurance centre les accidents, p. 33. t 78448. S62 KOTAL COMMISSION ON LABOTTRi Germant. (This description is abstracted from the Memorandum prefixed to the Eeport of the French Commission rf-e Traviil) The law was passed in 1884 for Industrial Establish- ments ; applied in 1885 to Post OflSce, Telegraphs, JRailways, War OflSce, Admiralty ; 1886 to Lands and Forests ; 1887 to Public Works and Sailors. The only workmen not comprised in this legislation appear to be fishermen, artisans (?), domestic servants, commissionaires, and hawkers. Employments are oflSoially classified according to the degree of risk attending them. The employers of each class are organised into a corporation, which operates usually oTer a circumscribed area, -but in some cases over the whole empire. The coiporations are subject to the control of the Imperial Office of Assurance, and it is on them that it is intended shall fall the respon- sibility of the employers. The individual employer cannot be personally sued unless he has intentionally caused the accident ; but, as a matter of fact, the compensation is not paid directly by the Oorpoiations, it is paid by the Imperial Post Office, and the Post Office is afterwards recouped by the Corporations. The employed is entitled to compensation in the statutory amount for every accident . except what he has himself intentionally caused. When an accident occurs the employer must, within 48 hours, notify it to the police. A police inquiry follows, and a medical report is furnished. The compensation is awarded in the first instance by the corporation of employers ; if the employed refuses it, he appeals to an arbitration tribunal, composed of — A President, named by the Emperor. Two assessors, named by Corporation of Employers. Two „ „ certain Oaisses which represent the intereists of the working classes. From this decision either party can appeal to the Imperial Office of Insurance. But the only question throughout is as to the consequences of the accident ; for, given the conseqnences, the amount of compensation is fixed by law as follows : — For total incapacity an annuity = two-thirds of salary. For partial incapacity an annuity = two-thirds of salary proportionately reduced. This paymenl) continues so long as the incapacity continues, but does not commence until the fourteenth week after the accident. (For the first 13 weeks a different provision is made, and compensation is de- frayed partly by a certain Caisse, and partly by the individual employer.) In case of death, besides funeral expenses ^ 20 times the daily pay of the workman, there is paid — • To widow, till death or second marriage, an annuity = 20 per cept. of salary. To each child an annuity up to 16 — (a.) If he has lost his father only an annuity = 15 per cent of salary. (6.) If both parents, an annuity = 20 per cent, of salary. To each grandparent who depended solely upon deceased an annuity ^ 20 per cent. But the whole payable to widow and children is not to exceed 60 per cent, of salary ; on second marriage the widow is paid 3 years' annuity; no payment, to grandparents unless widow and children receive together less than 60 per cent, of salary. The annuities and other payments are advanced by the Post Office authorities, who, at the end of each year, make a return to each Corporation of what is due from it, and the Corporation repays the same, the share to each member being calculated according to — 1. The total salaries paid by him, 2. The coefficient of risk assigned to his establish-' ment. As an accident involves an annuity Or annuities that may continue for years, and the settlement with the Post Office authorities is only of the amount actually disbursed by them during the past year, the arrange- ment with a view to equalise the charge over successive generations of ratepayers is that the early generations should build up a reserve fund by extra contributions. The amount of the extra contribution is, for the 1st year 300 per cent, of the contribution for thei [year. 2nd „ 200 „ ,, „ 3rd „ 150 and so on until the eleventh year. But it is only the income of the reserve fund that is applicable, and even that not before it is equal to twice the average annual expenditure. The contribution from the member may be enforced like the Government taxes. The Corporations have also power to prescribe and enforce precautions against accidents ; employers who neglect them may have their contributions doubled. The statistics for 1890 given of the operation of this la** are as follows : — Goi^Wa- tions. Establish- ments. ■Work- men. Acci- dents. Deaths. Industry Agriculture - Forestry - 64 (of which 26 Co- -entensive with empire). 22 390,622 4,926,672 8,088,698' 149,188 32,186 Administrations de rampire, les Etats, des Vvo- ■vinces et And Communes. 316 604,380 17,623 Total - - - 13,619,760 - - * Estimate lorl882. Fatal aocldehts .... a,o47 Accidents pehtt&dently and totally incapacitating 2,708 >. ,. partially „ . 