^^1^^ n*:;wv?^KVW*\'v«siTO.'wvji!T'<". . "-#— Nova Scotia. ■;-;:A::SEQUEL TO; . f . I039' Y3 £87 BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME FROM THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND THE GIFT OF Henrg HI. Sage 1891 ..4-/../.^^oj,:^.. 9.//.^/a.Qj.. Cornell University Library F 1039Y3 B87 Yarmouth, Nova Scotia : a sequel to Camp olin 3 1924 028 898 000 The original of this bool< is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924028898000 YARMOUTH, S^OVA SCOTIA: A SEQUEL TO CAMPBELL'S HISTORY. BY GEORGE S. BROWN. "Ficum voco ticum; et ligonem ligonem." — Cato. BOSTON : RAND AVERY COMPANY, PR,INTERS. 1888. K ^ Copyright, 1888, By GEORGE S. BROWN, Boston, Mass. TO Cfie ©escenlrants OF THE EARLY SETTLERS OF YARMOUTH COUNTY AND THEIR FRIENDS, Ei\is ISaofe IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED BY THE AUTHOR. PREFACE. THERE is extant a copy of "A History of the County of Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, by the Rev. J. R. Campbell," pub- lished in 1876, where, beneath the printed testimonial preceding its titlepage, occur these words over the date of Sept. 2, 1885 : "When this book was first offered to the public, I somewhat hastily passed over its pages; and then, and at other times since, it seemed to me strange that so many inaccuracies should have escaped the critical notice of the gentlemen whose names are attached to the above testimonial. But having more carefully examined the book within the past week, I have taken the liberty of making some marginal notes where it seemed to be of some importance that the errors in the text should be corrected." A few months afterward, a second examination of the book led to additional notes, which at length extended so far beyond the capacity of the margins of its pages and other blank spaces as to reach a volume nearly as large as the contents of the book they were reviewing; and toward the end of December, 1885, the Author concluded that it was his duty in some measure to repair the errors of omission and commission to which his notes referred, by the publication of this book. O PREFACE. Upon reviewing his own pages, the Author is fully conscious, that, where the material is so ample, a satisfactory history of Yarmouth County has yet to be written ; but he hopes that here may be found some contributions to that completer work which there have been lately some pleasing indications the future has in store. GEORGE S. BROWN. Nov. 20, 1886. AUTHORITIES CONSULTED. Rafn . . Davis . . Brown . Various . Gallatin Trumbull Vetromile . Priest . Eliot . . Rasles . horsford Lescarbot Raynal . Rameau . Rameau . Moreau . Garneau Scott Stirling Robertson Logan . Keltie . Forbes . Johnson Pennant Haliburton Martin . . Discovery of America by the Northmen. Discovery of New England by the Northmen Icelandic Discoveries of America. The Northmen in America. American Antiquities. Indian Tribes of North America. Indian Tribes of North America. History of Aborigines of Acadia. Customs and Manners of the Micmacs. Indian Primer and Catechism. Indian Dictionary. Indian Dictionary. Histoire de Nouvelle France. Champlain's Voyages. History of European Settlements in East and West Indies. Une Colonic Feodale en Am^rique. La France aux Colonies. Histoire de L'Acadie Frangaise. History of Canada. History of Scotland. Register Scotland and Nova Scotia, i6i 5-1635. Scotland under her Early Kings. Scottish Gael and Clans. History of the Scottish Clans. Early Races of Scotland. Tour to the Hebrides. Tour to the Hebrides. Flora MacDonald's Autobiography. Nova-Scotia Legislative Documents, 1758-1776. History of Nova Scotia. AUTHORITIES CONSULTED. Murdoch . Hannay Harvey . . Williamson Freeman . Hatfield . Sabine . . Forbes . . . . Savage . . . . Lawson .... Akins . . . . Brooks & Usher. Davis Surette . . . Temple . . . . Swift Lawson History of Nova Scotia. " Acadia. " Newfoundland. " Maine. " Cape-Cod Settlements. " Elizabethtown, New Jersey. " the Loyalists. Massachusetts Historical Society's Collection. Connecticut Historical Society's Cbllection. Pinkerton's Voyages. Lieut. James Moody's Narrative. Shipping of the Past. Genealogical Dictionary of New England. Record of the Shipping of Yarmouth, N.S. Nova-Scotia Archives. History of Medford, Mass. Ancient Landmarks of Plymouth, Mass. History of Corinthian Lodge, Concord, Mass. " Framingham, Mass. " Taunton, " Beverly, " Marblehead, " Salem, " Yarmouth, " Yarmouth Herald " newspaper, 1833-18 CONTENTS. INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER. PAGE Eai-ly Voyages to America. — Phcenician Voyages 500 B.C. — Chinese Voyages in Fifth Century. — Their Account of the Country. — Northmen's Accounts of Voyages in Tenth and Eleventh Centuries. — They visit Yarmouth Harbor in 1007, and leave Inscription. — Christopher Columbus. — The ' Cabots. — Americus Vespucius. — The Gilberts. — French Voyages to Acadia in Sixteenth Century .... 15 CHAPTER II.' Mr. Campbell's Claims to Infallibility exaniiined. — Boundaries of Yarmouth County. — Lakes. — Pubnico : Origin of Name. — Marsh and Meadow Lands. — Climate. — Wild Game. — John MacMunn discovers Woodcock. — Acadia : Origin and Meaning of Name. — Champlain's Visit to Yarmouth Harbor in 1604. — Did not describe Mud-flats as " Meadows." — Eel-grass, a Submarine Plant. — Old Limits of Acadia 28 CHAPTER III. The Micmacs. — Acadian Settlement at Chegoggin. — Traditional Conflict at Tusket Lakes. — Haliburton's Version. — Grant of Yarmouth Township. — Origin of the Name. — Privations of Early Settlers. — Efficacy of "Oiling." — Shares of Lands varied in Area. — Always exceeded Six Hundred and Sixty-six Acres. — Division of Bunker's Island. — - Ranald MacKinnon not concerned in Expulsion of Acadians. — — The Hersey Family 37 CHAPTER IV. Early Roads between Chebogue and Yarmouth. — Why Chebogue was first settled. — Puritan Observances and Industry of the Preachers. — Why Acadians were expelled. — Samuel S. Poole, M.P.P. — Survey and Plan of Township in 1786. — Trade Practices in Early Times. — Free Trade the Rule. — John MacKinnon's Advice to an Informer. — Henry AlUne, a New-Light Preacher. — His Views and Eccentrici- ties. — Alexander Bain. — His Relation to a Distinguished Highland Family. — Heroism of Gillies MacBane at CuUoden. — Origin of the Campbells ... 47 ' Chapters II. to VI. inclusive are a review of Campbell's History, with added notes. lO CONTENTS. CHAPTER V. PAGE Land Reservalions for Church and School Purposes. — Privateers of 1812-1815. — Foreign Trade of the Port. — Not established by Anthony Landers, — The Men he brought to Yarmouth. — Their Influence on the Community. — Thomas Allen : his Enterprise and Usefulness. — Yarmouth, Mass., in 1650 and 1817. — Mr. Campbell's Views on Confederation controverted. ^ Joseph Howe's Speech in Parliament when proposing Public Monument to Herbert Huntington. — Chebogue and Yarmouth. — Superior Advantages of Chebogue for Settlement. — Maintenance of Bridges. — Balance of Trade Theory. — How it works 60 CHAPTER VI. A Literary Curiosity. — Critics open to Criticism. — Isagogin and Ingogen. — Milicetes and Micmacs. — Obsolete Adjectives. — Printers' Pi. — Rules of Construction. — Unavailing Sympathy. — "For the More Part." — H. G. Parish. — Rev. Harris Harding. — Adventure with the Pleasure-carriage. — Early Settlers Descendants of Puritans. — Their Churches at Chebogue and Yarmouth. ' — The Tabernacle, — Influences leading to its Construction. — Mrs. Ruth Ellis lays the Corner-stone , 76 CHAPTER Vn. The Micmacs a Branch of the Algonquin Family. — Their Territory. — The Micmacs a Superior Race. — Styled by Algonquins *' Our Ancestors of the East." — Char- acter and Customs of the Acadian Indians. — Their Deference to the French Mis- sionaries. — Their Hospitality and Peaceable Disposition. — Beauties of the Indian Language. — Structure of Indian Words. — Examples. — Longest Word in the Indian Language. — Longest in any Language. — Geographical Names in Yarmouth County ending in acadie. — Origin and Meaning of Chebogue, Chegoggin, Chebec, Tusket, Mispouk, and Kigigiak. — The Tusket River. — Its Attractions for the Tourist and Sportsman. — John Eliot, the Indian Missionary. — His Indian Bible and Testament. — The Lord's Prayer in Two Dialects 86 CHAPTER VIU. Champlain's Early Career. — His Skill as a Navigator. — Compared with Julius Caesar. — French Colonization of Acadia. — Marquis de La Roche in 1598. — De Monts, Poutrincourt, and Champlain in 1604. — Champlain explores the- Coast from Liver- pool to Ste. Marie's Bay, calling at Yarmouth in May, 1604. — The Colony first settles at Ste. Croix. — Removes to Port Royal in 1605. — Claude de La Tour and his Son Charles at Port Royal in 1610. — Argall's Raid in 1613. — Sir William Alexander's Colony at Port Royal in 1622. — Claude de La Tour created a Baronet of Nova Scotia. ^Charles declines a Similar Honor. — ^^Gov. John Winthrop's Massachusetts Colony of 1630. — Met by Capt. Lovett off Cape Anne, and escorted to Salem. — Acadia restored to France in 1631. — Alexander abandons Port Royal. — Alarm in Massachusetts Bay,' — Razillyand D'Aulnay found a Colony at La H^ve in 1632. — Charles de La Tour builds h Fort at St. John. — Razilly dies, and D'Aulnay succeeds to the Government of Acadia. — He removes his Colony to Port Royal. — Acadia divided by the King of France between D'Aulnay and Charles de La Tour. — Conflict between them. — Encouraged by the English of Massachu- setts. — D'Aulnay captures La Tour's Fort. — Death of Madame de La Tour. — Death of D'Aulnay, — Charles de La Tour marries Madame D'Aulnay. — Devotion and Influence of French Missionaries. — The Abbe Sigogne. — Port Royal from 1650 to Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 102 CONTENTS. 1 1 CHAPTER IX. PAGE Metrical Description of Port Royal in 1 720. — Halifax 1 749-1 764. — Liverpool and Harrington settled 1759 and 1760. —Settlement of Shelbume by the Loyalists in 1783- — Condition of Settlements on Western and Southern Coasts of Nova Scotia in 1787. —Shelbume at that Date. —Port Mouton settled by Tarleton's Regiment in 1783. — Next Year Three Hundred Buildings destroyed by Fire. — Provincial Census 1817-1827. — Shelbume, Barrington, Argyle, and Yarmouth in 1827; Population, Stock, etc. — Provincial Census 1851, 1861, 1871, and 1 881. —Yarmouth County Census by Subdivisions in 1871 and 1881, with Explanations directing Attention to the Effect of Confederation as shown by the Tables . . . .124 CHAPTER X. Acadians of Argyle. — Father Manning's Sketch. — Haliburton's Estimate of Acadians. -Their Industry and Enterprise. — English and French Captains of Argyle.— Their Services sought Abroad. —Tusket Ship-builders. — Argyle Ship-owners and Ship-masters. — Capts. Murphy, Blauvelt, Hatfield, and Hilaire Pothier. — Pierre Doucette of 1797. — Pierre and Denis Surette. — Solon Doucette. — L6on Pothier. — Jean Bourque. — Anselme O. Pothier. — Ambroise Amirault. — Simon D'Entre- mont. —Eel-Brook Patriarchs of Half a Century Ago. — The Doucettes of "The Forks." — Acadians' Claim to One of the Seats in Parliament. — Author's Estimate of the Acadians of Argyle 144 CHAPTER XI. Early Settlers of Yarmouth Township. — French and English Family Names 1761- 1886. — Real-estate Owners of Yarmouth County : Thirty-nine French, Six Hun- dred and Fifty Enghsh, Names. — Argyle Township compared with Yarmouth for Purposes of Settlement .... • 159 CHAPTER XU. Copy Scheme of Division Yarmouth Township Lands. — Names of Grantees alphabeti- cally arranged. — Number of Shares to Each. — Number and Area of their Lois. — Grantees of Bunker's and Gilfillan's Island, Chebogue Town Point, and Stony Point Beach. — Reservations for Highways. — Equal to about Two Hundred and Thirteen Miles of Road Four Rods Wide 171 CHAPTER Xin. Chebogue Farmers. — Homes of Early Settlers. — Kelley's Cove. — Old Arcadia and Little- River Homesteads. — Durkee's Island.— Pinkney's Point. — Sea-side and River Scenery of Yarmouth Sound and Chebogue Harbor. — Phineas Durkee. — Proprietors' Improvements within Town Proper. — John Murray, E. W. B. Moody, Comfort Haley of Salem, Thomas and George Goudey and others. — Coast-line from Cape Fourchu to Beaver-River Corner. — Israel Lovitt and Richard Fletcher. — Chegoggin and Brooklyn Farmers. — Farmers from Ulster. — Sons of James Murphy. — Ephraim Churchill and his Descendants. — Murphy's Bridge. — Eleazer and Rufus Hibbard. — Leading Farmers in other Districts of the Township and on the Banks^f the Tusket River and its Branches. — Influence of the Early Settlers . 182 12 CONTENTS. CHAPTER XIV. PAGB Maritime Interests of the County. — Early Settlers Skilled Navigators. — Interchange of Commerce with other Ports. — Gradual Growth and Extension of Trade. — Increase in Number and Capacity of the Vessels. — West-India Trade. — Other Foreign Trade. — Circumstances causing Increase of Tonnage of the Port. — Pompey and County of Yarmouth. — View of Shipping previous to 1800. — From 1800 to 1810. — Ship-owners of these Periods. — Samuel Marshall. — Description of Marshall's Wharf in 1815. — Anthony Landers. — Influence of Arrival of Jacob Tooker, Bartlett Gardner, James, John, and William Jenkins. — List of Master Ship-builders of the County. -;- Boat-builders and Spar-makers. — Names of Leading Ship-owners from 1 761 to 18S6. — Number, Description, and Aggregate Tonnage of Vessels owned wholly or in part by Each of them. — Special Reference to English and French Ship-owners of Argyle. — Shipping of Yarmouth at Different Periods, with Average Tonnage of Vessels. — Compared with the Shipping of Canada. — The Great Michael of James IV., which "wasted the Woods of Fife." — Yarmouth's First Clyde-built Iron Ship. — The Great Republic of Donald MacKay. — Her Last Voyage across the Atlantic. — Other Ships of Donald MacKay. — Their Record never surpassed. — Ships of New England about the Beginning of the Century. — Shipping of Yarmouth County Jan. i, 1886, with Names of Owners. — ^ Names of Ship-masters of some of the Old Yarmouth-County Families : Kelleys, Hiltons, Haleys, Robbinses, Perrys, Cooks, Canns, Hatfield's ... ... 198 CHAPTER XV. The Loyalists of Tusket and Yarmouth. — Their Old Home at Elizabethtown, N.J. — Its Early History, and a Description of the Territory about 1670. — The Hatfields, Tookers, Halsteads, and Ogdens among the First Settlers. — Their Course at the Rebellion of 1776. — Sketches from Sabine's "History of the Loyalists," of Tunis Blauvelt, Gabriel Van Norden, Robert Timpany, Robert Huston, Samuel Andrews, James Lent, the Van Buskirks, and James Moody. — Extracts from James Moody's Narrative. — His Services and Adventures as described by Others. — His View of the Cause of the War. — Genealogical Table of some of the Old Tusket Families ; viz., Hatfields, Raynards, Hurlburts, Gavels, Andrews, Halstqads, Blauvelts, Servants, Lents, Jefferys, Van Nordens, and Tookers, illustrating the Intermarriages of Three Generations .... 231 CHAPTER XVI. Ranald MacKinnon of Argyle. — A Native of the Island of Skye. — Related to the Chief of the Clan MacKinnon. — Joined the Montgomery Highlanders as Ensign in 1757. — Came to America in June, 1757. — Engaged in the Expedition of 1758 against Fort du Quesne. — Promoted to a Lieutenancy. — Wounded in 1760 while engaged in an Expedition against the Cherokees. — Lord Chatham's Eulogy on the Highland Regiments. — Sketch of Some Highland Regiments. — The First One the " Black Watch," or Forty-second Regiment, formed in 1740. — The Second the Loudon Highlanders, in 1745.*- The Third, the Montgomery Highlanders, or Seventy-seventh Regiment, in January, 1757. — OfBcers of the Montgomery Highlanders. — Their Career in America from 1758 to the Close of the War in 1763. — Addresses of Sir Colin Campbell and Sir James Outram to the Highland Regiments in- the Crimea and in India. — Sketch of the Clan MacKinnon, and of Some Events in Scottish History with which they were cpncemed. — Flora CONTENTS. 1 3 PAGE MacDonald. — Her Connection with the Family. — Charlfes Edward Stuart's Flight after the Battle of Culloden. — Narrative of his Adventures, and of the Part taken by the Chief of the Clan MacKinnon and his Kinsman John MacKinnon, to assist the Prince in his Escape from Skye 26.8 CHAPTER XVII. First Nova-Scotia Parliament in 1 75S. — How constituted. — Queens County established in 1762, including Liverpool, Barrington, and Yarmouth. — Yarmouth's Representa- tives down to 1784, when Shelburne County was established. — The Long Parlia- ment. — Septennial Bill passed in 1 792. — Yarmouth's Representatives down to 1 836, when Yarmouth County was set off from Shelburne. — Quadrennial Bill passed in 1838. — Duration of Parliaments and Representatives from Yarmouth County from 1836 to 1886. — Executive Councillors from Yarmouth. — Legislative Councillors. — Sheriffs and Deputies. — Custodes and. Justices of the Peace 1 761-1886. — Clerks of the Peace and Treasurers. — Municipal Council 1856-1858. — Municipal Council Yarmouth and Argyle 1880 to 1886. — Probate Judges. — Registrars of Deeds. — Postmasters. — Crown Land Surveyors. — Collectors of Customs and Tide- Waiters. — Lloyd's and Consular Agents, etc. . . . . ■ 303 CHAPTER XVIII. Township Records 1762-1789. — Sessional Proceedings 1 789-1840. — Churches of the County. — Clergymen 1761-1886. — Masonic Institutions. — Officers Hiram Lodge 1848-1886. — Scotia Lodge 1863-1886.— Royal Arch Chapter 1865-1885.— British and Foreign Bible Society. — Ladies' Branch. — Book Society 1822. — Yar- mouth Academy. — School Teachers 1800-1864. — Newspapers 1831-1883. — Yarmouth Seminary. — Common Schools. — Agricultural Societies. — Mountain Cemetery. — Abbotsford and other Funds. — Inland Navigation Company. — Marine Insurance Companies 1809-1886. — Shareholders, Directors, and Profit and Loss Account. — Yarmouth Banks. — California and Australia Expeditions. — Commercial Wharf Company, and Moody, Brown, & Co. — Steam Communication. — Herald, Saxe-Gotha, and North America. — Eastern State.— Dominion. — Emperor. — Alpha. — Gaslight, Steam-tug, and Marine Railway Companies. — Western Counties Railway Company. — Water Company. — Building Society. — Mutual Relief Society. — Woollen Mill Company.— Telephone Companies. — Duck and Yarn Company. — Co-operative Deposit and Loan Society. — Conclusion 319 APPENDICES. APPENDIX A. — John and Sebastian Cabot, 389. APPENDIX Aa. — Correspondence of Rev. John Roy Campbell and Professor Cameron, 391. APPllNDIX B. — Sir William Phipps, 393. APPENDIX C — Brigt. Baltimore. Humanity of the Indians, 395. APPENDIX D. — Settlement of lands and a record of Acadian families Of Eel Brook, 397. APPENDIX E.— From the Annals of Salem. Privateers prohibited from hostil- ities against Yarmouth in 1782, 437. APPENDIX F. — Inscription on monument to Herbert Huntington, 439. APPENDIX G. — Abstract of Trade of Yarmouth in 1834, 440. APPENDIX H. —Extracts from " A Lost Chapter in Acadian History," 445. APPENDIX I. — On the Indian names of Acadia, 447. APPENDIX J. — William and Edward Hilton. William's letter from Plymouth in 1621 to his friend in London, 449. APPENDIX K. — Some account of the La Tour family and of Philippe Mius D'Entremont, and a record of some Acadian families of Pubnico and Tusket Wedge, 450. APPENDIX L. — Of the Rev. Abbe Jean Mand^ Sigogne. His correspondence with the Committee of the Shelburne County Temperance Convention in 1835. The Rev. Abbe Joseph Goudot, 1839-1860, 477. APPENDIX M. — Obituary notice of Simon D'Entremont, 482. APPENDIX N. — Louis A. Surette and his record in Massachusetts, 484. APPENDIX O. — Bishop Perry's visit to Yarmouth in 1886, 487. APPENDIX P. — Duelling in the olden time, 490. APPENDIX Q. — Extracts from Dr. Johnson's "Journey to the Western High- lands of Scotland" in 1773,- 492. APPENDIX R. — Origin of the Free-will Baptist Denomination; of the Revs. Charles Knowles and Walter C. Weston, 494. APPENDIX S. — Mary Fletcher and the Ladies' Bible Society of 1833, 496. APPENDIX T. — The first law establishing public schools in America in 1647, 501. APPENDIX U. — Sir Walter Scott and the Abbotsford Subscription from Yarmouth in 1833, 502. APPENDIX Ua. — The Yarmouth Steamship Company, 1888, 505. APPENDIX v. — Extracts from Freeman's " History of Cape Cod." Ancestors of some Yarmouth County families, 507. APPENDIX W. — Extracts from Preface to Dr. Hatfield's "History of Elizabeth Town, New Jersey,'' 511. YARMOUTH COUNTY HISTORY INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER. . Early Voyages to America. — Phceniciah Voyages 500 B.C. — Chinese Voyages in Fifth Century. — Their Account. of the Country. — Northmen's Accounts of Voyages in Tenth and Eleventh Centuries. — They visit Yarmouth Harbor in 1007, and leave Inscription. — Christopher Columbus. — The Cabots. — Americus Vespucius. — The Gilberts. — French Voyages to Acadia in Sixteenth Century. TN the ninth century before the. Christian era, the Phoenicians had -L established colonies on the western shores of Africa, and three hundred years later they sailed around the entire coast of Africa. They are supposed to have visited the eastern coasts of Central America and Mexico in very early times ; for in some way a knowlr edge of a great country beyond the Pillars of Hercules, larger than Europe or Asia, had reached the priests of Egypt five hundred years before Christ. About that time the fact was made known to Solon by an Egyptian priest ; and a brief account is given of the country by Plato and other writers. The Phoenicians discovered and colonized the Canary Islands, which they called the Fortunate Isles, and which Phny (63 B.C.) called the Hesperides. After this mention by Pliny, the Canaries are lost to history for a period of thirteen hundred years, when a vessel, in the reign of Edward III., which sailed from England for France, was driven by a storm to the Canaries. A voyage to the Canaries was made by the Portuguese in 1341. The Chinese made voyages to the coast of California in the year 458 j and it is the opinion of eminent Chinese scholars that they were 1 6 CHINESE VISIT AMERICA IN FIFTH CENTURY. acquainted with the western coast of America nearly to Cape Horn. The following is an account of a country called Fousang, more than forty thousand It to the east of China (a // is now one-third of a mile), as recorded in the Grand Annals of China: — " In the first of the year Yung Yuan, during the reign of Fiti, of the dynasty' of Thsi (A.D. 499), a Chamman (Buddhist priest) named Hoechin came from the country of Fousang to Kingtcheou. He related the following : Fousang is twenty thousand // to the east of Tahan, and also to the east of China. In that country grows much of a tree called Fousang, the leaves of which resemble those of the Thong. The first shoots are like those of the bamboo. The people of the country eat them. The fruit is red, and of the form of a pear. They also make from it cloth and garments. They manufacture also stuffs from the flowers. Boards, made of its wood, are used in the construction of their houses. For in that country there are neither cities nor walled habitations. The inhabitants have a knowledge of writing, and make paper from the bark of the Fousang. They have neither armies nor troops, and they do not make war. " The name of the king of the country is called T'khi, or Tit-khi. The nobles of the first class are called Touilou ; those of the second class, little Touilou ; those of the third class, Natucha. The cattle of that country have long horns, upon which they carry burdens weighing a hundred and twenty pounds. In that country they use horses, cattle, and deer, attached to carriages. They raise deer as they do cattle in China, and they make cheese from the milk of the females. They find a kind of pear there, red, which keeps all the year. There are many vines. Iron is wanting, but copper is found. Gold and silver are not esteemed. Commerce is free, and they do not drive hard bar- gains." Ly-yen, a Chinese historian, who lived at the commencement of the seventh century, speaking of a country distant more than forty thousand It toward the east, says, " To reach this country, they sailed from the coast of the Province of Leatong, situate to the north-east of Pekin. Whence, after they had made twelve thousand //, they reached Japan. From Japan, after a voyage of seven thousand It toward the north, they reached the country of Ven Chin. Five thousand li from the last NORTHMEN'S VISIT. 1/ place toward the east, they found the country of Tahan. Thence they sailed to Fousang, which was distant from Tahan twenty thousand //." Tahan was the extreme northern part of Asia. Kamtschatka is doubt- less a part of the great country of Tahan. The courses and distances described would extend from Leatong by way of Japan, North-east China, and the peninsula of Alaska, to the Island of Kodiack, on the coast of Alaska. This would be a very favorable route, as it takes advantage of the Japanese current ; and they would be in sight of land the whole distance, which, as given by Ly-yen, is quite correct. As it is stated that Fousang is not only east of Tahan, but also east of China, it is inferred that they followed the coast as far south as Lower California, opposite China Central. The tree Fousang appears to be the Mexican Maguey, of which Acosta thus speaks : " Maguey is a tree of wonders, whereof the Notaries, or Chapetons (as the Indians call them), are wont to write miracles, in that it yields them water, wine, oil, vinegar, honey, syrup, thread, needles, and a thousand other things." The first voyage to the eastern coast of America, of which we have any account, was performed by the Northmen, who were descendants of a race that in early times migrated from Asia, and travelled toward the North, finally settling in what is now the Kingdom of Denmark. From' thence they overran Norway and Sweden, and afterward colonized Iceland and Greenland. As early as the year 860, Iceland had been made known to the Northmen by a Dane, named Gardar. The first settler of Iceland was a Norwegian, named Ingolf, who went there in 875, landing at a place which is still called Ingolfshofdi. He was soon followed by others, and in a short time a considerable population was gathered there. In the tenth century, Iceland had a population estimated at near, seventy thousand. The Northmen were excellent navigators, and it is said they first discovered^the art of sailing on the wind. They had good sea-going vessels, some of large size ; one, of which a full description is given, being one hundred feet long. Eric the Red, born in Norway in 935, was, on account of man- slaughter, obliged to flee from Norway. He took up his abode in 1 8 LEIF'S VOYAGE. Iceland, and, not being able to live there in peace, early in 982 he fitted out a ship, and announced his determination to go in search of land lying in the ocean to the west, which it was said Gumbiorn saw when, in the year 876, he was driven there by a storm. Eric sailed westward, and found land, where he remained three years, and explored Greenland, the newly discovered country. He then returned to Iceland, and the next year sailed again for Greenland with a fleet of thirty-five ships, only 'fourteen of which reached their desti- nation, the rest being driven back or lost. This second voyage was made in 985. In the year 1003, Greenland became tributary to Norway, the princi- pal settlement being upon the western coast. The colony maintained its connection with the mother country for no less than four hundred years; yet it finally disappeared, and was almost forgotten, until 1721, when communication was again opened with the colony. Before the expedition of Thorfinn Karlsefne, in 1007, some account ■of which was, in 1884, given in "The Yarmouth Herald," Leif, son of Eric the Red, in the year 1000, made a voyage from Greenland to Labrador and Newfoundland, and thence to the coast of Nova Scotia, and, as some think, from the description of the voyage, to the south-eastern coast of Massachusetts. The following is the narra- tive from the Danish archives, and each reader can make up the voyage for himself. " Leif, son of Eric the Red, with a crew of thirty-five men, rigged ■out their vessel. They put the ship in order, and went to sea when they were ready. They first came to the land which Biarne had last discovered, sailed up to it, cast anchor, put out a boat, and went ashore. But there was no grass to be seen. There were large snowy mountains up the country ; but all the way from the sea up to these snowy ridges the land was one field of snow, and it appeared to them a country of no advantages. Leif said, ' It shall not be said of us as it was of Biarne, that we did not come up to the land^ for I will give the country a name, and call it Helluland.' " Then they went on board again, and put to sea, and found another land. They sailed toward it, put out a boat, and landed. The coun- try was flat, and overgrown with wood; and the strand far around MARKLAND AND VINLAND. 19 consisted of a white sand, and low toward the sea. Then Leif said, ' We shall give this land a name according to its kind, and call it Mark- land.' Then they hastened aboard, and put to sea again, with the wind from the north-east, and were out for two days, and made land. They sailed towards it, and came to an island which lay on the north side of the land, where they disembarked to wait for good weather. There was dew upon the grass ; and having accidentally gotten some of the dew upon their hands, and put it in their mouths, they thought that they had never tasted any thing so sweet as it was. Then they went on board, and sailed into a sound that was between the island and a ness (cape) that went out northward from the land, and sailed westward past the ness. There was very shallow water at low tide, so that their ship lay dry, and there was a long way between the ship and the water. They were so desirous to get to the land that they would not wait till their ship floated, but ran to the land to a place where a river comes out of a lake. As soon as the ship was afloat, they took the boats, rowed to the ship, towed her up the river, and thence into the lake, where they cast anchor, carried their beds out of the ship, and set up their tents. " They resolved to put things in order for wintering there, and they erected a large house. They did not want for salmon, both in the river and in the lake ; and they thought these salmon larger than they had ever seen before. The country appeared to them of so good a kind that it would not be necessary to gather fodder for the cattle for winter. There was no frost in winter, and the grass was not much withered. Day and night were more equal than in Greenland and Icela^d, for in the shortest day the sun was in the sky between Eykstarstad and the Dagmalarstad. " Now, when they were ready with their house-building (A.D. looi), Leif said to his fellow-travellers, ' Now I will divide the crew into two divisions, and explore the country.' . . . " Toward spring they made ready and sailed away ; and Leif gave the country a name from its products, and called it Vinland. They now sailed into the open sea, and had a fair wind until they came in sight of Greenland and the lands below the ice-mountains. . . . "This expedition to Vinland was much talked of; and Leif's brother Thorvald thought that the country had not been explored enough in 20 BIARNE'S VOYAGE. different places. Then Leif said to Thorvald, ' You may go, brother, in my ship, to Vinland, if you like ; but I will first send the ship for the timber that Stover left upon the rock.' And so it was done." There are various accounts of these early expeditions of the North- men, differing a little in detail, but evidently describing the same voy- ages. One account of Leif's voyage in the year looo reads, "They came first to the land which Biarne had last seen. They called it Hellu- land. They put to sea, and came to another land, level, and covered with wood, with cliffs of white sand. They called it Markland. They stood out to sea with a north-east wind, and continued sailing two days. They came to an island which lay to the eastward of the main land, and entered a channel between this island and a promontory pro- jecting in an easterly and northerly direction from the main land. They sailed westward, and came to a place where there was much land left dry at low tide. They went ashore at a place where a river, issuing from a lake, fell into the sea. They brought their ship into the river, and thence into the lake, and cast anchor. They explored the country, only going so far that they could return home at night. One day one of the men did not return. They went in search of him with twelve men, and found him coming towards them. Then he said, ' I did not go much farther ; still, I have a discovery to acquaint you with. I have found vines and grapes.' They wintered there, filled the ship with timber, gathered a boat-load of grapes, and returned to Greenland in the spring." The voyage of Biarne that has been referred to is thus described : " Biarne, in 986, on a voyage from Iceland for Greenland, met with northerly winds and fogs, and after many days' sailing arrived, they knew not where. When the weather cleared up, they saw a land over- grown with wood, and with a very gentle elevation. They continued sailing two days, and saw another land, which was flat, and overgrown with wood. Then they stood out to sea, sailed three days with a south- east wind, and saw a third land, which was high and mountainous, and covered with icebergs. They coasted along its shores, and saw it was an island. Bearing away from this island, they stood out to sea with the same wind, and after four days' sailing with fresh gales they reached Greenland." THORFINN KARLSEFNE. 21 Biarne would, by this account, appear to have made, first, the south- western coast of Nova Scotia ; next. Cape Breton ; and then, Newfound- land, whence he took his departure for Greenland. Leif shaped his course from Greenland for Newfoundland, " last seen by Biarne; " then passing through the Straits of Belleisle, he discov- ered Prince Edward Island ; thence, standing out to sea to the east- ward of Cape Breton, he came to the Gut of Canseau, which he entered; and thence sailed westward along the coast, wintering, perhaps, at Yarmouth. Writers generally identify Vinland with Massachusetts, the "island" with Nantucket, and the " promontory " with Cape Cod. In the year looo. Cape Cod and the adjacent territory were not likely to have been more prolific in wild "grapes" and "wheat" than the south-western shores of Nova Scotia, where the Gulf Stream tempers the cHmate ; yet it is recorded that both the early French voyagers to Acadia, and the early setders of the Massachusetts Colony, found vines growing in the woods that led them to look forward to a profitable culture of the grape. The second account of LeiPs voyage does not repeat the statement that there was " no frost in winter ; " but the account of Karlsefne's voyage, from which the following extract is taken, says there was " no snow in winter; " and it is quite possible that eight hundred years ago, the Gulf Stream approached so near the south-western shores of Nova Scotia as to account for the absence of frost and snow. " Thorfinn Karlsefne, in 1007, in one ship, and Biarne Grimolfsen in another ship, left Greenland for Vinland. They had a hundred and sixty men, and took all kinds of live-stock, intending to establish a colony. They sailed southerly, and found Helluland, where there were many foxes. They again sailed southerly, and found Markland, over- grown with wood. They continued south-westerly a long time, having the land to starboard, passing long beaches and deserts and sands, and came to a land indented with inlets. They landed, and explored the country, finding grapes and some ears of wheat which grew wild. They continued their course until they came to a place where a frith penetrated far into the country. Off the mouth of it was an island, past which there ran strong currents, which was also the case farther up the frith. 22 VISITS YARMOUTH. On the island, there was an immense number of eider-ducks, so that it was impossible to walk without treading on the eggs." The following (copied from " The Yarmouth Herald ") is from the report of Mr. Henry Phillips, corresponding secretary of the Antiquarian Society of Philadelphia : — "ON A SUPPOSED RUNIC INSCRIPTION AT YARMOUTH, NOVA SCOTIA. " On the shore of the Bay of Fundy, opposite the town of Yarmouth, stands a rock, weighing about four hundred pounds, which, about the end of the last century, was discovered by a man named Fletcher. It has been well known for nearly one hundred years ; and those who dwell in its vicinity have always accepted it as a genuine relic of anti- quity, no breath of suspicion ever having fallen upon it. The glyphs thereon have been at various times copied and sent abroad to men of learning, who have made more or less attempts at deciphering them, more than one savant seeing traces of Semitic origin. "In 1875, a rubbing, procured from the stone, was placed in my hands for investigation. Since that time I have carefully considered the circumstances of the case, and have become ultimately satisfied of its bona-fide nature ; that the inscription was neither a modern fraud nor the work of the wayward playfulness of the leisure hours of the sportive redskin. " Having been imbued with the behef that no deception was intended or practised, I entered upon the study of the markings with a mind totally and entirely free from prejudice. So far from believing that the inscription was a relic of the pre-Columbian discovery of America, I had never given any credence to that theory. I therefore approached the subject entirely unbiassed in my opinion ; in fact, somewhat pre- judiced against the authenticity of any inscription on this Continent, purporting to emanate from the hardy and intrepid Norsemen. " The difiSculty of interpreting these markings was greatly increased on account of the nature of the material in which the rubbing had been taken, and the fact that in the Runic alphabets the letters frequently have many varying values and forms. But, like a kaleidoscope, word after word appeared in disjointed forms, and each was in turn repeated, RUNIC INSCRIPTION. 23 until at last an intelligible ,word came forth, followed by another and another, until a real sentence with a meaning stood forth to my aston- ished gaze. ' Harkussen men varu ' {' Haka's son addressed the men ') . "Upon examining further, I found in the expedition of Thorfinn Karlsefne, in 1007, the name of Haki occurring among those who accompanied him. On this voyage, 'they came to a place where a frith penetrated far into the country. Off the mouth of it was an island, past which there ran strong currents, which was also the case farther up the frith: " I confess that I was staggered by the remarkable coincidence, and began to waver ; and the finishing touches were placed to my unbelief when I observed the map, and saw how short the distance was from Iceland to Greenland, compared with the stretch of water from Norway to Iceland. It seemed more than probable that the fearless race that actually did cross the latter expanse of ocean, were not likely to be deterred from navigating the former. " As to the reason why such a memento should be left of the visit, of course no definite answer can be given ; but it is a fact well known, that memorials were often made or erected, engraved or placed at localities where events had taken place : and the address of the chieftain to the men may have been of some noteworthy matter, perhaps even to commemorate the fact of having landed at that spot." There is a material error in this narrative. The rock referred to was discovered by Dr. Fletcher, not "on the shore of the Bay of Fundy," but upon his own property near the head of the north-western cove of Yarmouth Harbor, and upon the western side of the high hill near the channel leading from what is now known as the "Salt Pond," and about one hundred yards south of the stone dike which now excludes the tide-water from the extensive inner marshes. The channel at " the dike " being quite narrow, there must have been originally " strong currents " there, running over the bar upon which the dike was built. The " island " would correspond to Bunker's Island, where the cur- rents are very strong at the flow and ebb of the Bay of Fundy tides. If the Norsemen followed the North-American coasts from Greenland to Nova Scotia, when they reached Cape Fourchu near the entrance to 24 WILSON'S ACCOUNT. the Bay of Fundy, and met there the strong currents and rough water, it was quite natural that they should make a resting-place in Yarmouth Harbor, and explore the " frith " to its head and confluence with the fresh waters of the Chegoggin River, about eight miles north-easterly from Bunker's Island, to which point of junction the tidal waters of Yarmouth Harbor probably flowed in the year 1007. The glaciers left their memorials in the vicinity of the " Salt-Pond Dike " some hundred thousand years before the Norsemen's visit ; for the huge boulders, some weighing hundreds of tons, deposited upon opposite sides of the channel inside of the dike, and especially at the little island, present most interesting evidence of glacial action. If upon one of the largest of these the inscription had been engraved, it might have remained there to tell its own story for eight centuries to come. In the second volume of " Prehistoric Man," pubUshed at London in 1876, by Daniel Wilson of the University of Toronto, the learned author, after reference to other ancient inscriptions, says, " Dr. G. J. Parish has sent me t\\Q fac- simile of an inscription engraven in unknown alphabetic signs on a quartzose rock near the beach at Yarmouth Bay, which he assures me has been known for upwards oi forty-five years, and repeatedly submitted to scholars in the hope of finding an interpreter." The reader will observe the discrepancy in the three descriptions of the locaUty where this stone was discovered. It is scarcely credible that Dr. Parish, writing to Mr. Wilson ten or twelve years ago, would have mentioned "Yarmouth Bay,'' — a place laid down on no maps nor charts ; though it is possible he never saw the stone until it was removed to Yarmouth Town from its position near the Salt-Pond Dike. But any elderly person living near the dike can point out the exact locality; and, no doubt, there are persons in Yarmouth who have reached or passed their ninetieth year, and who can remember puzzling over the inscription in their childhood. To preserve the continuity of the narrative, brief references may here be made to the later visits to the coasts of America, which led immediately to the colonization of the country by Europeans. Christopher Columbus, who, on a visit to Iceland in 1477, had THE CABOTS. 25 heard of the western voyages of the Norsemen, with three small vessels sailed from Palos, Spain, on Aug. 3, 1492; and on Oct. 12 he landed at San Salvador, one of the Bahama Islands. A few days afterward he visited some of the adjacent islands, reaching the north side of Cuba on Oct. 28. About the middle of January, 1493, he sailed for home; and, having touched at the Azores on Feb. 20, he arrived in the Tagus on March 4. He sailed again from Cadiz on Sept. 25. 1493. with seventeen vessels, and fifteen hundred persons of all descriptions; and on Nov. 3 he arrived at Dominica. He discov- ered Jamaica in May, 1494; and in March, 1496, he embarked for Spain. On his third voyage, Columbus sailed from Spain with six ships on May 30, 1498. On Aug. i he visited the continent of America ; and in November, 1500, he returned to Spain. He sailed again from Cadiz, on his fourth voyage, on May 9, 1501, and from the Canaries on May 25, arriving at Martinico on June 15. On this visit he passed three years among the islands and upon the continent; and on Sept. 2, 1504, he sailed for Spain. He died at ValladoUd on May 20, 1506, in his sixty-fourth year. John Cabot, a Venetian, and his son Sebastian, — born, as is some- times claimed, at Bristol, England, in 1467, — in pursuit of a north- west passage to India, sailed from Bristol in the spring of 1497. On June 24 they landed at Newfoundland, whence they immediately returned to England, and made a report of their discovery. John Cabot having died, Sebastian Cabot sailed on his second voyage on May 4, 1498, and again reached Newfoundland. On his return to England, he is reported to have said that he had sailed as far north as the sixty-seventh degree of latitude, and that, finding no open water to the ^westward, he returned to the southward, and followed the coast as far US the thirty-eighth degree of north latitude. There is as much myth and mystery connected with Sebastian's voyages as with the early voyages of the Northmen. Yet Sebastian was said to have been born at Bristol, England ; and that fact may account for the extraordinary statement on p. 9 of Campbell's " History of Yarmouth," where, entirely ignoring Christopher Columbus, whose dis- coveries had led to John Cabot's expedition, Mr. Campbell says, " The 26 FRENCH VOYAGES. first well-authenticated knowledge of the New World was made known by Sebastian Cabot in I4g8." ' Americus Vespucius, born at Florence in 1437, sailed from Cadiz on May 30, 1497. He, too, wished to have it believed that he first dis- covered the American Continent, reaching it by way of the Gulf of Mexico ; and he so far succeeded as to secure the honor of giving his name to the continent. He made a second voyage in 1500, visiting Guiana and Venezuela; and upon a third voyage, in 1501, he sailed as far south as La Plata and Patagonia. Sir Humphrey Gilbert's expedition, consisting of five ships and two- hundred and fifty men, sailed from Plymouth, England, on June 11,. 1583 ; arrived at St. John's, Newfoundland, and there set up the English standard. In 1607 Sir John Gilbert, with a fleet of war-ships, arrived, at the mouth of the Kennebec River. These several discoveries and occupations of the Cabots and the Gilberts constituted what England maintained as her right to certain territories in North America, and tO' the fisheries upon the coasts. But the French, meanwhile, had been prosecuting enterprises of a more practical and useful character, mainly at private cost ; for the kings of France, while lavish of titles, granted little material aid to- projects for colonization. It is related that, in the beginning of the sixteenth century, expeditions for the cod-fishery and whale-fishery, going forth from Normandy and. Brittany, occupied the fishing-grounds of the New World, and that some of them entered the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and reached the Acadiani shores. Among these adventurers were Jean Denys of Honfleur, who in 1506, with his cargo of fish, took home charts of the coasts; and Thomas. Aubert of Dieppe, "a hardy fisherman," who, in 1508, carried to France some Indians, whom he exhibited to " the curious and eager crowds." In 1517 a large number of French vessels were employed in fishing at the mouth of the river St. Lawrence ; and there remains the tradition of the efforts of the Baron de Lery to colonize Acadia in 1518,. when, his voyage being protracted by adverse winds, and their food' giving out, he was compelled to land upon Sable Island some cattle and. ^ Appendix A. CARTIER AND POUTRINCOVRT. 2'J swine, whose offspring saved from starvation some of the unfortunate men whom the Marquis de La Roche abandoned there in 1598. Jacques Cartier made his first voyage to the Bay Chaleur in 1534 : in 153s he ascended the St. Lawrence to Quebec, and he continued his explorations of the country until his return to France in 1542. In 1540 Frangois de La Roque, Sieur de Roberval, "a vahant soldier and an able statesman," was appointed Governor- General of the newly discovered country. He arrived in Quebec in 1542 ; but the King requiring his aid in the war that year renewed with Germany, he was recalled to France. It was not until 1549 that the state of affairs at home permitted Roberval to return to Canada. He departed on his second voyage, which promised happy results. But it ended in disaster, — when, or in what manner, no one ever knew. The times continued generally unpropitious for colonizing projects, nor was any further venture made until the futile voyage of the Marquis de La Roche, in 1598. This was followed by the more successful efforts of Jean Biencourt, Baron de Poutrincourt, the distinguished founder of Port Royal, and De Monts, in 1604, which resulted in the permanent though often disturbed establishments at Port Royal, Grand Pr6, and Beau Bassin, and whence came, for the most part, the ancestors of the now flourishing Acadian communities in the counties of Yarmouth and Digby. CHAPTER II. Mr. Campbell's Claims to Infallibility examined. — Boundaries of Yarmouth County. — Lakes. — Pubnico : Origin of Name, — Marsh and Meadow Lands. — Climate. — Wild Game. — John MacMunn discovers Woodcock. — Acadia : Origin and Meaning of Name. — Champ- Iain's Visit to Yarmouth Harbor in 1604. — Did not describe Mud-flats as " Meadows." — Eel-grass, a Submarine Plant. — Old Limits of Acadia. UNDER date of Jan. 30, 1886, Mr. Campbell, writing to "The Yarmouth Herald," ' intimates that in the highly interesting series of letters Mr. Cameron is writing for " The Halifax Herald," he has not credited to the "History of Yarmouth" "the leading facts bearing on the U Entremont family collected on many long journeys taken for the express purpose of gathering information on that as well as on all other subjects in my History of the County." Other readers of Mr. Cameron's letters have found there nothing to sustain Mr. Campbell's grievance, and some of them are at a loss to know what information is given in Mr. Campbell's History to have occasioned more than a single journey to Pubnico. Mr. Campbell cannot, at any rate, complain that his History is not given sufficient prominence in these notes, and their appearance may give him room to doubt that, " although it is [as Mr. Campbell puts it] now ten years since that History was published, no fact, as therein stated, has ever yet been successfully questioned." Some of these " facts,'' selected- in the order of their occurrence in the pages of Mr. Campbell's History, are made subjects for comment in this chapter. Page i. — "The present County of Yarmouth has seen several changes as regards its limits." A misstatement meets us at the threshold. The boundaries and limits of the County of Yarmouth remain to-day as originally constituted. ' Appendix Aa. YARMOUTH LAKES. 29 There have been no changes since it was set off from Shelburne as a separate county in 1784. Page 2. — "The south-western shore is washed by the waters of the Atlantic and the Bay of Fundy." " The Seal Island, commonly called the elbow of the Bay of Fundy." No part of the shores of Yarmouth County is within the limits of the Bay of Fundy, nor would any geographer style the Seal Islands the " elbow " of the Bay of Fundy. This error Mr. Campbell has borrowed from Haliburton's History of Nova Scotia, and it is an instance of Sam Slick's romancing quality. The Seal Islands form a group, and the Bay of Fundy lies within a line drawn from Brier Island to Grand Manan. Page 2. — " There are nearly one hundred lakes, upwards of ninety of which have been fully explored : many of them are very beautiful, reminding one who has seen both of well-known English scenes." It would be hard to name one of the " one hundred lakes" which has not been a hundred times fully explored ; and it is mere pedantry to compare them with " well-known English scenes." Haliburton's History^ referring to the Yarmouth lakes in 1828, says, "Eighty have been already explored." Mr. Campbell has added ten to the number as an achievement of the next half-century. But upon Church's county map,, published in 1864, at least a hundred and twenty-five lakes may be counted; and an article in "The Yarmouth Herald" of June, 1881, states the number at two hundred and forty-eight. Page 3. — " Pubnico, a corruption of the Indian Bogbumkook. Argyle, or Abuptic (Indian, Pobbobteek). Salmon River (Indian, Ponamagotty) ." Bogbumkook, Pobbobteek, and Ponamagotty differ from any Indian orthography usually met with. Pubnico is probably derived from the. Indian Pauquunkauke, meaning, land from which the trees have been removed to fit it for cultivation. The old French spelling is Fombon- coup or Poboncoup, from which the transition to Pubnico is easy. Bon coup is good French. Perhaps there may be an accounting for the first, syllable that will give to the name Pubnico an origin wholly French. Page 3. — "The Yar (river), commonly called the Yarmouth, on. which stands the county town, is somewhat larger than the Chebogue." 30 MARSHES AND MEADOWS. There is no authority for the statement that the river at the head of Yarmouth Harbor was ever called the Yar, from the river in England of that name. The only name it has ever borne is that of Cape Fourchu River, and perhaps from the same reason that our cape was called Cape Fourchu, from its forked configuration. The river itself is forked, — the eastern branch leading past Milton, Hebron, and Ohio, nearly to Lake George ; the western branch leading through the " Salt-Pond " Dike to " Chipman's Corner," and there, originally perhaps, connect- ing at high tide with the sea-water flowing into Chegoggin River at a point now known as Chegoggin Dike. The " County Town " stands, not upon the river, but upon the lands adjoining Yarmouth Harbor. Page 4. — " In the opinion of competent judges, a comparatively small portion of the land is capable of profitable cultivation." No competent judge would pronounce this opinion, even with Mr. Campbell's qualifying phrase. The profits of cultivation depend upon the demand for the products of the soil. With an open market in the seaports of Massachusetts, Yarmouth-County farmers can success- fully compete with those of New England, and a free interchange of products would be mutually advantageous. Page 5 . — " There are considerable tracts of fair marsh-lands in the county, about five hundred acres of which are diked, producing heavy crops of hay." The diked lands alone exceed one thousand acres. But more valu- able than these are the thousands of acres of salt marsh-lands border- ing upon the Chebogue, Tusket, and Abuptic Rivers. Mr. Campbell makes no mention of the numerous and extensive tracts of fresh-water meadow-lands upon the Salmon and Tusket Rivers and their various branches, reaching almost from the head of tide-water to the Digby- County line. The value of these meadow-lands will be better realized when the Western Counties Railway begins to send off its branches in an easterly and north-easterly direction ; for then the farmers in the interior will have access to markets from which they are now debarred, and for the want of which a large proportion of the best lands in the county now lie idle. Page 7. — "The climate is humid and very variable, . . . and CLIMATE AND TEMPERATURE. 3 1 healthy above the average. . . . The mercury seldom falls below zero in the winter, or rises above 80° during the summer. Every few years the mercury may descend to five or six below ; but the mean annual temperature, day and night, is 48°." This paragraph does not fully describe the climate nor the tempera- ture of the' county. It might, to some extent, apply to the town of Yarmouth, situate immediately upon the Atlantic coast, and under the influence of the sea-breezes and ocean-fogs of the summer, and of the Gulf Stream in the winter months. It is very rarely that the mercury falls to zero upon the sea- coast of Yarmouth County; while in the interior, ten miles or more from the sea, the temperature is lower in the winter and much higher in the summer months ; and the ocean-fogs, which owe their origin to the Gulf Stream, and hover about the coast with the prevailing southerly winds of July and August, extend only a few miles from the sea. The ocean-fogs have no unhealthy influence where they do prevail. Page 7. — Mr. Campbell adduces instances of the remarkable health and longevity of two Yarmouth-County families. He might have referred to another quality. Large families were the rule in the olden time. Dudley Porter, of Chegoggin, had twenty-two children, and James Doucette, of "Tusket Forks," twenty-nine children.' Mr. Campbell refers also to Paul and Simon D'Entremont, the one aged ninety, the other now ninety-seven, as instances of robust old age. It is narrated of Levi, son of Paul D'Entremont, that French and English mingled promiscuously in his ordinary conversation. Once, when chopping wood before his door, he is said to have thus warned some idlers standing near him : " Quand je coupe du bois, I want nobody autour de moi ; car si la hache slip out my hands, might kill somebody." Page 8. — " It is a curious fact that the English woodcock is rapidly increasing. . . . Civilization has well-nigh banished several valuable species (of game) from the county. The days are gone by when a local merchant can send ninety-five moose- skins to the Boston market, as one did a hundred years ago." As the settlement of the county advanced, and the original forests ^ Appendix B. 32 FIELD-GAME AND FOREST-GAME. disappeared, the moose naturally retired to the interior, where they are still quite numerous, though not sought for food as they were a hundred years ago. On the other hand, the enthusiastic and accom- plished sportsman, and the pursuit of woodcock, are developments of a high order of civihzation. The presence of woodcock to-day does not prove that they were not here in equal numbers a hundred years ago. It does prove that citizen John MacMunn, who, soon after he joined our community in 1853, first discovered the existence of wood- cock in our fields, has, in his maturer years, had leisure for frequent visits to their haunts with dog and gun. A writer, in 1787, on "The Present State of Nova Scotia," who will be quoted more at length in a subsequent chapter, says of the moose, " Their amazing numbers we may in some degree estimate from those killed last winter : in one settlement alone they amounted to at least four thousand." So we see that a hundred years ago the moose were also hunted for their skins, like the buffalo on the Western prairies in more recent years, and with the same results. The Indians were wiser ; for of them it is recorded, "They were careful not to exterminate any species of game." Page 9. — "In 1621, Acadia (or 'Cadia,' or ' Acadie,' as with vary- ing limitations that term was applied by the French) . . . was granted to Sir William Alexander, who gave to Acadia the name Nova Scotia." Some of the younger readers of Campbell's History may, perhaps, have never seen it stated that the name L' Acadie, formerly applied by the French, or Acadia, by the English, to Nova Scotia, was derived from the Micmac word acadie, nor its meaning explained. It occurs in the Indian names of many places ; as, for instance, in Chibbenaira^/i?, Shubenafaa'zV, Txacadie, Chicabena^a^/^, etc., in the central and east- ern parts of the Province, and in the name of a place lying north-east of Tusket Forks, called by the Indians, 'S>\m.nacadie. Mr. Campbell's \n^\zx^" Soonecaty,^^ op p. 20, may be the same word in his orthog- raphy corresponding with Ponamagotty, his corruption of Ponomacadie. 'SoMVi.acadie is to be found also in Cape Breton, on the south side of Little Bras d'Or Lake ; and there is '^tnacadie on the north shore of Bras d'Or Lake. CHEGOGGIN MARSH. 33 The frequent recurrence in Micmac geographical names of acadie, or syllables its equivalent in sound, led the French, in the seventeenth century, to give to the whole country, from the Kennebec to the Gulf and River St. Lawrence, the name L' Acadie. Fr. Eugene Vetromile, in his little book on the Abnakis, or the Aborigines of Acadia, says, " The word Acadie is Indian. Its origin and its meaning have always been a subject of investigation among the antiquaries, who generally admit it to be an Indian word, though they do not fix its meaning. Some of them have ventured interpretations, which, however, they abandoned after further consideration. I. was at one time led to resolve Acadie into the two Abnaki words, aki, adie (land of dogs). Yet, after more recent investigation, I consider it more natural to trace it to the Micmac word academ (we dwell), or tedlacadem (where we dwell), that is, our village." It would seem, therefore, that the signification of acadie might be accepted to be a habitation, or dwelling-place, whether of fish, animals, or plants. Fr. Vetromile, quoting Charlevoix, says, " Acadia extended from the Penobscot River to Canseau, and thence to Gaspt5, Bay Chaleur, gashpe being an Indian word signifying the end." He adds that, "Acadia, thus defined, was possessed by only two Indian nations, the Etchimins and the Micmacs. The Etchimins occupied the waters of the Penob- scot, St. Croix, and St. John Rivers, and the most part of the shores of the Bay of Fundy ; and the Micmacs the rest of the territory, and even the southern and western coasts of Newfoundland." Page 12. — "It is certainly a highly flattering account of our mud- flats to describe them as meadows, and as rendering the place very agreeable. No doubt, to a casual visitor in the spring of the year, and when as yet the long, fresh green eel-grass was undisturbed and serried by the keels of vessels and the hoe of the clam-digger, it would present a much more pleasing object than it does now." Mr. Campbell here appears to have allowed his imagination to lead him astray ; for when Champlain refers to " une petite riviere, toute efivironnee de prairies" he evidently means the western branch of the Cape Fourchu River, above the " Salt-Pond " Dike, at that time proba- bly connecting with the stream running through Chegoggin Marsh, and 34 THE CLOVEN CAPE. which, at low tide, or at ordinary high tide, would present the appear- ance of " a little river surrounded by meadows." There is good geological evidence, too, that the Chegoggin River at one time had its outlet through what is now known as the " Salt-Pond," for it would be difficult otherwise to account for the deep channel inside of the dike, or the channel below the dike connecting at " The Crotch " with the main channel of Yarmouth Harbor. The mud-flats Mr. Campbell speaks of are a distinguishing feature of Yarmouth Harbor, and, no doubt, have not much changed since Champlain saw them when there were no "keels " to " serry" the eel-grass, for the canoe of the Micmac carried no keel. Eel-grass is one of those rare plants which grow and blossom entirely beneath the surface of the water. It is not visible to the eye unless when floating over it, nor does it flourish upon those parts of the flats which are exposed at low tide. It is, therefore, no obstacle to the "hoe "of the clam-digger," nor can it be confounded with the growth Champlain saw in May, 1604, and recorded as one of the attractions of Yarmouth Harbor. Page 13. — "Jean de Laite says, 'Acadia is of a triangular form, and stretches from east to west between the harbors of Campseau and Cap Fourchu.' " Canseau, now commonly spelled Canso, is said to have derived its name from the French navigator Canse, and eau (water) . The French speUing, Campseau, suggests that the harbor was so called because it was a common rendezvous for vessels. Page 13. — "It is difficult not to believe that Ingogon and the ' Cloven Cape ' (the first translation we meet with of Cap Fourchu) are not Chegoggin and Yarmouth Cape." The " Cloven Cape " was that one called by Champlain Cap Fendu, now Cape Split, at the entrance to the Basin of Mines; and the "Ingogon" is now better known as the River Avon at the head of the Basin of Mines. Page 14. — " M. 'Beauharnois, Governor of Canada, in a letter to the French King, dated Oct. 10, 1731, says Acadie, according to its ancient limits, should only be that part of the large peninsula which is comprised and bounded by a straight line from Cape Camceau to Cap Fourchu.'' ACADIAN LIMITS. 35 This letter of M. Beauharnois, if correctly quoted, conveyed his view that L'Acadie was the territory between Capes Canseau and Fourchu, ex- cluding Cape Breton, New Brunswick, and Maine to the Penobscot, which were part of the country then known as L'Acadie. A line drawn from Cape Canseau to Cape Fourchu would barely touch the south-western part of Lunenburg County, and leave south of it about one-half the area now comprised by the counties of Queens, Shelburne, and Yarmouth. The limits, as defined by Charlevoix, have been already stated. On p. 3, "Nova Scotia Archives," is a copy of a letter, dated January, 1715, with this heading: "Instructions for Mr. Peter Capoon, Commissr., and Ensign Thomas Button, to proclaim His Majesty, ■ King George, att ye several ports of Mines, Shekenecto, River St. John's, Pasmacody, Penopscot, in the CoUony of Nova Scotia, or L'Acadie." The letter directed them "with ye Sloop Caulfield to proceed on the said service and to proclaim His Majesty King George in ye best manner You can." Another authority which may be quoted is that of Paul Mascarene, a Huguenot, who was born in the South of France in 1684, was educated at Geneva, and afterward went to England where he was naturalized in 1706. In 1710 he came to America, and assisted at the taking of Port Royal. In 1740 he was appointed Lieutenant- Governor of Annapolis, and became Administrator of the Government until the arrival of Gov. Cornwallis in 1749. In 1720 he wrote a description of Nova Scotia with suggestions for its settlement and defence, which was transmitted to the Lords of Trade, London. His letter begins as follows : " The Boundaries having as yet not been agreed on between the British and French Governments in these parts as stipulated in the roth Article of the Treaty of Utrecht, no just ones can be settled in this description. The extent of the Province ■ of Nova Scotia, or Acadie, according to the notions the British have of it, is from the limits of the Government of Massachusetts Bay, in New England, or the Kennebec River, about the 44th degree of North Latitude, to Cape De Roziers on the South side of the entrance of the River St. Lawrence, in the 49th degree of the same Latitude ; and its breadth extends from the Eastermost part of the Island of Cape Breton to the South side of the River St. Lawrence. Out of this large tract. 3D INDIAN PERSECUTION. the French had yielded to them at the above Treaty, the Islands situated at the mouth of the River St. Lawrence, and in the Gulf of the same, with the Island of Cape Breton." These descriptions indicate with sufficient exactness the then eastern boundary of the Government of Massachusetts Bay, and it would have been better for the interests of the Maritime Provinces had Great Britain never relinquished her claim to that portion of Maine east of the Kennebec. Page 14. — " In the month of December, 1735, the Brigt. Baltimore put into Chebogue Harbor with only one woman on board when found. All other persons who had been on board were supposed either to have been lost, or murdered by the Indians." Haliburton says that, " according to the story of the woman, Mrs. ' Buckler, the Baltimore sailed from Dublin, Ireland, for Annapolis, Maryland, with sixty or seventy convicts, who mutinied, killed the crew, and afterward each other, Mrs. Buckler only remaining alive. But her story was confused and contradictory, and she was supposed to have been concerned in the crime." There is no ground for Mr. Campbell's suggestion that these people were murdered by the Indians. The Micmacs of Nova Scotia, natu- rally of a peaceable disposition, have never been charged with a crime so despicable as the murder of a distressed or shipwrecked crew. They were very slow to learn the practices of the English freebooters, who then infested American waters.' In 1 744 the Governor of Massachusetts offered premiums for Indian scalps, — a hundred pounds currency for that of a male Indian of twelve years or upwards, fifty pounds for the scalp of a woman or child, and for a captive five pounds higher than for a scalp. In October, 1749, Gov. Cornwallis, by the advice of his Council, ordered " the Commanding Officers at Annapolis Royal, Mines, and all others within the Province, to annoy, distress, and destroy the Indians everywhere ; " and he offered a premium of " ten guineas for every Indian killed or taken prisoner, to be paid upon producing such savage taken, or his scalp (as is the custom of America) if killed." Here was refined barbarity. ^ Appendix C. CHAPTER III. The Micmacs. — Acadian Settlement at Chegoggin. — Traditional Conflict at Tusket Laltes — Haliburton's Version. — Grant of Yarmouth Township. — Origin of the Name. — Privations of Early Settlers. — Efficacy of " Oiling." — Shares of Lands varied in Area — Always exceeded Six Hundred and Sixty-six Acres. — Division of Bunker's Island. — Ranald MacKinnon not concerned in Expulsion of Acadians. — ■ The Hersey Family. A SUBSEQUENT chapter will be devoted to the Aborigines of Nova Scotia, and incidentally to the Algonquin family of Indians, to which the Micmacs belonged. Meanwhile, therefore, other than general references to the Indians and their language will be elsewhere omitted. Page 17. — "Sixty years ago, in the memory of the late Abram Lent, they [the Indians] were sufficiently numerous to meet their friend and pastor, the late Abb6 Sigogne, at Sainte-Anne's Chapel, Eel Brook, in a body of one hundred and fifty at a time." Of course, Mr. Lent, who was a conscientious and truthful man, did not mean to say that the one hundred and fifty Indians lived in Yarmouth County. But the Indians were Roman CathoHcs, and they had their festival occasions, when, from Shelburne, Yarmouth, and Digby Counties, they used to gather at Eel Brook as a central point, to meet their faithful friend, the Abb6 Sigogne. Page 21. — "Paid Indon Peter for 16"' Mos Mete I |rt'. . . • ^ " 2 " for i4|lbs mos c i^ ... 1.9 19 lbs of Mosmet ... 2.4^ yell's of mos meet c 3 copers per ilb, i.o| Each of those items illustrates a curious orthographical variation." These "orthographical variations " may have amused their original deviser, like the " thirty out of fifty varieties '' of Cape Fourchu upon 38 ACADIAN VILLAGES. p. ii; but it taxes one's credulity to believe that eitlier collection is compiled literally from early manuscripts. Page 21. — "There is but little known of the Chegoggin settlement." Mr. Campbell omits to state that this site of a mythical French settlement at Chegoggin was at the head of the tide, and accessible by canoes, or the flat-bottomed boats used in those days, from either Chegoggin or Yarmouth Harbors. Hither the Atlantic tides flowed in those days; and here the "little river surrounded by meadows," spoken of by Champlain, had its confluence with the fresh waters of the Chegoggin River. Here, too, at the head of the marsh where the salt and fresh water met at the first falls, was the place most favorable to the capture of fish with which all the rivers then abounded, and it therefore became a famous Indian camping-ground. Page 22. — Mr. Campbell here favors the reader with half a page from Dr. Parish's manuscripts which formed the foundation of his " History." More frequent literal quotations from the same source would have been acceptable in place of the mutilations so often met with. Strange, that, with such a model, we get so little entertainment from Mr. Campbell's History of Yarmouth. Dr. Johnson said of Goldsmith, " Nullum quod tetigit non ornavit." Substituting ti-tincavit for the last word, we have an apt motto for the foot of p. 200 of Mr. Campbell's book. Pages 21 and 22. — "There is but little known of the Chegoggin settlement. The fact, however, is well authenticated, and may even yet be attested by the still visible cellars of the old French houses ; . . . the chapel and burying-ground being on the west side of the river." "The Chebogue settlement suffered in the same way as Chegoggin. On the eastern side of the river were the cemetery and chapel." There is neither evidence nor trustworthy tradition of an Acadian chapel at either Chebogue or Chegoggin. Nor, previous to 1755, was there a permanent settlement of any note in the county, except at Pubnico, and possibly at Chebec, now known as Tusket Wedge. An Acadian census of 1 748 gives twenty families at " Peaubom- coup " and twenty-five families at " Tebok," the latter place having been sometimes understood to mean Chebogue. But if at all within the present limits of the county, these twenty-five families were more likely ACADIAN CHAPELS. 39 living at the entrance, or upon the banks of the Tusket and Abuptic Rivers, where there were superior fishing privileges and more extensive marshes. Had there been an Acadian chapel previous to 1755 we would have found it at Pubnico, the oldest and the central settlement, between Chebec on the one side and Ministiguesh (Barrington Passage) on the other. Acadian history records but six Roman-Catholic chapels in 1753, — one at Annapolis, Cobequit, Mines, Canard, and two at Pigiguit ; the population of these districts having been, in 1 748, about ten thousand, and elsewhere in the peninsula of Nova Scotia only twenty-seven hun- dred more ; namely, at Beau Bassin, Chicnecto, Canseau, Chedabucto, and at some small settlements scattered along the eastern and southern coasts, the last estimated at six hundred, all told. What Mr. Campbell describes as old French cellars at Chegoggin are no doubt what remain of excavations made by the Indians for their winter stock of corn and dried fish. These storehouses were five or six feet deep and from five to fifteen feet wide. As a protection against rain and frost, the Indians covered them with poles, dried grass, and sods. Page 23. — This story of a conflict between the French and Eng- lish at Tusket Lakes may serve as a tradition ; but any one famihar with the Tusket River knows that no " boat despatched from an armed vessel" could ascend " Hatfield's Falls " at the foot of Lake Vaughan, three miles below where the scene of the massacre is located. To this day, these falls are not navigable to a ship's boat of any ordinary size. Small, flat-bottomed boats, constructed especially for such service, capable of carrying five or six men, and managed by skilled voyageurs, may be " poled " up the falls, which together are about one- third of a mile in length, and which, during the present century, have been materially "improved," to facilitate the downward passage of rafts of timber and lumber, and the capture of salmon and alewives on their upward passage. The story is so much better told in Haliburton's History, that Mr. Campbell should have adhered more closely to the original, which reads, "To this spot they the [French] fled for refuge when the 40 ROMANCE OF THE LAKES. sentence of general transportation was passed upon them in 1755- But even the soHtude and seclusion of this spot did not shelter them from the pursuit of their enemies. A boat, despatched from an armed vessel in the mouth of the Tusket, and guided by a native pilot, ascended the river and its chain of lakes, to invade this asylum, and advanced within a mile of the village. At a narrow strait, where the river is contracted to twenty or thirty yards in width, and the umbrageous branches of the sombre pines overarched the pass and enveloped it in shade, an ambuscade had been formed by the fugi- tives ; and the unsuspecting crew, surprised under the very muzzles of their assailants' guns, received a most desperate discharge of mus- ketry, which either killed or wounded the whole party. This petty triumph, though it might gratify revenge, and procrastinate their cap- tivity, only served to render their fate more certain ; and they were at last compelled to fly. Some escaped to the woods, and, becoming domiciled with the Indians, never after wished to return to the haunts and habits of white men ; but the greater part were captured, and transported with their families to New England. After the pacifica- tion of 1 763, they were permitted to return ; and the Acadians of Clare, Eel Brook, and Pubnico are chiefly descendants of these people." On p. 9 of his introductory chapter, Mr. Campbell says the notice of Yarmouth and Argyle was written by Dr. Farish, and inserted without alteration in Haliburton's History of Nova Scotia. Here, then, is a divided responsibility for the unaccountable statement that the Acadians of Clare, Eel Brook, and Pubnico are chiefly descended from the former inhabitants of a little village at the head of Lake Vaughan (now John Raynard's homestead), as well as for that other statement in Haliburton's History that, "At Pubnico the Acadians and Indians subsisted for many years on eels" though the latter may have been an interpolation practised by some mischievous imp, and unwittingly published by Haliburton. But the story loses some of its rom.antic features in a common opinion that no such massacre occurred beneath the " umbrageous branches of the sombre pines." It is true that a war-ship lying at the Tusket Islands despatched an armed boat for an expedition up the river, which boat YARMOUTH TOWNSHIP. 4I did not return to the ship ; but a common opinion prevailed that the boat's crew decided to desert, and under cover of the night made their way to a Cape Cod fishing-craft also lying at anchor among the islands ; that the crew with their boat, arms, and ammunition were taken on board the " fisherman," and carried to a Massachusetts outport, where the crew made good their escape. Pages 29 and 30. — " This second grant of the whole township (100,000 acres), recorded on Jany. 8th, 1760, is immediately followed by another, recorded on the same day, granting to several parties men- tioned in the preceding grant of the whole, 27,000 acres. I confess when I read these several grants, and others with them, I had very great difficulty in reconciling them. But I have come to the conclusion that as grants cost nothing to take out, they were taken out at random, or on speculation." These speculations may be set at rest by the simple statement that the two grants, together 127,000 acres, were intended to cover the entire area of Yarmouth Township (except waters, marshes, reservations for highways, etc.) shown to be by the final grant of 1767, 129,638 acres. The grant of 27,000 acres, no doubt, covered the lands lying between "Hersey's Branch" and the main Tusket River, now known as the "third division," and containing, as shown by the plan of 1787, 29,075 acres. Pages 30 and 31. — "The name of the township first appears in the grant made Sept., 1759, in which it is provided that the tract of land hitherto known as Cape Forchue, shall be ' a township to be called here- after and known by the name of the Township of Yarmouth.' This fact is interesting, as it affords, from the circumstance that about 100 out ot the 133 grantees of 1759 were inhabitants of New England, a presump- tion that the name was suggested by those who were already acquainted or identified with the Township and Town of Yarmouth, in Massachu- setts." The county names, Halifax, Colchester, Cumberland, Guysborough, Kings, Queens, Annapolis, Digby, and Shelburne, give sufficient indica- tion of their English origin, as does Yarmouth that it was named from a titled personage, friend of the reigning monarch. It is, therefore, an absurd suggestion that the name came from Yarmouth, Mass., a town 42 EARLY SETTLERS. never of any great importance unless from the fact that Joshua Sears, Boston's wealthiest citizen " before the war," was born there, as well as Capt. Asa Eldridge who commanded Vanderbilt's famous steam- yacht " North Star " when the commodore went on his cruise across the Atlantic. The little village on Barnstable Bay did indeed have the additional honor of sending here three noble men, whose numerous descendants have always occupied high rank among our most useful and valued citi- zens ; but Lemuel, Theophilus, and James Crosby did not come here until 1777, while the township was named eighteen years before. Then, on p. 3, Mr. Campbell says that the Cape Fourchu River the English named the Yar, from which, he would there have it inferred, the county and town derived their name. Page 34. — "The infant colony (during the first winter) was reduced to the most dire distress. They had brought oxen, cows, calves, hogs, and horses with them ; but . . . these only added to their distress. The season was exceptionally severe, the ground remaining covered with snow four feet deep for some months. Before succor arrived, many had suffered beyond description from the extreme rigor of the season and the scarcity of provisions. Twenty-seven of the horned cattle died of hunger and cold. The others were killed for food. A curious confirmation of this tradition is found in an old ledger. In the spring of the next year, one person sent over eleven hides to the Boston market. ... In the early spring, some were reduced to the necessity of try- ing to obtain sustenance from the hides of the animals they had killed and eaten. So extreme were their sufferings that one or two died of want." Sealed Landers, Ebenezer Elhs, Moses Perry, Jonathan Crosby, and Joshua Burgess came, with their famihes, in June, 1761. EHshama Eldridge and seven other families came later in the summer. They brought with them 6 oxen, 50 cows and calves, and 40 hogs. If there be any foundation for the above story, which may well be doubted, the first settlers were men of ample means ; for according to John Crawley's return to the government of the stock at Yarmouth and Chebogue in the second winter following, 1 763-1 764, Moses Perry had 9 cattle, 13 sheep, and 6 hogs ; Joshua Burgess had 7 cattle and 8 hogs ; Jonathan TOWNSHIP GRANTS. 43 Crosby had 2 cattle and 2 hogs; Ebenezer Ellis had 10 cattle, 12 sheep, and 3 hogs ; EHshama Eldridge had 7 cat-Ue and 2 hogs ; and Sealed Landers, the miller, had 8 catde, but only one hog. Page 35. — "One of the party confessed in after years to a friend whose testimony is trustworthy that the sweetest meal she ever ate was made from the tail of a hide, which she cut off and cooked." The term "confessed" suggests that Mr. Campbell has overlooked the fact that epicures still often commence I heir feasts with ox-tail soup. Page 35. — "It is an uniform tradition that one of the men, half- starved and reckless of the result, ate so freely of biscuit, that he only just lived, even after laborious rubbing and oiling." Have Yarmouth physicians generally adopted this concise form to express the administering of castor-oil? Page 39. — "After eighteen months had elapsed and nothing had been done, on the 25th Sept., 1761, the Council appointed a com- mittee for dividing the forfeited lands in the Township of Yarmouth." After the expulsion of the French, the Nova Scotia Government were anxious to colonize the Province with British subjects, excluding Roman Catholics ; and accordingly immigrants were invited from the older American colonies. Hence the grants of 1759 and 1760, which becoming inoperative, a final grant was passed in 1767. But the terms of the grant were never enforced : the rent of " one shilling per annum for each 50 acres " was not exacted, nor were the conditions of enclosure and cultivation fulfilled from that day to this. Many thousands of acres covered by the grant of 1767 have never been improved nor enclosed, but are still held by the heirs of the original grantees, or by persons who have obtained their title through purchases from the grantees or their heirs. Page 40. — "A share consisted of 666 acres ; and whenever we use the word, it is in that sense." And whenever it is thereafter in that sense used, a blunder is repeated. The total area of Yarmouth Township was found to be 153,107 acres; and deducting the area of the lakes, rivers, marshes, reservations for highways, etc., there remained for division 129,638 acres. There were 128 applicants for lands; and to make an equitable 44 SHARES OF LAND. allotment, it was found necessary to make the number of shares 149, exclusive of William Tory's grant. The government reserved four of these shares for church and school purposes. John MacKinnon had 4 shares ; eight grantees had each 2 shares ; thirty had i^- share ; seventy had i share ; nineteen had each half a share ; and there was one half-share left unappropriated. 129,638 acres, divided into 149 shares, give 870 acres to a share. But as the lands varied in quality, and as the lots varied in size, ranging from less than 100 to more than 500 acres in area, in order to maintain, so far as was practicable, an equitable division in point of value, the number of acres to a share varied. Probably no two individuals received the same quantity of land. Some, entitled to one share, received in the neighborhood of 1,000 acres, while others received only about 750 acres to a share. The grantees of one share generally received four lots, or more, situated in different parts of the township. For instance, Abigail Robbins, widow of Benjamin, a grantee of one share, had one lot, 116 acres, extending from shore to shore across the end of Chebogue Point ; another lot midway between Arcadia Bridge and Salmon River ; another on the " old Kempt Road," and another overlooking the scene of the " ambus- cade " at Tusket Lakes, — together 916 acres. It is easy to see how Mr. Campbell fell into the error of describing a share of land in Yarmouth Township as 666 acres, an error three or four times repeated in the course of his book. " His Majesty's Royal Instructions " directed the establishment of townships to consist of 100,000 acres; and in applying these instruc- tions to Yarmouth, it was proposed to divide 100,000 acres into 150 shares (666f per share), that being approximately the number of shares required to satisfy the claimants at the time. But after the boundaries of the township had been established, they were, by admeasurement, found to include 153,107 acres, when the division proceeded as described. It may be Mr. Campbell partly followed Haliburton, who, speaking of Yarmouth, says in his History, "On 7th April, 1767, a general grant of the township was passed in 150 shares of 666 acres each, with reservations, etc., and reserving a space of 300 feet from high-water RANALD MACKINNON. 45 mark in the harbors of Cape Fourchu and Chebogue for the use of the fisheries." Page 40. — "The committee . . . were evidently of opinion that the future town should be on what has always since been known as Bunker's Island, and, as far as they could, they provided that it should be so, by restricting the size of each lot to one acre." Whoever divided Bunker's Island did not " restrict the size of each lot to one acre." The area of the island was 34^ acres, and was divided into 24 lots, varying in size from three-quarters of an acre to two and three-quarters acres, which were granted to 19 individuals. Some of the grantees received more than one lot ; for instance, to Hezekiah Bunker were granted four lots containing 7^ acres. Page 41. — "They reserved all the islands in the rivers for the use of the fisheries ; and discretion for themselves to modify their general plan." This suggestion of the committee was not adopted. All the islands were granted to individuals, as may be seen on consulting the township plans at the office of the registrar of deeds. Page 47. — "Capt. Ranald MacKinnon served in the regular army with distinction, and afterwards in this Province, with energy, in com- pleting the expulsion of the French." This paragraph inaplies that Ranald MacKinnon was concerned in the expulsion of the Acadians in 1755. He had nothing to do with that disgraceful affair. He came first to America in June, 1757, with his regiment, the " Montgomery Highlanders ; " and he was engaged during the five years following in New York and Pennsylvania, as will be shown later on. By a deed dated at Yarmouth, June 27, 1764, Ranald MacKinnon " gives and bequeaths to Joseph Moulaison 250 acres of the lands he now possesseth for his proper use and benefit, including in the same one-half my cleared lands, so long, as he or his shall continue to live on the same." Joseph Moulaison was one of the Acadians who decHned Winslow's invitation ; and it would rather seem, therefore, that Ranald MacKinnon did what he could to re-establish Joseph in the land of his forefathers, and perhaps to re-instate him in a property once their own.' ^ Appendix D. 46 THE HERSEY FAMILY. Page 52. — " David Hersey, or, as it afterwards became corrupted, Hassey, lived near to Ephraim Cook, who built a saw and a grist mill, the former of which was managed by Hassey ; and was long afterwards known as ' Hassey's Mill.' " The name Hersey has never been changed to Hassey, as this para- graph implies. The Herseys form a numerous family in Yarmouth, and they spell their name Hersey. It may appear Hassey in some of the early records, just as Phenias Durgey and Binjman Darling appear in the documents on pp. 41, 42. It will be noticed on p. 113 that David Hersey came to Yarmouth from Plymouth, Mass., in 1763. The Herseys, no doubt, were among the " Pilgrim Fathers " who arrived at Massachusetts Bay in 1620 and the following years. One of the first settlers of Hingham, Mass., in 1635, was William Hersey; and English history records that one of the name came over to England with William the Conqueror in 1066. The Herseys to-day continue to be one of the prominent families at Hingham. Nearly a hundred years ago, a Dr. Hersey gave the money to build at Hingham the " Derby Academy," still a prosperous institution ; and John A. Andrew, the " War Governor " of Massachusetts, married a Miss Hersey of Hingham, and at one time lived there, occupying the "old Hersey House on the hill," near the steamboat-wharf Their son, John F. Andrew, a Boston millionnaire, and a lawyer by profession, was, in 1885, a State senator, and in 1886 the Democratic candidate for the governorship of Massachusetts. Daniel Hersey of Hingham, born in 1786, was the first Grand Master in Massachusetts of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. He died in 1858. The order was known in England in the seventeenth century, and was introduced into the United States in 18 19 by Thomas Wildey, born in London in 1782. The first lodge was organized at Baltimore by five Enghshmen. It was called Washington Lodge No. i, and Thomas Wildey was the first Grand Master. The Odd Fellows in the United States now number over 530,000 ; the expenditures for relief, in 1884, were ^2,176,269, the receipts of the subordinate lodges amounting to CHAPTER IV. Eaily Roads between Chebogue and Yarmouth. — Why Chebogue was first settled. — Puritan Observances and Industry of the Preachers. — Why Acadians were expelled. — Samuel S. Poole, M. P.P. — Survey and Plan of Township in 1786. — Trade Prac- tices in Early Times —Free Trade the Rule.— John MacKinnon's Advice to an In- former. — Henry Alline, a Xew-Light Preacher. — His Views and Eccentricities. — Alexander Bain. — His Relation to a Distinguished Highland Family. — Heroism of Gillies MacBane at Culloden. — Origin of the Campbells. 'T^HE list of grantees of the land of Yarmouth Township upon -*- p. 56 of Campbell's History contains 127 names (not 132, as stated on p. 57), but the name of Benjamin Ellenwood, jun., is omitted. Of at least 50 of these grantees, there are no descend- ants bearing the name, now (1886) living in the county. A subse- quent chapter will contain a copy of the scheme of division, with the number and area of the lots of land assigned to eacli grantee. Page 57. — "Later on, we shall see that many, from various causes, finally lost their lands." The one chief cause was, that some of the grantees never came forward to claim nor dispose of their lands, which from time to time became occupied by new-comers, or by others who chose to take possession of them. But, as before stated, the conditions of the grants were never enforced, nor did the lands become escheated to the government. Indeed, until i 786, when a survey and plan of the township were made, no grantee knew where the greater part of his lands would be located, and, therefore, could neither occupy nor improve them. Page 59. — "Roads there were none." Campbell's History attaches no date to this remark. In locating the first highways. Sealed Landers's grist-mill was evidently an objective point, for Mr. Landers had displayed uncommon judgment in select- ing the site' for his mill. 48 FIRST HIGHWA YS. Samuel Goldsbury's plans of division of Yarmouth Township, matured in 1787, embodied all the highways established to that date. They include the existing road from Stanwood's Beach, via " Chipman's Corner," Chegoggin, to Milton, and thence southerly to Chebogue Point, with a branch through " Hilton's Head," leading up to the land- ing-place at Kelley's Cove. Although the returns for a road were accepted in 1774, there seems to have been no connection then between the Cove road and the road on the western side of Chebogue River, which was laid down as extending from the bridge at Arcadia 3.S far southerly as the government reservation No. 10, through which it passed to the borders of the marsh opposite the north end of Nickerson's Island. This main thoroughfare was crossed by the road from Starr's to Vickery's Corner, and thence in a straight line along the east side of William Curtis's grant to the Chebogue River. From Starr's Corner it was laid out to the shore of Yarmouth Harbor on John Walker's south line. Upon Goldsbury's plan is also laid down the road from Moody's to Gowen's Corner, and thence in a straight line across the Che- bogue Road to the Salt Marsh. We find there the Wyman Road to Hibbard's Corner crossing the Cove road at this point, and follow- ing Eleazer Hibbard's north hne to the head of the creek. This was designed as a road to Gilfillan's and Bunker's Island. It appears never to have been opened, although a reservation was made for it in 1787; and this observation will apply as well to the extension from Starr's Corner to Yarmouth Harbor ; from Vickery's Corner to the Chebogue River; and from Gowen's Corner to the borders of the Salt Marsh. Page 60. — " The first road laid out in the county ran from the head of the Salt Pond in Chegoggin to Milton Bridge, . .' . through the present town past the Sand Beach and Cove to the corner of Hilton's Road. . . . The second that was laid out claimed precedence ; for it was called 'the -Highway of the Town of Yarmouth,' and extended from William Curtis's house . . . down the west side of Chebogue River, past the Chebogue Burying-Ground and Rocky Nook to Chebogue Point. This was designed to be the great thoroughfare NON-PRESENT ISLAND. 49 of the county. So man proposes, but God disposes. It is not exactly so." The first settlers occupied the shores of Chebogue River because adjoining them were extensive tracts of salt marsh, at once offering winter fodder for their cattle, and because the lands there were better adapted to tillage than those upon Yarmouth Harbor. Hence the Chebogue Road became the first " great thoroughfare." But later comers, Barnard, Bond, Brown, Crosbys, Flint, Goudeys, Haskell, Huntington, Killam, Lovitt, Porter, Rose, Redding, Walker, and others, noting their superior advantages for commercial purposes, settled upon the lands near or adjoining Yarmouth Harbor, and so decided they should be the site for Yarmouth County Town. And yet, the fact remains, that the "road first laid out" was designed to be, as it ultimately became, the main business thoroughfare of Yarmouth. The section of road from Vickery's Corner to the Chebogue Point Road has, for the last sixty years, been maintained in more uniformly good condition than any other highway of equal length in the county. This condition was attained, not from the larger outlay of labor on the Chebogue Road, but from the fact that its easy grades and undulating surface, the nature of the soil which permitted the quick absorption of the rainfall, and the excellent material for road-making of which the soil was composed, combined to render the work of comparatively easy accomplishment and of an enduring character. Page 62. — " Such an institution [for fining the inhabitants for break- ing the sabbath], well enforced in these days, would yield a considerable revenue." That is, if "the institution " were founded upon the observances of the early Puritans of New England. Page 63. — "This looks like a formidable company of preachers for a very small population ; but in all probability there was this likeness to the apostles in all of them, 'they labored with their own hands.' " Since that day, the community would have been better served, and some of the preachers would have fared better, if they had, for a liveU- hood, united the labor of their hands with that of their heads. Page 66. — " This island, called corruptly Nonparison, got its name 'NoN Prison' from this circumstance : At the deportation about 1758, a so SAMUEL SHELDON POOLE. number of Acadians, who had been collected, ready to be taken to Boston, were . . . placed on this island, which was thought to be a safe place. But between wading and swimming, they managed to escape ; and . . . afterwards appropriately named it, in derision, ' Non Prison.' " This island is now called Roberts' Island, and its old appellation was neither Nonparison nor Non Prison, but Non Present. When Prebble came with his ships to carry the prisoners off, they were not to be found. Page 75. — "General information is much needed among them [the French Acadians], and particularly a fair, impartial account of their own history in this Province. As an illustration of this, one of the most intelligent Acadians, a gentleman and a magistrate, writing to me as late as 1872, says, with \}!\t greatest simplicity and child-like confidence in the accuracy of his conviction, that all the French were scattered from the country because they would not take the oath of abjuration against their own Roman-Catholic religion." This intelligent gentleman was evidently better versed in the history of the Acadians, and possessed a more correct knowledge of the true reasons for their expatriation and dispersion, than the Historian of Yarmouth. In 1758, when the Government, by proclamation, invited people from the other colonies to come to Nova Scotia and occupy the lands of the exiled Acadians, one of the articles was to this effect : " That as to Religion, full hberty of conscience is secured to persons of all persuasions. Papists excepted, — to Protestants under what denomination soever, according to their several opinions.'' (See pp. 26 and 28 Campbell's History.) Not until 1783 were the laws repealed which forbade Roman Catholics to build a church or hold pubhc worship in Nova Scotia, — a forced concession to Roman-Catholic refugees from the revolted col- onies and disbanded soldiers who settled in the Province at the close of the American war. Page 84. — " He [Mr. Poole] continued to represent Yarmouth, long after his physical strength was equal to the task. . . . Many amusing stories, more or less true, are yet remembered by the older generations, illustrating the several features of his character." When at length, about 1830, Mr. Poole became through old age dis- DIVISION OF LANDS. 51 qualified for public service, the electors deemed it wise to select another candidate, and Capt. Reuben Clements was chosen. Mr. Poole, how- ever, was unwilling to give way, contested the election with Capt. Clements, and was defeated. But it is related with " more or less " truth, that the old man still claimed the seat by right of long possession, and was so much cast down at the thought of losing it, that, with tears in his eyes, he implored Capt. Clements not to dispossess him; and Capt. Clements, in the goodness of his heart, and with the aquiescence of the electors, retired from the field, and Mr. Poole was returned as member for another term. Mr. Poole was then eighty years old. He died before the end of the term, when Capt. Clements succeeded him. So httle real strife did political contests engender in Yarmouth only half a century ago ! Referring to the instructions (p. 95 Campbell's History) for the final division of the lands, they are not easily understood unless there is an error in the transcript. It seems likely that the word "improved" in the eighth line of the preamble should read unimproved, for then the meaning would be clear. The first clause of the preamble refers to the division of the lands " actually occupied or improved ; " and as there might be conflicting interests, the dividing lines were to be equitably established by " twelve lawful men," duly sworn. The second clause directs that the unimproved lands be " divided by ballot ; " that is, the township having been previously surveyed, and all the lands divided into lots of varying size and quality, the choice of lots was to be deter- mined by a drawing from a ballot-box by the 128 persons or their repre- sentatives, among whom the lands were to be divided, each person being required to select lots in each of the three divisions to make up his quota, equal to the average of 870 acres to a share. P.4GES 95 and 96. — " We have already referred, at some length, to the escheatment of certain lands on the grounds of desertion or non- residence between 1767 and 1787. Similarly, by order of the Supreme Court, in 1797, ten years after the partition of the township, an escheat- ment of 'sundry lots of land belonging to sundry persons respectively in arrears in payment of their shares and proportion of the expense of executing the partition ' was made." 52 DIVISION OF LANDS. Notwithstanding the proceedings so indefinitely detailed on pp. 92-96, no lands of original grantees were "escheated" by order of the government. But they show that the decisions of the Supreme and other courts of Nova Scotia were no more deserving of public respect in the last than they have sometimes been in the present century, — that their decrees were often influenced by personal or political considera- tions ; in fine, that the courts — creatures of the politicians — were only too ready to bow to the controlling power of the day. The apportionment of the lands was not fully completed until 1787, when, after full surveys, a perfect plan of division of the entire lands of the township was executed, copies of which in public offices in Yar- mouth are still the guide in all land transactions. But the proceedings of 1787 were entirely confirmatory of those of 1767, and the names of the grantees upon p. 56 of Campbell's History remain unchanged in the papers accompanying the plans of 1787. Yet it is true that ■certain parties arriving in Yarmouth between 1767 and 1797 made repeated though unsuccessful attempts to dispossess some of the original grantees, and, without purchase, to obtain their lands for themselves. In 1767 the lands had been granted to two classes of persons, — ist, to those actually resident in the township, who had already settled upon the lands near Yarmouth Harbor and the Chebogue River; 2d, to persons who had gained distinction in military, naval, or official service, and who were rewarded with grants of lands ; and the government were disinclined to hsten to proposals to deprive such persons, or their heirs, of lands granted in recognition of patriotic service. Still, it happened, that in making the final surveys in 1786, and in defining the boundaries of the lots in some parts of the township, certain expenses were incurred -which the proprietors were held liable to pay ; and when, after a lapse of ten years, owing to the absence or indifference of a fevvf of the grantees or their representatives, these charges were not liquidated, an order of the Supreme Court was obtained for the public sale of certain lots to the highest bidder. The lands at that day possessed no great value in money ; and the old residents having already all they could use or desired, the new- comers were in some instances enabled to obtain what they wanted at 2. mere nominal price, so low as to be not worth mentioning here. JOHN MACKINNON. S3 Even to-day, there are thousands of acres of unimproved lands in the Township of Yarmouth (not to speak of the county) as good as any hitherto occupied for cultivation, which may be purchased for one dollar an acre, and, indeed, for less when remote from the travelled highways, or in sparsely settled districts of the township, some large tracts being indeed the very lands which the new-comers obtained from the dispos- sessed grantees or their heirs by the Supreme Court process they set in motion, and which have ever since remained a wilderness. Page 97. — "In the year 1764 Walter Sollows built the first vessel that was launched in the county, on Fish Point in Cape Forchue Harbor." Mr. Lawson's Record of Shipping says that it was John Sollows who launched, in 1764, the first vessel built by the English. But, no doubt, many small craft had been built by the French during their earlier occupancy. Walter Sollows was born May 12, 1768. Page 100. — ^"1764. Credeat lox peas %?ik.^ zx\d. past 7-esaits in full for ever. — ^ " 7 " 4. . . . The ruling passion for gain was, how- ever, irresistible in one case, for, on the very next folio, a fresh account was hopefully opened." Mr. Campbell seems to have mistaken the meaning of the terms used in closing the old account. They implied that there should be no further allusion to the items which had led to a disagreement. The ready opening of the new account was evidence, on both sides, of a Christian spirit ; and it seems a harsh judgment to style "a ruling passion for gain " a necessity of their very existence, — ^the frequent interchange of commodities between the settlers of 1764, numbering only about fifty families, and scattered over a wide extent of territory. But little money passed in the trade transactions of 1764, and harmonious co-operation was the rule. Discord came with the introduction of new elements at a much later period. Page ioi. — "Lieutenant Ranald McKinnon, as early as 1766, wa appointed Collector for the Impost, Excise, and Licence Duties for the Townships of Barrington and Yarmouth in the room of John Crawley resigned." Ranald MacKinnon died in 1805. His son. Major John Mac- Kinnon, was afterwards appointed Collector of Customs for Argyle 54 HENRY ALUNE. Township. In those days there was little desire at headquarters in London and Halifax, where returns were made, to hamper the trade of the outports, just struggling into existence, by a rigid exaction of imposts. On the contrary, free trade was the rule ; and the Customs Offices, then under the control of the Home Government from whom appointments emanated, were maintained rather for the purpose of exercising a supervision of the movements of vessels, than for levying taxes upon their owners or patrons, and therefore seizures for smug- gling were infrequent. It is related, that, on one occasion, a Lower- Argyle man called at the Major's office, and, intimating that smuggling was going on in his neighborhood, he inquired of the Major what he would get for watching and giving information. " I will tell you," replied the Major, "what an informer generally gets. The ill-will of his neighbors ; — no thanks from anybody ; — and he may think him- self lucky if he doesn't get a damned good kicking besides." The Major's Highland blood could not brook an informer. Page 103 et seq. — "At the end of that time (1781), Henry Alhne, an itinerant preacher of the body then lately organized, and known as NEW LIGHTS, visited Yarmouth. ... He set forth doctrines which no sane person could now be found to believe or defend. . . . His views gradually gained a footing. They were at first wild and repelling, yet singularly fascinating to all who hailed the rise of . . . a system which gave the widest liberty of speech, and the greatest diversity of practice.'' In the "History of the Baptists," by the Rev. I. E. Bill, published in 1880, from an article said to have been written by Father Manning (Baptist), occur these passages ; — " His [Henry Alline's] ideas on some theological subjects were crude and unsatisfactory ; but on vital points, such as the entire depravity of the human heart, and salvation only by grace through faith in Christ Jesus, he was clear as the morning light. . . . He was a bright and shining light through the dark regions of Nova Scotia. . . . Mr. AUine was brought up a Congregationalist, and from that community he never separated. His notions of church discipline were confused and indefinite. The external order of the gospel, and particularly baptism and the mode of it, he professed to view with great indifference. ALEXANDER BAIN. 55 He baptized but little himself, and never condescended to go into the water, but was wilhng his followers should practise whatever mode they chose. If they could be easy in their minds under the entire omission of the ordinance, he considered rather their feHcity than neglect ; but if their minds dwelt much on baptism, he advised them to go forward in what mode they chose, that they might thereby quiet the trouble of their minds." Mr. Campbell has succeeded in discovering "an organized body known as New Lights," but he has not told us where he found them. The researches of other people have not disclosed a distinct sect nor an " organized body " known by that name. The followers of the Rev. George Whitefield, an ordained Presbyterian clergyman, who visited New England occasionally, and died at Newburyport, were called, in derision, " New Lights,'' by the Congregationalists and people of other denominations. Henry AUine died at Northampton, N.H., in 1784, aged thirty-five. In the annals of that town he is styled an " eccentric preacher." Page no. — " By memory is meant, for example, Bunker's Island, a trace — the only one — of Hezekiah Bunker." Other traces of Hezekiah Bunker will remain so long as the plans of the township lands are consulted at the office of the Prothonotary or Registrar of Deeds, and so long as old title-deeds remain, or new ones are written, conveying lands " originally granted to Hezekiah Bunker." The fourth in the chain of lakes connected by the eastern branch of the Cape Fourchu River, and situate at Ohio, is called "Bunker's Lake ; " but that probably derived its name from Paul Bunker, one of whose lots of land lay near its foot. Page hi. — "There is a romantic interest attached to the early history of Alex. Bain, or, more properly, McBain. His family emigrated from Scotland about the year 1 761-2; and the vessel in which they came, was lost somewhere near St. John. His father, mother, and sister were lost; while he, a child of eight, escaped, by clambering along a fallen mast. He was brought to Yarmouth in 1762, by John McKinnon, on Chebogue Point, who also brought him up." Avoiding the harsher terms which might not be considered out of place, one may at least question the propriety of Mr. Campbell's 56 THE MACBEANS. intimation that the Bain family of Yarmouth would spell their name "more properly McBain." The shipwrecked boy Alexander Bain, of 1762, doubtless spelled his name as his father did, and as he himself had been taught by his mother to spell it. Alexander Bain is to-day a name highly honored in Scotland, borne by a gentleman born at Aberdeen in 181 8; in 1845 he was appointed Professor of Natural Philosophy in Anderson University, Glasgow ; in 1 85 7, Examiner in Logic and Philosophy in London University ; and in i860, Professor of Logic in the University of Aberdeen. He is the author of several standard works on metaphysics which enjoy a world-wide fame. James Bain and Joseph Bain of Scotland are also names well known to the literary world. An earlier James Bain was an ensign in the " Montgomery High- landers," the third British regiment organized in the Highlands of Scot- land, and the first one after " the affair of '45 ; " whose commissions were dated Jan. 4, 1757, and a regiment which was destined to distin- guished service in America. Ranald MacKinnon of Argyle joined the same regiment as ensign, and Duncan Bayne was one of its lieutenants. These three young gentlemen joined the regiment at its first organiza- tion in January, 1757. The "Montgomery Highlanders" will be referred to in a subsequent chapter. Donald Bane, son of King Duncan, was himself King of Scotland in 1093. William Bain joined the " Fraser Highlanders " as ensign at the re-organization of that regiment in 1775. James MacBean in 1820 was major in the Seventy-eighth High- landers. WiUiam MacBean (Victoria Cross) was lieutenant-colonel of the "Sutherland Highlanders," organized in 1800, and known as the Ninety- third Regiment, which won signal honor in the Crimea and at Lucknow. Sir William MacBean, K.C.B., was, in 1843, colonel of the "Gordon Highlanders," organized in 1794; and in 1869, Forbes MacBean was lieutenant-colonel of the same regiment. All the names here adduced are spelled as they are found to be in current history, and as their owners doubtless spelled them; and they are all representatives of the same great Highland clan, the MacBean s, GILLIES MACBANE. 57 MacBanes, or MacBains. They derived their name from their living in, a mountainous district, and from the Gaelic word, variously spelled Ben, Ban, Beann, Bainn, Bean, Bain, and Bane, literally meaning white, or beautiful, and, when applied to a mountain, signifying its snow-covered top. They are considered to be a branch of the clan Macintosh, or, as some of themselves believe, of the Camerons. A division of the MacBeans fought under Lochiel in 1745, but a larger number were found on the side of the Stuarts under Gillies Mac- Bane of the house of Kinchoil in the Macintosh battalion. This gigan- tic Highlander, who was six feet four and a half inches in height, dis- played remarkable prowess at the battle of Culloden. James Logan in his work "The Scottish Gael," published in 1831, says, — " In the disastrous battle of CuUoden, the heroism of Gillies Mac- Bane was most eminently displayed, and was worthy of a better fate. This gentleman was major of the regiment of the clan Macintosh ; and when the Argyle militia broke down the park wall, which enabled them- to attack the Highlanders in flank, the brave GiUies stationed himself in the gap, and, as the enemy entered, they severely suffered from the irresistible strokes of his claymore. At last, finding himself opposed singly to a whole troop, he set his back to the wall, and defended him- self with the fierceness of desperation, keeping the enemy long at bay, and killing an almost incredible number. Some officers, admiring his valor, endeavored to save his life ; but Gillies fell where he had slain thirteen of his foes. According to some accounts, the number was much greater." The following verses are said to be from the pen of Lord Byron : — " The clouds may pour down on Culloden's red plain. But the waters shall flow o'er its crimson in vain ; For their drops shall seem few to the tears for the slain. But mine are for thee, my brave Gillies Macbane. Though thy cause was the cause of the injured and brave. Though thy death was the hero's, and glorious thy grave. With thy dead foes around thee, piled high on the plain. My sad heart beats o'er thee, my Gillies Macbane. 58 THE CAMPBELLS. How the horse and the horsemen thy single hand slew ! But what could the mightiest single arm do ? A hundred like thee might the battle regain ; But cold are thy hand and heart, Gillies Macbane. With thy back to the wall, and thy breast to the targe, Full flashed thy claymore in the face of their charge : The blood of their boldest that barren turf stain, But alas ! thine is reddest there, Gillies Macbane. Hewn down, but still battling, thou s'mk'st on the ground; Thy plaid was one gore, and thy breast was one wound ; Thirteen of thy foes by thy right hand lay slain ; Oh ! would they were thousands for Gillies Macbane ! Oh 1 loud and long-heard shalt thy coronach be. And high o'er the heather thy cairn we shall see ; And deep in all bosoms thy name shall remain. But deepest in mine, dearest Gillies Macbane. And daily the eyes of thy brave boy before, Shall thy plaid be unfolded ; unsheathed thy claymore ; And the White Rose shall bloom on his bonnet again. Should he prove the true son of my Gillies Macbane." Mr. Campbell is concerned that the branch of the family to which our first Alexander Bain belonged, throwing asiide all superfluities, preferred their form of spelling the name to that chosen by others, and among these to the form McBain which Mr. Campbell himself professes to prefer. But it will be allowed that the form, Bain, has had strong support, and with good reason too, both in civil and military life. The Bains, on their part, might inquire why the name Campbell is so written with its superfluous letters, instead of in the older and simpler form Cambel, or Kambel, as it appears in ancient Scottish chronicles. Some claim the name to have been derived from de Campo Bello, a Norman knight, who came to England with William the Conqueror, a'companion, perhaps, of the ancestor of the Herseys of Little River. THE CAMPBELLS. 59 It is alleged, in opposition to this account, that, in the oldest form of writing the name, it is spelled Cambel, or Kambel j and it is so found in many ancient documents which are preserved in the British Museum. Other writers assign a very different origin to the name. " It is per- sonal," they say, " like that of some other of the Highland clans, being composed of the words. Cam, bent or crooked, and Beul, mouth ; this having been the most prominent feature of the great ancestor of the clan, Diarmid O'Dubin, or O'Duin, a brave warrior, celebrated in traditional history, who was contemporary with the heroes of Ossian." Keltie says, " The name Campbell is undoubtedly one of consid- erable antiquity, and the clan has long been one of the most numerous and powerful in the Highlands ; although many famiUes have adopted the name who have no connection with the Campbells proper, by blood or descent. The origin of the name, as well as the founder of the family, remain still a matter of the greatest doubt.'' And James Logan, in his standard work already quoted, says, " The Bains, or Baynes, of TuUach, an old and respectable family of Ross-shire, like several other Highland Septs, never prefixed Mac to their names , but they must be accounted members of this clan (the MacBeans)." CHAPTER V. Land Reservations for Church and School Purposes. — Privateers of 1812-1815. — Foreign Trade of the Port. — Not established by Anthony Landers. — The Men he brought to Yarmouth. — Their Influence on the Community. — Thomas Allen : his Enterprise and Usefulness. — Yarmouth, Mass., in 1650 and 1S17. — Mr. Campbell's Views on Confed- eration controverted. — Joseph Howe's Speech in Parliament when proposing Public Monument to Herbert Huntington. — Chebogue and Yarmouth. — Superior Advantages of Chebogue for Settlement. — Maintenance of Bridges. — Balance of Trade Theory. — How it works. PAGES 120 and 121. — " In the spring of 1807, the old Episcopal Church was raised. . . . On the preceding Michaelmas Day, Sept. 29, 1806, the first parish officers had been appointed. ... As men who were looking ahead, the church wardens and vestry resolved to obtain grants of land for glebe and school purposes. And in the month of August, 1807, the rector went to Halifax on that business,, bringing back with him the grant and plans of the lots assigned. For many years very strong feeling existed in the town on the subject, the popular conviction being that their church brethren had no legal right or title. Nor were they forward to prove that they had." These lands were the government reservations of i']6'],/our sfiares in the Township of Yarmouth, 3,938 acres, for church and school pur- poses. That these lands should be afterward claimed and held for the exclusive use of a small body of Episcopalians, was a grievance to Dissenters; and it was a long time before the "church party" were permitted to hold them in peaceable possession. Eventually the oppo- sition subsided. The lands were sold from time to time, and the pro- ceeds apphed to the exclusive use of "Trinity Parish." The schools were entirely ignored; and just about the time, 1862, a portion (about two acres) of one of the lots in the central part of the town was sold for the benefit of the Episcopal Church, reahzing upwards of ^4,000, the residents of the school-district in which that lot was situated, raised PLEA SURE-CA RRIA GES. 6 1 by private subscription, almost wholly among themselves, about i^ 16,000, and, upon a lot of land quite near the church-lot, built the " Yarmouth Seminary," referred to on p. 167, Campbell's History, there being at that time not a single public-school building in the Township of Yarmouth. Page 125. — " In the year 1831, there were 140 pleasure-carriages in Yarmouth; and by the census of 187 1, it appears there were 1,438, besides 2,916 other vehicles in the county." This enumeration of 4,354 vehicles must have included every thing from an ox-cart to a wheelbarrow; for, in 1871, there were in Yarmouth County only 3,200 houses and 18,550 inhabitants. If the two first pages of chapter 15 of Campbell's History fairly describe the highways of Yarmouth at the beginning of this century, the importation of a " pleasure-carriage " in 1799, and the attempts to use it in 1804 and 1805, so graphically described by Mr. Campbell on p. 124, were, to say the least, imprudent. " But pleasures are like poppies spread. You seize the flower, its bloom is shed ; Or, like the snow-falls in the river, A moment white — then melts forever ; Or like the borealis race, ThatyfzV ere you can point their place ; Or like the rainbow's lovely form, Evanishing amid the storm." The fact, however, is, that Mr. Campbell had no proper warrant for saying that there were 140 "pleasure-carriages" in Yarmouth in 1831, nor 1,438 in 1871 ; for it may be doubted if in 1876, the year his book was issued, there were a dozen vehicles in Yarmouth which could be correctly classed as pleasure-carriages. The importer of the carriage in 1799 was the only physician in Yarmouth, and therefore the first resident likely to need a carriage. Page 130. — "Without being able to assert positively how many Yarmouth vessels were taken by American cruisers, we have been able to trace seven distinctly. On the other hand, we took at least ten of theirs, — a ratio, if the tonnage were proportionate, which must have tended to the final prosperity of the county." ( ! ) 62 EARLY SHIP-OWNERS. The "Record of the Shipping of Yarmouth," also published in 1876, gives upon the lists of vessels owned at the port in 1812-1815 the names of 22 prizes, 1,851 tons, not all, however, captured by Yarmouth privateers. The total shipping of the port in 1815 is stated at 49 vessels, 2,441 tons. The same book gives the names and tonnage of Yarmouth vessels captured by American privateers in 181 2, 1813, and 1814. These were nine vessels, 807 tons. No matter what the dis- parity in the numbers or tonnage of the prizes, the war of 181 2 could not have been otherwise than disastrous to the commerce of the port. No nation or community ever yet prospered through the seizure in time of war of private property, either by land or sea.' Page 134. — " The names of Robbins, Lovitt, Baker, Ryerson, Moses, Killam, Dennis & Doane, Goudey, Moody, and very many others, tell us of the successful extension of our foreign shipping interests. But to none of them . . . belongs the honor of having, so to speak, originated the foreign trade of the fort. That honor belongs to a man whose name does not appear in our lists, — Anthony Landers, a native of Sun- derland, England, whose spirited and extensive operations in ship- building merited a more successful issue.'' No one should pubhsh a list of the names of men foremost in developing the shipping industry of Yarmouth, and omit those of Marshall, Gardner, Tooker, Barnard, Cann, Clements, Flint, Durkee, Kelley, Rogers, Haley, Hilton, Scott, or Allen ; for either of them deserves as prominent a place as those Mr. Campbell mentions, and they are the men with the Lovitts, Killams, Moodys, and Dennises who really originated and successfully developed " the foreign trade of the port." Not a single name on either list deserves more honorable men- tion than the name of Gardner ; for the men of that family not only were themselves the enterprising owners of vessels engaged in foreign trade during the first twenty years of the present century, but from the begin- ning of the century until shipbuilding fell among the " lost arts " in Yarmouth County, they were known as the builders of many of the largest and finest vessels built for themselves, or, in later years, for other leading ship-owners. Perhaps it may not be far out of the way to say that the number, if not the aggregate tonnage, of the vessels built in ^ Appendix E. ANTHONY LANDERS. 63 Yarmouth County by the Gardners, equals one-fourth that of all other vessels built there from 1800 to 1870. Ten years later the building of wooden sailing-ships ceased to be a business generally worth prosecuting. Anthony Landers neither originated, nor to any great extent engaged in, the foreign trade of the port. The vessels built for him from 181 1 to 1830 were of a class too large to participate in any foreign trade Yarmouth could profitably follow at that period. His vessels were probably built for sale in the English market for the most part ; and the almost universal failure of those engaged in it, both in Yarmouth and Digby Counties, has followed the history of that enterprise. Mr. Landers appears to have met the fate of all the rest. He was evidendy a man of great enterprise, and of an order of intelligence differing from what prevailed in Yarmouth when he first visited the county. If he could have been content to settle down in Yarmouth and allow his ship-bailding and ship-owning business to grow with the natural growth of the place, and at the same time to follow those other enterprises in which he showed a tendency to indulge, viz., in developing the agricultural resources of the county, and in elevating the social and religious status of its people, the benefits he would have conferred on Yarmouth are to-day incalculable. Page 136. — "He [Anthony Landers] may justly, I conceive, be called the father, if not the founder, of our foreign trade, which is the main source of the continued and increasing prosperity of Yar- mouth. . . . But fickle as she is said to be. Fortune was more than usually so with this man. . . . He became beggared in the initiating and prosecuting of an enterprise in which thousands are now becoming rich." Anthony Landers is here again called the " father, or founder, of our foreign trade." With his Bittern of 188 tons, he came first to Yarmouth in 1808. But years before that our ship-owners were largely engaged in foreign trade. The " Record of Yarmouth Shipping " shows among the new ves- sels owned at the port, in 1808, the Lady Sherbrooke, 290 tons; in 1807, the Penelope, 156, Trafalgar, 105, and the yacob and Benjamin, 104 tons; in 1806, the Falkirk, 181, and the Lord Nelson, 103 tons; in 1802, the Arabella, 103 tons; in 1801, the yoseph and Lois, 103. 64 ANTHONY LANDERS. tons; in 1797, the Industry, 133 tons; and also in and before 1808, seven schooners, averaging 81 tons, and sixteen averaging 65 tons, nearly all of which vessels were engaged in foreign trade. Mr. Lawson's " Record " shows that Anthony Landers built his , iirst vessel in Yarmouth, the Peter Waldo, 259 tons, in 181 1. But Samuel Marshall, a leading Yarmouth merchant since 1787, built in 1809 the Claude Scott, 261 tons; and in the same year we find the names of four other new vessels, averaging in tons. With the same results the comparison may be extended to 1813 when Anthony Landers built his second vessel, the Thales, 260 tons, and, further, during the entire period he remained in Yarmouth. Page 140. — " It is hard to determine how much is due to the late Anthony Landers ; but among other things with which he may be credited, is the introduction and advancement of the Methodist body in this county. The now thriving settlement of Hebron was very largely Mr. Landers's property." There is very litde foundation for the statement that the "now thriving village of Hebron was very largely Mr. Landers's property." The value of Mr. Landers's possessions at Hebron at any time would not have exceeded eight thousand dollars, and that chiefly consisted in the large house he built for his private residence. The substantial growth of Hebron took place long after Mr. Landers had left the county, and it was but in a small degree attributable to his influence. After the Beaver River and Ohio roads were opened up, Hebron Corner became naturally a business centre, and the building of the Baptist Church there in 1834 led some of the elderly people to cluster around it. But Anthony Landers's friends need not look to Hebron for a monument of his usefulness and enterprise. These took a far wider range. To aid him in his operations, he brought from England a number of vigorous young men who were valuable accessions to the community. Among these were Thomas Winter, William Bullerwell, Joseph Stoneman, George Allen and Thomas Allen, and George W. Brown. Yarmouth, from its first settlement, has never had a more indus- trious and useful citizen than the late Thomas Allen. For the twenty THOMAS ALLEN. 65 years, 1840 to i860, that he was prominent among our ship-owners, the vessels bearing his flag, mostly built for him by Nelson Gardner, sen., were looked upon as models in their class, — as a little neater in style and finish than those of his neighbors at Milton, or of his friends at the other end of the town. As overseer of highways, Thomas Allen constructed the first well-built piece of road in Yarmouth County, — that from Starr's Corner to the " Devil's Half-Acre." The good taste and skill he displayed in laying out his grounds, the admirable order everywhere apparent about his Milton homestead, afforded a practical illustration of what one man could do to change the aspect of a neighborhood. When the lands were bought for the " Mountain Cemetery," Thomas Allen's supervision was sought, to reduce them from a wilderness con- dition ; and next, to lay upon the grounds the plans that had been prepared by H. W. S. Cleveland, an eminent landscape engineer from Massachusetts. Thomas Allen's services were sought because there was no one else in Yarmouth at that time who could have done the work so well. It was Thomas Allen's enterprise that, some twenty years ago, brought James Pilling to Yarmouth from Liverpool, England ; and the transfor- mation Pilling effected in the Milton landscape will long attest Thomas Allen's usefulness to the community to which Anthony Landers had introduced him. A tablet to Sir Christopher Wren in St. Paul's Cathedral bears this inscription : — SI MONUMENTUM QUCERIS, CIRCUMSPICE. If you seek his monument, look around. After performing a grand work among us for near fifty years, Thomas Allen has gone to his well-earned rest. But his memorials are widely and deeply impressed upon the Yarmouth landscape ; and the evergreen foliage, overshadowing many a quiet path of his tracing, will long endure as fitting monuments to him. Page 148. — "Here [Beaver River, 1829] the first Temperance Society in Nova Scotia, or, according to some, in North America, or, according to others, in the world, was formed." 66 YARMOUTH, MASS. There is a little town on Barnstable Bay, Mass., founded in 1639, called Yarmouth, with the town of Decnis as its nearest neighbor. In 1675, ^^y together had a population of 900; in 1765, of 1,740; in 1790, of 2,678. In i86o, Yarmouth alone had a population of 2,752, which in 1870 had fallen to 2,423; and in 1880, the year of the last census, Yarmouth had only 2,173 inhabitants. The historian of that town has no better suggestion to offer for the adoption of the name, than that it may have been remembered that some of the " Pilgrim Fathers," before their adventure across the Atlantic, embarked at Yarmouth, England, for Holland. As an instance of the relation of money to labor and building materials in 1650, he quotes a contract for "a new house to be thatched, studded, and latched, except daubing, for ;^io, including 29 acres of land." Daubing was filling up the crevices with clay and mortar. In the same year, " a Town meeting voted to pay the Minister half in specie, and half in corn at 3/- per bushel and Rye the same." He says, " Lawyers were not tolerated in the colony;" and adds, "The year 181 7 witnessed a great temperance reform in the town. The formation of the Boston Society for the Prevention of Intemperance was followed by the organi- zation of a similar one here, said to be the second of the kind estabhshed in this country. The first meeting was held March 6, 181 7, when a constitution and by-laws were adopted, and at a subsequent meeting an organization was effected. The conditions of membership would not be considered very exacting in these days. ' No member of this Society, except in case of sickness, shall drink any distilled spirits or wine, in any house in town except his own, or the one in which he resides.' ' No man shall offer or furnish, except in case of sickness, any inhabitant of the town any distilled spirits or wine, whether they be visitors or laborers, but shall use his influence to discourage the ruinous practice.' " Economy seems to have been the chief aim of these reformers. Page 150. — "The name of Hebron was given to that settlement, as before said, by Capt. Landers. That was his property where he hoped to spend the remainder of his days — the centre of his ship- building operations. His house was at first apart from all others ; but, in the course of years, the junction of the Ohio road with the main post-road became a desirable place of business, and was called Hebron Corner.'' MORE-RUM BROOK. 67 As large properties nearly as his own, and occupied as farms, adjoined Anthony Landers's property when he bought it, — the Trask farm on the south side, and the old Saunders property on the north side, which John Brown bought in 1819, and occupied from 1824 to 1836. The property bought by Anthony Landers had been occupied as a farm, and had a house and orchard upon it ; the house remain- ing just opposite Hebron Corner for some fifty years afterward. There was no propriety, therefore, in Mr. Campbell's statement that " his house was at first apart from all others ; " and it may be added that Mr. Landers had no nearer neighbors while he remained at Hebron than those he found there. The road from Hebron Corner through Ohio and past the eastern side of Lake George is laid down upon Goldsbury's plan of 1787. Page 151. — "They refused to go on till the needful was forthcom- ing. The surveyor in charge of the work told them to drink from the brook till they got more : hence the name, ' More-Rum Brook.' " " More-Rum Brook " is a watering-place for horses in the woods about a mile west from Tusket Bridge. It derived its name from the circumstance, that, while the horses were drinking, travellers used the opportunity offered by the excellent spring-water to take another glass of grog. Grog is rum and a little water, the usual and favorite beverage in " ye olden time." The rum came direct from the West Indies, and was sold by the honest dealers of those days pure, as it came from the ship. Travellers over the Tusket Road generally had a bottle at hand, and the rum was so strong as to require the admixture of a little water to make it palatable. Exhilarating substances, which, indulged in to excess, would pro- duce intoxicating effects, have been in use among all peoples, in all ages known to history. Their use, in some form, satisfies a natural desire of mankind ; and, in a well-ordered state of society, if " temper- ance reformers " would be themselves reasonable and moderate in their exhortations and in the rules they would prescribe for the use of nature's bounties, society might at length become united in a demand for the elimination of hurtful properties from all kinds of food and drink, and for regulations which would at least tend to insure their harmlessness and purity. 68 CANADIAN CONFEDERATION. Page 154. — "Reuben Clements [in 1836] represented the Town- ship of Yarmouth. . . . Miner Huntington was a surveyor by profes- sion. . . . Herbert Huntington was three times elected county member, viz., in 1836, 1840, and 1844, having before served for several years as member for the old county (Shelburne). . . . He was appointed in 1830, by the House of Assembly, one of two delegates to lay before the Home Government the grievances of the Province." Reuben Clements represented Yarmouth Township from 1835 to 1847, when, declining re-election, he was succeeded by Thomas Killam. Herbert Huntington, having been one of the representatives of Shel- burne County since 1830, was elected for Yarmouth County five times, viz., in 1836, 1840, 1843, 1847, and 1848, when, having accepted a seat in the Executive Government with the office of Financial Secretary, requiring the confirmation of his constituents, he was again returned without opposition. It was in iSjg that Mr. Huntington, with William Young (afterward Chief Justice) as co-delegate, was sent by the House of Assembly to England. . Miner Huntington, and Herbert Huntington after him, for a long series of years held the position of Surveyor of Crown Lands ; and their labors in that capacity were rewarded by the entire approbation of the public. Often called upon to settle disputed boundaries, their decisions met a ready acquiescence. Page 158. — "The principle of confederation, in some form or other, was for years before the union with Canada, a favorite theme with many politiciajis, including the late Herbert Huntington and Joseph Howe. The following extract from a letter of the late H. Huntington, referring to the contemplated repeal of the union between Nova Scotia and Cape Breton, about the year 1840, is to the purpose : ' I am for a general confederation of all these colonies. We are quite too weak to obtain justice as we now are.' " Page 160. — "And when we say this, we best exhibit, and that without words, the intense dislike with which the people had been brought to view a measure, which, but for the mode of proceeding adopted by the Government, as the opposing party alleged, might possibly have been passed as a popular measure." These two paragraphs, and others which accompany them, have the HERBERT HUNTINGTON. 69 appearance of deliberate misrepresentation ; and, as Mr. Campbell lived in Yarmouth while the controversy raged, they are without excuse. It was in 1844 that an extra session of the Nova Scotia Legislature was called, to consider a proposition for the separation of Cape Breton from Nova Scotia, in opposing which Mr. Huntington expressed the opinion quoted. He saw that, rather than a separation from Cape Breton, a closer union of all the British North-American colonies was desirable, in order that they might be the better able to secure the boon of self-government, for which all the colonies were then contending. But when, in 1847, after long and vigorous agitation, the system of "Responsible Government" had become firmly established in the British North-American colonies, a demand for the confederation of all the colonies was never entertained in Nova Scotia. Nor was the proposal for a union of the maritime provinces with Canada ever seriously entertained until 1866, fifteen years after Mr. Huntington's death, when, through a series of infamous intrigues, and through political treachery that has had few parallels in history, Nova Scotia lost her independence, and was forced into an unnatural alliance with Canada. It is a base imputation upon the memory of Herbert Huntington, to insinuate, that, if he had lived until 1866, he would have been found abetting the traitorous measures of Tupper, Archibald, McCulIy, and the rest. On the contrary, had Herbert Huntington lived until 1866, the scheme for confederation would never have been consummated. Just because Joseph Howe, in 1866 and 1867, lacked the co-operation of such men as Herbert Huntington, tliat " brave, determined man of broad chest and iron frame, who would have died rather than bow to Gesler's cap," did the conspirators succeed in their desperate and infamous scheme. Joseph Howe wrote the epitaph upon the monument to Herbert Huntington, which stands in the " Mountain Cemetery." ' The leader of the Government in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly, Mr. Howe moved the resolution appropriating the money for the monu- ment. In a graceful speech, the Hon. James W. Johnson, the distin- ^ Appendix F. 70 JOSEPH HOWE'S EULOGY. guished leader of the Opposition, seconded the resolution, which passed unanimously. Mr. Howe said, " It is. the custom of civilized countries to perpetuate the memory, and to record the virtues, of those who have rendered eminent service to the State ; and even among barbarous nations, some rude cairn marks the spot where steeps the warrior whose voice was respected in the council, whose arm in battle was strong. To the dead such memorials are of little worth ; but they are of value to the living. The rising generations study the history of their country in the monuments which grace its surface. They emulate the virtues which their forefathers have regarded as a sacred obligation to record. " The gentlemen who have been recently returned to this Assembly may not be so famihar as the old members of the House are, with the peculiar characteristics and eminent qualities of the man to whom this resolution refers. For twenty years he served his county and his country faithfully. During the whole of that time he acted under our personal observation. Every phase of his character was familiar to us. We saw him tried in every conflict, — by every vicissitude of colonial public life ; and I think that gentlemen on all sides will agree with me, that for varied information, unbending integrity, and a rigid adherence to what he believed to be right, no man ever was more deservedly distinguished than the late Herbert Huntington. Self-taught, his stores of knowledge were yet various and ample ; trained in the Legislature, and in a com- munity where agricultural and commercial pursuits blend, his mind was practical, his knowledge suited to circumstances as they arose. To permit a man like this to slip out of our ranks without a recognition of his services, or a word to his memory, would not be creditable, to this House, nor would such neglect be very encouraging to the rising intel- lect of our country. Let us place over Huntington's remains, then, some trijDute to his worth. Let the country he served stamp her appro- bation on the spot where his body moulders. There may be novelty in the proposition ; but if this is the first monument erected by Nova Scotia, let us hope it may not be the last. Any elaborate or expensive work of art I do not contemplate nor propose. It would be in bad taste. A simple shaft of Shelburne granite, with his name upon it, would be an CHEBOGUE RIl'ER. 7 1 ornament to his native town, and an appropriate memorial of plain manners, enduring virtues, and unbending integrity." A simple shaft of Shelburne granite, therefore, marks the spot where Herbert Huntington was buried. He was first called to public life as representative for Shelburne while Yarmouth was united to that county, and Yarmouth chose him as her first representative after the division. A steadfast Liberal in politics and religion, the mutual confidence which at first subsisted between him and his constituents, remained unimpaired until his death. Pages 184 and 185. — "The three principal are Water Street, Main Street, and William Street. . . . Main Street is, in some sense, as the name suggests, the leading thoroughfare. This street is nearly two 'miles long, "\^'illiam Street, the most easterly principal thoroughfare, is a fine straight street, and promises to be the most desirable part of the town for private residences." It seems a strange classification which gives William Street pre- cedence over Argyle, Forest, Parade, Vancouver, Chestnut, Elm, or some other streets that might be named. Nor is it true that William Street is the most desirable for private residences. For many reasons it is less desirable than either of the other streets named. The three churches there may, in Mr. Campbell's view, have overbalanced its defects as a residential quarter. Main Street is, in every sense, what its name implies. The town of Yarmouth extends from "Bain's Corner" to "Amasa Durkee's north line," a distance of three miles nearly. That, then, is the length of Main Street. The width of the town east and west is about one and a half mile. Page 185. — "Nothing at first, or for thirty years, gave any distinct intimation of the future importance of the town, where it now stands. The "Town Point" at Chebogue is one, among other proofs, of man's ■ intention that the present town should be a subordinate settlement. And so it long continued." Various considerations favored the earlier settlement of the shores of Chebogue River. There was the first landing-place in 1761. Navigable from Chebogue Point to Arcadia Bridge, a distance of six miles, it was everywhere sheltered from devastating gales. Exposed to the direct T2. MILTON BRIDGE. rays of the morning sun, and protected from the blighting influence of the west and south-west summer-winds, the lands on the western side of Chebogue River were, for these and other reasons, better suited for cultivation than those upon either side of Yarmouth Harbor. The salt marshes of the Chebogue River supplied immediate subsist- ence for their cattle ; and the soil of the uplands was free from stone, and easily drained as compared with Yarmouth lands. Still, a refer- ence to the location of the early settlers, given upon pp. 111-115 of Campbell's History, shows that, in 1787, the families at Yarmouth were forty-four in number, just equal to those at Chebogue. Later, the superior advantages of Yarmouth Harbor for prosecuting a foreign trade, established the pre-eminence ; for here was the natural outlet for the products of the saw-mills from Milton to Lake George, which supplied the material for a profitable intercourse with the West Indies, and other markets nearer home. Page 187.- — "This building [the new Presbyterian Church], which is in the Romanesque style, and which will be capable of meeting all the wants of the congregation, takes the place of that which was erected in 1841." Mr. Campbell here seems to gently intimate that the new St. John's Church is too large for the congregation. Page 190, Note. — "In 1798 the Milton district could not repair its own little bridge, and the surveyors of other districts were directed by the Sessions to help them." There are to-day few bridges, exclusively in the Township of Yar- mouth, larger or more important than the Milton bridge was in 1798; and to build a new bridge there, or make extensive repairs upon an old one, would have been a serious burden to the few men then living within two miles of it. Moreover, Sealed Landers's grist-mill stood upon the western side of the river, while four-fifths of the population of the town- ship lived on the eastern side. It was, therefore, important to the " other districts " that the Milton bridge, a part of their " principal thorough- fare," should be kept in passable repair, or a new bridge built if a spring freshet had carried the old one to sea. It may also be borne in mind that over three-fourths of the original river-bed has been occupied by stone abutments filled in with gravel, TRADE OF YARMOUTH. 73 and that the JNIilton bridge in 1S76, which Mr. Campbell might then well call a "little bridge," was a far different structure in 1798. Again, even to this day, bridges in Yarmouth County, or elsewhere in Nova« Scotia, are neither built nor wholly maintained by the road districts in which they may happen to be situated. The principal ones are subjects for special appropriations of county or provincial moneys. Page 197. — "In 1873 the value of all the iish, fresh water and salt, caught in the county in that year, was about $450,000." These figures may be supposed to indicate the value of the fish caught in 1873 by the crews of vessels and boats belonging to the county, in addition to the value of the products of the river fisheries. In 1880, Yarmouth had engaged in the fisheries 105 vessels and 543 boats, employing 5,691 men, the craft being valued at ^260,000. The value of the fishery products of that year is stated in the returns at 3669,572. Page 198. — "The gross imports amount to about ^700,000, the principal and most valuable part of which consists of materials for fitting and furnishing ships. The gross annual exports, which consist chiefly of lumber and fish, amount to about $300,000. Looked at in this way, ... we seem to consume more than we produce. But if, as is at once fair, and necessary for getting at the truth, the annual production of vessel property be brought into the account, as a kind of export, allowance being made for the value of the imported material, such as rigging and the hke, the amount of property annually sent out of the port, amounts to about $1,500,000." The above figures are misleading. In recent years, there has been no such disparity in the exports and imports of the county as they imply; nor do the Custom-House books ever give the full value of the exports of a district. The latest government reports thus state the exports and imports of the port of Yarmouth for the financial year ending June 30 : — 1884. Exports . $708,597 Imports .... $681,452 1885. " . 627,779 " .... 515,162 These figures may perhaps include the value of the exports and imports of Maitland, Tusket Wedge, Tusket, and Pubnico, which have some direct foreign trade. 74 TRADE OF YARMOUTH. Nor is it correct to say that materials for building and equipping ships have been the " principal and most valuable part " of the imports of the county ; for, large as has been the item they furnished, it has always been exceeded by the value of imported breadstuffs and other provisions. Custom-House returns never fairly show the " balance of trade," so-called, of a port or of a country. A cargo of fish, invoiced at Yarmouth at §6,000, may bring in the West Indies §8,000 net. The return cargo of salt from Turk's Island may cost §300 ; the exports and imports will appear in the Custom-House books at §6,000 and §300 respectively. A cargo of lumber, invoiced at Yarmouth at §1,500, may yield in the West Indies §2,500; the return cargo maybe sugar, costing §10,000. The gold, represented by the bill of exchange which balances these transactions, does not appear in the Custom-House books. Or, a cargo of fish, costing at Yarmouth §5,000, may yield at Porto Rico §8,000 net, which may be invested in sugar, and entered for duty at the Yarmouth Custom House, the profit on the return cargo paying the expense of the voyage. Here the Custom-House books would show exports, §5,000 ; imports, §8,000 ; balance of trade against Yar- mouth, §3,000 ; and so illustrate our extravagance. But if the return cargo of sugar be carried direct to St. John, or be lost at sea, the Custom-House books would show exports, §5,000; imports, nil; the transaction, in either event, contributing to the favorable " balance of trade " at the end of the financial year, upon which a class of news- papers and members of Parliament supporting the government would expatiate. Mr. Campbell's figures show §1,200,000 as the value of new ship- ping produced, and annually " sent out " from Yarmouth. Now, for the ten years ending Jan. i, 1876, the shipping added to the port averaged 14,750 tons per annum, which, at §50 per ton, would be §737,500. But this included ships purchased abroad, and those built in Digby and Shelburne Counties for Yarmouth owners, which exceeded one-half the annual total. Not one of these ships was built for sale abroad ; and their value, while on the books of registry at Yarmouth, would contribute to the "aggregate value of the property, real and TRADE OF YARMOUTH. 75 personal, of Yarmouth Township," estimated by Mr. Campbell, on p. 199, at "well-nigh ten millions of dollars." And so Mr. Campbell demands of the newly acquired ships the double duty of swelling the sum of annual exports while still figuring in the aggregate value of the real and personal property of the county. Again, the ships newly built or acquired by purchase have to supply the place of those lost, or of the old ships sold abroad ; so that while the tonnage added to the port for the 10 years ending 1876, amounted to 147,472 tons, the net increase was only 54,720 tons, or 5,472 tons per annum; and although the tonnage built or acquired in 1872 was 29 vessels, 16,284 tons, the net increase in that year was only 750 tons. The figures for 1869 show a parallel condition.' Page 199, Note. — "But nothing is plainer than that the township is more than five htindred per cent richer than it was a hundred years ago." To have written twenty-five hundred per cent (if either phrase were a proper one) would have been nearly as easy, and still less than the actual proportions existing between the valuations of 1776 and 1876 would warrant. There are many other statements in the pages here reviewed, alike open to correction, which have been, doubtless, often discussed at family gatherings in Yarmouth County. Some of these have been now passed over because to treat the subjects fairly would require more space than can be spared ; others, because, being of minor importance, they have been readily set aside by most readers of the book. But Campbell's History, the second printed book of any note hailing from Yarmouth, has other defects which detract from its merits as a model for the youthful aspirants for literary fame the Yarmouth common schools are now sending out. Some of these will form the subjects for the next chapter, partly with a view of inciting the aspirants aforesaid to a free criticism of home productions whenever they may appear, or from whomsoever they may proceed. ' ^ Appendix G. CHAPTER VI. A Literary Curiosity. — Critics open to Criticism. — Isagogin and Ingogen. — Milicetes and Micmacs. — Obsolete Adjectives. — Printers' Pi. ^ Rules of Construction. — Una- vailing Sympathy. — "For the IWore Part." — H. G. Farish. — Rev. Harris Harding. — Adventure with the Pleasure-carriage. — Early Settlers Descendants of Puritans. — Their Churches at Chebogue and Yarmouth. — The Tabernacle. — Influences leading to its Construction. — Mrs. Ruth Ellis lays the Corner-stone. IN opening chapter 19 of his History, Mr. Campbell intimates that the early settlers were not distinguished for literary proficiency ; that their spelling and handwriting, even for the age in which they lived, were indifferent. In another place he says that the orthography of their early records " acknowledged no laws known to Johnson or Worcester;" and, to illustrate the correctness of this opinion, he prints examples upon pp. 41, 94, 98, 168, etc. Indeed, upon p. 41 he says that he inserts the oldest public record "as a kind of literary curiosity;" and upon p. 80, to show the illiteracy of the times, he even quotes from a document issued from the Provincial Court of Vice- Admiralty at Halifax, and says of it, " The construction of the sentences coviposing this declaration is somewhat difficult to analyze ; but the thing intended to be set forth is plain enough.^' His " History of Yarmouth " might, therefore, be expected to be free from the defects the author laments in others ; the more especially as it is heralded as " the result of an invitation issued by the governors of King's College, Windsor, for Essays on County Histories, under the thoughtful and liberal intelligence of the Akins foundation." Mr. Campbell should have added a note explaining the meaning he intended to convey by the words,-" thoughtful and liberal intelligence." The "thing intended to be set forth " is hardly "plain enough," though it may be guessed. A gentleman prominent in Campbell's History, the late Dr. H. G. Farish, when once presiding over the Court of Sessions, LITERARY CRITICISM. 77 was appealed to for an interpretation of a statute somewhat obscurely- expressed. He found himself in a difficulty, and remarked that he " wished the people who made the laws would write the meaning underneath." A book, written by an Episcopal clergyman, sent all the way from England, and bearing -the imprimatur of the governors of King's College, might certainly be expected to be free from errors in grammar and etymology a Yarmouth school-boy could correct, and to be written in a style intelligible to the people whom it chiefly concerned, but whose general qualifications the author seems to have rated not far above those he p,scribes to the early settlers. On a few pages following, reproduced in the order of their occur- rence, are some of the passages in Campbell's History which the ordinary reader stumbles over. Page vii, Introductory Chapter. — ■ " Although not as deeply inter- ested or as directly concerned in all the details of the County of Yarmouth as if he had been born in this county, and had listened from childhood to the story of its settlement and subsequent progress, the author has always considered it a duty as well as a pleasure to gather up particulars illustrative of the character and institutions of the people," etc. It may be remembered that the first sentence of chapter i of Campbell's History required correction. So here, in illustrating another peculiarity of that author's work, it may be noted that the first line of the introductory chapter contains a grammatical error. Page ix, Same Chapter. — "Throughout the three volumes of Mr. Murdoch's valuable repository of facts for some future historian of Nova Scotia, lie scattered references to this county." Mark the modesty of the author who places at the head of his own pages " History of Yarmouth," and who styles Murdoch's History of Nova Scotia "a valuable repository of facts for some future historian^ Page 5. — " The river, being thus shut up, forced a new opening for itself; and, in 18 10, it was again closed by a good dike, with substan- tial sluices ; and the abatteau was protected by a long pier running out seaward." Here we have the terms "dike," "abatteau," and "long pier," to 78 MILICETES AND MIC MACS. denote one structure. The description was complete with the words " good dike." Yet some emergency may have called for the " pad- ding,'' as printers sometimes style similar superfluities. Page 9. — "In 162 1 Acadia (or ' Cadia,' or Acadie as with varying //wzVa^'wwj that term was applied by the French) . . . was granted," etc. Here is one of the conundrums Mr. Campbell has set before the reader, to guess in what sense he has used the word " limitations." Page ii. Note. — "Excepting such places where the pure French form, or where corrupt anglicized forms quoted in documents are used, the form adhered to throughout this work is Cape Forchue." Cap is a noun masculine, and the terminal e to the adjective is ^bad French. The " pure French form," Cap Fourchu, anglicized, should be simply Cape Fourchu, as, indeed, it is spelled by those who have regard to philological propriety. Page 16. — "It is impossible to say when this county was first visited, ot: peopled, if we may use that expression, by Indians. As far back as any facts are recorded (witness the corruption of the Indian ' Isagogin' into ' Ingogen'), their presence is traceable. But whether there were any considerable numbers of them, is equally indeterminate. Nor can we tell whether of the two tribes by whom the Province gen- erally was inhabited, viz., the Milicetes and the Micmacs, was the one that penetrated west; or, if there were members of both tribes." Ethnologists class the North-American Indians among the nations of the earth, and Mr. Campbell does not tell us why he questions their claim to that distinction. Whether Yarmouth County was inhabited by human beings a thousand or a hundred thousand years ago, it may be well left for science later to determine. What bearing have the words in parenthesis on the rest of the sentence, and what has the change from Isagogin to Ingogen to do with the question when the county was first peopled by Indians ? Undetermined, or unsettled, might be substituted for "indeterminate ; " and any other modern writer would, in the next sentence, prefer which to " whether." If " whether " must be dragged in, it should follow the colon. Still, Mr. Campbell has some authority for its use in Matthew xxiii. 17. Spenser wrote, " Whether of them should be the lord of lords ; " and INDIAN EXCURSIONS. 79 Dryden, born in 1631, says of Spenser, who died in 1599, " Notvvidi- standing his obsolete language, he is still intelligible." " Tribes by whom " is ungrammatical. " Milicetes " and " Micmacs " should be " ]Milicete " and " Micmac ; " that is, if the " Milicetes " were ever in Nova Scotia. But who were the Milicetes, and whence came they? Perhaps Mr. Campbell has discovered one of the "ten lost tribes of the house of Israel." Or, perhaps Mr. Campbell has some- where seen a reference to a small community of Micmacs who dwelt near the Bay Chaleur, and from some peculiarity were called Malachites. Page 19. — "But with the exception of the before mentioned act of violence, the worst effects of their excursions [the Indians] appear to have been mothers frightened for their frightened children, and their scanty meal bags levied upon by self-invited guests. But on the other hand if they did black mail the settlers' pantries, they supplied their laj'ders . . . (with) game of all kinds as well as fresh fish." "Excursions" should be incursions. "Before-mentioned" and " black-mail " are compound words, a Httle matter Mr. Campbell or the compositor overlooked; and "black-mail," as a verb, is as yet a novelty. Page 21. — " There is but little known of the Chegoggin settlement. The fact, however, is well authenticated, and may even yet be attested by the still visible cellars of the old French houses." Fewer words would express this better; e.g., "Little is known of the Chegoggin setdement, but the old French cellars are still visible." On p. 108, Mr. Campbell says he inserts the inscription upon the monument to the Rev. Harris Harding, " although of a somewhat wordy nature." The jumble of words in the preceding sentence of p. 21, beginning, '•'But objections having been made," etc., resembles what printers call "pi."' Page 23. — " When sufficiently near, so complete was the attack, their assailants, by the first volley, killed or wounded the whole party." Assailants are the attacking or invading party. As this story goes, I " But objections having been made to Landrd and his company settling at Chebogue in 1739, shows that already a well-understood ownership of the land there situate existed, apart from the implied existence of diked marsh-lands in that locality." 8o A CAD/ A A' FRElXCH. the assailants were the boat's crew sent to assault the Acadians in their quiet retreat. " The stem and sanguinary facts around which there is a romantic interest,'' a few lines farther on are reduced to a " tradition," related, as has been already shown, with variations. Page 25. — "One inference which has been made from the fact of the sufferings endured by the new-comers during the first season arose out of their ignorance of the requirements of the county during the winter season, as much as from their scanty supplies." In this sentence the construction is faulty and the sense obscure. Each reader may interpret it at will. Perhaps Mr. Campbell meant to say that they suffered during the first season because they had not made sufficient provision for the long and severe winter. Yet it should be remembered that they came from a district where the winters are longer and more severe than at Chebogue, and with fewer natural resources for supplying food. Page 26. — "After the French Acadians had been deported, many of them into New England, the fact that there was a vacant Province, abounding with valuable lands, wild and cultivated, well supplied with water-power, and whose rivers, harbors, bays, and shores abounded with .all kinds of fish, where nothing was wanted but inhabitants to take possession, could not have been long unknown, or undesired when known." In this sentence, " fact " is the long-forgotten antecedent of " unde- sired." Mr. Campbell tried to say, that, as soon as it became known to the English colonies that there were valuable lands, wild and culti- vated, lying vacant, and where the waters abounded in fish, people were found ready to come to the Province and take possession. Mr. Camp- bell probably used the word " shores " to cover the clams. Page 35. — "The truth is, there is ground for fearing that some of those who suffered most, were also those who had done least for them- selves. But, even if it were the operation of an inexorable law of nature that effect follows cause, we feel a deep sense of sympathy with those who suffered so much then, but who can suffer no more in this world." Or, in plain English, " If the poor people did suffer for the want MISPLACED SYMPATHY. 8r of provisions during the first winter, some dying fiom starvation, the truth is, they brouglit their misfortune upon themselves, because they did not remember that food is essential to human life. We deeply lament their sufferings at that time, but they are now where they no longer suffer from the same cause." Mr. Campbell must himself explain how he sympathizes " with " people who died more than a hundred years ago. But is not this whole story of starvation, and eating hides, and of " one or two dying of want," entirely apocryphal? History records that the thirteen families brought with them six oxen, fifty cows and calves, and forty hogs. They would seem a sufficient security against starva- tion for a single winter ; and the " four feet of snow remaining on the ground for months " would have insured a constant supply of fresh meat, to say nothing of the game and fish with which the woods and waters abounded. It may be safely said, that, since that winter, snow covering the ground four feet deep, and remaining for months, except in drifts, has not been seen at Chebogue.' Page 45. — "Nothing is plainer than tha.i for the more J>art,'they were poor men." This phrase, " for the more part," occurs not less than thirteen times in Campbell's History; the modern phr&se, for the most part, not once. " The more part " was in vogue in the time of King James,[as see Acts xxvii. \2. Has Mr. Campbell any other authority for its use? It requires an acquaintance with Luke's original manuscript to determine whether Mr. Campbell can hold him responsible for the phrase. " In words, as fashions, the same rule will hold, Alike fantastic if too new or old : Be not the first by whom the new are tried. Nor yet the last to lay the old aside." Page 48. — The style of the paragraph beginning on this page with "The scenery in this locahty is marked by uncommon and varied beauty," so closely resembles that of the late Dr. H. G. Parish, that the whole paragraph might be mistaken for a literal quotation from his manuscript, were it not for the following passage which Dr. Parish ^ Appendix H. 82 REV. HARRIS HARDnXG. could not have written : " In the foreground are the bridge over the quietly flowing and winding river, with one or two cottages half hidden by the foliage.'' Page 77. — "We cannot expect that after the division of the town- ship, the influx of new settlers would continue to flow so very markedly.' It is a pleonasm to write "the influx would continue to flow;" ''new" and "to flow" may both be spared; and "markedly" is a novel, but harsh and awkward, word, rarely used, and never likely to meet general acceptance. It seems to be a word which neither Johnson nor Walker, nor Webster nor Worcester, would recognize, although it may have been seen in their day. And the phrase "so very markedly" is not the least remarkable feature in this remarkable sentence of Mr. Campbell. Page 86. — "The mention of Shelburne reminds us that in the year 1784, the former County of Queens was circumscribed, by having the Townships of Shelburne, Barrington, Argyle,' and Yarmouth set off as a separate county." The word circumscribed here is an impropriety. The limits of Queens County were already defined. Mr. Campbell tried to say that in 1784 the County of Queens was divided and a new county estabhshed called Shelburne. Page 106. — "His parents were Episcopalians: but in early Hfe, when thinking about religion, he [Rev. Harris Harding] vibrated, for some time, between the Methodists and the New Lights ; and finally he connected himself with the latter." A man of liberal and independent mind, and not approving the restraints and formalities of the Episcopal Church, Mr. Harding tried a middle path with the followers of John Wesley without finding the rest he sought ; and gradually loosing himself from his early attach- ments, he at length became confirmed in an aUiance with the Baptists, which he ever afterward maintained. Page 124. — "In the year 1799, Col. J. N. Bond brought into Yarmouth the first pleasure-carriage — a chaise — which was ever seen in the county ; but its melancholy end was somewhat discouraging to intending importers. It lay unused till 1804, when Mr. Bell, Col. Bond's father-in-law, tackled it up, and, having got in, was immediately thrown THE PLEASURE-CARRIAGE. 83 out. It remained undisturbed till the next year, when Col. Bond once more put in the horse, intending to take some of his family for a drive. He first got in, in order to try it; but it tried him and the chaise both. The horse ran off, and turning into the open graveyard in front of the Cape Forchue meeting-house, the chaise struck a tree, which threw him out, and broke the carriage into pieces.'' The first pleasure-carriage, imported in 1799, lay idle till 1804, when Mr. Bell "tackled it up." (Mr. Campbell should tackle his dictionary.) Mr. Bell "got in," and was at once "thrown out." It was a lively pleasure-carriage. The playful horse was brought out in 1805, and then Col. Bond "got in, in order to try it." Try what, — the horse, or the carriage? It seemed all along that the pleasure-carriage was on trial, and that the repeated "it" referred to the carriage alone. But when we had read ". it tried him and the chaise both," it seemed that the pleasure-carriage was in tow of, and had telescoped, the chaise. Finally, the runaway horse plunged in among the tombstones of a graveyard, when the chaise struck a tree, threw out the colonel, and broke the carriage into pieces. Here the chaise seemed to be the champion. Looking back over the lines to re-assure ourselves, we find the horse assuming a new importance, and that we had been reading of the difficul- ties attending "breaking " colts in Yarmouth Town in 1805, when "the road itself was a series of Hnes after Hogarth's own heart, round the undrawn stumps of forest giants." (See p. 116.) The colonel's skill enabled him to avoid the stumps with which the crooked path was studded ; perceiving which, the horse, after a hvely run of nearly half a m,ile, made a sudden bolt into the old graveyard with the evident intention of landing pleasure-carriage and its occupant in a common grave. The tombstones standing out at every angle from the hummocky surface of the ground, and the scrubby spruces, — obstacles more dangerous than the " undrawn stumps," — triumphed over the skill of the driver and the strength and comeliness of the carriage, as the intelligent but desperate animal had foreseen. Hence the "melancholy" catastrophe, the account of which closes the fourteenth chapter of Campbell's History of Yarmouth. Page 167. — "Whatever objections the present system may be thought to lie under, or grievances to which in individual cases it may §4 THE TABERNACLE. give rise, the testimony of our eyes, etc., . . . prove, that at no time were the means of educating our children so complete, so able to bear favorable comparison, or to stand critical examination." Here is faulty construction. It is as easy to say in half as many words, "Though objections and individual grievances may arise under the present system, the inspector's reports and our own observations prove that never before were the means of education more favorable or complete." Page 189. — "At some distance to the northward stands the Taber- nacle Church, noteworthy as embodying more correct details of ecclesi- astical architecture, when it was built in 1850, under the energetic ministry of the Rev. F. Tomkins, than any other similar structure in the Province." • In this sentence one is puzzled to know whether the word more is intended to quahfy "correct," or " details." Do the words "similar structure'' mean Congregational Church, Dissenters' Church? Or does Mr. Campbell intend to convey his opinion that the Tabernacle, in 1850, embodied a higher order of ecclesiastical architecture than any other church in the Province? A "similar structure " would be another Tabernacle. The early settlers of Yarmouth Township were mostly descendants of the Puritans and " Pilgrim Fathers " of the Massachusetts Colony ; and, amid the new homes they were establishing, a house for religious worship was essential to their peace of mind. So, in 1 766, only five years after the first arrivals, we find them building their first church at Chebogue, and, in 1784, their second one in Yarmouth, upon a lot of land adjoining the homestead of the Rev. Nehemiah Porter, the Congregational minister of 1767. Not until 1807, when the first Episcopal church was begun on '■' Butler's Hill," were the people of any other denomination numerous or strong enough to undertake building a church for themselves. Indeed, it may be said that, this one excepted, the Congregationalisls furnished churches for the whole people for nearly sixty years. They associated with themselves their Presbyterian friends at Chebogue and Yarmouth, as well as the Baptists and " New Lights ; " sometimes, in their exceeding hberality, going so far as to permit their pulpits to be oc- cupied by Presbyterian and Baptist ministers, to the exclusion of those of THE TABERNACLE. 