21,803 Temporarily incapacitating from 13 weeks to 9,894 6 months. Paymeiit of expenses and to reserve fund - - 48,475,224 marks. AusTEiA. (This description is abstracted from tts memoratidum prefixed to the report of the French Commission de Travail.) By the old common law of Austria the employer was not responsible except for his personal default, or for the default of his servants if it could be shown that he had not taken proper care in selecting them. In 1887 the G-ovemment proposed that the omi$ firo- handi should be thrown on the employer that he was not to blame. This proposal was rejected as insufficient. The new law was started in 1883, but was only pro- mulgated in 18S7, and did not come into operation until 1889. It closely tesembles the G-erinan law, with certain differences, the following being the most important : — 1. There is one Corporation for each province, and siich Corporation comprises all the dangerous industries of the province. 2. The classification of industries according to their degree of danger is settled by the Minister of the Interior through the Assurance Consultative Committee. The coefficient of risk for each separate establishment is assigned by the loc?il corporation. 3. The indemnity commences from the sixth instead of from the fourteenth week. Appendix. — whole coMMissioiir. 363 4. Each year the Corporation has to find the cap- italised valu« of the annuities granted in the previous year. 5. J^he workmem coatribate 10 per cent, of the ex- penditure of 'the Corporation. 6. The administrative Council of the Corporation does not consist exclusively of employers^it is made ap as to One-third of employers, une-third of operatives, One-third of persons elected by the provincial councils. 7. The Oorporatioa may by their oflBoers. inspect the establishments, but have no power to impose rules for safety. 8. The law is not yet applicable to sailors, miners, or functionaries of the State province or commnne, except in the case of accidents from machines worked with powet, or to agricultural labourers ; but is expected shortly to bo extended. The Btatisties for the fourteen months between 1st November 1889, and 31st December 1890, are as follows : — The law has applied to 53,193 industrial establish- ' menta. The law has applied to 78,133 agricultural establish- ments, the two together comprising 893,324 workmen. The number of accidents in the 14 months has been- Accidents disabling for less than four weeks - - - 9,205 Accidents disabling for more than four weeks - . . 4,611 Accidents causing permanent disablement— total - 102 Accidents causing permanent disablement — partial - - 1,501 Accidents fatal - . 533 Total 6.747 15,972 m, . Fiorina. The compensation for these 6,747 accidents has been - - - 2,273,463 Paid' as to 94*46 from industrial establishments. Paid as to 5 • 54 from agricul- tural and forest establishments. Other costs - 100 Total 1,681,182 3,864,645 APPENDIX CLXI. JloYAL Commission on Labour. AxTESTDANeES of the Members at the Pubiic Siitings (to receive Evidence). Members of tlie Commission. Sittings of the Committees. Group " A." Group "B." Group " C." Sittings of the (lommission as a Whole. Total Sittings. ]EIis Grace the Duke of Devonshire, K.G. (Chairman) - Group "A": — Mr. David Dale (Chairman of Committee " A ") - Mr. W. Abraham, M.P. - - - Mr. Gerald W. Balfour, M.P. Mr. T. Burt, M.P. - Et. Hon. H. H. Fowler, M.P. - Sir E. J. Hariaud, Bart., M.P. Mr. A. Hewlett Sir W. T. Lewis Mr. E. Trow Group " B " :— Kt. Hon. the Earl of Derby, ICG. (Chairman of Commitiee " B.") Et. Hon. Sir Michael E. Hiuks-Beach, Bart., M.P. Mr. J. C. Bolton - - - - - Et. Hon. Jesse Ceilings, .M.P. Mr. T. H. Ismay . - - - - Mr. Tom Mann Professor Marshall . . - - Mr. S. Plimsoll Mr, H-Tait - -' - 6roup « C ";— Et. Hon. A. J. Mundella, M.P. (Chairman of Com- mittee " C") Mr., M. Austin, M.P. - Et. Hon. Leonard H. Courtney, M.P. Et. Hon. Sir John E. Gorst, Q.C., M.P. Mr. G. Livesey - - Mr. J. Mawdsley - " ' Sir F. Pollock, Bart. - - " " Mr. W.TuBStill Total of meetings Average attendances per meeting MCaxiWium attendances pet meeting Minimrim attendftnces per meeting X 78448. 27 45 30 42 42 9 26 40 19 44 7 2 1 17 4 1 27 14 37 11 15 12 31 1 45 11-26 16 5 32 9 6 11 3 25 41 45 43 34 31 31) 3» 28 37 11 41 16 20 32 14 4 1 46 12-00 16 6 25 5 2 11 1 23 1 8 1 16 3 20 41 42 32 39 29 9 24 43 10 12 13 16 13 2 1 6 1 16 11 10 6 7 13 17 13 15 10 13 6 17 1 8 9 17 7-74 12 5 14-94 18 11 57 57 66 77 14 28 4G 21 108 42 59 68 43 39 76 62 43, 99 74 130 72 41 100 75 22 34 151 3 A 364 BOYAL COMMISSION ON LABOUR : Each member of Committee " A Eaoli member of Committee ," B ' attended on the average 52 '66 times. ' attended on. the average 68 "88 times. Each member of Committee " C " attended on the average 68" 50 times. The average attendances of each member of the entire Commission are 61. Mr. M. Austin, M.P Mr. E. Trow Mr. G-. Livesey Mr. H. Tait - - " ^ ^ " His Grace the Duke of Devonshire, K.G.