85 their own faith ; and, as the outcome of this free use of their pulpits, the CongregationaHsts, in more than one instance, lost both pulpit and church. These last events led to their building the Tabernacle, when, warned by previous experience, documentary evidence, which will bear the strictest scrutiny, secured to the CongregationaHsts a title to the land upon which the building stands. This land formed a portion of the homestead of the Rev. Nehemiah Porter, before referred to ; and it seemed fitting to his granddaughter, Mrs. Ruth EUis, wife of Deacon Joseph Ellis, of pious memory, that a portion of her inheritance should become the site of a Congregational church. Accordingly, in 1848, she conveyed to the properly constituted authorities, as a free gift, the land adjoining her residence upon which the Tabernacle stands. To this gift of land succeeded an organization to provide funds to build a church, which, in due time, were procured. The church was to be built by voluntary contributions : there was to be no proprietorship in pews, — a principle then for the first time introduced in Yarmouth. Mrs. EUis, equipped with a silver trowel presented to her by the members of the Ladies' Needlework Association, herself laid the corner- stone. The Rev. Frederick J. Tomkins (from London), a wonderfully well-equipped minister, gave life to the enterprise, and labored with constant assiduity until the church was completed, still not unmindful of the example of the apostles who "labored with their own hands." The architect was Mr. John Panter of Brookline, Mass., whose lamented son, some fifteen years later, built the Yarmouth Seminary, and the beautiful residence of the late Capt. Nehemiah K. Clements. And in all these successive improvements of the century, from 1767 to 1867, we trace the influence of Nehemiah Porter, the Congregational minister, in making history for Yarmouth. The early settlers of Yarmouth were men of humble station, farmers, fishermen, or seafarers, inured to unremitting toil. In early life they had been beyond the reach of the educational advantages so freely offered in these days to the youth of Old England, New England, or Nova Scotia. But they were men well fitted for the work they took in hand ; and, in view of the results achieved, it does not become late- comers to cast reflections upon the methods, rough though some of them may have been, by which their work was done. CHAPTER VII. The Micmacs a Branch of the Algonquin Family. — Their Territory. — The Micrr^acs a Superior Race. — Staled by Algonquins " Our Ancestors of the East." — Character and Customs of the .Acadian Indians. — Their Deference to the French Missionaries. — Their Hospitality and Peaceable Disposition. — Beauties of the Indian Language. — Structure of Indian Words. — Examples. — Longest Word in the Indian Language. — Longest in any Language. — Geographical Names in Yarmoutli County ending in acadie. — Origin and Meaning of Chebogue, Chegoggin, Chebec, Tusket, Mispouk, and Kigigiak. — The Tusket River. — Its Attractions for the Tourist and Sportsman. — John Eliot, the Indian Missionary. — His Indian Bible and Testament. — The Lord's Prayer in Two Dialects. IF one could procure the materials for a history of the original inhabitants of Yarmouth County for a few hundred years previous to the arrival of the French colonists, a highly interesting story might be written. The early French missionaries have left many valuable records of their experience with the aborigines of Acadia ; and the researches of later writers have added important contributions to a knowledge of the character, customs, and language of the Algonquin family of Indians to which the Micmacs belong. A few pages devoted to the Indians may not be, therefore, considered out of place ; and they may tend to elucidate some names applied to localities in Yarmouth County and elsewhere, or to confirm the meanings sometimes heretofore attached to them. The aborigines of North America, east of the Mississippi, were divided into four great families, — the Eskimos, Algonquins, Dakotahs, and Muscolgees. The Eskimo territory extended from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, and as far south as Labrador and the shores of Hudson's Bay. The Algonquins were bounded north by the Eskimos, and occupied the Atlantic shores from Newfoundland to Virginia, the territories west to the Mississippi and north to ' its sources, and the Red River and Saskachewan territories. THE MICMACS. 87 The Algonquins were subdivided into four nations, one of wliicli, the Abnakis, occupied the Atlantic coast as far west as the Kennebec ; and the branch of this nation called the Souriquois, or Micmac, occupied the south-eastern and eastern shores of New Brunswick, the whole of Nova Scotia, and the coasts as far north as the St. Lawrence, as well as the adjacent islands. The title, Micmac, was applied to the Souriquois by the French on account of the professed occult powers of their numerous and famous medicine-men. Abnaki, sometimes spelled Abanaqui, or Wabanaki, means our ancestors, or our ancestors of the East; and the title was given to that people by the other tribes, and not by themselves. It is said they bear marks of an original people, in name, manners, and language, and show a civilization which must be the effects of antiquity and a past flourishing age. An early missionary says, " They claim to have been created where they were, and that the Great Spirit, having made them and their land as a masterpiece, made the rest carelessly." The entire Algonquin family called the inhabitants east of the Kennebec our ancestors of the East. An anonymous writer, in 1787, on "The Present State of Nova Scotia," quotes a remark of the Indians to the French in their first efforts to colonize the province : " Our fathers lie buried here : shall we say to the bones of our fathers. Arise, and go with us into a foreign land?" He thus speaks of the Indians of Nova Scotia : " A small dose of liquor never satisfies them. They drink it unmixed until they can drink no more. Their language is exceedingly expressive, and contains few words, arising from a quick and lively sensation of visible objects, which prompts them to express, as it were in a moment, ideas that would take time and reflection in us to paint to the life ; whilst their surprise or indignation gives birth to thoughts or expressions, warm, astonishing, and sublime, a thousand examples of which might be given by persons acquainted with their dialect. " They believe all men equal. Their principal abhorrence of a civilized way of life seems to arise from what they observe among people who style them barbarians, whose corruptions and false ideas of things they affect to despise, and none more so than the respect paid to riches. «8 THE ETCH I M INS. which, as they remark, are frequently possessed by the most worthless of mankind." He adds this plea for the Indian : " Let not men born under happier climates, and in the bosom of civilized nations, where learning and science have long been cultivated, and gradually brought to maturity, draw rash inferences from what has been said of their manners and customs, as if they were a people wholly immersed in barbarism, enemies to impravement, and incapable of instruction. On the contrary, let it be considered, that the leading characteristics which distinguish man from the beasts of the field in so eminent a degree, even in his natural state, are in a peculiar manner stamped upon them. The most perfect notion of right and wrong, of subordination to God as governor of the universe, and submission to his will, are but a small part of that knowl- edge which they possess from nature ; and whilst we deplore the dark- ness in which they are still buried, let us not forget that very few ages have elapsed since the greater part of Europe was in a similar state ; and that the same means that have been used by Divine Providence to rescue so many nations from the depths of ignorance is perfectly adequate to the same purpose again, since neither good natural abilities, nor yet a desire to be instructed, are wanting for bringing to perfection such a desirable event." M. Moreau, in his " Histoire de L'Acadie Fran^aise," published at Paris in 1873, relates, "Upon the right bank of the Kennebec River there was an encampment of Indians, which was the principal residence of the Jesuit missionary. Father Sebastian Rasles. Their church had been destroyed in the last war, and the tribe had been too poor to rebuild it. The governor of Massachusetts thought he saw a favorable oppor- tunity to secure to the English cause the allegiance of the Abnakis. He proposed to them to supply the money and the workmen to rebuild their church, provided they would consent to be served by a Protestant minister. " His offer was with one voice rejected : 'Your words astonish me,' replied the Indian chief, ' and I wonder at the offer you make. When you came here, you saw me a long time before the French governor. But neither they who came before you, nor have your ministers, ever spoken to me of prayers, nor of the Great Spirit. They looked at my ACADIAN INDIANS. 89 furs, my beaver-skins, and moose-skins : that seemed all they cared about. That is what they eagerly looked for. I could not bring enough of them ; and when I brought them a very large lot, I was their great friend. And that was all. " 'But one day I lost my canoe, and then lost my track. I wandered a long time by chance, and at last I came near Quebec to a large camp of the Abnakis where the Black Robes were teaching them. As soon as I got there, one of l\\^ Black Robes came to see me. I was loaded with furs : the French Black Robe would not even look at them. He spoke to me at first of the Great Spirit, of heaven and hell, and of prayers, which was the only way to get to heaven. I was pleased to listen to him, and I liked his talk so well that I stayed a long time at the camp to hear him. Yes, his prayers pleased me, and I engaged him to teach me. I asked for baptism, and received it. At last I came back to my own country, and I told them what had happened to me. They envied my good fortune, and wanted to share in it. They went to find the Black Robe, and ask for baptism. That is the way the French have treated me. If, when you had first seen me, you had talked to me of prayers, I would have had the bad luck to pray Hke you, for I would not have been able to tell if your prayers were good. So, I sa}- to you, that I shall hold to the prayers of the French. I like them, and I will hold on to them till the world burns up and comes to an end. You may, then, keep your money, your workmen, and your minister. I do not want to speak of them any longer, and I will say to the French governor. Father, send me away from them.' " Another writer says of the Indians of Acadia, " They were skilled in agriculture, and ingenious artisans, excellent physicians, and they displayed great ingenuity in entrapping wild animals. In war they exhibited unexampled bravery. In their domestic relations they were quite as happy as their European conquerors. Whatever the husband procured by hunting belonged to the wife, and whatever the wife raised in the field belonged to the husband. The boys were early taught to hunt and fish, and the girls to raise corn and weave nets. Children were taught to respect the aged. New cornfields were usually broken up by a mirthful gathering of all residing in the vicinity." Colonel Fry, commandant at Fort Cumberland, addressing the 90 THE INDIA.V LANGUAGE. governor of Nova Scotia, in 1761, wrote of the arrival there of a French priest, Father Manache, who said of the Indians, "They were all of one nation, and known by the name of Micmacs ; they were very numerous, amounting to three thousand souls ; that he had learned their language since he had been among them, and had found so much excellence in it that he was well persuaded if the beauties of it were known in Europe there loould be seminaries erected for the propagation of it I " Dr. Trumbull of Hartford, Conn., writes, " The original character of many Indian geographical names has been lost by their transfer to a foreign tongue. Nearly all have suffered some mutilation or change of form. In many instances scarcely a trace of the original can be detected in the modern name. Some have been separated from the localities to which they belonged, and assigned to others to which they are etymologically inappropriate. Every Indian name described the locality to which it ivas affixed. " With few exceptions, the structure of these words is simple. Nearly all may be referred to one of three classes : — ■ " I. Those formed by the union of two elements which we call adjectival or substantival, with or without a location suffix at, in, near by, etc. " II. Those which have a single element, the substantival, or ground-word, with its location affix. "III. Those formed from verbs, or participial or verbal nouns, denot- ing the place where the action of the verb is performed. At least nine- tenths of all Algonquin names belong to Class I. or II. " The same name may be found in the early records written in a dozen different ways. Most of the Indian local names were written by men who cared nothing for the meaning, and knew nothing of the language to which they belonged. Of the few who had learned to speak one or more of these languages, no two adopted the same way of writ- ing them ; and no one, John Eliot excepted, appears to have been at all careful to write the same word twice alike. In the seventeenth century men took considerable liberty in spelling their own surnames, and very large liberties with English polysyllables, especially with local names. Scribes who contrived to find five or six ways of spelling Hartford were not likely to preserve uniformity in their deahng with FATHER RASLES. 9 1 Indian names. A few letters more or less were of no great conse- quence j but generally the writers tried to keep on the safe side by putting in as many as they could find room for." Father Rasles, a Jesuit missionary, who lived among the Indians for upwards of thirty years, in a letter dated at Norridgewauk, Oct. 12, 1723, says, "On July 23, 1689, I embarked at Rochelle, and, after a good voyage, arrived at Quebec on Oct. 13, in the same year. I at once applied myself to a study of the language of the savages. It is very difficult ; for it is not sufficient to study the words and their mean- ing, and to acquire a stock of words and phrases, but we must acquaint ourselves with the turn and arrangement of them as used by the savages, and which can only be attained by intercourse and familiarity with these people. I then took up my residence in a village of the Abnaki nation, situated in a forest a few leagues from Quebec. This village was inhab- ited by two hundred savages, who were almost all Christians. It was among these people, who pass for the least rude of all our savages, that I went through my apprenticeship as a missionary. My principal occupation was to study their language. It is very difficult to learn, especially when vfe have only savages for our teachers." Under date 1691, Father Rasles writes, "II y a un an que je suis parmi les sauvages, je commence a mettre en ordre en forme de dictio- naire les mots que j'apprens." ("When I had been a year among the savages, I began to arrange in the form of a dictionary the words I learned.") The original manuscript of Father Rasles' dictionary is in the library of Harvard University, and it appeared in printed form in 1833. Some of the words which are given on this and following, pages, are taken from Father Rasles' dictionary, and among them may be found a key to the origin of some local names in Yarmouth County. Nehantic ... ... Point of land on a tidal river. Cheputnaticook . .... Low land near the river. GUNASQUAMCOOK Long bar joining the island. Ka-MISKWanangachit . . . . Place where they spear salmon. Angwassagin Place where there is drift-wood. Mattawankeag Bar of gravel dividing the river. MiNlPESSUNK . . . ... Plenty of rain. 92 IXDIAN NAMES. Chatemac . . Great rock. Androscoggin . . .... Andros (Gov.) gathering. Am.moscoggin ... . ... Many fish coming. Agomowin ... Harbor. Matchibigwadusek ... . . Water bad to drinlc. Keespougwitk Land's end. Yarmouth. Kigigiak, or ) - . . . . Great establishment. Kigicapigiak ) MiTiHiKAN (Meteghan) Wooden fence. Weir. Agouam . Smoked fish. Agouiden . Canoe. Akoubi Brandy. Opin Potato. Acadie . . ... Place of abmidance. WoNGUM Crooked. Onigundt, or ] V . . Good river. Ulasteka ) Nebi, Begat, 1 \ ... Water. Muskeg j Meenum Blueberry. Odeimin Strawberry. MousKEGEGEMiN . . Swamp-berry, or cranberry. Shepaug .... . .... . River in Connecticut. Shippook Lake in Connecticut. TUCKQUT . . . . . . . . Terminal many Indian names. Paug Still, or standing water. Maskebegat ... . ... Swift-running water. Tekebi, or ) > . . . .... Cold water. Tekebegat ) Nahamon . . . . An eel. Nahumkeag . Place for eels. Pentaguet, or „ , Broad water. Boamtuquet Mashapaug Large pond. MiNNEPAUG Still deep water. Shetucket Rough river. Pautukesit . Falls of the tidal river. Wequetukquesit . . Head of the tidal river. TUKSEIT Broad tidal river. OussiKKAT River which grows smaller. OusKiTsioui . The chief river. OuSKiTsiMATZASSESE . . . . River that is rough outside. INDIAN WORDS. 93 NIKETAOUKSIT . . The great forked tidal river. MousKEGOUAHOOK River wliere there are fish. MousKEGOUiAHouGOOK River where there are many fish. OuiGOUAM .... .... .... Camp, wigwam. Skoutam . . . Trout. Skoutamouk Many trout. Nahaiiouk Many eels. OURIKIZEGAT . .... Fine day, or fine weather. xMatsikizegat Bad weather. louTSi MouiGHiNENA . . . . We will Camp here. OuATSOUSEMASi . . . . . - . Fill my pipe. PlouAN .... . The wind drives the snow. NoLUMBEGA .... Still water below falls. Neganniannaubook Ancients of past times. Mekwasque ... . Very cold weather. Chic Near, close by. Mis, Missi Great. TuK, Tic .... Tide. Ut Place. Cha, Che, She, as a prefix, mean great, large, or violent, as the context requires. Words like the two following, the one of eleven, the other of twenty, syllables, provoked Cotton Mather to say, " Indian words are long enough to tire any scholar in the world. One would think they had been growing ever since Babel unto the dimensions to which they are now extended." Wut'ap'pis'sit'tuk'qus'sun'non'wekt'unk'quoh'. He kneeled down to him. Nup'pahk'nuh'to'pe'pe'nau'wut'chut'chuh'quo'ka'neh'cha'e'nin'nu'mun'no'- NOK.' ' Our well-skilled looking-glass makers. Ketchiniwesk ") . The Great Spirit. . The Evil Spirit. Ketchinixham j :\Iatchinuwesk ) Matchinixham j THE SEASONS. SlQUAM . . . Spring. NiBAN . . Nekumge . . Autumn. Peboon . Summer. . . Winter. ^ The longest word known has been lately exhumed. It is Llanfairpwillgwngyllgertrobgllgerchwym- byllgogerbwllzantivsiliogogogoch. This awful word of seventy-two letters and twenty-two syllables, the name of a village in Wales, means, " St. Mary's white hazel pool, near the turning pool, near the whirlpool, very near the pool by Llantsilio, fronting the rocky islet of Gogo." And it is a short word after all, for its meaning cannot be expressed in the same number of letters or syllables in any other language under the sun. 94 IXDIAN WORDS. Sunday Monday . Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday . . Saturday . the days of the week . Sande. Amikawasalokka Nisidaalokka . . Nesetaalokka . Ieotaalokka Skehenatook . Katausande First working-day. Second working-day. Third working-day. Fourth working-day. The Day of the Cross. The day before Sunday. Etsi Taubawanikessughenakkiouighissan, signifying a week; or, from seven days to seven days it is the festival of Sunday. January Febru.ary March . April . May . June . . July August . September. October. . November December the months Onglusamwessit . . . Takuaskaikizoos . puhodamurkizoos Amusswikizoos. . KiKKAIKIZOOS . . . muskoshikizoos . . . Atchittaikizoos WlKKAIKIZOOS . . Mautchewodokkizoos . Assebaskwats . . . . Abonankiswikizoos . . Ketchikizoos . . . OF THE YEAR. Moon when it is hard to get a living. Moon when there is crust on the snow. Moon when the hens lay. Moon when we catch fish. Moon when we sow. Moon when we catch young seals. Moon when the berries are ripe. Moon when there are eels on the sand. Moon when there are moose and berries. Moon when ice is on the banks. Moon when the frost-fish come. The long moon. PHASES OF THE MOON. Naugusa . . . Nenaghil . . Kegandemaghil Wemeghil Pekinem . Utsine Pebassine Metchina Sesemina Nepa . . She is born. She grows. She will soon be full. She is full. She is past full. She begins to die. She is half dead. She is nearly dead. She is nearly dead. She is dead ; or, no moon. OF THE DAY AND NIGHT. USPAUSWIWI TSEKWUT . . Paskoue . . Pedugusse Daybreak. It is day. Noon. Past noon. INDIAN LOCAL NAMES. 95 Nakile Magi.angouille . . Kegunpesede . PiSKU . Agumenetepoket . Epassietepoket . . . Agwametepoket . . Pitsetepoket ... SouRiQuois, The Micmacs Eskimos .... . . Sunset. Twilight. . Evening. Night. . Before midnight. . Midnight. . After midnight. . The night will soon be over. Good canoe-men. . Eaters of raw flesh. The numerals in the Indian dialect according to Lescarbot, writing in 1610 : — SOUEIQUOIS. Etchimins. ... . Nagout Bechkon. . . Tabo . . . . . NiCH. Chicht . . . Xach. . . Neon . . . . Tau. . . . . Nan Prenchk. Kamachin . . . Chachit. . . ErOEGUENIK . . . COUTACHIT. . . . . Megu Merchin . Erouiguen. Numerals. I. II. . III. IV. . V. VI. . VII. VIII. IX. . X. ECHKONADEK PeCHCOQUEM. Metren . . . Peiock. The Indian names Ponamagotty, Soonecaty, Anglaseawagatty (Camp- bell's History, p. 20), would be improved by changing the terminals to acadie, thus : Ponomacadie, Anglaseacadie, Shunacadie, when they would harmonize with other Indian names ending in acadie. Passamaquoddy does not look so well in print, nor sound so well, as the original Passam- acadie. It is said that the word pappoose is not Indian, but was origi- nally the Indians' imperfect pronunciation of the English word babies. But some writers give it as Indian, — papoos, pouppoos, pappoosee nippapoos, according to fancy. The Indian name for Salem, Mass., was Nahumkeag, place for eeif. It is often found spelled Naumkeag. If, for the sake of old associa- tions, it is thought advisable to preserve the original signification of the name, the village of Eel Brook might at some future time be called Naumkeag, when it would come into line with Pubnico, Abuptic, Tusket, Chebec, Chebogue, and Chegoggin. INDIAN LOCAL NAMES. Che is the prefix of many Micniac names. We have it in Chebogue, Chegoggin, Chebec, Chebucto, Chezetcook, and Chedabucto. Cheti- camp is probably French^ derived from chetif and camp, and meaning a poor camping-ground, or a poor encampment. We have its equiva- lent in Miramiir/H' and Riir/zz'bucto. Chic is almost as frequent. It occurs in Chicaben, Chicnecto, Chicoutimi, Chicopee, and Chicago. Cheputnaticook is the Indian name for the north-west branch of the St. Croix River, N.B. There is a Chegoggin River in Guysborough County, a Chebeague Island in Casco Bay, and Chimenticook is a branch of the River St. John in the north-west corner of the Aroostook territory. In the Indian names, examples of which have been given in these notes, variations in the spelling are observed, where the sounds of the syllables are nearly the same. This has arisen from different persons using different forms to express the same sounds ; just as in the seven- teenth century English spelling was capricious and unsettled, or as in the eighteenth century, in the time of the early Yarmouth settlers, when any clerk or recorder was a law unto himself. Analyzing some Yarmouth-County names, we therefore find that Mispouk Lake is from Alls, great, and pang, still water ; whence also came Muspeg, Muskeg, etc., as applied to swamps. Chebogue is from Che and paug. Great still river. Chegoggin, Great encampment, referring to the old Indian village at the head of tide-water, which must have been one of the best camping-grounds in the western part of Nova Scotia. Chebec, meaning "the Narrows,'' was the Indian name for Tusket Wedge ; and " the Forks " the Micmacs called Nictahk. The origin of Tusket is quickly recognized when we read Tukseit, Oussikkat, Ouskitsioui, or Niketaouksit. The name, Niketaouksit, the great forked tidal river, is very applicable to the Tusket ; more so, perhaps, than to any other river in Nova Scotia. The first branch is the Salmon River, running northerly into Digby County, until it there passes some of the sources of the other Salmon River, which has its outlet near the mouth of St. Mary's Bay. The next is Mersey's Branch, which leaves the main river at Gavel's Falls, and runs northerly till it nearly meets the tributaries of the Sissibou River. The Great Tusket,' diverging more easterly at Gavel's Bridge, THE TUSKET RIVER. 97 sends off its next great branch at "the Forks" Bridge, which branch runs thence south-easterly until it crosses the Shelburne-County line. The next branch, the Kigigiak, or Kegshook, runs north-easterly through, and for miles beyond, Wallebec Lake, for a considerable distance in company with the Clyde River of Shelburne County. Two miles north of the Kemptville Bridge the Tusket again branches ; the main river taking a still more easterly course away beyond the Blue Mountains into Digby County, and the other branch running northerly also into Digby County, where it s^arates into two considerable streams, one of which extends as far northerly, at least, as the latitude of Sissibou Bridge. The head waters of these branches of the Tusket River are at varying distances from the sea, — from thirty to sixty miles, — and, excepting occasional carrying-places, where the falls make rough and rapid water, all these branches are navigable to flat-bottomed boats. These notes are written from a familiar acquaintance with all these branches of the Tusket River during the last forty years, derived from passing over them in boats from the head waters with a skilled voyageur, and making the descent to Tusket village, ten miles from the sea. Upon some of the branches, there is scarcely an obstruction for the whole distance ; in many places the " rapids " are half a mile or more in length, and may (with care) be "run" in perfect safety; while every- where from the rippling water, and especially where it meets the still water of the lakes, abundance of fine trout and an occasional salmon add a zest to an excursion through magnificent lake and river and forest scenery, not surpassed by any in the maritime provinces or New England. In the olden time the Tusket River was the natural and favorite habitat of salmon, alewives, shad, and other valuable food-fishes. The catch was only limited by the needs of the sojourners upon its banks ; and although the inroads of a later civilization have largely broken up their favorite haunts, of all the rivers upon the North-Atlantic coasts of America, the Tusket continues to be the one first visited by salmon in the spring. Moose, caribou, and useful fur-bearing animals, abounded in the forests ; while limidess flocks of wild geese, ducks, and other sea- fowl, in their annual migrations, made these Acadian waters their first resting-place on their Northern journeys, and the waters where they 9S JOHN ELIOT. lingered longest in the fall before taking their final departure for the South. Here, then, was a " happy hunting-ground," the home of the abor- igines whom the Algonquins styled " Our ancestors of the East ; " nor is it strange that amid such scenes the Micmacs developed a degree of civilization unattained by any other tribe of North-American Indians. They welcomed, and freely fraternized with, the French when they first appeared upon these shores ; and the Micmacs readily yielded to the persuasive teachings of the Jesuit missionaries who accompanied the early voyagers from France. The French immigrants who followed met the most hospitable treatment ; and if they had been permitted to colo- nize Acadia, undisturbed by the EngHsh in their peaceful occupation it would be no part of history to-day to record only plaintive reminis- cences " of the gentle race That has passed away forever." ■ History preserves unfading records of one Protestant missionary of the Massachusetts Colony who was free from the rebuke of the Indian chief upon the banks of the Kennebec, — JOHN ELIOT,— who was born at Nasing, near Waltham, in Essex, England, in 1604. He was educated at Jesus' College, Cambridge, where he took his Bachelor's degree in 1623. He came to America, landing at Boston on Nov. 3, 1 63 1. He lived in Roxbury, where he was married in 1632 ; and he was pastor of a church in Roxbury for more than fifty- seven years, until his death in 1690. He devoted himself to the study of the Indian language, residing with them sometimes for weeks together ; and after two years he was able to preach to them in their own language. In 1653 he published a Catechism for the Indians, the first one in their language. In 1661 he published a New Testament in the Indian language. It bore this title : — WUSK.U WUTTESTAMENTUM NUX.-LORDUMUM JESUS CHRIST NUPPOQUOHWUSSUAENUMUM. ^ Appendix I. THE INDIAN BIBLE. 99 In 1663 his Indian Bible was publislied. Its title was, — MAMUSSE WUNNEETUPANATAMWE UP-BIBLUM GOD NANEESWE NUKKONE TESTAMENT KAH WONK WUSKU TESTAMENT. NEQUOSHKINNUiMOUK WUTTINNEUMOH CHRIST NOH ASOUWESJT JOHN ELIOT. CAMBRIDGE 1663 Literally translated : The whole Holy ; His Bible God, both Old Testament and also New Testament. This was the first Bible printed in America. Not till the middle of the next century was the Bible in the English language printed in this country. The following is the Lord's Prayer from Eliot's Catechism, in the language of the Massachusetts branch of the Algonquin family. " Nooshun kesukqut wunneetupantamunock koowesionk. Peyan- mooutch kukkeitassootamoonk. Toh unantaman ne' nnajokheit neane kesukqut. Asekusukokish petuk'qunnegash assaminean yeu kesukok. Ahquontamaunnean nummatsheseongash, neane matchenahikquagig nutahquontamanounanog. Ahque sagkompaguninnean en qutchhuaon- ganit webe pohquohwussinan wulch matahitut ; newuteke keitassoo- tamoonk, kutahtauun, menuhkesuonk sohsunioonk, micheme kah raicheme. Amen." The Lord's prayer in the dialect of the Etchimins of the Kennebec is thus rendered : — " Nushinen Wajok ebin tchiptook delwigin mequidemek Wajok n'teli- 100 THE INDIAN PRIMER. danen tchiptook ignemwick ula nemulek uledechinen. Natel Wajok deli chkedoolk tchiptook deli chkedulek makimiguel elnieh. Delamu- kubenigual echemieguel apek nequech kichkook delamooktech pene- quunenvvin nilunen ; deli abikchiktakichik wegaiwinametnik elpkel Nixham abikchiktwin elweultik melkeninnech winnehudil mu k'tygalinen keginnkamkel winnchiguel twaktvvin. N'delietch." The following is the Apostles' Creed in the dialect of the Massa- chusetts Indians translated by John Eliot : — " Nounamptan God wamemanuhkesit wutooshiman noh kezteunk kesuk kah ohke ; kuhnounamptan Jesus Christ ummohtomegkeonsheh, nussontimoumun ; noh wompequoomuk nashpe vvannepanatamwe Nashananit ; noh neetuonont peenompae Maryoh ; chequnuhtamup nup- poonk utagwe Pontius Pilate, pametunkupunuuntup, nuppoup kah pofekinop, woumsu en chepiokkomukqut, nishikqunukok omokkuwonk wutch nuppunat, kah waabu en kesukqut kah na ut wutappin ; adt wuttin- ohkounit God wame manuhkesit wutoushiman ; na wutch pish peyan wussumonat nu weeswe pamontogig kah napukeg. Nounamptan wunnase tupanatamwe. Nashananit nounamptan mumusse wannutu- panatamwe mocuwakkomonganuou ; kah ummooukomuongannou waneestupanatogig, kah ahquontamoodtuonk matcheseongash ; kah muhhogkoue, kah micheme pomantamoonk ut kesukqut." From the Indian Primer, by John Eliot, 1669. The only perfect copy of the original known to exist is in the library of the University of Edinburgh. The type was set in part by " praying Indians," and the dialect is that of the Natick tribe. M. Rameau, in his book " Une Colonie Feodale," published at Paris in 1876, says, — ■'' Certainly, of all the Indians, the Abnakis most nearly approached the European, and especially the French, character ; above all other tribes they were docile and faithful ; endowed with a brilliant courage and with a loyalty rare among Indians, they displayed an unwavering fidelity to the men and to the ideas to which they became attached. . . . These savages always lived in perfect accord with the Acadians. We have seen from the interesting narrative of Lescarbot that their relations with the French were friendly from the beginning : this reciprocal attachment failed not for a single day. The Acadians sometimes com- IiXDIAN FIDELITY. 10 1 plained of the Indians living so near to them, and of their importunity ; but never, during the century and a half of French rule, did bne hear of altercation, of aggression, of pillage, nor of a single act of violence. Perhaps the history of no other colony presents a similar phenomenon." Dit M. Moreau en " Histoire de L'Acadie Frangaise," publi^e a Paris en 1873, — " Oh ! combien auroit €\.€ differente de ce qu'elle est la condition des indigenes, si Dieu avoit permis que la puissance Frangaise se main- tint sur les rivages Americains ! et quel autre spectacle les populations etablies dans les immenses bassins du Saint-Laurent et du Mississippi auroient donn6 au monde ! II est impossible de penser, sans une profonde douleur, aux miracles de charity dont la supr^matie Anglaise a interrompu le cours." The chapter may close with the reflections, ending perhaps with indignation, this passage is so well calculated to arouse. CHAPTER VIII. Champlain's Early Career. — His Skill as a Navigator. — Compared with Julius Cxsar. — P'rench Colonization of Acadia. — Marquis de La Roche in 1598. — De Monts, Poutrin court, and Champlain in 1604. — Champlain explores the Coast from Liverpool to Ste. Marie's Bay, calling at Yarmouth in May, 1604. — The Colony first settles at Ste. Croix. — Removes to Port Royal in 1605. — Claude de La Tour and his Son Charles at Port Royal in 1610. — Argall's Raid in 1613. — Sir William Alexander's Colony at Port Royal in 1622. — Claude de La Tour created a Baronet of Nova Scotia. — Charles declines a Similar Honor. — Gov. John Winthrop's Massachusetts Colony of 1630. — Met by Capt. Lovett off Cape Ann, and escorted to Salem. — Acadia restored to France in 1631. — Alexander abandons Port Royal. — Alarm in Massachusetts Bay. — RaziUy and D'AuInay found a Colony at La Hfeve in 1632. — Charles de La Tour builds a Fort at St. John. — Razilly dies, and D'AuInay succeeds to the Government of Acadia. — He removes his Colony to Port Royal. — Acadia divided by the King of France between D'AuInay and Charles de La Tour. — Conflict between them. — Encouraged by the English of Massachusetts. — D'AuInay captures La Tour's Fort. — Death of Madame de La Tour. — Death of D'AuInay. — Charles de La Tour marries Madame D'AuInay. — Devotion and Influence of French Missionaries. — The Abb6 Sigogne. — Port Royal from 1650 to Treaty of Utrecht in 1713. CONTINUING the narrative from the close of Chapter I., a brief sketch will now be given of the early efforts of the French to colonize Nova Scotia down to 17 13, when it was finally ceded to Great Britain. The account is drawn from various sources where authors, describing the same events, differ in some particulars ; and, where dis- crepancies occur, it is often difficult to decide whose accounts are most reliable. The reader, therefore, may find dates not always agreeing with those of other writers, and, perhaps, opinions of persons and their move- ments not at all times coinciding with those already formed. French writers and English writers, treating of the same events or individuals, may be carried away by enthusiasm, or be influenced by prejudice, — a remarkable instance of which will be given in the respective views of M, Moreau and James Hannay in their summing up of the character of D'AuInay. No French writer of the seventeenth century may be more fully trusted than Champlain, who united to his wonderful skill as a navigator SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN. 103 the ability to describe with the utmost fidelity and precision the sea- coasts and countries he explored. He may be compared with Rome's great general, the accounts of whose brilliant campaigns were written by himself upon the fields where he won his victories, and which, nearly two thousand years afterward, are admired for their fulness of detail and elegance of style. Samuel de Champlain, son of Antoine de Champlain, a sea-captain, was born at Brouage, near Rochelle, about 1567. Brouage was the centre of a district extensively engaged in the manufacture of salt by the evaporation of sea-water. In his youth, Champlain had considerable experience in the coasting- trade in vessels employed in distributing salt along the coast of France and other Continental countries, as well as to English ports. Late in life, when addressing the Queen of France, he said, " This is the art which in my early years won my love, and has induced me to expose myself to the tempestuous waves of the ocean." In 1599 Champlain was placed in command of the French ship St. yulian, of five hundred tons, chartered by the Spanish for an expedition to America; and, accompanied by a fleet, he sailed for the West Indies in January, 1599. On arrival at Porto Rico, the fleet was separated into three divisions ; Champlain visiting many of the islands, and at length the continent. He harbored at Vera Cruz, whence he proceeded to the city of Mexico, remaining there a month. Eventually, the fleet, according to agreement, met at Havana, whence they sailed for Spain, arriving there in March, 1601. Champlain, who was styled Geographer of the King, prepared an elaborate report of the expedition with sixty-two illustrations, which remained in manuscript two hundred and fifty-seven years. In 1859 it was translated and printed in London. In this report, Champlain sug- gested a canal across the Isthmus of Panama in words of the following purport : " One might judge, if the territory, four leagues in extent, lying between Panama and the Chagres River, were cut through, he could pass firom the South Sea to that on the other side, and thus shorten the route by more than fifteen hundred leagues. From Panama to the Straits of Magellan would constitute an island, and from Panama to Newfoundland another, so that the whole of America would be in two islands." 104 MARQUIS DE LA ROCHE. 1598. — The first attempt to colonize Nova Scotia was made by the French in 1598. The Marquis de La Roche, a nobleman of Brittany, obtained a royal commission with exclusive powers of gov- ernment and trade. He fitted out a small vessel with a crew of sixty men, forty of whom were convicts gathered out of the prisons ijf France, and sailed for the northern coasts of America. The first land he made was Sable Island ; and, having there landed the convicts, he proceeded to reconnoitre the coasts of Nova Scotia, for the purpose of selecting a location for his intended settlement. But a furious gale, continuing ten or twelve days, drove him off the coast ; and, either from necessity or design, he returned to France, abandoning the forty men left on Sable Island. He landed at Brittany, when the governor of the province put him in prison : why, history does not say. And, though the marquis was soon released, he did not return to Nova Scotia ; and five years afterward, when a vessel was sent to rescue the men left on Sable Island, only twelve remained alive. 1603. — A Huguenot gentleman, Pierre du Guast, Sieur de Monts, Governor of Pons in Saintonage, who for recreation had made a voyage to the St. Lawrence several years before, obtained from Henry IV. a charter, constituting him king's lieutenant in L'Acadie, with all necessary powers for a colonial settlement. His grant covered the whole territory between the fortieth and forty-sixth degrees of north latitude. He secured in addition the exclusive right of trade in the region of the Gulf and River St. Lawrence. 1604. — Early in April, he had gathered together about a hundred and twenty artisans of all trades, who were embarked in two ships, — one of 120 tons, commanded by Capt. Morel, and under the direc- tion of Sieur de Pont Gravd, a rich merchant of Honfieur, who had already been engaged in the St. Lawrence fur-trade ; the other, a ship of 150 tons, in which De Monts himself embarked with several noble- men and gentlemen, and with Capt. Timoth^e of Havre de Grace as commander. De Monts invited Champlain to accompany him, to which the king consented on condition that he should prepare a faithful report of his observations and discoveries. Jean de Biencourt, Baron de Poutrincourt, and Louis Hebert, an apothecary from Paris, DE MONTS AND POUTRL\COURT. lOS sailed with De Monts, who left Havre on A[jril 7, the other ship following in three days, to meet at Canseau. But having taken a more southerly course than first intended, on May 8 De Monts made the Nova Scotia coast, and anchored at La Heve, so named from a high, rocky bluff a little north of Havre de Grace, known as Cape de la Heve. The word Hcve seems to have a local meaning, as may be inferred from the following excerpt : " A name in Lower Normandy for cliffs hollowed out below where fishermen search for crabs" (Littre). On May 12 the ship put in at Liverpool Harbor, where they found Capt. Rossignol of Havre carrying on a contraband trade with the Indians. De Monts arrested the captain, and confiscated his vessel, by way of compensation naming the harbor Port Rossignol. The next day they anchored at Port Mouton, where they lingered _for a few weeks awaiting tidings from Pont Grav6, who had in the mean time arrived at Canseau, the rendezvous agreed upon. Here he found some Basque ships engaged in the fur-trade with the Indians, which he seized, and sent the captains to De Monts. The vessels were confiscated, and sent to Rochelle. The vessel which had been taken from Capt. Rossignol was despatched to Canseau to bring the supplies Pont Grave's ship carried, which being transferred, Pont Gravd proceeded through the Straits of Canseau to the St. Lawrence to trade with the Indians. In the mean time, Champlain, in a vessel of eight tons, with M. Simon, a miner, and ten men, had been sent to reconnoitre the coast towards the west. Touching at several points along the coast, they doubled Cape Sable, visited the Seal Islands and the islands in Argyle Sound, and explored the Tusket Islands, where Champlain made himself familiar with the dangerous ledges and rapid currents. He put in at Yarmouth Harbor, which he describes as " very con- venient for vessels at its entrance ; but its remoter part is entirely dry at low tide, except the channel of a httle stream completely bordered by meadows, which make the place very pleasant. There is good cod-fishing near the harbor." Proceeding on his voyage, Champlain next explored St. Mary's Bay, where Simon discovered " several mines of both silver and iron." I06 DE MONTS AND POUTRINCOURT. He then returned to Port Mouton, and gave De Monts a careful and minute account of his discoveries. De Monts immediately proceeded to St. Mary's Bay, where he left his ship ; and in a small vessel with Champlain, Poutrincourt, Simon, and others, he proceeded to explore the Bay of Fundy. They entered and examined Annapolis Basin ; then, coasting along the north-western shores of Nova Scotia, they entered the Basin of Mines. They next proceeded to the head of the Bay of Fundy, and, skirting the south- eastern coast of New Brunswick, visited St. John Harbor, and finally passed up Passamaquoddy Bay to the mouth of the River St. Croix, selecting De Monts' Island as the site for the colony. The ship and the colonists at St. Mary's Bay were ordered to join them, and Cham- plain was instructed to design and lay out a plan for the town. On Aug. 31, 1604, the vessel which had brought out the colony, and the one taken from Capt. Rossignol, sailed for France, Poutrincourt going with them for re-enforcements and supplies. 1605. — Having wintered at St. Croix, they concluded the shores of the Annapohs Basin were preferable for a settlement ; and in August the colony abandoned St. Croix, and removed to Port Royal, most of their buildings being taken down and carried there. Champlain and Pont Grav6 were sent forward to select a place for the colony ; the site chosen being on the north side of the basin opposite Goat Island, near the present site of Lower Granville. The dwellings were arranged in the form of a quadrangle with an open court in the centre, while gardens and pleasure-grounds were laid out by Champlain in the immediate vicinity. Poutrincourt not having returned, in the fall De Monts sailed for France for supplies, leaving Pont Grav6 and Champlain at Port Royal ; it being agreed that if he did not return by the middle of July following, Pont Grav6 should make arrangements for the return of the colony to France by the fishing-vessels to be found on the Grand Banks. During the wjnter the htde colony suffered much from sickness and unac- customed privations ; and De Monts not returning as expected, the whole colony, on July 17, 1606, set sail in two barks, and proceeded for Cape Breton. But De Monts had not been remiss. He had despatched a vessel DE MO.XTS AND POUTRIXCOUKT. 107 of a hundred and fifty tons, called the Jonas, with fifty men, and ample suppHes for the approaching winter, ^^■hile Pont Grave and Champlain with their two vessels and the retreating colony had run into Yarmouth Harbor for repairs, the Jonas passed unobsen-ed, and at length anchored before the deserted settlement at Port Royal. A boat was at once despatched from the Jonas, to reconnoitre the inlets along the coast, and fortunately intercepted the departing colony near Cape Sable, when they joyfully returned to Port Royal. Poutrincourt, appointed heutenant-governor of L'Acadie, had re- turned in the Jonas ; and with him came Marc Lescarbot, a young attorney, who had already distinguished himself as an author. Poutrin- court at once set about restoring order at Port Royal ; and soon after the Jonas was unloaded, Pont Gravd, and many of those who with him had experienced the hardships of the preceding winter, departed in her for France. Although the season was late, Poutrincourt sent some farmers and gardeners five miles up the river, to the site of the present town of Annapolis, to test the soil, which was there free from stone, by planting a great variety of seeds ; and the plants were found to grow with great luxuriance, though the season was too late for them to mature. On a former visit to Port Royal, Poutrincourt had conceived a great admira- tion for the Annapolis basin, the protected situation of the lands, the fine scener}', and the rich soil. He had a strong desire to bring his family there, and make it his permanent abode ; and with this view he had received from De Monts a grant of the region, and his title to it had been confirmed by Henry IV. But De ^Nlonts wished to plant his colony in a milder cHmate, and he had enjoined on Poutrincourt to continue the explorations for a site still farther south. Accordingly, on Sept. 5, 1606, Poutrincourt and Champlain, in a vessel of eighteen tons, sailed from Port Royal. They visited St. Croix ; Cape Ann, whose chief harbor, now Gloucester, they named Beauport ; passed Cape Cod, and explored the islands of Vine- }-ard Sound, and then touched at \A'ood'3 HoU, whence they returned to Port Royal, arriving there on Nov. 14. This voyage ended Champlain's explorations of the Southern Acadian coasts. I08 MARC LESCARBOT. 1607. — In May the Jonas returned from France, and brought intelligence, that owing to the influence of tlie fur-traders, whose vessels and cargoes had been seized, De Monts had been deprived of his monopoly. This was a great disappointment to the colony at Port Royal, for that had been their chief reliance for the reimbursement of the heavy expenses already incurred. Poutrincourt was compelled to break up the colony. The main portion left Port Royal on July 30, with orders to call at Canseau. Poutrincourt remained until Aug. 11, to await the ripening of the grain, a sample of which he wished to present to the French king. They finally sailed from Canseau on Sept. 3. On the 26th they made the coast of Cornwall, and on Sept. 30 arrived at St. Malo. Lescarbot says. Port Royal was so called "pour sa beaute," and the River St. John because they arrived there on June 24, the festival of St. Jean-Baptiste. He writes, " lis entrerent en ladite Baye Saincte-Marie par un passage etroit qui est entre la terre du Port Royal et une ile dite LTle Longue." This was written in 1606, and it is the oldest historical reference to Long Island and the Petite Passage. He writes, " Bien est vray qu'il y a quelques autres bancs, qu'on appelle Banquereau et le Banc Jacquet, mais ils sont separez du Grand Banc de Terre-Neuve.'' It seems there was fog about the coasts in those days ; for Lescarbot says, " We passed the entrance to Port Royal the first day, and the next day the fog overspread the sea and encompassed us for eight days, during which it was as much as we could do to reach Cape Sable, which we did not see." ^"We arrived at a port four leagues from Campseau, where a good old man from St. Jean de Lus, named Capt. Savalet, was engaged in fishing. He received us with all the courtesy in the world. The Port, which is a small but good one, having no name, I have given it the name Savalet upon my geographical chart. The good man told us this was his forty-second voyage. He was wonderfully satisfied with his fishery ; he told us he made fifty crowns a day, and that his voyage would be worth 10,000 francs. He had 16 hired men; his vessel was 80 tons, and would carry 100,000 dried codfish." 1609. — Le Sieur de Poutrincourt still held his proprietary rights at Port Royal, and in the autumn of this year he resolved to return and make another effort to establish a colony. He procured a small vessel, DEATH OF POUTRIiXCOURT. 109 and loaded her to the water's edge with merchandise, provisions, and military stores (she was so deeply laden, says Lescarbot, that from her deck they could wash their hands in the sea) ; and he sailed from Dieppe on Feb. 26, 16 10. Poutrincourt was accompanied by a number of influential persons, and by his eldest son, Charles de Biencourt. It is believed that in this vessel came also Claude Turgis de Saint Etienne, Sieur de La Tour, a French Huguenot, aUied' to the noble house of de Bouillon, who had lost the greater part of their estates in the civil war. His son, Charles de La Tour, a boy of fourteen years, came with him. 1 610. — The weather was tempestuous, and the winds adverse. They ran off to the southward, and met calms they thought worse than tem- pests. On May 11 they got soundings on the Banks ; and, still pursuing a southerly course to avoid the fields of ice, they arrived at Pentagoet at the mouth of the Penobscot. Remaining there a few days to refit and recruit, they proceeded along the coast, touching at St. Croix, and on June 30 arrived at Port Royal, where they were joyfully welcomed by the Indians. Three weeks afterward, Poutrincourt sent the vessel with his son Charles back to France for further supplies, and with instructions for his immediate return. Charles arrived at Dieppe on Aug. 21, to learn that their great friend and patron, Henry IV., had been assassinated three months before. This unfortunate event delayed his departure. He sailed from Dieppe in a vessel of fifty tons, on Jan. 26, 161 1 ; but meet; ing adverse winds, he put in at an EngUsh port, where he was detained till Feb. 16. On April 19 he arrived on the Grand Banks; and on the 29th, off Canseau, he ran among fields and mountains of ice twelve leagues in length. On May 2 1 he arrived at Port Royal, having mean- while called at Canseau. 1611. — In July, Poutrincourt himself returned to France, leaving his son Charles de Biencourt in charge of the colony, which con- sisted then of only twenty-two persons besides two Jesuit missionaries. Poutrincourt did not return to Port Royal. He entered the service of the king, and was killed at the siege of ;\Iery-sur-Seine in 161 5. 1613. — The httle colony prospered until 1613, when it was broken up by an expedition under the pirate Argall from the London colony in Virginia. But (says Hannay) Charles de Biencourt refused to abandon no SIR WILLIAM ALEXANDER. the colony, and, with a few chosen companions, maintained himself there for the remainder of his life. One of the friends who shared his exile was Charles de La Tour. Sometimes they lived with the Indians, some- times at Port Royal ; but of their adventures, little is known. Biencourt died in 1623, when he bequeathed to Charles de La Tour his rights at Port Royal, and appointed him his successor in the government of the colony. Claude de La Tour continued at Port Royal until the attack of Argall, when he established a trading-post at the mouth of the Penobscot, which the English from Massachusetts took from him in 1623. 1 62 1. — On Aug. 5, 1 62 1, James I. of Great Britain granted to Sir William Alexander the lands lying between the Massachusetts Colony and Newfoundland. The charter was issued Sept. 10. 1622. — In March, Sir William Alexander provided a ship at London, which he sent round to Kirkcudbright where he hoped to recruit a body of emigrants. The inducements held out were inconsiderable. Pur- chasers of land only were to have a right in the soil. Farmers might obtain leases. Artisans were to receive free holdings, but during their lifetime only. None possessing ordinary comforts at home were likely to incur the risk of emigrating to unexplored wastes on inducements so meagre. Only one artisan, a blacksmith, and one educated person, — a Presbyterian minister, — consented to join the expedition. The other emigrants were laborers of the lowest grade. The vessel sailed in August, 1622 ; made Newfoundland, and pro- ceeded for Cape Breton, but was driven back to Newfoundland in a storm. There they resolved to pass the winter while the vessel was despatched to London for fresh supplies. 1623. — On June 5 the ship St. Luke arrived at St. John's with additional colonists and supplies. Meanwhile the minister and black- smith had died, and the others were earning a scanty subsistence as fishermen. On June 23 they sailed from St. John's ; but, impeded by fogs and contrary winds, they did not see the land for two weeks. They then sailed along the coast, which they partially surveyed. Reaching Port Mouton, they discovered in its vicinity three harbors, in one of which, four leagues west of Port Mouton, they landed, naming the place St. Luke's Bay. Two leagues farther on they found another harbor with S/A' CLAUDE DE LA TOUR. HI a fine river, known as Port Hebert (named for De Monts' apothecary, Louis Hebert) . Having cruised twelve leagues farther, they terminated their explorations at Port Negro. On their return they further examined Port Mouton, and then hastened to Newfoundland. There the St. Luke shipped a cargo of fish for the home-voyage ; and, finding other vessels, the explorers returned to England. 1625. — About this time Charles de La Tour married a Huguenot lady : but of her family, or how she came to Nova Scotia, history has no record. But she was a lady of eminent ability, and she now holds rank among the heroines of history. Soon after his marriage, Charles de La Tour removed from Port Royal to Port La Tour, where he built a fort. He was living there in 1627, when war again broke out between France and England ; and by his father Claude, who was returning to France, he addressed a memorial to the French king, asking for aid in defending Acadia against the English. The king granted the request, and fitted out several vessels under the command of Roquemont and Claude de La Tour ; but just as they reached the shores of Nova Scotia, they were captured by an English force under the command of Sir David Kirk, a French Protestant ; and La Tour was sent a prisoner to England. He was, however, soon released, and made the acquaintance of Sir William Alexander. 1628. — In this year. Sir William Alexander the younger was intro- duced to court, knighted, and constituted knight-admiral of Nova Scotia. About the end of March, with a fleet of five vessels and seventy colonists he left Scotland, and all arrived safely at Port Royal. Soon afterward Sir William Alexander returned to England, leaving the seventy colonists at Port Royal ; and on his return the next summer, he found that thirty had died, and that the prospects of the colony were not satisfactory. 1629. — In the autumn of this year Claude de La Tour was intro- duced to the English court, and married as his second wife one of the Queen's maids of honor. On Nov. 30 he received a patent as a baronet of Nova Scotia; and, on the payment of a sum of money, he obtained from Sir William Alexander a grant of the western part of what is now Nova Scotia, extending from the River Avon on the north coast to Margaret's Bay on the south. When accepting these 112 GOVERNOR IVhXTHROP. lands and title, Sir Claude bound himself to become a good and faithful subject of the British sovereign. In May, 1630, he sailed for Nova Scotia, and at length harbored at Port La Tour. To his son Charles de La Tour, who commanded the French garri- son there, he bore a patent of baronetcy, with a commission authorizing his continuance in office on his submitting to British rule. Indignant at an offer which implied treachery to his own government, Charles rejected the proposal, and offered to defend the fort with his life. Returning to his ships. Sir Claude again earnestly entreated his son to surrender. Meeting a second refusal, Sir Claude landed his men. For two days he vigorously attacked the fort, but was compelled to return to his ships. Throwing himself on the clemency of his son, Sir Claude and his wife received permission to reside in the neighborhood, but were prohibited from entering the fort. Sir Claude de La Tour afterwards joined the Scotch colony at Port Royal under the care of Sir William Alexander the younger, who had built a fort on the north side of the river opposite Goat Island, where the first French settlement had been made in 1604. 1630. — On Dec. 21, 1620, the Mayflower with the "Pilgrims," 1 01- in number, arrived at Plymouth Bay, Massachusetts. In 1629 a colony of 400 " Puritans " arrived from England, and founded the town of Salem ; and the next year there came about 1,000 more with John Winthrop at their head, and these soon afterward settled Boston, Roxbury, and the adjacent towns. John Winthrop, appointed first governor of the Massachusetts Colony, and bearing the charter from the British Government, sailed from Yarmouth, Isle of Wight, on April 8, 1630, in the ship Arabella, of 350 tons. He was accompanied by three other ships, the Talbot, Ambrose, and yewel. On June 6 they sighted Cape Sable ; and on the 8th, Mount Desert. Off Cape Ann, on June 12, they were met by a shallop to escort them to Salem, having on board Mr. Endicott, afterward governor, Mr. Skelton, and Capt. Lovett, said to be the ancestor of the Lovetts of Beverly, to which family belonged the Andrew Lovitt who came to Yarmouth in 1765. Gov. Winthrop's diary, from which some literal extracts will be presently given, mentions Edward and William Hilton as among the first settlers of Portsmouth, N.H., in 1632.' G O VERNOR LA UNO Y DE RA ZILL Y. 1 1 3 1 63 1. — Acadia was restored to France, and Sir William Alexander received intructions from Charles I. to destroy the fort at Port Royal, and abandon the place to the French. In the same year Charles de La Tour was appointed lieutenant-general. He invited his father to Port La Tour, where he built a house for him, an invitation Sir Claude accepted. 1632. — Isaac de Launoy de Razilly, of an ancient and noble family of Touraine, and a relative of Cardinal Richelieu, was sent out to take command of Acadia. He brought forty families to engage in agricul- ture and the fisheries. He went first to Port Royal, but afterward established his colony at La Heve to be nearer the fishing-grounds. He was accompanied by two men who were associated with him in the enterprise. The one, Charles de Menou, Seigneur D'Aulnay, belonged to one of the noble families of Bas-Berry, and was a relative of Razilly : the other, Nicolas Denys, was an enterprising merchant, who had joined the expedition in order to study the resources of the country, and supervise the agricultural operations of the colony. The colonists soon discovered that to prepare for cultivation the forest-lands at La Hfeve was a tedious process, and that the fisheries yielded quicker returns. Lescarbot had written, though in another connection, near thirty years before, " Cette chasse est beaucoup plus certaine que celle des bois." 1632, Jan. 17. — "The governour having intelligence from the east that the French had bought the Scottish Plantations near Cape Sable, and that the fort and all the ammunition were delivered to them, and that the cardinal, having the managing thereof, had sent some companies already, and preparations were made to send many more the next year, and divers priests and Jesuits among them, called the chief men to Boston to advise what was to be done for our safety, in regard the French were likely to prove ill neighbours, being Papists, at which meeting it was agreed that a fort should be forthwith begun at Natascott, and that the fort in Boston should be finished." (Winthrop's Diary.) March 26. — "Two little girls of the.governour's family were sitting under a great heap of logs, plucking of birds, and the wind driving the feathers into the house, the governour's wife caused them to remove ^ Appendix J. 114 GOVERNOR D'AULNAY. away. They were no sooner gone, but the whole heap of logs fell down in the place, and had crushed them to death, if the Lord, in his special providence, had not delivered them." July 2. — "At a court it was agreed that the governour John Win- throp should have toward his charges this year ;!^i5o." Aug. 6. — "Two men servants to one Moodye,' of Roxbury, returning in a boat from the windmill, struck upon the oyster bank. They went out to gather oysters and not making fast their boat, when the flood came it floated away and they both were drowned, although they might have waded out on either side ; but it was an evident judg- ment of God upon them, for they were wicked persons. One of them a little before being reproved for his lewdness and put in mind of hell, answered, that if hell were ten times hotter he would rather be there than he would serve his master. The occasion was, because he had bound himself for three years, and he said that, if he had been at liberty he might have had greater wages, though otherwise his master used him very well." (Winthrop's Diary.) 1635. — Charles de La Tour, as a reward for his fidelity, received a grant of territory at St. John, extending five leagues on the river, and twelve leagues into the country. He removed to St. John, and built a fort there, while his father remained at Port La Tour. In the same year Razilly died ; and D'Aulnay, having been second in command, assumed the government of the colony. He at once removed the seat of government to Port Royal, taking there the principal part of the inhabitants from La Heve. He was soon after joined by twenty more families from France, and Port Royal then became the chief settlement of Acadia. 1638. — The King of France, by letters-patent, divided Acadia between • Charles de La Tour and D'Aulnay, by which division La Tour * After the capture of Louisburg by Lieut. -Gen. Pepperell in 1745, "a banquet was prepared by Pepperell for the officers of his army. Several clergymen were present; and the senior of them, old Mr. Moody of York, the uncle of Mrs. Pepperell, was called on to ask a blessing at the feast. The friends of Moody felt somewhat anxious lest he should disgust the guests by a prolix performance, such as he often indulged in; but his temper was so irritable that none would venture to suggest to him that brevity would be acceptable. They were agreeably disappointed and highly gratified by his saying grace as follows: ' Good Lord, we have so many things to thank thee for, that time would be infinitely too short to do it. We must therefore leave it for the work of eternity. Bless our food and fellowship on this joyful occasion, for the sake of CKrist our Lord. Amep.' " (Murdoch.) WINTHROP'S DIARY. 115 was to have the country from the middle of the Bay of Fundy to Canseau, and D'Aulnay from the same hne west, and south to the coast of Virginia. This was an unfortunate division ; for D'Aulnay was at the time established at Port Royal, and La Tour at St. John. A different arrangement was, however, subsequently effected, by which the western and northern portion was given to La Tour, and the eastern and south- ern part to D'Aulnay ; the dividing line being at Pentagoet, at the mouth of the Penobscot River. 1640. — About this time began the conflict between D'Aulnay' and Charles de La Tour, which continued until the death of the former. La Tour had entertained the hope that D'Aulnay would return to France, and leave him in sole possession. But D'Aulnay had married in 1638, and by that event La Tour perceived he intended to remain in the colony. Early in 1640, La Tour attacked and captured two small vessels belonging to D'Aulnay ; and the latter, having strengthened and provisioned his fort at Pentagoet, then under the command of his lieu- tenant, Germain Doucette, soon after met, and after a lively contest captured, the ship of La Tour. Complaints having been formally made against La Tour, he was summoned to France to appear before the court, orders which La Tour declined to obey ; and D'Aulnay, who had influential friends at court, received instructions to arrest La Tour, whose commission was revoked. But it was easier to recall La Tour than to arrest him. He retired to, and strengthened, his fort at St. John; and D'Aulnay, not being able to besiege the fort, himself went to France in August. 1641. — Returning the next spring, D'Aulnay found La Tour still too strong for him, he being aided by the English from the Massachusetts Colony. 1641, March 10. — "Monsieur Rochett, a Protestant, came from Monsieur La Tour, planted upon the St. John River, up the great Bay on this side Cape Sable. He proposed to us : " I. Liberty of free commerce. This was granted. " 2. Assistance against D'Aulnay of Penobscott whom he had war with. "3. That he might make return of goods out of England by our merchants. " In these two we Excused any treaty with him, as having no letter or commission from La Tour.'' (Winthrop's Diary.) Il6 WINTHROP'S DIARY. 1642, June 6. — "Here came a French shallop with some 14 men, whereof one was La Tour's Lieutenant. They brought letters from La Tour to the governour full of complaints and desire of assistance of us against D'Aulnay. They staid here about a week, and were kindly entertained, and though they were Papists, yet they came to our church meeting." 1643, April 12. — "Monsieur La Tour arrived here in a ship of 140 tons and 140 persons from Rochelle, the master and his company being Protestants. There were two friars, and two women sent to wait upon La Tour his lady. He told the governour the cause of his coming; that his ship being sent out from France, D'Aulnay, his old enemy, had so blocked up the river to his fort at St. John with two ships and a galliot, as his ship could not get in." A conference having been held, " the governour and chief magistrates thought we could not grant him aid without advice of the other com- missioners of our confederacy, yet we thought it not fit to hinder any that would be hired to aid him. Our governour and others in the town entertained La Tour and his gentlemen with much courtesy both in their houses and at table." May 14. — " In the evening La Tour took ship, the governour and divers the chiefs of the town accompanying him to his boat. There went with him five of our ships and a pinnace. He hired them for two months, the chief, which had 16 pieces of ordnance, at ;£200 a month, and the rest proportionable. The owners took only his own security for their pay. He entertained also about 70 soldiers at 40/- a month, but he paid them something in hand." (Winthrop's Diary.) As the fleet from Boston approached St. John, D'Aulnay discovered them, and set sail for Port Royal. La Tour pursued but could not overtake D'Aulnay's vessels. La Tour, with the fleet from Boston, entered the Annapolis Basin, destroyed some property of the colony, burned their mill, and killed some of the people, in which work the Boston ships pardcipated. They then went to St. John, where they seized D'Aulnay's pinnace which had just come down the river loaded with 400 moose-skins and 400 beaver-skins, expecting to find D'Aulnay there. The pinnace and ^ of the peltry went to La Tour, \ to the Boston vessels, and \ to their men. These were then paid for their services, and returned to Boston. WINTHROP'S DIARY. 11/ 1643, June. — "About the 20th of this month the ships which went with La Tour came back safe, not a person missing or sick. But the report of their actions was offensive and grievous to me." 1644, July 17. — "The Lady La Tour arrived here from London in a ship with Captain Bailey. They had been six months from London, having spent their time in trading about Canada." (Win- throp's Diary.) At Boston, Madame La Tour brought an action against Capt. Bailey for delaying the voyage, and for not carrying her and her property to St. John as stipulated. The jury gave her ^^2,000 damages, in settlement whereof the cargo of Capt. Bailey's ship was seized under an execution. It consisted of " meal, peas, and trading stuff, and was found to be worth ;£i 100. The Lady was forced to give ;^7oo for three ships to carry her and her property to her fort at St. John." 1645, — - D'Aulnay lodged a formal complaint with the " General Court " of the Massachusetts Colony, against the aggressions of the Boston ships, and proceedings were held accordingly. The original articles are said to be in the handwriting of Sir Richard Saltonstall ; and they are signed by him and William Hathorne, presiding officer of the General Court. The preamble sets forth, — " In this case between ourselves of this jurisdiction and the French, our neighbours, it is granted on all hands : " — Article i. — ^ Refers to De La Tour and D'Aulnay, each having a fort, arms, and ammunition, etc. 2. — Recites that " Monsieur de Latore was a Papist when he first came among us," etc. 3. — That, "Latore craving assistance, our Governour gave per- mission for the hiring of ships and men," etc. 4. — That, "In this expedition with doubtful consequences, there was no consultation with the General Court." 5 . — " The true state of the case between Latore and Dony was unknown to us ', we heard Latore's story only, and had nothing else to guide us. We were ignorant which of the two was most at fault." 6. — "The case between Latore and Dony did not concern us Il8 IVINTHROP'S DIARY. (themselves being Papists and subjects of the King of France), nor were we bound by any rule of Scripture to help Latere (as the case then stood) , for we did not know that he was in danger of Monsieur Dony (as he himself pretended), nor had we any reason to rely upon his own report, especially in so great a case, considering his religion, as also that he had a very able, warlike ship, well-furnished, and at his own command, besides other vessels and frigates at his fort and elsewhere, which forces (being compared with Monsieur Dony's at that time), might have made it a just question, whether Dony had not more cause to stand in fear of him than he had of Dony. We had no reason to conceive ourselves bound to act in this case, for we could not duly and rationally conclude Monsieur Latere to be as that man who fell among thieves, in which case two things were evident, the distress of the party and the integrity of his cause, both which, as they then concerned Latere, were very dark and doubtful." 7. — "Our men and ships hired (as aforesaid) being upon this expedition, and net far from Dony's fort, he sent respectfully to Capt. Hawkins, signifying the many outrages and injuries that he had sus- tained from Latere, notwithstanding which letter and the declaration therein contained, our men being landed, killed some of Dony's men, burnt his mill, killed his cattle, great and small, as many as they could meet with, took his pinnace loaded with beaver-skins 'and other peltry, in the taking of which pinnace they sorely wounded one of his men, and that without cause, as is considered by some who were there and then present. This beaver and peltry being brought to Boston was sold by an outcry and divided among the soldiers." 8. — "Our men and ships as may appear by sufficient proof might have brought Latere in safety to his fort (which was and is pretended to have been his only aim), without any opposition from, or act of hostility against. Monsieur Dony." 9. — " Our men upon their return were very ready to own and ascribe imto themselves the killing of Dony's men, reporting they had killed nine, eleven, or more ; which argues they transgressed a command or direction given to the contrary by such as did especially persuade and prevail with them to undertake the service," etc. (Winthrop's Diary.) DEATH OF D'AULXAY. 1 19 ^645. — •• We understand that La Tour's fort at St. John was taken by D'Auhiay who lost twelve men and had many wounded, and that he killed all of La Tour's men, French and English. La Tour valued his jewels, plate, household, and other moveables, at _£ 10,000. The more was his folly to leave so great substance in so great djuiger when he might have brought the most of it to Boston whereby he might have discharged his engagements of more than ;£r250o to ^Lajor Edward Gibbons who by tliis loss was now- quite undone.'" (\Mnthrop's Diarj'.) This attack of D'Aulna}- upon La Tour's fort at St. John was made while La Tour was away at Boston seeking aid. Madame La Tour, a woman of great energy and ambition, who commanded in her husband's absence, defended the fort with remarkable abihty and heroism, and 3-ielded only after a protracted siege. She herself died only three weeks afterward, leaving a young child, which was sent to France. 1647. — D'Aulnay. who had theretofore been lieutenant-general, was formally appointed governor and lieutenant-general of the whole countT)', from the St. Lawrence to Virginia, with fiiU powers by land and sea. 1650. — Three years afterward, on ^Liy ^4. 1650, D'Aulnay was found dead in his canoe upon one cf the rivers near Port Royal. Appeirently he had been drowned, or had perished from cold and fatigue ; but whether his death was occasioned by accident or design, was never known. His canoe was upset : and his body, half buried in the water, was found entangled with tlie buoys of the canoe. Savs James Hannay in his •• Histor\- of Acadia,' published at St. John in 1S70. ' D'Aulnay was constantly supported by the French king. In 1650 he was drowned at Port Royal. Neither histor}- nor tradition gi\e3 us any fiirther particulars of his fate than are contained in these few words. He had been hard and cruel and revengeful. He had shown himself to be destitute of pit}- for his kind. No generous thought for his enemies had ever found a place in his heart.'' Celestin Moreau, in " Histoire de L'Acadie Fran^oise,' pubhshed at Paris in 1S73. gives, it may be hoped, a more impartial estimate of the character of D'Aulnay. He says. "Such was tlie premature end of one of the men who had labored witli the neatest energy", actiritv. and I20 GOVERNOR LA TOUR. courage in the foundation of our American colonies ; and French Acadia, in some measure, fell with him. Fr^re Ignace, of Paris, accords him this praise, that, during the eleven years of his residence at Port Royal, no one had ever heard him say a hurtful word to the least of the people there. He renders homage to the rare goodness of the gentleman, and to the exemplary piety of the Christian." D'Aulnay left four sons and four daughters. Germain Doucette, second in command at Port Royal, who had all along possessed the con- fidence of D'Aulnay, was appointed to the charge of his property, with the general supervision of Madame D'Aulnay. 1 65 1. — The French king granted to La Tour a new commission as governor and lieutenant-general of Acadia. Two years afterward. La Tour and Madame D'Aulnay, who had continued to reside at Port Ro5'al where her principal property was situated, united their territorial interests by a marriage contract, making due provision for their children by pre- vious marriages. By this last marriage, they had two sons and three daughters, two of whom. Marguerite and Anne, married sons of Philippe Mius D'Entremont, a gentleman from Normandy, who had come to Acadia in 1651, and whom La Tour, in 1653, appointed to a temporary command at Port Royal.' D'Aulnay's eight children went to France. His four sons were killed in war, — the youngest, Paul, at the siege of Luxembourg, in 1684. Three of his daughters became religieuses. Marie', the last survivor of D'Aulnay's children, died at Paris in 1693, leaving by her will all her property to her half-brothers and sisters La Tour. 1654. — -The English, then ruled by Oliver Cromwell, again took possession of Acadia. Port Royal capitulated in August, but the famihes occupying houses and lands there were not disturbed. In 1656, Cromwell granted to La Tour, Sir Thomas Temple, and another, all the territory from La Heve to Pentagoet. The grant was embar- rassed by this condition : " No one is to reside in the country but Protestants." Charles de La Tour died previous to 1670, his wife sur- viving him. 1667. — Says Moreau, " Seventeen years passed away between the death of D'Aulnay and the restoration of Acadia to France, under the ^ Appendix K. THE FRENCH MISSIONARIES. 121 treaty of Breda, in 1667. During most of the time, the EngHsh held the country without occupying it : the French, on their part, if they no longer owned the land, continued to exercise a preponderating influence over the Indian tribes. The former were encamped within their fortifi- cations, but they received neither submission nor respect beyond the range of their guns. The latter were spread through the forest ; and living, to some extent, the life of savages, they maintained relations of good-will on the one part, and fidelity on the other, which, during a cen- tury and a half, had never been disturbed. Some, too far away from the English to fear their attacks, maintained their settlements near Cape Sable : we may believe that they had, like La Tour, grouped around them young and vigorous Indians as allies and companions. Their chief umpire was the missionary, or priest, when a group of settlers was fortunate enough to have one within their reach. He was consulted, both in general and particular affairs, in the management of a family, or the conduct of an association. They listened to his voice, they followed his advice, they submitted to his judgment. His title of spiritual father was not, to the Acadians, an empty word. On the contrary, it was the expression of an idea, to every one plainly defined, and by every one accepted. It was this sacred character of priest which gave him authority, and secured the obedience of the people. They loved and venerated him as the father he really was ; as, in their regard, the true representative and minister of our Father in heaven. " By what zeal and devotion, by what exertions and sacrifice, did he justify this confidence of the people placed in his care ! The life of a missionary was truly an apostolic life. No fatigue discouraged, no danger stopped, him. He declined no service, no labor. In need, he could be their notary and judge : he wrote their contracts, he reconciled their differences, he rendered judgment. Sometimes he carried the axe of the wood-chopper, or the spade for the dike : he mingled with the roughest workmen who were building a barrier against the waves of the sea. Then, returning from a hard day's labor, he traversed the woods, and crossed the rivers and mountains, to visit the poor savages in their distant encampments, to aid the sick, or to console the suffering." The life of the ' Abb6 Sigogne, for nearly half a century among the ^ Appendix L. 122 ACADIAN PERSECUTION. Acadians of Clare and Argyle, illustrates the fidelity of this portraiture of the Father Fehcian.' 1690. — The Acadian colonies prospered until 1690, when Port Royal was attacked by another piratical expedition under Phipps, and the settlements farther up the Bay of Fundy by Church, both from Boston. 1696. — The Treaty of Ryswick restored Acadia to France. 1704. — Church, from Boston, again devastated the Acadian settle- ments at the Basin of Mines and Chicnecto. When Church set out on this expedition, he was ordered by the Colonial Government " to have prayer on board of ship daily, to sanctify the sabbath, and to forbid all profane swearing and drunkenness." Another order authorized him " to burn, plunder, and destroy, and get spoil wherever he could effect a landing." lyio- — Attacked by a formidable force under Gen. Nicholson, and after a vigorous and protracted defence, Gov. Subercase, on the i6th of October, surrendered Port Royal under terms highly favorable to the besieged. The first article was, "The garrison shall march out with their arms and baggage, drums beating, and colors flying." The name of the place was then changed to Annapolis Royal, in honor of Queen Anne ; and by the Treaty of Utrecht, in 1713, Acadia was finally ceded to Great Britain. In 1671, when the first census was taken, the Acadians numbered about 400. In 1686 the census gave a total of 885, of which 592 were at Port Royal, and 15 at Cape Sable. The census of 1701 gives 466 at Port Royal, 498 at Mines, 189 at Beau Bassin, 75 at La Hfeve, and 40 at Pubnico and Cape Sable. In 1698 there were at Port Royal 1,584 fruit-trees among fifty-four families, who owned 982 cattle, 1,136 sheep, ^ Again let Judge Haliburton's testimony be a coniirmation. During a residence of some years at Annapolis, he had been on terms of intimate friendship with the Abb^ Sigogne. In the course of a speech in the House of Assembly, in 1827, Mr, Haliburton said, " Look at the Township of Clare, It was a beautiful sight, — a whole people having the same customs, speaking the same language, and uniting in the same religion. Look at their worthy pastor, the Abb^ Sigogne; see him at sunrise, with his little flock aiound him, returning thanks to the Giver of all good things; follow him to the bed of sickness; see him pouring the balm of consolation into the wounds of the afiflicted; into his field, where he was setting an example of industry to his people; into his closet, where he was instructing the innocence of youth ; into the chapel, and you would see the savage, rushing from the wilderness with all his wild and ungovernable passions upon him, standing subdued and awed in the presence of the holy man ! " ACADIAN CENSUS. 123 and who had 1,275 acres of land under cultivation. Many of the families had decked-yessels for Bay of Fundy fishing, and for trading with the Indians along the coast. As early as 1689, there were at Port Royal two grain-mills and one saw-mill. In 1 73 1 there were at Mines and Canard 168 families; at Beau Bassin, 150; at Cobequit, 68; at Pigiguit, 150; at Port Royal, 160, — a total of 696 families. In 1737 the Acadian population of Nova Scotia was found to be 6,598. The last census, previous to the expulsion, was taken in 1 748, and is thus stated : — Chipoudy Chicnecto ... ... ... Mines ....... Port Royal Villages between Chipoudy and Chicnecto . Cobequit and surroundings .... Chedabucto and Canseau Families on southern and eastern coasts, say 300 1,000 6,000 1,500 1,500 1,000 800 600 12,700 The last six hundred people are made up as follows : ■ River St. John Chezetcook . Merliguesh . Ministiguesh . Peaubomcoup Tebok . . . 20 fam: 15 20 10 lies. CHAPTER IX. Metrical Description of Port Royal in 1 720. — Halifax 1 749-1 764. — Liverpool and Barrington settled 1759 and 1760. — Settlement of Shelburne by the Loyalists in 1783. — Condition of Settlements on Western and Southern Coasts of Nova Scotia in 1787. — Shelburne at that Date. — Port Monton settled by Tarleton's Regiment in 1783. — Next Year Three Hundred Buildings destroyed by Fire. — Provincial Census 1817-1S27. — Shelburne, Barrington, Argyle, and Yarmouth in 1827: Population, Stock, etc. —Provincial Census 1851, 1861, 1871, and 1881. — Yarmouth County Census by Subdivisions in 1871 and 1881, with Explanations directing Attention to the Effect of Confederation as shown by the Tables. IT is interesting to trace the progress of other settlements of Nova Scotia in the latter part of the last century, which, by affording opportunities for commercial intercourse, contributed to the growth ot Yarmouth. Annapolis Royal, the ancient capital, after its last capture from the French in 1710, was held as a military post; but it attained no great importance as an English settlement until the arrival of the Loyahsts after the American Revolution. Paul Mascarene, writing of Annapolis in 1720, says, " On both sides of the River there are a great many fine farms inhabited by above 200 families [Acadians]. They are generally very industrious, employing the time they can spare from farming, in hunting and trapping, and in fishing in the summer. The Banks of the River are very pleasant and fruitful, producing wheat, rye, and other grains ; pulse, garden roots, and the best cabbages of any place ; they abound also in cattle and fowls of all kinds." A still more pleasing picture of this thriving Acadian village is seen in the following lines written at Annapolis Royal in the same year, 1720. " The King of rivers, solemn, calm, and slow, Flows toward the sea, yet scarce is seen to flow, On each fair bank the verdant lands are seen, In gayest clothing of perpetual green. ANNAPOLIS ROYAL. 125 On every side the prospect brings to sight The fields, the flowers, and every fresh delight. His lovely banks most beauteously are graced With Nature's sweet variety of taste ; Herbs, fruits, and grass, with intermingled trees, The prospect lengthen, and the joys increase. The lofty mountains rise in every view, Creation's glory, and its beauty too. To higher grounds, the raptured view extends, Whilst in the cloud-topped cliffs the landscape ends. Fair scenes, to which, should angels turn their sight, Angels might stand astonished with delight. Majestic groves in every view arise, And greet with wonder the beholder's eyes. In gentle windings where this river glides. And herbage thick its current almost hides. Where sweet meanders lead his pleasant course. Where trees, and plants, and fruits, themselves disclose ; Where never-fading groves of fragrant fir. And beauteous pine, perfume the ambient air ; The air at once, both health and fragrance yields, Like sweet Arabian or Elysian fields. As this delightful stream glides toward the sea. Thou Royal Settlement ! he washes thee, — Thou village, blest of Heaven, and dear to me. Named from a pious sovereign, now at rest. The last of Stuart's line, — of queens the best. Where this romantic village lifts her head Betwixt the Royal Port and humble mead. The decent mansions, decked with mod'rate cost, Of honest thrift, and gen'rous owners boast ; Where skill and industry their sons employ In works of peace, integrity, and joy. Their lives in social, harmless bliss they spend, Then to the grave, in honored age descend ; The hoary sire, and aged matron see. Their prosp'rous offspring in the fourth degree. 126 ACADIA A DISPERSION. A spire majestic rears its solemn fane, Where praises, prayers, and true devotion reign ; Where truth, and peace, and charity abound. Where God is sought, and heav'nly blessings found. The gen'rous flock reward their pastor's care. His prayers, his wants, his happiness they share. Retired from worldly care, from noise and strife. In sacred thoughts and deeds he spends his life ; To mod'rate bounds, his wishes he confines, All views of grandeur, power, and wealth resigns ; With pomp and pride can cheerfully dispense. Dead to the world and empty joys of sense. The symphony of heavenly song he hears, Celestial concord vibrates on his ears. Which emulate the music of the spheres. The band of active youths and virgins fair, Ranked in due order by their Teacher's care. The sight of all beholders gratify, — Sweet to the soul, and pleasing to the eye. But when their voices sound in songs of praise. When they to God's high throne their anthems raise. By their harmonious sounds such raptures given, Their loud hosannas waft the soul to heaven. The fourfold parts in one bright centre meet, To form the blessed harmony complete ; Loved by the good, esteemed by the wise, To gracious Heaven a pleasing sacrifice, Each note, each part, each voice, each word conspire . T' inflame all pious hearts with holy fire ; Each one, in fancy, seems among the throng Of angels, chanting heaven's eternal song." Thirty-five years afterward, in 1755, this peaceful, prosperous village was cruelly broken up ; its inhabitants exiled or dispersed ; their homes destroyed, their farms and cattle confiscated ; and " another race with other customs and language " took possession of the fertile valleys which the Acadians had redeemed from the wilderness, and had culti- vated for near a hundred and fifty years. GOVERNOR CORNWALLIS. 12/ Halifax was first settled in June, 1749, when Gov. Cornwallis arrived, accompanied by 11 ships with 1,176 settlers, who, with their families and dependants, made a total of 2,576. About one-half of the men were accompanied by their wives; there being 619 women, includ- ing female servants, and 438 children. Halifax does not appear to have grown very rapidly ; for in July, 1752, the population is thus stated : — North suburbs of Halifax, two-thirds Germans . . ... 677 South suburbs " " English and Irish . . 823 Within the town " chiefly English . . 841 Within the pickets " " " . . . 351 On Cornwallis Island ... . -33 At Ketch Harbor .... 25 " Sambro .... 26 " St. Margaret's Bay 34 " Cross Island " 38 " George's Island . . 21 " Blockhouse and Isthmus, Germans . . . . , . 216 3,085 A later summary (not dated) states the total at 4,249 ; it may include with the foregoing the soldiers and sailors upon the station. In 1753 the greater part of the Germans left Halifax for Lunenburg, making their first settlement at Mahone Bay. About 1759, Gov. Lawrence despatched a staff of surveyors to the western coast to establish the division lines of township of suitable area and with well-defined boundaries. At Liverpool, 50 famihes and 6 fishing-schooners had already arrived. In June, 1760, the settlers at Liverpool had increased to 70 families with 13 schooners. They had also built some saw-mills. In the same year. Gov. Lawrence received a despatch from the Home Government approving of his efforts to induce immigration to the Province ; and he was directed to reserve lands as a reward, and provision for such officers and soldiers as might be disbanded at the close of the war. In 1 760-1 763, Barrington was settled by about 80 families from Nantucket and Cape Cod, and in 1767 the township was granted to 102 persons. 128 NOVA SCOTIA CENSUS, 1764. A letter, dated at Halifax, May, 1760, from the Hon. Alexander Grant, member of the Executive Council, to the Rev. Ezra Stiles of Boston, says, — " If you expect any useful or curious observations on the place of my present residence, I shall disappoint you. It furnishes none, and my time has been engaged in another way. " This place is divided into three towns, — Halifax, Irish Town, and Dutch Town. The whole may contain about 1,000 houses, great and small, many of which are employed as barracks and hospitals for the array and navy, and other public uses. The inhabitants may be about 3,000 ; one-third Irish, one-fourth German or Dutch, the most useful and industrious settlers among us, and the rest English, with a very small number of Scotch. "We have upwards of 100 licensed houses, and perhaps as many more which retail spirituous hquors without hcense ; so that the business of one-half the town is to sell rum, and of the other half to drink it. You may, from this single circumstance, judge of our morals, and naturally infer that we are not enthusiastic in religion. "The next settlement to this is Malagash (Lunenburg), inhabited by about 1,500 Dutch." In 1 764, at the request of Dr. Stiles, Mr. Grant furnished the following as the estimated population of Nova Scotia : — Halifax . • 3.°oo Lunenburg . .... . 1,600 Liverpool . . . . . 500 Annapolis County . . . . 1,000 Fort Cumberland .... • 75° Horton . . . 670 Cornwallis . . • 5'8 Falmouth . 278 Newport • 251 Dublin .... . . . . 100 Chester . 100 Cobequid .... .... 400 Barrington .... .... 300 Yarmouth 150 Dispersed along the coast, say . 383 Total 10,000 Mr. Grant estimated the French still in the province at 2,000, and the settlement at St. John, New Brunswick, at 460. SHELBURNE, lySj. 1 29 SHELBURNE and its settlement is thus described in Haliburton's "History of Nova Scotia:" — "After the surrender of Cornwallis, an association of 471 families, in a fleet of 18 vessels, on April 27, 1783, sailed from New York, and arrived at Shelburne on May 4. " They selected a site for a town, and three surveyors from Hahfax laid it out with five parallel streets, 60 feet wide, and intersected by others at right angles, each square containing 16 lots, 60 feet by 120 feet. The water-front was so laid out that every proprietor might be accommodated with a town lot and a water lot. Every settler had also 50 acres of land on each side of the harbor. They soon after received an inundation of refugees of quite a different character from the first settlers, who were not altogether welcome, although an effort was made to accommodate them. The population soon amounted to about 12,000. " Its decline was almost as rapid as its growth. Remote from the other settlements of the Province, surrounded by forests without roads, situate too far from the entrance to the harbor to reap the advantage of the fishing-grounds, and filled with people who were unacquainted with the mode of settling the wilderness, it was impossible that a town so constituted could long exist. Many removed to other parts of the Province, but the greater part returned to their native land. Several regiments accompanied the first immigrants, but were withdrawn soon after the settlement of the town. The principal part of the negroes at Birchtown were removed to Sierra Leone in 1786." There is a litde book published anonymously at Edinburgh, Scot- land, in 1787, bearing this title : — THE PRESENT STATE OF NOVA SCOTIA; WITH A BRIEF ACCOUNT OF CANADA AND THE BRITISH ISLANDS ON THE COAST OF NORTH AMERICA. 130 A'OrA SCOT/A, 1787. It is dedicated to THE RIGHT HONORABLE, JOHN, LORD SHEFFIELD. My Lord : — The favourable reception with which the former edition of this work has been distinguished in England emboldens the Author to hope for the continuance of that protection which you so generously bestowed on the first impression. The whole of the descriptive parts were written amidst those rude and magnificent scenes which are so frequently met with in the yet uncultivated regions of the New World. Etc., etc., etc. I have the honour to be, etc., etc., THE AUTHOR. The book contains 220 pages. It treats of the importance of the North-American colonies still remaining to Great Britain, and of the mis- take in giving up to the United States all the territory they claimed ; of the value of the cod-fishery and other fisheries ; of the situation, appear- ance, and extent of Nova Scotia ; of its climate, seasons, and natural productions ; of the Indians, their customs, language, and religion ; of the wild beasts, moose, and fur-bearing animals ; of trade and navigation, and of the form of government. Among numerous herbs and plants described, the author says, " None are more plentiful than sarsaparilla, and a plant whose root resembles rhubarb in color, taste, and effects ; hkewise, the Indian or Mountain Tea, and Maiden-hair, an herb much in repute for the saine purpose;" that the "sassafras grows plentifully," and that among the trees, " none is more useful to the inhabitants than a species of maple, distinguished by the name of the sugar-tree as affording a considerable quantity of that valuable ingredient ; " and he describes the process of manufacture. The author mentions the iron of Nova Scotia as "equally good with that found in any part of America ; " and limestone of excel- lent quality " which is of great advantage for improving the soil, as it is found by experience to be one of the most approved things in the world for that purpose." His remarks upon the Indians have been quoted in a previous chapter. He considered the fisheries " as a species of manufacture, which, independent of the seamen it raises for our marine, employs a ST. ANDREWS. 131 great number of persons in ship-building, and in curing the fish on shore, thereby adding to the population, and consequently to the real riches of the state." He advocated a bounty on the exports of lumber and fish to the West Indies, and a strict adherence to the existing navigation-laws, con- fining the trade to British Possessions to British bottoms. The author says of the fisheries, "No fatigues or hardships can exceed those of the fishermen during the season ; their labors leaving them hardly any time to rest, either by night or day. Fortunately, however, from the healthiness of the climate ; from the wholesome- ness of their food, which consists chiefly of fish ; but, above all, from their constant exercise, — they enjoy, in general, an uninterrupted state of health." "The fishery the last season employed about 10,000 men, and was the means of feeding at least 30,000. The whole quantity of codfish caught was upwards of 120,000 quintals, about 40,000 of which were exported; these, at the lowest price, 13J. dd., must have amounted to _;^2 6,000 sterling, which sum may be estimated as so much ireal money gained to the colony, whether the fish were sold abroad for cash, or exchanged for commodities of which the inhabitants stood in need. The calculation here given, which is very low and designedly kept within bounds that no charge of exaggeration may be brought against it, is only intended to show what the colony is now able to do, when in a weak and imperfect state ; and furnishes an incontestable proof that the fisheries are an inexhaustible mine of wealth, and do, with the woods, constitute the natural riches of the country." The author -thus describes the condition of the various settlements in 1787 : — ST. ANDREW'S is a handsome town, built by the Loyahsts, consisting of 600 houses, and has a population of 3,000. No people on the continent are capable of being more usefully industrious in proportion to their numbers. No place is better adapted for ship-building. They have the cod-fishery at their very doors, and are scarcely ever incommoded with fogs. They are erecting saw-mills, and have already shipped some cargoes of lumber to the West Indies. 132 Sr. JOHN AND PETITCODIAC. BEAVER HARBOR, nine miles east of Passamaquoddy, settled by the Refugees, about 800 in number, is well adapted for carrying on the fishery. ST. JOHN, distant twelve leagues, has 2,000 houses, and a population of upwards of 10,000. They already possess 60 sail of vessels, some of which are employed in carrying on trade with the West Indies, and the rest in the whale and cod-fisheries. QUACO has a population of 600, chiefly engaged in agriculture. PETITCODIAC, a thriving colony, has about 2,000 inhabitants. Loyalists, occupying lands formerly possessed and cultivated by the ancient French colonists, dis- tinguished by the name of Neutrals, whose industry had been crowned by a degree of success but seldom excelled by the inhabitants of the southern colonies. This people, descended from the ancient French settlers, had increased gradually to several thousands, clearing large tracts of land, and raising numerous herds of cattle, living many years in the most perfect friend- ship with the native Indians, among whom they frequently intermarried, and became in a manner one people. Unfortunately for themselves, by engaging in all the quarrels that were agitated from time to time between Great Britain and France, they became an object of resentment to the former, who, having caused them to be assembled together under vari- ous pretences, caused several thousands to be shipped off, and trans- ported to the other colonies, where many of them died from grief and vexation. This action, sufficiently cruel in itself, was rendered still more so from having been perpetrated in consequence of positive orders from a nation commonly regarded, even by its enemies, as magnanimous. Let us attend to the event. The lands from which the Neutrals were thus violently torn became a desert, and every attempt to repeople them was constantly rendered abortive, until a large body of men. ANNAPOLIS AND YARMOUTH. 133 inhabiting tliose very colonies to which the Neutrals had been banished, were driven in like manner from their own country for a similar attach- ment to Great Britain, and compelled to cultivate the lands left by the former ; as if it was the express intention of Providence, in this particu- lar instance, to mark in strong colors the injustice of a great nation, as well as to teach mankind a lesson of moderation and humanity. ANNAPOLIS received an accession of about 2,500 Loyalists, increasing the town to six times its former dimensions, with a population unknown at any former period. Annapolis produces great quantities of apples, some pears, and a few plums, which are all good of their kind, especially the former. DIGBY, a handsome town, has been lately built by the Loyalists. BEAR RIVER was settled by some Germans, formerly employed as auxiliary troops during the war in America. ST. MARY'S BAY is beginning to assume the form of a settlement, although no colony had attempted to settle here until after the evacuation of New York. YARMOUTH. A considerable number of persons were settled before the late war at this end of the Province, on a small riverwhere there is a town called Yarmouth. They have employed themselves successfully in farming, and had even made some progress in the cod-fishery, when the capture of several of their vessels by the Americans put a stop to their exertions in that hne. They have since renewed them, and, with the addition of some Loyalists, are carrying on a trade with Halifax in fish, lumber, and cattle, particularly sheep. The lands in the neighborhood, which appeared at first but indifferent, have been found, within these few years, to improve very rapidly ; so that, in proportion to the number of settlers, few places in the Province bid fairer for prosperity. 134 BARRINGTOi\ AXD SHELBURNE. HARRINGTON has about four thousand inhabitants, mostly settled there before the war, and chiefly engaged in the fisheries and coasting-trade, for which their situation seems well adapted. SHELBURNE, built upon the harbor of Port Rosevvay, is inhabited by a numerous colony, perhaps the most so that any nation can boast of in modern times. The harbor is not exceeded by any one in America for good- ness, having everywhere six or seven fathoms of water from the sea to the town, the distance not being more than eight miles, with scarcely any current either in or out ; while a large island lying at the entrance, shuts it so entirely from danger, that no wind whatever can do the least prejudice to ships lying at anchor. The town is, perhaps, one of the largest in the New World, con- taining about 3,000 houses, regularly built, having 15 streets in right lines from north to south, and 30 from east to west, crossing the former at right angles. The inhabitants amount to 13,000, white. Before the war they did not exceed 50. Opposite to Shelburne is Birchtown, peopled by the negroes from New York, about 1,400 in number, whose labor has been found extremely useful to the white inhabitants, chiefly in reducing very considerably the price of work and various materials, the produce of the country. The lands are generally improved, and have, in several places, produced fine crops of wheat, barley, and oats, as well as of garden herbs and dwarf fruits. The good effects of their being possessed of a large capital shows itself very plainly in the great number of shipping belong- ing to the merchants, nearly equalling that of Halifax itself, being at least 300 sail of all sorts. Several of them are employed in the whale- fishery ; a stiU greater number in West-India voyages, and the rest in the cod-fisheries that are upon the coasts of the Province. The pilots, who were employed by the British fleets in North America during the war, are settled upon the harbor, half way between the sea and the town. Government, wisely considering how obnoxious these men had rendered themselves to the rebels, have allotted them SHELBURNE. 1 35 half pay during the rest of their lives, — a measure equally just and necessary, most of them formerly being possessed of property in the United States. No people among the Loyalists have exerted themselves more successfully than they in rendering their present situation comfortable. All the country, for several miles about, is exceedingly populous, particularly upon Jordan River, five miles east of Port Roseway, noted for an extraordinary salmon-fishery, and where large tracts of land are cleared, producing very good wheat and barley. The river itself is only fit for vessels of twelve feet draught of water ; but it has three saw- mills erected upon it by the new colonists, that are kept going night and day for the merchants of Port Roseway, who are constantly ship- ping off lumber to the West Indies, both from these mills and two others lately erected above Shelburne. From this place a creek com- municates with a fresh-wate?' lake several miles distant,, the borders of which are capable of feeding numerous herds of cattle, and are clothed with fine woods, consisting of birch, maple, spruce, pine, and red oak. A great many Loyalists, convinced of the goodness of the lands, are employed clearing the woods, and converting them into lumber. Two churches are built at Port Roseway, — one for the people of the Presbyterian persuasion, and the other for those of the Church of England. All kinds of fresh provisions are tolerably cheap ; butcher's meat being upon an average fourpence per pound, and flour and bread in proportion. s Many large wharves and convenient storehouses are erected for landing and securing goods ; their trade, particularly to the West Indies, having increased very rapidly within the last eighteen months. Below the town, and upon the same side of the harbor, the lands, quite down to the sea, have been divided into 50-acre lots. A vast number of vessels have been built for the proprietors, chiefly for the fishing business, but some of them as large as 250 tons burthen. Seventy vessels were upon the stocks in October last ; and it is computed that near 400 sail will have been finished by this time, since the evacuation of New York, at this one settlement alone. 136 PORT MOUTON. PORT MOUTON, or Gambier Harbor, is seven leagues east of Jordan River, and nine distant from Shelburne. It affords but very indifferent slielter to some fishing-vessels belonging to other places, having only two or three of its own, and very few inhabitants. The soil, for several miles around, is full of rocks and stones, and the most barren of any in the Province, producing a scanty vegetation, and appearing incapable of ever being cultivated. One of the regiments, the British Legion, commanded by Lieut. - Col. Tarleton, which had served with distinguished reputation during the war in America, began a settlement here, and built a town, called Guys- borough, in the autumn of the year 1783, which, unfortunately for them, being somewhat late, and the ground consequently covered with snow,- prevented their observing the quality of the soil until the following spring. Their town, at this time, consisted of upwards of 300 buildings, and the number of people was something more than 800. They, seeing the sterile appearance of their lands, and all their hopes frustrated, were meditating upon the best means of getting away to other places, when an accidental fire, which entirely consumed their town, with their live- stock, furniture, and wearing apparel, filled up the measure of their calamities, and rendered them perfectly miserable. The fire spread so rapidly, and burned with such fury, as rendered all attempts to divert or stop its progress quite ineffectual : it destroyed in a few hours almost every house, and drove the inhabitants before it into the water. Scarcely any, even of the domestic animals, escaped. In short, a more complete destruction from that merciless element never befell any set of men ; and if a king's ship had not been despatched immediately from Halifax with provisions for their relief, a famine must have ensued. On her arrival, she found them without houses, without money, and without even bread. Since that time Port Mouton has had very few inhabitants, and never can become a settlement of any extent. Those persons who suffered by the conflagration have mostly removed to Chedabucto Bay in the east- ernmost extremity of the Province, — a situation much better suited to their deserts, and promising some consolation in the midst of their sufferings. LIVERPOOL AND LUNENBURG. 137 LIVERPOOL is a small but safe and convenient harbor, and has been several years settled. The vessels that belonged to it are mostly employed in fishing and carrying on a trade to Halifax, Shelburne, and some other places, in cattle and provisions. The inhabitants, whose numbers were increased by Loyalists from Port Mouton and other places, are little short of 1,200, and they are in every respect an industrious and thriving colony. LUNENBURG is a fine town and a respectable colony, founded by some Germans in 1753. It supphes Halifax with cord-wood, having a great number of small vessels employed in that and the cod-fishery. It also sends some lumber to the West Indies, and no place in Nova Scotia is in so promis- ing a way except Halifax and Shelburne. Industry and perseverance have rendered it highly flourishing ; while the primitive simplicity of their manners, which remain uncorrupted to the present time, has very much endeared the people to all their neighbors. The lands about Lunenburg are generally improved ; and their popu- lation, which was at first about 3,000, may be estimated at about twice that number at present. HALIFAX, the capital, and the seat of the Legislature, has a safe and spacious harbor, which is perfectly sheltered from all winds, and where a thousand sail of ships may ride without danger. Many considerable merchants reside at this place, and are possessed of shipping to the amount of several thou- sand tons, employed in a flourishing trade, both with Europe and the West Indies. It was founded by the English in 1749, and, notwithstanding the poverty of the soil, has at length attained a degree of splendor that bids fair to rival the first cities in the revolted colonies, for which it has been equally indebted to the late war, to the great increase of population from the exiled Loyalist's, and the fostering care of Great Britain ; insomupb that the number of inhabitants has been more than doubled in the last ten years. 138 HALIFAX. [The author does not give the population of Halifax in 1787. In 1794 the population of the county was stated at 8,961. In 1791, that of Halifax Town was 4,897; in 1818, it was 11,156, including 745 blacks.] EAST OF HALIFAX to Cape Canso, a distance of fifty leagues, the coast contains many harbors, most of which are very good, and at a small distance from each other : hardly any one, amidst so great a number, is to be found wholly uninhabited. Few of the settlements are formed into towns, or possess much shipping. The population is generally from fifty to a hundred families, most of whom are successfully employed in the cultivation of their lands. THE ISLAND OF ST. JOHN (Prince Edward) has two or three good harbors and one large town, besides some smaller ones. The population is about five thousand, mostly settled there since the commencement of the war. The lands are accounted fertile for grain, and as affording very good pasture for horses and horned cattle. All the common and useful kinds of garden plants grow to as great perfection as in Europe. Among these their potatoes have the prefer- ence, as being the most serviceable in a country abounding in fish ; and, indeed, they are not excelled in goodness by any in the world. Such was the condition, in 1787, of the infant colonies upon the western and southern shores of Nova Scotia as presented by this writer to the people of Great Britain. If he drew a flattering picture, his enthusiasm did not equal that of another writer of the same period, who said, " Nova Scotia may be compared to the rude diamond in the quarry. It only wants the polish of well-directed industry to give it beauty, and increase its value." OFFICIAL CENSUS. 139 CENSUS OF 1817-1827. THE FOLLOWING TABLE WILL EXHIBIT THE GROWTH IN POPULATION OF THE COUNTIES OF NOVA SCOTIA FOR THE THIRTY AND FORTY YEARS AFTER 17S7. 1S17. 1S27. 1827. Popula- tion. Bushels Polatoes. Homed CatUe. Sheep. Halifax County .... 16,487 24,876 - - - Pictou County 8.737 13.949 - - - Colchester County 4.97- 7.703 - - - - Cumberland County . . . 3.043 S.416 - - - - Hants County .... 6,6Ss 8,627 - - - - Kings County .... 7.445 I0,20S - - - - Lunenburg County . . . 6,62s 9.405 - - - Queens County 3.09S 4.22s - - - - Cape Breton Island . . 6,991 12,760 - - - - Annapolis and Digby 9.S47 14,661 - - - - Shelbume and Yarmouth . 8,440 12,018 - - - Township of Shelburne . - - 2,697 4^,701 2,428 4.993 Township of Barrington . - - 2,186 47.028 1.323 4,002 Township of Argyle . . - - 2,790 I03.S37 2,546 5.940 Township of Yarmouth Total - - 4.345 114,692 5,122 7.S17 82,^7^ 123,848 I2,OlS - - - Haliburton states the Acadians in Clare Township as follows : — In iSoo, 175 families, 1,050 persons. In 1827, 340 families, 2,038 persons. I40 OFFICIAL CENSUS. NOVA SCOTIA CENSUS, 1851-1881. Counties. 1851. 1861. 1871. i88i. Increase 1851 to 1861. Increase 1861 to 1871. Increase 1871 lo i83i. Halifax . . 39."2 49,021 56.963 67,917 25'33% 16.20% 19.23% Colchester . 15.469 20,045 23.33' 26,720 29.58% 16.39% 14.52% Cumberland . •4.339 '9.533 23.5'8 27,368 36.22% 20.40% 12.11% Pictou . . . 25.593 28,785 32.114 35.535 12.47% 11.56% 10.65% Antigonish . 13.467 14,871 16,512 18,060 10.42% 11.03% 9.38% Guysborough 10,838 12,713 16,555 17,808 i7-30% 30.22% 7.56% Inverness 16.917 19,967 23.415 25,651 18,02% 17.26% 9.54% Richmond . 10,381 12,607 14,268 15,121 21.44% 13.17% 5.97% Victoria ) 27,580 9.643 ".346 12,470 - 17.66% 9.02% Cape Breton) - 20,866 26,454 31.258 26.77% 16.64% Hants . . . 14.330 17.460 21,301 23.359 21.14% 21.90% 9,66% Kings . . . 14.138 18,731 21,510 23.469 32.48% 14.83% 9.06% Annapolis . 14,286 16,953 18,121 20,598 17.26% 6.88% ■ 3.66% Digby . . . 12,252 '4,75' 17.037 19,881 20.39% 15.49% 16.69% Yarmouth . 13.142 15.446 18,550 21,284 17.53% 20.09% 14.73% Shelburne . 10,622 10,668 12,417 14.913 •43% 16,39% 20.10% Queens . . 7,256 9.365 10,554 10,577 29.06% 12.77% .12% Lunenburg . Total . . ■ 16,395 19,632 23.834 28,583 440,572 1974% 21.40% 14,92% 276,117 330,857 387,800 19.82% 17,21% 13.61% OFFICIAL CENSUS. 141 YARMOUTH COUNTY BY TOWNSHIPS AND SUBDIVISIONS. The names are as stated in the census : the numbers denote the old electoral districts as defined upon the maps of the county. Yarmouth. Argyle. 1871. 1871. 1881. 1871. 1881. I Ohio .... 2,526 2,843 2,526 2,843 _ _ 2 Yarmouth . . . 5.335 6,280 5.335 6,280 - 3 Chebogue . . . 1,674 1,666 1,674 1,666 - 4 Carleton . . . 778 724 778 724 - S Plymouth . . . 1,321 '.573 - 1,321 1.573 6 Tusket .... 2,934 3.486 - - 2,934 3.486 7 Argyle .... 1,333 1,520 - - 1,333 1,520 8 Pubnico . . . 1.903 2,405 - 1,903 2,405 9 Kemptville . . 38s 443 - 385 443 10 Tusket River . Total . . . 361 344 361 344 - - 18,550 21,284 10,674 11,857 7,876 9,427 The last table will be better understood by those who cannot consult the county map, with the explanation that Ohio includes Hebron, Sandford, and the Beaver River and Lake George districts; Yarmouth takes in Brooklyn, Chegoggin, Dart- mouth, etc., and the district as far south as Broad Brook on the Cove road; Carleton includes Deerfleld, and the southern half of the Kemptville district west of the Tusket River ; Tusket includes all the French settlements on the eastern side of the Tusket River, except Surette's and Morris' Islands, which are in the Argyle district ; and No. 10, Tusket River, may be defined generally as the Tusket Lakes district, north of Tusket bridge, on the western side of the main branch of the Tusket River, which includes Canaan. A remarkable feature in the table is, that, notwithstanding many removals from Argyle to Yarmouth during the period under consideration, the net increase of Yar- mouth is only 11 per cent, while that of Argyle Township is very near 20 per cent. But the most noteworthy feature, almost everywhere presented in both tables, is the depopulation of Nova Scotia occasioned by the British North-America Act of Confederation. 142 OFFICIAL CENSUS. J 0. o Pm W o 2 3 2 o I o DO D z w o •USAIQ 10J<[ w 1 r^ ON 1 1 1 - I 1 S^ ■suisijo "mo 1 1 1 t^ 1 1 1 1 1 1 M •qsisM 1 - CO 1 1 r I 1 1 " m Ti- ro o VO ■* o in --d- VO M ■1(3)005 ro in M 1 M N u-l •UEIAEUipUEDg 1 1 - - 1 1 1 1 1 U-) r^ ■UEIjEJI 1 1 >-> 1 1 J 1 1 1 1 " ON ^ DO Os ri r-^ r^ rn m ^ in -r 1 (^ m ro •USUI M ■^ •^ i-T •UEipUJ 1 1 1 1 ON o 1 p] lo ON •QBXUJaQ 1 1 CO M N 1 PO 1 1 On vS" o ^ u-1 vn ^ in LO vn O ro r-^ •qDuaij -<5- O 0\ VO N M ^ rn 0^ Ln 1J-) "^ Tr^ O VO O •i[S;iSua w t] r- pr •^ N LO r^ •q3)n(j ^r\ N CO 1 CI - 1 1 I 00 ON vo in •UHDIIJV 1 ! 1 1 1 1 n > * A 0) OJ ^ S2 3 S o e PL, o O > H o >: o ^ U fc4 s: H < (1, OFFICIAL CENSUS. 143 ■sueijsuq3 siqig 1 t 1 1 1 1 1 1 ^ 1 Tt- rn Ln n ^ ^ •U3AI0 30^ r^ M n 1 ■sLion -BUIIUOUSQ J3l{10 1 1 ro 1 1 1 1 " ■* ■sisjiBSJaAiu^ 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 1::; 'siaj^Bn^ 1 1 en CO 1 1 1 1 M •SJUHlSSlOJjJ 1 1 N N 1 1 1 1 ■^ •suEuajiCqsaJ^ 00 8^ W CO oc C 1 1 M ^ CO n >-n 'isipomaj^ c^ ro 0\ lJ-1 •UBJsq^n'j I 1 10 ro M 1 1 1 1 - LT) N h« (^ ■|euoiibS3i3uo3 M 1 1 1 ^ r^ ^ N r^ J_, ^ Ln •lEdoDSida N TT C 1 N a\ C^ ^ r^ M rn M ts OC "J-l un ■sorioqiE3 UEUIO"^ N N CTs ^ t— M CO "^ - & ^ w ^ •sisndEa ^n M ^ '^ CTN 00 ro '^ r^ rn ro r^ ■^ CC tJ-1 uoTunmuio^ saj^ N i-i ^^ \c r-^ M CO ON p] VJD 'Tt- r~- ro ON •sjsijdeg; ^ !g M I>- !^ N N r:J- W '-' vo ■sisijuaApy 1 1 (T) I 1 1 1 1 CO OJ • > P^ (U ■u ^ m •£ a £ '> rt e ,Q OJ en ^ r^ rQ E^ rt -c rt ^ 3 Ph U >H U t- < ^H CHAPTIiR X. Acadians of Argyle. — Father Manning'8 Sketch,— Hal Iburton'i F.Htiinato of Aciuliiinn. — Their Industry and Enterprise. — English ami French Cajitalns of Argyle. — 'J'hiilr Services sought Abroad. — Tusket Ship-builders. — Argyle Shlp-owiicru and Ship-inastors. — Capts. Murphy, Blauvelt, llatlield, and Hilairo I'othier. — I'lorre Doucotte of J797. — Pierre and Denis Surette. — Solon IJinicotte. — I.iSon I'otliier. — Jean Iloun|ue. — Anselme 0. I'othier. — Ambroise Amirault. — Simon D'Entremont. — F.ul-Urook Patri- archs of Il;ilf a Century Ago, — The Doucettes of "The Forks."— Aciullans' Claim to One of tjie Seats in Parliament. — Author's Estimate of the Acadians of Argyle. IN Campbell's History of the County of Yarmouth, prominence is given to a few of the later citizens, who, in their several spheres of duty, and at different periods, fairly gained the distinction assigned to them. For the most part, however, these have Ijeen men in the town of Yar- mouth, or its immediate vicinity, who either occupied official station, or belonged to one of the learned professions ; while, with rare excc|)- tions, those who made their positions possible, and who had the largest share in creating for Yarmouth the pre-eminence she long enjoyed, have no place in Campbell's pages. We therefore look in vain for names — some, indeed, found v\>(m promiscuous lists, but many more not at all or scarrrely mentioned in Campbell's History — which deserve mention equally with the most prominent of those wefind there, — the names of the men who have left permanent monuments of their enterprise and industry all over the face of Yarmouth County ; who reduced the forests to well-cultivated farms, fronting upon roads of an excellence acknowledged to he unequalled in any other county of Nova Scotia; who built and sailed the schooners of the last century, and the ships of recent years ; who built up the fishery interests, and established the foreign trade ; and whose spiriterl commercial adventures have sent Yarmouth ships, commande4 by Yar- mouth captains, to every jjort of considerable magnitude to which ships of any nation resort. ACADIAiVS OF ARGYLE. 145 Beginning at 1761, let us follow down the century, and recall the achievements of the men who themselves, or through their descendants, have enabled Yarmouth to have a history. And as, even before 1761, the ancestoi-s of many of the French people, who are now so prominent in Arg}le Township, were the first white men to occupy our shores with a view to permanent settlement, it is but fitting that the honest-hearted Acadians of Argyle should have our first attention. It has not been easy to gather much accurate knowledge of the Acadian settlements in Yarmouth County during the hundred years preceding the deplorable events of 1755. Not unlikely there exist in France, and possibly *at Quebec, ancient chronicles relating to them ; and one purpose to be served by these observations, and by the book which called them forth, is to awaken inquiry leading to the acquisition of facts which may be useful to the future historian of Yarmouth Count}'. The .\cadians of Argyle can be here introduced to the reader in no other way so well as by making copious extracts from the admirable letter of Father Manning of Eel Brook, which recently appeared in the Halifax and Yarmouth papers ; and the letter of Father Manning is so perfect in delineation, and so complete in detail, that nothing need be added to portray the characteristics of this \-aluable .element in the progress of Yarmouth County since 1761. Father Manning says, — ■' When Governor Riche\- visited one of the academies of higher education for fair Acadians, the first demoiselle to whom he spoke told him her name was Evangeline. So there are Evangelines after all — the name is not mythical. That same demoiselle, by the way, boasts now that she has shook hands with ' Le Roi.' It is the correct thing to speak of these people as interesting. No doubt they are, but something more as well. They occupy a \ery important position in Yarmouth County to-day, and they are destined to become a much more potent social and political factor in the near future. " Their history, as far as this county is concerned, may be said to commence with 1767. Acadian settlements there were before that date, but the step-fatherly care of the British Government induced the settlers to leave the Province and go ' 'cross to Boston.' That sort of emigration is not encouraged now. The cruel system of deportation has found 146 ACADIA NS OF ARGYLE. a few defenders ; but the majority oi litterateurs, who have discussed the affair, agree with one of the commanders of the 'Crowbar Brigade,' that it was a business they were ashamed to have hand or part in. Latterly, descendants of successful rebels over the border, and even Bluenose ex-governors and ex-premiers, have undertaken to excuse the miserable act, and even the brutal manner in which it was carried out. There stands, however, the fact, that the Neutrals were soothed and deceived until their rulers felt strong enough to act, and then the ' chucking-out ' process began. Yarmouth County contains descend- ants of some who declined the invitation to ' get out ; ' and of others who took possession of the schooners that did the passenger traffic of those days : and the same spirit that animated these never-willing-to-be- slaves people, lives to-day in the hearts of their children. "The Acadian is not easily depressed. He is naturally hopeful. His wants are few and easily attainable. He has seen some of his former persecutors incontinently ' fired out ' of their own country a few years later ; and though he may now and then wave a left-handed blessing over the chers Anglais, he is content to forgive the past, and say, ' Not guilty, but don't do it again ! ' And it won't be done again. For he has over eight thousand confreres here to-day. ^Vhatever craze may possess some hot-headed Upper Province people to rant and rave about the preponderance of the French element in this Canada-of-Ours, no such feeling will take root here. Yarmouth prizes the Acadian, knows him to be a quiet, law-abiding citizen, sees that he is sober and industrious, and values him accordingly. " There are, in this county, six great centres of French population, each centre being marked by a cross-crowned church. These are Eel Brook, the Wedge, West Pubnico, Burette's Island, Quinan, and East Pubnico, taking them in the order of numbers. These settle- ments have all been formed by the returned exiles, and are a little over a hundred years old. It has been well said that the sea has ever been their first earthly friend, and although, like all earthly friends, at times apt to turn traitor, the good feeling is still strong enough to induce the establishing of houses and hamlets within easy distance of it. "The modern Gabriel is, then, a fisherman, but not quite of the Izaak Walton stamp ; for gentle craft would hardly ride out a gale ' on ACADIANS OF ARGYLE. 147 the Banks.' From Labrador to Georges, 'long shore, the summer months see numbers of Evangehne's relatives manning United States and Nova Scotia vessels, and even forming a large contingent of what the Gloucester people call the ' material for an American Navy ! ' Of late years, under the guidance of their spiritual and other leaders, more attention is being paid to agriculture, with what promises to turn out good results. . . . "The Wedge is a typical village of over a thousand inhabit- ants. It is situated at the mouth of the Tusket River, and, with its ever- open harbor, is by nature a grand stand for the fishing-business. . . . Few villages of its size, or even larger, can show so many new buildings going up in any one year. . . . The schools there are graded, and are better attended than any other portion of the educational district. . . . The only obstacle to its development is its size, for it is too small in area even now. Slowly but surely, the descendants of the men who stood by Subercase in his gallant defence of Acadia of old, are turning the tables on the children of the conqueror by taking the land, only this time for a consideration. Plymouth and Little River are being populated by people who are not of Puritan descent ; and it looks as if ere long they, too, will become French centres. Emigration never attained very extensive proportions among them — not, that is to say, since 1755. They got enough of it then. " Eel Brook is the largest parish in the county, and the longest. Its population is over three thousand, settled on the immense tract of land between the Tusket and the Argyle Rivers, and extending almost to the foot of the Blue Mountains. . . . "North of the great church, agriculture and horticulture are well attended to ; and Quinan, to the extreme north, is the headquar- ters of the blueberry trade, a comparatively new, but very lucrative, occupation, that brings in several thousand dollars yearly. The place has fewer inhabitants to the square mile than the Wedge; but to a people who increase as the Acadians do, this is a decided advantage. Still, they are invading the English centres. Tusket Village has a large quota; and the relations between the races there are, as they have always been, most cordial. . . . Perhaps the most costly academy in the Western Counties, and a magnificent edifice from an architect's point of view, is the academy of this place. 148 ACADIANS OF ARGYLE. " Surette's Island and Quinan, nine and ten miles respectively from Eel Brook proper, possess new churches that are gorgeously finished. The Acadian may not be particular as to his private aesthetic interior ; but he does want his church to look nice inside, and it generally does. Eel Brook was one of the two residing-places of. the Abb6 Sigogne. He built the first church in the county here ; and the present edifice (the third since his day) may be said to resemble last year's bonnets, very roomy and comfortable, rather than stylish. . . . " The future of the place is assured ; for this time the Acadian has- come to stay, and he takes some pride in showing it. Judging from the size of some of the boulders used in the cellar-walls of the new build- ings, particularly those brought from the granite quarries of Comeau's- Hill, he seems to believe in laying a good, solid foundation. " Pubnico is inhabited by a people whose ancestors were somewhat better treated in 1755 than the rest of their brethren. Without com- mitting themselves to the assertion that their religion was the chief rea- son for their transportation, the Acadians have an idea, that, had they shown the slightest willingness to conform, their lot would have been an easier one. However correct this notion may be, the early Pubniconian was informed that he would be allowed to practise his religious duties if he consented to exchange his cleared lands for other and poorer sites ; and those other and poorer sites of a hundred years ago are to-day the tidy, well-kept, and cultivated settlements of East and West Pubnico. . . . " Perhaps with more reason than any other village, Pubnico prides itself on its neat dwellings and carefully kept surroundings. It has the advantage of resident artisans in the painting and furnishing line ; it in- sures its own vessels, does its own outfitting, and, with the disappear- ance of all inclination to division, its future will become very bright. " In nothing, perhaps, does the Acadian manifest his interest in the doings of the day more than by his prompt response to the beats of the public pulse. The Wedge has its gold-mine in its suburbs. Eel Brook takes a border share of pride in the success of the neighboring Kempt- ville finds. But Pubnico has taken the gold-fever right to heart, has covered the whole peninsula with prospecting licenses, and has suc- ceeded in striking valuable leads almost in its very cellars. Whether the home company will undertake to run the mine itself, or will sell out to ACADIANS OF ARGYLE. 149 outsiders with more capital and experience, is yet undecided. Just now, ■with trade dull and fish low, the mine story comes in as a welcome relief, and is, after the weather, the main topic of conversation. It is not probable that gold-mining will ever take an exclusive hold of the inhab- itants ; but they are quite willing to share in any profits that might accrue from incidental workings ' between fishin's,' and in the benefit that may result from the coming in of capital from abroad. " As regards church accommodation, Pubnico is waiting, — waiting to see what will be the latest, newest, finest building elsewhere. Then they are going to work to beat that. They are bound to break the record. " Yarmouth Town has a large and ever-increasing French population, with more signs of ' coming to stay ' than heretofore. Some of them are working their way up to good positions ; for Yarmouth is by no means bigoted, and the race hatred said to exist somewhere on earth has no place here. The clergy, as a rule, are about as fond of seeing their people leave their homes for foreign parts, as the Irish hierarchy are of sending their flocks across the ' herring-pond.' " Religion has ever and always held a foremost place in the hearts and actions of these people. As soon as a group of families become twenty in number, up goes a church ; and this is replaced by a more commodious one when increasing means and numbers warrant its erec- tion. " Church picnics are a specialty. In no other gathering in the Dominion is there shown such a capital chance to have fun, and to give others some too. . . . For one anxious to study the Acadian character, a picnic presents exceptional opportunities. Quite an amount is raised at these gatherings; for his reverence goes into business only once a year, and he wants a hundred per cent. And he generally gets it. "Politics hold nearly as large a place in the sentiment of these people as in those of the average Bluenose. The balance of power in this county is in their hands. They divide on party questions, but there is a marked distinction between the Acadian Liberal and the Quebec Rouge. Of late years, they have been receiving a decent share of public moneys in the line of wharves and piers, a needed improvement for folks as timid as they are about expressing their wants. They view politics as ISO ACADIANS OF ARGYLE. a trade, and are inclined to treat those who want to deal with them from a business stand-point. And they have a singular predilection for a candidate who keeps on canvassing all the time. " Educated and progressive, the Yarmouth Acadian is more than a match for his Saxon compeer intellectually, and his record as a law- abiding citizen stands higher. It is not likely he will lose the national characteristics for some generations. The great French revival wave had somewhat spent its force before it struck the still waters of Acadia, but its influence was felt. The kirtles and caps are seldom seen now. The latest styles are caught up quickly, and kept up faithfully ; but the home habits are unchanged, and seem unchangeable. Still, the Acadian is quick to perceive the advantage of having English enough to get a good start in the race for life, and every year he is securing a better place for the finish. He is not going to send in his jackets, and quit the course. He is already creditably represented in the councils, and is believed to be nursing aspirations for higher political honors ; he has secured a good share in general business ; and when, in a few years, he shall find himself represented in the clerical, legal, and medical professions, as he now is in the political, mercantile, and pedagogical ones, he will be more than ever qualified to take and keep his place as an important factor in the community. He loves fun, but he is not afraid of hard work ; he is content to live frugally, even when well off; he has an inventive genius that he can turn to practical advantage ; and these qualities, combined with a childlike love for his Mother Church, and a great fondness for his native country, arte just what are needed to assure a prosperous future for this Yarmouth Acadian." Before his elevation to the bench, Judge Haliburton represented in the Provincial Legislature the old County of Annapolis, which included the Townships of Digby and Clare. The judge was very popular with his French constituents ; between him and them a mutual confidence existed ; and, in his history of Nova Scotia, he pays them this tribute : " Unambitious and frugal, they live within their means ; devoted to their old form of worship, they are not divided by religious discords ; and being cheerful in their disposition, and moral in their habits, they enjoy perhaps as much happiness as is consistent with the frailties of human nature." ACADIAN INDUSTRY. 151 It will be observed how closely Judge Haliburton's views coincide with those of Father Manning, as indeed they will with those of all persons who have enjoyed the privilege of a personal acquaintance with the Acadians of Yarmouth and Digby Counties. A correspondent of "The Yarmouth Herald," writing upon the deep-sea fisheries, in November, 1875, ^^yS; " In the Township of Argyle, except the traders and office-holders, every man almost is a shipwright or a fisherman. Every able-bodied Frenchman there can handle a broad- axe or a fishing-line with equal skill. They can build or repair their fish- ing-craft in the winter, and man them in the summer season." Writing upon the same subject to the "Herald" in May, 1882, he says, "Yar- mouth County in her fishery-products already holds a foremost place ; and that portion of it known as Pubnico is not surpassed by any settle- ment in Nova Scotia in the thrift and independence of its people, whose neat and cheerful cottages, trim enclosures, and well-cultivated farms, greet the visitor upon either side of their beautiful harbor ; and, be it remembered, this happy condition has been attained through a perse- vering prosecution of the fisheries, undaunted by an occasional failure and disappointment." The steady growth of Yarmouth in commercial importance, and the increase of her foreign trade, during the last half-century, have been largely due to the industry and enterprise of the people living upon the banks of the Tusket and Argyle Rivers, at Eel Brook and at Pubnico. They themselves built the fishing-vessels from the timber their own lands supplied. The fish these vessels brought to market enabled the port of Yarmouth to maintain and extend her commerce with the West Indies, and, in a lesser degree, with the United States. It is conceded that Argyle fishermen have no superiors in Ameri- can waters, which fact now moves the owners of the fishing-vessels of Massachusetts and Maine to oppose a renewal of the fishery clauses of the Washington Treaty, in order that they may be able, upon their own terms, to secure first-class crews from among the fishermen of Nova Scotia. A bare mention of the names of some Argyle skippers will serve to recall the records they have made, both at home and abroad. Tusket Wedge has been well represented by the many captains bearing the 152 ACADIAN ENTERPRISE. names of Boudreau, Cothereau, De Villiers, Doucette, Le Blanc, Pothier, and Richard ; Plymouth by Capt. Freeman Johnson ; Tusket, Eel Brook, and Surette's Island by the Capts. Babin, Boucher, Bourque, Le Blanc, Meuse, Pothier, and Surette ; Argyle and Pubnico by Capts Amirault, Campbell, D'Entremont, Duon, Forbes, Frost, Gayton, Good- win, Hines, Larkin, Lennox, MacComiskey, MacDonnell, Montague, Morrisey, Murphy, Nickerson, Rankin, Roberts, Ryder, Spinney? Watson,»and Whitehouse. Not only at home have these Argyle captains established a first-class reputation, and largely contributed to the general prosperity and wealth of the county: there has been an, eager demand for their services as captains of some of the finest schooners of Gloucester and other ports of Massachusetts engaged in the cod-fishery. It is in this branch of the fisheries that Yarmouth vessels have heretofore been chiefly employed ; but, under the new Reciprocity Treaty soon to be negotiated with the United States, our vessels will be found visiting the Banks in the winter season, and meeting the mackerel off Hatteras in April when these fish have begun their annual journey for the North. In this way only can true reciprocity be realized. Argyle Township has shared the honors with Yarmouth in another direction. Some of our largest and finest ships have been commanded by, and borne upon their registry such names as, John, Cornelius E., and John E. Murphy of Pubnico ; J. R. and A. W. Blauvelt, and Norman B. Hatfield, of Tusket. Capt. Robert R. Blauvelt of Tusket has for many years been known as the energetic and trusty commander of the steamer Dominion ; and Capt. Hilaire Pothier, more than thirty years ago in charge of one of the largest fishing-craft of the county, has of late years commanded vessels engaged in the foreign carrying-trade. Faithful workmen and skilful shipwrights, the French people of Argyle have supplied far more than their proportional part of the labor employed in the ship-yards of the county. Tusket ship-yards have taken and held the lead in turning out large ships. The first ship owned in Yarmouth of 1,000 tons, or upward, was the bark Grace, built at Tusket by Benjamin Richards for E. W. B. Moody and J. W. Moody in 1854. Her tonnage was not exceeded until 1861, when John Richards built at Yarmouth for Thomas Killam the ship Research, TUSKET SHIP-YARDS. 153 1,459 tons, in which year also Nathaniel B. Gardner built at Tusket for Samuel Killam the ship Home, 1,271 tons. Tusket, bound to lead, sent out in 1863 the ship N. 6- E. Gardner, 1,465 tons, built by N. B. Gardner for Samuel Killam, which ship led 'the list until 1872, when the ship Rossignol, 1,509 tons, was launched from the ship-yard of James Adolphus Hatfield at Tusket for Young, Kinney, & Corning, Denis Surette being master-builder. The Research is the largest ship so far launched' in Yarmouth Harbor; while Tusket, since 1861, besides those already mentioned, and others built near Argyle Bridge and at Plymouth, has set afloat twenty-three ships exceeding 1,000 tons, besides a good many smaller vessels; viz., — 1869. Herbert Beech 1,061 ons. 1878. Mabel Taylor . . 1,298 tons 1870. Royal Charter . 1,247 " 1879. William Law . ■ 1,599 " 1872. Edgar . 1,130 " 1879. Charles . . . 1,500 " 1873- Adolphus , . . 1,318 " 1880. AbUe S. Hart . ■ 1,450 " 1873- Royal Charter . . 1,304 " 1880. Nettie Murphy ■ 1,373 " 1873- Regina .... 1,212 " 1880. Patagonia • 1,199 " 1874. Lydia 1,200 " 1881. Thomas N. Hart . 1,460 " 1874- Sarah . ... 1,176 (( 1882. Guiana . . . 1,265 " 1875. Walter D. Wallett 1,413 (( 1883. Fred. B. Taylor • 1,798 " 1875. John Murphy . . 1,471 " 1884. Ellen A. Read . • 1,750 " 1875- J. S. Wright . 1,274 " 1886. Louise M. Fuller . I, 680 " 1875. Ecuador .... 1,059 " In 1875 the Annie M. Law, 1,178 tons, was built at Argyle ; in the same year, the Paul Boy ton, 1,097 tons; and in 1877, the Tsernogora, 1,252 tons, at Plymouth, at which place also was launched, in 1863, the Robert Sims, d-L-j tons; in 1866, the W. H. Moody, 686 tons; in 1872, the George B. Doane, 941 tons ; and in 1874, the Magnolia, 998 tons. In 1 79 1 the shipping of Yarmouth County comprised 26 vessels, 5^54 tons; average, 21 tons. In 1808 it had reached a total of 41 vessels, 1,880 tons ; average, 46 tons ; and among the owners previous to 1808, we find the names of Amirault, D'Entremont, Surette, Larkin, Hobbs, Ricker, Ryder, Frost, Jeffery, Goodwin, Nickerson, and Hatfield, aU of Pubnico, Argyle, and Tusket, as owners of 24 vessels, 970 tons; average, 40 tons. 1 54 PIERRE SURETTE. In 1797 we also find Capt. Pierre Doucette in charge of one of the largest vessels at that time owned in the county, — the schooner Peggy, 50 tons, belonging to James Kelley of Kelley's Cove, and engaged in the coasting-trade in such treacherous waters as those between St. Andrews and Yarmouth, when there were neither charts nor lights to guide the mariner, though he may have had a traditional knowledge of headlands and of soundings not possessed by Champlain on his first voyage along the coast. The first decked-vessels built at Eel Brook were the Defiance, by Joseph Bourque in 1803, and the Rainbow, .^ly Francois Bourque in 1804, each of 41 tons register. Besides the smaller vessels built by the French for themselves and others, it is worthy of note that Denis Surette, of Eel Brook, was master- builder, besides others at Argyle, of some large ships launched at Tusket in recent years from the ship-yard of J. Adolphus Hatfield, for himself and Yarmouth owners. In 1845 or thereabouts, Pierre Surette of Eel Brook, father of Denis, built at Cape Cove, Clare, for Felix Deveau, sen., the topsail schooner Mary Jane. Two years afterward, when negotiating her sale, Felix extolled her sailing qualities. He said, " When she went to Boston, it took two pilot-boats to catch her, one ahead, and the other astern." ' In 1847 the Mary Jane was purchased by Yarmouth parties, and rigged into a brigantine ; and in November, 1849, ^''^ a crew of some twenty Yarmouth men, nearly all shareholders in the vessel and her cargo of building materials, etc., she sailed for San Francisco, where in due time she safely arrived, having on the way touched at Juan Fernandez and the Galipagos Islands. Ebenezer Scott, Ebenezer Haley, James and Silas Baker, William Cook, Freeman Dennis, Charles and Robert Hilton, George W. Brown, and Benjamin Killam, of the California expedition of 1849, some of them men past middle life, wefe representatives of the families of the early settlers of Yarmouth from 1761 to 1776, and were moved by a like spirit of adventure. ^ Once, when beating through the Grand Passage, the Mary Jatie ran upon a ledge; and but for the assistance of Capt. Holland E. Payson and a boat's crew from the shore, she would have been lost. When safely anchored at Westport, Capt. Felix, in accounting for the disaster, exclaimed, " By gosht she sailed so fast I couldn't stop her ! " LEON POTHIER. 155 Benjamin B. Redding, a native of Yarmouth and of a brancli of the family of the Benjamin Redding of 1765, was one of the crew of the Mary Jane. He attained to high distinction in California. He became State printer, mayor of Sacramento, United States Government land agent, and, in 1873, he was sent to Austria to represent the State of Cahfornia at the Vienna Exhibition. So Pierre Surette of Eel Brook contributed to Yarmouth history ; for it can be logically established, that, if Pierre Surette had not modelled and built that fast-saihng schooner, Mr. Redding would not have hkely reached these honors in California, nor would some late Yarmouth iirms have attained the rank they held upon the list of ship-owners. The navigation of the Tusket River from the village to the sea is very intricate, and in some parts dangerous. The 1,500-ton ship being launched at Tusket, and ready for sea, a skilful and experienced pilot is an absolute necessity ; and Solon Doucette of Tusket Hill has for many years been one of the few men who could be relied upon to conduct the largest ship safely through the shoals and ledges of the Tusket River, and of the islands at its mouth. Other old Argyle families have furnished renowned master ship- builders, whose names will be found in a future chapter. Among the more recent of these may be here mentioned Joseph and Stephen Jefifery and Gabriel Servant, who designed and built at Tusket many of the largest and finest ships which have ever been enrolled upon the Yarmouth books of registry. L6on Pothier, of Eel Lake, stands pre-eminent for the construction of bridges and country roads. Tusket Bridge and its approaches bear testimony to his excellent judgment and mechanical ingenuity ; and often, when an alteration in a main post-road requiring more than ordinary engineering ability has been decided on, the services of L6on Pothier have been deemed essential. Ambroise Amirault of Pubnico, a master ship-builder, invented an approved steering-gear and a windlass-gear for vessels ; and now, in his seventy-eighth year, he is endeavoring to perfect an apparatus of his own devising for raising sunken ships. Jean Bourque 2d of Eel Brook, in the leisure moments of his younger days, made himself so familiar with the mechanism of a watch, IS6 SIMON D'ENTREMONT. that the people of Argyle would allow him little leisure thereafter. He became a thorough mathematician and a land-surveyor : he designed and built at Eel Brook those fast-sailing schooners, the Zouave and Louis A. Surette. And Anselme O. Pothier of Tusket Wedge, as an accountant, self-taught, as one may say, has had no superior in Yarmouth County. Simon D'Entremont of Pubnico, now approaching his hundredth year, represented Argyle Township in the Provincial Legislature fifty years ago ; and, as he reminded a visitor in 1882, of all the men who served in Parliament with him, Sir William Young and the Hon. William Annand alone survive.' No one of his race has been since sent to Parliament from Yarmouth County. In view of their intelligence and native honesty, their relative numbers and social standing, simple justice would seem to demand that the Acadians should have their turn at least twice in fifty years. A descendant of the Claude de La Tour who, in 1629, was created a baronet of Nova Scotia, now representing Yarmouth County in the House of Commons, would command uncommon respect and consid- eration, as well from his honorable descent as from his connection with the ill-used exiles of 1755 ; while his compatriots from Quebec would be sure to unite in any demand he might make for his constituency in that distribution of the "loaves and fishes" which often enters into " the order of the day." Nor need the choice of a candidate be confined to Pubnico alone. There must be many a developing possibility at Tusket Wedge, the other side of Argyle Township ; while at Eel Brook, the centre, so to say, among the descendants of the patriarchs of fifty years ago, — those men of stalwart form, dignified presence, and gentlemanly demeanor, among whom may be named Pierre Pothier, Jean Baptiste Pothier, Joseph Bourque, Basile Bourque, Charles Babin, Paul Surette, Paul P"rangois Surette, and Athanase Surette,^ — men are surely to be found who would bring credit to Yarmouth as her representatives in Parhament. Contemporary with these men were James Doucette and Joseph Doucette of " the Forks," said to have been descended from John ^ Appendix M. 2 Appendix N. ACADIAN VIRTUES, 1 57 Doucette, who, from 171 7 to 1726, was lieutenant-governor of Annapolis Royal. Joseph Howe began the work of life as a printer's boy ; Charles Tapper, at a shoemaker's bench ; S. L. Tilley, as an apothecary's appren- tice, a station for which his talents fitted him. Abraham ^Lincoln's work as a rail-splitter brought him thousands of votes for the Presidency. Vice-President Hendricks was born in a cabin of two rooms built of hewn logs, with a stove-chimney in one corner, and windows of greased paper to let in the light. The transition, therefore, from "the Forks" to the House of Commons, may be quite within the ability of a young man of the blood of the Doucettes. The path to the Presidency is just now closed to him, as only native-born citizens are eligible ; but, if he really set his mark so high, even that constitutional obstacle may, perhaps, be overcome by "annexation." The Acadians of Argyle are a very hospitable people : their doors are innocent of bars and bolts, and the latch-string is upon the outside. They dispense the courtesies of life without affectation or concern. Their aged people are treated with marked respect and consideration, so their days are "long in the land;" for the instances are frequent of lives protracted beyond eighty and ninety, and they sometimes reach a hundred years/ They are remarkably free from all manner ^ " On ihe 30th of December, 1862, died on Surette's Island, in this county, Mrs. Mary Surette. She was, probably, the last survivor of the Acadians expelled from this Province during the administra- tion of Gov. Lawrence. " She was born at Windsor, in Hants County, and was, according to the statement of her children, one hundred and eight years and ten months old at the time of her death: but she must have been at least two or three years older; for, during her lifetime, she always said that she remembered distinctly that upon the arrival, in Boston Harbor, of the vessel which conveyed thither her parents and their fellow-exiles, the captain of the vessel himself carried her ashore in his arms. After returning from Boston, she remained with her parents in the vicinity of Halifax until her twenty-sixth year. At that age she removed, with her husband, to this county. The latter died at the age of ninety-four. " Mrs. Surette had lost her sight a few years before her death. Of her other faculties she retained the use up to her last moments. Her recollection of the incidents and events of her childhood and youth was most vivid. She used frequently to say, in a jocose manner, that the Bon Dieu had for- gotten her. "The number of her surviving descendants is 77, — 7 children, 25 grandchildren, and 45 great- grandchildren. There are in this county several other Acadian women whose respective ages border on one hundred." — Commitnicated to Yarmouth Herald. Surette's Island, containing 859 acres, and lying on the eastern side of the entrance to the Tusket River, was first settled by Paul Clermont, who remained there three years, and then removed to Wilson's Island, where, in October, 1812, his son Francois was killed by the pirates. Its next occupant was Victor Babin, father of Charles and Hippolyte (see Appendix D), from whom, after a short time, the island passed into the possession of Charles Borrom^ and Frederic Surette, sons of Joseph ist, and brothers of Jean Louis, from whom are descended the Surettes of Tusket Wedge ISS ACADIAN VIRTUES. of offences against person or property ; and this merit arises less from the restraints of, or the fears of penalties imposed by, the civil law, than from their innate honesty, and from their regard for the correct principles which they are taught in early life should govern their relations with society. This Charles Borrom^ was the husband of Marie Surette {nie Babin, and daughter of Michel), the subject of the foregoing obituary. There are now upon Surette's Island 21 families; viz., 18 Surette, 2 Meuse, and i Le Blanc. There is also a fine new church which has taken the place of an earlier structure. Morris's Island, lying just to the eastward of Surette's Island, has an area of over 1,500 acres, and''is occupied by upwards of 20 Acadian families, — Moulaisons, Meuses, Le Blancs, Sureties, and Clermonts. CHAPTER XL Early Settlers of Yarmouth Township. — French and English Family Names 1761-1886. — Real-estate Owners of Yarmouth County : Thirty-nine French, Six Hundred and Fifty English, Names. — Argyle Township compared with Yarmouth for Purposes of Settlement. THIS chapter begins with a list, copied chiefly from Campbell's History, of the early settlers of Yarmouth Township previous to 1800, with the year of arrival and their former residence. There are many omissions in Campbell's table, some of which are here suppHed. Beal, Josiah . . . Crosby, Jonathan . Eldridge, Elishama, Ellis, Ebenezer Landers, Sealed. . Perry, Moses . . . 1761. . Plymouth, Mass. Saybrook, Conn. Barnstable, Mass. Sandwich, Mass. Sandwich, Mass. Sandwich, Mass. 1762. Bain, Alexander Barnes, Seth . . . Butler, Eleazar . . Cain, James . . . Churchill, Lemuel . Coffran, William . Cook, Ephraim. Crawley, John . . Da.rling, Benjamin . Durkee, Phineas Gowen, Patrick . . Haley, Ebenezer Holmes, Peleg . MacKinnon, John . Nickerson, Nathan. Scotland. Plymouth, Mass. Saybrook, Conn. Massachusetts. Plymouth, Mass. Marblehead, Mass. Marblehead, Mass. Marblehead, Mass. Saybrook, Conn. Portsmouth, N.H. Marblehead, Mass. Plymouth, Mass. Isle of Skye. Barnstable, Mass. Pitman, Joseph . . Richardson, John . Ring, George . . Robbins, Benjamin, Robbins, James . . Robinson, Jabez Rogers, Cornelius Saunders, Joseph . Tinkham, Edward . Utley, Jonathan . . Beverly, Mass. Windham, Conn. Kingston, Mass. Plympton, Mass. Plympton, Mass. Martha's Vineyard. Kingston, Mass. Salem, Mass. Kingston, Mass. Hampton, Conn. 1763. Baker, Jonathan Brown, Benjamin Crosby, Edward Harris, David Harris, Samuel . Haskell, Robert Haskell, William Hersey, David . Hibbard, Eleazar Horton, Levi . . Scott, David . . Scott, Moses . . Marblehead, Mass. Beverly, Mass. Beverly, Mass. Beverly, Mass. Beverly, Mass. Beverly, Mass. Beverly, Mass. Plymouth, Mass. Saybrook, Conn. Saybrook, Conn. Fitchburg, Mass. Fitchburg, Mass. i6o EARLY SETTLERS. 1764. Corning, Ebenezer Corning, Jonathan EUenwood, Ben] Mattenly, James Pearl, David . Perry, John . SoUows, John Walker, John Bridgeo, George . Bunker, Hezekiah Crocker, Daniel Elwell, Nathaniel Hilton, Amos Kelley, James . Lovitt, Andrew . Redding, Benjamin, Rose, Richard Scott, Jonathan . Trask, Elias . . Allen, Jeremiah Allen, Samuel . . Brown, James . . Brown, Nathan . . Burgess, Joshua Clark, Ebenezer Eldridge, Barnabas, EUenwood, Samuel, Gilfillan, James . . Gullison, Samuel . Hooper, Moses . . Killam, John . . . Porter, Nehemiah . Trefry, John . . . Trefry, Joshua P. . Weston, Nathan Clements, John . Foote, Zachariah Porter, Hezediah Marblehead, Mass. Marblehead, Mass. . Salem, Mass. . Salem, Mass. . Savbrook, Conn. . Beverly, Mass. . Beverly, Mass. . Newburyp't, Mass. 1765- . England. Nantucket, Mass. Argyle, N.S. Beverly, Mass. Manchester, Mass. Manchester, Mass. Beverly, Mass Beverly, Mass. . Beverly, Mass. . Fitchburg, Mass. . Plymouth, Mass. 1766. . Manchester, Mass. . Manchester, Mass. . Ipswich, Mass. . Ipswich, Mass. . Plymouth, Mass. . Ipswich, Mass. Barnstable, Mass. Salem, Mass. . Londonderry, Ire. . New Brunswick. . Massachusetts. . Wenham, Mass. . Ipswich, Mass. . Marblehead, Mass. . Marblehead, Mass. . Plympton, Mass. 1769. . Marblehead, Mass. . Beverly, Mass. . Ashfield, Mass. 1770. Allen, John . . . Marblehead, Mass. Barnard, Benjamin, Salem, Mass. Barnard, John . . Salem, Mass. Patten, Richard . Marblehead, Mass. Williams, Richard . St. Asaph, Wales. 1771. Flint, Thomas . Salem, Mass. Wyman, Ephraim . Woburn, Mass. 1772. Baker, Samuel . . Ashford, Conn. Bent, Joseph . . Plymouth, Mass. Raymond, Daniel . Salem, Mass. 1773- Bartlett, Lemuel . Plymouth, Mass. Phillips, John T. England. Vickery, Moses . . Marblehead, Mass. 1774- Blaney, Stephen Marblehead, Mass. Magray, John . . Marblehead, Mass. Poole, Samuel S. . Reading, Mass. 1775- Dennis, Ambrose . Marblehead, Mass. Doty, Samuel . . Plymouth, Mass. Goudey, James . . Marblehead, Mass. Goudey, Philip . . Marblehead, Mass. Hamilton, Peregrine, Virginia. Kinney, Nathan . New Bedford, Mass. Lewis, Waitstill . Rhode Island. Patch, Nehemiah . Ashfield, Mass. 1777. Crosby, James . Yarmouth, Mass. Crosby, Lemuel . Yarmouth, Mass. Crosby, Theophilus, Yarmouth, Mass. Pinkney, John . . New York. Shurtliff,Henry . . Argyle, N.S. 1781. Strickland, Chris. . Weymouth, Mass. Strickland, Jonath., Weymouth, Mass. EARLY SETTLERS. l6l 1782. Cann, Hugh . . . Marblehead, Mass. Cann, John . . . Marblehead, Mass. Hammond, William, Halifax, N.S. Porter, George D. . Lexington, Mass. Porter, Josiah . Lexington, Mass. 1784. Churchill, Ephraim, Huntington, Miner, Moses, William . . Robinson, Robert . Studley, Tristram . Sullivan, Patrick Plymouth, Mass. Windham, Conn. St. Augustine, Fla. Holland. England. Ireland. 1785. Beveridge, David W. Scotland. Dunham, Jonathan . New Jersey. Ellis, Joseph . . Tedford, Jacob Tedford, John . Tedford, Samuel Thurston, Robert Barnstable, Mass. New York. New York. New York. Shelburne, N.S. 1786. MacKinnie, John . Ireland. 1787. Bond, Joseph N. . Neston, Eng. Hayse, John . . . Ireland. Marshall, Samuel . New York. Dane, Thomas Richan, John . 1789. . Ipswich, Mass. . Orkney Islands. 1790. Stephens, William . Halifax, N.S. Tooker, Jacob . . New Jersey. 179a. Byrnes, Thomas . Ireland. Stanwood, Enoch . Mt. Desert, Me. I793- Ely, Elijah . Scovil, Levi . Murphy, John Shaw, Zebina Valpey, John . New York. Horton, N S. 1794. Ireland. Annapolis, N.S. Marblehead, Mass. 1795- Doane, Daniel . Barrington, N.S. Hall, Thomas . . London, Eng. Horton, Jonathan New York. MacConnell, David, Staten Island, N.J. Power, James . Ireland. .Shaw, Joseph . . Annapolis. Van Norden, Gabriel New York. 1797. Harding, Harris Jenkins, James . Allen, Joseph . Gardner, Bartlett Hemeon, Philip Huestis, William Jenkins, John . Jenkins, William Horton, N.S. New York. 1798. Argyle, N.S. Nantucket. New Jersey. Staten Island, N.J. New York. New York. The records of the Plymouth Colony throw light upon the ancestry of some of Yarmouth's early settlers. John Barnes was at Plymouth in 1631, and m., 1633, Mary Plummer. Jonathan, s. John, b. 1643, m., 1666, Elizabeth Hedge, d. William of Yarmouth. John 2d, s. Jonathan, b. 1669, m., 1693, Mary Bartlett, g. d. Robert, who came in the Ann in 1623. Seth, s. John 2d, b. 1699, m., 1722, Sarah Wooden. 1 62 PLYMOUTH RECORDS. Seth 2d, s. Seth, b. 1726, m., ist, 1751, Hannah Williams ; 2d, 1754, Elizabeth Rider, d. Benjamin, gr. s. Samuel ; at Yarmouth 1643. Seth Barnes 2d had a daughter Elizabeth, b. 1754. Samuel Sheldon Poole m., 1775, Oct. 19, Elizabeth Barnes, d. Seth. James Cain m., 1777, Dec. 2, Mary Barnes, d. Seth. [Barnes' Creek, Barnes' Point, Barnes' Wharf, are Plymouth landmarks.] Robert Bartlett came to Plymouth in the Ann, 1623, and m., 1628, Mary Warren, d. Richard, came in Mayflower 1620. Lemuel Bartlett, gr. s. Robert, b. 17 15, m., 1742, Mary Doty, gr. gr. d. of Edward, came in Mayflower 1620. Lemuel 2d, s. Lemuel, b. 1744. Lemuel Bartlett m., 1774, Hannah Tinkham, d. Edward of Chebogue. William Ashmead Bartlett, b. 1846, a descendant of Robert Bartlett ist, mar- ried the Baroness Burdett-Coutts. John Churchill, at Plymouth 1643; ">•' '644> Hannah Pontus, d. William. Through Eleazer, b. 1652 ; Stephen, b. 1685 ; and Ephraim, b. 1709, we have Zaccheus Churchill ist, b. 1734, and m., 1754, Mary Trask. Their children were Elizabeth, 1755; Zaccheus, 1757; Mary, 1758; and Ephraim. Joseph Churchill, s. John ist, b. 1645, m., 1672, Sarah Hicks. Barnabas, s. Joseph, b. 1686, m., 1713, Lydia Harlow, gr. d. William; at Lynn 1637, and thence to Sandwich and Plymouth. Lemuel Churchill ist, s. Barnabas, m., ist, Lydia Sylvester, b. 1726, gr. gr. d. Richard ; at Plymouth 1630. They had a son Nathaniel, b. 1743. Lemuel Churchill m., 2d, Abigail Rider, b. 1726, gr. d. Samuel. They had Lemuel, 1754 ; Abigail, 1756; and Ezra, 1758. In 1762 Lemuel Churchill sold his house in Plymouth which he had bought from Nathaniel Holmes in 1750. A homestead property at Plymouth was sold to Amos Leshure in 1872 which had been in possession of the Churchill family for about two hundred and thirty years. John Holmes ist was at Plymouth in 1632. Nathaniel, s. John, m., 1667, Mercy Faunce, b. 1651, d. John. John, s. Nathaniel, b. 1682, m., 1709, Sarah Church, b. 1686, gr. d. Richard. They had a son Peleg, b. 17 15. John Faunce came in the Ann in 1623, and Richard Church was at Plymouth as early as 1633. Nathaniel Holmes ist built a house, still standing (1883), on Court Street, Plymouth, and owned and occupied by Ellis T. Lanman, which Mr. Holmes occu- pied until his death; after which, in 1748, his children. Widow Mercy Tinkham, PLYMOUTH RECORDS. 163 and Patience and Melatiah Holmes, sold it to Hannah Jackson. Mercy Tinkham was the widow of Caleb, s. Hezekiah 1st. John Jenkins, at Plymouth 1643, removed to Barnstable, and in 1653 m. Mary Brewer, and had Sarah, 1653 ; Mehitable, 1655 ; Samuel, 1657 ; John, 1659 ; Mary, 1662; Thomas, 1666; and Joseph, 1669. Andrew Ring, at Plymouth 1629, m., 1646, Deborah Hopkins, d. Stephen, who came in Mayflower 1620. Eleazer, s. Andrew, m., 1687, Mary Shaw, gr. d. John; at Plymouth in 1627. Samuel, s. Eleazer, b. 1694, m. Ruth Sylvester. George, s. Samuel, b. 1726, m. Lucy Chipman, and had Louisa, 1748 ; Samuel, 1750; Lucy, 1751; George; Marcus, 1760; and Sherah. Nicholas Robbins, at Duxbury 1638, m. Anne . . . and had John, Mary, Hannah, and Rebecca. John, s. Nicholas, m., 1665, Jehosabeth Jourdan. Jeduthan (Plympton), s. John, m., 1694, Hannah Pratt. Jeduthan 2d, b. 1694, m. Rebecca . . and had Joseph, 1719; Mary, 1721; Sarah, 1723; Eleazer, 1724; James, 1727 ; Rufus, 1729; Benjamin, 1732; Rebecca, 1733 ; and Ebenezer. Ephraim Tinkham, at Plymouth 1643; by wife Mary had Ephraim, 1649; Ebenezer, 1651 ; Peter, 1653 ; Hezekiah, 1656; John, 1658 ; and three others. Hezekiah, s. Ephraim, m. Ruth . . . and had John, 1689 ; Jacob, 1691 ; Eben- ezer, 1698 ; and six others. John, s. Hezekiah, m., 1714, Anne Gray, gr. d. Edward ; at Plymouth 1643. Their children were Mary, 1718; Edward, 1720; Ephraim, 1724; Ann, 1726; and Joseph, 1728. Edward Tinkham (Kingston), s. John, had by wife Lydia . . Salumis, 1743; and Rebecca, 1745. Elias Trask of Plymouth,'probably grandson of Elias of Salem, the grandson of William who came over in 1626, by wife Abigail had Abigail, b. 1746; John, b. 1751 ; and Samuel, b. 1753. Joseph Trask, probably brother of Elias, m., 1758, Jerusha ICempton, and had Joseph, b. 1758; Thomas, b. 1760; Priscilla, b. 1761; William, b. 1763; and Jerusha. In 1757 Elias Trask bought a house and land on Leyden Street, Plymouth, which, in 1763, he sold to Samuel Lanman; and in 18S3 the same house, enlarged, was owned and occupied by William R. Drew. Edmund Weston came to Boston in 1635, and settled in Duxbury. He had sons Edmund, John, and Elnathan, and daughter Mary. Edmund 2d m , 16S8, Re- becca Soule, gr. d. George who ziLxaitm Mayflower 1620. They had Nathan, 1688 ; Zachariah, 1690; Rebecca, 1693; John, 1695; Edmund, 1697; and Benjamin, 1701. Edmund Weston 2d removed to Plympton and died there in 1727. Nathan Weston, s. Edmund 2d, m., 1715, Desire Standish, b. 16S0, d. l64 PLYMOUTH RECORDS. Alexander, the eldest son of Miles Standish ist, who with his wife Rose came in the Mayflower in 1620 ; and Alexander Standish m., ist, Sarah, d. John Alden and Priscilla Mullins, whose names Longfellow has made immortal ; he married, 2d, Destre, widow of Israel Holmes, and daughter of Edward Doty who came in the Mayflower in 1620. Nathan Weston ist had two sons, Nathan 2d, b. 1723; and Isaac, b. 1725. Daniel Hersey, s. David, grantee, m. 1774, Jan. /|, Desire Weston, d. Nathan ist of Chebogue; and their first child, b. 1775, March 18, was named Desire. Thomas Weston, a wealthy merchant of London, organized the association called "the Merchant Adventurers," who supplied the means for the first expedition by the Mayflower ; and Weston himself seems to have been the principal financial supporter of the enterprise. But some proceedings of the adventurers who crossed the Atlantic did not quite please Mr. Weston ; and in 1622 he sent out two ships, the Charity and the Swan, with colonists and supplies for a plantation of his own at Wessagusset, now Weymouth, forty miles north from Plymouth. With that expedition came letters from Mr. Weston to the Pilgrims, telling them that he had sold his share in the joint-stock company, and " that he was quit of them and they of him." Thomas Weston him- self came over in 1624, remained a short time at Plymouth, and returned to England. Henry Cobb was at Plymouth as early as 1629. Fruit-trees planted by him about 1670 still bear fruit. Ebenezer Cobb, grandson of Henry, died at Kingston, Mass., in 1801, aged a hundred and seven years, and is said to have been the oldest man who has lived in Massa- chusetts. Sylvanus Cobb, great-grandson of Henry, was captain of a company raised at Plymouth in 1 745 for the expedition against Louisburg. In 1758, while in command of a government sloop, he was chosen to conduct Gen. Wolfe in a reconnaissance of the fortifications of Louis- burg; and for his bravery and skill he received high commendation from the general. He and his brother Jabez afterward settled at Liver- pool, N. S. ; and in 1762 Sylvanus joined the expedition to Havana, where he died. Jabez Cobb, a son of Jabez of Liverpool, will be remembered as among the aged inhabitants at Little River fifty years ago. KEAL-ESTATE OWAERS. 1 65 About 1770, Samuel Sampson Blowers owned an estate, bequeathed to him, on North Street, Plymouth. He was born at Boston, graduated at Harvard in 1763, studied law under Gov. Hutchinson, and in 1770 he was associated with Adams and Quincy in the defence of the British soldiers engaged in the Boston massacre. About 1779 he removed to Halifax, where in 1785 he was attorney-general, and in 1797 was created chief justice. He died at Hahfax in 1842, in his eighty-eighth year. Of the 78 names in the list of early settlers, from 1761 to 1766 inclusive, all may be found upon the list of grantees in the next chap- ter, except those of Alexander Bain, James Cain, William Coffran, David Scott, Benjamin Robbins, and Jonathan Utley. Some of these were minors; others probably dead or absent when the grant of the township passed. Benjamin Robbins had settled at Chebogue Point, where he was drowned; hence the grant to his widow Abigail Robbins. Upon the pages following are the family-names of persons at some time resident owners of real estate in the county between 1761 and 1885 inclusive. The Acadian names are separate from the rest ; and the Acadians are now said to number about 8,000, or about one-third of the entire population of the county. There are, doubtless, some omissions of names other than French ; but the list is as perfect as it can be made from memory and the scanty materials at hand. The French names number 39, the others 650 ; and it is to be remarked that over three-fourths of the French in the county come under the 12 leading family-names. Names followed by an asterisk (*) are believed to be now extinct in the county. A dagger (f) denotes that^ though the family-name may be extinct, descendants of the family remain. The iigure opposite some Enghsh, or other names, denotes the number of distinct famihes of the same name, yet in some cases descended from a common New- England ancestor who lived 250 years ago. The figures opposite the French names signify the 1 2 leading families ; that is, those who are to-day most numerous : and it is not a little remarkable that a French name, once established, has never died out; whereas over 100 names, other than French, have disappeared. i66 REAL-ESTATE OWNERS. ACADIAN NAMES. ' Amirault. Comeau. Gaudet. Moulaison. ^ Babin. Corporon. Geadry. " Pothier. Belliveau. ' Cothereau, or Heb^rt. Richard, or Bertrand. Catrerot. Jacquard. Richart. Blanchard. ' D'Entremont. Landry. Robicheau. Boucher. Deveau. 9 Le Blanc. Saulnier. ^ Boudreau, or De Villiers. Le Fevre. '= Surette. Boudrot. ' Doucette. Mallet. Thibault. Bourgeois. Dulin. Melangon. Thibeaudeau. ** Bourque. " Duon. '° Meuse, or Trahan. Clermont. Frontain. Mius. Note. — In the census of 1714, there were 87 Acadian names at Port Royal, and 54 at Mines, 21 of which were common to both places. We find there Belliveau, Boucher, Boudrot, Bourgeois, Bourque, Comeau, Corporon, Doucet, Godet, Hebfert, Landry, Le Blanc, Gautereaut Melanson, Poubomcoup (D'Entremont), Potter, Richard, Robicheau, Saulnier, Surette, Thibeaudeau, and Trahan. Total population, 1,290. The form of spelling these names may differ from that sometimes followed in Yarmouth, where in merchants' ledgers these spellings may be found : Amiro, Amera, Bertrong, Boudrot, Cotro, Coutreau, Devillar, Dulong, Duline, Godet, Hubbard, Jeddry, Muse, Richards, Sonia, Tibo, Tibodo, etc. French writers on Acadian history spell them differently. For instance, following Rameau, the spelling would be Bourc or Bourg, Belliveau, Commeaux, Doucet, Gautherot or Gauterot, Gaudet, Mius. Rameau spells Pubnico, Pobomcoup and Pomboncoup. Des Voeux and Potier are sometimes found in French writings. To the oath of allegiance subscribed at Annapolis in 1730, and quoted by Henry L. D'Entremont and Louis P. Le Blanc in their interesting letter on Acadia, published in " The Yarmouth Herald " of Feb. 24, 1886, we find names in these forms : Amirau, Bodrot, Bertran, Bellivau, Belliveaux, Bellivaux, Commau, Commeau, Como, Doucett, Dousett, Duons, Godet, Godett, Gaudett, Hibbert, Landr6, Landri, Landry, Malason, Melenson, Robichau, Robishau, Robichaux, Tibo, Tibodo, Turett. Gen. Thiebault W3S, one of Napoleon's generals at Vimeira in 1808. REAL-ESTATE OWNERS. 167 ENGLISH, SCOTCH, IRISH, AND OTHER NAMES OF YARMOUTH COUNTY FROM 1761 TO 1886. Abbott. Ackennan.* Adams.' Agard.* Alden. Alder. Alexander. AUen.= Anderson.' Andrews. Appleton.* Archer. Archibald. Armstrong.* Atcheson. Atkinson. Atwood. Babington.* Bacon.* Bain. Baker.^ Ealkam. Ballam. Barbour.^t Barnard.t Barnes.' Barr. Barrows. Bartlett. Barton. Bath. Baxter. Beals. Beaton. Bell. Bennison. Bent. Berry.'' Bethune. Betts.* Beular. Beveridge. Eingay. Black.'^ Blackadar. Blades. Blanchard. Blaney.t Blauvelt. Blethen. Bond. Boudie. Bowers. Bowrie. Boyd.' Bradbury.t Brayne. Brady. Brand. Bridgeo. Bright.t Brimner. Bristow. Britt.* Brittain. Brooks.t Brown.' Bruce. Bryant. Bryar.t Bullerwell. Bunker.* Burgess.' Burke. Burnham. Burns.^ Burrill. Burton. Buscey.* Butler.' Bydder.* Byers. Byrne. Byrnes. Cahan. Cain. Callaghan. Cameron.^ Campbell.' Cann.^ Carey. Carland. Carroll. Carter. Carty. Caskey. Challen.* Challoner. Chandler.^ Chase. Chipman. Christie. Churchill.'' Chute. Cisco. Clark.' Cleland. Clements. Clendinning. Cleveland. Clifford.t Clune.t Coaldwell.^ Cobb.* Coffin.t C off ran. Coggins.* Colsworthy.* Cook. Cooper.t Collins.'^ Condon.* Connor.* Conwall. Cornelius. Corning. Cosman. Cossar. Cottew. CouLson. Coward. Crawford. Crawley. Crocker. Crosby.^ Crowell." Cuff. Currier. Curry. Curtis.* Daley. Dallinger.* Dane. Daniels. Darby. Darling.* Darrah. Davis.* Davison. Day.'' Dean.* Decker.* Deering. Delaney. Dench. Dennis. Dewolfe. Dize. Doane." Dodds. Donavan.* Doty. Dove.* Dowley.^ Dowling. Dudman. Dugan. Duncanson. Dunham. Dunseith.* Durand. Durham.! Durfee. Durkee. Durland. Eakins. Earl. Eldridge.^ Eli. Ellenwood." Elliot. Ellis.^ Elwell.t Ely. Fader. Fait. Parish. Farrell. Fells. Fenton. Ferrara.* Fifield.* 1 68 REAL-ESTATE OWNERS. Fitzgerald.^ Haley. Inglis.* Long. Fleet. Hall." Ingols.* Longs taff.* Fletcher. Haloran.* Irving. Lorrey." Flint. Halstead. Ivers. Lovitt. Floyd. Hamilton.* Jack. Lowell. Flynn.^ Handy. Jacobson. Lyons. Folger.* Hanff. Jacques. MacCarthy.3 Foote. Harding." Jarvis. MacConnell. Forbes." Hardy.t Jeffery. MacCormack." Forman.t Harley. Jenkins." MacDevitt. Forster. Harris.5 Johns. MacDonald." Forsythe. Haskell. Johnson." MacDonnell. Foulis.^ Hatfield. Jolly. MacElroy.* Fowles. Hawke. Jones." MacGill. Fox.^ Hawkins. Kavanagh. MacGrath. Frost. Hawley. Keefe. MacGray. Fuller.* Haswell.* Keelan. MacGuire. Gallagher. Hayse." Keenan. MacHenry. Gallie. Head.t Kelley." Maclver. Gardner.^ Helms. Kenealy. Mack. Gavel. Hemeon. Kent. MacKay. Gayton. Hemlow. Keogh. MacKenzie. Geddes. Herkes.* Killam. MacKinnie. Germain. Hersey. King." MacKinnon.' Gibson.3 Hewitt. Kingsley. MacLaren. Gilbraith.* Hibbard. Kimball." MacLauchlan. Gilfillan. Hicks. Kinney." MacLaughlin. Gilliland. Higby. Kirby. MacLeod. Gillis. Hilton. Kirk." MacMahan.* Gilman. Hines." Knollin. MacManus. Gisnone.* Hipson. Knowles. MacMullen. Goddard. Hobbs. Ladd. MacMunn. Godfrey.^ Hogg. Lambfert. MacNamara." Golden. Holden. Lamont. MacNay. Goldfinch. Holley. Landers." MacNeal. Goldsmith. Holbrook.* Langtry. MacNutt.* Goodwin. Holmes. Larkin. MacRae. Goucher. Homer. Lavers. MacWhinnie. Goudey. Hood. Law. MacWilliams. Gourley. Hooper. Lawrence. Magray. Gowen. Hopkirk. Lawson.^ Malone. Grace. Horton." Leizer. Mangham. Graham.* Howell.* Lennox. Manning. Grant.3 Huestis. Lent.3 Marling. Grantham. Hunter.t Le Cain. Marr." Gray.3 Huntington. Leonard. Marshall." Greenwood. Humbert.t Lewis. Martin. Griswold.* Kurd. Lincoln. Mattenly.t Gridley. Hurlburt. Lindsay.* Maxwell.* Guest. Huston.f Little." Merrill. Gullison. Hutchinson. Lonergan." Merrithew.t REAL-ESTATE OWNERS. 169 Merritt* Parker.^ Richards." Sloane.* Messenger. Parr. Richardson." Slocomb. Michie.* Parry. Ricker. Smith."" Mildon. Patch. Riddle. Snyder. Miliar.. Patten. Ridgway.* SoUows. Millar. Patterson." Ridley. Spechts. Miller.3 Pearce." Ring. Spiers. Mitchell. Pearl.t Ritchie.* Spincks. Moberly.* Pearson. Roach. Spinney. Mood. Pease.t Robbins." Stafford.! Moody.^ Pelton. Roberts. Stanley.* Moore.^ Pendrigh. Robertson. Stanton. Montague. Pennell. Robinson.' Stan wood. Montgomery. Pennington. Robson* Starr.t Morehouse. Perrin. Rodney. Stearns. Morgan.^ Perry.3 Rogers.' Steele. Morrill. Peterkin. Rose. Stephens." Morris. Peters. Ross. Sterritt. Morrisey. Peterson. Rost.t Stewart.' Morton.^ Phillips." Rowe. Stoneman. Mosely.^ Philpot.* Rowley. Story.t Moses.'' Phipps. Rozee. Stowe.t Moulton.^ Pierson. Russell.' Strickland. Munrne. Pilling.t Rust.t Stubbard. Murphy.' Pinkney. Ryder." Stubbs.* Murray. Piper. Ryerson. Studley. Myers.^ Pitman. Sabine. Sullivan.' Naughter.* Plant.* Salter.