- Mr. T. Burt, M.P. Mr. Tom Mann Mr. J. Mawdsley - - - Et. Hon. A. J. Mundella, M.P. Et. Hon. Leonard H. Courtney, M.P. Mr. J. C. Bolton - Mr. Gerald W. Balfour, M.P. Professor Marshall - - - Bt.Hon.Sir Michael Hioks-Beach,Bai't.,M.P. Mr. David Dale - - -1 Mr. W. Abraham, M.P. - - - J Mr. A. Hewlett - - - Et. Hon. Jesse Collings, M.P. Et. Hod. Earl of Derby, K.G. - - \ Mr. S. PlimsoU - - - J Et. Hon. Sir John E. Gorst, Q.O., M.P. - Mr. T. H. Ismay Mr. W. Tunstill Sir E. J. Harland, Bart., M.P. Sir b\ Pollock, Bart. - Sir W. T. Lewis - - - - Et. Hon. H. H. Fowler, M.P. 130 108 100 99 94 77 76 76 74 72 68 66 62 . 59 67 46 43 42 41 39 34 28 22 21 14 APPENDIX CLXII. FuETHEE Notes relating to Appendix XCIV. (p. 188). Note 1. — Case. Woman about 68 ; very respectable ; no one liable to maintain her ; a widow ; rent 2b. 6d. ; said she earned 4«. ; on questioning it is found to be 3s. 9cl. ; was paid for army shirts 5d. a piece ; could do nine a week by working very hard. Proposal to relieve, to give her 2s. Gd. a week; objection, a cardinal instance in supporting woman to take wages below the rate of subsistence. House offered; offer refused. UoTE 2 Eepoet of Mk. Edmond H. Wodehotjse on OuiDOOB Eelief in Seventh Ukions in the Co0STIEs of Berks, Cornwall, Devon, Dorset, Gloucester, Kent, Somerset, Southampton, Surrey, Sussex, and Wilts.— (L.G.B. Eeport, 1871-2, p. 88.) Mode of dealincf with Applicants who are in receipt of Money from a Benefit Ghib. tjsnally, in granting out-door relief, the benefit of one- half of the money which they receive from the club, left out of account. .4 few unions take the whole into account. Thus, Farringdon, a strictly administered union, " Yet the amount of subscriptions to benefit clubs within the limits of the Union has of late years been decidedly on the increase " (p. 98). Few out-relief paupers belong to clubs. Belief in aid of Wages. Inseparable from an out-door relief system. Distinguish in aid of earnings and in aid of wages. The former — casual or irregular — what may be earned by the aged or the crippled. Out-door relief with lower earnings. " It cannot be doubted that it has an indirect tendency in that direction by encouraging the em- Ijloyment, at reduced wages, of old and infirm men, and in some eases of women and children, upon work which would otherwise be performed by able- bodied labourers." Bo relief granted in aid of wages of widows. And sometimes when the employment is constant. Thus :— "At Stratton I was told that relief was given 'to some who were in regular employment, such as men at work on the roads, or at reduced wages.' " Note 3 Sir Hy. Longlby (p. 1168, Appendix, L.G.B. Eeport, 1^73-4). Two systems: the test system and the compromise system. " The latter is the root of the miserable and short- sighted policy which has pauperised many parts of London by the grant of small doles in aid of uncertain and precarious earnings. The argument on which the guardians unconsciously proceed in those cases seems to be, in effect, this : — We believe that the income of this applicant is larger than he states it to be ; what it really is we cannot discover ; wo will therefore estimate the relief to be given to him on the assumption that he has deceived us, and will give him so much, as shall, together with a sum, the amount of which is wholly unknown to us, be suflB.cient to relieve his destitution." Hence "vast amount of utterly inadequate relief." Typical: — "A woman states that she earns 3s. to 4s. per week, and that she pays 2«. 6d. a week in rent ; the weekly relief awarded her, by way of compromise, will be Is. 6d. or 2s. and a loaf of bread, upon which, together with the balance of her earnings, it is all but imjpossible that she can exist." In-door relief alone adequate. Bo guardians say; if applicant needs to be wholly maintained by relief , or if the relief which appears to be adequate for the case is unusually large, he shall receive in-door relief only. So to a widow and two children, chairman-guardian says, " If you can't earn enough to keep you with what we give you, you must come into the work- house; we don't profess to give you enough to heep you out of the workhouse " (p. 169). Tlxtreme rarity of cases of breaking up a home (p. 171). A widow, who applied for a renewal of out-relief (ia my presence), stated that her occupation was to clean APPENDIX CXLII. Diagram "A." DIAGRAM SHOWING THE INFLUENCE OF INCREASED TRAIN LOADS ON THE WORKING EXPENSES OF THE NEW YORK CENTRAL R R AND THE INCREASE OF TRAFFIC FOR A PERIOD OF 21 YEARS. APPENDIX OXLII. Diagram "B." DfAGRAM SHOWING THE INFLUENCE OF INCREASED CARRYING CAPACITY OF WAGONS ON THE WORKING EXPENSES AND THE FREIGHTCHARGES OF THE NORFOLK & WESTERN RAILROAD, DURING A PERIOD OF NINE YEARS. APPENDIX CXLII. Diagram " C." Trttch, j'etpdre^i'^ train' e^4S tma Micricfnali^ ca^roffe prcicticf 43ZTeet. I[crfclk&lVe. cf3Z9 tmv6- Xorfcfic ^ We^errv RR ciueretffe tic:^ii