* Suttie. Neal. Pocock. Sanderson. Sutcliffe. Nelson. Poole." Sargent. Swaine." Nettles." Porter." Saunders.' Sweeney.' Newell. Potter." Savage. Sykes. Newry.* Powell. Savary. Symonds. Nichols." Powers.^ Scott.' Taylor.' Nickerson." Prince.* Scovill. Teaplod. Nisbet. Prosser." Seeley." Tedford. Normandy. Prout." Servant. Temple. Northup. Purdie. Sewell.* Thomas. Norton. Purdy. Shaw." Thompson.' O'Brien.3 Purney. Shehan. Thorburn.* Ogden.t Quamineau. Sheldrake.* Thurston. Oldreive.* Randall." Sherlock.t Tiley. Oliver. Rankin. Shipley.* Tilley. O'Neal. Ray. Shurtliff.* Tinkham. Oram. Raymond. Silver. Titus. Ormsby.* Raynard. Simonson. Tobin. Osborne. Redding. Sims. Tong. Otis.* Reed." Sinclair. Tooker. Owen.3 Reid. Sinnett.* Townsend.* Palmer. Rice. Skinner.* Trask." Parfitt.t Richan. Sleeth. Travis. I/O REAL-ESTATE OWNERS. Trefry. Verge.* Weston. Willett. Troop. Vickery. Wetmore. Williams.", Turners Viets. Wheaton. Williamson. Uhlman. Walker. Wheeland. Wilkins. Utley. Walsh. Wheelock.* Wilson.* Valpey.t Waterman. Whipple.* Winter. Van Emburg. Watson. Whitten.* Witter.* Van Buskirk.t Watt. White.'' Wood.^ Van Horn. Webster. Whitehouse. Woodbury.* Van Norden. Weddleton. Whitman.^ Woodworth. Van Nostrand.t Wells. Whittington.* Wyman. Vaughan. West. Wickham.* Young.^ The localties in Argyle Township, occupied by the French a hun- dred years ago, were well adapted to the prosecution of the fisheries ; but the lands in Yarmouth Township would, for all other purposes, be considered the more advantageous for settlement, while its shores and harbors are also within easy reach of the fishing-grounds. One reason why the French have not, until recent years, shown more progress in the accumulation of wealth, is because the lands they first occupied, and where they have, for the most part, since remained, were poorly adapted, either for general cultivation or pasturage, and their good lands were confined within very narrow limits. But their farms produced abundantly of potatoes of excellent quality, the adjacent coasts furnish- ing kelp and other sea-weed in ample quantity. Potatoes and fish would seem to be, therefore, wholesome food, and where easily pro- cured in unlimited quantities, as in Argyle Township, afford proof that a people making them their chief subsistence are prolific, and never die out. Yet it is not a little remarkable that the thirty-nine Acadian fami- lies now furnish one-third of the population of the county ; while their progress heretofore, and their fixity of tenure for the last hundred and twenty years, viewed in connection with their present status, indicate that in the not distant future the proportion of the Acadians relatively to the people of all other races in Yarmouth County will be still more favorable to the former. CHAPTER XII. Copy Scheme of Division Yarmouth Township Lands. — Names of Grantees alphabetically arranged. — Number of Shares to Each. — Number and Area of their Lots. — Grantees of Bunker's and Gilfillan's Island, Chebogue Town Point, and Stony Point Beach. — Reservations for Highways. — Equal to about Two Hundred and Thirteen Miles of Road Four Rods Wide. THE intention of this chapter is to supply general information upon the grant of Yarmouth-Township lands, the absence of which, in times past, has occasioned many and repeated journeys to the office of registrar of deeds. It is believed that the information in this form may still be useful to the heirs or descendants of the early settlers. The Elisha Eldridge, grantee, is probably Elishama Eldridge, one of the pioneers of 1761, who, Mr. Campbell says, on p. 55, was excluded from a participation in the grant. A reference in the scheme of divis- ion accounts for the omission of Levi Horton's name, which is also referred to by Mr. Campbell. Among the grantees will be found the names of sixty-seven persons not included in Campbell's hst of arrivals or settlements at Yarmouth up to the date of the grant, April, 1767. These are as follows, many being the names of well-known settlers of Yarmouth in and before 1767; and with few, if any, exceptions, they were all either in Yarmouth or Argyle when the grant was passed : — Agard, Judah. Allen, Samuel. Allen, Jeremiah, jun. Beals, James. Beals, Josiah, jun. Brown, Adam. Brown, Nathan. Bunker, Paul. Burgess, Joshua. Coggins, Henry. Corning, Jonathan. Crawley, James. Crawley, John, jun. Curtis, William. Day, Solomon. Dove, Samuel. Ellenwood, Benjamin. Ellenwood, Benjamin, jun. Godfrey, Alexander. Godfrey, Josiah. Godfrey, Prince. Godfrey, Samuel. Hall, Abner. Harris, David. Haskell, Moses. Haskell, Robert. Haskell, William. Haskell, William, jun. Hilton, Stilson. Hooper, Moses. MacKinnon, John. MacKinnon, John, jun. MacKinnon, James. 172 YARMOUTH TOWNSHIP LANDS. MacKinnon, Martin. Newry (or Newny), James. Simmons, Cyrus. MacKinnon, Norman. Nickerson, Nathan. Sewell, Dominicus. Marshall, William. Pease, Job. Sinnott, Thomas. Merrithew, Benjamin. Porter, Nathan. Soames, Lydia. Merrithew, Roger. Porter, Nehemiah, jun. Stewart, Joseph. Moore, Thomas. Porter, Samuel. Sullivan, Thomas. Moore, William. Robbins, Abigail. Symonds, John. Morgan, Benjamin. Robinson, Timothy. Trefry, John. Moulton, Ebenezer. Robinson, William. Verge, John. Moulton, Ebenezer, jun. Rogers, Thomas. Woodbury, Jonathan. Moulton, John B. Salter, Thomas. Moulton, Wells (Morton). Salter, William. The following is the preamble to Samuel Goldsbury's Plan of Division, executed in 1787: — EXPLANATIONS AND REFERENCES TO THE PLAN OF YARMOUTH TOWNSHIP. The lands in the Township of Yarmouth in the present survey are in three divisions, and are divided among the grantees according to a schedule placed on the right-hand side of the plan. The First Division contains the lands included between the red line at No. 3 1 on the hne between Yarmouth and lands laid out to Robert Wilmot and others, and ending at Chegoggin River, the sea-wall, Little River, and on Wilmot's line to No. 31, where the red line takes its departure. The plots of land separated by a red line at Cranberry Head, Allan's Lake, Salmon River, the head of Crotch Lake, and at the Great Tusket Falls, are also included in the First Division. The number affixed to each grantee's name in each division runs through that division, comprehending all lots to which it is affixed. The Second Division contains all the lands between Hersey's Branch, so-called (of the Tusket River, commencing at the head of Lake Vaughan), and the First Division; also No. 36 at Little River Point, excepting those plots of land included in red lines at Cranberry Head, Allan's Lake, mouth of Salmon River, head of Crotch Lake, and at the Great Tusket Falls before mentioned. The Third Division contains all the lands between Hersey's Branch and the Great Tusket River. SCHEME OF DIVISION. 1/3 The peninsulas of Bunker's and GilfiUan's, Chebogue Town Point, and Stony Beach Point, are plotted on a large scale, the better to express the small lots ; and, though a part of the First Division, each has its own separate schedule on the plan, and their whole contents are added to the First Division. The vacant half-share wanting to complete 149 shares is said to have been in the return for a grant entered to Levi Hortpn, but in the grant was casually omitted. On this half-share, Horton has made improve- ments. The No. 14s contains lands laid out and granted to William Tory, Esq., in a separate right, or share, through the township of Yarmouth. The islands contained in the lakes in each division have the number of the lot they belong to affixed to them. On the Great Tusket River, it is to be observed that proceeding down the river, at the letter L and at the letter R they close again into a river. (This clause appears a little obscure.) The marsh is not included in the division, as will be seen in the following scheme, nor the highways and several reserves, etc. SCHEME OF DIVISION. The contents of land, water, marsh, etc., contained in the bounds of the Township of Yarmouth : — Acres. Perches. First division, as per schedule .... 22,275 5° Lands granted to William Tory, i share 508 138 Lands on Bunker's and Gilfilla-n's Peninsulas, Chebogue Town Point, and Stony Beach Point 100 80 Lands in second division, as per schedule 78,287 133 Lands in third division, as per schedule 29>07S 9^ Total in three divisions 130,248 19 Acres. Perches. The whole marsh contains 3''37 Water, including lakes, rivers, etc I7>96S A, reserved for a fort at Cape Fourchu .... 14 For the fishery up the Tusket River .... 34 80 Reserved for Harris's saw-mill i Reserved for highways i>7o8 22,859 80 Total i53.i°7 99 174 SCHEME OF DIVISION. This total of 153,107.99 acres being compared with the whole of the contents of the Township of Yarmouth, which is 153,107 acres, the difference will be found only 99 perches. This scheme of division is performed, respect being had through the whole to both quantity and quality, from which arises the difference to be observed in the contents of each man's share in each division. Had the division been performed without respect being had to the quality of the soil, it would give 868 acres, 48 perches, to a share ( ?) ; but by exploring, it was found the lands were near one-half unfit for cultivation, by reason of savannahs, sunken swamps, and rocky barrens, aside from lakes, etc., before noticed. SCHEME OF DIVISION. 175 NAMES OF GRANTEES, AND AREA OF THEIR LANDS. 1ST Division. 21: Division. 3D Division. Total i i i Names of Grantees. o if) >J .J Area in Acres. o d d < d 55 6 < d •a < Allen, Jeremiah .... i^- 47 247 ^\ *2 32 306 530 li *iii 96 90 196 1,369 Allen, Jeremiah, jun. . . \ 44 81 \ *48 273 k *65 144 498 Allen, Samuel i^ 123 192 15 *57 106 330 402 15 *90 74 92 218 1.234 Agard, JuHah . ... I 5° 1 01 I 84 536 1 60 241 87S Bunker, Hezekiah . . . 2 72 183 2 73 495 2 46 215 134 100 39 589 141 138 1,720 Bunker, Paul i4 135 344 ■i *95 28 242 450 II *5 112 78 250 1,364 Butler, Eleazer 4 63 III i4 *io9 287 li *I26 83 loS 87 137 585 35 237 1,390 Beal, Josiah, sen I 124 138 I 131 550 I 86 208 896 Beal, Josiah, jun. . . . I 29 182 I 42 621 I 97 180 983 Beal, James .... I 79 145 I 93 362 I 21 175 682 Brown, Adam . . . I I2S 157 I 64 488 I 125 244 889 Brown, Nathan .... 2 91 100 i *37 251 h *I34 77 428 Brown, James \ 119 81 \ *37 251 \ •■134 77 409 Brown, Benjamin .... I 66 123 I 123 569 I 41 249 941 Baker, Jonathan .... I 46 108 I 23 552 I 13 20s 865 Bridgeo, George .... I 25 156 I 38 650 I 72 299 1,105 Barnes, Seih . . I 19 100 I 74 628 I 55 208 936 Burgess, Joshua .... ll 9 162 li *I42 128 157 593 li *I42 95 104 138 1,154 Corning, Ebenezer . . . 1^ 86 241 li *IIO 136 234 520 15 *28 80 128 197 1,320 Clark, Ebenezer .... li 49 158 i4 *2 4 306 445 A *iii 52 90 200 1,199 Crawley, John, sen. . . • 2 45 157 2 46 497 2 38 152 2 150 33 335 144 145 1,436 Crawley, John, jun. . . . 2 106 242 2 114 j 56 S 889 2 59 i 385 1,516 Crawley, James .... " 107 323 2 5°. 126 1 1,429 2 89 j 130 \ 394 2,146 Cook, Ephraim 97 135 120 563 98 225 923 Crocker, Daniel .... 17 138 94 542 102 161 841 Curtis, William .... 26 120 60 669 91 151 940 Churchill, Lemuel . . . 21 128 149 470 70 164 762 Crosby, Jonathan . . 14 103 21 470 69 196 769 Crosby, Edward .... k 75 78 1 *48 273 h »65 144 495 Coggin, Henry ... 61 115 143 516 . 9 1^8 789 Corning, Jonathan . . . 87 200 68 577 107 197 974 Day, Solomon . . . . 73 lOI I2S 592 40 164 857 Dove, Samuel 54 209 66 591 140 149 949 176 SCHEME OF DIVISION. Names of Grantees, and Area of their Lands. — Continued. Names of Grantees. 1ST Division. 2D Division. 3D Division. Total Area in Acres, i 3 i rt If} i in 5 "0 ■0 ni *© a rt" i i 1 i d < d d 2; < Darling, Benjamin . . . I 4 118 I T40 476 I 131 159 753 Durkee, Phineas .... 15 59 222 A *78 117 308 S08 ij *3i 71 95 Z02 i>335 EUenwood, Benjamin , . 2 85 233 2 19/ 103 1 1,048 2 19, 103 s 323 1,604 Ellenwood, Benjamin, jun., h. 104 80 h *78 308 h *3i 95 483 EUenwood, Samuel . . . 52 156 8 597 106 254 1,007 Elwell, Nathaniel . . . 14 53 196 ^\ *52 16 274 598 ij *42 47 119 238 1,425 Eldridge, Elisha .... 120 104 139 538 67 277 919 Eldridge, Barnabas . . . 38 199 7 539 45 250 988 Ellis, Ebenezer 22 100 25 547 146 97 744 Godfrey, Samuel .... 112 156 96 428 32 205 789 Godfrey, Prmce .... 113 144 77 485 25 151 780 Godfrey, Josiah . . . li II 172 li *79 70 252 573 i4 *5o 66 100 178 1,27s Godfrey, Alexander . . 33 123 133 566 19 112 801 Gowen, Patrick . . =4 109 35 432 36 202 743 GilfiUan, James . . . 93 212 80 501 136 '35 848 GulHson, Stephen .... ^k 126 25s A *IOO 31 238 465 I5 »IOO 20 90 169 1,217 Harris, Samuel 81 233 12 III 1,039 43 j 29) 399 1,671 Harris, David 35 160 30 486 133 209 855 Hilton, Amos ^\ 43 200 ij *II2 134 240 600 i4 •123 56 131 235 1,406 Hilton, Stilson i 4= 115 h *IOO 238 k *IOO 90 443 Hooper, Moses. . . . 28 123 82 433 77 186 742 Hammond, William . . 77 148 124 486 16 216 850 Hall, Abner 128 99 122 441 4 174 714 Hibbard, Eleazer .... 56 126 14 S5I 22 175 852 Holmes, Peleg A 20 163 rh *I42 20 157 S16 A »I42 I20 104 172 1,112 Haskell, William, sen. . . 65 119 88 638 "5 254 1,011 Haskell, William .... T-\ no 253 A »89 71 251 477 a *I03 62 84 297 1,362 Haskell, William, jun. . . i 121 90 k *36 187 I *68 90 367 Haskell, Moses .... i 122 82 \ *9S 242 k *5 78 402 Haskell, Robert .... 64 164 15 488 39 178 830 Hersey, David i4 36 231 li *5i 61 236 i4 *85 124 79 251 1.349 Haley, Ebenezer .... ij 7 ■56 li *92 24 434 ij *ii9 24 89 199 1,097 Landers, Sealed .... li 80 132 ij ♦52 58 274 398 ■ J *42 6 119 173 1,096 Lovitt, Andrew . ... A 83 255 T-h *8S 132 256 612 4 »ii 34 103 245 1.471 Killam, John . . . 137 209 55 569 132 205 983 SCHEME OF DIVISION. 177 Names of Grantees, and Area of their Lands. Continued. 1ST Division. 2D Division. 3D Division. Total i i i Names of Grantees. n «" n jj jj Area in (Si -3 -3 Acres. 'k rt n 6 d u d d 2 d d u 2 :a < S5 ^; <1 Iz :zi < Keiley, James .... I 48 138 I 67 383 I 87 211 732 Merrithew, Roger .... 4 8 100 I2 •116 250 14 *76 121 105 75 104 537 93 103 1,186 Merrithew, Benjamin . . \ 132 77 h ♦86 257 4 *44 99 433 Moore, William .... I 73 128 I 146 5°3 I 135 164 795 Moore, Thomas .... \ 100 59 4 •97 193 I ♦4 65 317 MacKinnon, John (C. P.) . I 5 97 I 138 608 I 49 217 922 MacKinnon, John, jun. . . 1 114 224 I los 348 I I 173 745 MacKinnon, Martin . . I 116 222 I 9 566 I 109 J 80 968 MacKinnon, Norman I 32 122 I 144 551 I 8 220 893 MacKinnon, James . . . I 115 224 I 63 586 I 139 172 982 MacKinnon, John .... 4 31 863 4 i' 18 2,196 4 i5l 75 709 3.768 81 141. lOl J Morgan, Benjamin . . i\ 117 281 i^ *II2 69 240 479 li *.23 64 131 224 1,355 Marshall, William . . . . \ 13 77 h *ii6 250 \ '*44 99 426 Moulton, Ehenezer, sen. I 58 89 115 498 129 168 755 Moulton, Ebenezer, jim. I 136 175 101 515 108 142 832 Moulion, John B. . t 94 144 49 482 138 137 763 Moulton, Wells .... I 27 117 119 600 37 256 973 Mattingly, James .... I 68 155 26 520 148 288 963 Nickerson, Nathan . . I5 99 187 a *53 91 266 419 ♦63 24 112 183 1,167 Newny, James . . . . \ 74 78 \ *36 .87 *68 90 355 Porter, Nehemiah, sen. . . 2 138 45° 2 62, 98 i 1.093 2 .4, 177 1 384 1.927 Porter, Nehemiah,jun. . . k 103 100 5 *io8 267 *48 104 47" Porter, Samuel ... \ 130 147 i *.o8 267 *48 104 5'8 Porter, Nathan I 84 192 I 22 446 I 114 20s 843 Pease, Job . h 96 77 \ *87 260 •113 128 465 Pearl, David . ... h 62 61 \ *83 3'3 *IO 84 458 Perry, John I 57 ■54 I 127 647 I 82 i6s 966 Perry, Moses . . . li 15 288 i4 ♦89 ■ 113 251 443 ^s *io3 17 84 169 1,235 Pitman, Joseph .... li 70 187 i4 *83 10 256 581 I5 *ii 61 103 303 1,430 Ring, George .... 'i 40 265 i4 ♦92 130 199 496 li *ii9 127 89 141 i,Tgo Robbins, James . . 4 98 173 i4 *86 145 257. 523 15 *75 121 121 186 1,262 Robbins, Abigail .... I I 116 I 129 628 I 88 172 gi6 Robinson, Timothy . . . I lOT 179 I 75 489 I no 207 875 Robinson, William 15 102 234 i4 '79 54 252 479 14 *5o 128 no 127 1,192 Rogers, Cornelius . I 23 no I 107 557 I 33 2l6 883 Rogers, Thomas . . . \ 39 56 2 •97 193 4 *4 65 3H '78 SCHEME OF DIVISION. Names of Grantees, and Area of their Lands. — Concluded. 1ST Division. 2D Division, 3I- Division. Total i « u Names of Grantees. 1 o 1 i i Area in Acres. *o "o rt "o Q "o •0 a i. d < d i < 6 6 < Rose, Richard I 6o 187 34 618 53 194 999 Redding, Benjamin . . . 1 69 "3 44 545 81 200 858 Richardson, John .... \ 12 93 h. •87 260 *ii3 128 481 Salter, Thomas . ... I 30 134 27 47° 149 188 792 Salter, William I 127 159 99 544 122 224 927 Soames, Lydia I 129 246 72 607 104 125 978 Scott, Jonathan . . . i 37 100 5 *83 3'3 *IO 84 497 Scott, Moses I 18 132 14B 473 2 290 895 Sinnott, Thomas . . I 67 199 90 400 137 152 751 Sullivan, Thomas .... I 76 231 40 629 105 -83 1.043 Symonds, John . . 1 92 151 17 386 94 145 682 Stewart, Joseph .... I 51 127 118 487 73 206 820 Sewell, Dominicus . . . I S3 157 76 659 58 238 l,"54 Simmons, Cyrus .... 1 41 ,56 135 567 27 213 936 Sollows, John li 89 222 li *i09 29 286 467 *I26 3 83 176 1,234 Saunders, Joseph .... i^ 82 182 i4 *IIO 5 234 557 *28 116 128 233 1.334 Tinkham, Edward . . . li 109 186 i4 *Si 121 236 504 *85 99 79 271 1,276 Trask, Elias I 16 100 3 460 84 245 80s Trefry, Joshua I 137 209 13 528 57 151 888 Trefry, John . . 2 3 297 59 1 47 S 1,104 83 1 147 i 510 1,911 Walker, John .... I 71 124 41 711 7 152 987 Woodbury, Jonathan . . I 90 163 IT 539 143 .54 856 Weston, Nathan . . ij 34 200 li *53 45 266 495 *62 12 112 217 1,290 Verge, John 1 9S 117 I 43 578 92 148 843 Vacant \ 131 86 4 *57 6' 330 \ *90 18 i 92 S08 Government Reservation . 4 10 719 4 ^5 . 147. 2,418 30. 77 78J 801 3,938 149 - .- - 129,638 An asterisk in the foregoing table implies that the grantee had only half of the lot to which it is affixed, but the corresponding figures express only half the area of the lot. The figures in the total-area column, therefore, show the number of acres to each grantee, except that, to economize space, the fractional parts of an acre which helped to make up the area of nearly every lot are omitted, without, however, materially affecting the result. The total-area column, if added up, will be found. SCHEME OF DIVISION. 179 therefore, to vary a little from the amount .expressed at foot, 129.638 acres ; the area of the lots in the three divisions, after deducting the area of William Tory's lands, Bunker's and Gilfillan's Peninsulas, etc., 609.58 acres. It will have been observed that a grantee's number covered more than one lot in the different divisions, particularly in the first and second divisions. For instance, John MacKinnon had three lots in the first division under No. 3 1 ; a large lot in the Little-River District, about 700 acres ; a lot on Wyman's Road ; and a lot in the special plot at the mouth of Salmon River, now belonging to the Earl family, — together 863 acres. GRANTEES OF GILFILLAN'S PENINSULA. John Perry . . Dominicus Sewell James Mattingly Lot No. I GRANTEES OF BUNKER'S PENINSULA. William Haskell .... Lot I Benjamin Brown . . . *' 2 Nathaniel Elwell . . . " 3 ■ • ■ Eleazer Butler . . . " 4 . . Jonathan Woodbury . . " 5 . . Benjamin EUenwood . . . " 6 . . . James GilfiUan .... ... " 7 . . . Ebenezer Moulton . . ... " 8 . . . John B. Moulton . . . ■ " 9 Ebenezer Moulton, jun. . "10 Elisha Eldridge . . . "II . . John Richardson . . . "12 Paul Bunker .... "13 Ebenezer Moulton . . " 13 • Phineas Durkee . . " 14 ■ ■ William Haskell . . . . . . " 15 • Joseph Stewart . . " 16 . . . Hezekiah Bunker . . . . " 17 • • ■ Judah Agard . . . ■• 18 . Joseph Saunders . . . ... " 19 . . . Eleazer Hibbard . . . ... " 20 . . Ebenezer Moulton . . . . " 21 . . Hezekiah Bunker . . . " 22 Hezekiah Bunker . . . " 23 . . . Hezekiah Bunker ., . " 24 . . 4 acres. 3i " oi " II acres. ij acres. I " 3 " I " 1 " 2 " I " 2| " I " I " I " i " 1 " , I " I I I* " . I* " 'i " I . I ■ 'J " 2 " . 2 " 34I acres. i8o SCHEME OF DIVISION. GRANTEES' OF CHEBOGUE TOWN POINT. Benjamin Darling . John Trefry . . . Thomas Saltes . . Joshua Trefry . . John Verge . . . James Beal . . . Timothy Robinson . Amos Hilton . . . Stilson Hilton . . Josiah Beal . . . Ebenezer Ellis . . Lemuel Churchill . James Kelley . . . Ebenezer Haley . . Norman MacKinnon John Crawley, sen. . John MacKinnon Abner Hall ... Elias Trask . . . Daniel Crocker . , William Curtis . . Jonathan Scott . . Samuel Dove . . Wells Moulton . . Josiah Godfrey . . Lot I " 2 " 3 " 4 " S " 6 " 7 " 8 " 9 " 10 " II " 12 " 13 "14 "IS " 16 " 17 " 18 " 19 " 20 " 21 " 22 "23 "24 •"25 3 acres. 10 I 2 39 acres. GRANTEES OF STONY BEACH POINT. Ebenezer Moulton . Ebenezer Moulton . Samuel Harris . Joseph Pitman Joseph Saunders Henry Coggins . . Stephen GuUison Benjamin Redding . Nehemiah Porter John Synionds . . Andrew Lovitt . . Richard Rose . . . Ebenezer Corning . John SoUows . . ' David Pearl . . Samuel Ellenwood . Lot I '* 2 " 3 " 4 " 5 " 6 " 7 " 8 " 9 " 10 " II " 12 "13 "14 " 15 " 16 16 acre.s. HIGH WAY RESER FA TION. 1 8 1 The municipal authorities of the township appear to have lost sight of the fact, that, in the division of the lands, a reservation was made for highways of 1,708 acres, equal to about 213 miles of highway, of four rods in width. A reference to the plan will show that, to nearly every lot in the three divisions, unless bounded by a marsh or river, access was given by a highway reservation, now often mentioned as a '' double- base line." No doubt, the county taxes in times past would have been less burdensome if this feature in Goldsbury's plan had been more generally recognized ; and even now, in the still unoccupied portions of the township, it may be found that to follow his scheme of division would prove advantageous to the public interests, and, at the same time, open up the lands for settlement. CHAPTER XIII. Chebogue Farmers. — Homes of Early Settlers. — Kelley's Cove. — Old Arcadia and Little- River Homesteads. — Durkee's Island.— Pinkney's Point. — Sea-side and River Scenery of Yarmouth Sound and Chebogue Harbor. — Phineas Durkee. — Proprietors' Improve- ments within Town Proper, — John Murray, E. W. B. Moody, Comfort Haley of Salem, Thomas and George Goudey and others. — Coast-line from Cape Fourchu to BeaveV- River Corner. — Israel Lovitt and Richard Fletcher. — Chegoggin and Brooklyn Farmers. — Farmers from Ulster. — Sons of James Murphy. — Ephraim Churchill and his Descendants. — Murphy's Bridge. — Eleazer and Rufus Hibbard. — Leading Farmers in other Districts of the Township and on the Banks of the Tusket River and its Branches. — Influence of the Early Settlers. REVERTING now to the early settlers of Yarmouth Township, we find among the i6o men (see beginning of Chapter XI.) who came here previous to 1800, the names of those to whom, or to whose descendants, are mainly owing the growth and prosperity of the township. From the families who first settled upon the shores of the Chebogue River and the eastern shores of Yarmouth Sound, came the men who founded and sustained the maritime industry of the Port of Yarmouth. But there were many among them who first deserve mention for their enterprise in clearing away the forests, and preparing for agricultural pursuits, that being a prime condition of permanent occupation. As the reader passes over the pages that follow, it will be seen how large a proportion of those engaged in the various pursuits bear the names of the residents of the first forty years. Previous to 1800, but one vessel exceeding a hundred tons had been built in the county, nor had the forest-clearings advanced so far as to entitle any cultivated area to be called a farm. Except in a general way, therefore, allusion will not be made to conditions existing prior to the year 1800 ; but the names will be given of the men prominent in different pursuits at later periods whom Campbell's History has failed to mention. The names first given will be those of the men who, coming into CHEBOGUE POINT. 183 possession of the early clearings, continued the work so well begun, and who have been at some time prominent as cultivators of the soil. Under the family-names will be comprised those who have, by various routes, following the first paths cut through the forest, extended their agricul- tural operations all over the township, rendering the conditions of life easier to their successors. Allen. Goodwin. MacKinnie. Rodney. Andrews. Goudey. MacMullen. Rogers. Bain. Gowen. Miller. Rose. Baker. Haley. Mood. Saunders. Bingay. Hamilton. Moody. Scott. Bond. Handy. Morrill. Scovil. Bridgeo. Harris. Moses. Shaw. Brown. Hatfield. Murphy. SoUows. BuUerwell. Hawley. Murray. Strickland. Burrill. Hemeon. Nickerson. Sweeney. Butler. Hersey. Patten. Symonds. Cain. Hibbard. Perry. Tedford. Cann. Hilton. Phillips. Thurston. Churchill. Holden. Pinkney. Tinkham. Clements. Holmes. Pitman. Tooker. Cook. Huntington. Porter. Trask. Corning. Hurlburt. Powers. Travis. Crawley. Jeffery. Prosser. Trefry. Crosby. Jenkins. Randall. Van Norden. Dennis. Kavanagh. Raymond. Vickery. Durkee. Kelley. Raynard. Walker. Earl. Killam. Redding. Webster. Eldridge. Kinney. Richardson. Weston. Ellis. Landers. Ring. Whitehouse. Flint. Lovitt. Ritchie. Williams. Foote. MacKinnon. Robbins. Wilson. Foulis. Magray. Roberts. Winter. Gallie. MacCormack. Robinson. Wyman. Particular mention must be made of a few men in different parts of the township, who, by the thorough manner in which they carried out their agricultural operations, set a good example before their neighbor- hood. First in order come Joseph Robbins, Ira Robbins, and Lemuel Robbins, John Crawley, Jacob Hilton, and Samuel Crosby, whose prop- erties at Chebogue Point remain an ornament to that section of the country, and an evidence of the industry and skill of the successive occupants. Chandler Robbins, the present owner of the property of IS4 CHEDOGUE RIVER. his father, Joseph Robbins, and who has added to and improved it, enjoys the honor of owning the most productive and valuable farm in the county. On the Cove road the farms which present the most attractions are those of the late Capt. John Hihon, Capts. John D. Kelley, William H. Cook, George Allen, and James F. Scott (the latter formerly Capt. Robert Kelley's), all the outcome of the labors of the early settlers ; while the picturesque properties of Lewis Allen and Charles Richan of Sunday Point add a finish to the charming scenery at Kelley's Cove. John Pinkney, Leonard Weston, and the brothers Nathaniel, Samuel, and John Holmes of Central Chebogue, have, as intelligent cultivators of the soil, distinguished their district ; while its later accessions, Capt. Francis G. Cook, Capt. George Jaques, and Norman B. Handy, son of Ward Handy, a worthy and well-remembered farmer of Ohio, are admirably completing the work of their predecessors under circum- stances more favorable than the latter enjoyed. The improvements of John and Joseph Kinney, Lemuel Churchill 2d, and George Trefry, render more conspicuous the lofty eminence at the head of tide-water of the Chebogue River ; while in the valley the cosey cottage of Squire Gabriel Van Norden secured the admiration of every passer-by. The squire's garden was noted for the earliest flowers of spring, the first fruits of summer and of autumn ; and often, beneath the beauteous blossoms of the squire's orchard, were gathered attractions more lovely than the flowers. There was the true Arcadia — now passing away. An attractive property at Little River is Durkee's Island, the former home of the first Amasa Durkee, then of Lyman Durkee, his son, and later owned and very much improved by N. K. Clements ; and, a little farther on, the fine property of William Kinney bears testimony to his unfailing energy and industry at a time of life when most men seek repose. The farms of the Cooks, Aliens, and Herseys, in the same dis- trict, too numerous to particularize, afford a pleasing evidence of the manner in which the later occupants have carried forward the improve- ments begun by their ancestors a hundred years ago. Pinkney's Point, the old homestead of the first John Pinkney of 1 777, COVE ROAD. 185 about thirty years ago passed into the possession of Prosp^re Surette and Antoine Richard from Tusket Wedge. For many years previous it was the home of Joseph Perry, grandson of Thomas Perry, an early settler ; and among the writer's most treasured recollections is the cordial welcome with which, upon a pleasant Sunday afternoon in 1850, Mr. Perry received his first visit to Pinkney's Point ; and this had an exact counterpart in a reception from Ira Robbins at Chebogue Point, two years later. The lands adjoining the Cove road from Broad Brook northerly to Yarmouth Town were naturally too rocky and uneven to admit of exten- sive agricultural operations unless at a scarcely warrantable expense. Still, some retired sea-captains, Thomas Crosby, James Cain, William Hibbard, Nehemiah Crosby, James Baker, and William Cain, having in their turn exerted themselves to supply what nature had denied, the district lias lost many of the rough and unattractive features it originally possessed. The sea-side and river scenery, all around the circuit so far referred to, is so truly magnificent that the holders of the properties may reason- ably look forward to a time when the shores of Yarmouth Sound and Chebogue Harbor and River will become favorite resorts for a wealthy class of New-England people escaping from the oppressive heat of the summer months at home. The overflow from the crowded beaches of Maine and Massachusetts is casting about for "fresh fields and pastures new;" and under certain conditions, which it may not, perhaps, be prudent here to mention, the sea-beaches of Yarmouth County would attract a fair proportion of most desirable summer visitors.' Just outside of the limits of Yarmouth Town lies the old homestead property of Phineas Durkee of 1762, whose great-great-grandson, Amasa G. Durkee, now occupies a part of it. The descendants of Phineas are to be found at the present day as farmers at Ohio, Deerfield, and Carleton, at Bellfield, Pembroke, Lake George, and Cedar Lake. His eldest son, Amasa, owned, and gave the name to, Durkee's Island on the eastern side of the Chebogue River ; another son, Stephen, was one of the first settlers at Brooklyn (then called Squirreltown) ; and another, Robert, was one of the pioneers of the Ohio district. Phineas was the ^ Appendix O. 1 86 YARMOUTH TOWN. grantee also of what was later called "Jenkins' Island," near the head of Yarmouth Harbor. The old "Tooker farm," adjoining Durkee's (originally granted to Richard Rose), has been in the Tooker family nearly a hundred years. It was the first Yarmouth home of Jacob Tooker, who was a master ship- builder, and the ancestor of all of that name in the county. The lands reclaimed by John Murray, on the south side of Kempt Street, present, from front to rear, perhaps a better example of thorough cultivation and orderly arrangement than any other area of equal extent in the county. James Bond, E. W. B. Moody, W. H. Moody, and George S. Brown, together, within the last forty years, effected many valu- able and permanent improvements upon the area between Argyle and Forest Streets ; while Comfort Haley's large farm at Salem has been a model for judicious field divisions, clean and profitable culture, and neat fencing ; and Mr. Haley himself was no less distinguished for .untiring industry than for the uniform courtesy and good-nature with which he fulfilled the duties of a neighbor and a citizen. The lands from Butler's Hill to Milton, generally, were poorly adapted to cultivation ; and they were, for the most part, held by men engaged in seafaring pursuits. Thomas and George Goudey, WiUiam Brown, Ebenezer and Nehemiah Porter, Joseph Ellis, John Durkee, John Redding, and James Jenkins, although following various other avocations, made considerable improvements upon the large tracts they owned ; fitting them, in fine, for building-sites, for which purpose they have been freely utilized during the last fifty years. Near the corner of Starr's road is the old homestead of Joseph Shaw, for many years high sheriff of Yarmouth County, and whose name will appear hereafter among the prominent ship-owners. And just here a digression may be permitted to remark that Yarmouth has always been fortunate in her sheriffs. John Bingay, Joseph Shaw, W. B. Townsend, and W. K. Dudman, held the office in succession for more than sixty years ; and of them all it may be said they cultivated the virtue of forbearance, and reluctantly executed the tasks the lawyers set before them, — virtues surely to be practised by the present incumbent. More- over, their view seemed to be that criminals of the ordinary sort, — and Yarmouth furnished none other of native stock, — were merely men of CHEGOGGIN. 187 average character led temporarily astray, who would in kind words and humane treatment, in "justice tempered with mercy," find a real incen- tive to reform. Miner Huntington and John Killam 2d were the later owners ot the principal part of John Walker's grant, which, bounded west by the harbor and Cape Fourchu River, extended from Starr's Corner up to and including the property of James MacMuUen and Thomas Perry. Soon after the death of Herbert Huntington in 1851, streets were laid out through his extensive property, opening up the handsome building-sites since so finely occupied, which, with the important improvements subse- quently effected by Thomas Killam upon his lands on both sides of Chestnut Street, imparted a new character to "the Mills." Thence- forward the quiet village better deserved the name of Milton. The lands upon the western side of the harbor, from Cape Fourchu to Chegoggin Dike, were better suited for pasturage than tillage : they have been mainly occupied by men who followed the sea, and this remark applies generally to the whole coast-line to Beaver-River Corner. But there were some noteworthy exceptions. The sons and grandsons of Richard Rose successfully applied themselves to the cultivation of the soil to the manifest advantage of the whole community ; and the descendants of Levi Scovil, Samuel and David Harris, and Zachariah Foote, have performed some very creditable work in the same line. James Scovil made his grass-lands and dairy-stock so profitable that his neighbors sometimes thought he had discovered one of the pir-ate- treasures which tradition says lie buried all along the south-west coast of Nova Scotia. But a more reasonable conjecture is, that Mr. Scovil's success was owing to a judicious application to his fields of the wealth which the autumn gales throw upon the beaches. Soon after Benjamin Churchill (great-grandson of the first Lemuel) bought Mr. Scovil's farm, he introduced to that part of the country a mowing-machine, hay-tedder, and horse-rake, — a proof alike of Mr. Churchill's enterprise and Mr. Scovil's intelligent and careful culture. Israel Lovitt's farm, which has been in possession of the family for a hundred and twenty years, was noted in his day for its handsome oxen and excellent dairy-stock. Mr. Lovitt was very fond of horses also, and more were raised-upon his than upon any other farm in the county. I«o LOVITT'S ROAD. But Mr. Lovitt's enterprise was not confined to raising fine horses and cattle. From his pasture-lot at the head of the creek dividing his property from that of his neighbor, John Cann. Mr. Lovitt launched his brig Paragon, in 1838 ; and from the opposite shore of the creek, a few rods farther up, John Cann launched his brig Britannia in the same year. Upon the same sites, respectively, Capt. Cann built the brig Grecian, in 1832, and Mr. Lovitt the brigt. Redbreast, in 1834. For such purposes were the farms utihzed only fifty years ago. It was the " mixed husbandry " of the early settlers continued to the second and third generations. " Lovitt's Grove " has been associated with the romances of five generations, fresh ones supplying the place of the older romances as they in succession become tradition. With its ancient beech-trees and mass of evergreens, it is still a favorite resort in the picnic season. Esto perpetua. Adjoining Mr. Lovitt's to the westward is the old homestead of Dr. Richard Fletcher, third son of Dr. George Fletcher of Queens County, Ireland, the ancestor of whose family in Ireland was in early times bishop of Kildare. There is a monument erected to his memory in the cathedral of Christ Church, Dubhn.' In 1 786, Dr. Richard Fletcher was appointed surgeon to the Sixth Regiment of Foot, shortly afterward ordered to the North-American station. In 1791 he married Mary, fourth daughter of Col. Ranald MacKinnon of Argyle. He had retired from the service in 1796, and settled at Shelburne, where he resided until 1809, when he removed to Yarmouth. He died in 18 18. Dr. Fletcher had two sons. The eldest, William, joined the British navy as midshipman. He served in the Cleopatra in 1807, and in the Columbia in 1808. In 1810, while on the West India-station, he was pro- moted to a lieutenancy, and placed in command of H. M. S. Guachapiti, guardship at Antigua. He died there of yellow-fever in 1813. Mrs. Mary Fletcher occupied the old homestead until 1840, when it passed into the possession of her second son, Capt. George Stephen Fletcher, who went to Australia in the Brilliant in 1852, and died at Melbourne in 1854. Among the older Cliegoggin farmers must be named Calvin Cann and ^ Appendix P. MILTON. 189 William Thurston, who owned the lands at the head of tide-water of the Chegoggin River, once the site of an Indian encampment and of the traditional Acadian village ; Abner and Moses Vickery in the same vicinity ; Thomas Brown, who succeeded to the fine property of his father of the same name ; Mark Killam, who in his day was the leading farmer of Chegoggin, famous for his excellent beef-cattle, and the superior quality of his crops of every description ; Nelson Corning, who in his old age still carries off first prizes at the annual fairs of the Yarmouth County Agricultural Society ; and Stephen Churchill (grandson of Ephraim), celebrated for the first-rate quality of his dairy products, and who has probably raised more fine oxen and dairy-stock of improved breeds than any other farmer in the county. The men of the Bain family (descendants of the shipwrecked boy of 1762), as farmers of Chegoggin, or wherever else in the county they have been located, or however they have been employed, have always been distinguished for honest and faithful work : and the brothers Richard and John Williams, owning large farms just outside the town- limits, are remembered for the genuine courtesy with which, in the midst of their work, they received a visitor ; nor would they let him go until he had been taken to their house, and made a partaker of the generous hospitahty which was a not uncommon feature of the olden time. Henry Burrill, for the last thirty years the leading farmer in the Milton district, and the owner of some of the best dairy-stock in the county, has earned a distinction which his youngest son promises to perpetuate ; while his nephew, John MacCormack, has, in his quiet but effective way, put the finishing-touches to some of the early clearings on the hill east of his residence, which lead the visitor to lament that more emigrants from Ulster have not found their way to Yarmouth County. The old homestead of Capt. Amos Baker, J.P., meets us at the end of Bain's Road, later owned by his nephew Amos Baker Brown, with the farm of Zachariah Corning for its next neighbor to the north. The six sons of James Murphy of Brooklyn — William, John, Benjamin, Martin, Joseph, and Melzar— all followed the sea in their younger days ; but they all had, too, a natural predilection for the soil. 1 9° BROOKLYN. The name " Murphy's Bridge " will, no doubt, long remain as a reminder of William, the owner of the picturesque property beyond it. Benjamin, the last to overcome the attractions of foreign lands, has been lately, with a lively zeal, employed in making permanent improvements upon his wife's portion of the old Israel Lovitt homestead ; and the other brothers, owners of neatly kept properties at Brooklyn, have materially aided the descendants of Joseph Pitman and John Walker (of 1762 and 1764) in giving character to that locality. The Pitmans are too numerous, and their valuable work too varied, to admit of detail here. If their work outside of it had been confined to Brooklyn, there would be now presented an area of neatly fenced and cleanly-cultivated lands of an extent unequalled in the county ; but who, then, could have built up Yarmouth Town ? The elder Amos out- grew Brooklyn altogether. But the hills were still higher ; and, unwilling to have his view obstructed by the high lands intervening, he at length withdrew from Brooklyn, and established himself on "Tedford's Hill," an eminence on Starr's Road, from which he could overlook both the town and Brooklyn. The landmark, " Thurston's Corner," attests an appreciation of John Thurston's improvements ; and Angus Walker, attached to the home of his early years as well as to the region about Salmon- River Bridge, made a compromise with himself, and settled upon the verge of the Black Country ; and his fields there now bear evidence to a degree of culture not excelled in the Brooklyn district. His mechanical ability brought him employment for rainy days, for Angus Walker's ox-yokes are esteemed all over the county. On the road towards Hebron, the . first noteworthy property is the old homestead of Thomas FHnt and of his son Thomas ; next, the property of Eleazer Hibbard (son of Eleazer of 1763), and of Ephraim Churchill of 1784, who, if we may judge by their descendants, were very worthy men. Rufus Churchill, sen., a master ship-builder, father of the Rufus so skilled in the mechanical powers ; Zaccheus Churchill, the trusty land-surveyor; and Walter Churchill, the judicious and industrious farmer, — occupied portions of these lands, as well as Capt. William Churchill, for many years township treasurer. Well worth a visit is the carefully guarded family graveyard where Ephraim was buried, and HEBROJSi. 191 where, with a commendable respect for old associations, members of his family still bury their dead. Rufus Hibbard's farm comes next, but his later improvements lie back upon the eastern hill. His large barns, however, tell the story of his industry ; and his cheerful spirit is a token of the rewards which have been the attendants of his toil. Upon reaching the foot of '•' Cann's Hill," we find the homestead of Thomas Dane Chipman, son of Zachariah Chipman of Chegoggin, who deserves remembrance for the unwavering fidelity with which, for a long term of years, as a member of the old Court of Sessions, he guarded the public interests, and dealt out impartial justice to all who sought it at that court. The old homestead of Hugh Cann of 1784, now occupied by his youngest son Alden, reminds us that northerly to the county-Hne lies a country still chiefly occupied by farmers, a large proportion of whom bear the names of — Allen, Crosby, Moses, Trask, Butler, Durkee, Patten, Vickery, Cann, Eldridge, Perry, Whitehouse, Churchill, Ellis, Porter, Winter, & Moses 15 14 5 16 10 4 64 23,923 1844 to 1885 Abel C Robbins . ... 8 8 6 22 12 "t 60 28,320 1844 to 1866 Amasa Diirkee . . . ... 3 2 I 7 I I IS 4,888 1844 to 1869 W. H. Townsend 1 2 2 3 - 2 10 2,621 1845 to 1871 N. K. Clements . . . . II 7 I 3 I 2 25 5,oi3 1846 to 1875 Andrew Lovitt - - - 10 2 I 13 7,727 1846 to 1885 William Burrill and William Bur- rill & Co 2 2 _ 5 12 3 2 I 13 14 9,857 1 1 ,654 1847 to 1883 Joseph B. Lovitt . . 1847 101856 Thomas Dane I 3 I - I 6 1,665 1847 toi8Si Aaron Goudcy . . .... 13 5 2 9 5 2 36 12,805 1847 to 1875 George S. Brown IS 5 4 8 3 3 38 9,920 1849 to 1881 John W. Moody . . . 2 I 2 9 6 I 21 13,977 1850 to 1864 W. H. Jenkms - - 1 9 - I IT 5,060 1850 to 1875 Bowman Corning - - - 9 2 2 13 8,574 1851 to 1885 Thomas, Edward S., and Thomas J.Perry 2 - I 12 II - 26 22,599 1852 to 1865 George Killam 17 4 2 I - I 2S 3,732 1852 to 1879 William K. Dudman 9 2 I 6 4 3 25 11,031 1853 to 1884 George H. Lovitt - - - 6 7 - 13 12,863 1854 to 1874 William Rogers - 2 2 9 3 - 16 8,443 1854 101883 Benjamin Hilton I - - 7 3 - II 7.769 1854 to 1884 A. F. Stoneman . ... 23 2 I 9 2 - 37 10,143 1854 101883 Lyman E. & H. E. Cann .... - I - 9 6 - 16 14,788 1855 101883 Lyman & Hugh Cann . ... - - - 17 6 3 26 17,793 1855 to 1885 John & James J. IjDvIit . . . . - - - II 12 I =4 21,034 1855 to 1883 Henry & N. B. Lewis . . 3 I - S 5 - 17 12,115 1855 to 1864 Young & Baker 1 I I 5 I ' 10 4,196 1856 to 1879 Joseph Burnll - - I 4 8 2 15 13.524 1856 to 1882 Richard T. Crosby & Sons . . ■ - I I 8 II - 21 20,772 1857 to 1880 John Murphy ... - I I S 5 - 12 10,587 1857 101877 Nathaniel Chiiichill . . . 2 2 - 6 II 1 22 18,377 1857 to 1883 Hatfield Brothers .... . . - - - 7 7 3 17 i2,og6 1857 to 1883 Zebina Goudey 2 - - 10 2 - 14 10,610 1858 to 1880 G.J. & James C. Farish . . . - I 2 9 9 - 21 17,557 1858 to 1885 William D. Loviit I - 2 8 12 - =3 21,523 1S60 to 1885 James Adolphns Hatfield . 3 - - 2 12 - 17 19,228 1861 to 1880 Joseph W. MacMulIen .... - - - 3 4 - 7 5,948 1861 101885 George K. Trcfry 2 - - 3 5 - 10 8,820 1861 to 188s James M. Davis . . . 8 2 ~ 6 4 I 21 9,785 2T2 SHIP-OWNERS. LEADING SHIP-OWNERS. — Cow/K(jVa'. ;862 to 1885 863 toi88i .863 to 1878 ;863 to 1876 863 to 1884 [864 to 1882 865 to 1885 :86s 'o 1885 [866 to 1874 1867 to 1884 to 1885 1869 to 1875 870 to 1885 872 to 1877 875 to 1884 1879 to 1885 Owner's Name. Joseph H. Cann . James F. Scott Dennis & Doane Nathan W. Blelhen . . . Francis G. and William H. Cook Killam Brothers Loran E. Baker . William Law . ... Young, Kinney, & Corning Jeremiah H. Pothier & Co. Jacob V. B. Bingay . . . Byron P. Ladd Benjamin Davis . . Thomas B. Flint . . . Parker, Eakins, & Co. . . Hatfield, Kinney, & Co. . Tonnage 5,948 9,°35 16,809 13.543 9,222 12,227 14.853 25,961 7.389 877 8,725 4,396 2.393 6.745 1.578 1.430 Two new ships have been added to the Yarmouth Registry since the foregoing enumeration was completed, — the Louise M. Fuller, ],68o tons, built at Tusket for J. Adolphus Hatfield, P. Lent Hatfield, Forman Hatfield, Job Hatfield, Edgar K. Spinney, William Law & Co., and Capt. A. W. Blauvelt; and the Celeste Burrill, 1,763 tons, built in Clare for William Burrill & Co. and Capt. William D. Robertson. Two new brigs also have been registered, — the Aeronaut, 446 tons, and the Clare, 229 tons, built at Belliveau's Cove for William D. Levitt. No authentic records have been found available for supplying correct data of the vessels owned in Yarmouth County during the twenty-five years following 1761; and the foregoing summary has been compiled from Mr. Lawson's "Record of Shipping,'' published in 1876, and from the lists since pubhshed annually in " The Yarmouth Herald." Up to the year 1825 the English of Argyle Township had owned altogether 27 schooners, 1,575 tons; and the French, 13 schooners, 476 tons. Twenty-five years later the figures stood : for the Enghsh, 40 schoon- ers, 2,276 tons; for the French, 37 schooners, 1,280 tons. And on Jan. i, 1875, ^^e English of Argyle had owned 89 schooners, 4,699 tons; and the French had owned 104 schooners, 4,125 tons. SHIP-OWNERS. 213 The shipping list of the county of Jan. i, 1880, includes 121 schooners, registering 6,003 tons, of which the English of Argyle owned 16 schooners, 760 tons; the French of Argyle owned 40 schooners, 1,941 tons. Five years later, when the list showed 109 schooners, 6,579 tons, the English of Argyle owned 16 schooners, 1,12a tons: the French of Argyle owned 40 schooners, 2,294 tons. These figures show the changes, almost invariably in one direction, in the relative proportions of the tonnage of the small craft owned by the English and the French of the Township of Argyle. They show, too, how largely the French have contributed to the development of the fishery interests of the county, for in that direction, mainly, have their schooners been employed ; whereas, some of the larger schooners owned by the English of Argyle, especially in the earlier years, were engaged in other and less profitable business. It is noteworthy that while during the first fifty years the English ves- sels of the county were named Polly, Betsey, Patty, Sally, Sukey, Nancy, JPeggyt and Freedom, Friendship, Success, Hope, Industry, Prudence, Prosperity, Adventure, Enterprise, Endeavor, and the like (out of twenty- four vessels owned in 1787 there were seven Pollys and three Betseys'), iki^ first French vessels recorded ^tre, the Seaflower oi Simon Amirault, in 179s; the Margaret of Pierre Surette, in 1797; the Micmac of Etienne D'Entremont, In 1797 ; the Minerva of Marc Amirault, in 1802 ; and the Rainbow of Benoni D'Entremont, in 1804. We find with the English the Lord Nelson and Trafalgar m 1806 and 1807; but Paul D'Entremont and his sons, in 1807, changed the keynote, and called their first vessel the Queen, a name Hilaire D'Entremont made more emphatic in 1808, when, with his Queen of England oi 63 tons, he wel- comed Anthony Landers ; and these hints were followed by the English, in 1808, 1810, and 1811, with the Lady Sherbroake, Queen Charlotte, British Que^n, and Prince Regent. Samuel Marshall gave us the first Hibernia in 1799, and Solomon Ryder the first Britannia in 18 10, followed by James Crosby's Cale- donia m 181 2, which memorable year David Flint appropriately recog- nized with his Belisarius. Anthony Landers improved upon his Peter Waldo of 181 1 with the 214 SHIPPING OF YARMOUTH. Thales in 1813 ; and just here it is worth recalling that John Cann built two brigs in 1847, naming one Thetis, and the other Thalia, from two nymphs of the sea, granddaughters of Oceanus and Terra. We find Wellington and Waterloo, in 1816 and 181 7, in close proximity to Betsey and Nancy and Mary Jane. Bartlett Gardner would seem to have given the name to the village with his brig Arcadia, of 200 tons, in 181 7, which, it may be safely said, was the handsomest brig built in the county to that date ; and Anthony Landers made a retrograde movement in 1819 with his hng Better- Luck- Still. One of the D'Entremonts is again to the front, in 1840, with the first Acadian ; ahhoMgh. James Taylor had honored a Fair Acadian iiyXten years before, and Nathan Utley an Acadian Lass in 1833. And so, in more recent years, while we welcome Evangeline, Ange- line, Aldine, Kathleen, Beatrice, Vanguard, and Jessie May, there were few, probably, in 1883 and 1884, to lament the fate of the Nancy Ann or the Essence of Peppermint. The following table exhibits the shipping of Yarmouth at different periods since 1761. The highest point attained was in 1878, as the figures show, made up to Jan. i, 1879 : — NO. OF AVERAGE DATE. VESSELS. TONNAGE. TONNAGE 1761 . . I 25 ... . I79I .... . 26 ... 554 . 21 1808 . . 41 . . . . 1,880 . . 46 I818 .... 75 • . . 3.469 .... 45 1832 . . . . 88 . • • ■ 4.348 . 49 1840 . . . 124 . . . 10,541 . . . 85 1850 . . • "3 • . 17,890 . . . 158 i860, Jan. I • '33 ■ • ■ 36,514 .... 275 1870 " . . 258 . . 82,147 . . . 318 1875 " . . 256 . . . 120,966 .... 472 1879 " • > • 297 ■ • ■ • IS3.SI5 ■ • ■ 517 J 880 " . 276 . ■ ■ • 144,354 .... 523 1881 " . . . 262 . • ■ • 141,331 • ■ . . 539 1882 " • 232 • • • 133,078 . . . S74 1883 " . 228 . • ■ • 124,357 • 545 1884 " • 225 ■ . . 118,514 .... 527 1885 " . 222 . . . . 117,176 .... 528 1886 " . . • 229 118,629 . . 518 SHIPS OF THE PAST. 215 A comparison may be made with the Mercantile Marine of the Dominion of Canada, as given by the official report : — 1873 1874 187s 1876 1877 1878 1879 7.471 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 NO. OF AVERAGE VESSELS. TONNAGE. TONNAGE 6,783 .... 1,039,718 • • ■ 155 6.930 • 1.158.363 • ... 167 6,952 ■ 1.205,565 . ■ • ■ 173 7,192 • 1.250.839 . 174 7.362 . 1,310,468 . ... 178 7.469 • 1.333.015 ■ ... 178 7.471 ■ 1.332,093 • . . 178 7.377 . 1,311,218 . ... 178 7.394 ■ ■ 1.310.895 • ... 177 7.312 • 1.260,777 • ... 172 7.374 1.267.394 ... 172 7.2S4 • 1.253,747 . 173 7.315 . i,23[,S55 . . . i68 THE GREAT MICHAEL. James Logan, in his "History of the Scottish Gael," says, "The art of ship-building was brought to great perfection in Scotland. A ship of a remarkably large size, built by King James IV. (1488-1513), con- sumed so much timber that she is said to have wasted the woods of Fife. This vessel was 120 feet long, 36 feet wide within the sides, which are said to have been no less than 10 feet thick ! She was fur- nished with 300 marines, 120 artillery-men, and 1,000 men-of-war, and cost ^30,000. ' This great ship cumbered Scotland to get her to sea. If any man,' says Potscottie, ' believe that this description be not of verity, let him pass to the gate of Tillibardine, and there afore the same, ye will see the length and breadth of her, planted with hawthorns by the wright who helped to make her.' " Scotland now builds her ships of material more durable than that supplied four hundred years ago by the "woods of Fife," excellent as that may then have been ; and Yarmouth, to test their quality, placed upon her books of registry in 1885, the new iron sailing-ship, Bowman B. Law, of 1,359 tons, built on the Clyde for the following owners, — William Law, Bowman B. Law, John Black, A. N. Rankin, Byron A. Abbott, Byron Robbins, James A. Hatfield, Amos D. Haley, Thomas Perry, George K. Trefry, John Hibbard, James F. Scott, Herbert H. Brown, Cereno Johnson, Ebenezer Scott, William Hibbard, — half of whom we recognize as descended from Yarmouth's early settlers. 2l6 S//IPS OF THE PAST. THE GREAT REPUBLIC. Besides, the Pompey of 25 tons, which brought the first settlers from Cape Cod to Chebogue River, a celebrated vessel with which Yarmouth owners were concerned a century later, was the ship Great Republic, built at East Boston in 1853 by Donald MacKay, a native of Clyde River, Shelburne County. This ship was 325 feet long, 53 feet beam, had four decks, and measured originally 4,555 tons. She had three square-rigged masts, and a spanker-mast carrying spanker and gaff-top- sail. Her main-yard was 120 feet long and 28 inches in diameter; her fore-yard no feet and 26 inches in diameter; cross-jack-yard 90 feet long and 24 inches in diameter. She carried royals and skysails except upon the mizzen, which had no skysail. Her first voyage was from New York to San Francisco, under the command of Donald's brother, Lauchlan MacKay, formerly of the Sovereign of the Seas. While at New York the Great Republic came near being destroyed by fire ; and while repairing, her upper deck was removed. She made three consecutive passages from New York to San Francisco, averaging io6|- days ; and on her first voyage, for ten successive days, she averaged 314 miles per day. In 1868, while she was lying in New York unemployed, Capt. John Smith Hatfield and Loran E. Baker purchased an interest in the Great Republic. Capt. Hatfield took charge of her, proceeded to St. John, N.B., and thence to Liverpool, Great Britain, with a cargo of timber and deals. This was her last voyage ; and John Smith Hatfield is entitled to credit for justifying his confidence in the ability of Donald MacKay's ereat ship, though much enfeebled by age and the continued strain of past performance, to overcome the perils of the Bay of Fundy, and safely carry another heavy cargo across the North Atlantic. Donald MacKay built altogether more than 120 ships, some of which made remarkable passages from New York and Boston to San Francisco. For example, — Sovereign of the Seas Flying Cloud . . Flying Fish . . Bald Eagle . . . Fmpress of the Seas Staghound . Westward Ho Staffordshire . 2,400 tons . . 103 days. 1,700 " . . 90 " 1,600 " . . 92 " i,5oo " . . 107 " 2,250 " T18 " 1,550 " . . 112 " I'M Valparaiso. 1,700 " . 107 " from Boston. SH/PS OF THE PAST. 2\J The Sovereign of the Seas, Capt. Lauchlan MacKay, made the passage from Sandwich Islands to New York in 82 days, having in 79 days sailed 17,597 statute miles, an average of more than 9 miles an hour. The Flying Cloud, on her unequalled passage of 90 days, one day made, from noon to noon, 374 knots, equal to 433 statute miles. Donald MacKay built the Lightning, which made the passage from Melbourne to Liverpool in 65 days ; and the James Baines of 2,000 tons, which in September, 1854, made the passage from Boston to Liver- pool in 12 days and 6 hours, and next from Liverpool to Melbourne in 63 days, the shortest on record. But ships of such size and such performance belong exclusively to the last forty years ; for previous to 1840, a ship of 500 tons was con- sidered large. In the early part of the century Salem owned the largest merchant fleet, and carried on the most extensive foreign trade of any American port. Yet out of 41 ships built at Salem, between 1783 and 1800, the six largest were of 215, 214, 213, 190, 188, and 176 tons; and the New World, 1,400 tons, built by Donald MacKay, was, in 1846, the largest merchant vessel of the day. Christopher Turner, of Salem, between 1800 and 181 1, built 18 vessels, the five largest being of 296, 286, 282, 256, and 188 tons. Enos Briggs, of South Salem, from 1790 to 1819, built 51 vessels, 11,500 tons, the largest of which was the Grand Turk, 560 tons, "a very monster in those days," launched May, 1791. Elijah Briggs, of Salem, between 1816 and 1829, built 12 vessels, the largest of which was the Rome, 314 tons, built in 1829. Elias Jenks, of Salem, from 1825 to 1843, built 16 vessels, the largest, the ship Carthage, 426 tons, built in 1837 ; and it is recorded that the ship George, 328 tons, between 1815 and 1836, made 16 voyages between Salem and Calcutta, the average outward passage being 116 days, homeward about 100 days; the shortest outward being 89 days, home- ward 93 days. These statements show the class of vessels with which the " merchant princes " of New England conducted their lucrative commerce with the East Indies, and they have been introduced that a comparison may be made with the progress of Yarmouth shipping during the same periods. 2l8 SHIPPING OF YARMOUTH. SHIPPING OWNED IN THE COUNTY OF YARMOUTH, Jan. I, 1886. When built. Vessels' Names. Ton- nage. Owners' Names; Captains in Italics. 1874 1884 187s 1873 1883 1873 1870 1873 1875 1874 1876 187s 1879 1874 1884 1884 1875 187s 1875 Steamers. Alameda Alpha .... Arcadia . . City of St. John Dominion Freddie V. Island Gem Islet Marina 51 Ships. Abbie S. Hart . Adolphus . . . Annie Bingay . . Annie Goudey . . Annie M. Law . . Antoinette . . Bertie Bigelow . . Bonanza . . . Charles . . . Charlie Baker . County of Yarmouth Ellen A. Read . . Equator . Euphemia Everest .... Frederick B. Taylor Hectanooga . Ismir . John Bunyan Kinburn . . 23 306 62 446 510 26 15 5 32 1,450 1,318 1. 135 1,178 1,142 1,078 1.500 1,063 2,154 1,750 1,367 1,066 1,259 1,193 J. H. Churchill, C. P. Kinney, Ebenezer Crosby. Samuel Killam. W. H. & F. G. Cook; J. K., S. J., & A. M. Hatfield; G. K. Trefry; H. G., Thomas, & A. H. Poole; Adelbert Jenkins, etal. Loran E. Baker, Harvey Doane. Loran E. Baker. Hugh Cann, H. B. Cann. ' ' S. J. & A. M. Hatfield, Ebenezer Crosby, A. H. & H, G. Poole. A. H. & Thomas S. Poole. H. B. Cann. W. Law & Co., J. A. Hatfield, J. C. Parish, G. H. Guest, E. H. Lovitt, J. F. Scott, 5. A. Goudey, William Currier, et al. A. C. Robbins, H. H. Brown, William & John Hihhard, J. A. Hatfield, Thomas E. Corning, J. C. Anderson, et al. Jacob V. B. Bingay, Joseph H. Cann, Joseph Burrill. L. E. Baker, Norman H. Bent. W.Law&Co ; Tho5.,Thos. J.,& E. S. Perry; Joseph Burrill, R. T. Crosby, 5. R. Hilton, William & N. B. Currier, et al. W. Law & Co., J. H. Killam, J. F. Scott, George G. Sanderson, B. A, Abbott, Jos. Burrill, Ebenezer Scott, T. Corning, et al. William D. Lovitt, G. G. Crosby, George L. Burchell. R. T., Harris, Richard, James, Joseph H., & Joseph R. Crosby; George A. & J. H. Harris, Thomas & George L. O'Brien. John Murphy, Charles W. Murphy, R. B. Raymond. L. E. Baker, Stephen P. Raymond. William D. Lovitt. W. Law & Co. ; J. A. & N. B. Hatfield; Thomas, Thomas J., & E. S. Perry; E. K. Spinney; George A. & H. A. Hood; William Currier, et al. Henry & N. B. Lewis, Hugh & Hugh E. Cann, Elijah E. Phillips, Francis G. & William H. Cook, Henry & J. E. Kenealy, et al. Henry & N. B. Lewis, F. G. & W. H. Cook, Henry Kenealy, Abram M. & Samuel J. Hatfield, George K. Trefry, et al. William D. Lovitt. W. Law &Co.,J. A. Hatfield, J. A. r//&j/, J, Hibbard, Josiah Crosby, Thomas Perry, J, B. Lovitt, L. E. Cann, Lemuel C. Goudey, et al, Abel C. & Byron Robbins, George L. Burchell, Cereno Johnson, Job Hatfield, B. A. Abbott, et al. Jacob V. B. Bingay, Joseph H. Cann, George B. Cann, G. G. Sanderson. Loran E. Baker, Zenas W. Spronle. J. W. Moody, F. L. Crosby, J. C. Farish, Estate G. J. Farish, Sheldon & Alexander P. Lewis, G. IV. B. Tooker, James W. Wyman, et al. SHIPPING OF YARMOUfH. 219 Shipping owned in the County of Yarmouth. — Continued. When built. 1877 1871 1875 1874 1874 1880 1879 1874 1877 1874 187s 1876 1877 1876 1882 1884 1882 1873 1879 1875 1873 Vessels' Names, Ton- nage. Owners' Names; Captains in Italics. Lennie Burrill Lillie Soullard Lizzie Burrill Lydia . . . Mabel Taylor Magnolia . . Mary L. Burrill Minnie Burrill Morning Light N. B. Lewis Narwhal . . Naupactus . Nettie Murphy Nyl-Ghau . Otago . . . Ruby . Saint Cloud . San Stefano . Shelburne Stalwart Stamboul . . . Stewart Freeman Thomas N. Hart Tsernogora . Vancouver Vanduara Vanloo Vendome . William . William Law . Winnifred . . 44 Barks. Addie H. Cann 1,328 997 1-455 1,465 1,310 1*325 1,327 1.399 1.373 1,252 1.09s 1,528 1,24a 1,485 1,460 1,252 1,376 1,367 1,496 1.550 650 William Burrill & Co., William D. Robertson. Ed-ward C. Dennis^ Robert S. Eakins, et al. William Burrill & Co., ya77ies R. Blauvelt. William Law; Thomas, Thomas J., Edward S., Robert C, & W. K. Perry; A. C. Robbins, J. B. Lovitt, James F. Scott, Harris & Richard Crosby. W. Law & Co., J. A. Hatfield, Charles E. Durkee, James C. Farish, Joseph Burrill, Estate W. K. Dudman, et al. A. F. Stoneman, Joseph IV. MacM7illen, T. B. Dane, Dodds & Jolly, Oscar Davison, J. W. Moody, George R. Smith, Michael Dowley^ et al. William Burrill & Co. William Burrill & Co., William D. Robertsoji. Geo. H. Perry, Samuel Killam, S. B. Davis, Fred. A. Ladd. N. B. & Henry Lewis, Hugh E, & Hugh Cann, Benjamin Gullison, H. Kenealy, Bradford R. Hilton. John Lovitt, James J. Lovitt, L. D. Westofi. John Lovitt, James J. Lovitt. John Murphy, Charles W. Murphy, R. B. Raymond. John Lovitt, James J. Lovitt, Ed-ward H. Lovitt. N. B, & Henry Lewis, Hugh & Hugh E. Cann, Francis G. Cook, Be7tjamiu Gullison, H. E. Kenealy. Abel C. & Byron Robbins, James F. Raymond, John A. Tilley, Josiah Crosby. William D. Loviit. L. E. Baker, Benj. Hilton, G. G. Crosby, Theoph. Cor7iing, J. C. Farish, R. M. Ferguson, Eben. Scott, 2. W. Sproule, et al. Estate L. M. M. Willet, E. J. Murphy, D. J. Murphy. Jacob V. B. Bingay, John Lovitt, James J. Lovitt, Joseph H. Cann, George B. Cann, George G. Sanderson. John Lovitt, Jas. J. Lovitt, Jacob V. B. Bingay, Jos. H. Cann. Loran E. Baker. W. Law & Co., J. A. & N. B. Hatfield, J. A. Tilley, John W. Moody, J. R. Blauvelt, James F. & Eoenezer Scott, Byron Robbins, et al. John & James J. Lovitt, Estate T. B. Flint, Dennis C. Weston, George G. Sanderson, Augustus Cann, Geo. H. Guest, et al. George H. Lovitt. George H. Lovitt. George H. Lovitt. William D. Lovitt. Benjamin & Ed. Hilton, W. R. your7ieay, T. C, Trefry, Rowland H. Crocker, Estate W. K. Dudman. W.Law&Co.; Thos.,Thos. J., & E. S. Perry; Geo. H. Guest, S. R. Hilton, R. T. Crosby, J. A. Hatfield, Jos. Burrill, et al. George L. Burchell^ James F. Scott. Lyman & Hugh Cann, Benjamin Murphy, Charles E. Brown, A. C. Haines. J. Nelson Gardner, Edson Churchill. R. T., Harris, Richard, Joseph R., Joseph H., and Joseph Crosby; H. H. Brown, T. Corning, T. (9'5r/^K, J. D. Dennis, Joseph Burrill, et al. 220 SHIPPING OF YARMOUTH. Shipping owned in the County of Yarmouth. — Continued. When built. Vessels' Names. Ton- nage. Owners* Names ; Captains in Italics. 1873 1877 1870 1870 187s i88i 1878 1872 1872 1882 1881 1873 1876 1871 1873 1871 1872 1877 1872 1873 1876 1873 1873 1877 187s 1873 1873 1882 1872 1880 1871 1876 1870 Annie Burrill . Aspotogon . . Autocrat . . . Bachelors . . Bowman B. Law Ecuador . . . Emilie L. Eoyd Emanuel Swedenborg, Fanny L. Cann . . George B. Doane . Gordon . . Guiana H. B. Cann . Herbert C. Hall Hugh Cann . Kate Burrill . Kate Cann Lennie Lima . Lizzie Perry . M. & E. Cann Maria Stoneman Mary L Baker Milo Mizpah . . Navarch . . Natant Nellie Moody Nellie T. Guest Neophyte Palermo Patagonia Republic . . Romanoff Sarah B. Cann 897 861 663 655 i>3S9 i,°S9 1,240 799 797 941 604 1,265 1,299 622 1,073 690 951 984 920 959 843 994 1,072 746 1,056 799 1,199 843 1,049 757 Wm. Burrill & Co., Wm. D. Robertson, James R. Blauvelt. A. R. Diirkee, J. C. Farish, Dennis Crosby, S. & A. P. Lewis. J. W. Moody, A. F. Stoneman, Joseph ]V. MacMutten, Freeman Gardner, E. W. Kenealy. Hugh, H. B., Lyman, & Hugh E. Cann; Benjamin Murphy, G. W. B. Tooker, Edward Allen, Loran D. Cann. W. Law & Co., A. D. Haley, Thomas Perry, H. H. Brown, G. K. Trcfry, J. A. Hatfield, B. A. Abbott, et al. Killam Bros., Bowman Corning, Geo. A. Hood, Hugh Hughes. W. Law & Co., G. H. Guest, Thomas & E. S. Perry, George Crosby, T. Corning, J. B. Lovitt, C. Raymond, et al. Zebina Goudey, John Murphy, J. W. Anderson, K.T. Crosby, Theophilus Corning, J. H. Harris. Lyman & Loran D. Cann, B. Murphy, H. & R. Crosby, C. E. Brown, J. C. Farish, W. & N. B. Currier, N. A. Wyman, et al. A. C. Robbins, John Hibbard, G. L. Burchell, HerbertH. Brown. Abel C. Rob ins. Killam Bros., W. D. Killam, E. C. Byrnes, H. A. & G. A. Hood. Hugh Cann, H. B. Cann, Rodolph Cann. Samuel KilUm, Benjamin & Samuel B. Davis, et al. N. B. & Henry Lewis, Henry & J. E. Kenealy, Geo. Eldridge, Hugh, Hugh E., Lyman E., and Herbert H. Cann. W. Burrill & Co., James R. Blauvelt, William D. Robertson, et al. Hugh, Lyman, George E., & H. B. Cann, J. G. Smith, Benjamin Murphy, Samuel A. Crowell. William D. Lovitt, Estate Smith Norton. Killam Bros., E. C. Byrne , D. Richards, William & John Hibbard. W. Law & Co., Thomas & T. J. Perry, George Crosby, R. MacHenry, Geo. H. Guest, H. H. Perry, Wm. Currier, et al. Hugh, H. B., Lyman, Hugh E. Cann. A. F. Stoneman, John W. Moody, A. Webb Blauvelt. Loran E. Baker, Zenas W. Sproitle. A. C. Robbins, Charles D. Brown, Tho-mas Long. N. B. & Henry Lewis, Hugh, Hugh E., & George E. Cann, Francis G. Cook, Michael Dowley. John Lovitt, James J. Lovitt, Edward H. Lovitt. John Lovitt, James J. Lovitt, Israel L. Walker. A. F. Stoneman & Co., John W. Moody, Joseph Goudey, Es- tate George Earl, Loran D. Cann, et al. Thomas Guest, Samuel R. Messenger. John Lovitt, James J. Lovitt. Zebina Goudey, Israel L. Walker, Theophilus Corning, et al, Killam Bros., William Hibbard, Henry A. Hood. Henry Lewis, Benjamin Hilton, Elijah E. Phillips, William H., Francis G., & W. A. Cook, George K. Trefry, et al. A. F. Stoneman & Co., John W. Moody, Amos D. Haley, George W. Doty, Dodds & Jolly, James C. Farish, et al. Hugh, Hugh E., & H. B. Cann, Francis G. Cook, Nathan B. & Henry Lewis. When built. 1S75 1871 1872 .879 1879 1870 1875 1876 1882 1877 1871 1874 1873 1879 1875 1885 1876 1879 1873 1875 SHIPPING OF YARMOUTH. 221 Shipping owned in the County of Yarmouth. — Continued. Vessels' Names. Sokoto . . . Southern Belle , Talisman . . Thomas Perry Venezuela W. E. Heard . . Zebina Goudey . . 1 Barkentine. Sentinel . 11 Brigantines, Acadia. Aldine . . Arthur Boston Marine Florida Lottie E. . . Louisa Coipel M. E. Coipel Nellie Crosby S. N. CoUymore St. Michel . 113 Schooners Alamode . , . Alfarata . . '. . Alfred . Alma Alph. B. Parker Angeline . Anna Louisa Anna MacGLC . Annie D. Annie M. Bel Arizona Balarose Banneret . Barbaroni Ton- nage. 958 587 953 1,192 1,087 241 344 123 172 99 167 143 "5 440 221 121 Owners' Names; Captains in Italics. Samuel Killam, W. R. Journeay, R. H. Crocker. A. C. Robbins, Samuel B. Robbins, D. W. Clark, George B. Fraser. ^.'Ltiw &: Co., Albert Baker, J. A. Hatfield, J. B. Lovitt, James R. Blauvelt, Joseph Burrill, G. G. Sanderson, et al. W. Law & Co., Thomas, Edward S., & Thomas J. Perry, George Crosby, George H, Guest, James G. Allen, Joseph Burrill, William Currier, et al. Killam Bros., William D. Killam, E. C. Byrnes. A. C. Robbins, James F. Raymond, Estate L. C. Raymond. Zebina Goudey, Cereno Johnson, James G. Allen, William W. Cook, Lemuel E. Robbins, Wilham Currier, George G. San- derson, John W. Anderson. William D. Lovilt. Benjamin & Samuel B. Davis. William D. Lovitt. Parker, Eakins, & Co. Jeremie H, Pothier & Co. Hatfield, Kinney, & Co. William Crosby. Parker, Eakins, & Co. A. F. Stoneman & Co. Benjamin & S. B. Davis, Fred'k A. Ladd, W. Wallace Crosby. James M. Davi.s, Prince H. Durkee. Jeremie H. Poihier et Cie. Joseph & Theodore Le Blanc, Marc A. Amirault, et al. C. T., W.. Isaac, & Hilaire D'Entremont; D. Morrisey; D. T., S. G., Jacques, & Cyriaque Amirault, Parker, Eakins, & Co. M . Le Blanc, et al. Maximm, Timoth^e, Philippe, Hilaire, Edmond, Jacques, & Josu^ Le Blanc. Parker, Eakins, & Co. Reuben, Harvey, & C. Goodwin, et al. George D., J. S., L. M., & J. B. J. D'Entremont; N., S , L. v., M., R., Jacques, & Marc Amirault. George D.J. B., H. T., J. S., & L. M. D'Entremont; S.,Marc, &Michel,AmirauIt; C. Rudolf. Nicolas, Sylvain, Benjamin, Henri, Anselme, Michel, Augustin, R. , & Ldon V. Amirault. S. D., L. D., R., F., L. C, M., Andr^, Jean C, & Jacques D'Entremont; Zacharie Burette, et al. Andr^, Isaac, Ambroise, A. C, Max., Guillaume, F. I. X., J. J., & Louis A. D'Entremont; Louis B, & Denis Amirault. C. & Reuben Goodwin, Hilaire D'Entremont. Ambroise, S. D., C. J., A., D. D., Ldon, Etienne, Hilaire, & Pierre Duon, et al. A. F. Stoneman & Co. 222 SHIPPING OF YARMOUTH. Shipping owned in the County of Yarmouth. — Continued. When built. Vessels' Names. Ton- nage. Owners' Names; Captains in Italics. 876 870 870 875 849 Benjamin Killam B ran ton . Brisk . Byron . . Chlorus Circassian Coral Leaf Coup d'Etat Diploma . E L. Perkins E. Raymond Edith A. . . Electric Flash Emma S. . Ethel . . . Etta . . Eva Mac . . Florence B. Parr Fly . . . . Forest Flower Gipsey . > Guide . . . Harry Lewis Hattie Emeline Hazel Dell . Hazel Glen . Ida Peters Index . . . J, D. Pay son J. M. Manning J. W. Kinney Jacques Jessie May . Jonathan . Josephine . , Kathleen . . . Kelso . . . Kingfisher Komaroff . 882 Lennie 124 57 "5 83 117 107 19 90 15 40 38 III 32 ^7 41 56 52 58 14 53 29 117 III 47 Harvey & R. Perry, C. O'Brien. Parker, Eakins, & Co. Simon, Isaac, Josu^, Ambroise, Jean B., St Joseph L. D'Entre- mont; Simon, A., L., & J, L. Le Blanc. Byron Hines. A. F. Stoneman & Co. William Ryder, Benjamin Hines, James & Jeremiah Gayton. George B., J. J., C. E., & Harvey Goodwin; Isaac Van Em- burg, Hezekiah Smith. Mathurin D'Entremont. Louis, Simon, Francois, & Zacharle Duon; P. Le Blanc; Michel, Placide, Nicolas, Hilaire, Louis C, Gervais, V., & Louis B. D'Entremont; S. Surette. A, F. Stoneman & Co. Robert S. Eakins. George D., Henri F,, Louis M., & Simon D'Entremont; Ma-c, Theodore, Cesar, Michel, & Alfred Amirault; James Archer. Marc, Cyriaque, &Josu^ Amirault; Geo.D., F.J , David, Ger- vais, Patrice. L^on A., Guillaume, & Louis A. D'Entremont. Benjamin & Maximin Le Blanc, James M. Davis, J. H, Churchill, James Nickerson, George E, Bates. Jeremie H. Pothier & Co. Hatfield, Kinney, & Co. James MacCarthy. Parker, Eakins, & Co. Solon & R^mi Hebfert, Simon Le Blanc. Jacob Daley, R. Hines, Isaac Van Emburg; J. H., Thomas, George B., & Caleb Goodwin, Powell & Ellis. Hatfield, Kinney. & Co. Henry & Nathan B, Lewis. Pierre V. Amirault. C. W. Larkin, S. L. Oliver; A. R., F., & E. D. Le Blanc; J. & P. Belliveau. C. W. Larkin, S. L. Oliver, E. B. Goodwin, Marc A. & Martin Amirault. Parker, Eakins, & Co. Samuel C. Hood, Thomas Guest. George W. & A. B. Corning, J. H. Crosby. Hatfield, Kinney, & Co. J. M. Davis, Arthur Morgan, W. W. Crosby, A. IV. Mac- Kinnon. Hatfield, Kinney, & Co. Arthur E. Allan. Guillaume, C. T., C. D., C. H. , R. D., T., & L^on D'Entremont; Alexandre & S, G. Amirault. Reuben Gardner. Benjamin Hilton, George E. & H. B. Cann, George K, Trefry. Jeremie H. Pothier & Co. A. F. Stoneman & Co. James M. Davis. George Crosby. SHIPPING OF YARMOUTH. 223 Shipping owned in the County of Yarmouth. — Contimied. When built. 1870 1876 1S82 1866 1874 1877 1878 1867 1S85 1877 1876 1877 1872 1884 1883 1866 1872 1877 1877 1876 1884 1877 1876 1883 Vessels' Names. Lizzie . . . Lloyd . Lottie W. Fairfield Louise . . . Lucretia Jane Lumea . . Lydia Ryder Lynx . . . M. A. Louis Mabel R. H. Maggie Jane Mai (land . Manzanilla . Maria . . Mary F. . Mary Jane Mary O'Dell Merino Meteor . Montebello Mystic Nokomis . Olika Onyx . . Opal . . Pandora Pigeon Proditor . Regina River Rose Roseneath Rowdy S. A. Crowell Safe . . . Salvador Sanford . . Sarah J. Killam Sea Foam Serene Sigefroi . Sisters Ton- nage. 24 23 164 8S 87 30 59 59 63 44 50 log 27 79 13 46 37 95 79 67 56 13S 97 57 33 Owners' Names; Captains in Italics. no 16 23 35 54 D. M. Spinney, William Kinney. T. Coming, J. H. Harris. Benjamin GuUison. Jacob V. B. Bingay. Jeremie H. Pothier & Co., haac Goodwin. Hatfield, Kinney, & Co. Jeremie H. Pothier & Co. Andr(5 L., Louis P., S. P., Hilaire, A., Jean J., Frederic, & F. 1. X. D'Entremont; A. Gaudet. Hatfield, Kinney, & Co., Isaac Goodwin. Augustin, R , Zacharie, Charles D., Cyriaque, Lifon, Francois, Anselme, Sylvain, Ambroise, Nicolas, Zeph.,& Hilaire Duon; Marc A. & L. Surette; Mathurin D'Entremont. Timothy & W. A. Powell. Abram & Henry Thurston, George Wyman. Henry & Nathan B. Lewis. Andrd, Isaac, F. X., S. P., Arch., D., R(5mi, & Ambroise D'Entremont; D. L. & Denis Amirault. Byron Hines, Daniel Ryder. Parker, Eakins, & Co. Henry Crowell, Cojn/ori Clements^ Estate William Winter. Leon V Amirault. Raymond, J. E., P. A., Leon V., Anselme, M., & J. Amirau t; P. & L. Le Blanc, P. Belliveau, Louis M. D'Entremont, et al. Benjamin Davis. Parker, Eakins, & Co. P. H. Durkee, J. M. Davis, E,i. Larkin, W. J. Hatfield. Hatfield, Kinney, & Co. Jeremie H. Pothier & Co. Parker, Eakins, & Co. Parker, Eakins, & Co. A. F. Stoneman & Co. Hatfield, Kinney, & Co.; Mathurin, Theo., J. F., F., and M. Cothereau. Louis & Isaac D'Entremont; Nicolas, Zacharie, Pierre, Louis R., C. J., S., & Michel Duon. Jere., S. P., Archange, Isaac, David, & Ambroise D'Entremont; Louis B. & David Amirault. George, Anselme, Luc, & C. M. Boudreau; Maximin Le Blanc, M. Pothier. Byron Hines. D. A. & Joseph Roberts. Luc Le Blanc et al. Hatfield, Kinney, & Co. L^on, Ambroise, Sylvain, Augustin, Pierre, J., Z., Hilaire, Francois, & Michel Duon; Michel Bourque, Mathurin D'En- tremont. Abram Thurston. A. F. Stoneman & Co. Jeremie H. Pothier & Co. Louis, D., Andr^, & Simon Le Blanc; Joseph J., Jacques, Marc, Mande, & J. Amirault: George David D'Entremont. Jeremie H. Pothier & Co. Robert N. Crowell. 224 SHIP-MASTERS. Shipping owned in the County of Yarmouth. — Concluded. When built. Vessels' Names. nage. Owners* Names; Captains in Italics. 1885 Stranger . . . 15 C. N. Nickcrson. 1876 Temple Bar . . 47 C. G., Etienne, A., & S. Duon: T., C. V,, J., & A. Amirault; Louis P. & Guillaume D'Entremont. 1879 Titania 52 Hatfield, Kinney, & Co. 1885 Uncle Sam .... 95 George D., Henri F., & J. B. J. D'Entremont; M. & A. Amirault; Frederic, Louis F., & Joseph Le Blanc. 1876 Vanguard . . . 47 M., M. v., P. W., & Louis A. D'Entremont; P. J., T., C. V., & J. Amirault, et al. 1869 Velocipede .... 67 Thomas Goodwin. 1877 Village Belle . 40 James Lennox. 1879 Vivid 43 Parker, Eakins, & Co 1871 W. E. Wier . . 41 A. Y. Stoneman & Co. . 1872 Water Lily . . . 71 Hatfield, Rinney, & Co. 1867 West Point .... .38 A. F. Stoneman & Co. 187s Wide Awake . . . 77 A. F. Stoneman & Co. 1883 Willie M 24 Josiah Ellis. 1876 Will 0' the Wisp 41 Julien, Gervais, Isidore, R^mi, Francois, Placide, Theodore, A. M., Louis, & Isaac D'Entremont; James Murphy, Cyriaque Amirault. 1882 Winnie L 99 Hatfield, Kinney, & Co. 1878 Yarmouth Packet . , 76 Wilson G. Sims. 1867 Young Scotland 47 Jeremie H. Pothier & Co., J. F. & Henri Pothier, Andre Le Blanc. 9 Steamers. ... . . . 1.425 tons. SI Ships ... 67,44s " 44 Barks 40,461 " I Barkentine 488 " II Brigantines . . 2,186 " 113 Schooners . 6,624 " 229 Vessels ...... .... 118,629 tons. SHIP-MASTERS. The frequent recurrence of familiar names in these shipping statistics, reminds one of the many ship-masters some of the old families have produced, — a few instances of which may not inappropriately close this chapter. Capt. James Kelley, sen., was one of Yarmouth's earliest ship-masters; and Mr. Lawson's " Record" tells us, that when he first came to Chebogue, in 1765, he "brought a shallop'' with him. Capt. Kelley was a prominent magistrate and an influential citizen. He was known in later life as "the Judge," a title gained from the respect and deference paid to his judicial decisions. The public spirit for SHIP-MASTERS. 225 which he was distinguished, has been displayed in his descendants; so we find among our municipal councillors o£ 1SS6, four of his great-grandsons, — Abram M. Hatfield, Nathan B. Lewis, James E. Allen, and Robert Kelley Rose. Capt. James Kelley had five sons, four of whom were ship-masters, — James, Samuel, Robert, and Israel : the other, Jacob, was a worthy magistrate. Capt. James Kelley 2d had two sons ship-masters, — James and Silas C ; and a third .son, John, was the father of Capts. Edward and Henry Kelley. Capt. Silas C. Kelley had three sons ship-masters; viz., Silas, Jacob, and Thomas E. Kelley. Capt. Samuel Kelley, sen., had three sons ship-masters, — Samuel, Daniel, and John D. Capt. Cereno J. Kelley is the son of John D. Kelley. Capt. Robert Kelley had two sons ship-masters, — Charles William and Robert M. Two of his grandsons are Capt. Robert K. Kelley, son of Charles W. ; and Capt. Albert, son of James Kelley. Capt. Israel Kelley had three sons ship-masters, — George, Charles, and William T. Kelley ; and Capt. Ambrose D. Kelley, the son of Ambrose, makes up a total of twenty-four. And still the story is not half told ; for among the Capts. Hilton, Clements, Crosby, Hatfield, Hammond, Phillips, Lewis, Rose, and MacCormack, we find many descendants of Capt. James Kelley, sen. 1. Capt. Amos Hilton also "brought a shallop" with him to Chebogue in 1765. 2. Capts. Thomas, Amos, Henry, David, and Jacob Hilton were his sons. 3. Capts. Stephen and Nathan were sons of Thomas. Capts. Cornelius, Henry 2d, Israel, and Stilson 2d, were sons of Amos 2d. Capts. John and Henry 3d were sons of Henry ist. Jacob and John 2d were sons of Jacob ist. Capts. Joseph and David were sons of David ist. 4. Capts. John, Edward F., Cornelius, and Calvin were sons of Cornelius ist. Capts. John R. and William Henry were sons of Henry 2d. Capts. Stilson R. and Bradford R. were sons of Stilson 2d. Capts Benjamin, Edmund, and Sylvanus were sons of John 1st. Capt. Malcolm was son of Henry 3d. Capts. Edward and Jacob were sons of Jacob 2d. 5. Capt. David Hilton was son of David 2d. Capt. Amos D. Hilton was son of Wentworth. Capt. Henry Hilton was son of Henry. 1. Comfort Haley, sen., does not appear to have been himself a seafaring man. He seems to have directed his attention rather to providing quarter-decks for his neighbors' sons as well as his own, for his record as a ship-owner at Chebogue outruns that of his contemporaries. 2. His sons, Oliver, Comfort, Jeremiah, and Malachi, were ship-masters. 3. Capts. Samuel and Oliver Ha'ey were sons of Comfort 2d. Capts. Ezra, Henry, Allen, and Thomas were sons of Jeremiah. Capts. Amos D., Joseph, and Robert were sons of Joseph. Capts. Gilbert C. and William V. Haley were sons of John. 226 SHIP-MASTERS. Scott. — i. Capts. Caleb, John C, Ebenezer, Edwards, and Amos H. Scott, were sons of John, the eldest son of the Rev. Jonathan Scott. 2. Capts. Amos, Henry, and Joseph Scott, were sons of Amos H. Capts. John and Leman Scott were sons of Ebenezer. Capts. John C. and Jacob Scott were sons of John C. 1st. Capt. Ebenezer Scott 2d (harbor-master), son of Edwards. Capt. James Flavel Scott, son of John F. 3. Commodore James F. Scott, son of James F. Capt. Franklin Scott, son of Ebenezer 2d. Capt. EUery S. and James Scott, sons jof Amos 2d. RoBBiNS. — I. Capts. Benjamin, Lemuel, Ira, and James Robbins 4th. 2. Capts. Benjamin and Evelyn Robbins, sons of Benjamin. Capts. Benjamin D., Lyman J., and Ira Robbins, sons of Ira. Capt. Lemuel Robbins, son of Lemuel. Capts. Samuel B. and John M. Robbins, sons of James 4th. 3. Capts. Raymond, Byron, Jacob, and Evelyn Robbins, sons of Asa. Capt. Alvin Robbins, son of Chandler. Capts. Prince H., Charles, and Peter Robbins, sons of Samuel, sen. 1. Capt. Thomas Perry, son of Thomas and Elizabeth Perry, was born in 1779, and in 1S03 was lost at sea. Capts. Ebenezer and John Perry, sons of John 1st. 2. Capt. Nathaniel Perry 2d, son of Nathaniel. Capt. Edward Perry, son of Capt. Thomas. Capt. Ebenezer Perry 2d, son of Ebenezer. Capt. John Perry, son of John. Capt. Leonard Perry, son of Elisha. 3. Capts. Thomas, Nathan K., Edward S., Robert C, Wentworth K., and Prince W. Perry, sons of Edward. Capts. Nathaniel 3d, Samuel, James, Jonathan, and Charles W. Perry, sons of Nathaniel 2d. Capt. Thomas J. Perry, son of Joseph. Capts. Eleazer and Thomas Perry, sons of John (Chebogue). Capt Wellington Perry, son of Thomas. Capt. Harvey Perry, son of John (B. River). Capt. Samuel Perry, son of Cyrus. Capt. George W. Perry, son of Elias. Capt. George H. Perry, son of Rufus. Capt. John G. Perry, son of Robert. 4. Capt. Frank Perry, son of Nathan K. Capt. George H. Perry, son of George H. Capt. Ephraim Cooke commanded the Baltimore of 411 tons, one of the thirteen ships which accompanied Gov. Cornwallis in the sloop-of-war Sphinx, and brought out the colonists to Halifax in June, 1749. The census makes him a resi- dent of Halifax in 1752, with a household of sixteen. He was evidently a man of means, for he spent some thousands of pounds in improving the lands set apart for him at Halifax. He was as well a man of spirit, for it is recorded that he " insulted the judges of the Inferior Court," as many other men were provoked to do in those days : and when Gov. Cornwallis took sides with the court, Capt. Cooke abandoned his property at Halifax ; and in 1754 he went to Mahone Bay, and commenced a SHIP-MASTERS. 227 settlement there. He built a block-house, put up a saw-mill, and built two vessels with a view to import cattle from Massachusetts Bay. Capt. Ephraim Cooke was also a humane man. In 1755, having chartered his vessel, the snow Edward, to Messrs. Apthorp & Co. of Boston, the agents of the Nova-Scotia Government, he took on board a number of the exiled Acadians allotted to Massachusetts ; and as was alleged, having been driven off the coast by heavy north-west gales, he landed them in the more hospitable West Indies. He claimed payment for the full time the voyage occupied, and his claim was paid. Here is a copy of it : — Boston, Septr. 7th, 1756. Messrs. Apthorp & Hancock To Ephm. Cooke, Dr. To Hire of the Snow ^'Edward" myself masr., from gth Octr. 1755 to 29th June 1756, is 8 months & \^, burthen 139 tons, at 9 shillings sterlg. p. Ton, p. month, is £t^ 11 o p. month. ;£S42 2 o Deduct for Platforms, Water Casks, &c., .12 2 o .£530 o o Errors excepted. JOHN ROWE, Attorney to Ephm. Cooke. The Yarmouth ship-masters of the name have been — I. Capt. Ephraim Cook, who, about 1762, settled on the eastern shore of Chebogue Harbor ; and it seems quite likely that the " fort " which Mr. Campbell says he assisted his father to build in 1755, was the block-house at Mahone Bay. i. Capts. Caleb and Manasseh Cook, sons of Ephraim. 3. Capts. Caleb, David, Nehemiah, and Amos Cook, sons of Caleb. Capts. George, Francis, Amos, and Enos, sons of Manasseh. Capts. Amos and Samuel Cook, sons of John. Capts. Ephraim and James Cook, sons of Ephraim 2d. 4. Capts. Francis G., William H., and Joseph Cook, sons of Francis. Capt. Caleb Cook, son of David. Capts. Francis and John Cook, sons of Manasseh 2d. Capts. Zebina and James Cook, sons of James. 5. Capt. William W. Cook, son of William. 1. Capts. John and Hugh Cann. 2. Capts. John, George, Samuel, and Hugh E. Cann, sons of John. Capts. Josiah and Harvey Cann, sons of Hugh 1st. 3. Capts. John, Israel, James, Thomas B., and Joseph H. Cann, sons of John 2d. Capt. Samuel Cann 2d, son of George. Capt. Lyman E. Cann, son of Hugh E. Capts. Lyman, Hugh, Angus W., and Augustus Cann, sons of Lyman, sen. Capt. Herbert H. Cann, son of Samuel, sen. Capt. William Cann, son of Josiah. Capt. Charles Cann, son of Hugh 2d. Capt. Harvey Cann, son of Harvey. Capts. Loran D. and Miner Cann, son of Loran. 4. Capt. John Cann, son of John 3d. Capts. George E. and Henry F. Cann, 228 SHIP-MASTERS. sons of Samuel 2d. Capts. Thomas, Joseph, and Albert Cann, sons of Thomas B. Capt. Rodolph Cannj son of Lyman E. Capt. Archibald Cann, son of Lyman 2d. Capt. George B. Cann, son of Joseph H. The Hatfield family, of whom something further will be said in the next chapter, settled in Yarmouth County a generation later than the others ; and we have to place at the head of the list the name of the late 1. Capt. John Van Norden Hatfield. 2. Capts. Jacob IC, John Smith, Samuel J., Abram M., James M., Edward B., and George A. Hatfield, sons of Jacob Hatfield 3d. Capts. Charles and Norman B. Hatfield, sons of Anthony. Capts. Thomas Hardy and Nelson J. Hatfield, sons of Samuel, sen. Capts. Stanley and Benjamin H. Hatfield, sons of James L. Capts. Jones and Enos Hatfield, sons of Abram. Capt. Inglis Hatfield, son of William [Tusket]. Capt. Frederick Hatfield, son of Jacob [Tusket]. 3. Capt. James Wallace Hatfield, son of James C. Capts. Jacob Gorham and Samuel J., sons of Jacob K. Of these twenty-one Capts. Hatfield, no less than seventeen belong to one branch of the family, being the descendants of Abram Marsh and Constance Hatfield. The following table shows the shipping owned or registered at Yarmouth during the century ending with 1887 ; the vessels having been built for the most part in Yarmouth County, or in the adjoining counties of Digby or Shelburne, for Yarmouth owners. The statement is a continuation of Mr. Lawson's record for 1884 : — 16 steamers ... 3,849 tons. 146 ships 156,180 " 280 barks 165,897 " 165 brigs 36,247 " 198 brigantines .... 30,872 " 1,133 schooners ... 56,789 " 18 sloops ... 807 " 1,956 vessels 450,641 tons. Reference has already been made to the names given to vessels in former years, when the commerce of Yarmouth was chiefly confined to West-Indian, New-England, or domestic ports. More recently it was not uncommon to name a vessel for some popular ship-agent or mer- chant abroad, or for some member of his family ; and we therefore find SHIP- A GENTS. 229 upon our books of registry the names of the following persons. Their place of residence is added : — 1826. Jean Hastie Glasgow. 1846. Charles Walton . London. 1847. Charles McLaiichlan St. John, N.B. 1847. Louis A. Surette Boston. 184S. James H. Braine ... New York. 185 1. John G. Hall Boston. 1854. Robert B. iViitturn New York. 1854. Mary Leonard St. John, N B. 1S54. Robert Leonard St. John, N.B. 1855. Robert Hastie ... ... . Glasgow. 1856. Edmiston Bros ... Glasgow. 1856. Samuel P. Musson Barbadoes. 1856. Frederick P. Ladd . . Boston. 1857. J. dr' R. Young- . . Glasgow. 1859. A. &= J. Fulton Glasgow. 1859. A^es C. James New York. 1859. John Clemens Malaga. 1S59. Samuel B. Johnson Antigua. i860. Alice V. Goodhue . . . ... . Salem. i86r. Eliza McLauchlan St. John, N.B. 1861. Thomas Whitney Boston. 1S62. A. W. Singleton ... . . . . Glasgow. 1862. E. A. Souder ... Philadelphia. 1862. Charles Cumm London. 1863. George Bell ' Dublin. 1863. Edward Hinchen ... New York. 1864. James B. Duffus . . . Halifax. 1864. Black Bros . . Halifax. 1866. L. G. Biglow . . Baltimore. 1868. E. H. Duval Quebec. 1869. Herbert Beech Boston. 1869. George W. Jones . Cardiff. 1869. Jerome Jones . Boston. 1870. Emily Lawther . . Belfast. 1870. W.E.Heard . . Newport, G.B. 187 1. Lillie Soullard . . . Savannah. 1871. George W. Hunter Boston. 1871. James R. Boyd New York. 1871. Charles F. Elwell . New York. 187 1. M.E. Coipel Martinique. 1873. Herbert C. Hall Boston. 1874. George Bell Dublin. 1875. Walter D. Wallet London. 1876. J. S. Wright Belfast. 1876. Bertie Bigelow Philadelphia. 1877. Louise Coipel .... Martinique. 1878. Mabel Taylor Boston. 230 SHIP-AGENTS. 1880. Abbie S. Hart Boston. 1881. Thomas N. Hart Boston. 1S81. Emilie L. Boyd New York. 1883. Fred. B. Taylor Boston. 1884. Ellen A. Read Newton, Mass. 1886. Louise M. Fuller Boston. Messrs. John G. Hall & Co. are the worthy successors of business- houses on Chatham Street, Boston, who, in the following order, have been agents for Yarmouth merchants and ship-owners for more than fifty years : — John M. Marston. Ladd & Sargent. John G. Hall & Co. Ladd & Collins. Ladd & Hall. CHAPTER XV. The Loyalists of Tusket and Yarmouth. — Their Old Home at Elizabethtown, N.J. — Its Early History, and a Description of the Territory about 1670. — The Hatfields, Tookers, Halstead*, and Ogdehs among the First Settlers. — Their Course at tlie Rebellion of 1776. — Sketches from Sabine's "History of the Loyalists," of Tunis Blauvelt, Gabriel Van Norden, Robert Timpany, Robert Huston, Samuel Andrews, James Lent, the Van Buskirks, and James Moody. — Extracts from James Moody's Narrative. — His Services and Adventures as described by Others. — His View of the Cause of the War. — Genealogical Table of some of the Old Tusket Families ; viz., Hatfields, Raynards, Hurlburts, Gavels, Andrews, Halsteads, Blauvelts, Servants, Lents, Jefferys, Van Nordens, and Tookers, illustrating the Intermarriages of Three Generations. ON Sept. 3, 1609, Henry Hudson, in his two-masted "Vlieboat" of eighty tons, called the Half-Moon, anchored at Sandy Hook ; and on Sept. 6 he landed on the shores of New Jersey. His voyage was originally designed for the prosecution- of the fur-trade with the Indians; and this trade was continued until 1623, when the Dutch undertook to plant colonies of agriculturists in what they called the New Netherlands. They established military posts, around which the colonists gathered ; for their relations with the Indians were not always friendly, — sometimes, unhappily, the reverse. In 1 65 1 the Dutch entered into a treaty with the Indians, and for a small consideration secured the conveyance of that part of New Jersey lying between the Raritan and Passaic Rivers, and extending back indefinitely into the country, as well as of a tract of land south of the Raritan, and of two more on Long Island. Under the CromweUian rule (i 649-1 660), the colonists of New England managed their civil affairs in their own way ; making their laws, appointing their magistracy, and regulating their taxation, without any objection from the Home Government. After the restoration of Charles II., in 1660, apprehensive of interference with their privileges of self-government, some of the English of the New Haven and other 232 ELIZABETHTOUW, K.J. colonies made overtures to the Dutch for permission to settle upon their lands on Long Island and in New Jersey; and in the spring of 1661 " Their High Mightinesses, the Dutch rulers, issued a general invitation to all Christian people of tender conscience, in England or wherever else oppressed, to erect colonies anywhere within the jurisdiction of Petrus Stuyvesant in the West Indies, between New England and Virginia in America." But the liberal-minded Peter was soon to be dethroned : for in August, 1664, an expedition from England, under Col. Robert NicoUs, cast anchor in the outer bay of New Amsterdam, and demanded the surrender of the town ; and after a ten days' negotiation, conducted with caution and courtesy on both sides, the Dutch surrendered both fort and town. New Amsterdam became New York, NicoUs was proclaimed deputy-governor under the Duke of York, and a few weeks sufficed to bring the whole province of New Netherlands into subjection to England. In October, 1664, a new treaty was made with the Indians of New Jersey ; and three of their chiefs conveyed to John Strickland, John Bailey, Daniel Denton, and their associates, among whom were Matfhias Hatfield, Charles Tooker, Samuel Marsh, John and David Ogden, and Henry Lyon, sixty-five in all, a portion of New Jersey, on the north side of the Raritan, 46 miles long by 1 7 miles broad, and containing about 500,000 acres. In the spring of 1665 a considerable number of the associates arrived with their wives and children from Long Island, New Haven, and elsevthere, and took possession of their new homes in Achter Koll. The consideration to the Indian chiefs for this tract of land was twenty fathoms of trading-cloth, two coats, two guns, two kettles, ten bars of lead, and twenty handfuls of powder. The original Dutch settlers who chose to do so remained in possession of their improve- ments ; and, as there was ample room for all, the new-comers were welcome, and general harmony prevailed. In the early summer, the colonists were again disturbed by the intelligence that the Duke of York had sold the territory west of the Hudson River to Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret, who had sent out an agent to confer with Gov. NicoUs for the transfer to their possession of the newly created province. DAA'IEL DENTON. 233 In August, 1665, there arrived at the entrance to the creek upon which they had laid out their town, the ship Philip, having on board Capt. Philip Carteret, son of Sir George Carteret, a youth of twenty-six, accompanied by his friends, some thirty altogether. The new proprie- tors made no attempt to disturb those whom they found in possession of the lands purchased from the Indians. Such sites, or lands, as they desired to occupy, they in their turn acquired by purchase from the colonists. Capt. Philip Carteret himself bought out two of the Associates, — John Bailey and Robert Seeley; and the town took its name from Lady Elizabeth, the wife of Sir George Carteret, and was called Elizabeth Town. At a town-meeting held in February, 1666, it was agreed, with the approbation of Gov. Carteret, that the new town should consist of eighty families for the present, with an addition of twenty more afterward if deemed desirable. It was also agreed that every inhabitant should have a home-lot of four acres, with an additional two acres in the neighborhood. Daniel Denton, one of the Associates, writing about this time, thus describes the territory where this happy colony had just been so auspi- ciously established ; and this was the territory then occupied by the ancestors of many of the first settlers on the Tusket River, from which, owing to their loyalty to their sovereign, and their attachment to British institutions, they became expatriated by the first American Rebellion. Says Mr. Denton, " I may say, and very truly, that if there be any terrestrial happiness to be had by people of all ranks, especially of an inferior rank, it must certainly be here. Here any one may furnish him- self with land, and live rent free, yea, with such a quantity of land that he may weary himself with walking over his fields of corn and all sorts of grain ; and let his stock of cattle amount to some hundreds, he need not fear their want of pasture in the summer, or fodder in the winter, the woods affording sufficient supply. " For in the summer season you have grass as high as a man's knee, nay, as high as his waist, interlaced with pea-vines and other weeds that cattle most delight in, as much as a man can press through ; and these woods also, every mile or half a mile, are furnished with fresh ponds, brooks, or rivers, where all sorts of cattle, during the heat of the day, 234 JOHN STRICKLAND. do quench their thirst, and cool themselves, these brooks and rivers being environed on each side with several sorts of trees and grape-vines. The vines, arbor-liice, interchanging places, and crossing the rivers, do shade and shelter them from the scorching beams of Sol's fiery influence. " And how prodigal, if I may so say, hath nature been to furnish the country with all sorts of wild beasts and fowl, which every one hath an interest in, and may hunt at his pleasure : where, besides the pleasure in hunting, he may furnish his house with excellent fat venison, turkeys, geese, heath-hens, cranes, swans, ducks, pigeons, and the like ; and, wearied with that, he may go a-fishing where the rivers are so furnished that he may supply himself with fish before he can leave off the recrea- tion : where, besides the sweetness of the air, the country itself sends forth such a fragrance that it may be perceived at sea before they can make the land : where no evil fog nor vapor doth no sooner appear, but a north-west or a westerly wind doth immediately dissolve it, and drive it away. I must needs say, that if there be any terrestrial Canaan, 'tis surely here, where the land floweth with milk and honey." Daniel Denton was a son of Rev. Richard Denton of Yorkshire, England, who was at Watertown, Mass., in 1634 ; at Wethersfield, Conn., in 1635 ; at Stamford, in 1641 ; and at Hempstead, L.I., in 1644, having been the first minister of each of the last three towns. His two sons, Daniel and Nathaniel, were among the first settlers of Jamaica, L.I., in 1656. Daniel was the first town clerk; taught school, practised medi- cine, and served as justice of the peace. He wrote " A Brief Descrip- tion of New York," pubhshed at London in 1670, the first printed work on the subject in the English language. John Strickland was one of the first applicants to the Dutch authorities for permission to join their colonies on Long Island and in New Jersey. He came over, in 1630, with Winthrop's colony. He was a member of a church at Watertown, Mass.; and, about 1635, he removed to Wethersfield, Conn. In 1644 he, with a number of others, settled at Hempstead, L.I. In 1663 he was a freeholder at Jamaica, L.I., and, in 1666, a grantee of Huntington, L.I. John Ogden was one of the first to remove to the new purchase in New Jersey, and erect a dweUing on the town-plot. He had five sons, — John, Jonathan, David, Joseph, and Benjamin. MATTHIAS HATFIELD. 235 Matthias Hatfield was a weaver, a handicraft in great request at that day; and, in 1644, he went to Elizabeth Town from New Haven, where he had taken the oath of fidehty. May i, 1660. He is supposed to have been the son of Thomas Hatfield of Leyden, Holland, a mem- ber of John Robinson's church, and a native of Yorkshire, England. Thomas Hatfield, who settled about the same time at Mamaroneck, N.Y., was probably his brother. His house-lot at Elizabeth Town con- tained 5 acres. He had also 22 acres of upland "in a triangle ; " 12 acres of upland opposite Gov. Carteret's; 112 acres of upland on the " two-mile brook ; " 40 acres of upland towards the west branch of Elizabeth-Town River; 14. acres of meadow at Rawack, and 3 acres at Town Creek, — in all 208 acres. He was a boatman as well as a weaver, and seems to have been a man of considerable means. " For 1,200 guilders (a large sum in those days) he purchased of Abraham Lubberson his dwelling-house and home-lot, with all other accommoda- tions belonging to said first lot, within the bounds of Elizabeth Town, both upland and meadow.'' Matthias Hatfield was the original owner of the land on which the First Presbyterian Church stands, and is entitled to the credit of having given it to the town for a church and burial-place. He died in 1687 ; his wife Maria (of Dutch nativity) , and three sons, Isaac, Abraham, and Cornelius, surviving him, of whom more hereafter. It is not known, though it is quite probable, that he left daughters also. Charles Tooker came from England with a family named Mitchell, whose only daughter, Mary, he married. He lived first in the vicinity of Boston, Mass. As early as 1655 he resided at Southold, L.I., and was made a freeman of Southold in 1662, whence he removed to Elizabeth Town, and was one of the Associates in the grant from the Indian chiefs. He had a house-lot of 8 acres ; 2 1 acres of meadow on Thompson's Creek and adjoining the Great Island ; 69 acres on Two- mile Brook, and a parcel of land called " Peach-Garden Hill," contain- ing 86 acres, — in all 184 acres. His son Charles had three sons, Joseph, John, and Jacob. John, in 1776, was member of the common council, and afterward alderman, of Elizabeth Town. He took the American side, and was taken prisoner by the British in 1781. David Hatfield, an elder of the Rahway Church, was his companion in captivity for a like reason. 236 JACOB TOOKER. Joseph Tooker, son of Charles 2d, married Mary Ogden, and had six children, — Jacob 2d, Mary, Joseph 2d, Charles, John, and Abner. Mary married the only son of Gen. Hurd, and went to England ; but after some years they returned, and settled at Goshen, N.Y. Joseph Tooker 2d had one son, Joseph P., who was a flour-merchant in New York, and died there in 1839. Jacob Tooker 2d was born in 1740. He married Margery, the great-great-granddaughter of Matthias H'ntfield. In the fall of 1783, Mr. Tooker, with his family, came from Elizabeth Town to Shelburne, removing to Tusket the next spring, where he lived a few years, engaged in farming and ship-building, and then came to ' Yarmouth, where he died in 1827. Jacob Tooker and his son-in-law, Dennis Van Toyle, were the first English settlers at Tusket, where they built for themselves houses during the summer of 1784. In 1695, Isaac, Cornelius, and Abraham Hatfield, sons of Matthias, were admitted Associates in the land-grant of Elizabeth Town. Elder Isaac Hatfield, son of Isaac, was in 1772 trustee of the First Presby- terian Church. In 1749, Hon. Abraham Clark, high sheriff of Essex County, married Sarah, eldest daughter of Isaac Hatfield. Mr. Clark was one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. He was member of Congress, 1776-1778 and 1780-1788. He died in 1794, aged sixty-eight. The Chevalier Jou^t, of an old Huguenot family of New Jersey, married another daughter of Isaac Hatfield. In T699, Cornelius and Abraham Hatfield, and sixty-three others of Elizabeth Town, petitioned the king to be placed under the civil government of New York. In the same year, Cornelius was appointed one of a committee of six to survey and divide all the lands among the parties interested. In 1 740, Cornelius Hatfield was appointed overseer of the poor, and trustee of the First Presbyterian Church. In 1755 he was a witness to the will of Gov. Belcher, who died in 1757. In 1752, Cornelius Hatfield advertised for sale "a likely parcel of negro boys and girls, twelve to twenty years of age." In 1762 he offered to lease "his dwelling-house at Elizabeth Town, two stories, six rooms on each floor, seven fireplaces, good cellar, large kitchen, good garden and young orchard, with six acres of land. The whole very pleasantly situated in JOHN HALSTEAD. 237 the town." At the same time he offered for sale a lot of dry goods, ironmongery, and cutlery. In 1729, Matthias Hatfield 2d, son of Abraham, and grandson of Matthias ist, was admitted Associate in the land-grant. In 1738 his name appears in a petition to the king for a town charter, which was granted, and Matthias was named in it as one of the aldermen. He was appointed one of the magistrates of the town, and afterward high sheriff. His daughter Phoebe married Robert Ogden, and their sons were Gen. Matthias Ogden and Gov. Aaron Ogden. One of their descendants was Gov. Daniel Haines. In 1 734, Matthias Hatfield 2d was an elder of the Presbyterian Church; in 1743 he was a delegate to England to present a petition to the king; in 1751 he removed Gov. Belcher with his effects from New York to Elizabeth Town " in three small sloops ; " in 1755 he was one of the witnesses to Gov. Belcher's will. In "The History of EHzabeth Town," published in 1868 by the Rev. Edwin B. Hatfield, D.D., a Presbyterian clergyman of New York, who died in 1 883, and whose book forms the groundwork for this sketch of the progenitors of some of the early settlers of Tusket, Matthias Hatfield 2d is styled " that incorruptible patriot." Timothy Edwards, son of Rev. Jonathan Edwards, and whose sister was the mother of Aaron Burr, married Rhoda Ogden, granddaughter of Matthias Hatfield 2d. He was deacon of the First Presbyterian Church in 1774; and, in 1783, "the venerable deacons Whitehead and Hatfield, with many others, had gone the way of all the earth." John Halstead was one of the petitioners to the king for a charter in 1 738. When received, his name appeared in it as one of the coun- cillors. He was a church-warden in 1 749, and also in 1763. In 1750 he was appointed on a committee to defend the town in a chancery suit. He was a justice of the peace in 1760, and was still at Elizabeth Town in 1776. The HoRTONS were among the first settlers of the " East End " of Long Island. Barnabas, Jonathan, Joshua, Caleb, and Benjamin Horton were all residents and landholders at Southold, L.I., in 1683 ; Jonathan, at that date, being the richest man in the town. Peter Tunis was in Elizabeth Town in 1 743. He belonged to an old Dutch family in New York. 238 JOB HATFIELD. Major Morris Hatfield, brother of Margery Tooker and of Col. Job Hatfield, took the American side at the Rebellion, and was taken prisoner by the British in 1776. Major Richard V. Stockton, of the New-Jersey Volunteers, married a daughter of Joseph Hatfield. The major was taken prisoner by the rebels in 1777. It is apparent, therefore, that the famiUes were not united upon the issues of the war. Those who adhered to the British Government dis- played a good deal of activity, and rendered valuable services to the troops. Col. Job Hatfield and his brothers, John Smith, Abel, and James, with their cousin Cornelius, appear to have been engaged in various expeditions against the rebels. 1778, Nov. 14. — "At an inferior Court of Common Pleas, held for the county of Essex on Sept. 15 last, were returned inquisitions for joining the army of the King of Great Britain, and other treasonable practices, found against John Smith Hatfield, Job Hatfield, Abel Hatfield, James Hatfield, Jacob Tooker, and eighteen others. On Feb. 17, 1779, final judgment was entered against all these persons, except Job and Abel Hatfield, Jacob Tooker, and John Stiles, jun., and their estates sold at auction." 1779, Feb. 24. — Cornelius Hatfield (whose father. Col. Cornelius, Dr. Hatfield says was " a most excellent and honored member of the Presbyterian Church and thoroughly patriotic ") and John Smith Hatfield acted as guides to the Forty-second and Thirty-third Regiments in their advances to Newark Bay. June 12. — Cornehus Hatfield and five other Loyalists crossed over from Staten Island, the headquarters of the Royalist forces, made a raid on Lieut. Haviland's house, seized him, and took him prisoner to the island. 1780, Jan. 25. — Cornelius, Job, and John Smith Hatfield, as guides, conducted the British troops over the ice from Staten Island to a raid on Ehzabeth Town. They burned the court-house and some other buildings, and took off some of the inhabitants. Col. Abraham Van Buskirk commanded this party. 1780, Nov. 25. — Gen. Gaines writes, " Yesterday Capt. Cornelius Hatfield, with adventure peculiar to, himself, after an incursion upon the Jonathans in Jersey, brought off a lieutenant and five or six others." CORNELIUS HATFIELD. 239 1781, April 21. — A party of about seventy came over to Elizabeth Town from Staten Island, " accompanied as usual by Capt. Cornelius Hatfield," committed some depredations, and returned to their boats. July 22. — Lieut. Meeker and fourteen privates were taken pris- oners below Newark by a party of Loyalists, under the command of Capt. Hatfield. From a New-York Paper of Feb. 6, 1782. — "Last Friday night a party consisting of thirty refugees, and commanded by Capt. Cornelius Hatfield, proceeded from Staten Island to Elizabeth Town, where they took nine prisoners, among them Mr. Reed, a rebel con- tractor. All were brought to Staten Island, where they are treated in the same manner as is Mr. Smith Hatfield, lately seized by the Westfield people, though he was then under the sanction of a flag of truce, carried to Burlington, and there loaded with irons. These rebels are by the refugees kept ini close durance as hostages for the safe return of Smith Hatfield, a valuable individual of their body. His companion, Lewis Blanchard (afterward of Yarmouth), fortunately escaped from the rebels at Princetown, travelled two miles into a wood, where he was concealed till he could disengage himself from his chains, and, after being flayed by the intense frost, has arrived, an object of commiseration, among his overjoyed friends at Staten Island." 1782, April 10. — Capt. Cornelius Hatfield, together with Capt. Blauvelt, at the head of an expedition of Loyalists in the armed brig Arrogant, captured, a short distance up the North River, " a Pettiauger and some small boats, with about ten prisiners." In 1789, John Smith Hatfield, having returned to Ehzabeth Town, was arrested on a charge of being concerned in the hanging of a spy named Stephen Ball, on Staten Island, in 1781. He was released on bail, left the country, and his recognizances were discharged. In 1807, Capt. Cornehus Hatfield, who had gone from " England via Nova Scotia to Elizabeth Town, to take possession of a valuable property left him by his father," was arrested on a similar charge instituted by tbe friends of Ball. He was discharged by the court ; the judge having been of the opinion, that, by the spirit of the treaty of 1782, he was not then answerable for that transaction. Capt. Hatfield returned to England, where he died at an advanced age, a Loyalist to the end. 240 THE LOYALISTS. 1868. — Abel S. Hatfield owned the stone house, some two hundred years old, corner of Pearl and Hatfield Streets, Elizabeth Town, which Matthias Hatfield ist bought in 1673. At the peace negotiations in the fall of 1782, one of the stipulations was, " Congress shall earnestly recommend to the Legislatures of the respective States to provide for the restitution of all estates, rights, and properties, which have been confiscated, belonging to British subjects,'' etc. Congress unanimously agreed to this condition, and did issue the recommendation to the States which the treaty contemplated. But when a number of Loyalists went to the United States to claim restitution of their property, their demands were unheeded. Some of them were imprisoned, and afterwards banished. The British Government then appointed commissioners to ascertain the losses sustained by the Loyalists. The commissioners began their labors in 1 783, and from time to time made reports of the results of their investigations. The twelfth and last report was made in 1790, when the whole matter was finally disposed of; the Government paying, in liquidation of the claims satisfactorily proved, fifteen and a half millions of dollars. The "History of the Loyahsts," by Lorenzo Sabine, gives brief sketches of some of the men who came from New Jersey, New York, and elsewhere to Shelburne, and thence to Tusket and Yarmouth at the close of the war. Mr. Sabine visited Yarmouth in 1861, to collect material for his work ; and some of his notices, which will interest Yarmouth readers, are here reproduced. " Tunis Biauvelt of New Jersey ; in the war an active partisan. Lost considerable property in consequence of his loyalty. At the peace, went to Shelburne, N.S., with a family of six, and three servants. Settled finally at Tusket, where he kept a boarding-house. Died in 1830, leaving seven children, of whom two are now (1861) ship-masters. His second wife was Hannah, daughter of Gabriel Van Norden. " Gabriel Van Norden of New Jersey. At the beginning of the war, he removed to New York, where he opened a house of entertain- ment. At the peace, accompanied by his family of eleven persons and three servants, he went from New York to Shelburne, where the Government granted him a town-lot. His losses in consequence of his THE LOYALISTS. 241 loyalty were estimated at fifteen hundred pounds, for which the British Government made provision. He settled near Yarmouth (at Arcadia) , and died, quite old, in 18 10. "Robert Timpany of New Jersey, major Third Battalion New- Jersey Volunteers. Was born in Ireland, and educated at Glasgow. He was in continual service during the war, and repeatedly distinguished himself. He was twice wounded. In 1786 he went to Digby, and, four or five years later, settled at the head of St. Mary's Bay. His last years were passed at Yarmouth (Arcadia) with his daughter Charlotte, wife of Gabriel Van Norden, jun. He died in 1844, aged a hundred and two, when he was able to read without spectacles, and had retained his faculties to the last. " Robert Huston was a farmer, living near Philadelphia. He belonged to a troop of dragoons, and was engaged in many skirmishes. At the peace, he went with his family to Shelburne, and thence to Yarmouth, where he died in 1842, aged eighty-eight, leaving two daughters, one of whom married Edward K., son of Major Timpany. The other daughter was Mrs. Margery, wife of Capt. John Hardy. " Samuel Andrews of North Carolina was major in the loyal militia. Early in 1776 he was commissioned as lieutenant under Gen. Mac- Donald, and was taken prisoner. In 1781 he raised a company, and joined Lord Cornwallis. He was engaged in the capture of Gov. Burke ; and, when Fanning was wounded, he assumed the command, and conducted the prisoners into the British lines. Promotion followed. At the evacuation of Charleston, he retired with his family to Florida. Obnoxious to the Whigs by his course during the ,war, he was one of the three whom they refused to pardon. I have a copy of his memo- rial, claiming compensation for his services, in his own handwriting, by which it appears that he lost by confiscation a farm, dwelling-house, two stores, a grist-mill, a storehouse, two negroes, fifty head of catde, several horses, sheep, furniture, etc. He was in Shelburne in July, 1785, for the purpose of pressing his claims upon the commissioners. "James Lent, son of Adolphus, of Tappan, N.Y., was an ensign in the Queen's Rangers. Went to Shelburne at the peace, and about 1783 (1785) removed to Tusket, where he died in 1838, aged eighty- five. 242 THE LOYALISTS. " Abraham Lent, brother of James, was colonel of militia. Went to Shelburne in 1783, but returned to Tappan in 1790, and purchased his father's mansion with the money paid him by the British Government for his losses as a Loyalist. " Jacob Van Buskirk of New Jersey was captain of the New-Jersey Volunteers. After the war went to Shelburne. " Lawrence Van Buskirk, captain in King's Rangers. At the peace went to Shelburne, where he died in 1803, aged seventy-four. His property in New Jersey, worth twenty-four hundred pounds, was confiscated. " Abraham Van Buskirk of New Jersey, heutenant-colonel of New- Jersey Volunteers. In 1783 went to Nova Scotia. In 1784 he was first mayor of Shelburne, where he died. " James Moody, in 1 782, was heutenant in First Battalion New- Jersey Volunteers. He was a celebrated partisan, and performed many exploits peculiar to that species of warfare. He delighted in seizing and carrying off Whig committee-men, and was fond of relating the means he employed to catch them. At the peace, he settled in Nova Scotia, where he was known as Col. Moody. He died at Sissiboo in 1809, aged sixty-five. He received half-pay." So far Sabine. Col. Moody, who was the grandfather of E. W. B. Moody, wrote an account of his adventures, which was published at London in 1783. In the preface, he says, " Seven years ago, few human events seemed more improbable than that he, a plain, contented farmer, settled upon a large, fertile, pleasant, and well-improved farm of his own, in the best cUmate and happiest country in the world, should ever beat his plough- share into a sword, and commence a soldier. Nor was it less improb- able that he should eyer become a writer, and be called upon to print a narrative of his own adventures. Yet necessity 'and a sense of duty, contrary to his natural inclination, soon forced him to appear in the former of these characters, and the importunity of friends has now prevailed with him to assume the latter." In reference to the causes of the rebellion. Col. Moody says, " He thinks it incumbent on him to declare that it (' the unhappy quarrel ') did not originate with the people of America, properly so called. They JAMES MOODY. 243 felt no grievances, and therefore could have had no inducements to risk substantial advantages in the pursuit of such as were only imaginary. In making this declaration, he is confident he speaks the sentiment of a great majority of the peasantry of America. But, in every country, there are multitudes who, with little property, and perhaps still less principle, are always disposed, and always eager, for a change. Such persons are easily wrought upon, and easily persuaded to enlist under the banners of pretended patriots and forward demagogues, of whom also every country is sufficiently prolific." To the nature and value of Lieut. Moody's services, his commanding officers bear testimony. Brigadier-Gen. Skinner wrote under date of Jan. 30, 1783, "While Mr. Moody was under my immediate direction, he destroyed a considerable magazine of stores near Black Point, taking prisoners two colonels, one major, and several other officers. He broke open the Suffolk jail, rescuing a number of Loyalists that were imprisoned in it, one of whom was under sentence of death, besides performing many other important services." Major-Gen. Pattison wrote, " At one time Mr. Moody was absent five weeks in different parts of Pennsylvania and New Jersey, and brought authentic and full information of the situation and resources of the several detachments of the rebel army, under the command of Gens. Washington and Gage, in the year 1779, and of the prospects the rebels had at that time of procuring a loan from France." Mr. Roome, secretary to Major-Gen. Pattison, wrote, " Mr. Moody made various excursions into the country without the British lines ; took several rebel mails, containing inteUigence of great importance, and brought them safe to New York." The Rev. Dr. Inglis, rector of New York, and afterward first bishop of Nova Scotia, wrote under date of May i.i, 1782, "Mr. Moody is one of the most active partisans we have, and perhaps ran more risk than any other man during the war. He has brought in three rebel mails, and has often been in the greatest peril amongst false brethren. The history of his adventures will entertain and astonish you. He goes home at Sir Henry Clinton's desire, who has promised to do something for him adequate to his services." Col. Moody himself, toward the close of his narrative, says, " The 244 THE HATFIELD FAMILY. profession of arms is foreign from the habits of one who has lived, and wishes only to live, in quiet, under his own vine and his own fig-tree ; and he can truly say, that, if his sovereign should be graciously pleased to confer on him the highest military honors, he would most gladly forego them all, to be once more re-instated on his own farm, with his wife and children around him, as he was seven years ago." Col. Moody represented Annapolis County in two Parliaments, — from 1793 to 1806. Matthias Hatfield ist, of Elizabeth Town, who died in 1687, had three sons, — Isaac, Cornelius, and Abraham : the last, born 1670, died 1706. Abraham Hatfield ist married Phcebe , and had four sons, — Jacob, Joseph, Matthias 2d, and Abraham 2d: the last, born 1695, died 1745. Abraham Hatfield 2d married Margaret Winans. They had seven sons and two daughters, — Abraham 3d, 'J^ohn, Sarah, David, Samuel, Elias, yacob, Phoebe, and William. The second son, John, married Deborah, daughter of Abel Smith, and had thirteen children, — Jane, Margery (born 1747, and married Jacob Tooker, afterward of Yarmouth), John Smith, Abel, yob (born 1754, who came to Tnsket in 1785, and married Jane Van Norden), James, Morris, Mary, Deborah, Sarah, Daniel, Jacob, and Phoebe (born 1769). Jacob Hatfield, 6th son of Abraham 2d, born 1 730, married Mary Lyon, and had four sons, — James, born 1 753 ; yacob Lyon, born 1 758 ; Elias W. ; and Abram Marsh, — and one daughter, Mary. The three brothers, James, Jacob Lyon, and Abram Marsh Hatfield, came from Elizabeth Town to Shelburne in 1 783, and thence to Tusket during the summer of 1785. It will be noticed they were cousins of Col. Job Hatfield, and from these four all of the name of Hatfield in Yarmouth County have descended. In the belief that it may prove of interest, an endeavor has been made to construct a genealogical table, illustrating the intermarriages between members of some of the old Tusket families already noticed, as well as of a few others to which these have been alHed. The table is not complete in all its parts, because fuller particulars were not within reach ; and, although it may not be at every point correct, care has been HATFIELD GENEALOGY. 24S taken to avoid mistakes. Where the lists of names are imperfect, blank spaces are left which may be filled in by those into whose hands the book may fall, who may have the interest and the opportunity to supply what is deficient. GENEALOGY. [Abbreviations used, — se., aged; b., born; d., died; d., daughter; s., son; w., widow; m., married.] James HATFtELD, b. 1753, d. 1806, had one son, Jacob, jun., and one daughter, Phoebe, who married Deacon John Gavel. Jacob Hatfield, jun., in 1802, married Sarah Nickerson, and had issue: — James C, m. Phoebe Raynard, d. Job, sen. Desire, m. George Halstead, s. William N. Elizabeth, m. Edward Raynard, s. Job. Mary, m. Cornelius Hatfield, s. Jacob Lyon. , Nathaniel, m. Cornelia Hurlburt, d. Titus 2d. ' I. Margery Hurlburt, d. John, sen. Hugh N., m. . 2. Sarah Hurlburt, d. John, sen. Margery, m. John Brayne, s. John. Sarah, m. James R. Blauvelt, s. Tunis. James C. Hatfield, s. Jacob, jun., m. Phcebe Raynard, d. Job, sen. Issue: William. Arthur. Joseph. Edward, lost at sea; unmarried. James Wallace. Helen, m. Benjamin Hamilton, s. Henry. Hannah, m. David Hatfield, s. Capt. James. Alice. Nathaniel Hatfield, s. Jacob, jun., m. Cornelia Hurlburt, d. Titus 2d. Issue : Nathaniel, m. Edna Vickery, d. Jeremiah. Agnes, m. Edward Nickerson, s. Daniel. Mary, m. William Bullerwell, s. Joseph. Lois, m. George Saunders, s. Richard. Elizabeth, m. Ellas Hatfield, s. Cornelius. ( I. Margery Hurlburt, ) , ^ , Hugh N. Hatfield, s. Jacob, jun., m. ^ „ as. John, sen. (2. Sarah Hurlburt, ) Issue : Jacob, m. Deborah Albrecht. Elisha, m. Mary Gavel, d. Andrew. George, m. Lydia Lent, d. Abram S. Phoebe, m. William Williams, s. John. Maria, m. Sarah, m. George Hemeon. Desire, died unmarried. 246 HATFIELD GENEALOGY. John Brayne, s. John, m. Margery Hatfield, d. Jacob, jun. Issue : Norman. [ I. Louisa Earl, d John. Wentworth, m. ' 2. Sarah Wood, d. Jacob. Jacob Lyon Hatfield, m. Mary Van Norden, d. Gabriel, sen. Issue : 1790. James, m. Elizabeth Lent, d. James. 1 791. Jane, m. Israel Nickerson, s. Hugh. 1793. Mary, m. Abram Lent, s. James. 1795. John, m. Jane Gavel, d. Deacon John. No issue. 1797. David, m. Sarah Gavel, d. George. 1799. Phffibe, m. Job Raynard 2d, b. Job. 1801. Hannah, m. James Servant, s. Abraham. 1802. Cornelius, m. Mary Hatfield, d. Jacob, jun. 1804. Sarah, m. John V. N. Hatfield, s. Col. Job. r I. Jane Raynard, d. Job, sen. 1806. William, m. \ 2. Elizabeth Jeffery, d. Archibald. ( 3. Lydia Jeffery, d. Archibald. i8oS. Jacob 4th, m. Eleanor Jane MacKinnon, d. Major John. 1810. Theodosia, m. Job Blauvelt, s. Tunis. Capt. James Hatfield, s. Jacob Lyon, m. Elizabeth Lent, d. James, sen. Issue : Abram L., m. Mary Jeffery, d. Archibald. James Adolphus, m. Deborah Rogers, d. Benjamin, sen. Isaac S., m. Sarah Harding, w. Tracey G. [ I. Jane Hurlburt, d. Titus 2d. David, m. . 2. Hannah Hatfield, d. James C. ; I. Janet Hatfield, d. William. Richard, m. \ Almira Saunders, d. George. ( I. Mary Alice Hatfield, d. David, sen. t 2. Fanny Hatfield, d. Jacob 4th. \ I. Deborah Hatfield, d. William. ! 2. Sarah Boulby. Peter Lent, m. Caroline Harding, d. Tracey G. [ I. Mary Raynard, d. Edward. ( 2. Georgia Kirby, d. Thomas, M.D. Ann, m. John Gavel, s. Deacon John. ■ I. Abijah Crosby, s. Deacon John. d,m.j;; John Ashley, m. Forman, m. Charles W., m. ' '2. William H. Gavel, s Deacon John. Caroline, m. Rev. Charles Knowles. Phoebe, m. John Hayes, s. William. Mary, m. John M. Bingay, M.D., s. James. David Hatfield, ». Jacob Lyon, m. Sarah Gavel, d. George. Issue: Mary Alice, m. John Ashley Hatfield, a. Capt. James. HATFIELD. 247 Cornelius Hatfield, s. Jacob Lyon, m. Mary Hatfield, d. Jacob, jun. ' I. Mary Andrews, d. David ist. Issue : Elias, m. , „ , , „ , , , , ' 2. Elizabeth Hat&eld, d. Nathaniel. Bowman, m. Eliza Hamilton, d. Daniel. Charles K., m. Fannie Raynard, d. Edward. Jacob, m. Lois Crosby, d. Abijah. Robert, died unmarried. Catharine, died unmarried. Julia, m. James Forster Crosby, s. Lemuel. Anne, m. William Wood, s. John R. Adavilla, m. John Wood, s. James. William Hatfield, s. Jacob Lyon, m. i. Jane Rayn\rd, d. Job, sen. 2. Elizabeth Jeffery, d. Archibald. 3. Lydia Jeffery, d. Archibald. Issue : Inglis, m. Mary Crosby, d. Abijah. Adeline, m. A. Webb Blauvelt, s. Job. Deborah, m. Forman Hatfield, s. Capt. James. Arabella, m. Theodore Martell, s. Rev. Anthony. \ r. Frederick Hatfield, s. Jacob 4th. Jane, m. , „ , ( 2, Douglas Waters. Janet, m. Richard Hatfield, s. Capt. James. Jacob Hatfield 4th, s. Jacob Lyon, m. Eleanor Jane MacKinnon, d. Major John. Issue : Francis. Frances, m. John Ashley Hatfield, s. Capt. James. Frederick, m. Jane Hatfield, d. William. Job, m. Helen W. Eakins, d. Robert S., sen. Jackson, m. Agnes Hilton, d. Philip. George K., m. Mary Kerr. Asa. Elizabeth Maria, m. Rev. Peter Stuart MacGregor. Abram Marsh Hatfield married Constance Jones. ( I. Sarah Crocker, d. Daniel . Issue : William, m. j „ , , , t, j a 1 ( 2. Bathsheba Barrows, d. Abner. Jacob 3d, m. Margaret Kelley, d. Samuel. f I. Elizabeth Raynard, w. William. Anthony J., m. j ^__ ^^^^^ Hamilton, d. Daniel. Samuel, m. Rebecca Ellis, d. Samuel. James L., m. Mary Ann Raynard, d. Job. Abram, m. Mary Cook, d. Manasseh. Mary, m. Samuel Kelley, s. Samuel. Bridget, m. Benjamin Horton, s. Jonathan. 248 HATFIELD. Abram Marsh Hatfield, continued. Elizabeth, died unmarried. Zilpha, m. Abram L. Blauvelt, s. Tunis. Sarah Crocker, d. Daniel 2d, William Hatfield, s. Abram Marah, m. I , . , 2. Bathsheba Barrows, d. Abner. Issue : Anthony, died unmarried. William J., m. Elizabeth Churchill, d. Nathaniel, sen. Sarah, m. Nathaniel Churchill, jun., s. Nathaniel. Lois, m. John Murphy. Elizabeth, m. Amos Pinkney, s. Gilbert. Jacob Hatfield, s. Abram Marsh, m. Margaret Kelley, d. Samuel. Issue : Jacob K., m. Hannah Gorham o£ Liverpool. John Smith, m. Annie MacPhail of Mull Island. Samuel J., m. Mary Hatfield, d. Capt. J. V. N. ( I. Louisa Pinkney, d. John. Abram M., m. j , , „ „, , „ ( 2. Margaret Short, d. Capt. Short of Bangor. James M., lost with his ship on Newfoundland. Edward B., m. Eliza Hatfield, d. Capt. John V. N. George A., m. Agnes Huntington, d. Herbert, M.P.P. Sarah H., m. Jacob Utley, s. Jacob. Annie B., m. William A. Porter, s. Horace B. Margaret E., m. Rev. John D. Murray. Helen Wilson, died unmarried. I. Elizabeth Raynard, w. William. Anthony T. Hatfield, s. Abram Marsh, m. , ^ ,, , „ . ( 2. Sarah Hamilton, d. Daniel Issue : Charles, m. Isabella Kelley, d. Samuel. Norman B., m. Malvinia Gavel, d. John 4th. Samuel, m. Helen Brown. Sarah E. Job. Abram M., m. Alma A. Adams, d. Moses. Wentworth. Samuel Hatfield, s. Abram Marsh, m. Rebecca Ellis, d. Samuel. Issue : Thomas Hardy, m. Mary Walsh. Nelson J., m. Elizabeth Lovitt, d. Israel, jun. Ezekiel, died unmarried. Hannah, m. James Hogg. Adelaide. James L. Hatfield, s. Abram Marsh, m. Mary Ann Raynard, d. Job. Issue : Stanley. Benjamin Horton, m. Ellen Russell. Amos, m. Williams. Edgar. RA YNARD. 249 James L. Hatfield, continued. Mary, m. Robert Purdy, o. Joseph. Alice, m George Ryerson, s. Francis. Louisa, m. William W. Ryder. Abram Hatfield, s. Abram Marsh, m. Mary Cook, d, Manasseh. Issue : Jones, m. Abigail Allen. Enos, died at sea, unmarried. Charles. Mary, m. Isaac Ryder. Deborah, m. Samuel Wilson. Zilpha, m. Elias Trask, s. Elias. Harriet, m. Henry Stone. Lucetta, m. Cole. Janet, m. Morgan. Adelaide, m. Forster. Samuel Kelley, s. Samuel, m. Mary Hatfield, d. Abram Marsh. Issue : Isabella, m. Charles Hatfield, s. Anthony J. Lois, m. William Wyman, s. Henry. Alice. Samuel, m. Laura Williams. Benjamin Horton, s. Jonathan, m. Bridget Hatfield, d. Abram Marsh. Issue : Smith, m. Deborah Pinkney, d. Gilbert. Mary, m. Nathaniel Larkin. Janet, m. Thomas J. Perry, s. Joseph. Ellen, m. Charles Larkin. Constantine, m. Reuben Hiltz. Phcebe, m. S. L. Oliver. Job Raynard, sen., came from New York to Shelburne in 1791, and thence to Tusket. He settled at Raynardtown in 1796, and d. there in 1825, aged 62. I. Catharine Gavel, d. John, sen. He married , ,, ^-. j t ^i, ( 2. Maria Horton, d. Jonathan. Issue : Job, m. Phoebe Hatfield, d. Jacob Lyon. Edward, m. Elizabeth Hatfield, d. Jacob, jun. William, m. Elizabeth Hurlburt, d. William. Margaret, m. Joseph Kinney, s. John. Sarah, m. Wells Hamilton, s. Daniel. Jane, m. William Hatfield, s. Jacob Lyon. Phoebe, m. James C. Hatfield, s. Jacob, jun. By 2d wife : — Mary Ann, m. James L. Hatfield, s. Abram Marsh. Maria, m. Aaron Blauvelt, s. Tunis. Henry Greggs, m. Deborah Roberts, d. John. George, m. Jane Wilson, w. Charles. 250 RA'YNARD. Job Raynard, jun., m. Phcebe Hatfield, d. Jacob Lyon. Issue : Job, died unmarried. John W., m. Catharine Hurlburt, d. Titus 2d. Jacob, m. Eliza Crowell. Victoria, m. John Halstead,. s. William N. 2d. Arabella, m. Calvin Hurlburt, s. James. Susan, m. William Ricker. Edward Raynard, m. Elizabeth Hatfield, d. Jacob, jun. Issue : James Norris, m. Hannah Nickerson, d. Daniel. Benjamin, m. Lucy Hurlburt, d. Abraham. William, m. Phosbe Hamilton, d. Daniel. Robert, m. Lavinia Hamilton, d. Henry. Walter. Frances, m. Charles K. Hatfield, s. Cornelius. Jane, m. David Lamoreu.x. Charlotte, m. James Forster, s. James. Deborah, m. George Robertson, s. William. Mary, m. Charles W. Hatfield, s. Capt. James. Margaret. Sarah, died unmarried. William Raynard, m. Elizabeth Hurlburt, d. William. Issue : , m. Jonathan S. Barrows, s. Jonathan. Henry Greggs Raynard, m. Deborah Roberts, d. John. Issue : Job. Jane. Alice. Joseph Kinney, s. John, m. Margaret Raynard, d. Job, sen. Issue : Joseph, m. Rebecca Moulton, d. Philip. Phoebe Jane, m. John Turner, s. John. Stephen, m. Zilpha Bridgeo, d. William. John, m. Cordelia Hemeon, d. Jacob. ' I. Gideon Hemeon, s. Crocker. \ 2. William Durkee, a. Robert 2d. ' I. John Cain, o. Seth B. ' 2. Martin Hankinson of Weymouth. Nehemiah, died young. Job, died young. George, died young. George, died young. Ansel, m. Alvinia A. Churchill, d. John. William, m. Mary Isabella Eakins, d. Robert S. Martha, m. John E. Murphy, s. Jeremiah. Benjamin, m. Mary Crowell of Barrington. Hannah, m. Melinda, m. HURLBURT. 25 1 Wells Hamilton, s. Daniel, m. Sarah Raynard, d. Job, sen. Issue : David, lost at sea, with brigantine yinaess, in 1844. John, lost at sea. Harvey, lost at sea, with brigantine Jeiaess, in 1844. William, lost at sea. Edward R., m. Mary . Mary Ellen, m. John E. Stanley. Catharine, m, Charles Oldreive. Titus Hurlburt, sen., came from Connecticut to Shelburne about 17S5, and thence to Tusket. He married Leonard, and had issue: — Israel, m. Mary Andrews, d. Samuel. [ I. Elizabeth Halstead, w. William N. . 2. Johnson. ' I. Sarah Andrews, d. Samuel. 2. Sarah Curry, w. Titus, m. Catharine Gavel, d. George. I. Phcebe Gavel, d. George. William, m. John m. Job, m. ' ( 2. Bethiah Rankm. Isaac, m. Eleanor Gray, d. Jesse. James, m. Jemima Mangham. Abraham, m. Sarah Pennell. Phcebe, m. Luke Keogh. Sarah, m. Simon Kavanagh. Mehitable, m. Daniel Nickerson. Israel Hurlburt, s. Titus, m. Mary Andrews, d. Samuel. Issue : Samuel, m. Susan Van Emburg, d. John. Absalom, m. Keziah Marling, d. Barnet ist. Israel, m. Margaret Andrews, d. Robert. Joseph, m. Sara Frontain, d. Augustin. George, m. Deborah White, d. David. Mary. ■ t. Elizabeth Halstead, w. William N. William Hurlburt, s. Titus, m. , I 2. Johnson. ( I. William Raynard, s. Job, sen. Issue: Elizabeth, m. \ . , tt ^ ,j ai im u ( 2. Anthony Hatfield, s. Abram Marsh. { I. Sarah Andrews, d. Samuel. John Hurlburt, sen., s. Titus, m. |^ ^^^^^^ Curry, w. \ I. Mary Andrews, d. Robert. Issue : John W., m. , ( 2. Ann Carney. David, m. Edith Van Emburg, d. John. I. Eleanor Van Emburg, d. John. William, m. j , , . ., T^ ■ j t »„„,,^ ( 2. Abigail Dennis, d. Leonard. 252 HURLBURT. John Hurlburt, continued. ( I. Mary Hurlburt, ) Gideon, m. J [ ds. George. ( 2. Martha Hurlburt, ) Titus 3d, m. Louisa Gray. Margery, m. Hugh N. Hatfield, s. Jacob, jun. Sarah, m. Hugh N. Hatfield, s. Jacob, jun. Zilpha Ann, m. William White, s. David. Titus Hurlburt 2d, s. Titus, m. Catharine Gavel, d. George. Issue : Cornelia, m. Nathaniel Hatfield, s. Jacob, jun. Sarah, m. Jacob H. Gavel, s. Dea. John. Rebecca, m. Ebenezer C. Porter, s. James. Margery, m. Henry Saunders, s. Richard. John Hardy, m. Lucinda Crosby, d. William. Theodosia, m. Abner Gavel, s, John "Uniacke.'' Catharine, m. John W. Raynard, a. Job 2d. Jane, m. David Hatfield, s. Capt. James. I. Phcebe Gavel, d. George. Job Hurlburt, s. Titus, ra. , ( 2. Bethiah Rankin. Issue : John Halstead, m. Ruth Hannah Crocker. Eunice, m. Abram Kavanagh, s. Simon. Phoebe, m. George H. Hurlburt, s. Isaac. Susan, m. Joseph Gavel, s. Jacob H. Elizabeth, m. George Riddle. Albert, m. Jane Crosby, d. Abijah. Isaac Hurlburt, s. Titus, m. Eleanor Gray, d. Jesse. Issue : George H., m. Phoebe Hurlburt, d. Job. Isaac, went to Western States. Charles, m. Lalia Gavel, d. William H. Irene, m. Robert Andrewrs, s. Robert. Sarah Ann, m. William Kavanagh, s Simon. Elizabeth, m. Charles Rogers, s. Levi. Lois, m. David Gilliland. Ellen. James Hurlburt, s. Titus, m. Jemima Mangham. ( I. Maria Bower, d. Philip. Issue : William W., m. J ( 2. Anne Bower, d. William. Calvin, m. Arabella Raynard, d. Job 2d. Norman, m. Lydia Gavel, d. John 3d. Freeman, m. Martha Ricker. Rowland, m. Frances Gavel, d. William H. Charles, died unmarried. Weymouth, m. Maria Sims, d. Robert, sen. HURLBURT. 253 James Hurlburt, continued. Sarah, m. John T. Gavel, s. John 3d. Elizabeth, m. James Harvey Hamilton, s. Samuel. Abraham Hurlburt, s. Titus, m. Sarah Pennell. Issue : George. Ashley. Lucy, m. Benjamin Raynard, s. Edward. Phoebe, m. Handley Roberts, s. Handley. Elizabeth. Mahulda, m. Nathan MacConnell, s. Joseph. Sarah, m. George Allen, a. Lewis. Maria, m. Solomon Roberts, s. Handley. Luke Keogh, m. Phcebe Hurlburt, d. Titus, sen. Issue : John, m. Ruth Frost. Luke, m. Lambert, d. James. Mary, m. Ezra Rankin, s. Archibald. Phcebe, m. James F. Gray, s. James. James, died unmarried. Denis, m. in Australia. Simon Kavanagh, m. Sarah Hurlburt, d. Titus, sen. Issue : Abram, m. Eunice Hurlburt, d. Job. William, m. Sarah A. Hurlburt, d. Isaac. Jacob, m. Hilton. Simon. Phcsbe, m. John Benham. Sarah, m. Tunis Blauvelt, s. David. Anne, m. Daniel Hamilton, s. David. Eunice, m. John Hamilton. Catharine, m. Frank Little. Elizabeth. Delight, m. Edward Kingsley Goudey, s. Thomas. Eleanor. Mary, m. Morgan. Maria. Dan'IEL NiCKERSON, m. Mehitable Hurlburt, d. Titus, sen. Issue : Eustace, m. Maria Gavel, d. Andrew. Edward, m. Agnes Hatfield, d. Nathaniel. Daniel, m. Louisa Cline. Cynthia, m. Nehemiah Andrews, s. John. Hannah, m. J. Norris Raynard, s. Edward. John Gavel, sen., came from New York to Shelburne, and thence to Tusket. He married , and had issue : — 254 GA VEL. — A NDRE WS. John Gavel, contimied. George, m. Fraser. John, rn. Phcebe Hatfield, d. James, sen. Catharine, m. Job Raynard, sen. [ I, William N. Halstead, sen. Elizabeth, m. 2. William Hurlburt, sen., s. Titus. George Gavel, s. John, m. Fraser. Issue : John, m. Lydia Barrows, d. Abner. Abraham L., m. Dayton. George, m. Gilliland. William, m. Sweeney. Catharine, m. Titus Hurlburt 2d, s. Titus. Elizabeth, m. Gilliland. Sarah, m. David Hatfield, s. Jacob Lyon. Mary, m. David Hamilton, s. Daniel. Ann, m. Henry Hamilton, s. Daniel. Phcebe, m. Job Hurlburt, s. Titus, sen. Deacon John Gavel, s. John, m. Phcebe Hatfield, d. James, sen. ' I. Hannah Crocker, d. Daniel 2d. Issue : Andrew, m ( 2. Sarah Hobbs. Jacob H., m. Sarah Hurlburt, d. Titus 2d. John, m. Ann Hatfield, d. Capt. James. William H., m. Maria Crosby, w. Abijah. Mary, m. James King, s. Robert. Bridget, m. Daniel Hamilton, s. Daniel. Phoebe, m. Job Hamilton, o. Daniel. Jane, m. John Hatfield, s. Jacob Lyon. Eliza, m. Abram Smith Lent, s. Rev. James. Samuel Andrews, from North Carolina, m. Mary . Issue : John, m. Rebecca Morton. Robert, m. Mary Powell. Abner, m. Sarah Travis, w. No issue. Joel, emigrated. Thomas, m. Mary Wood, d. John. Samuel, emigrated. Nathan, m. . David, went to New Brunswick, and married there. Alexander, m. Hannah Kinney, d. Nathan. : I. Eleanor Hamilton, d. Daniel. William W., ' ( I. El J., m. ! I 2. M Martha MacConnell, w. James. Mary, m. Israel Hurlburt, s. Titus, sen. I. John Van Emburg. Amelia, m. , - William Prosser, from London. ANDREWS. 255 Samuel Andrews, continued. Sarah, m. John Hurlburt, sen., s. Titus. Two or three others died young. John Andrews, s. Samuel, m. Rebecca Morton. Issue : John, m. Jane . William, m. Isabella BuIIerwell, d. William. Joel, m. Mary Ann Morton, d. Archibald. 1 1. Cynthia Nickerson, d, Daniel. Martha, m. Nehemiah, m. t 2. Mary Gavel, d. Andrew. [ I. John Hamilton, s. Daniel. ' 2. Charles Andrews. Rebecca, m. Thomas BuUerwell, s. William. Robert Andrews, s. Samuel, m. Mary Powell. Issue : Mary, m. John W. Hurlburt, s. John. Margaret, m. Israel Hurlburt, s. Israel. Keziah, m. Joseph Allen. Robert, m. Irene Hurlburt, d. Isaac. John, m. Elizabeth Trefry, d. Joshua. Elizabeth, m. William Black. Bridget, m. Joseph Enzer. Thomas Andrews, s. Samuel, m. Mary Wood, d. John. Issue : Samuel, m. Marie Deveau. Maria. Mary. Christiana. Alexander Andrews, s. Samuel, m. Hannah Kinney, d. Nathan. Issue : Alexander, m. Orlinda Hersey, d. Zadoc. William. Pearl. Mary. Hannah. [I. Eleanor Hamilton, d Daniel. (2. Martha MacConnell, w. James. Issue : William, m. Tabitha Marling, d. Peter. David, m. Sarah Marling, d. Peter. James, m. . Killed in American war. Abner. Hannah, m. Charles Gaffney. Ellen. Sophronia. Cord-lia, died unmarried. Mary Jane, died unmarried. William W. Andrews, s. Samuel, m. ! 2S6 HALSTEAD. — BLAUVELT. William W. Andrews, continued. Sarah, died unmarried. Janet, died unmarried. fi. Amelia Van Emburg, w. John. William Prosser, m. ! ( 2. Mary Trask, w. John. Issue : James, m. Emeline Valpey, d. Calvin. [ I. Mary Dennis, d. Leonard. Robert, m. 2. Emeline Prosser, w. James. William, died unmarried. John, died unmarried. By 2d wife : — Frances, m. George Smith. Joyce, m. Charles Reeves, s. Edward. Edna, ra. . William N. Hai.stead came from New Jersey to Shelburne, and thence to Tusket. Married Elizabeth Gavel, d. John, sen. Issue : William N., m. Mary Kinney, d. John. George, m. Desire Hatfield, d. Jacob, jun. Sarah, m. John Wood, s. John. William N. Halstead 2d, m. Mary Kinney, d. John. Issue : William, went to Melbourne, Australia. John, m. Victoria Raynard, d. Job 2d. Alice, m. Charles Appleton. GtORGE Halstead, a. William N. ist, m. Desire Hatfield, d. Jacob, jun. Issue : George, m. Amanda Jane Burrell. Jacob W., died in California. Agnes, died unmarried. Tunis Blauvelt, m. „ „r , „ , I 2. Hannah Van Norden, d. Gabnel. Issue : Margaret, m. Aaron Van Buskirk. Jane, m. John Williams. By 2d wife : — Cornelius V. N., m. Maria Raynard, w. Job, sen. No issue. James R., m. Sarah Hatfield, d. Jacob, jun. Job, m. Theodosia Hatfield, d. Jacob Lyon. David, m. Margaret Servant, d. Abraham. Aaron, m. Maria Raynard, d. Job, sen. Abram L., m. Zilpha Hatfield, d. Abram Marsh. James R. Blauvelt, s. Tunis, ra. Sarah Hatfield, d. Jacob, jun. Issue : Eraser, m. Lucy Gardner. Nathaniel, m. Harriet J. Sweeney, d. John. Franklin, died unmarried. Abram. SERVANT. 257 James R. Blauvelt, continued. Aaron. Hardy. Charles. James. Agnes, m. James Brayne, s. William. Julia, m. James Forster, s. James. Margery. Job Blauvelt, s. Tunis, m. Theodosia Hatfield, d. Jacob Lyon. Issue : Job Sterns, m. Charlotte Perry. Aaron Webb, m. Adeline Hatfield, d. William. John R., m. Anne Knowles, d. Rev. Charles. Charles, died unmarried. Jacob. Hannah Maria, m. Henry Wyman, o. Henry. Jane, m. Charles Bennison, s. Samuel W. David Blauvelt, s. Tunis, m. Margaret Servant, d. Abraham. Issue : Maurice. Tunis, m. Sarah Kavanagh, d. Simon. Abraham, lost at sea. Robert R., m. Mahala Robbins, d. Asa. Margaret, m. Samuel Robbins, s. Samuel. Isabella, m. Alfred Servant, s. Abrahahi 2d. Aaron Blauvelt, s. Tunis, m. Maria Raynard, d. Job, sen. Issue : Job, m. Margaret Crosby, d. Capt. William 2d. Avery, in England. Jane, m. Frederick Crosby. IJUen, m. Fraser Gavel, s. George. Wallace, m. Eva Gavel, d. Abner. Abram L. Blauvelt, s. Tunis, m. Zilpha Hatfield, d. Abram Marsh. Issue : Gertrude, m. Albert Kempton. Ralph. Elizabeth. Robert, died unmarried. Yates, died unmarried. Magdalen, died unmarried. Mary, died unmarried. Abraham, died unmarried. Joseph, died unmarried. AuR.\HAM Servant, sen., m. Penelope Yarrow. Issue : Abraham, m. Charity Van Norden, d. Stephen. James, m. Hannah Hatfield, d. Jacob Lyon. 258 LENT. Abraham Servant, continued. John, m. Mary Greenfield. Margaret, m. David Blauvelt, s. Tunis. Mary, m. Peter Van Norden, s. Stephen. Abraham Servant 2d, s. Abraham, m. Charity Van Norden, d. Stephen. Issue : Zebulon, m. Mary Porter, d. Chipman. Alfred, m. Isabella Blauvelt, d. David. Penelope, m. Charles Savary. Henrietta, died unmarried. Rebecca, m. Joseph Saunders, s. Abner. Charlotte, m. Grouse. Sarah, m. Norman Moses. James Servant, s. Abraham, m. Hannah Hatfield, d. Jacob Lyon. Issue : William, m. Jane Williams, d. John. Laura, m. Rufus Crowell. Jacob. James. Eleanor. Theodosia. Cornelius, drowned. John'Servant, ». Abraham, m. Mary Greenfield. Issue : Gabriel. John, died unmarried. Elizabeth, m. John N. Purdy, s. Robert. James Lent, sen., m. Bridget Smith of New York. [ I. Lydia Jeffery, d. Matthew ist. Issue: James, ra. , , , „ ,, . ( 2. Elizabeth Hardmg, d. Rev. Harris. Abram, m. Mary Hatfield, d. Jacob Lyon. No issue. Peter, died unmarried. Elizabeth, m. Capt. James Hatfield, 5. Jacob Lyon. ( I. Lydia Jeffery, d. Matthew ist. Rev. Tames Lent, s. James, m. ! „ ,^ , „ ,^ . (2. Elizabeth Harding, d. Rev. Harris. Issue : James M., m. Theodosia Cochran, of New York. Abram S., m. Eliza Gavel, d. Deacon John. Lydia, ra. Thomas Kirby, M.D. Bridget, m. Stephen N. Allen, s. James. Alice, m. Alfred Crosby, o. Capt. William ist. ( I. Charlotte Vaughan, d. Capt. Daniel. William, m. { . , „,.,,. ( 2. Matilda Brown, w. William. Harris H., m. Alice Cook. Julia, m. Archibald Ray. JEFFERY. 259 Matthew Jeffery, sen., came from Glasgow to Halifax and Shelburne, and from thence to Argyle, where he settled at the foot of Eel Lake upon the property afterward owned by Joseph Josue Pothier. About sixty years ago, Mr. Jeffery, with his wife and three sons, John, Amos, and Robert, removed to Canada. Matthew Jeffery, m. Lydia Randall. Issue : Elizabeth, m. Nathaniel Hobbs. John, m. Travis. I. Hannah Frost. Matthew, m. , 2. Mary Elwell, w. John. David, m. Joanna Spinney. Archibald, m. Mary Frost. f I. Sarah Barrows, d. Abner. Andrew, m. \ 2. Elizabeth Hemeon, d. Adam. [ 3. Isabella Andrews, w. William. Ellen, m. Ennis. Lydia, m. Rev. James Lent, s. James. Robert, m. Griffin. Amos, m. Griffin. Nathaniel Hobbs, m. Elizabeth Jeffery, d. Matthew, sen. Issue : Jane, m. Hemeon. Eleanor, m. Hemeon. Adeline, m. Churchill. Isaac. ( I. Hannah Frost. Matthew Jeffery 2d., s. Matthew, m. j ,, ^ ^ , ( 2. Mary Elwell, w. John. Issue : Lydia, m. Theodore Churchill, s. Lemuel 2d. Abigail, m. James Nickerson. Freeman, m. Rebecca Gardner, d. Reuben. Matthew, m. Elizabeth MacKinnon, d. Colin. Stephen, died young. George, m. in California. James, m. Mary Dennis, d. Ambrose 3d. Stephen, m. Louisa Kenney. Archibald Jeffery, s. Matthew ist., m. Mary Frost. f I. Zilpha Landers, d. Thorndyke. Issue : Joseph, m. \ 2. Mary Pitman, d. Joseph. [ 3. Sarah Perry. Stephen, m. Lydia Nickerson. Amos, m. Rogers, d. Levi. Mary, m. Abram L. Hatfield, s. Capt. James. Elizabeth, m. William Hatfield, s. Jacob Lyon. Lydia, m. William Hatfield, s. Jacob Lyon. 26o VAJV NORDEN. f 1. Sarah Barrows, d. Abner. Andrew Jeffery, s. Matthew ist, m. -j 2. Elizabeth Hemeon, d. Adam. [ 3. Isabella Andrews, w. William. Issue : 1823. April 8. Sarah, m. John B. Dodge of Amiapolis. 1823. April 8. Lydia, m. George Dodge of Annapolis. 1828.' April 22. Andrew H., m. abroad. 1830. Feb, 12. Mary M., m. Rufus N. Robbins, s. Rufus N. 1832. Feb. 5. Archibald, m. Ruth Purdy, d. Robert of Plymouth. ( I. Austen Burdick of New Haven, Conn. 1834. Dec. 13. Adelaide, m. i ^ ^ (2. Joel Coffin of New York. 1837. Aug. 18. Thomas B., m. Mary Purdy, d. Robert of Plymouth. 1839. Oct. 30. Melissa A. J., m. Henry Bailey of Middletown, Conn. 1843. J"'y 5- Elizabeth H., m. Hiram C. Beardsley of Meriden, Conn. 1847. Aug. 26. John W., m. Sarah Smithers of Havelton, N.Y. 1849. Jan. 30. David C, m. Charlotte J. Potts of Michigan. 1850. Oct. II. Rufus J., m. Hannah Sims, d. George 2d. 1855. Feb. 27. George D., m. Albina Wyman, d. Israel. 1855. Feb. 27. Amos R., died in childhood. 1861. Jan. 4. Amos R., m. Eleanor Balfour Beaton, d, John of River- dale. David Jeffery, s. Matthew ist, m. Joanna Spinney. Issue ; Robert, m. Catharine Pitman, d. Asa. Aaron, m. Mercy Ann Goudey, d. Stephen. John, m. Eunice Frost. \ I. Freeman Trask, s. James. Susan, m. , James D. Archibald. Joanna, ra. Jesse Churchill, .1. Thomas. Gabriel Van Norden, son of John and Theodosia Van Norden, born Oct. 25, 1737, m.. May 19, 1757, Jane Westervelt, daughter of Stephen and Helligont Westervelt, born Feb. 20, 1741. Issue : 1758. John, m. Magdalen Maine, d. John. 1760. Cornelia, m. Andrew Van Buskirk. 1763. Stephen, m. Henrietta Earl, d. Peter. 1765. Cornelius, m. Phcebe Smith, d. Job. No issue. 1767. Theodosia, died 1779. 1770. Hannah, m. Tunis Blauvelt. 1772. Mary, m. Jacob Lyon Hatfield. 1774. Abigail, m. Henry Saunders, s. Joseph. 1776. David, m. Mary Cain, d. James ist. No issue. 1779. Elsey, died in infancy. Jane Van Norden died Dec. 18, 1779, in her thirt)-ninth year. Gabriel Van Norden m. next, on March 29, 1780, Magdalen Maine, widow of John Maine, and had issue : — VAJV NORDEN. 26 1 Gabriel Van Norden, continued. 1781. Gabriel, died 1783. 1782. William, died in infancy. 1784. Jane, m. Col. Job Hatfield. 1785. Sarah, died in infancy. 1787. Sarah, m. William Robertson. 1789. Gabriel Bydder, m. Charlotte Timpany, d. Major Robert. 1790. Elizabeth, m. John Williamson. 1794, Theodosia, m. Charles C. Coffin. The foregoing is a transcript from the record in the Van Norden family Bible, printed at Amsterdam, A.D. 1671. John Van Norden, s. Gabriel, m. Magdalen Maine, d. John. Issue: Sarah, m. Col. Bazalgette. Stephen Van Norden, s. Gabriel, m. Henrietta Earl, d. Peter. Issue : Peter, m. Mary Servant, d. Abraham, sen. Gabriel, m. Mary Williams of Shelburne. Charity, m. Abraham Servant 2d, s. Abraham. Stephen, m. Ann Geddes. John, m. Lucy Morse. Jane, m. Sealed Landers 4th, s. John ist. Abraham, m. Snow of Port La Tour. No issue. Rachel, not married. Peter Van Norden, s. Stephen, m. Mary Servant, d. Abraham, sen. Issue : David, died unmarried. Rowland, m. Emily Jane Earl, d. Abram, sen. May, m. Edward Earl, s. Abram, sen. I. Job Williams, a. John. Catharine, m. , t u - Jacob Vickery, s. Jacob. Gabriel Van Norden, s. Stephen, m. Mary Williams of Shelburne. Issue : John, m. Wealthy Swaine. Mary Jane, m. Clark Wetmore, s. John. Stephen, lost at sea. Howard, m. Annis Crosby, d. Lemuel. Alfred, m. Maria Crosby, d. Lemuel. Phoebe, died unmarried, aet. 18. Henry Saqnders, ». Joseph, m. Abigail Van Norden, d. Gabriel, sen. Issue: 1797. Stephen, m. Lois Moses, d. William. 1798. Jane, m. Stephen Poole of Paradise, N.S. 1800. Richard, m. Desire Cahoon of Port Medway. 1803. Henry, m. -Sarah Saunders, d. William. 1805. Asaph, m. Olive Cook, d. Manasseh. 1808. Mary, died unmarried. 262 yAJV NORDEN. Henry Saunders, continued. 1811. Rufus J., m. Mary Ann Harris, d. William. 1812. David V. N., m. Mary Curry, d. Eliphalet. 1815. Edward, died unmarried. 1818. Abigail, died unmarried. Sealed Landers 4th, s. John ist, m. Jane Van Norden, d. Stephen. Issue : Joseph, lost at sea ; unmarried. David V. N., m. Elizabeth Shaw, d. Jesse. Sealed, died in West Indies ; unmarried. Stephen, m. Isabella Adams of Massachusetts. John Nelson, m. Elizabeth Blackadar, d. Christopher. Lydia, m. Israel Whitehouse, s. Joseph. Mary, m. George Strickland, s. Jonathan. Rachel, m. Thomas Savage. John Van Norden, s. Stephen, m. Lucy Morse. Issue : Abner M., m._ Spinney. Emeline, died unmarried. Caroline, died unmarried. And others who died young. Gabriel Bydder Van Norden, s. Gabriel ist, m. Charlotte Timpany, d. Major Robert. Issue : Sarah A., m. David Smith, M.D., of New York. Magdalen, m. Peter Ogden of New York. Jane, m. Charles Hine of New York. Mary Ann, m. Rev. Richard Avery. \ I. Eliza Bingay, w. John G. Robert, m. ., . ( 2. Catharine Glassford of California. Maria, m. George H. Redding, a. Fitz W. Thomas, m. in California. John Williamson, m. Elizabeth Van Norden, d. Gabriel, sen. Issue : Mary Ann, m. John Maclntyre of New York. John, a cosmopolitan, followed the sea. Jane, m. Olmstead, M.D., of New York. Theodosia, m. Robert Phipps. Ellen, m. Samuel Avery, M.D., of New York. George, went to Australia in 1852. Robert, m. Eleanor Ann Brown, d. Robert. James, now in California. Eliza, m. David Sterritt of New York. Thomas Avery, m., and now in San Francisco. Malvinia, m. Amos Chase of New York. Avery, died in West Indies. EARL. 263 William Robertson, m. Sarah Van Norden, d. Gabriel, sen. Issue : John, m. Susan Stalker. Sarah, m. Thomas Crowell. William, m. Anne Homer. Robert, m. Sarah Richan, d. William. Janet, died unmarried. Gabriel, m. Isabella Stalker. Charles, died unmarried. Thomas, m. Letitia Crowell. Maria, m. Daniel Sargent. Charles C. Coffin, m. Theodosia Van Norden, d. Gabriel, sen. Issue : Miriam, m. Ferrand. Eliza, died unmarried. Magdalen, m. Robert Prothero. Paul Chase, m. Frances Brown of New York. Frances, m. Samuel Shether. Charles, died in infancy. Charles. Peter Earl, m. . Issue : Henrietta, m. Stephen Van Norden, s. Gabriel ist. Elsie, m. Crowell. Enoch. Abraham, m. Clara Wyman, d. James. , m. Samuel Robbins. Abraham Earl, s. Peter, m. Clara Wyman, d. James. Issue : John, m. Levisa Whitehouse. ■ I. Zebina Shaw, s. Moses. Drusilla, m. , „ , . , ^, , ... ™ , ' 2. Zachariah Churchill, s. Zaccheus. Eleanor, m. Angus Walker, s. James. I. Mary Van Norden, d. Peter. Edward, m. , „. , , ( 2. Tmkham, w. William, unmarried; lost at sea. Abraham, m. Wealthy Ann Sweeney, d. James. David, m. Mary MacKinnon, d. Major John. Lorenzo, m. Lois Kinney, d. Rufus. Anne, m. Charles Kinney, s. Rufus. Alice, died unmarried. Emily Jane, m. Rowland Van Norden, s. Peter. Mary, m. Thomas Purdy, s. Joseph. Elizabeth, m. Daniel Bennison. ( I. Jane Smith. No issue. Col. Job Hatfield, s. John, m. J ^ „ ,t a n i,..-=i o«„ ■' (2. Jane Van Norden, d. Gabriel, sen. Issue : 1801. Cornelius V. N., died unmarried. 264 HATFIELD. Col. Job Hatfield, continued. ( I. Sarah Hatfield, d. Jacob Lyon. 1802. John V. N., m. ' ■' •' ( 2. Mary E. Kendrick. 1803. Deborah, m. Benjamin Trefry, s. Joshua. 1804. Gabriel, married and died in the Western States. 1805. Phoebe, m. Edward B. Bingay. i8io. Magdalen, m. Stephen V. Kinney, s. John. Went to Michigan. 181 1. Jane, m. Charles Tooker, s. Joseph. 1813. Job, a bachelor. 1817. Margery, m. Edgar Grantham, s. Rev. Thomas. 1819. Theodosia, m. James Trefry, 0. James 2d. ( I. John G. Bingay, s. Beniamin. 1823. Sarah Eliza, m. ^ ' ' I 2. Robert Van Norden, 3. Gabriel B. Note. — Maria, d. John G. and Sarah E. Bingay, m, James Wentworth Bingay. Charlotte, d. Robert and Sarah E. Van Norden, m. Edgar Clements. I T. Sarah Hatfield, d. Jacob Lyon. 1 2. Mary E. Kendrick. Issue : Two sons died in infancy. Lois Ann, m. Henry T. Goudey, s. George. Job Lyon, m. Martha Harding, d. Israel. Mary, m. Samuel J. Hatfield, s. Jacob 3d. Ehza, m. Edward B. Hatfield, s. Jacob 3d. Jane, m. N. J. B. Tooker, s. Charles. Charlotte V. N. m. Edward N. Moody, s. Elisha W. B. By 2d wife : ^- Abel. Margaret. Cornelia. Andrew. Jacob Tooker, s. Joseph, m. Margery Hatfield, sister of Col. Job. Issue : 1765. Mary, m. John Kreuzer of Staten Island. 1 1. Dennis Van Toyle. John Van Norden Hatfield, s. Col. Job, m. j 1767. Deborah, m. ' 2. Job Smith. 1768. Joseph, m. Lois Barnard, d. Benjamin. \ I. David Thompson of Dundee. 1771. Margery, m. . 2. Benjamm Barnard 2d, s. Benjamin. f I. Rufus Utley, s. Nathan ist. 1773. Sarah, m. \ 2. William Grayson of Liverpool, England. [ 3. Peach of New York. ( I. David Thompson of Dundee. Margery Tooker, d. Jacob, m. { (2. Benjamin Barnard 2d, a. Benjamin. Issue : Two sons, died unmarried. TOOKER. 265 Margery Tooker, continued. Margery Thompson, m. Bernard Hannah. Mrs. G. J. Parish, their daughter. Jane Thompson, m. James Hunter, s. George. Deborah Thompson, m. Loran Dewolfe Ellis, s. Deacon Joseph. Mary Anne Thompson, m. Fitz W. Redding. Thomas Barnard, died unmarried. Anne IJarnard, ra. John Flint, s. David. Lois and Elizabeth, died unmarried. Fitz W. Redding, m. Mary Ann Thompson, d. David. Issue : Benjamin B., m. Mary Putnam. Lucy S., m. J. Whitney Jones. Mary, m. Reuben Z. Clements, a. Elkanah 2d. George H., m. Maria Van Norden, d. Gabriel B. Anne, m. George C. Garrison of St. John, N.B. William, died unmarried. And two other sons William died young. John Flint, ». David, m. Ann Barnard, d. Benjamin 2d. Issue: Margery, m. Lorenzo D. Raymond. Ann, m. Rev. W. C. Brown. Jane, m. Thomas M. Lewis, s. Charles. Thomas B., m. Mary Dane, d. Thomas B. John C, died at Bermuda unmarried. Aaron, died in childhood. Lois, died in childhood. RuFUS Uti.ey, s. Nathan ist, m. Sarah Tooker, d. Jacob Issue : Jacob, m. Abigail Kelley, d. Jacob. Hannah, m. Walter Hayse of New York. Sarah, m. Francis Crichton of New York. Margery, m. Lenora of New York. Jacob Utley, s. Rufus, m. Abigail Kelley, d. Jacob. Issue : Jacob, m. Sarah H. Hatfield, d. Jacob 3d. William, m. Elizabeth Emerson of Hull. Charles, lost in Melrose. Unmarried. Sarah, m. Pearl Durkee, s. Amasa 2d. ( I. Augustus W. Balkam, s. Laban S. Deborah, m. { ^^ , „ , ,. ( 2. Herbert Reddmg. Ellen, m. Lyman Kelley, s. Daniel. Joseph Tooker, s. Jacob, m. Lois Barnard, d. Benjamin, sen. Issue : 1793. Thomas B., m. Alice James. Had one d., died young. 1795. Deborah, m. James Bond, s. Joseph N. 1797. Joseph, m. Mary Patch, d. Neliemiah. 1799. Lois, died young. 266 TOOKER. Joseph Tooker, continued. 1801. Jacob, died unmarried, ast. 21. 1804. Benjamin, m. Lydia Wyman, d. Jesse. 1806. John.m. (I- Lucy Clements, d Reuben. ( 2. Emily Hersey. 1808. Mary, m. John Forman. Mrs. James B. Moody, their only daughter. 1810. Charles, m. Jane Hatfield, d. Co!. Job. iSi2. George W., m. Eliza Parish, d. Henry G. No issue. 1814. Lois, m. Thomas V. B. Bingay, s. John. 1817. Margery, died unmarried. 1819. Sarah, m. William R. Alden. They had two daughters : — :i. Teed. Julia, m. , (2. William Hall. Sarah, m. Clarence Reid. James Bond, o. Joseph N., m. Deborah Tooker, d. Joseph. ( I. John H. Collins o£ Boston. Issue: 1814. Deborah, m. J ( 2. Joseph H. Ward of Boston. 1815. Stephen, died unmarried, ast. 25. 1818. Anne, m. James Murray, s. John. 1820. Elizabeth, m. George S. Brown, s. Stayley. 1822. Norman J., m. Jane Moody, d. Elisha W. B. 1824. Maria, died unmarried, set. 38. Joseph Tooker 2d, s. Joseph, m. Mary Patch, d. Nehemiah 2d. Issue : Jacob, died at Rio Janeiro, 1850, set. 27. Alice James, m. Michael Ivers, s. Michael. Mary Forman, died unmarried, 1867, set. 38. Lois. Joseph P., died unmarried. James, m. Deborah B. Isabella, died unmarried. William P., m. Kelley, d. Norman J. Sarah Elizabeth. Jane Hatfield, m. Henry Allen, s. Jacob. Henry Forman, died young. Benjamin Tooker, s. Joseph, m. Lydia Wyman, d. Jesse. Issue : Jacob, died young. George W., m. Phosbe Smith, d. John. Thomas B., m. Eliza J. Smith, d. Benjamin. John Forman, m. Jesse, m. Sarah, m. Harvey Eldridge, s. Harvey. John Tooker, s. Joseph, m. j TOOKER. 267 Benjamin Tooker, continued. Lois, m. Forster, s. James. Jacob. Joseph B. Sumner. James Budd. I. Lucy Clements, d. Reuben, sen. ( 2. Emily Hersey. Issue : Joseph, m. Isabella Hardy, d. Capt. John. Reuben C, m. Leonora Beardsley of La Heve, N.S. Anne A., m. Lorenzo D. Raymond. Eliza M., m. W. B. Townsend, High Sheriff. Margery F., m. Charles E. Hurd of " Boston Transcript." John, died unmarried. Charles Tooker, s. Joseph, m. Jane Hatfield, d. Col. Job. Issue : Ann Hurd, m. Alfred Grantham, s. Rev. Thomas. George W. B., m. Harriet Cann, d. Lyman, sen. Charles J. B., m. Julia Ryerson, d. John K. Norman J. B., m. Jane Hatfield, d. Capt. John V. N. Frances G. C, m. William A. Chase, s. Rev. John. Thomas V. B. Bingay, s. John, m. i. Lois Tooker, d. Joseph, sen. Issue : Thomas, died in Australia, unmarried. Charles, lost at sea. Sarah, died in infancy. Mr. Bingay m. 2. Margaret J. Moody, d. James B., sen. Issue : James Wentworth, m. Maria B. Bingay, d. John G. George, m. Susan Cornelia Stryker. Thomas V. B., m. Georgina Tooker, d. George W. B. Henry. John. Jacob. Maria, died in childhood. CHAPTER XVI. Ranald MacKinnon of Argyle. — A Native of the Island of Slcye. — Related to the Chief of the Clan MacKinnon. — Joined the Montgomery Highlanders as Ensign in 1757. — Came to America in June, 1757. — Engaged in the Expedition of 1758 against Fort du Quesne. — Promoted to a Lieutenancy. — Wounded in 1760 while engaged in an Expedition against the Cheroliees. — Lord Chatham's Eulogy on the Highland Regiments. — Sketch of Some Highland Regiments. — The First One, the " Black Watch," or Forty-second Regiment, formed in 1740. — The Second, the Loudon Highlanders, in 1745. — The Third, the Montgomery Highlanders, or Seventy-seventh Regiment, in January, 1757. — Officers of the Montgomery Highlanders. — Their Career in America from 175S to the Close of the War in 1763. — Addresses of Sir Colin Campbell and Sir James Outrani to the Highland Regiments in the Crimea and in India. — Sketch of the Clan MacKinnon, and of Some Events in Scottish History with which they were concerned. — Flora MacDonald. — Her Connection with the Family. — Charles Edward Stuart's Flight after the Battle of CuUoden. — Narrative of his Adventures, and of the Part taken by the Chief of the Clan MacKinnon and his Kinsman John MacKinnon, to assist the Prince in his Escape from Skye. WE have seen in the preceding chapter how Tusket became settled by men from the revolted colonies, who remained loyal to the British Government, and, having seen their homes broken up and their estates confiscated, became voluntary exiles to the wildS of Nova Scotia, rather than submit to the rule of the usurpers. Twenty years before this, Ranald MacKinnon had explored the sea-coasts, islands, and inlets of Argyle ; and, having met with much to remind him of the romantic scenery of his native islands, he resolved there to make for himself a new home. A few years later, when the time came for its establishment, he was granted the singular distinction of giving the name to the township. Ranald MacKinnon belonged to a family long distinguished in the annals of Scotland, • — a family which for centuries had held vast posses- sions in the Western Islands ; some of them indeed lost through succes- sive dynastic changes, but ending with their complete confiscation, in consequence of the steadfast allegiance of the chief, his family, and his clan, to their rightful sovereigns of the House of Stuart. RANALD MACKINNON. 269 Ranald MacKinnon, whose ancestry can be traced directly to Lachlan Dhu, chief of the clan in 1580, was a native of Skye, an island whose area is about one and a half times as large as Yarmouth County; it being 45 miles long, with an average width of 15 miles. In 1750, Skye had a population of 15,000; in 1850, of about 23,000: and, as may be stated on the authority of Dr. Norman MacLeod, the island has furnished to the British service, since the beginning of the last wars of the French Revolution, 21 lieutenant-generals and major-generals ; 45 lieutenant-colonels ; 600 majors, captains, lieuten- ants, and subalterns; 10,000 foot-soldiers; 120 pipers; 4 governors of British colonies ; i governor-general ; i adjutant-general ; i chief baron of England ; and one judge of the Supreme Court of Scotland. Ranald MacKinnon, then about twenty years of age, joined the " Montgomery Highlanders " as ensign at the organization of that regiment in 1757. His first commission bears the signature of William Pitt, afterward Lord Chatham, who, from his place in Parliament in 1776, pronounced this famous eulogy on the Highland regiments: "I sought for merit wherever it could be found. It is my boast that I was the first minister that looked for it, and found it, in the mountains of the North. I called it forth, and drew into your service a hardy and intrepid race of men, — men who, when left by your jealousy, became a prey to the artifices of your enemies, and who had gone nigh to have overturned the State in the war before the last. These men, in the last war, were brought to combat on your side. They served with fidelity as they fought with valor, and conquered for you in every quarter of the world." The "Montgomery Highlanders," having embarked at Greenock, arrived at Halifax in June, 1757. Their first service was in the expedi- tion against Fort Du Quesne (now Pittsburg, Penn.), then held by the French. After the capture of that stronghold, where several of the offi- cers were killed. Ensign MacKinnon was promoted to a lieutenancy. In 1 760 a detachment of the regiment, of which his company formed a part, was engaged in an expedition against the Cherokees, when some of the officers were killed, and Lieut. MacKinnon was wounded. During their absence, the remainder of the regiment accompanied the force sent against Martinique and Havana; and, in 1762, the two com- 270 MACKINNON GENEALOGY. panics to which Lieut. MacKinnon was attached, formed part of a small force which embarked at New York for Newfoundland to take possession of St. John's, then held by the French. At the termination of hostilities, in 1763, Ranald MacKinnon decided to remain in America. From Halifax he accompanied the surveying parties despatched by the Government to the south-western coasts of the province ; and he then became acquainted with Argyle, where he spent the remainder of his life, excepting an occasional resi- dence at Halifax ; at Windsor, where lived his sister Eleanor, the wife of Capt. Alexander Campbell of the " Montgomery Highlanders ; " and at Shelbume. In common with other officers of the Highland regiments, who were rewarded for their services in America by grants of lands in diifer- ent parts of Nova Scotia, Ranald MacKinnon received extensive grants of lands and islands in Argyle. He was one of the first magistrates appointed for the district, his commission bearing date 1766; and for forty years he held the office of collector of customs and excise. At the outbreak of the American Rebellion, and the organization, in 1775, of the Eighty-fourth, or " Royal Highland Emigrant Regiment," he received a captain's commission in that regiment ; and the following year he was appointed lieutenant-colonel, and placed in command of the loyal militia of the south-western portion of Nova Scotia. Ranald MacKinnon, married at Halifax, Nov. 20, 1766, Letitia, daughter of Major Piggott. They had five sons and eight daughters. He died at Shel- burne, April 28, 1805. Issue ; 1767. Elizabeth Letitia, m. Eben'r Hobbs. Had one child, d. in infancy. 1769. Anne, died unmarried, set. 78. 1770. William, m. in Spain, and died there. 1772. Penelope, m. Simeon Frost, s. Joshua. Had one child, d. in infancy. 1773. Mary, m. Richard Fletcher, M.D., of Sixth Regiment. ( I. Elizabeth Frost. 1771;. John, m. i "^ ' ( 2. Martha Chandler, w. 1777. Letitia, died unmarried. 1779. Ranald, joined army. Supposed killed in Spain. 1783. Eleanor, died 1797. 1786. Charlotte, m. William Nickerson. 1788. Martha, died 1790. MACKINNON GENEALOGY. 271 Ranald MacKinnon, continued. 1789. Archibald MacArthur, m. Mary Snyder of Shelburne. 1792. Robert Colin, m. Rhoda Kenney of Barrington. I. Elizabeth Frost. John MacKinnon, s. Ranald, m ( 2. Martha Chandler. Issue : Mary Fletcher, died set. 15. Eleanor Jane, m. Jacob Hatfield, s. Jacob Lyon. Elizabeth, m. Eleazer Crocker. Anne, m. Henry Wyman, s. James. John, m. Abigail F. Oxton, d. William of Newburyport, Mass. Richard Fletcher, m. Mary MacDonnell of Prince Edward Island. Henry, m. Martha A. Spates, d. William of Newburyport, Mass. George, m. Anna Hammond, d. Caleb of Newburyport, Mass. Andrew, m. Rebecca Frost, d. Jeremiah. Mary, m. David Earl, ». Abram. Robert Colin MacKinnon, s. Ranald, m. Rhoda Kenney of Barrington. Issue : Eleanor, died in childhood. James, died in childhood. Elizabeth, m. Matthew Jeffery, s. Matthew 2d. Mary Fletcher, m. James Tait of Boston, Mass. Emily, m. William H. Nickerson, s. William. Letitia, m. John Morris of New York. Anne Isabella, m. William Edson of Bridgewater, Mass. James, m. Catharine Johnson of Prince Edward Island. Thomas R., m. Millicent Foss of New Hampshire. Rhoda, m. Barnard MacNiel of Digby. Adah, m. Augustus Perry of Stoneham, Mass. Jeannie, died in childhood. Helen, unmarried. Addison. Richard Fletcher, s. George, m. Mary MacKinnon, d. Ranald. Issue : William, died in West Indies ; unmarried. Mary, m. Bela Huntington, s. Miner. Charlotte Letitia, m. Stayley Brown, s. John. George Stephen, m. Rebecca Harding, d. Israel. Isabella Antonia, m. Robert S. Eakins. William Nickerson, m. Charlotte MacKinnon, d. Ranald. Issue : Charlotte, not married. Caroline, m. Kendricks of Barrington. Sophia, m. Samuel W. Bennison, s. John. William H., m. Emily MacKinnon, d. Robert Colin. Mary, died set. 13. 2/2 THE BLACK WATCH. It may not, to the descendants of Highlanders at least, be uninter-' esting here to read that the first Highland Regiment, consisting of a thousand men and called the Forty-third Regiment, was embodied in ' May, 1740. But in 1729 six Highland companies were raised, which, from forming distinct corps, unconnected with each other, received the appellation of " Independent Companies." Three of these companies consisted of a hundred men each, and were called large companies : Lord Lovat, Sir Duncan Campbell of Lochnell, and Col. Grant of Ballindalloch, were appointed their captains. The three smaller com- panies, consisting of seventy-five men each, were commanded by Col. Alexander Campbell of Finah, John Campbell of Karrick, and George Munro of Calcairn, under the title of captain-heutenants. To each of the six companies were attached two lieutenants and an ensign. To distinguish them from the regular troops, who from having coats, waistcoats, and breeches of scarlet cloth, were called " Saighdearan Dearg,'' or red soldiers, the Independent Companies, who were attired in tartan, consisting mostly of black, green, and blue, were designated "Am Freiceadan Dubh," or "Black Watch," from the sombre appearance of their dress. As the services of these companies were -not required beyond their own territory, and as the members were not subjected to the humiliating provisions of the Disarming Act, no difficulty was found in forming them ; and when completed they presented the singular spectacle of a number of young men of respectable families serving as privates in the ranks. Many of the men who composed these companies were of a higher station in society than that from which soldiers in general are raised, — cadets of gentlemen's families, sons of gentlemen farmers, men who felt themselves responsible for their conduct to high-minded and honorable families, as well as to a country for which they cherished a devoted affec- tion. In addition to the advantages derived from their superior rank in life, they possessed in an eminent degree that of a commanding external deportment ; special care being taken in selecting men of full height, well-proportioned, and of handsome appearance. These Independent Companies existed until 1739, when Government resolved to raise four additional companies, and to form the whole into a regiment of the line of a thousand men, embodied, as above stated. THE HIGHLAND REGIMENTS. 273 in 1740 as the Forty-third Regiment, although they still retained the country name of the "Black Watch." In 1749 the number of the " Black Watch" was changed from the Forty-third to the Forty-second Regiment, the number it has ever since retained. In consequence of the mutual encroachments made by the French and English on their respective territories in North America, both nations prepared for war, and the British Government resolved to send there two bodies of troops. The first division, of which the Forty-second Highlanders formed a part, under the command of Lieut.-Gen. James Abercrombie, set sail in March, 1756, and landed in New York in June following. The second division, under the Earl of Loudon, who was appointed commander-in-chief of the forces in North America, soon joined the forces under Gen. Abercrombie ; but, owing to various causes, they did not take the field until the summer of the following year. Having resolved on an attack on Louisburg, Lord Loudon embarked in June, 1757, for Halifax, with the forces under his command consisting of fifty-three hundred men. At Halifax his forces were increased to ten thousand five hundred men by the addition of five regiments lately arrived, including Eraser's and Montgomery's Highlanders. When on the eve of his departure from Halifax, Lord Loudon received information that the French fleet from Brest had arrived at Louisburg ; and that force being too great to be encountered, the enter- prise against Louisburg was abandoned. Leaving the remainder of the troops at Halifax, Lord Loudon returned to New York, taking along with him five regiments, including the Forty-second and the Montgomery Highlanders. The Earl of Loudon having been soon after recalled, the command of the army devolved on Gen. Abercrombie. The forces in America being soon increased by a great naval arma- ment and a mihtary force of thirty-two thousand men, the command of the fleet was given to Admiral Boscawen ; and Brigadier-Generals Wolfe, Townsend, and Murray were added to the military staff. Three expeditions were planned in 1758, — one against Louisburg, another against Ticonderoga and Crown Point, and a third against Fort Du Quesne. 274 THE HIGHLAND REGIMENTS. Gen. Abercrombie took charge of the expedition against Ticonderoga with a force of 15,390 men, of whom 6,337 "^^'^^ regulars, including the Forty-second Regiment, and the rest provincials, besides a train of artillery. The Royal Highlanders, the Forty-second, remained in North America until the close of the year 1761, when they embarked along with ten other regiments, among which were the Montgomery High- landers, for Barbadoes, there to join an armament against Martinique and Havana. LOUDON'S HIGHLANDERS. The bravery displayed by Lord John Murray's Highlanders (then the Forty-third Regiment) at Fontenoy, directed the attention of the Government to the importance of securing the military services of the clans. It was resolved to raise a second regiment in the Highlands, and authority to that effect was granted to the Earl of Loudon. By the influence of the noblemen, chiefs, and gentlemen of the country whose sons and connections were to be appointed officers, a body of 1,250 men was raised, of whom 750 assembled at Inverness, and the remainder at Perth. The whole were formed into a battalion of 1 2 companies, the commissions of the officers being dated June 8, 1 745 . Before the regiment was disciplined, a rebellion broke out (Charles Edward Stuart's) ; and so rapid were the movements of the rebels, that the communication between the two divisions, at Perth and Inverness, was cut off. They were, therefore, obliged to act separately. The formation of the regiment at that time was considered a fortunate cir- cumstance, as many of the men would certainly have joined in the insurrection ; and, indeed, several of the officers and men went over to the rebels. Three companies fought on the English side at Gladsmuir, and were all taken prisoners ; and three other companies were at the battle of CuUoden. MONTGOMERY'S HIGHLANDERS, OR SEVENTY-SEVENTH REGIMENT. This was the third regiment formed in the Highlands, the first one after the affair of 1745. The only way by which the Highlanders could be gained over to the house of Hanover was by adopting a liberal MONTGOMERY'S HIGHLANDERS. 275 policy, the leading features of which should embrace the employment of the chiefs, or their connections, in the military service of the Govern- ment. It was reserved to the sagacity of Chatham to trace to its source the cause of the disaffection of the Highlanders, and, by suggesting a remedy, to give their military virtue a safe direction. Acting upon the liberal plan he had devised. Lord Chatham (then Mr. Pitt), in the year 1756, recommended to His Majesty, George H., to employ the Highlanders in his service, as the best means of attaching them to his person. The king approved of the plan of his minister, and letters of service were immediately issued for raising several Highland regiments. This call to arms wasr esponded to by the clans ; and battalions on battalions were raised in the remotest parts of the High- lands, among those who, a few years before, were devoted to, and had long followed the fate of, the race of Stuarts. Erasers, MacDonalds, Camerons, MacKinnons, MacPhersons, MacLeans, and others of dis- affected names and clans, were enrolled : their chiefs, or connections, obtained commissions. The lower class, always ready to follow, with eagerness endeavored who should be first enlisted. The regiment was called " Montgomery's Highlanders " from the name of its colonel, the Hon. Archibald Montgomery, son of the Earl of Eglinton, to whom, when major, letters of service were issued for recruiting it. Being popular among the Highlanders, Major Montgomery soon raised the requisite number of men, who were formed into a regi- ment of 13 companies, of 105 rank and file each ; making in all 1,460 effective men, including 65 sergeants, and 30 pipers and drummers." The colonel's commission was dated Jan. 4, 1757. The commissions of the officers were dated each a day later than his senior in the same rank. LIEUTENANT-COLONEL, Commanding. Hon. Archibald Montgomery, afterward Earl of Eglinton. MAJORS. James Grant. Alexander Campbell. CAPTAINS. John Sinclair. Hugh MacKenzie. Robert MacKenzie^ John Gordon. James Robertson. Allan Cameron. Allan MacLean. Alexander Macintosh. William MacDonald .... killed at Fort Du Quesne, 1759. George Munro i. « n « jy^g Alexander MacKenzie " "St. John's, N.F., 1762.. 276 MONTGOMERY'S HIGHLANDERS. LIEUTENANTS. Nichol Sutherland. Charles Farquharson. Donald MacDonald. Henry Munro. Archibald Robertson. Duncan Bayne. James Duff. James Grant. Joseph Grant. Alexander MacDonald. Robert Grant. Cosmo Martin. John MacNab. Donald Campbell. Alexander Campbell. John Campbell. James MacPherson Hugh Montgomery.' Alexander MacKenzie . . killed at Fort Du Quesne, 1759. William MacKenzie ... " ' 1759. Robert MacKenzie ' 1759. Colin Campbell . . . ' ' 1759. Alexander MacDonald " ' 1759. Hugh Gordon . . . ... " ' Martinique, 1762. James MacLean . . " ' Havana, 1762. Archibald MacVicar ENSIGNS. 1762. Alexander Grant. James Grant. Lewis Houston. William Haggart. James Bain. Archibald Crawford. John MacDonald. Allan Stewart. Alexander MacKenzie George Munro. John MacLachlan. Ranald MacKinnon. William MacLean. Chaplain , .... Henry Munro. Adjutant. ... . ... . . Donald Stewart. Quarter- Master Alexander Montgomery. Siirgeojt .... Allan Stewart. The regiment embarked at Greenock for Halifax, and, on the com- mencement of hostilities in 1758, was attached to the corps under Brig.-Gen. Forbes in the expedition against Fort Du Quesne, one of the three great enterprises undertaken that year against the French posses- sions in North America. Although the point of attack was not so formidable, nor the number of the enemy so great, as at Ticonderoga and Crown Point, yet the great extent of country which the troops had to traverse, covered with woods, morasses, and mountains, made the expedition as difficult as the other two. The army of Gen. Forbes consisted of 6,238 men. Gen. Forbes reached Raystown, about ninety miles from the fort, in September, having apparently staid some time in Philadelphia. Hav- ing sent Col. Boquet forward to Loyal Henning, forty miles nearer, with 2,000 men, this officer rashly despatched Major Grant of ^ After Earl of Eglinton. MONTGOMERY'S HIGHLANDERS. 277 Montgomery's with 400 Highlanders and 500 Provincials to reconnoitre. When near the fort, Major Grant imprudently advanced with pipes playing and drums beating, as if entering a friendly town. The enemy immediately marched out, and a warm contest ensued. Major Grant ordered his men to throw off their coats and advance sword in hand. The enemy fled at the first charge, and spread themselves among the woods ; but, being afterward joined by a large body of Indians, they rallied, and surrounded the detachment on all sides. Protected by a thick foliage, they opened a destructive fire on the British. Major Grant then endeavored to force his way into the wood, but was taken prisoner, upon seeing which, his Provincial troops dispersed. Only 150 of the Highlanders returned to Loyal Henning. In this unfortunate affair 231 soldiers of the regiment were killed and wounded. The names of the ofiicers killed have been already men- tioned ; the following were wounded : Capt. Hugh MacKenzie ; Lieuts. Alexander MacDonald, jun., Archibald Robertson, and Henry Munro ; and Ensigns John MacDonald and Alexander Grant. The enemy did not venture to oppose the main body, but retired from Fort Du Quesne on its approach, leaving their ammunition, stores, and provisions. Col. Forbes took possession of the fort on Nov. 24, and, in honor of •Mr. Pitt, gave it the name of Pittsburg. The regiment passed the winter in Pittsburg ; and in May following they joined the force under Gen. Amherst in his proceedings against Ticonderoga, Crown Point, and the Lakes. In consequence of the renewed cruelties of the Cherokees, in the spring of 1760, the con,imander-in-chief detached Col. Montgomery, with 700 Highlanders of his own regiment, 400 of the Forty-second, and a body of Provincials, to chastise these Indians. The colonel arrived in the neighborhood of the Indian encampment. Little Keowee, in the middle of June, having on his route detached the light companies of the Royals and Highlanders to destroy the place. This service was performed with the loss of a few men killed, and two officers of the Royals wounded. Finding, on reaching Estatoe, that the enemy had fled, Col. Montgomery returned to Fort George. The Cherokees still proving refractory, Col. Montgomery paid a sec- ond visit to the middle settlement, where he met with some resistance. 2/8 THE HIGHLAND REGIMENTS. He had 2 officers and 20 men killed, and 26 officers and 68 men wounded. Of these the Montgomery Highlanders had i sergeant and 6 privates killed; and Capt. Sutherland, Lieuts. MacPherson and MacKinnon, and Surgeon Munro, i sergeant, i piper, and 24 rank and file, wounded. The detachment took Fort Loudon, a small fort on the confines of Virginia, which was defended by 200 men. In 1 761 six companies of the Montgomery Highlanders were engaged in the expedition against Martinique, and against Havana the following year. They returned to New York about the end of October, 1762. Before their return, the other companies that had been sent against the Indians in the fall of 1761, had embarked with a force under Col. Amherst to retake St. John's, Newfoundland, which had been occu- pied by the French. The British landed Sept. 12, 1762, seven miles to the northward of St. John's. A mortar battery having been completed on Sept. 1 7, and being then ready to open on the garrison, the French commander surrendered by capitulation to an inferior force. Of the Montgomery Highlanders, Capt. MacKenzie and 4 privates were killed, and 2 privates wounded. After the termination of hostihties, an offer was made to the officers and men either to settle in America or return to their own country. Those who remained obtained a grant of land in proportion to their rank. On the breaking out of the American Rebellion, a number of them, as well as of the officers and men of the Seventy-eighth Regiment (Fraser's Highlanders), joined the Royal Standard in 1775, and formed a corps in the Eighty-fourth, the Royal Highland Emigrant Regiment, under Col. Tarleton. The Highland Regiments have covered themselves with glory wherever they have been engaged ; and the Royal Highlanders, the Forty-second Regiment, or "Black Watch,'' is one of the most renowned regiments in the British service. They bear upon their standards Egypt, Corunna, Fuentes d'Onor, Pyrenees, Nivelle, Nile, Orthes, Toulouse, Waterloo, Alma, Sebastopol, and Lucknow ; and they were present at Fontenoy, Ticonderoga, Guadaloupe, Crown Point, Brandywine, Salamanca, and Vittoria. To show the estimation in which they were held by their own com- manders, two instances may be adduced : On the first anniversary of the THE HIGHLAND REGIMENTS. 279 battle of the Alma, Sept. 20, 1855, the first distribution of medals was made to the soldiers of the Crimea, on which occasion Lieut.-Gen. Sir Colin Campbell addressed them in these words : — " Highland Brigade, — On the first anniversary of the glorious bat- tle of Alma, our Gracious Sovereign has commanded the Crimean medal to be presented to her gallant soldiers who were the first to meet the Russian soldiers, and defeat them on their own territory. To that day Scotchmen can look with pride, and Scotchmen are everywhere. For your deeds on that day you received the marked encomiums of Lord Raglan, the thanks of the Queen, and the admiration of all. , Scotch- men are proud of you. I, too, am a Scotchman, and proud of the honor of commanding so distinguished a regiment, and still prouder, that through all the trying severities of the winter, its incessant labors and decimating diseases, you have still maintained the same unflinching courage and energy with which your discipline, obedience, and steadi- ness, in whatever circumstances you have been placed, make you so unrivalled (and none more so than the oldest regiment of the brigade), and your commander so confident of success, however numerous and determined your foe. " When the day comes that your services are no longer required in the field, welcome arms will be 'ready to meet you with pride, and give you the blessings your deeds have so materially aided to bring to your country. And in after-years, when recalling the scenes of the Crimea to your ingleside, your greatest pride will be that you, too, were there, and proved yourself a worthy son of sires who, in by-gone days, on many a field added lustre to their country's fame." The Seventy-eighth Highlanders, the " Ross-shire Buffs," were on service in India from 1842 until 1859, and on the breaking out of the Indian mutiny distinguished themselves at the taking of Cawnpore and in the relief of Lucknow, after which their commander, Sir James Outram, issued an address, from which these extracts are taken : — " Your exemplary conduct. Seventy-eighth, in every respect, through- out the past eventful year, I can truly say, and I do most emphatically declare, has never been surpassed by any troops, of any nation, in any age, whether for indomitable valor in the field, or steady discipline in the camp, under an amount of fighting, hardship, and privation, such as 28o SLIOCHD FHIONNON. British troops have seldom, if ever, heretofore been exposed to. The cheerfulness with which you have gone through all this has excited my admiration as much as the undaunted pluck with which you always close with an enemy, whenever you can get at him, no matter what his odds against you, or what the advantage of his position. . . . " I am sure that you, Seventy-eighth, who will have borne the brunt of the war so gloriously from first to last, when you return to Old England, will be hailed and rewarded by your grateful and admiring countrymen as the band of heroes, as which you so well deserve to be regarded." Sir James Outram was not given to saying any thing but the severe truth, yet in such terms was never other regiment addressed. SLIOCHD FHIONNON. Scotland's royal line of kings, which stands unrivalled in Europe, begins with Fergus I. He settled in Scotland, so say some historians, 332 B.C. ; and they claim a regular succession of one hundred and fifteen kings through a period of nineteen hundred and thirty-five years, down to the time of the union with England under the united crown of Great Britain under James I., A.D. 1603. Other historians, and among these Sir Walter Scott, lost in the mazes of the past, have been content to begin the line with that Fergus whose accession dates A.D. 503, and who reigned for three years. Some of the old Highland families, although none of them perhaps can show a clear line of descent from Fergus I., claim kinship with Scotland's early kings ; and they point for authority to the most trust- worthy writers of Scottish history. " The Scottish Gael," by James Logan, in two handsome volumes, pubhshed in 1831 by subscription at fourteen guineas, and patronized by the royal family and nobility of Great Britain, was by permission dedicated to the king in the following terms : — To His Most Excellent Majesty, WILLIAM IV., King of Great Britain^ Ireland, etc., etc. Sire, — It is with the deepest gratitude for so distinguished an honor, that I presume to lay these researches at your Majesty's feet. The work relates to a people who have greatly contributed to raise the renown of your Majesty's arms to the pre-eminence they have attained. The history and MACKINNON. 28 1 character of that people, therefore, deserve the attention of every patriot ; and your subjects, sire, feel a just pride in being able to call your Majesty a patriot king. That your Majesty's reign may be long and happy, must be the ardent wish of every Briton ; and I can say for my countrymen, in particular, that none are more devotedly attached to your Majesty's person and family, and that no portion of your Majesty's subjects would more cheerfully venture their lives for the honor and defence of their beloved sovereign, and for the support of the Constitution under which they enjoy so many blessings. For myself, I rejoice in being so highly favored as to be graciously permitted this public opportunity of expressing the profound respect with which I am, sire. Your Majesty's most devoted and most humble subject and servant, JAMES LOGAN. THE CLAN MACKINNON. SLIOCHD FHIONNON, NO MAC 'lONNON. "The MacKinnons are of royal descent, being a branch of the great clan Alpine ; and the family historians derive them from Fingon, or Findon, grandson of Gregor, whose father vi^as the celebrated Kenneth MacAlpine, King of Scotland. This ancestor lived about the year 900 ; but the name, as we understand it, is one of the most ancient among the Gael. " Finan, or Finon, occurs repeatedly in the national annals. Several of the name were Calder saints ; and Loceni MacFinon was King of the Cruthers, or Picts, anno 645. The prefix Mac renders the initial conso- nant quiescent : hence, MacFhionnon, Mac'innon. "On the death of John, Lord of the Isles, MacKinnon, being joined by the MacLeods and MacLeans, raised a formidable rebellion in favor of Ion Mor, a younger son ; but Donald, the elder, succeeded in expelling his rival, who was obliged to take refuge in Ireland. He was afterward pardoned ; but MacKinnon, as leader of the insurrection, was put to death A.D. 1380. " Lachlan MacKinnon, who lived in the middle of the seventeenth century, married a daughter of MacLean of Duart. "In 1650 the chief of the MacKinnons received letters of service to raise a regiment of his clan, of which he was appointed colonel ; 282 MA CKINNON. and, having joined the army of Charles I., they fought with distinguished bravery at the battle of Worcester in 165 1. (Another account adds that the chief was created a knight-baronet upon the field of battle.) "In 1715 the MacKinnons joined the Earl of Seaforth, and fought valiantly with the MacDonalds of Sleat at the battle of SherifT- muir, for which the chief was attainted ; . but he received a pardon Jan. 4, 1727. (There were a hundred and fifty of the clan at Sheriffmuir.) " Prince Charles and his attendants (after the battle of Culloden in 1746) were entertained at MacKinnon's castle when travelling in ■disguise through Skye ; and the chief gave the use of his own boat to convey the fugitives off the island, conducting them himself to the ■country of MacDonald of Boradale, where he resigned his royal charge. " Lachlan Mor, who fought at the battle of Worcester, had two sons, — John, whose great-grandson John died in London, unmarried, in 1808 ; and Donald, who, being taken prisoner by Cromwell, went, on his release, to Antigua, where he was called Daniel by a common cor- ruption, and married Miss Thomas, a lady of that island, by whom he left a son William, who married a daughter of Lieut. -Gov. Yeamans, also of Antigua, and died at Bath, 1767, aged seventy, leaving a son also called William, who married a daughter of Henry Vernon Esqre. of Hilton Castle, Staffordshire. His eldest son, William, married Harriet, daughter of John Frye Esqre. of Antigua ; and he left several children, the eldest of whom, William Alexander MacKinnon, M.P., since the •death of the above John, is the chief of the name and race of MacKinnon, as great-great-grandson of Donald, second son of Lachlan Mor. "The possessions of the MacKinnons were extensive. They had anciently lands in Arran ; and Griban, in Mull, was at one time theirs ; and, in fact, the greater part of Leth-iocrach, or the lower half of the island, was theirs, but it was reduced to the estate of Misnish, north- west of Tobermorie. They had likewise lands in the Island of Tiree ; but Strath, or Strathardil, in Skye, was latterly the principal residence, to which were attached the islands of Pabay and Scalpa. " The chief seats were at Earey, on the property in Mull at Kilmorie, — the fine situation of which is described by Pennant, the tourist, — and MacKinnon Castle on the south-eastern coast of Skye. MA CKINNON. 283 "Their battle-cry was ' Cuimhnich bas Alpin ! ' Remember the death of Alpin. " Their burial-place was in the far-famed island of Iona, where, in the chancel, is seen on an altar-tomb the monumental effigy of Abbot MacFingon, who died in 1500. In conjunction with his father, Lachlan, he erected one of those elaborate sculptured crosses still remaining in the Reilig Ouran in that island." So far James Logan. Mr. Pennant, who made his celebrated tour to the Hebrides in 1772, ■describes this cross, and quotes the inscription upon it. HCEC EST CRUX LACHLAN MAC FINGON: ET EJUS FILII JOHANNIS ABBATIS DE HY : FACTA ANNO DOMINI Mf f CCCCLXXXIX. Mr. Pennant gives the best description of Iona and of what may be still seen there. He says, — " Saint Columba left his native country, Ireland, in 565, instigated by a pious zeal to convert the Picts, when King Bradeus made him a pres- ent of Iona, a little island near Mull three miles long by one mile broad. He here founded a cell of monks of which he constituted himself abbot. His life was truly exemplary ; and during his time he had the honor of burying here two Icings of Scotland, — Convallus and Kinnatil, — and of crowning a third. Here was the site of the old cathedral ; and near it was a vast enclosure, the great place of interment for the monarchs and princes who were ambitious to repose in this holy ground. The Chapel of St. Oran stands in this place. Legendary lore tells us that this was the first building attempted by Saint Columba. In Oran's Chapel are several tombs, and near it many more, some of which have recording inscriptions ; but of far the greater number, the very names have perished. The cathedral lies a little north of the enclosure, and is cruciform. Over the centre is a handsome tower. 284 MA CKINNON. The length of the cathedral was 115 feet; the breadth of the transept 70 feet. The altar was of white marble, veined with gray. Near the altar is the tomb of the Abbot MacKinnon. His figure lies recumbent, with this inscription round the margin : — HIC JACET JOHANNES MAC FINGON, ABBAS DE HY : QUI OBIIT ANNO DOMINI MILLESIMO QUINGENTESIMO : CUJUS ANIMCE PROPITIETUR DEUS ALTISSIMUS. AMEN. " According to Boethius, the present church was raised out of the ruins of the former one by Maldninus in the seventh century ; but the architecture appears too magnificent for that age. Most of the walls are built of red granite from Nun's Isle in the Sound. " In the cemetery is a fine cross formed of a single piece of red granite 14 feet high, 26 inches broad, and 10 inches thick. The pedes- tal is three feet high. The monastery lies behind the cathedral, and north of the monastery are the remains of the bishop's house. North of the convent is a fenced square, containing a cairn said to be a burial- place ; and in all probability it is a vestige of Druidism which most likely prevailed here at the arrival of Saint Columba. " Forty-eight Scottish kings were buried at lona, beginning with Fergus II. and ending with Macbeth. Their tombs were built in the form of a little chapel, on one of which was inscribed ' Tumulus Regum Scotia;' on the next, 'Tumulus Regum Hibernice,' and it contained four Irish kings ; on the third, ' Tumulus Regum Norwegia,^ containing eight sovereign princes, or more properly viceroys when the islands were subject to Norway. "Arran was the property of the crown. Robert Bruce retired here during his distresses, and met with protection from his faithful vassals, numbers of whom followed his fortunes ; and after the battle of Bannockburn he rewarded several, such as the MacCooks, MacKinnons, MACKINNON. 285 MacBrides, MacLouises, or FuUertons, with different charters of land in their native country. " What was called ' Long Island ' included Lewis, South Uist, North Uist, Benbecula, and Barra, the five Hcebuda of Solinus, a Latin writer contemporary with Agricola." Like other tourists among the Western islands, Mr. Pennant does not fail to record what he styles the hospitality of the people. He says, " We put into Loch Jura on the coast of Inverness, landed, and paid our respects to Mr. MacLeod of Annisdale. I shall never forget the hospitality of the house. Before I could utter a denial, three glasses of rum, cordialized with jelly of bilberries, were poured into me by the irresistible hand of good Madam MacLeod." ' Mr. Pennant had quoted previously a saying of St. Columba, — " Sfaram hi bo, bi'dh bean ; sfaram bi bean, bi'dh mallacha." " Where there is a cow, there must be a woman ; where there is a woman, there must be mischief" There is to-day another claimant to the chieftainship of the clan MacKinnon besides the heirs-male of William Alexander MacKinnon, M.P., born in 1789, whose history is given by James Logan, and who left a son, WilHam Alexander, born in 181 3, who also was a member of the British Parliament. John S. Keltic, author of a " History of the Scottish Clans," pub- lished in 1875, traces the ancestry of William Alexander MacKinnon, M.P., to Daniel of Antigua, whom he acknowledges as the successor to Lachlan Mor, although he says that Lauchlan MacKinnon of Letterfearn also claimed to be the heir-male of the family. Mr. Keltic says that William, son of Daniel of Antigua, was an eminent member of the Legislature of that island, and died at Bath in 1767, leaving a son WiUiam who died in 1809 and left four sons, the youngest of whom was Major-Gen. Henry MacKinnon, a distinguished officer, born in 1773, who was with the army in Egypt in 1801, joined the army in Portugal in 1809, took a prominent part in the engagements at Talavera, Busaco, and Fuentes D'Onor, and, while leading a storming party at Ciudad Rodrigo in 181 2, was killed in the moment of victory by the explosion of a magazine. He was lieutenant of the " Coldstream ' Appendix Q. 286 MACKINNON. Guards" in 1793, captain in 1799, and lieutenant-colonel at Aboukir- in 1801. Gen. Henry MacKinnon's eldest brother William left two sons, — William Alexander MacKinnon, M.P., born in 1789; and Daniel MacKinnon, colonel of the " Coldstream Guards," born 1791, died 1836. He served first with the Guards in Denmark, and afterwards upon the staff in the Peninsula with distinction. He was with Wellington at Waterloo. Having taken part in the engagements of the i6th and 17th of June, 1815, on the i8th, although already wounded, he held the famous farm of Hougemont with his own regiment of Coldstreams and one other, against the repeated attacks of the French. Col. Daniel MacKinnon published a history of the " Coldstream Guards," the regiment which he first joined as ensign in 1806; and William Alexander MacKinnon, M.P., F.R.S., was the author of the " History of CiviKzation and Public Opinion," a work in two volumes, published in 1849, which received high commendation from the press. Mr. Keltie's account is that John MacKinnon, the great-great-grand- son of Lachlan Mor, died in India, unmarried, in 1808, by which event the succession to the chieftainship fell, in 1809, to his cousin "William. Alexander MacKinnon, M.P., the Chief Magistrate and Deputy Lieu- tenant for the Counties of Middlesex, Hampshire, and Essex. He- married Emma, daughter of Joseph Palmer, Esqre., of Rush House, County Dubhn, and had issue three sons and three daughters. The eldest son, William Alexander, also M.P., born in 1813, married a daughter of F. Willes, Esqre." The other claimant disputes the identity of Daniel MacKinnon of Antigua with Donald, second son of the Chief Lachlan Mor, who, it is said, disappeared from home in consequence of a quarrel with his father on the hunting-field, and who, as alleged by the adherents of the changed succession, was not afterward heard of. Lauchlan Charles MacKinnon of Melbourne, Australia, born in 1848, and who married Emily Grace Bundock MacKinnon, the niece and adopted daughter of his cousin Lauchlan MacKinnon of Elford- leigh, Devonshire, England, and of Duisdale House, Skye, is supported in his claim to the title of chief of the clan by the following " Genealogical Account of the Family of MacKinnon, compiled by Sir Alexander AfA CKINNON. 287 MacKenzie Downie and Alister Downie MacKinnon, published at London in 1883. " The clan of Macfindon or Macfingon, now MacKinnon, is of the Alpinian stock, and has always been considered one of the most ancient in the Highlands of Scotland. " Alpin, King of Scotland, who was killed in battle by the Picts, A.D. 834, had four sons ; viz., Kenneth, Donald, Gregor, and Achaius. The two first reigned successively between 834 and 859. The third son, Gregor, was father of Dongallus, ancestor of the MacGregors and MacKinnons, and of Girbredus, ancestor of the Macquarries. The Grants also are of Alpinian stock. The founder of their family, Gregory le Grand, was second son of Sir Malcolm MacGregor of Glenorchy. " Dongallus, eldest son of Prince MacGregor MacAlpin, married Spontana, sister of one of the Irish kings : he died about the year 900, leaving by his said consort two sons, — Constantine, of whom the MacGregors, and Findanus, of whom the MacKinnons, are descended. The MacKinnons thus became a separate clan about the year 900. Their most extensive possessions were in Mull, and other Argyleshire islands, where, as well as in Kintyre and Arran, the name is one of the most numerous to this day. They were powerful in those countries before the rise of the Somerled dynasty in 1 1 20 : latterly, they were in favor with ■ Somerled's successors (the lords of the Isles), and acted as governors of their castles, and masters of their households. " The following is an account of the chiefs of the MacKinnons, of whom there is any record, with notices of the descent of other families in the clan from that of Strathardill, or Kilmorie (by which designation the family of the chiefs will be distinguished from the others) , concluding with an account of Gambell, or Corry." 1. Findanus, second son of Prince MacGregor MacAlpin. There must have been several generations between him and — ■ 2. MacKinnon, who first acquired the estate of Strath in Skye. 3. MacKinnon of Strath, or Strathardill,, between whom and the first possessors of the estate several generations must have intervened, was master of the household of John, Lord of the Isles, between 1300 and 1350- 4. Lachlan na Foganach, 1385. 288 MA CKINNON. 5. Lachlan na Thiomlaid, or the Barterer, 1409. So called from having exchanged some valuable lands in Mull for the Island of Scalpa with MacLean of Duart. 6. NiEL Bhui. Yellow-haired Neil. 7. Lachlan Bhan. Fair-haired Lachlan, 1493. 8. NiEL Bhan. Fair-haired Neil, 1515- 9. EwEN Rhuadh na Cath. Fighting, red-haired Ewen, 1545. A celebrated warrior, who fought several battles with the MacLeans in defence of his lands in Mull. 10. Lachlan Dhu. Black-haired Lachlan, 1570 to 1580. He had four sons, — Lachlan, .his successor; Tearnach Skeanach, Charles of Skye ; John, head of the MacKinnons of Kyle ; and Ewen, who left no descendants. 11. Lachlan Og, whose only son and successor was — 12. Sir Lachlan MacKinnon of Strathardill, often mentioned in records of council. He possessed the estates 1600-1630, and was succeeded by his only son, • — 13. John, who married a daughter of MacLean of Coll. He had one son, — 14. Lachlan Mhore, Big Lachlan. He held the estates between 1640 and 1 71 1, and married first a daughter of MacLean of Duart, by whom he had a son John, who died before himself, but left a son John, who succeeded to the chieftainship. He had another son, named Donald, who left Skye in consequence of a quarrel with his father on the hunting-field, and no trace of him afterward was ever obtained. It was believed by some that he was identical with a Donald, or Daniel, MacKinnon of Antigua, who occupied a distinguished position there in the early part of the eighteenth century. Through him his descendant, William Alexander MacKinnon, M.P., claims the chieftainship. Lachlan Mhore married, secondly, a niece of the Laird of MacLeod, by whom he had a son, John MacKinnon of Mishnish, whose posterity is now extinct. 15. John MacKinnon, or MacKinnon Dhu, grandson of Lachlan Mhore, succeeded in 171 1. He married a daughter of Archbishop Sharp, by whom he had a son John, hereafter mentioned. He was attainted for being engaged in the Stuart rebellion of 1715, having been MA CKINNON. 2 89 with his clan along with the MacDonalds of Sleat at the battle of Sheriffmuir. Though still under attainder, he was engaged in the rebel- lion of 1745 (he was at CuUoden with two hundred of his clan), and was instrumental in enabling Prince Chirles Edward to effect his escape from the west coast to France. His estates were confiscated, and pur- chased by the Laird of Grant, an ancient ally of the family, who, in 1728, conveyed them in trust, — i, to John MacKinnon the younger, son of the attainted chief, and his heirs-male ; 2, to any sons the chief might have by a second marriage ; 3, to John MacKinnon of Mishnish and his heirs-male. John MacKinnon the younger died in 1737 with- out male issue, when John MacKinnon of Mishnish took possession of the lands. But the old chief married again in 1743, was out in the rebellion in 1745, was arrested in 1746, and taken a prisoner to London. After his return home, he had two sons, — Charles, who succeeded to the title and estates ; and Lachlan, who died in Jamaica, unmarried. The old chief died in 1755, and was succeeded by — 16. Charles MacKinnon, who sold the estates of Mishnish and Slrathardill. He married Alexandra, a daughter of MacLeod of Mac- Leod, and had an only son John, who succeeded. 17. John MacKinnon, the last of the family of Kilmorie, died in Leith, unmarried, in 1808. He was the last in the line of succession from Lachlan, eldest son of Lachlan Dhu (10). The tradition is that twenty-nine chiefs in all had intervened between Findon, son of Prince MacGregor MacAlpin, and the last-named John ; but no record of twelve of them exists. The line of succession being now changed to the heirs- male of Tearlach Skeanach (Charles of Skye), the second son of Lachlan Dhu, who left numerous descendants in the male line, 18. Lachlan MacKinnon, of Corry and Letterfearn, became chief. He was the son of Charles MacKinnon by his wife Flora, daughter of Mrs. Ann MacAlister. In 1 794 he married Ann MacRae, and had sons Lachlan, Charles, Farquhar, Alexander Kenneth, Kenneth, and eight daughters. He died in 1828, and was succeeded by his eldest son, — 19. Lachlan MacKinnon of Corry and Letterfearn, who married Catharine MacDougall, and had issue five daughters. He died in 1836, and was succeeded by his brother, — 290 FLORA MACDONALD. 20. Charles MacKwnon. He married Henrietta Stadd, and had issue eight daughters. He died in 1873. His brother Farquhar died in 1825 without male heirs. Alexander Kenneth also died in 1871. He married, in 1826, Flora Downie, and by her had one son, Alister, who died in i860, and one daughter, Annabella, who married Admiral Rutherford. Alexander Kenneth MacKinnon married secondly, in 1 841, Barbara, daughter of Capt. Daniel Reid of the royal navy, and had four daugh- ters, — Flora Downie, Katharine, Annie Flora, and Charlotte ; and four sons, — Lauchlan Charles, born in 1848, Daniel, Charles, and Thomas MacKenzie. The eldest surviving son of Alexander Kenneth succeeded to the chieftainship. 2 r . Lauchlan Charles MacKinnon of Melbourne, Australia. He married, first, Bessie, widow of Mr. Auketell Jones. She died in 1874. Mr. MacKinnon married next Emily Grace Bundock MacKinnon, the niece and adopted daughter of his cousin, Lauchlan MacKinnon of Elfordleigh, Devonshire, and has issue : i. Lauchlan, born in Australia, 1877; 2. Barbara Emily, born in London, 1878; 3. Annie, born in Australia, 1882. One of the traditions that linger around the old MacKinnon home- stead at Argyle is of the relationship of Ranald MacKinnon to the cele- brated Flora MacDonald, — "a name," wrote Dr. Johnson, when, in 1772, he made her personal acquaintance, "that will be remembered in history, and, if courage and fidelity be virtues, mentioned with honor.'' Whether there was a blood relationship, cannot here be determined, but researches disclose these facts : — Flora MacDonald was the daughter of Ranald MacDonald of Milton, in the Island of South Uist, born in 1722. She had one brother, Angus. Her father died when she was about two years old ; and eight years afterward her mother married Hugh MacDonald of Sleat, in Skye. In 1750, Flora married Allan MacDonald, son of Alexander Mac- Donald of Kingsburg, Skye. Her husband had a sister Ann, who mar- ried Ranald MacAlister. Flora was bridesmaid, and said afterward that upon that occasion she and Allan became attached. " Although not absolutely engaged by word of mouth, yet we felt we thoroughly understood each other." FLORA MACDOA'ALD 29 1 Ann MacAlister had a daughter Flora ] and, oeing herself left a widow, she married Lachlan MacKinnon of Corry, in Skye, the fifth in descent from Tearlach Skeanach, whose eldest son by a previous mar- riage, Charles MacKinnon, afterward married Flora MacAlister ; and the only son of Charles and Flora was Lachlan MacKinnon of Corry and Letterfearn (18 above), the first chief in the new line. Flora MacDonald inspired Flora Maclvor in " VVaverley ; " and Flora's "Battle Song" represents the welcome which met Prince Charles Edward Stuart when, on July 25, 1745, encouraged by promises of support from the King of France, and accompanied by a few faithful followers, he landed at Boradale, on the south-west corner of Inverness, to make another effort to recover the throne for his father, Jajies III., and the House of Stuart. THE BATTLE SONG. There is mist on the mountain, and night on the vale ; But more dark is the sleep of the sons of the Gael. A stranger commanded — it sunk on the land : It has frozen each heart, and benumbed every hand. The dirk and the target lie sordid with dust; The bloodless claymore is but reddened with rust; On the hill or the glen; if a gun should appear, It is only to war with the heathcock or deer. The deeds of our sires if our bards should rehear.se. Let a flash or a blow be the meed of their verse ! Be mute every string, and be hushed every tone. That shall bid us remember the fame that is flown ! But the dark hours of night and of slumbers are past; The morn on our mountains is dawning at last ; Glenaladale's peaks are illumed with the rays. And the streams of Glenfinnan leap bright in the blaze. O high-minded Moray! — the exiled! — the dear! In the blush of the dawning the standard uprear ! Wide, wide in the winds of the North let it fly, Like the sun's latest flash when the tempest is nigh ! 292 THE BATTLE SONG. Ye sons of the strong, when that dawning shall break, Need the harp of the aged remind you to wake ? That dawn never beamed on your forefather's eye, But it roused each high chieftain to vanquish or die. Oh ! sprung from the kings who in Islay kept state, Proud chiefs of Clan-Ranald, Glengarry, and Sleat, Combine like three streams from one mountain of snow. And, resistless in union, rush down on the foe ! True son of Sir Ewan, undaunted Lochiel, Place thy targe on thy shoulder, and burnish thy steel ! Rough Keppoch, give breath to thy bugle's bold swell. Till far Corryarroch resound to the knell ! Stern son of Lord Kenneth, high Chief of Kintail, Let the stag in thy standard bound wild in the gale ! May the race of Clan-Gillean, the fearless and free, Remember Glenlivat, Harlaw, and Dundee ! Let the clan of gray Fingon, whose offspring; has given Such heroes to earth and such martyrs to heaven, Unite with the race of renowned Rorri More, To launch the long galley, and stretch to the oar ! How MacShimei will joy when their chief shall display The yew-crested bonnet o'er tresses of gray ! How the race of wronged Alpine and murdered Glencoe Shall shout for revenge when they pour on the foe ! Ye sons of brown Dermid, who slew the wild boar. Resume the pure faith of the great Galium More ! MacNiel of the Islands, and Moy of the Lake, For honor, for freedom, for vengeance awake ! Awake on your hills, on your islands awake, Brave sons of the mountain, the frith, and the lake ! 'Tis the bugle — but not for the chase is the call! 'Tis the pibroch's shrill summons — but not for the hall! CHARLES EDWARD STUART. 293 'Tis the summons of heroes for conquest or death, When the banners are blazing on mountain and heath : They call to the dirk, the claymore, and the targe, To the march and the muster, the line and the charge ! Be the brand of each chieftain like Fin's in his ire! May the blood through his veins flow like currents of fire ! Burst the base foreign yoke as your sires did of yore. Or die like your sires, and endure it no more ! After a series of successes, and the defeat and rout of the royal troops by Charles Edward and his three or four thousand brave High- landers, who at one time marched within a hundred miles of London, spreading consternation throughout England, on the i6th of April, 1746, they were defeated at Culloden by an overwhelming force of Argyle- shire Highlanders, Lowland Militia, and English troops. For the next five months, his troops having dispersed, Charles was a fugitive, pursued through the Highlands and islands with a price of thirty thousand pounds set upon his head ; and although his secret places of concealment were intrusted to more than fifty persons, some of them of lowly station, who knew that by betraying him they might thenceforth live in afHuence, Charles was at last taken on board of a French ship, and safely landed on the coast of Brittany. It so happened, while Charles was on the Long Island, — that having been at first considered a safer retreat than any to be found on the main land, and offering better opportunities for an escape to France, — that Flora MacDonald was there also, having gone over from Skye to visit her brother Angus, who occupied her old home at Milton, South Uist. The islands were at that time filled with bodies of the royal troops in pursuit of the fugitive, and ships of war hovered everywhere about the coasts to prevent his escape by sea. It was then that Flora, having, at her own earnest request, been favored with an interview with the prince at his place of concealment in an old building belonging to her brother a mile or two distant among the hills, conceived the design of assisting in his escape ; and in its execution she was aided by the counsel and support of Mrs. MacDonald of Ormaclade. Says Sir Walter Scott in " Waverley," " It is but too well known how many gentlemen of rank, 294 CHARLES EDWARD STUART. education, and fortune, took a concern in the ill-fated and desperate nndertaking of 1745. The ladies, also, of Scotland, very generally espoused' the cause of the gallant and handsome young prince, who threw himself upon the mercy of his countrymen, rather like the hero of romance than a calculating politician." Capt. Hugh MacDonald, Flora's stepfather, was on Long Island in command of a body of the royal troops ; and, by a successful stratagem, a passport was procured from him to enable Flora and a female servant to return home to Skye. Her friend, Mrs. MacDonald, furnished a six- oared boat ; and Flora, accompanied by her own and her brother's faithful friend, Niel MacEachern, who had been their companion from childhood, and with the prince disguised as a female servant in a garb suppHed by Mrs. MacDonald, left Beubecula on June 28 at eight o'clock at night; and, crossing over in a rainstorm and gale of wind, they arrived on the coast of Skye the next morning, landing upon the property of Sir Alex- ander MacDonald, the chief man in that part of the island, who was favorable to the house of Hanover, but who, as Flora had discovered, was away from home. Flora, however, knew that the prince had a friend in Lady Margaret, and so set off to see her, leaving the prince in the boat. Upon consulta- tion with Lady Margaret and MacDonald of Kingsburg, Flora's future father-in-law, who chanced to be on a visit to Lady Margaret, and who was favorable to the prince, it was decided that the prince should be taken to MacLeod of Raasay, and in the mean time, until MacLeod could be communicated with, ' that Kingsburg should give him shelter. So Flora conducted Kingsburg to the prince. " I am MacDonald of Kingsburg, come to serve your Highness.'' — "Ah ! that's well," said the prince. "And now," rejoined Kingsburg, "while you are eating what I've brought in this basket, — there's some capital whiskey too, — I will tell your Highness the plan proposed by Lady Margaret, after which the sooner we set forward, the better." The prince and MacDonald then went to Kingsburg House, where Flora and MacEachern soon joined them, the boat having been 'sent back to Long Island. The next afternoon the prince. Flora, Kingsburg, and MacEachern proceeded across the island to Portree, where they CHARLES EUWARD STUART. 29S found Malcolm MacLeod with his boat in waiting. Flora resigned her charge to Malcolm, and they crossed over to the Island of Raasay. " At parting," Flora says in the Autobiography to her Granddaughter Maggie, " the prince turned aside for a moment to hide the tears which gathered in his clear blue eyes, and then (dear Maggie, I am bound to confess the truth) he did give me a kiss on the cheek, which royal salute I shall ever consider an honor never to be erased from my memory. He also took a friendly farewell of worthy MacEachern, little dreaming that the honest man would afterward accompany him to France." Not long afterward. Flora was arrested on a charge of having aided the escape of the prince, and was taken on board of a man-of-war. She was courteously received by Gen. Campbell in the state cabin, and was afterward permitted, under escort, to visit her mother, and take back with her a faithful servant, Katie MacDowel, as a companion in her im- prisonment. In November they were transferred to another ship, and sent to London ; and on board this ship Flora was surprised to meet Malcolm MacLeod, who had been arrested on a similar charge. In London, Jlora was treated more like a heroine than a prisoner. She was permitted to receive many friendly attentions from the Jacobite ladies; and when released, in July, 1747, she was loaded down with valuable presents, and provided with a carriage and horses to take her back to Scotland. Malcolm, who was also released in the general amnesty of 1747, was her companion on the journey home. A rare book is — " A Genuine and True Journal of the most miraculous escape of the Young Chevalier, from the Battle of CuUoden to his landing in France. Taken from the Mouths and Journals of the very Persons who assisted him therein. Partly wrote in London and partly in Scotland. To which is added. A Short Account of what befel the Prince in France, and of the manner of taking him Prisoner and of sending him to Avignon. Together with a Brief Relation of what became of some of those who composed his Army. By An Englishman, London, 1749." The following is the Englishman's narration of the prince's adven- tures from the time Flora left him with Malcolm MacLeod until he reached the coast of France. 296 CHARLES EDWARD STUART. " Early in the morning of July i, the prince, with Capt. Malcolm and his party, arrived safe in Raasay, six miles distant. On July 3, the prince proposed going to Troternish, in Skye ; and, Malcolm with him in the boat, they reached there the same night, Malcolm remaining alone with the prince, the rest of the party returning to Raasay. " On the morning of July 4, the prince and Malcolm started into the country ; the captain passing for the master, and the prince for the man, whenever they saw any person, or came near any village. They marched through the worst ways in Europe, going over hills, wild moors, and glens, without halting, till they arrived at Ellagol, near to Kilmorie, in Strath ; and next to a place, in some maps called Ord, in the Laird of MacKinnon's country, and not far from where that laird lived, having walked twenty-four miles at least. " As they were approaching Strath, MacKinnon's country, the cap- tain suggested to the prince that now he was coming to a country where he would be known, and therefore might be discovered in every corner of it, as MacKinnon's men had been out in his service, and that therefore he must be more disguised. To do which the prince put on a napkin, and his bonnet over it, putting his wig in his pocket. ' But nothing,' said Malcolm, ' could disguise his majestic mien and carriage.' " They no sooner were in Strath than they met two of MacKinnon's men who had been out with them in the expedition. They stared at the prince, and soon knew him ; and, with Kfted-up hands, they burst into tears upon seeing him in such distress. The captain desired they would take care what they did, and compose themselves ; for otherwise they would discover who the prince was by their concern. Which they complied with as well as they could. And then Malcolm, swearing them to secrecy, dismissed them ; and they proved faithful. " Being come near the place they proposed going to, Malcolm told the prince that he had a sister married to one John MacKinnon, a cap- tain in the prince's army. And then he advised the prince to sit down at a little distance from the house, whilst he (the captain) went into the house, and should inquire of his sister, or her husband, whether any of their enemies were in that neighborhood in quest of him ; and likewise to know whether he, Malcolm, could be safe there with her, telling the prince he was still to pass as his servant, Lewis Caw. CHARLES EDWARD STUART. 297 " Malcolm went and found his sister at home, but her husband was out. And after the usual compliments at meeting, he told her that he was come to stay some little time there, provided there was no party of the military people about them, and that he could be safe. She gave him a suitable answer ; and then he told her he had no person along with him except one Lewis Caw, son of Mr. Caw, surgeon in Crief, who had been out in the late affair, and consequently in the same situation with himself. She very readily agreed to take him and Lewis Caw into the house. "After some refreshments which were set before them, both the prince and the captain went to sleep. During which time the captain's sister went to the top of the hill to keep watch, lest they should be surprised. . . . " The captain, hearing his brother-in-law was coming, went out to meet him. After usual ceremonies, Malcolm asked him if he saw those ships-of-war (pointing to them) that were hovering about the coast. ' Yes,' said Mr. MacKinnon. ' What,' said Malcolm, ' if the prince be on board one of them ? ' — ' God forbid ! ' replied MacKinnon. ' What,' said Malcolm, ' if he were here ? John, do you think he would be safe here? ' — ' I wish we had him here,' replied John ; ' for he would be safe enough, and nothing would hurt him here.' — ' Well, then,' said Malcolm, ' he is now in your house. But when you go in, you must not take any notice of him, lest the servants may observe you ; for he passes as one Lewis Caw, my servant.' John promised very fair. But he no sooner saw the prince in that condition than he burst into a flood of tears, which Malcolm observing, obliged John to retire. " When the prince and Malcolm were alone, they began to consult how the prince was to get to the Continent of Scotland ; and both agreed not to let the Laird of MacKinnon know of their being there, on account of his being so old. They then called John MacKinnon, and desired him go and procure a boat, as if for Malcolm only, and made John promise not to communicate any thing of what he had heard or seen to the laird, if he and John should chance to meet. " John, having his instructions, set forward ; but soon meeting with his old chieftain, he could not refrain letting him into the secret. The good old man, hearing John's relation, ordered him to give himself no 298 CHARLES EDWARD STUART. trouble about the boat, for that he, the laird, would provide a good one, and would soon be with the prince. "John returned, and told the prince what had happened, and that the laird would soon be with him. Malcolm then said to the prince, ' As the case now stands, it will be best to leave all to the management of the old gentleman, who will be firm to his trust.' " The prince, notwitlistanding this, was uneasy at the thought of parting with his faithful Malcolm. But Malcolm represented to the prince that as he, the captain, had been some time absent, the military people might pursue him on suspicion ; and, if so, he might be the cause of the prince being taken also. ' But if I return, and should be taken prisoner,' said Malcolm, 'which may very likely be the case, it will yet enable me to prevent so quick a pursuit after you ; because, as I am alone, I can tell my own tale without being confronted, and can send them upon a wrong scent. For myself,' continued Malcolm, ' I care not ; but for you I am much afraid. And, as I can do you more service by leaving than by staying with you, I desire you'll follow the Laird of MacKinnon's directions.' "The prince at last consented; and by this time the old gentleman got to them, and told them he had got the boat ready, upon which they set out for it directly ; being accompanied thither by John MacKinnon also, who even went with his laird to the continent of Scotland, and saw the prince safe landed there. "At parting, the prince presented Malcolm with a silver stock- buckle, embraced and saluted him twice, and, thanking him for what he had done, put ten guineas into his hand, which the captain refused ; but the prince forced him to take them. Here, also, the prince, having got a better pipe, had no further occasion for the short one, which was black with use, and was called the Cutty. This Malcolm took, and some time after gave it to a friend of his in England. "Having taken leave of Malcolm, the prince, the old laird of MacKinnon, John MacKinnon, and the boatmen, all went on board on the evening of Friday, the fourth day of July. " Capt. Malcolm returned home again, but was not many days there before he was taken prisoner. He was detained on board a ship ; and CHARLES EDWARD STUART. 299 in November, 1746,116 was conveyed to London, and there kept until July, 1747, and was then discharged without being asked any questions. He had cleared himself of taking arms in behalf of the prince by surrendering with his men according to the Duke of Cumberland's proclamation. He and Miss Mac Donald returned to Scodand together. All this account was given by Capt. Malcolm MacLeod himself, and was wrote down as he dictated. . . . " I observed that the prince left the island for the continent of Scotland on the 4th of July, under the care of the old Laird of Mac- Kinnon. The night proved tempestuous, and the coast was very dangerous. They also met a boat in which were some armed militia, with whom they spoke ; and, as the militia did not much exceed their own number, the prince and party resolved to make all the head they could, and to fight in case they had been attacked. But, in spite of all these dangers, they landed safe at Moidart, being about thirty miles from the place they set out from, and went again to Angus MacDonald's house at Boradale, where the prince changed his dress, and sent for MacDonald of Glenaladale, of Clanranald family. " After having landed the prince, the Laird of MacKinnon took his leave, and set forward on his return home, but was taken prisoner on his passage back (so close was the prince pursued), and was conveyed into the Thames by sea, and there, parti)- on board ship, and partly in Tilbury Fort, was kept a close prisoner. " The prince remamed in the country, removing from place to place, until about Sept. 15, when with Lochiel, among the hills between the Braes, of Badenoch and .Athol, two of his friends came to tell him that two French ships had arrived at Moidart. Upon this the prince set out the night following, and at the same dme sent to inform others who were secreted in different places. Some arrived at the place appointed in time ; but several, by some accident or other, had not that good fortune. The prince, after seeing his friends on board both ships, embarked, on Sept. 20, on board the Bellona of St. Malo ; and on the 2gth of same month, after a pleasant voyage, though narrowly escaping Admiral Lestock's squadron, they reached the coast of Bretagne." Mr. Keltie's account is a little more explicit in what took place after 300 FLORA MACDONALD. the passage in the boat from Skye. He says the prince and party landed at Litde Mallech in the night of July 4, on the south side of Loch Nevish, between Morar and Moidart, and secreted themselves for a few days on the banks of the loch, while John MacKinnon went in search of pardes to take charge of the prince until a ship arrived from France. The old laird was unwilling to leave the prince ; but, on account of his age, the prince requested him to return home. He took his leave on July 7, was arrested before he reached home, and taken to London. On the loth of July, John MacKinnon left the prince with " honest old .^Eneas MacDonald of Boradale ; " and soon after his return to Skye, he, too, was arrested, taken to London, and kept there until July, 1747. Flora MacDonald married Allan MacDonald in November, 1750 ; and in 1 766 they had seven children, — Charles, Ann, Alexander, Ranald, James, John, and Fanny. In 1774, Flora, with her husband and children, except the two youngest, John and Fanny, who were left with friends at home, emigrated to North Carolina, where many of their friends and neighbors had previously gone, and where Mr. MacDonald purchased an estate upon the borders of Richmond County. In the American rebelHon of 1776, the Highlanders were loyal to the British Government. They organized a regiment called the North- Carolina Highlanders, under Gen. Donald MacDonald, with Allan as one of the captains. Major Samuel Andrews of Tusket, as will be remembered, was commissioned as lieutenant in the North-Carolina Highlanders ; and Capt. Jesse Gray, afterward of Argyle, and the ancestor of the Grays of Kemptville, was attached to the same regiment. At the close of the war, disappointed with their life in America, the family returned to Skye ; Flora's daughter Ann having, meanwhile, married Major MacLeod, afterward a distinguished general; and her sons Charles, Ranald, Alexander, and James having joined the public service, — Charles, the " Queen's Rangers " at New York, and James,, the " Highland Emigrant Regiment,'' under Col. Tarleton, which had the unhappy experience at Port Mouton. Alexander joined the navy, and was lost at sea ; and John was a distinguished engineer in the FLORA MACDONALD. 301 East-India Company's service. Ranald went into the navy; and Fanny married Donald MacDonald, son of Flora's half-sister, Annabella. Flora MacDonald died in Skye, on March 5, 1790, and was buried at Kilmuir in Troternish. Her husband survived her two years. Her youngest son, Lieut.-Col. John MacDonald, had originally sent to Skye a tombstone to his mother's memory, upon which were inscribed the appropriate words of Dr. Johnson ; but it was utterly destroyed by tourists taking away pieces of the marble as relics. In i860, a great-grandson of Flora, Major John MacDonald, had another tombstone set up to mark her last resting-place, with this inscription ; — " In the history of Scotland and England is recorded the name of her by whose memory this tablet is rendered sacred ; and mankind will consider that in Flora MacDonald was united the calm, heroic fortitude of a man with the unselfish devotion of a woman. Under Providence she saved Prince Charles Edward Stuart from death on a scaffold, thus preventing the house of Hanover incurring the blame of an impoHtic judicial murder." Niel MacDonald MacEachern, who accompanied Flora in the boat, soon afterward rejoined Prince Charles, and went with him in the ship to France. At his royal master's request, Niel was appointed lieutenant in Ogilvie's Regiment of the Scotch Brigade in the service of France. He married a French lady ; and his son became one of Napoleon's greatest generals, Marshal MacDonald. Prince Charles Edward Stuart died in January, 1788, in his sixty- eighth year, and was entombed in the Cathedral of St. Peter's at Rome. , By the death of Charles, Prince Henry Stuart, Cardinal York, became entitled to his brother's rights in the sovereignty of Great Britain. George III. allowed him four thousand pounds per annum, — a pension he enjoyed until his death in 1807, in his eighty-third year. He was the last of his race ; and he bequeathed, as Henry Stuart, to George IV., then Prince of Wales, the crown jewels of his grandfather, James IL, among which was the Order of the Garter as worn by Charles I. The cardinal's death made George III. King of Great Britain by inheritance from the house of Stuart. 302 THE LAST OF THE STUARTS. Over the remains of James III., Charles III., and Henry IX., kings of Great Britain, a monument has been erected in St. Peter's at Rome, at the expense of the house of Hanover. It bears this inscription : — JACOBO III. JACOBI II, MAGNCE BRIT : REGIS FILIO ; KAROLO EDWARDO, ET HENRICO, DECANO PATRUM CARDIN.4LIUM, JACOBI III, FILIIS; REGICE STIRPIS STUARDICE POSTREMIS. ANNO MDCCCXIX. BEATI MORTUI QUI IN DOMINO MORIUNTUR. CHAPTER XVII. First Nova-Scotia Parliament in 175S. — How constituted. — Queens County established in 1762, including Liverpool, Barrington, and Yarmouth. — ^Yarmouth's Representatives down to 17S4, when Shelburne County was established. — The "Long Parliament. — Septennial Bill passed in 1792. — Yarmouth's Representatives down to 1836, when Yarmouth County was set off from Shelburne. — Quadrennial Bill passed in 1838. — Duration of Parliaments and Representatives from Yarmouth County from 1836 to 1886. — Executive Councillors from Yarmouth. — Legislative Councillors. — Sheriffs and Deputies. — Custodes and Justices of the Peace 1761-1886. — Clerks of the Peace and Treasurers. — Municipal Council 1856-1858. — Municipal Council Yarmouth and Argyle 1880 to 1S86. — Probate Judges. — Registrars of Deeds. — Postmasters. — Crown Land Surveyors. — Collectors of Customs and Tide- Waiters. — Lloyd's and Consular Agents, etc. THE first Nova-Scotia Parliament was elected in 1758, consisting of twenty-two members, — sixteen from the Province at large, four from Halifax, and two from Lunenburg. It held two sessions, and was dissolved. The second Parliament was elected in November, 1759; but the basis of representation was changed. Halifax, Lunenburg, Annapolis, Kings, and Cumberland Counties returned each two mem- bers ; Halifax Township returned four ; and the townships of Lunenburg, Annapolis, Horton, and Cumberland, two members each, making a total of twenty-two. Malachy Salter was in this Parliament, returned for Halifax. He was a justice of the peace and collector of excise. This Parliament also held two sessions, and was dissolved by the death, in October, 1760, of George II. 1761, July. — Third Parliament met. Malachy Salter was re-elected from Halifax; and Liverpool sent two members, — Benjamin Gerrish and Nathan Tupper ; the representation of the other districts remaining as before. 1762, July. — Council recommended that Liverpool, Barrington, and Yarmouth be constituted the County of Queens, and be entitled to elect two members to Parliament. 304 FIRST NOVA-SCOTIA PARLIAMENTS. ^1^5i January. — The third Parliament, having held five sessions, was dissolved. The representation had again been changed ; and it had been " further enacted that all townships, on proof that they consist of fifty families each, shall have a writ for the return of one member to represent them in the General Assembly." But royal instructions were 'soon received directing the governor not to act on this clause without His Majesty's consent. The qualification for a candidate or an elector at that time was that he should be twenty-one years of age, not a Papist, and be a freeholder of the district where an election was to be held. 1765, May. — -The fourth Parliament met, consisting of twenty-seven members. Halifax County sent four members ; and Kings, Queens, Lunenburg, Cumberland, and Annapolis two each ; Halifax Township sent two members ; and Truro, Onslow, Cornwallis, Horton, Falmouth, Newport, Liverpool, Lunenburg, Annapolis, Granville, and Cumberland Townships each sent one member. William Smith and Simeon Perkins were returned for Queens County. Malachy Salter was not elected. 1766, June. — Second session, fourth Parliament. This Act was passed : " Whereas for want of roads and the distance between Liverpool, Barrington, Yarmouth, etc., it is hereby enacted that Courts of the Genl. Sessions of the Peace shall and may be held within the Township of Yarmouth on the first Tuesday in April, and in the Township of Barring- ton on the first Tuesday of November in every year ; and any three or more of the Justices of the Peace of Queens County shall and may hold the same Courts which shall have all the powers already granted unto Courts of G. S. of the Peace." 1766, Oct. 24. — Parliament met. Malachy Salter took his seat for Yarmouth. A native of New England, and extensively engaged in the fisheries, Mr. Salter had often visited Nova-Scotia harbors before the settlement of Halifax in 1749. He was the great-grandfather of Beamish Murdoch, author of the " History of Nova Scotia." "The History of Medford, Mass.," published by the Rand Avery Company in 1886, contains a. fac-simile of the handwriting of Malachy Salter in a receipt to the following purport : — Medford, October 3d, 1777. Reed, of Mrs. Abigail Brooks Nine pounds Twelve Shillings lawful money in Gold Coin which I promise to deliver to Mr. Edward Brooks at Halifax in Nova Scotia (Danger of the seas excepted). Witness my hand : Malachy Salter. £.9 12- o- MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT. 305 1767, July I. — House met, Francis White returned for Barring- ton. This Act was passed : " Whereas sundry evil-minded persons have presumed not only to take possession of ungranted lands in this Province, but also, without leave from Government, to encourage igno- rant persons to settle on said lands without obtaining any grant thereof, which practices are highly offensive to the honor and dignity of the Crown : Be it therefore enacted that any person that shall presume to occupy such lands in any manner whatever without leave in writing first obtained from the Governor, Lieut.-Governor, or Commander-in-Chief, shall upon conviction be adjudged to forfeit and pay ^50." 1770. — The fourth Parliament, having held eight sessions, was dis- solved early in this year. Malachy Salter attended the session of 1768, but not afterward in this House. 1770, June 2. — First session, fifth Parliament. Neither Barring- ton nor Yarmouth was represented. William Smith and Simeon Perkins were re-elected for Queens County. 1771, June 6. — Parliament met. Richard Gibbons took his seat for Barrington. The Township of Argyle was established, and this Act was passed : " Whereas it is necessary that provision should be made for defraying the expenses of the Representatives in the General Assembly ; Be it enacted, therefore, that to such Representatives as shall apply for the same, shall be paid five shillings per day for each day during their attendance, and for the time necessarily expended in journeying to and from thence. The Counties shall pay from their own treasuries the County Members, and the towns the Township Members." The sessions at this period averaged about thirty days. 1772, June 9. — House met. Malachy Salter, having been again elected, attended this session for the last time as member for Yarmouth. 1774, Oct. 6. — John Filhs returned for Barrington. The seat of John .Crawley, member for Yarmouth, declared vacant. It does not appear that Mr. Crawley attended either session. 1775, June 10. — House met. James Monk, solicitor-general, took his seat for Yarmouth. An address to the King from the House of Assembly, passed June 24, 1775, suggests, "That the fittest tax to be raised in the Colony would be a duty of so much per cent upon all commodities imported into the Province, not being the produce of the 306 MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT. British Dominions in Europe and America, and that the rate be fixed every ten years : That the Customs Officers be paid a sufficient salary and forbidden absolutely from taking any fee in any case whatever : That no native of the Province be appointed as Governor or Lieut.-Governor : That the Members of the Legislative Council be appointed for Ufe : That the election of Representatives be triennial and by ballot ; that the day be fixed by law, and that all Officers of the Government be prohibited from interfering in elections under severe and heavy penalties : That the Judges be appointed from England and hold office during good behav- ior : That a Recorder of Deeds be appointed for every County and not a Deputy to a Principal residing elsewhere : That the most respectable members of the community be appointed to the Commission of the Peace." These, when viewed in connection with what was then happening in the Colony of Massachusetts Bay, appear reasonable and sensible pro- ceedings. The address goes on : — " Most benign King, Your Majesty was graciously pleased to grant tracts of land in this Province upon various conditions of settlement and the payment of quit rents ; many of the conditions of settlement were impracticable, and others so expensive that the Grantees were not fully able to effect them. We humbly pray to be exonerated from these severe conditions, and that you will graciously limit the power of the Court of Escheat to defaults in the payment of quit rents only. This House is sorry to observe that most cruel use has been made of the power of escheating land, even to depriving two old Officers of the gra- tuity given them by Your Majesty for nearly forty years of Military ser- vice, and that to gratify two domestics of that Governor who ordered the escheatment." 1776, June. — Ninth session, fifth Parliament. James Monk's seat for Yarmouth was declared vacant. He had removed to Quebec, and afterward became chief justice of Lower Canada, and was knighted. Sir James Monk died in England in 1826, aged eighty-two. His father, James Monk, related to the Duke of Albemarle, was one of the first settlers of Halifax, and, in 1752, was judge of the Court of Common Pleas. Yarmouth did not fill the vacant seat until 1780, when Richard Cunningham was elected. MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT. 307 1783, Oct. 6. — House met: sixteenth session, fifth Parliament. Richard Cunningham was elected clerk of the House at a salary of a hundred pounds, vice Isaac Deschamps elevated to the council. The seat for Yarmouth was thereby declared vacant. 1784, Nov. I. — House met : seventeenth and last session. This was called the " Long Parliament," it having existed for fourteen years. Yarmouth Township was not represented at this session. Shelburne County was set off from Queens, with the right to elect two members for the county, and one each for Shelburne, Barrington, and Yarmouth Townships. 1785, November. — General election. Alexander Leckie and Charles MacNiel were returned for the county, Isaac Wilkins for the Township of Shelburne, and Samuel Sheldon Poole for Yarmouth Township. 1792. — The Septennial Bill was passed, limiting the term of Par- liament to seven years, to correspond with that of the British Parliament. 1793. — General election. S. S. Poole returned for Yarmouth Township, Stephen Skinner and James Humphreys for Shelburne County, and Colin Campbell for the township. 1799. — General election. George Gracie and James Cox returned for Shelburne County, Colin Campbell for Shelburne Township, and Nathan Utley for Yarmouth Township. 1804. — S. S. Poole elected vice Nathan Utley, deceased. 1806. — General election. Jacob Van Buskirk and James Lent, sen., returned for Shelburne County, Colin Campbell for Shelburne Township, and S. S. Poole for Yarmouth Township. 181 1. — General election. The old members were returned for the county and township of Shelburne, and Samuel Marshall for Yarmouth Township; 1814. — S. S. Poole elected vice Samuel Marshall, deceased. 1818. — General election. John Bingay and Abram Lent returned for Shelburne County, and S. S. Poole for Yarmouth Township. 1819. — On Feb. 16, Mr. Shaw, member for Granville, introduced a bill " to suppress the multiplicity of dogs." 1820. — King George III. died in January, and Parliament was dissolved. At the general election, John Bingay and John MacKinnon 308 MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT. were returned for Shelburne County, Jared J. Chipman for the township, and S. S. Poole for Yarmouth Township. 1825, March 5. — Thomas Crowell toolc his seat for Shelburne Township vice Jared J. Chipman, appointed first judge of the Court of Common Pleas for the eastern division of the Province. 1826. — General election. John MacKinnon and James B. Moody were returned for Shelburne County, Nathaniel W. White for the town- ship, John Homer for Barrington, and S. S. Poole for Yarmouth. 1828. — John Forman elected vice James B. Moody, deceased. 1830, Feb. 17. — Mr. Forman presented a petition to the Legisla- ture for a grant to aid in erecting a breakwater at Kelley's Cove ; also a petition from the trustees of Yarmouth Academy for a grant to that institution. 1830. — -George IV. died in June, and Parliament was dissolved. At the general election in November, John Forman and Herbert Huntington were returned for Shelburne County, S. S. Poole for Yarmouth Township. 1832. — Abram Lent was elected vice John Forman, deceased. 1835. — Reuben Clements elected vice Samuel S. Poole, de- ceased. 1836. — Yarmouth County was set off from Shelburne with the right to return one county and two township members. At the gen'eral election in November, Herbert Huntington was returned for the county, and Reuben Clements for the Township of Yarmouth ; Simon D'Entremont for the Township of Argyle. 1838. — The Quadrennial Bill was passed. 1840. — General election. The old members were returned for, the County and Township of Yarmouth, and John Ryder for Argyle. 1843. — General election. The former members were returned. 1847. — General election. Herbert Huntington was returned for the county, and Thomas Killam for Yarmouth Township ; John Ryder for Argyle. 185 1. — General election. Mr. Huntington, through failing health, retired from public life. Thomas Killam succeeded as county member ; Jesse Shaw was returned for the Township of Yarmouth, and John Ryder for Argyle. MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT. 309 1855. — General election. Thomas Killam returned for the county ; Nathan Moses for the Township of Yarmouth, and John Ryder for Argyle. 1859. — General election. Thomas Killam returned for the county; W. H. TowNSEND for the Township of Yarmouth, and John V. N. Hatfield for Argyle. 1863. — General election. Thomas Killam returned for the county ; George S. Brown for the Township of Yarmouth, and Isaac S. Hatiield for Argyle. 1866. — W. H. Townsend elected vice George S. Brown, resigned. . 1867, July I. — The British North-America Act established the Dominion of Canada in opposition to the expressed wishes of a very large majority of the electors of Nova Scotia. The term of the Canadian Parliament was fixed at five years ; that of the Nova-Scotia House of Assembly remained as before. Township representation was abolished ; and Yarmouth County was entitled to return one member to the House of Commons, and two to the Provincial Assembly. The general election for both Parliaments was held in September, 1867. Thomas Killam was returned to the House of Commons, W. H. Townsend and John K. Ryerson to the Local House. Every member of the old Parliament who had voted for confederation, and offered for re-election to either House, was rejected, with two exceptions, — Charles Tapper, who was returned for Cumberland by an insignificant majority, and Hiram Blanchard for Inverness. 1869. — Frank Killam elected vice Thomas Killam, deceased. 1 87 1. — Nova Scotia general election. W. H. Townsend and Albert Gayton returned. 1872. — John K. Ryerson elected vice W. H. Townsend, resigned. 1872. — Dominion general election. Frank Killam returned. 1874. — The revelations of the "Pacific Railway Scandal" led to the defeat of the Tory Government and a new election in February. Frank Killam was re-elected. 1874, December. — Nova Scotia general election. Albert Gayton and John Lovitt returned. 1878. — General election for both Pariiaments. Frank Killam re- turned to the House of Commons; Albert Gayton and Joseph R. Kinney to the House of Assembly. 310 MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT. 1882, June. — General election for both Parliaments. Joseph R. Kinney returned for the House of Commons ; Albert Gayton and Thomas E. Corning for the House of Assembly. 1886, June 15. — Nova Scotia general election upon the declared issue of a Repeal of the Union. Notwithstanding a three-cornered contest in Yarmouth County, the candidates for repeal were elected by large majorities. Out of 2,445 votes, the largest number ever cast in a county election, William Law received 1,745, and Albert Gayton 1,643 j the opposing candidate 779. The result for the Province may be stated as follows ; Of the 18 counties, 16 return two members; Halifax and Pictou three members each, making a total of 38. Twelve counties, including Halifax, returned the 25 Liberal candidates. In five other counties the Liberals carried one of the seats, the Liberal candidate leading the poll, except in Pictou, where the leading Tory was followed by a Liberal, with a Tory coming in at the rear. In Victoria, one of these five couhties, Dr. Bethune, classed as " Independent Liberal," led the poll, followed by a plain Liberal. The Tories elected their two candidates in the single county of Cape Breton, where the protective duty on coal held sway. Out of the 38 members, therefore, 29 were elected as Liberal, or repeal candidates, 8 as Tories, and i. Dr. Bethune, as an "Independent Liberal." LEGISLATIVE COUNCILLORS. 1838, James Bond. 1842, Stayley Brown. 1877, Loran Ellis Baker. EXECUTIVE COUNCILLORS. Herbert Huntington was a member of the executive council, hold- ing the office of financial secretary, from 1848 until a few months before his death in 1851; Staylev Brown of the executive council, and receiver- general, from 1857 to i860; and again, with the office of pro- vincial treasurer, from 1875 until his death in 1877; Albert Gayton was of the executive council, and commissioner of public works and mines, from December, 1877, to October, 1878, and from July, 1882, to July, 1884. Mr. Gayton was chairman of the Board of Public Charities from July to October, 1878, and from July, 1882, to July, 1884. On Mr. Gayton's acceptance of public office in 1877 and 1882, he was returned for Yarmouth County by acclamation. SffER/FJ^S AND CUSTODES. Ill SHERIFFS. 1798. Thomas Crowell. 1850. Joseph Shaw. i8i8. George Hunter. 1866. William B. Townsend, 1823. John Bingay. 1871. William K. Dudman. 184S. Robert S. Eakins, sen. 1884. Thomas B. Flint. 1849. Joseph B. Bond. 1887. George H. Guest. DEPUTY SHERIFFS 1767. Elishama Eldridge. 1807. Samuel Tedford. 1790. Eleazer Hibbard. 1810. David Van Norden. 1792. Joseph N. Bond. 1811. George Paw. 1797- Thomas Dane. 1814. George Hunter. 1801. James Hatfield. 1818. George Bingay. 1804. Jacob Hatfield. CUSTODES. John Crawley. 1873- Nathan Moses. Samuel S. Poole. 1876. Nathan Hilton. Judge Ritchie. 1841. H. G. Parish. FOR ARGYLE. 1856. E. W. B. Moody. 1856. Abram Lent. 1863. W. H. Moody. 1872. Israel Harding. JUSTICES OF THE PEACE. There have been no less than 221 justices of the peace commissioned for Yarmouth and Argyle since the first settlement of the county. During the first twenty years there were 10 apppointed, — William Pring, Richard Lodge, Ebenezer Moulton, Stephen Moulton, John Crawley, Ranald MacKinnon, Ephraim Cook, Phineas Durkee,^John MacKinnon (Chebogue), and John Frost. During the next twenty years just 10 more were appointed, — Samuel S. Poole, Benjamin Barnard, Joshua Frost, Samuel Marshall, Job Hatfield, Robert Huston, James Kelley, Benoni D'Entremont, Nathaniel Richards, and Nathan Utley. A further analysis shows that from 1801 to 1838 inclusive, 21 were appointed; from 1838 to and including 1858, the new appointments increased to 29 ; from 1859 to 1878 inclusive, they reached the formid- able number of 127; while, since 1878, there have been but 24 new magistrates appointed. The following is the complete roll, alphabetically arranged for con- 312 JUSTICES OF THE PEACE. venient reference. It will be observed that the D'Entremonts hold the post of honor. Henri L. D'Entremont enjoys the singular distinction of having been commissioned in his twenty-second year : — 1848. Abbott, Reuben. 1859. Crawley, John, 2d. 1886. Allen, Adelbert. 1869. Crawley, John, 3d. 1874. Amirault, Jacques. 1859, Crosby, Nathan. 1874. Amirault, Leon V. 1859. Crosby, Benjamin P. 1870. Anderson, John C. 1859. Crosby, George. 1885. Annis, Benjamin. 1866. Crosby, Samuel. 1872. Archibald, E. E. 1866. Crosby, Richard T. 1859. Babin, Cyrille. 1871. Crosby, Thomas B. 1872. Babin, Urbain. 1875. Crosby, David. 1883. Babin, Jacques A. 1878. Crosby, James. ■835- Baker, Amos. 187S. Crosby, Harris H. 1786. Barnard, Benjamin. 1870. Dennis, Freeman. 1885. Bent, James C. 1792. D'Entremont, Benoni. 1819. Bingay, Benjamin. 1838. D'Entremont, Simon. I82I. Bingay, John. 1848. D'Entremont, Louis. 1874. Blackadar, John C. 1850 D'Entremont, Joseph Cyrille. 1877. Blauvelt, J. Sterns. 1856. D'Entremont, Pierre S. 1804. Bond, Joseph N. 1858. D'Entremont, Guillaume. I83I. Bond, James. 1859- D'Entremont, Louis B. 1846. Bourque, Jean, 2d. 1871. D'Entremont, Gervais. 1861. Brand, John Ingram. 1872 D'Entremont, Louis A. 1842. Brown, Stayley. 1873- D'Entremont, Charles. 1859. Brown, Robert. 1884. D'Entremont, Henri L. i86t. Brown, George S. 1873. Doty, George R. 1869 Brown, Charles E. 1870. Doucette, Jacques. 1871. Brown, William V. 1S79. Doucette, Cesar. 1858. Burrill, William, sen. 1767. Durkee, Phineas. 1876. Burrill, William, jun. 1858. Durkee, Amasa. 1883. Burrill, Joseph. 1859- Durkee, Joseph. 1873- Cahan, Charles, jun. 1869. Durkee, James. 1859. Cann, Harvey. 1846. Eakins, Robert S. 1873- Cann, Richard C. 1869. Ellis, Joseph Alden. 1864. Carland, John. 1810. Farish, Henry G. 1848. Chipman, Thomas D. 1810. Fletcher, Richard. 1859. Churchill, Nathaniel, sen. i860. Flint, Samuel. 1873- Churchill, Nathaniel, jun. 1869. Flint, Jacob A. 1835- Clements, Reuben. 1831. Forbes, Anthony V. S. 1862. Clements, Nehemiah K. 1767. Frost, John. 1862. Cleveland, Benjamin. 1790. Frost, Joshua. 1767. Cook, Ephraim. 1859- Gardner, Enos. 1842. Cook, Caleb. 1869. Gardner, Simeon. 1879. Cook, Francis G. 1859. Gavel, John. 1879. Cook, William H. 1876. Gavel, William H. 1859. Corning, Nelson, sen. 1866. Gayton, Albert. 1762. Crawley, John, ist. 1874- Goodwin, John. JUSTICES OF THE PEACE. 313 1883. Goudey, Zebina. 1865. 1854. Guest, Robert. 1859. 1869. Haley, William. 1861. 1867. Hamilton, Samuel. 1873- 1872. Hamilton, James H. 1878. 1874. Hamilton, Lemuel. 1883. 1843. Harding, Israel. 1861. 1794- Hatfield, Job. 1766. 1855. Hatfield, Isaac S. 1767. 1861. Hatfield, Jacob, 3d. 1819. 1866. Hatfield, John A. 1866. 1869. Hatfield, William J. 1874. 1872. Hatfield, J. Adolphus. 1794. ■1872. Hatfield, Forman. 1844. 1876. Hatfield, John V. N. 1S58. 1877. Hatfield, Samuel J. 1869. 1843. Hilton, Nathan, sen. 1873- 1854. Hilton, Nathan, jun. 1859. 1863. Hilton, Frederick. 1863. 1865. Hilton, Philip. 1761. 1874. Hilton, Amos. 1761. 1859. Hogg, N. W. W. 1870. 1794- Huston,Robert. 1874. 1842. Jeffery, Matthew, sen. 1842. 1869. Jeffery, Matthew, jun. 1866. 1859. Jenkins, William H. 1873- 1873- Jenkins, George H. 1785. 1794- Kelley, James. 1874. 1819. Kelley, Jacob. 1875- 1838. Killam, Thomas, sen. 1875. 1871. Killam, Frank. 1872. 1873- Killam, Thomas, jun. 1872. 1875- Kinney, Joseph R. 1878. 1870. Ladd, Byron P. 1761. 1820. Landers, Anthony. 1866. 1869. Landers, Jacob. 1859. 1848. Larkin, Walter. 1859. 1872. Larkin, Stillman. 1794. 1873- Law, William. 1882. 1859- Le Blanc, Jean B. 1876. 1885. Le Blanc, Louis P. 1859. 1803. Lent, James. 1871. 1819. Lent, Abram. 1871. 1854 Lent, James M. 1849. 1880. Lent, Abram Smith. 1858. 1884. Lent, Adolphus S. i88i. 1870. Lewis, Nathan. 1872. 1870. Lewis, Thomas M. 1879- 1875. Lewis, Nathan B. 1835- 1761. Lodge, Richard. 1867. 1848. Lonergan, Edniund M. 1870. Lonergan, Robert K. Lovitt, John W. Lovitt, Andrew. Lovitt, William D. Lovitt, James J. Lovitt, John. Maclver, John. MacKinnon, Ranald. MacKinnon, John (Chebogue). MacKinnon, John, (Argyle). MacLaren, James H. MacLaughlin, D. J. Marshall, Samuel. Moody, Elisha W. B. Moody, William H., sen. Moody, John W. Moody, William H., jun. Moses, Benjamin B. Moses, Nathan. Moulton, Ebenezer. Moulton, Stephen B. Murphy, Jeremiah. Murphy, John. Murray, John. Patten, Stephen, sen. Perry, Edward S. Poole, Samuel S. Porter, Ira. Porter, Ainsley. Porter, W. Stayley. Pothier, Hilaire. Pothier, Anselme O. Pothier, David L. Pring, William. Randall, David. Raymond, Josiah. Raynard, John. Richards, Nathaniel. Ricker, Jackson. Ring, Ezekiel E. Robbins, Ansel, sen. Robbins, Ansel, jun. Robbins, Chandler. Rogers, Benjamin, 2d. Rogers, William. Rogers, Barnard E. Rose, Robert K. Rowley, J. W. H. Ryder, John. Ryerson, John K. Ryerson, Samuel M. 314 CLERKS AND TREASURERS. 1838. Saunders, John. 1883. 1879. Scott, James F. 1883. 1886. Scovil, Dennis. 1864. 1854. Shaw, Jesse. 1879. 1859. Sims, Jeremiah. 1867. 1873- Sims, Mil£ord. 1854. 1859. Slocomb, Obed W. 1873- 1877. Smith, George R. 1796. 1872. Spinney, Caleb. 1820. 1864. Steele, Charles. 1824. 1870. Sterritt, James A. 1849. 1885. Stoneman, Augustus F. 1861. 1856. Surette, Michel. 1879. 1859. Surette, Pierre, 5th. 1S38. 1872. Surette, Denis. Surette, Placide. Surette, Zacharie. Tedford, Charles. Thurston, Abram. Tooker, John. Townsend, William H. Travis, Nathaniel. Tjtley, Nathan. Van Norden, Gabriel B. Van Norden, David. Weston, Leonard. Williams, George E. Williams, Edward S. Willett, Thomas. CLERKS OF THE PEACE. YARMOUTH. 1789. Elishama Eldridge. 1790. Andrew Butler. 1817. John Murray. 1821. Thomas Dane, sen. 1828. John Forman. 1831. John Tooker. 1874. Thomas B. Crosby. 1768. Daniel Crocker. 1791. Benjamin Barnard. Miner Huntington. Reuben Clements. TREASURERS. YARMOUTH. Amasa Durkee, 3d. William Churchill. Thomas E. Corning. Phineas Durkee. Daniel Crocker. Lewis Blanchard. TOWN CLERKS. YARMOUTH. Miner Huntington. Herbert Huntington. Zaccheus Churchill. 1856. 1857- CLERKS OF THE PEACE. ARGYLE. James M. Lent. William S. Robbins. i860. 1872. James M. Lent. Enos Gardner. TREASURERS. ARGYLE. 1791. Benoni D'Entremont. 1856. Jacob Hatfield, 4th. i860. William Hatfield. 1881. Peter Lent Hatfield. MUNICIPAL COUNCILS. 315 MUNICIPAL INCORPORATION. During the legislative session of 1855, an Act was passed for the municipal incorporation of counties, empowering any county or muni- cipal district to adopt the system by a majority vote of the electors. The Act was brought into operation in Yarmouth Township in 1856, and after a three-years' trial the system was abandoned by a majority vote of the electors. Yarmouth Township was the only district in the Province that ventured upon the experiment of municipal incorporation under the Act of 1855. That event occasioned a complete severance of the muni- cipal affairs of Yarmouth and Argyle, which accounts for the appointment, in 1856, of a custos, a treasurer, and a clerk of the peace, for the Town- ship of Argyle. The warden was elected by a general vote of the township ; the councillors by electoral districts. The clerk was appointed by the council. MUNICIPAL COUNCIL. 1856. Samuel Brown, Warden. John W. Moody. William Robertson. Ansel Robbins, sen. Elijah Cleveland. Jesse Shaw. Joseph Crosby. Nathan Hilton. Joseph Durkee. 1857. W. H. Townsend, Warden. John W. Moody. John K. Ryerson. Elijah Cleveland. Leonard Weston. George Killam. Jesse Shaw. Josiah Raymond. Joseph Durkee. 1858. Municipal Clerk (1856-1858), John William Burrill, Warden. George Killam. William Rogers. John K. Ryerson. Elijah Cleveland. Leonard Weston. Jesse Shaw. Josiah Raymond. Joseph Durkee. Tooker. In 1879 an Act of the Legislature brought into operation a]general system of county incorporation, under which Yarmouth Township was entitled to elect annually seven councillors, and Argyle six, the councillors to choose a warden from among themselves. In 1880 an amendment to the Act extended the term of the council to two years, and increased the number of councillors for Yarmouth to thirteen, that for Argyle remaining as before. 3i6 REGISTRARS AND POSTMASTERS. MUNICIPAL COUNCIL OF YARMOUTH. 1880. W. H. Moody, Warden. James J. Lovitt Abram M. Hatfield. Robert K. Rose. James E. Allen. Edwin S. Crosby. John A. Hatfield. 1881-1882. James J. Lovitt, Warden. Freeman Dennis. George G. Sanderson. N. B. Lewis. A. M. Hatfield. Ansel Robbins. James Burrill. William Corning. Clerk Robert K. Rose. James E. Allen. Alfred Perry. Edwin S. Crosby. John A. Hatfield. Edwin Crosby. John A. Hatfield. i88?-i886. James Burrill, Warden. ^««3-S8,. rrEln^"^""- G. G. Sanderson, Warden. Joseph R. Wyman. Arthur W. Eakins. Joseph R. Wyman. N. B. Lewis. A. M. Hatfield. Francis G. Cook. James Burrill. William Corning. Robert K. Rose. James E. Allen. Alfred Perry. (18S0-1886), Thomas B. Crosby. N. B. Lewis. A. M. Hatfield. F. G. Cook. William Corning. R. K. Rose. James E. Allen. Alfred Perry. Edwin Crosby. John A. Hatfield. Treasurer (1880-1886), Thomas E. Corning. MUNICIPAL COUNCIL OF ARGYLE. O. W. Slocomb, Warden. J. Adolphus Hatfield. Mande Le Blanc. Gervais D'Entreraont. Anselme O. Pothier. Lemuel Hamilton. 1881-1882. Jean B. Pothier. Mathurin D'Entremont. Jeremre H. Pothier. Lemuel Hamilton. 1883-1884. O. W. Slocomb, Warden. J. Adolphus Hatfield. Lezon V. Pothier. Mathurin D'Entremont. O. W. Slocomb, Warden. J. Adolphus Hatfield. Clerk (1880-1886), Enos Gardner. Treasurer (1880-1886), Peter Lent Hatfield. Jeremie H. Pothier. Lemuel Hamilton. 1885-1886. O. W. Slocomb, Warden. J. Adolphus Hatfield. Lezon V. Pothier. Mathurin D'Entremont. Jeremie H. Pothier. Lemuel Hamilton. JUDGES OF PROBATE. Samuel S. Poole. John Forman. Thomas V. B. Bingay. James Murray. Benjamin Barnard, sen. W. H. Keating. Ephraim Cook. 1774- John Crawley. REGISTRARS OF DEEDS. 1784. Benj. Barnard, sen. 1827. H. G. Parish. 1856. John Murray. 1878. Adelaide Murray. POSTMASTERS. 1806. H. G. Farish. 1857. Abel C. Robbins. 1863. Alexander Lawson. 1856. Richard Huntington, i860. Richard Huntington. 1864. Alexander J. Hood. CONSULS AND COLLECTORS. 317 CROWN-LAND SURVEYORS. Miner Huntington. Joshua Frost. Herbei-t Huntington. James B. Moody. Jean Bourque. Zaccheus Churchill. LLOYD'S AGENTS. 1829. E. W. B. Moody. John Killam. Peter Lent Hatfield. 1863. John W. Moody. SPANISH CONSULS. 1869. George S. Brown. 1878. John W. Moody. 1866. John W. Moody.' SWEDISH CONSUL. W. H. Keating. H. A. Grantham. L. S. Balkam. UNITED-STATES CONSULS. James M. Merrill. James M. Davis. Jos. R. Kinney. W. H. Robertson. Charles Tooker. Charles W. Clements. SURVEYOR AMERICAN SHIPMASTERS' ASSOCIATION. James Nelson Gardner. HARBOR MASTERS. YARMOUTH. George E. Cann. Ebenezer Scott. COLLECTORS OF CUSTOMS. 1763. John Crawley. 1766. Ranald MacKinnon. 1806. Joseph N. Bond. 1828. A. V. S. Forbes. 1838. William Robertson. 1843. Arthur White. 1845. Robert S. Eakins. 1846. Thomas E. Moberly. 1875. Henry A. Hood. 1883. William H. Moody. FOR ARGYLE PORTS. 1806. John MacKinnon. 1845. H. B. Paulin. Abram Lent. James M. Lent. Adolphus S. Lent. 1854. Simon D'Entremont. 1864. Pierre S. D'Entre- mont. TUSKET WEDGE. David L. Pothier. BEAVER RIVER. Reuben Perry. ' John W. Moody holds also these appointments since respective dates; — 1863. Agent Liverpool Underwriters' Association. 1868. Correspondent New- York Board of Underwriters. 1868. Correspondent Boston Board of Underwriters. 1886. Correspondent National Board of Underwriters, New York. His jurisdiction as Lloyd's agent covers the western coast of Nova Scotia from Cape Sable and the Seal Islands to the head of the Bay of Fundy, including the Basin of Mines; as correspondent for the American Boards, the coast from Annapolis to Liverpool, both inclusive. vs CUSTOMS OFFICERS. Edgar" Grantham. Frank Forbes. John H. Lane. A. J. Babington. James S. Morris. Lyman Durkee. Charles Huntington. TIDE-WAITERS, ETC. Norman S. Porter. Robert J. Bingay. William MacGill. Thomas S. Bown. W. W. Campbell. Marsden Coaldwell. Ansel Robbing. TUSKET WEDGE. Joseph Le Blanc. Louis Le Blanc. John B. J. D'Entremont. COLLECTORS OF INLAND REVENUE. Thomas V. B. Bingay. H. D. Munro. CHAPTER XVIII. Township Records 1762-1789. — Sessional Proceedings 1789-1840. — Churches of the County. — Clergymen 1761-1886. — ■ Masonic Institutions. — Officers Hiram Lodge 1848- 1886. — Scotia Lodge 1863-1886. — Royal Arch Chapter 1S65-1885. — British and Foreign Bible Society. — Ladies' Branch. — Book Society 1S22. — Yarmouth Academy. — School Teachers 1800-1864. — Newspapers 1831-1883. — Yarmouth Seminary. — Common Schools. — Agricultural Societies. — Mountain Cemetery. — Abbotsf ord and other Funds — Inland Navigation Company. — Marine Insurance Companies 1809-1886. — Share- holders, Directors, and Profit and Loss Account. -7-Yarmouth Banks. — California and Australia Expeditions. — Commercial Wharf Company, and Moody, Brown, & Co. — Steam Communication. — Herald, Saxe-Gotha, and North America. — Eastern State. — Dominion. — Emperor. — Alpha. — Gaslight, Steam-tug, and Marine Railway Companies. — Western Counties Railway Company. — ^ Water Company. — Building Society. — Mutual Relief Society. — Woollen Mill Company. — Telephone Companies. — Duck and Yarn Company. — Co-operative Deposit and Loan Society. — Conclusion. THE purpose of the last chapter of this " Sequel " is to exhibit, so far as may be within the space still at our disposal, the progress of Yarmouth from 1761 dovra to the present year; the various religious, philanthropic, educational, commercial, co-operative, or other organiza- tions through which the affairs of the community have been conducted, with the names of the leading men or directors of the different associa- tions. Pursuant to the proclamation of January, 1759, for the establishment of townships consisting of about one hundred thousand acres, it was resolved in September of that year that the territory on both sides of Cape Fourchu should be constituted the Township of Yarmouth, and it was ordered that the local government should be like that of the neigh- boring colonies. The inhabitants were to gather in town-meetings, choose their own officials, and give instructions as to the duties required of them ; the government reserving the right to appoint the chief local officers, sheriffs, magistfates, etc., as well as to exercise a supervision of the public lands, to insure an equitable division among those deemed to be entitled to them. 320 TOWNSHIP RECORDS. 1762. — The first local public record relating to Yarmouth, is dated Sept. 9, 1762, and recites that William Pring, Ebenezer Moulton, and John Crawley, Esquires, were appointed, by the governor-in-council, a committee for the settlement of Yarmouth Township in Queens County. The committee prescribed these regulations : — 1. Families, seven in number, shall have a lot of 100 acres, 80 rods wide on the river, with 50 acres adjoining in the rear. 2. Famihes, six in number, shall have 100 acres, 80 rods on the river. 3. Single men shall have 50 acres, 50 rods wide on the river. 4. Tinkham's Island. Having decided to reserve the points and islands generally, "to accommodate navigation and the fishery,'' 10 acres of this island at each end were reserved, and the remainder allotted to Edward Tinkham. 5. Howard's Island. Ten acres being reserved on the river, the remainder, with the lot where his house stood, was assigned to one Howard. 6. Nickerson's Island. Ten acres being reserved, the rest of the island was assigned to Nathan Nickerson if he chose to take it as a part of his share of the township lands. , 7. Pring's Island was given to William Pring and John Crawley for assistance rendered to some families in a time of distress. 8. Other islands not to be occupied without consent of the com- mittee. 9. Fifty acres to be reserved at Cape Fourchu for a town site. 10. Bunker's Island, Fish Point, and Chebogue Town Point, to be laid out in acre lots. Each man to have an acre where his house stood, or where he had made improvements. 1763. — John Crawley and Samuel Otis, a committee, laid out - to- Robert Haskell the island in Yarmouth Harbor now called Doctor's Island. , \ 1764. — Jonathan Woodbqry, Phineas Durkee, and Patrick Gowen, with James Philpot as surveyor, laid off to William Haskell i^ acre of land on Bunker's Island, " the point of land which he now possesses," adjoiii- ing Benjamin Brown's lot, and which, in 1767, they sold to Paul Bunker for ^25 and ^20, respectively. TOWNSHIP RECORDS. 321 1765. — In the course of this year, committees, variously composed of from three to twelve of the persons named, Phineas Durkee, Eleazer Butler, Daniel Crocker, James Robbins, Josiah Beals, Seth Barnes, Ephraim Cook, John Crawley, Elishama Eldridge, Moses Scott, John MacKinnon, James Mattenly, John Walker, Andrew Lovitt, Samuel Dove, Ebenezer Moulton, Joseph Stewart, Jonathan Utley, Jonathan Baker, Rog,er Merrithew, Nathaniel Elwell, Eleazer Hibbard, and David Pearl, with Patrick Gowen as surveyor, laid off lands in the following order : — 1 . To Jonathan and Ebenezer Corning the lands on the western side of Yarmouth Harbor known as "Coming's Head" and "Elder Head," containing together about 58 acres. 2. To James Mattenly 52 acres on the eastern side of Yarmouth Harbor, which, in 1767, he sold to Nehemiah Porter for ;^3S. 3. To Richard Rose 100 acres, on the north-west side of the "Salt Pond." 4. To John SoUows, 100 acres on the western side of the harbor, 80 rods wide on the marsh and salt pond, and extending westerly 200 rods. 5. To John Perry and Dominicus Sewell, about three acres each on Gilfillan's Island. In 1767 Perry sold his lot to James Gilfillan for $\i>. 1766, January. — To Eleazer Hibbard 50 acres on the south-east cove of the harbor, 40 rods wide. 1766, February. — To Andrew Lovitt a house-lot on the western side of the harbor, which, in 1768, he sold to William Coffran for ^8. 1766, December. — To George Bridgeo, 100 acres on the western side of Chebogue River, with a reservation for a road through it of four rods in width. 1767. — To Samuel Ellenwood a house-lot, one acre, on the western side of the harbor. To Ebenezer Clark, 50 acres, adjoining EUenwood's, a part of which he sold the same year to Joseph Saunders^ for ^40. To Jeremiah Allen, 150 acres at " Sunday Point Cove," so called. To Nathaniel Elwell the "Thrum Cap," so called. To Eleazer Hibbard, one acre on Bunker's Island, which he sold to Paul Bunker for ^20, to whom also in the same year Joseph Stewart for $^0, and Judah Agard for ^18, sold their lots on that island. It will be observed that the names of many men who arrived during 323 TOWNSHIP RECORDS. 1 761 and 1762 do not appear in these allotments, because they had already selected their homesteads without the interference of any com- mittee. But in 1767 the township was granted en bloc to the persons whose names are given, and in the proportions set forth in Chapter XII. 1767, Dec. 31. — A "Proprietor's Meeting" was held this day. Phineas Durkee, who had hitherto performed the duties of town clerk, retired, and the meeting proceeded, — 1. To choose Daniel Crocker to succeed him. 2. Voted ^24 to John MacKinnon and Benjamin EUenwood "for their services to Halifax in obtaining the grant of the township." 3. Appointed Jeremiah Allen, Eleazer Butler, and George Ring, assessors. 6. Appointed James Robbins and John Sollows, collectors. 8. Named a committee to report the lands already laid out. 9. Voted that the proprietors of one share, or half a share, should have 100 acres laid off to them in the first division, and the title con- firmed to those to whom lands had been already assigned. 10. Ordered a general survey and division of the Salt Marsh lands. 11. Appointed Capt. Nathan Nickerson, Eleazer Butler, and John Sollows, as surveyors for that purpose. 12-14. Named nine assistants to the surveyors. 15. Appointed Esquire Cook to survey the marsh adjoining his land. 16-19. Appointed Capt. Jeremiah Allen, James Brown, Esquire Crawley, James Robbins, and Joseph Saunders, a committee to examine the boundaries of the first division, to lay out " four lots for the use of the town," and to report at the end of six months, granting to the resi- dent proprietors that time to select their 100 acres per share in the first division. 22. Named March i for the surveyors of the marsh to make their report. 23. Accepted the return of a road laid out to Cape Fourchu. 24. Voted seven dollars to pay charges laying out said road. 25. Appointed P. Gowen, S. Barnes, and Jonathan Crosby, to lay out a road on the north side of Chebogue River. TOWNSHIP RECORDS. 323 26. Appointed Nathan Nickerson, George Ring, and James Robbins, to lay out a road on east side of Qiebogue River. 27. Appointed Patrick Gowen, Robert Haskell, and Peleg Holmes, a committee to lay out cross-roads from Chebogue River to Cape Fourchu. 28. Voted ;£i46 15^. to be raised "for defraying the charges of the proprietary.'' 29. Appointed Daniel Crocker treasurer. 30. Voted ?i20 to Capt. Haskell "for his services to Halifax for the charter, though it could not then be obtained." 31. Voted five dollars to Esquire Cook, and two dollars each to Esquires Crawley and Durkee, for books and services. And the meet- ing dissolved. 1768. — Ebenezer Moulton, jun., sold to Paul Bunker for twenty dollars an acre of land on Bunker's Island. 1768. — Argyle Street; Wyman's Road; the road from " Chipman's Corner " to Milton, and thence southerly to and through Jeremiah Allen's land at Kelley's Cove ; a road on Phineas Durkee's south line to the creek, and thence over Gilfillan's Island to the beach and Bunker's Island; the road from "Vickery's Corner," 100 feet wide, southerly "to the line between John Crawley and Benjamin Robbins," Chebogue Point ; and a road, 100 feet wide, " to the Chebogue meeting-house, thence south 60 degrees east, 46 rods to the river, and thence to Town Point," — were all laid out in this year. It appears, in the return of the "Cove Road," that, in 1768, Benjamin Darling owned a house, formerly Judah Agard's, not far from " Broad Brook." 1768, March 31. — At a proprietors' meeting, the surveyors reported the Salt Marsh to consist of 3,184 acres. It was thereupon voted to allot 15 acres to each share; and John Crawley, Jonathan Crosby, and Cornelius Rogers, were appointed a committee to set off each man's pro- portion, regard being had to the quahty of the land, "their judgment to be decisive." 1768, June 27. — At a town-meeting held at the meeting-house, John Crawley, moderator, it was voted " that Seventeen pounds, eleven shillings and ten pence be hired of Capt. Seth Barnes, in order to settle with John MacKinnon, Esquire, for the Grant, and that Jeremiah Allen and Daniel Crocker give security for the money." 324 TOWNSHIP RECORDS. June 27. — John MacKinnon, by warranted and defended deed, con- veyed to John Richardson, for the sum of ^^500, one right or share of lands in Yarmouth Township, said share being the property of James MacKinnon. Acknowledged before Phineas Durkee, y. P. Witnesses : Seth Barnes, Jeremiah Allen. 1769. — At a proprietors' meeting, the vote for the division of the Salt Marsh was reconsidered, and it was voted that the proprietors of land on the western side of Chebogue River should have ten acres of marsh adjoining their upland ; that the remainder of the marsh on that side of the river should be divided among the inhabitants on the eastern side of Cape Fourchu River ; and that the inhabitants at Chebogue should have the " first pick " of the marsh on the east side of the river, to make up their full complement. Appointed Esquire Cook, Joseph Saunders, and David Hersey, to settle this division of the Salt Marsh. 1769. — Appointed Benjamin Ellenwood, Jonathan Corning, Elishama Eldridge,- and John Sollows, to lay out a road from the " Fish Point" to Chegoggin. The returns for this road were accepted in 1772 by Phineas Durkee, Ephraim Cook, and John MacKinnon, justices of the peace. 177 1. — Andrew Lovitt, Eleazer Butler, and Richard Rose, laid out " Lovitt's Road " from " Pitch Hill " to the " Salt-Pond Falls." 1 77 1. — Ebenezer Moulton, sen., for seventy-nine " Spanish mill dol- lars," conveyed to Hezekiah Bunker 4I acres of land on Bunker's Island. 1772. — A road was laid out from the Chebogue Road, at John Clement's south-west corner, to the Cove Road, " from Jeremiah Allen's to Timothy Robinson's," the returns for which were accepted, in 1 774, by John Crawley, Ephraim Cook, and Phineas Durkee, justices of the peace. 1773. — Voted ;^6o to pay cost of surveys and division of the marsh, and appointed John Crawley, Eleazer Butler, Cornelius Rogers, Joseph Robinson, and John Walker, a committee to complete the division. 1774. — An office for the registry of deeds was established in Yar- mouth, and John Crawley was appointed registrar. Excepting the " Proprietor's Book," Liverpool had been before the only place of registry in the county. TOWNSHIP RECORDS. 325 1778. — Laid out three roads over Bunker's Island, and a public landing at the north-east point, containing 12 rods of land ; and laid out to Hezekiah Bunker i-^ acre of land " on the island where he now hves," in lieu of his land taken for highways. 1781. — Joshua Burgess, "to take off all entanglements that might arise to embarrass the title " to the meeting-house lot at Chebogue, for the sum of five shiUings released his claim to 50 acres of land previously laid out to him, and now found to belong to the meeting-house lot granted by the government in 1 780. 1784. — Appointed John Crawley, Esq., an agent to represent to the government the proceedings in the allotment of the lands. 1785. — At a proprietors' meeting, S. S. Poole moderator, it was voted to draw by lot the lands in the second division. Appointed Deacon Hunt, Major Timpany, Esquire Smith of Barrington, Maurice Hobbs of Argyle, and Miner Huntington, a committee to assist in the division of the lands. Voted " that the first division should be finished, and those who have not at this time their first-division lands laid out shall pay the charges themselves." Voted, to lay out 200-acre lots in the second divis- ion "in the best bodies of land;" "to divide the other good lands to the northward of the stream on which Kersey's saw-mill stands to every share as it will hold out ; to divide the lands lying on the eastern side of the northern branch of the Tusket River, to every sharesman a share." 1804. — Appointed Miner Huntington treasurer, and voted that he have the custody of the plan and grant of the township. 1805. — Appointed Samuel Marshall, Miner Huntington, John Killam, S. S. Poole, WilHam Robertson, and Richard Rose, a committee "to memorialize the Government concerning lands in dispute," and ap- pointed Miner Huntington and Moses Scott to carry the memorial to Halifax. 1806. — The Governor advised the parties to consult together, and report to him " the most salutary way for reconciling all differences, and for quieting and confirming the title and possession to the lands." 1806, October. — "A joint Committee of the Proprietors of Yar- mouth and the New Grantees within the Hmits of said Township," met and proposed a petition to his Excellency the Governor, " for an escheat of all that tract of land lying on the east side of Salmon River, begin- 326 GENERAL SESSIONS. ning at the line of Wilmot's or Burnett's Grant, and extending northerly to the northern line of Yarmouth Grant where it crosses the Salmon River ; thence running North East to the eastern branch of Tusket River ; down the said River in all its windings to the junction of the two branches ; thence up the North West branch to the North eastern line before mentioned ; thence down on the Western side of said River to Burnett's line, and thence to the place of beginning ; " excepting those lands actually occupied or improved. (Signed) Saml. S. Poole, Samuel Marshall, Miner Huntington, Job Smith, James Lent, Saml. Andrews, Jacob Tooker, Elkanah Clements. Thomas Dane, Proprietor' s Clerk. 1 1806, Oct. 20. — At a proprietors' meeting, held at the Cape Fourchu meeting-house, Moses Scott, moderator, " read the proposals and agreement of the Committee ; moved and voted that the Proprie- tors of the Township of Yarmouth do by no means agree to the pro- posals of the Committee." (Signed) Thomas Dane, Proprietor'' s Clerk. 1813. — Complaints having proceeded from certain parties, respect- ing the division of the marsh-lands, Thomas Dane, proprietors' clerk, called a meeting " to take place at Mrs. Richan's Tavern, on Oct. 9, to redress all grievances," etc. ; and it is to be presumed that all differ- ences relating to the township lands were then and there reconciled, as the "Proprietors' Book" is thenceforth silent upon that and all other subjects. GENERAL SESSIONS OF THE PEACE. 1789. — The County of Shelburne was set off from Queens in 1 784 ; and about that time, probably, Yarmouth and Argyle Townships were constituted a sessional district. So far as appears from the records, the first meeting of the sessions of the peace was held at the Chebogue meeting-house in October, 1789. The time had evidently arrived for such a tribunal ; for the grand jury had to deal with a little personal dif- culty between Paul Gowen and William Curtis, neighbors at Chebogue. GENERAL SESSIONS 327 The grand jurors were Philip Goudey, Samuel Trask, Huckings Crosby, Comfort Haley, Hezekiah Bunker, James Robbins, Ephraim Wyman, John Trask, Peter Meuse, Samuel Baker, William Clements, Amasa Durkee. The grand jurors drawn for 1790 were George Ring, James Hatfield, James Kelley, Moses Scott, Ezra (Isidore) Belliveau, James Cain, Lemuel Hobbs, Amos Hilton, Zephaniah Kingsley, Edward Tinkham, Jacob Tooker, Thomas Flint, Abraham Lent, Nathan Weston, Alexander Bain, Jabez Robinson, Lemuel Bartlett. A petition was presented for the survey of a road from the head of Chebogue to Tusket, Eel Brook, Argyle, and Pubnico. (Signed) Elishama Eldridge, Clerk of the Peace. 1790. — Petition presented for a road from the south-west corner of Alexander Bain's land, " past the ' Fish Pond ' and ' Narrows,' as far as it shall be thought best, thence north-easterly until it runs into the 'Shelburne Road.'" The records contain no copy of a survey of a " Shelburne Road " at this date. It is probable, therefore, that an order had issued from Shelburne, and a survey been made from Shelburne to Tusket, and thence through Salmon River and Brooklyn districts to a point near the " Second Pond," about midway between Milton and Hebron. 1791. — Appointed full lists of town officers for Yarmouth and Argyle, and made fishery regulations for Yarmouth Harbor, Tusket and Salmon Rivers. Lewis Blanchard, James Cain, and Thomas Dane, assessors for Yarmouth ; James Frost, Abram Lent, and Ezra Belliveau, assessors for Argyle ; Benjamin Barnard and Benoni D'Entremont, treasurers ; Andrew Butler, clerk of the peace. He held this office until 181 7. It is evident, that, upon the organization of the Court of Sessions, the Acadians of Yarmouth and Argyle at least were admitted to the full privileges of citizenship, for among the appointees by the magistrates to the various municipal offices from 1789 to 1792 appear these names: Jacques, Ange, and Simon Amirault ; Jean Bourque ; Isidore Belliveau ; Abraham Corporon ; Benoni, Charles, Cyrille, Jacques, and Paul D'Entremont ; Magloire Doucette ; Paul Duon ; Amand and Joseph 328 GENERAL SESSIONS. Le Blanc ; Jean, Louis, and Pierre Meuse ; Dominique Pothier ; and Paul and Pierre Surette. 1792. — A petition was presented for a road through Plymouth to the end of Tusket-Wedge Point, and another from the " Shelburne Road " through land of Abiel Robbins to the landing at head of " Second Pond." Voted four pounds as yearly salary of the clerk of the peace. Recom- mended that a road be laid out from Chebogue to the Tusket River. 1794. — April term : held at the schoolhouse, Cape Fourchu. Jus- tices present : John Crawley, Samuel Sheldon Poole, Benjamin Barnard, Benoni D'Entremont, Nathaniel Richards, Ephraim Cook, and Ranald MacKinnon, Esqs. Granted seven licenses to sell spirituous liquors at ten dollars a year. 1796. — Justices present: John Crawley, Samuel Marshall, James Kelley, Ranald MacKinnon, Nathaniel Richards, Benoni D'Entremont, and Joshua Frost. A citizen being charged with " assault and battery," the presentment was, " It is the opinion of the Grand Jury it is an assault but no battery," James Cain, foreman. At the instance of Lawyer Prout, the clerk was directed to prepare a new indictment for assault only. The accused plead " not guilty ; " but the petit jury by their foreman, Samuel Andrews, delivered the verdict, " The opinion of this Jury is that the prisoner is guilty," whereupon he was fined one shilling. 1798. — A proposal from the Yarmouth justices to those of Argyle that the sessions be held alternately at Tusket and Yarmouth was not favorably entertained. They continued to be held at Tusket in spring and fall. 1800. — ^ Justices present: James Kelley, Ranald MacKinnon, and Joshua Frost. " At four o'clock the Grand Jury came into Court and presented, that as the Clerk of the Peace did not bring the book (called the Grand Jury Book) to Court, he having forgot it, he should be fined twenty shillings, which fine the Court were pleased not to admit." (Signed) Andrew Butler, Clerk of the Peace. 1802. — Ordered by the court that a jail be built at Tusket. After agreeing upon specifications, James Kelley and Capt. Tunis Blauvelt were appointed commissioners to superintend the building. GENERAL SESSIONS. 329 1803. — An individual "late of Halifax, not having the fear of God before his eyes, but moved by the instigation of the Devil," was found guilty of larceny of " Goods and Chattels to the amount of nine pence ; " and it was ordered by the court " that he immediately receive 39 lashes which was performed by the Constable at John Richan's flag- staff, and it was further ordered that the said immediately quit the Town of Yarmouth which he obeyed." 1803, July 12. — At a special session, held at John Richan's tavern at Yarmouth, a surveyor of highways was summoned to appear, and " account for public money placed in his hands and show cause why he should not be fined for not making return according to law." The surveyor duly appeared before Justices John Crawley, Benjamin Barnard, Samuel Marshall, and James Kelley, " and produced from his pocket a paper which he read in Sessions, the purport of which was, that he had consulted two gentlemen learned in the law on the subject, and that they had advised him to pay no attention to the business ; further, that he would spend his last guinea and the last drop of his blood in defence of the cause ; after which he abruptly left the Court and said we might do as we pleased." The name of the delinquent, Lewis Blanchard, does not appear in future lists of township officers. 1804, — " On application of Joseph N. Bond, Esqre., Commissioner for the Bridge built over Tusket River, the Magistrates and Grand Jury do declare and are of opinion that the moneys voted and granted by the Legislature of this Province have been justly and faithfully expended and that the said Bridge has been completed ■ in the most faithful and workmanlike manner." John Crawley, Ranald MacKinnon, ] Saml. S. Poole, Joshua Frost, \ Jttstices of the Peace. Nathanl. Richards, James Kelley, J Amasa Durkee, Foreman of Grand Jury. 1805, October. — The sessions met for the first time at the new Court House, Tusket. 1806, September. — Special sessions at Richan's Tavern, Yar- mouth. Justices present, Benjamin Barnard, Joseph N. Bond, and Samuel Marshall. A man charged with steahng an axe, alleged that the 330 GENERAL SESSIONS. prosecutrix " owed him for a week's labor, and that he would not return the axe till he was paid." The jury found the prisoner "guilty of stealing an axe of the value of 4/1 1." Whereupon the court having duly considered " the felonious intent of the prisoner together with his former suspicious character," sentenced him to thirty-nine lashes. And it appearing that the prosecutrix was indebted to the prisoner in the sum of 21/-, from which deducting 10/-, "the value of the axe as she says," it was ordered that the balance 11/- be paid to the constable for his services. Voted that the salary of the clerk of the peace be ^6 a year. 1808, March 14. — Special session held at the house of Gabriel Van Norden in Yarmouth (Chebogue). Present, Justices Samuel S. Poole, Joshua Frost, Nathaniel Richards, and James Lent. The Gov- ernment having directed that a census be taken, William Robertson and Samuel S. Poole for Yarmouth Township, Joshua Frost and Nathaniel Richards for Argyle, were appointed to take account of stock. They were directed at the same time to take the opinion of the settlers in the different parts of the townships, as to the proper places where the stock could be conveyed in the event of an invasion. The commissioners reported on April 5, and it was ordered that the places of security for the cattle in case of invasion should be, for Tusket, the Great Fresh Meadow on eastern branch of Tusket River ; for Abuptic, the eastern branch of Tusket River ; for Pubnico, the Great Lake, so called. The commissioners were granted certificates for ten days' services each. It is not a little curious to note the similarity of these proceedings with those taken a few years before in England. In the annals of the reign of George III., it is recorded, " The alarm respecting an invasion which prevailed towards the close of the year (1796) was denoted by a circular letter from the Secretary of State to the Lieutenants of the Coun- ties on the English sea-coast, recommending an account to be taken of the live and dead stock in the Parishes within 1 2 miles of the sea, and desiring such Lieutenants to communicate with the Commander-in- Chiefs of the Districts respecting the imeasures to be employed for the removal of the stock, if necessary." GENERAL SESSIONS. 33 1 1810. — Assessors appointed for Yarmouth, H. G. Farish, Thomas Dane, and Jacob Kelley. Licenses were granted to sixteen persons in Yarmouth and twelve in Argyle, to keep " houses of entertainment " and retail spirituous liquors. A mulatto girl being charged with stealing a piece of ribbon, value ninepence, she pleaded " not guilty," and said she would " be tried by God and her country." The verdict, delivered by Rufus Hibbard, foreman, was, " It is the opinion of the Jury that Harriet is guilty of the charge alleged against her ; " whereupon the court, Samuel S. Poole, Joseph N. Bond, Benoni D'Entremont, and H. G. Farish, Esquires, sentenced Harriet " to receive 1 2 lashes on the bare back and the Sheriff was ordered to perform the same as soon as possible." 181 1. — The court appointed H. G. Farish, Miner Huntington, and Jacob Tedford, school trustees for Yarmouth. An Act of the Legislature of this year offered ^25 per annum in support of a school in districts where the inhabitants would pay £^'^0. 181 2. — A prominent citizen of Yarmouth who plead guilty to assaulting Lawyer Buchanan, was fined by the court 2/4. Another equally prominent citizen of Argyle plead guilty to assaulting the same lawyer, and was fined 1/3; and the lawyer having brought a second charge of assault against the same person, the case went to the jury, who upon hearing the evidence, and " after a short deliberation," returned a verdict of " not guilty." 1814. — The court ordered that "after two posts," no newspapers be delivered from the post-office on Sundays. 1817, April. — At Tusket. Justices present, James Lent, Benoni D'Entremont, Joseph N. Bond, and H. G. Farish. The grand jury recommended hcenses to be granted to twenty-nine persons in Yar- mouth, and twelve in Argyle. The court granted the whole number and six additional for Yarmouth. 1817, October. — At Yarmouth. Present, Samuel S. Poole, James Lent, Joseph N. Bond, H. G. Farish, and Benjamin Barnard. A man charged with a breach of the peace, " presented to the Court a writing containing the following words. ' My wife does not understand writing. He made her sign, or make her mark or cross, to make discord 332 GENERAL SESSIONS. like a Petty fogger. When a Magistrate acts from sinister views, he ought to be dispossessed of his Commission. He does not act from the tenor of his oath to be the means of making discord between man and wife.' And having otherwise behaved in a contemptuous manner to the Court, it was ordered, that the said be committed forthwith to the district jail, there to remain five days, or until he finds surety for his good behavior." 1818. — The grand jury recommended that Yarmouth and Argyle be assessed for ;^200 for a Court House in Yarmouth ; and it was ordered that Miner Huntington and James B. Dane of Yarmouth, and David Van Norden and Abram Marsh Hatfield of Argyle, make an estimate of the value of the Court House and jail at Tusket, and report at the next sessions. i8ig, March. — Sessions at Tusket. Justices present, James Lent, Benoni D'Entremont, and Joseph N. Bond. Ordered, that Joseph N. Bond and Henry G. Parish be commissioners for purchasing land and erecting a Court House and jail at Yarmouth ; and " in comphance with the wishes of a most respectable Grand Jury," Miner Huntington and John Killam were appointed to consult with and assist the commissioners. Joseph N. Bond having resigned, Benjamin Barnard was appointed in his stead. It was recommended that the new Court House be built as near as possible to the corner of Argyle and Main Streets ; the particular situation to be decided at a special sessions to be called for that purpose, and to be composed of the magistrates of the district. 1819, June 26. — At a special sessions held at the house of Benjamin Barnard, Esquire, — present, Samuel S. Poole, James Lent, Benjamin Barnard, Joseph N. Bond, and H. G. Farish, — it was voted " that the new Court House be built somewhere between Mr. Thomas Russell's house (Butler's Hill) and Mr. James Bond's corner, opposite Major Huston's, on said road either on the south or north side." Yarmouth, July 10, 1819. Gentlemen : We, the Magistrates of the District of Yarmouth and Argyle, are of opinion, that the most proper site for placing the Court House and Jail, now about to be erected for the said District, is as near the western end of Jebogue Road, opposite Major Huston's, as may be. GENERAL SESSIONS. 333 We therefore order and direct that you desist from proceeding in the building of said Court House on or near the premises of Nehemiah Porter where the timber for said building is now lodged. (Signed) Saml. S. Poole. Joseph N. Bond. James Lent. Jacob Kelley. To Messrs. Miner Huntington and John Killam, Assistants to the Commissioners. i8ig, October. — General Sessions held at the house of Lydia Richan, Yarmouth. Present, Samuel S. Poole, Benjamin Barnard, James Lent, Joseph N. Bond, H. G. Farish, and Jacob Kelley, Esquires, Ordered, that iSIiner Huntington and John Killam be joint commis- sioners with Henry G. Farish, Esq., to complete the Court House and jail now erected at Yarmouth, and that the account of the commission- ers now on file be approved. Thos. Dane, Clerk, pro tern. 1820. — The fall term of the General Sessions was held in the new Court House at Yarmouth, "near the premises of Nehemiah Porter;" and thenceforward the court met alternately at Yarmouth and Tusket, until, in 1855, the Township of Yarmouth accepted the system of muni- cipal incorporation, when the affairs of the two townships became dis- sociated. In 1859 Yarmouth returned to the old government by Sessions of the Peace, but the two townships continued a separate management of their local affairs ; the resident justices of one township not participating in the business of the other, although their jurisdiction extended over the whole county. 1822. — Regulations for thistles in Argyle Township. Ordered, — " That for every thistle that shall be allowed to ripen the seed, the Owner of the land whereon such thistle shall grow shall pay a fine of six pence for one thistle ; for two thistles a shilling ; and six pence for each additional thistle, until the sum amounts to twenty shillings and no more ; including the middle of the highway or road fronting said land." 1827. — The Township of Yarmouth was divided into eighteen school districts. 334 CHURCHES AND CLERGYMEN. 1828, April 29. — "His Excellency the Lieutenant-Governor has been pleased to appoint the following gentlemen to be School Commis- sioners for Yarmouth and Argyle : Revd. T. A. Grantham, S. S. Poole, H. G. Parish, John MacKinnon, and James Lent, Esquires. " To be Commissioners of the Fisheries, for Argyle, John MacKin- non, Abram Lent, and Aaron Spinney ; for Yarmouth, H. G. Parish, John Bingay, and Robt. Kelley." 1830. — "James Bond and other inhabitants of Yarmouth, having proved to the satisfaction of the Court, that the inhabitants of Yarmouth have expended the sum of _;^67. 10. o in purchasing a site for a building for the instruction and education of youth in the said Township, and that they have- expended the sum of ;£268. 15. i in erecting the build- ing aforesaid. It is therefore ordered by the Court that a Certificate thereof be granted to enable the inhabitants of said Township to receive the Provincial Grant of ;^iS0." 1834. — An Act of the Legislature in this year estabhshed sessions of the Supreme Court at Yarmouth. The same year Yarmouth was made a Warehousing Port by an order of the Imperial Council, passed in August, 1833. 1840. — The Town of Yarmouth was assessed for ;^387 \os. to pay for two fire-engines imported from Boston. Cape Fourchu Light- house was completed, and Yarmouth made a Port of Registry. Seal- Island's Light had been a guide only since 1831. CHURCHES AND CLERGYMEN. The decennial census of 1881 gives Yarmouth County a population of 21,284, spread over an area of about 300 square miles, at least one- third of the county being still unoccupied. In 1879, Yarmouth had upon her books of registry, 297 vessels, 153,515 tons, almost entirely owned within the county ; and the world is challenged to a comparison. Ahead in the tons of shipping /«- capita, she professes to lead also in the number of churches and buildings for religious worship, as will be shown by the subjoined hst, giving a total of 77. The reader must be content here with the simple enumeration, and may be referred to Mr. Campbell's History for a detailed account of the rise and progress of the various denominations : — CHURCHES. 335 Chebogue. Yarmouth (3). Chebogue. Arcadia. Overton (hall). Chegoggin. Pembroke (hall). Hebroii. Hartford (hall). Maitland. Beaver River. Pubnico. CONGREGATIONAL (2). Yarmouth. BAPTIST (24). Lake George. Ohio (2). Deerfield. Carleton. Forest Glen (hall). Gavelton. Tusket. Salmon River (2). Argyle. Pubnico. UNION BAPTIST (3). Little River (2). ROMAN CATHOLIC (8). Ste. Anne's, Eel Brook. St. Gabriel's, Little River. St. Peter's, Pubnico. Immaculate Conception, East Pubnico. St. Michael's, Tusket Wedge. St. Ambrose, Yarmouth. St. Peter's, Surette's Island. Ste. Agnes', Quinan. Yarmouth. EPISCOPAL (2). Tusket. METHODIST (14). Yarmouth (3). Arcadia. Brooklyn. Fish Point. Pembroke (hall). Hebron. Darling's Lake. Brenton. Rockingham. Raynardton (hall). Tusket. Plymouth. FREE BAPTIST (21). Argyle (2). Pubnico. Arcadia. Sandford. Beaver River. Kemptville. Chegoggin. Plymouth. Salmon River. Brooklyn. Tusket. Yarmouth. Chebogue Point. Richmond. Deerfield. Carleton. Cedar Lake. Rockingham (hall). Short Beach (hall). Hawthorn (hall). Yarmouth. PRESBYTERIAN (3). Chebogue. Carleton. 336 CLERGYMEN. In the following lists of clergymen, the dates affixed denote generally the beginning of the pastorate, which, in most cases, continued until the date next succeeding, except in early times, when that rule does not apply : — CONGREGATIONAL. CHEBOGUE. 1872. Rev. D. MacCallum. I76I. 1767-71. 1769. 1772-92. 1780. Rev. Rev. Rev. Rev. Rev. Samuel Wood. Nehemiah Porter. John Frost. Jonathan Scott. Aaron Bancroft. 1873. 1873. 1873. 1877. 1884. Rev. James Hay. Rev. J. E. Kean. Rev. M. C. Williams. Rev. James Shipperly. Rev. W. H. Watson. 1796. 1808. 1816-33. Rev Rev Rev. Daniel Breck. John Hilyard. Abel Cutler. YARMOUTH. Yarmouth Tabernacle. 1846-51. Rev. Frederick J. Toiinkins. Organized 1848. I85I. Rev. W. H. Heudebourck. 1848. Rev. Frederick J. Tomkins. 1853-60. Rev. Jacob Whitman. 1851. Rev. W. H. Heudebourck. i860. Rev George Ritchie. 1854. Rev. Robert Wilson. 1863. Rev. John Gray. i860. Rev. George Ritchie. 1866. Rev. Archibald Burpee. 1863. Rev. Archibald Burpee. 1870. Rev. James Douglas. 1870. Rev. A. J. MacLeod. 1870. Rev MacGill. 1871. Rev. Alexander MacGregor 187 1. Rev Duncan MacGregor. 1883. Rev. William Macintosh. YARMOUTH. I76I. Rev. Ebenezer Moulton. 1797-1854. Rev. Harris Harding. 1811-14. Rev. Alexander Crawford 1831-53. Rev. William Burton. 1852-55. Rev. John Davis. 1855-67. Rev. Henry Angel. 1865-67. Rev. A. H. Munro. 1868-81. Rev. George E. Day. 1881-84. Rev. Calvin Goodspeed. 1886. Rev. H. F. Adams. Temple Church. 1871-73- Rev. W. H. Porter. 1873-78. Rev. W. H. Warren. 1878. Rev. T. H. Porter. 1879. Rev. John Clarke. 1882. Rev. J. L. M. Young. 1884. Rev. J. B. Woodland. Milton Church. 1871. Rev. Isaiah Wallace. 1873. Rev. P. Gallagher. 1876. Rev. E. M. Kierstiad. 1878. Rev. J. B. MacQuillan. 1880. Rev. J. A. Gordon. 1885. Rev. J. A. Ford. HEBRON. Organized 1837. 1837-52. Rev. Harris Harding. 1838-44. Rev. A. V. Dimock. 1848-52. Rev. James Reid. 1853. Rev. W. G. Goucher. 1858. Rev. E. N. Harris. 1861. Rev. William Burton. 1862. Rev. Robert D. Porter. 1867. Rev. R. R. Philp. 1868. Rev. John Rowe. 1874. Rev. R. D. Burgess. 1876. Rev. Atwood Cahoon. CLERGYMEN. 337 BEAVER RIVER. 1852-82 Organized i8^6. 1883. 1846. Rev. Levi Marshall. 1885. 1848. Rev. James Reid. Rev. Henry Saunders. 1853- Rev. T. C. Belong. 1806. 1858. Rev. Aaron Cogswell. 1806-34 IS7I. Rev. Joseph H. Saunders. 1875. Rev. J. £>. Skinner. 1834-50 :877. Rev. G. B. Titus. 1850-51 1882. Rev. J. I. De Wolfe. 1853- 1855. OHIO. 1857. 5812 i8s7 1871 1877 1878, 1883 1843. 1849. Organized 1852. Rev. James Reid. Rev. Joseph H. Saunders. Rev. J. A. Stubbert. Rev. John W. Weeks. Rev. John Rowe. Rev. A. E. Ingram. Rev. Joshua T. Eaton. CHEGOGGIN. Organized 1853. Rev. W. G. Goucher. Rev. E. N. Harris. Rev. J. H. Saunders. Rev. O. R. Cox. Rev. W. L. Parker. Rev. P. R. Murray. Rev. J. W. Weeks. DEERFIELD. Rev. Samuel M. Randall. Rev. Henry Saunders. 185S-66. 1S69. 1875- 1S76. 1879. 1880-82. 1884. 1885. 1830, 1842 1867 1869. 1873 1875. iS Rev. James A. Stubbert. Rev. D. W. Crandall. Rev. John Hughes. ARGYLE AND TUSKET. Rev. Enoch Towner. Rev. Harris Harding, and others. Rev. James Lent. Rev. W. C. Rideout. Rev. James Spencer. Rev. Anthony Martell. Rev. James B. Tabor. Rev. Joseph H. Saunders. Rev. Anthony Martell. Rev. P. R. Forster. Rev. Augustus Shields. Rev. P. R. Forster. Rev. William Richan. Rev. P. S. MacGregor. Rev. D. W. Crandall. Rev. George H. Goudey. Rev. James W. Lingley. Rev. James A. Stubbert. ARGYLE. Organized 1830. Rev. Enoch Towner. Rev. James Lent. Rev. W. L. Parker. Rev. P. R. Forster. Rev. L. B. Gates. Rev. W. B. Bradshaw. Rev. E. P. Coldwell. Rev. J. I. Skinner. ROMAN CATHOLIC. Ste. Anne's. 1858 Fr. Quinan. 1871. Fr. Blanchet. EEL BROOK, I784. 1871. Fr. Butler. 1797- Abbe Sigogne. 1873 Fr. Donaghue. 1820. Fr. Doucette. 1873 Fr. Underwood 1828. Fr. Morin. 1875 Fr. Mihan. 1834. Fr. Petithomme. 1875 Fr. Manning. 1838. Fr. Anssart. 1876 Fr. Mihan. 1839. Fr. Goudot. 1881 Fr. D'Hommee 1853- Fr. Roles. 1881 Fr. Bernard. 1856. Fr. Gay. 1882 Fr. Manning. 1857. Fr. Berthe. 1886 Fr. Hamilton. 338 CLERGYMEN. St. Pc'Wr's. 1848. Fr. Nugent. PUBNICO. 1853- Fr. Roles. 1856. Fr. Gay. 1797- Abb^ Sigogne. 1857. Fr. Berthe. 1820. Fr. Doucette. 1858. Fr. Quinan. 1828. Fr. Morin. 1S59. Fr. Gay. 1834. Fr. Petithomme. 1867. Fr. MacLeod. 1839. Fr. Goudot. 1868. Fr. O'Brien. 1853- Fr. Warlop. 1870. Fr. Kearns. 1858. Fr. Blanchet. 1876. Fr. Manning. i860. Fr. MacLeod. 1881. Fr. Browne. 1867. Fr. Bresnan. 1882, Fr. MacCartiiy. 1868-88. Fr. MacLeod. 1883-88. Fr. Parker. St. Michael's. St. Ambrose, Yarmouth, served jointly with TUSKET WEDGE. St. Michael's, until 1797- Abbe Sigogne. 1877 Fr. Kearns. 1839. Fr. Goudot. 1878- -81. Fr. Browne. 1845. Fr. Carmody. 1882- EPISCOPAL. -88. Fr. MacCarthy. YARMOUTH, 1807. 1793. Rev. David Ormond. 1801. Rev. John Blackburne. 1806-15. I^sv- Ranna Cossit. 1817. Rev. James Milner. 18 19. Rev. Raper Milner. i8ig. Rev. Thomas A. Grantham. 1834. Rev. Alfred Gilpin. 1842. Rev. Richard Avery. 1846. Rev. H. L. Owen. 1846-83. Rev. J. T. T. Moody. 1884-S8. Rev. H. L. A. Almon. Curates : — 1865-76. Rev. J. Roy Campbell. 1876-79. Rev. T. B. Mac Lean. 1879-84. Rev. Richmond Shreve. 1845 1846 1846 1851, 1853 1855 1862 1864 1868 1874, 187& TUSKET, 1845. Rev. Richard Avery. Rev. H. L. Owen. Rev. J. T. T. Moody. Rev. H. M. Spike. Rev. William Stewart. Rev. Philip Tocque. Rev. J. T. Moody. Rev. J. P. Sargent. Rev. F. M. Young. Rev. John Padfield. Rev. Henry Sterns. METHODIST. 1816. 1817. 1818. 1819. 1820. 1821. 1822. 1826. 1827. 1828. YARMOUrH. Rev. Rev. Rev. Rev. Rev. Rev. Rev. Rev. Rev. Rev. Richard Alder. William Ashe. Richard Crane. Thomas Payne. John Snowball. George Millar. William Ashley. William Smith. William Temple. Thomas H. Davies. 829 83 S34 835 836 838 839 846. 850, Rev. W. E. Shenstone. Rev. William MacDonald. Rev. William Webb. Rev. Alfred Cole. Rev. John MacMurray. Rev. James Knowlan. Rev. Charles DeWolfe. Kev. Charles Churchill. Rev. Rowland H. Morton. Rev. Henry Pope. Rev. Richard Weddall. Rev. Richard Williams. CLERGYMEN. 339 1851 1855, 1857, 1857 1858 1858 18 1859, i860, i860. 1862 1862, 1863 1863. 1864, 1S64, 1865, 1872, 1874 1875 1878, 1881, 1884. Rev.' William Wilson. Rev. Michael Pickles. Rev. Michael Pickles. Rev. T. B. Smith. Rev. James England. Rev. T. B. Smith. Rev. George Johnson. Rev. Thomas S. Richey. Rev. Ingram Sutcliffe. Rev. John B. Likely. Rev. Ingram Sutcliffe. Rev. C. B. Pitblado. Rev. John Prince. Rev. W. C. Brown. Rev. John Prince. Rev. James R. Hart. YARMOUTH, SOUTH. Rev. John Prince. Rev. J. G. Hennigar. Rev. Job Shenton. Rev. J. L. Sponagle. Rev. Leonard Gaetz. Rev. J. M. Pike. Rev. J. J. Teasdale. Rev. W. H. Heartz. Rev. James Strothard. YARMOUTH, NORTH. 1865. Rev. W. M. Perkins. 1867. Rev. Henry Daniel. 1868. Rev. Joseph Hart. 1871. Rev. John Lathern. 1873. ^^^' Jabez A. Rogers. 1876. Rev. John Read. 1879. Rev. John Lathern. 1S82. Rev. Jabez A. Rogers. 1885. Rev. Joseph Gaetz. HEBRON AND BRENTON. 1875. R^^- W- H. Evans. 1877. Rev. Fred. H. Wright. 1878. Rev. John L. Dawson. 1879. Rev. George F. Johnson. 1881. Rev. J. M. Mellish. 1884. Rev. W. A. Outerbridge. 1886. Rev. C. H. Huestis. ARCADIA AND TUSKET. 1870. Rev. Thomas Rogers. 1873. Rev. John M. Pike. 1875. ^e.^. Godfrey Shore. 1876. Rev. Robert Tweedy. 1878. Rev. James Taylor. 1880. Rev. Byron C. Borden. 1883. Rev. P. H. Robinson. 1886. Rev. John Craig. PRESBYTERIAN. YARMOUTH, CHEEOGUE, AND CARLETON. 1836-44. Rev. John Ross. 1849-77. Rev. George Christie. 1878-82. Rev. William Robertson. 1882-88. Rev. Anderson Rogers. Assistants to Mr. Christie : — Rev. John D. Murray. 1872. 1879- 188 ?. Rev. Ebenezer MacNab. Rev. William Stewart. Rev. John Forrest. CHEBOGUE AND CARLETON. Rev. J. C. Meek. Rev. J. K. Beairsto. Rev. J. R. Fitzpatrick. FREE BAPTISTS." 1869-71. ARGYLE AND TUSKET. 1872. I8I7. Rev. Jacob Norton. 1873-76. 1831-45- Rev. Charles Knowles. 1876-79. Rev. H. A. Stokes. 1879-85. 1845-61. Rev. Charles J. Oram. 1885. 1861-69. Rev. Charles Knowles. " Appendix R. Rev. Edward Sullivan. Rev. William Downey. Rev. W. M. Knollin. Rev. William Downey. Rev. William Miller. Rev. J. W. Freeman. 340 FREEMASONRY. ARCADIA. BEAVER RIVER. 1832-57- Rev. Charles Knowles. 1840. Rev. K. R. Davis. 1858-64, Rev. A. Swim. 1842. Rev. Thomas Brady. 1858-64. Rev. W. C. Weston. 1844. Rev. John Jenkins. 1864. Rev. Charles Knowles. 1850. Rev. Charles Knowles 1864. Rev. Walter C. Weston. 1856. Rev. C. J. Oram. 1862. Rev. Edward Sullivan YARMOUTH. 1870. Rev. W. M. Knollin. 1874-77. Rev. David Oram. 1872. Rev. Samuel N. Royal 1877-79. Rev. W. M. KnoUin. 1876. Rev. James F. Smith. 1883. Rev. Edwin Crowell. 1882. Rev. Aaron Kenney. 1884. Rev. J. F. Curry. KEMPTVILLE. 1886. Rev. J. I. Porter. i833- Rev. Charles Knowles. 1866. Rev. S. K. West. BROOKLYN. Rev. David Oram. MASONIC INSTITUTIONS. Freemasons are wont to say, " From the commencement of the world we may trace the foundation of Masonry. Ever since symmetry began, and Harmony displayed her charms, our order has had a being. During many ages, and in many different countries, it has flourished. No art, no science, preceded it." John Locke, writing to the Earl of Pembroke under date of May 6, 1696, sent him a copy of an old manuscript in the Bodleian Library. He said, " The manuscript of which this is a copy, appears to be about one hundred and sixty .years old ; for the original is said to be in the handwriting of King Henry VI." It is said that King Henry joined the order, and the manuscript purports to be a preliminary examination by Henry of a member of the fraternity. Question. Whatt mote ytt be ? Answer. Ytt beeth the skylle of Nature, the understondynge of the myghte thet ys hereynne, and its sondrye werkynges ; sonderlyche, the skylle of reckenynges, of waightes and metynges, and the true manere of fa^onnynge alle thynges for mennes use ; headlye, dweUinges, and buyld- ynges of alle kindes, and alle odher thynges thet make gudde to menne. Quest. Where dydd ytt begynne ? Ans. Ytt dydd begynne with the fyrste menne yn the este, which were before the fyrste menne of the weste, and comyinge westlye ytt hathe broughte herwyth alle comfortes to the wylde and cotnfortlesse. HIRAM LODGE. 341 Quest. Dothe alle Magonnes kunne more then odher menne ? Ans. Not see ; thay onlyche haueth not recht and occasyonne more then odher menne to kunne, butt manye doethe fale yn capacitie, and manye more doethe want industrye thet yr pernecessarye for the gaynynge alle kunnage. Quest. Are Magonnes gudder menne then odhers ? Ans. Some Magonnes are not soe vertuouse as some odher menne ; butt yn the moste parte, thay be more gudde then thay woulde be yf thay war not Magonnes. Quest. Dothe Magonnes love eidher odher myghtylye as beath sayde ? Ans. Yeaverylyche, and ytt may not odher wise be ; for gudde menne and true, kennynge eidher odher to be soche, doethe alwaye love the more as thay be more gudde. HIRAM LODGE. By virtue of a dispensation granted by the Right Worshipful, the Provincial Grand Master, Alexander Keith, dated Sept. 19, 1848, author- izing " Our well-beloved brother George Killam to assemble a sufficient number of Freemasons at Yarmouth in the Province of Nova Scotia, and there so congregated to form and open a Lodge to be named the Hiram Lodge, wherein our said well-beloved and Worshipful Brother George Killam is to preside as first Master, Brother Robert Black to be his first Senior Warden, and Brother George Stairs Brown to be his first Junior Warden," on Oct. 2, 1848, the Lodge was organized, the follow- ing brethren being present : George Killam, Robert Black, George Stairs Brown, Samuel Graham, Oliver Haley, Henry Heckman, and David Clark. Brother Samuel Rust was appointed secretary. A code of by- laws was adopted, naming the first Monday in each month for the regu- lar meetings, and the first Monday in December for the annual election of officers, to be installed on or before St. John's Day following. On Jan. I, 1849, William H. Townsend, George S. Brown, and jean Bap- tiste Josu6 Pothier, were initiated, followed on Feb. 1 2 by Thomas Van Buskirk Bingay, John Wentworth Moody, and Amasa Durkee. On St. John's Day, June 24, 1852, under the registry of the Grand Lodge of England No. 868, Hiram Lodge was in due form consecrated 342 HIRAM LODGE. by P. G. Master, the Hon. Alexander Keith, assisted by Charles W. Dickson, S. G. Warden, and Henry C. D. Twining, P. G. Secretary. The charter bears date Sept. 4, 1851. Hiram Lodge was incorporated on March 31, 1863; and it now stands No. 1 2 in the registry of the Grand Lodge of Nova Scotia. HIRAM LODGE. 345 T3 'O XJ T3 TZJ C C C ■> -^ 01 flj aj r r sec s a S is ^ H H H H o o o o o o b' mmmmcqpqoqpqUc O.S.S.5 d '^ hJ p2 Pii w ajcfit/)t/2(/icnu:tnt;S • . . . > > > ffi K K K HJ >H H H P ^ >-i >. • Tj -a -a . . . dj £000 ■a -a -a '^ v: o o o • « rt c = s s s o o o a ^ \A . . . ^ S S lu W -;; m » cq OUUdJuajWd) Blseeasas _ ooooooooo M -'ri >-H 0) OJ O) t/3 h^K^i-A^AO 1-1 O U3 W u o & & s 13 OJ ^ c< kri f/1 rn r/i td ^ s 5: c« M 60 ^ rt j5 00000 u P^ >s |6 ! c Hi Pi i i-l o H a s^ ^ E ^ -a 2 2 o S o OM a PQ ^ t/3 J3 c i .^ H M M .^ o rt ^ ro iTq J P O U U < u o C — rt g' g> rt >> c M .2 JS S FQ K . *. - M ^ ^ > O O . w . PfS (v; fi O H =: .5 "o fe ■a Pi & ^ 60 . . w s > ^ ^ Pi q V ,0 bO CO g a ,0 < •S a O N ^ A^ • M-; 'T^ -J ^ rt 4) rt j_ S ^ C[^ Cfi -G rt (u i-H ^ "<^ .2 ■^. •§. E? 53 £,0 u u ill I 1 George Killam. George Killam. George Killam. T. V. B. Bingay. George S. Brown George Killam. J. W. Moody. Charles White. Heman Crowell. W. H. Townsenc George Killam. George H. Redd John Baxter. T. V. B. Bingay. Charles White. George W. John Z. A. Raymond. William B. Towi William B. Tow Alexander J. Ho J. A. McLellan. J. A. McLellan. G. G. Sanderson 00 6^ 6 ^ M ro^i^ivd oooooooooocoooooco oooooocooooooooocooo r-^ 00 CTs yQ \0 \0 r^ 00 00 00 00 l-H l-H 1-1 IH 344 HIRAM LODGE. 3 A. J. Hood. A. J. Hood. A. J. Hood. A. W. Homer. J W. Bingay. J. W. Bingay. William V. Brown. William V. Brown. Aaron Goudey, jun. Thomas B. Crosby. Joseph R. Wyman. Joseph R. Wyman. Joseph R. Wyman Joseph R. Wyman Joseph R. Wyman. Joseph R. Wyman. 1 A. W. Homer. William B. Homer. William B. Homer. William B. Homer. William B. Homer. Alfred S. Hood. Alfred S. Hood. Samuel C. Hood. William V. Brown. William V. Brown. Thomas B. Crosby. Thomas B. Crosby. Thomas B. Crosby. Thomas B. Crosby. Thomas B. Crosby. Thomas B. Crosby. 1 s 1 pi w y s ■H William W. Reid. William E. Gardner. James R. Scribnfir. Frederick L. Hatfield. John MacKenzie. George Bingay. George T. Grant. Henry Churchill. David Richards. Thomas E. Corning. William W. Reid. Lyman Rogers. Edward D. Moulton. Charles E. Trask. William W. Reid. William D. Ross. o . -S ! .2 1 J. Wentworth Bingay. Alfred S. Hood. James Lawson. William W. Reid. Joseph R. Wyman. Thomas B. Crosby. Frederick L. Hatfield. Edward D. Moulton. Thomas E. Corning. George T. Grant. George T. Grant. T. V. B. Bingay, jun. Arthur Rogers. Edward D. Moulton. Lyman Rogers. Charles E. Trask. 1 i 'a O Clarence Christie. Clarence Christie. J. W. Bingay. Alfred S. Hood. James Lawson. Joseph R. Wyman. John MacKenzie. J. W. Bingay. Thomas B. Crosby. I'>ederick L. Hatfield. Thomas E. Corning. William W. Reid. T. V. B. Bingay, jun. George T. Grant. Arthur Rogers. Edward D. Moulton. en rt en 1— J 0) ^ % m h- » o ^A ^ i>l KD OO 00 OO 00 V T3 c s . o .« O CJ Pi . £ -S >3 ffi D. _ V.J a, -.3 C M ff PM 1— ,<; I— , 0> vo r^ CO 00 00 < X SCOTIA LODGE. 345 ■a c tn n en H rQ T3 C n U u s: ^ ^ s o goeaBSHES OOrtrtrtrtrtrtrt oouuuuuou 00°oooooo O (U OJ •!> "5 c« t/o cn E ^^ p< p< Pfj pi ta rt oi -O T3 ^O " C C o o .„ s 6 e S J= ^ -c ^ S 2 S > ^ !> 1> ^ I> ? !> "j^ '^^ -^ -j^ 'l^ -^ tyabjObObBbO&Obflbobo a (U(UiU c: r! C c fe (K (X. (i. c c n P3 m « m S s P3 rt O ^ j:: -r; fe dl O CJ H « m :> J ° 6 u" W o M u o o 6 .s . o — — _ I re r^ ^ ^ u Ph 5 pq ^ pq 5 ii 5P4 2 s pq K C "» u rt O M pq pq . a ,U en |i( H o 5 ^ E _C2 H rrl » ^ >, ^ u OJ pq pq o o a c t^^ ^ o o *J ^ Jv tn [fl c ,pq ~ " < < ^ ^ . . . . . i: - pil e^ >, u cj lEi f-' ? ^ " is Si >^ o m O 2 ri rt c««Sb o a ■,0 (n rtrt^Hi-irtt-^O CO u: pq HH KH s a in ffi o o j3 J3 cn |ii &H oi cn H E^ a 3 s SS^ - . „ - 1-^1-^f-' , _>, « S§ S W S S U 1 i ai ^' Q w J= j3 . f^ h < ^^M X . c . cod a ^ a ^ u 1 « ^ rt H « hJ _c! (-< W j_ S! 4) w :S « g (u g S t: -a h . = bJ9 C u5 1 .£ ^. rt H ^^"« S & |s^-^s , fi, >, ^j >; bo QJ aj (u "^ MH , ; H c .•= :3 r: >.._ . -- rt rt rt rt ^^ s fP m pq pq t • • . • 3 **" ^ < < < 5 1 1-^ pci pii pt^ )— C/3 vD r^ d ro T)- 10 i^ r^ 00 00 00 CO 00 CO 00 00 00 00 N- -.«,-, HH i- ROVAL ARCH CHAPTER. 347 t^ t^ >, >^ x! T3 -a ■g a- c c rt rt rt tt .5 ass S |n l-l M k- ^ "& o o o o :? ^ :z; ^ U U OJ lU Rl rt nj rt ^ J= ^ j5 U U (J o i S s i en w en tn tn tn w tft tn "S C u fe 4) U Sj g *B. 'S. 'q- "q- ■£. S:; CO i/i cA) cfi c/3 « t: t: s t: t; G- iH, a ft § _a ft ft D- 1 15 Ic IS IS CM flH Ph PM '^ >> >> >1 >, o • 0) o OHuMWfe^^ .^U H c ri )-i E u dj O n C ^ ^ 'S )J >, >- -isi o o o OJ > S V -Ji -^ Ji O o o u E - _ fq o H H S ►2,fe H pi Z S ^ in vd r^ oo CT\ d >-^ N rn t5- lo \o »o vo \0 VO r^ t-^ r^ r^ r^ r^ 00 00 CO CO CO OO 00 CO 00 00 00 o X u a z < 2 t3 ■d >> > P* § 1 .| ta ^ -3 e -s o s O (U oi , ; J4 = a f^ ^ s 6 S: H H ^ ►il. Hi> > T3 C >i cn _: . 6 ^ .22 "S s O O fe O »^ u d s s pi a pq «■ o c ^o ^< > .f^ d . ^ C . e aj . < 2 ^ g S S fe ^ l^l^^ S 1 K a g s ° 1 u5 ^ i-^u5 ^ U U c o S^ C C >, U cfl 0) [li^ c pq Ph Plh J p3 ^ Ph < K K ^ -H 348 BRITISH AND FOREIGN BIBLE SOCIETY. BRITISH AND FOREIGN BIBLE SOCIETY. 1816. — In January, 1816, the Yarmouth and Argyle branch of this Society was organized at the house of Bartlett Gardner, Chebogue, and the following officers were appointed : James Lent, president ; Rev. Harris Harding, Rev. Enoch Towner, Richard Fletcher, and Jacob Tedford, vice-presidents ; Waitstill Lewis, treasurer ; Thomas Dane and Zachariah Chipman, secretaries. The office-bearers in later years were as follows : — President. Treasurer. Secretary. 1834. 1844. 1854. 1858. 1862. Rev. Harris Harding. Rev. Harris Harding. Benjamin Rogers. G. J. Parish. G. J. Parish. Waitstill Lewis. Edward Huestis. Robert Guest. Robert Guest. Robert Guest. William MacCuUoch. Rev. A. V. Dimock. J. T. Hutchinson. W. K. Dudman. C. C. Stewart. In 1843, to promote the interests of the Society in Argyle, a special committee was appointed : Matthew Jefifery, secretary and treasurer ; Israel Harding, James Spinney, Daniel Spinney, Colin MacKinnon, and James Nickerson. In 1828 the ladies of Yarmouth and Argyle established an independ- ent branch, whose usefulness still continues. Mrs. Richard Fletcher was the first president, succeeded by Mrs. Robert Kelley, Mrs. G. J. Farish, and Mrs. Thomas O. Geddes. What the ladies were doing fifty years ago may be gathered from extracts of correspondence to be found in the appendix, and this from the Society's report, published at London in 1829. " From New Brunswick, Rev. John West (deputed by the committee to visit the auxiharies in British North America) passed into Nova Scotia, and a meeting was convened at Yarmouth, where the Auxiliary was revived, and a Ladies' Association established. Mrs. Fletcher, president of the Yarmouth Ladies' Association, has remitted ;^4 1/6/2, and, ex- pressing her gratitude for a quantity of English Bibles placed at her disposal, says, ' They are in the hands of destitute and indigent persons. MILTON LIBRARY. 349 whose wants and utter inability to make payment we have carefully ascer- tained ; and I can assure you they are considered an inestimable treasure by the poor but pious persons to whose lot they fell.' " ' THE YARMOUTH BOOK SOCIETY. 1822. — The Yarmouth Book Society was estabhshed on Jan. i, 1822: John Moody, president; James B.Moody, treasurer; Slayley Brown, secretary ; Herbert Huntington, librarian. Henry G. Farish succeeded to the presidency in 1829, and James B. Dane in 1848. In 1870 the Society was newly organized under the name of "Milton Library." The original shareholders were John Moody, H. G. Farish, James Starr, Jacob Tooker, Herbert Huntington, James Bond, John Brown, James B. Moody, Stayley Brown, Mary Fletcher, Abner W. Huntington, Samuel Corning, Zebina Shaw, Simeon De Wolfe, Francis Armstrong, James B. Dane, Samuel Rust, Israel Harding, George Bingay, John Lawson, Charles J. Bond, T. A. Grantham, Joseph Shaw, Zachariah Chipman. YARMOUTH ACADEMY. 1830. — By deed dated Jan. 26, 1830, Thomas and Elizabeth Goudey, for the sum of ^^t/io/o, conveyed to James Bond, Robert Kelley, Zachariah Chipman, Anthony V. S. Forbes, and Waitstill Lewis, the lot of land near " Moody's Corner," sixty feet by two hundred and five feet, in trust for themselves and the other proprietors ; viz., — - John Kinney. Stayley Brown. John Murray. Joseph Stoneman. William Huestis. Silas Clements. Benjamin Lewis. Charles Lewis. Robert Huston. John Forman. John Brown. John Durkee. Israel Lovitt. William Lewis. Gabriel Van Norden. Jonaihan Moulton. Ebenezer Clark. John Killam. Thomas Killam. Benjamin Killam. Thomas Willett. Samuel Rust. Reuben Clements. Comfort Haley. Joseph Robbins. Thomas D. Chipman. E. W. B. Moody. James E. Dane. Joseph N. Bond. Joseph B. Bond. Edward Huestis. David Landers. Jeremiah Haley. Samuel S. Poole. George S. Fletcher. James Baker. Joseph Raymond. The said premises to be occupied as a site whereon to erect an academy for the education of youth. As previously stated, the Yarmouth Academy was built in 1830. James B. Dane was the architect; and the ^ Appendix S. 350 YARMOUTH ACADEMY. building was occupied for educational purposes until the introduction of the present school law, when, by an Act of the Legislature, dated March 31, 1864, John Murray, Reuben Clements, and James B. Moody, were appointed commissioners to sell the property at the request " of all the parties beneficially interested in said land and building." John W. Moody was the purchaser ; and the building, removed to the line of Main Street, is now headquarters for the important offices Mr. Moody holds. The trustees of the Yarmouth Academy were five in number, three chosen by the members of the society ; the others, being also members of the society, were appointed by the lieutenant-governor. In 1841 the trustees were E. W. B. Moody, Reuben Clements, Charles Lewis, John Murray, and Stayley Brown. In that year the provincial grant in aid of the institution was a hundred and thirty-five pounds. One of the early teachers at the Yarmouth Academy, appointed August, 1833, was William MacCulloch, now a Presbyterian clergyman of Truro. In 1845, Michael MacCulloch was principal. These gentle- men were the sons of Dr. Thomas MacCulloch, the distinguished founder of the Pictou Academy, long the leading educational institution of Nova Scotia. The following have been the principal school-teachers of Yarmouth County down to the introduction of the present school system, although some names may be inadvertently omitted. The teachers at the Yar- mouth Academy are placed in a column by themselves : — YARMOUTH ACADEMY. 1832. Charles Wiggins. 1833. William MacCulloch. 1836. William M. Godfrey. George Y. Wordsworth. Waitstill Patch. 1839. Rev. John Ross. 1S40. James J. Smith. 1841. Rufus Tilden King. 1841. Mrs. R. T. King. 1845. Michael MacCulloch. John Maclver. Rev. George Christie. Douglas Christie. John Thorburn. Alexander S. Murray. William Bullock. J. Alvin Flint. ' John Hood. SCHO OL- TEA CHERS. 351 1785 Samuel S. Poole. James C. Millar. 1785. Miner Huntington. Joseph R. Raymond. Andrew Butler. William Muncey. John Prout. Charles H. Tucker. Robert R. Black. W. P. McFetridge. Rev. Harris Harding. John Ingram Brand. 1800. Henry Adams. Horace B. Porter. 1806. Henry O'Niel. Henry A. Hood. I8I0. Alexander Crawford. J. Alvin Flint. I8I2. John MacKinnon. James Urquhart. 1812. Matthew Fisher. Jean B. LeBlanc. I8I5. Rev. R. Milner. John C. Anderson. 1815. William Hannah. Raphael Bourgeois. I8I6. Nathan Lewis Abram S. Lent. I8I7. John Wetmore. Samuel MacCuUy. I8I7. John S. Miller. Joseph H. Saunders. I8I8. Jos. B. Whipple. Samuel W. Bennison. I8I9. Rev. T. A. Grantham. Robert B. Brown. I8I8. Thomas D. Stokoe. John Hood. 1820. George Miller. Thomas W. Hilton. 1820. James Addison. Laban S. Balkam. 1823. John Moody. Samuel Rust. FEMALE TEACHERS. Herbert Huntington. 1805. Miss Anne MacKinnon. Hugh Maclver, sen. 1810. Mrs. Montgomery. 1825. Joseph Ellis. 1830. Mrs, Mary Huntington. 1826. Joseph Alden Ellis. 1828. Mrs. Jos. Alden Ellis. 1831. John Bennison. 1832. Miss Maria E. Phipps. Francis Boyd. 1820. Misses Addison. Colin MacKinnon. 1834. Mrs. Lowther. 1832. Robert Phipps. Mrs. RuEus Kinney. 1832. Bennett. 1834. Mrs. MacDonald. Freeman Crosby. 1830. Mrs. Sarah Bruce. William C. Williams. 1830. Miss Deborah Crosby. John Williams. 1835- Mrs. Laura Gowen. 1834. Thomas S. Delaney. 1836. Mrs. Ann Cuddy. 1837- William Hall. 1836. Miss Deborah Thompson. Hugh Maclver, jun. 1836. Miss M. Hanson. Pierre Amirault. 1838. Miss C. Sorensen. Hippolyte Babin. 1838. Mrs. Donelly. Charles Theriault. Miss Kate Maclver. Denis MacGrath. Miss Elizabeth Maclver. Michel Surette. Miss Tupper. Croker P. Grace. Miss Smith. Louis A. Surette. Mrs. Jane M. Bingay. William Moore. Miss Louisa Forbes. Henry Kenealy. Mrs. Lois Goudey. John Maclver. Miss Ellen Robbins. James Cleland. 552 NE WSPA PERS. NEWSPAPERS. Yarmouth's first local newspaper was " The Telegraph," issued by Jackson and L'Estrange in the autumn of 183 1. It existed ten months, and was succeeded by "The Yarmouth Herald," established in August, 1833, by Alexander Lawson, who has since continued sole editor and proprietor, except that for the interval between 1845 and 1850 "The Herald " was under the editorial management of Angus M. Gidney, afterward of "The Bridgetown Free Press." In September, 1839, Richard Huntington, grandson of Miner Hunt- ington, and a graduate of " The Yarmouth Herald " establishment, issued, as a semi-weekly, "The Conservative." But with the subsidence of the Canadian rebellion, which had a few Yarmouth sympathizers, Yarmouth was no longer a field for " The Conservative," and it was withdrawn after six'months. In 1843, John G. Bingay established "The Yarmouth Courier," which, owmg to the failing health of the proprietor, was discontinued in ,1848, having meanwhile, through a somewhat stormy period, attended the birth of " Responsible Government " in Nova Scotia. In 1848 appeared "The Temperance Gazette," published by Handley Chipman Fhnt, one of the most amiable of mankind, and a great- grandson of Thomas Flint, who, in 1771, came to Yarmouth from Salem, Massachusetts. In September, 1855, Richard Huntington, with the assistance of Charles E. Hurd, afterward of " The Boston Transcript," established, as a semi-weekly, "The Yarmouth Tribune," which, after some years, was changed to a weekly issue. Mr. Huntington continued sole editor and proprietor until his death on May 13, 1883 ; and two days afterward "The Tribune " bade its many friends farewell. In February, 1883, appeared the latest aspirant for pubHc favor, — "The Yarmouth Times and Western Counties Journal," published semi- weekly. Since then, the editorial columns of the Yarmouth newspapers have taken on a more metropolitan tone. YARMOUTH SEMINARY. 353 THE YARMOUTH SEMINARY. This edifice, designed by Charles W. Panter of Brookline, Mass., and erected under his superintendence, was begun in 1863, and finished in 1864, at a cost of about ^20,000, the gift of citizens cliiefly residents of the Central School District, where the building stands. It is a two-story wooden structure with a Mansard roof, and a basement nine feet high, fitted up for a play-room in stormy weather. The main building is 68 by 73 feet, with a projection in the rear 15 by 32 feet. The first and second stories are divided by broad corridors into eight schoolrooms, 26 by 30 feet, and 13 feet high, containing accommodation for 448 pupils with a separate desk for each. Under the roof is a hall for public exhi- bitions, 61 by (id feet, and 15 feet high, capable of seating 800 people; and at the end of the corridor in the second story are two large recita- tion-rooms. At a meeting of the founders of the Yarmouth Seminary, held on Oct. 24, 1863, a constitution was adopted. Its thirteenth clause provided for a school committee of twelve, three to be ex-officio members thereof; viz., the members for the County and Township of Yarmouth in the Provincial Parliament, and the custos, or chief judicial ofiicer, of Yarmouth Town. The following constituted the first boards of management : — GOVERNORS. G. J. Farish, Secretary. Dennis Horton. N. K. Clements. John Young. George Killam. Bowman Corning. Nathan Moses. John K. Ryerson. John K. Ryerson. George Killam. John W. Lovitt. N. K. Clements. Thomas Killam. _ „ _ SCHOOL COMMITTEE. George a. isrown. G. Joseph Farish. Thomas Killam, M.P.P., Chairman. James Murray, jun. George S. Brown, M.P.P. Dennis Horton. W. H. Moody, sen., Ciistos. Samuel Killam. George Killam. Bowman Corning. N. K. Clements. Nathan Moses. Ti^USTEES. T:]xom2.s M. Lewis. James Murray, President. Charles E. Brown. Thomas Killam. Loran E. Baker. George S. Brown. Benjamin Killam, jun. Nathan Moses. Jonathan Horton. John W. Lovitt. John W. Moody. 354 YARMOUTH SEMINARY. As before intimated, the cost of the Yarmouth Seminary, including the vahie of the grounds, exceeded ^20,000, though the actual figures have never been published. Mr. Panter's contract price, $14,000, was increased by extra work done by him, and by the cost of grading, ornamenting, and fencing the grounds, to upwards of ^16,000 ; and when to this is added the value of the land itself, which has an area of 544 by 2i4|- feet, or about 2f acres, and which, principally, was the gift of Capt. George Killam, it may be readily seen that the entire ouday exceeded $20,000. The organization that built the Yarmouth Seminary, originated in a movement undertaken in December, 1862, to raise, by voluntary contri- bution, within the central district of Yarmouth Town, the sum of $1 2,000; one-half to be devoted to a school-building, the other half toward the support of a free school for four years. At that time there was not a single public-school building in the County of Yarmouth, and the central district of the town was but poorly provided with school- rooms of any kind. Upon the presentation of a prospectus and subscription paper, dated Dec. 16, 1862, the following amounts were readily subscribed by residents of the district : — John W. Lovitt . . . Ji,ooo John K. Ryerson i,oco George Killam . . .... 1,000 George S. Brown 1,000 Nathan Moses 500 Amasa Durkee 500 Abel C. Robbins 400 John T. Hutchinson 200 Robert Brown, sen 200 George Ryerson . . . . 200 James A. Sterritt 100 John C. Moulton 100 Samuel M. Ryerson . jSioo Benjamin Killam, jun. Thomas B. Dane . . 100 100 James E. Suttie . 100 Dennis Horton . 100 John R. Crosby Samuel Flint . 100 100 A. W. Homer . 100 Loran E. Baker 100 Samuel Brown . 100 William H. Jenkin s . 100 together, $7,300. In addition to this amount of $7,300, Thomas Killam, Esq., not a resident of the district, though conducting his extensive business there, and employing many men with families living within its limits, in a letter written at Halifax, where he was attending the legislative session, expressed his intention of adding his name to the hst for $1,000. YARMOUTH SEMINARY. 355 Not long after this stage was reached, Capt. N. K. Clements returned from the dis-United States, and proposed that the entire ^12,000 should be devoted to a school-building according to plans and estimates which he had brought from Boston ; and the subscribers having generally adopted his views, Capt. Clements at once set himself to their accom- pUshment. Leading off with his own for $1,000, he obtained the follow- ing other subscriptions within the district : — N. K. Clements James Murray G. Joseph Parish ... Freeman Dennis . . . . George B. Doane Jonathan Horton Robert Hunter Samuel M. Ryerson, additional Benjamin Killam " James E. Suttie " Joseph W. Crowell .... Pl,000 200 200 100 100 100 100 50 5° 5° Joseph Seeley . . George G. Gray J. Alvin Flint . John R. Corning . William E. Huestis David Churchill Calvin Wyman . . John G. Dallinger . William Weddleton Samuel F. Raymond Joseph R. Kinney . 5° 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 20 making ^2,415, or a total subscription, within District No. 3, of $9,715, exclusive of the grounds. The subscriptions from residents of other districts adjoining, which deserved the greater commendation from the fact that they would soon have to contribute for school-buildings in their own sections of the town, were as follows : — Thomas Killam . . ... jSi,ooo Benjamin Murphy ... . 100 Bowman Corning 100 William Burrill 50 William D. Lovitt 50 Aaron Goudey . . . 200 Nathan Utley 100 Charles Tooker J30 Thomas M. Lewis 25 John W. Moody 25 A. F. Stoneman ... . 25 Joseph B. Stoneman 25 Gilbert Allen 20 making $1,750, or a grand total of $11,465. As the work of building, etc., progressed, other contributions were made in the form of materials, labor, etc., which probably brought the whole subscription not far from $12,000, exclusive of the grounds. When the work was completed, the grounds graded and fenced, and the building furnished throughout, there was still a deficiency of some $5,000, which was advanced by Capt. Clements, and has never been 3S6 COMMON SCHOOLS. repaid ; and for the reason, probably, that about that time there came into operation a Provincial law for the support of schools by compulsory assessment, when free contributions were more difficult of attainment. Be that as it may, the Yarmouth Seminary has since afforded accommo- dation for the high school of the county, supported by a legislative grant. The edifice itself has served as a model for school-buildings throughout the Province, and there remains the question whether some further legislative action should not still be taken in order to repay to the heirs of Capt. Clements the amount of his advances. During the legislative session of 1864 was passed the first Provincial law for the support of schools by compulsory assessment ; and under the operation of that law and its amendments, Yarmouth County has become supplied with pubhc-school buildings and schools ample for all the needs of the inhabitants.' The report of the superintendent of education for 1882 gives for Yarmouth County 70 school sections with 89 schools and 96 teachers for the winter, and 86 schools with 91 teachers for the summer term; and a total of 5,268 different pupils attending during the year, being one in four of the population. The salaries in that year were, male teachers, grade A and B, ^498 ; C, $401 ; D, I303. Female teachers, grade B, ^341 ; C, ^273 ; D, ^187. These salaries, though low, were far above the general average of the Province ; and upon this point the superintendent says, " That the salaries paid to teachers have not advanced in sympathy with the ten- dency toward the increased remuneration observable in all other depart- ments of labor, is due in part to the fact, not peculiar to our Province, that teaching affords to young persons, who do not intend to adopt it as a profession, a convenient temporary employment in advance of the regular business of life. ... I may also allude to the circumstance that our present scale of salaries was virtually fixed at a time when the supply greatly exceeded the demand." School cornmissioners are appointed by the Government, and hold office during pleasure. ^ Appendix T. AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES. 3S7 SCHOOL COMMISSIONERS FOR 1886. YARMOUTH DISTRICT. Charles E. Brown. Nathan Hilton. John W. Moody. Charles W. Clements. Stephen N. Allen. James Cain, sen. George Crosby. Amos Hilton, jun. William H. Moody. Robert B. Brown. Harris H. Crosby. ARGYLE DISTRICT. Rev. J. M. Manning. Enos Gardner. Michel Surette. David D'Entremont. Nathaniel Travis. James A. Hatfield. P. Lent Hatfield. Anselme O. Pothier. Milford Sims. Edward S. Perry. AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES. 1842. — The Yarmoxjth County Agricultural Society was organ- ized at the Court House on April 29, 1842. The members were, — Barnard, Thomas. Bazalgette, Herbert. Bingay, Edward. Bingay, George. Bingay, John. Bond, James. Bond, Joseph B. Bond, Norman J. Brown, John. Brown, Robert. Brown, Stayley. Brown, Thomas. Burrill, William. Churchill, William. Churchill, Zaccheus. Clements, Reuben. Clements, William. Cook, Caleb. Cook, Walter. Corning, Nelson. Crawley, John. Crosby, Enoch. Crosby, Isaiah. Crosby, James. Crosby, James, jun. Dunseith, Samuel. Durkee, John. Durkee, William. Eakins, Robert S. EUenwood, Benjamin. Ellis, Joseph Alden. Parish, H. G. Fifield, Noah. Forster, James. Goudey, H. T. Guest, Robert. Haley, Ebenezer. Hall, John G. Harris, Nathaniel. Harris, William. Hilton, John. Hilton, Samuel. Hilton, Thomas, jun. Holmes, Samuel. Huestis, Samuel. Huntington, A. W. Huntington, Herbert. Jenkins, James. Kelley, Daniel. Kelley, Robert. Killam, Mark. Killam, Thomas. Lawson, Alexander. Lonergan, Edmund. MacNamara, William. MacNutt, James. Moody, E. W. B. Moody, John. Moody, William H. Murray, James. Patten, John. Patterson, Charles E. Pinkney, John. Pitman, John. Porter, Benjamin. Raymond, Josiah. Redding, F. W. Robbins, A. C. Robbins, Asa. Robbins, Joseph. Robertson, William. Robson, E. M. Rogers, Joseph. Rowley, J. W. H. Saunders, Henry. Saunders, John. Scott, Amos H. Scott, Ebenezer. Scott, John F. Stowe, Thomas. Tooker, George W. Tooker, Joseph. Tooker, Joseph, jun. Tooker, Thomas B. Townsend, W. H. Trask, Elias. Trask, Thomas. Van Norden, Gabriel. Webster, F. A. Winter, Thomas. Wyman, Calvin. 35 8 AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES. President, James Bond. Vice-President, John Saunders. 2d Vice-President, Reuben Clements. Secretary, Herbert Huntington. Treasurer, Stayley Brown. Directors, John Bingay, Mark Killam, William Harris, Joseph Robbins, Gabriel Van Norden, Caleb Cook, E. W. B. Moody, H. G. Parish. This Society existed until 1848, and was succeeded in 1855 by the Yarmouth Township Agricqltural Society, whose headquarters were at Hebron, and whose first office-bearers were, — President, Joseph A. Ellis. Vice-President, David Eldridge. 2d Vice-President, James Churchill. Secretary, Thomas W. LongstafE. Treasurer, Josiah Raymond. Directors, Jesse Wyman, John Rose, Richard Crosby, Loran Cann, Joseph Rogers, Henry Saunders, John MacCormack, Benjamin B. Moses. The officers chosen for 1885 were, — President, William R. Doty. Vice-President, Moses Harris. Secretary, James Crosby. Tieasurer, George W. Saunders. Directors, James Butler, John Mac- Cormack, Robert K. Rose, Charles M. Rogers, John F. Dowling. A new Yarmouth County Agricultural Society was organized on Oct. 3, 1867, which continues in active operation witli an annual exhibition and attractive prize list. 1867. President, William B. Townsend. 'Vice-President, William Burrill, sen. Secre- tary, Charles E. Brown. Directors, William Kinney, Henry Burrill, sen., Dennis C. Weston, Enos K. Rogers, Stephen Churchill. 1872. President, Frank Killam. Vice-President, Loran E. Baker. Secretary, Thomas E. Corning. Directors, William Burrill, sen., Henry Burrill, sen., Charles W. Smith, N. W. Blethen, Byron C. Sims. 1877. President, C. E. Brown. Vice-Presideti', L. E. Baker. Secretary, T. B. Crosby. 1882. President, L. E. Baker. Vice-President, William Corning. Secretary, T. B. Crosby. 1 88 3. President, L. E. Baker. Vice-President, William Corning. Secretary, Thomas B. Crosby. MOUNTAIN CEMETERY. 359 George S. Brown was a member of the Central Board of Agriculture of Nova Scotia from 1864 to 1866 inclusive ; and the representative of the Yarmouth County Agricultural Society upon that board, from 1872 to 1875 inclusive; Charles E.Brown from 1876 to 1885, when, by an Act of the Legislature, the Central Board was abolished. MOUNTAIN CEMETERY. i860. — The first tract of land, was purchased, and the " Mountain in i860. Some five years later the an extension easterly. The following have been the directors at different periods : — i860. formerly known as " the Mountain," Cemetery Company " was organized, area of the grounds was enlarged by President, E. W. B. Moody. Vice-President, Joseph B. Bond. Thomas Allen. George Killam. George S. Brown. G. Joseph Parish. James C. Farish. Comfort Haley. William Rogers. James B. Kinney. 1865. President, Stayley Brown. Vice-President, Nathan Moses. Joseph B. Bond. James C. Farish. George Killam. John W. Lovitt. Samuel Brown. John K. Ryerson. Edward Huestis. Andrew Lovitt. Secretary and Treasurer ( Secretary and Treasurer { 1875- President, Nathan Moses. Vice-President, Stayley Brown. James C. Farish. George S. Brown. James B. Kinney. Bowman Corning. Benjamin Killam. L. E. Baker. Freeman Dennis. James M. Davis. 1885. President, L. E. Baker. Vice-President, William Law. Nathan Moses. Bowman Corning. John K. Ryerson. John Murphy. Thomas B. Dane. Oscar Davison. Lyman E. Cann. H. G. Farish 3d. S60-1880), G. Joseph Farish. 1S81-1S86), Nathan Moses. ABBOTSFORD AND OTHER FUNDS." 1833. — A subscription was opened in Yarmouth in aid of the fund then being raised throughout both continents to repurchase for the family of Sir Walter Scott the beautiful estate of Abbotsford, involved in the " Appendix U. 36o ABBOTSFORD AND OTHER FUNDS. failure of an Edinburgh publishing-house to which Sir Walter had loaned ;^io,ooo procured through a mortgage upon his Abbotsford property. The amount subscribed in Yarmouth has not been ascertained. 1846. — A meeting was held at the Court House, — John Bingay, sheriff, in the chair, — and measures were taken in aid of the sufferers by a recent devastating conflagration at St. John's, Newfoundland. The sum of ;£i 83/2/9 was sent from Yarmouth. 1855. — Joseph Shaw, sheriff, summoned the people to the Court House to devise measures in aid of the "Patriotic Fund," to be devoted to the families of soldiers and sailors who might fall in the Crimean War. ;£299/4/6 were forwarded from Yarmouth, of which ;£37 formed a special contribution by the ladies. 1863. — A letter from Lord Derby to E. W. B. Moody, dated July 6, 1863, acknowledged the receipt of ;^28o sterling, subscribed in Yarmouth to the fund for the Lancashire operatives thrown out of employment through the scarcity of cotton caused by the blockade of the Southern seaports of the United States. The following were the subscribers to the Lancashire fund : — Thomas Killam Samuel Killam Ryerson, Moses, & Co. . E. W. B. Moody . James Murray . . George Killam George S. Brown . N. K. Clements Young & Baker . Joseph Shaw . . John W. Lovitt . G. J. Parish . W. H. Moody & Son A. C. Robbins . Lyman Cann . Stayley Brown . Andrew Lovitt . W. K. Dudman John Flint . . Dennis Horton Aaron Goudey . James McNutt J. G. Dallinger William Burrill & Co. iSioo 00 100 00 60 00 5° 00 50 00 5° 00 50 00 50 00 50 00 40 00 40 00 32 00 30 00 20 00 20 CO 20 00 20 00 20 00 12 00 12 00 10 00 10 00 10 GO 10 00 Joseph Burrill . %\.o 00 Thomas M. Lewis 8 00 H. A. Grantham . 8 00 Nathan Utley . David Cook 6 00 6 00 G. J. Goudey . Samuel Brown . 6 00 S 00 Hugh Cann . . Thomas Allen . 4 00 4 GO Thomas Allen, ju n. 4 GO Enos Gardner . 4 00 Robert Guest . 4 00 F. A. Webster . 4 00 W. H. Gridley . A. F. Stoneman 4 00 4 00 Jonathan Horton James B. Moody 4 GO 4 OG A. C. White .' 4 OG Henry Kenealy Gilbert Sanderson 4 GG 4 00 Theodore Churchill 4 00 Thomas E. Moberly Thomas A. Geddes 4 GO 4 GO Robert K. Lonerg an 4 GO INLAND NAVIGATION COMPANY. 361 C. B. Owen . . . George W. Tooker Alexander J. Hood Benjamin Rogers . Dennis Sullivan . Joseph B. Stoneman Robert Brown . . Charles Tooker . James E. Clements George Christie . Edward Huestis . Reuben Clements Thomas B. Dane . Anonymous . . . Charles E. Horton Robert Hunter John R. Corning . J. J. Moody . . . Freeman Gardner Alexander S. Murray James C. Farish John Murray . Samuel Messenge Gilbert Allen . James A. Sterritt Israel Horton . James B. Kinney Jacob Smith . Joseph Stoneman George M. Lewis William Lewis . George Bingay Heman Gardner Anonymous . . James E. Suttie Richard Huntington William Churchill %A 00 4 00 4 00 4 00 4 00 4 00 4 00 4 o» 4 00 4 00 4 00 4 00 4 00 4 00 4 00 4 GO 4 00 4 00 4 GO 4 00 4 00 4. GO 4 00 4 GO 2 50 2 50 2 50 2 00 2 00 2 GO 2 GO 2 00 ^ GO ■> 00 2 00 -> GO 2 00 William Haley John C. Moulton George H. Lovitt Comfort Haley John Baxter L. D. Raymond George W. Johnson Dennis Crosby Robert M. Kelley Nathan Lewis . William Caskey J. A. Flint . . B. E. Rogers . James D. Horton James Forster . G. G. Sanderson N. J. B. Tooker Benjamin Rogers, Henry Lewis . Daniel Gardner Patrick Kelley . Richard Smith. Joseph A. Haley Robert B. Brown N. B. -Lewis D. B. Brown . Benjamin Crosby Benjamin Ellenwood Daniel C. Kelley Joseph Challen John Cann . . Small contributions Baptist Church collection Presbyterian Church collection Trinity Church collection . . J52 00 2 GO 2 OG 2 GO 2 00 2 00 2 00 I 5G I 50 I 00 I GO I 00 I 00 I 00 I GO I GO I 00 I 00 I 00 I 00 I 00 I GO I GO I GO I 00 I GO I 00 I GO I 00 I 00 . I 00 13 92 41 38 28 50 52 27 Total $1,280 57 which, with sundry donations in the country districts, made up the ;^2 8o sterling, remitted to Lord Derby. THE INLAND NAVIGATION COMPANY. 181 1. — The Inland Navigation Company was incorporated by a special Act of the Legislature in 181 1. The purpose of the company may be gathered from the preamble to the Act, which says, " Whereas the opening a communication by means of locks between the head of Cape Fourchu Harbor and Lake George 362 MARINE INSURANCE COMPANIES. through the several intervening lakes would be of great service to the neighboring settlers and to the Province in general, as well by facilitating the carriage and transportation of wood, lumber, and other heavy arti- cles in boats or by rafts from the interior of the country to the place of shipment, as by carrying the produce of the sea-coast to the inland settlers, and whereas,'' etc. ♦ This seems to have been a reasonable project when it is remembered that it was nearly twenty years afterward that railroads were first con- structed for purposes of general transportation in America or Europe. The locks at Milton were substantially cdmpleted, but no work of impor- tance was done at Hebron or beyond it. Some thirty vessels were built upon the shores of the lakes, and carried through to the harbor. One vessel, found too large to go through the locks, was taken out at Wilham Robertson's landing, and transported over the " Devil's-half-acre " to the nearest beach below. The stock of the company consisted of lOO shares, and the capital was limited to ;^5,ooo. The following are the names of the stock- holders : — Allen, Nathaniel. Bond, James. Bond, Joseph N. Butler, Eleazer. Byrne, Thomas. Cann, Hugh. Crichton, William. Crosby, Ansel. Crosby, Joshua. Crosby, Lemuel. Crosby, Theophilus. Cuff, Thomas. Dane, Thomas. Fletcher, Richard. Flint, David. Huntington, Miner. Jenkins, James. Jenkins, John. Killam, Eliakim. Killam, John, sen. Killam, John, jun. Landers, Anthony. Landers, David. Landers, Jabez. Landers, Thorndyke. Marshall, Samuel. Patch, John. Patch, Nehemiah. Patten, Richard. Perry, Cyrus. Perry, Thomas. Phillips, John T. Pitman, Benjamin. Porter, Nehemiah, sen. Porter, Nehemiah, jun. Pyke, John W. Raymond, John. Saunders, Henry. Saunders, Nathaniel. Saunders, William. Scott, Benjamin. Strickland,- Christopher. Strickland, Jonathan. Tedford, Jacob. Tooker, Joseph. Trask, John, jun. Tremain, Jonathan. Wilson, Thomas. MARINE INSURANCE COMPANIES. 1809. — The first Marine Insurance Company of Yarmouth was established in 1809. The stock consisted of 75 shares held by 50 shareholders in the proportions expressed by the figures before their names. YARMOUTH MARINE. 363 I. Bain, Alexander, jun. I. Hilton, Henry. Poole, Samuel S. I. Baker, Jonathan. 3- Huston, Robert. Prout, John. 2. Baker, Horace. 2. Jenkins, James. Raymond, John. I. Baker, Nathan. I. Kelley, Israel. Robbins, Joseph. I. Beal, Othniel. I. Ktlley, Jacob. Robbins, Joseph, jun. 2. Erown, WilHam. 2. Kelley, Robert. Rose, Stephen. 1. Churchill, Ezra. 2. Kelley, Samuel. Saunders, William. i. Clements, Elkanah. r. Killam, Jacob. Scott, Benjamin. 2. Clements, Silas. 2. Killam, John, jun. Shaw, Zebina. 1. Crosby, Edward. 2. Landers, Anthony. Shipley, James. 1. Crosby, Lemuel. 2. Lewis, Waitstill. Smith, Job. I. Crowell, Thomas W. S- Marshall, Samuel. Strickland, Christopher. 2. Durkee, Araasa. I. Patch, Nehemiah. Tedford, Jacob. I. Ellis, Samuel. 1. Perry, Elisha. Tooker, Joseph. 2. Flint, David. 2. Perry, Levi. Trask, John, jun. I. Harris, William. ^. Perry, Thomas. Wilson, Thomas. I. Hatfield, Job. z. Poole, Samuel. The company met at Job Smith's tavern, on July i, 1809, Samuel Marshall chairman. Joseph Tooker, John Killam, jun., Samuel Mar- shall, Job Hatfield, Elkanah Clements, Samuel Poole, and Robert Hus- ton, were chosen directors. Miner Huntington was appointed broker, and Samuel Poole surveyor. The war of 181 2 appears to have terminated the existence of this company. YARMOUTH MARINE INSURANCE ASSOCIATION. 1837. — This company was established in 1837. There were origi- nally 80 shares held by 60 shareholders in the following proportions : — I. Allen, George. Crosby, Freeman. 3- Killam, John. 2. Baker, James. Crosby, Thomas. 2. Killam, Samuel. I. Barnard, Thomas. Dane, James B. 2. Killam, Thomas. 2. Bingay, John. Dennis, Ambrose. Kinney, Stephen V. 2. Bolton, Thomas. Durkee, John. Lewis, Benjamin. 2. Bond, George W. Parish, H. G. Lewis, C. and W. 2. Bond, Joseph B. Flint, David. Lonergan, E. M. I. Brown, George W. Flint, Thomas. Lovitt, Israel. 2. Brown, Stayley. Goudey, George. Lovitt, John W. I. Butler, Robert D. Guest, Robert. MacNutt, James. I. Cann, John. Haley, Ebenezer. Moody, E. W. B. 1. Churchill, William. Harris, William. Moody, Jane. 2. Clements, Reuben. 2. Jenkins, James. Moody, John. 1. Cook, Caleb. 3- Kelley, Robert. 2. Moody, W. H. I. Cook, John. 2. Killam, Benjamin. I. Murray, James, sen. 364 YARMOUTH MARINE. I. Murray, John. I. Redding, F. W. I. Richan, Eleazer. 1. Robbins, Joseph. 1. Robertson, William. 2. Rogers, Benjamin. I. Rogers, Joseph. I. Rust, Samuel. I. Ryder, John. I. Scott, Amos H. 2. Scott, Ebenezer. I. Tooker, Joseph, jun. I. Utiey, Nathan. I. Weston, Leonard. I. Willett, Thomas. The shareholders met on March 8, adopted a code of by-laws, elected seven directors, — Robert Kelley, E. W. B. Moody, Thomas Killam, Stayley Brown, John Moody, George Allen, and Ebenezer Scott, — and a broker, Benjamin Barnard. The directors chose Robert Kelley for their president. The amount to be taken on any one bottom was Hmited to ;£i,Soo, and the risks were confined to property or interests owned in the County of Yarmouth. In 1840 the number of shares was increased to 100 ; in 1852 to 150 ; and in 1858 to 200 shares, held as follows : — FOUR SHARES. Killam, Thomas. Lovitt, John W. THREE SHARES. Allen, George. Bolton, Thomas. Brown, George S. Brown, George W. Goudey, Aaron. Killam, George. Moody, E. W. B. Ryerson, John K. Townsend, W. H. TWO SHARES. Bond, Joseph B. Bond, Norman J. Brown, Charles E. Brown, Robert. Burrill, William, sen. Churchill, William. Clements, Reuben. Crosby, Nehemiah. Dane, Thomas. Dudman, W. K. Durkee, Amasa. Ellenwood, Benjamin. Farish, G. J. Farish, James C. Flint, John. Goudey, G. J. Goudey, H. T. Guest, Robert. Hatfield, J. V. N. Horton, Dennis. Moody, W. H., sen. Moses, Nathan. Murray, James. Raymond, Ira. Robbins, Abel C. Robbins, Chandler. Robbins, Lemuel. Rogers, Benjamin, jun. Rogers, Joseph. Ryerson, George. Ryerson, S. M. Sanderson, Gilbert. Shaw, Joseph. Stoneman, Joseph, sen. Utley, Nathan, jun. ONE SHARE. Allen, Gilbert. Allen, Lewis. Allen, Thomas. Baker, L. E. Brown, Benjamin. Brown, Samuel. Brown, Stayley. Brown, Thomas D. Burrill, Joseph. Cann, John. Churchill, Nathaniel, sen. Churchill, Nathaniel, jun. Clements, N. K. Cook, David. Cook, John. Crawley, John, sen. Crawley, John, jun. Crawley, W. R. Crocker, Daniel. Crocker, Rowland H. Crosby, Dennis. Crosby, Richard T. Crosby, Wallace. Currier, William. Dane, Thomas B. Durkee, John. Fait, Joseph. Fleet, Benjamin D. Flint, Samuel, sen. Gardner, Enos. Gardner, Nathaniel. Geddes, Thomas O. Gowen, David. YARMOUTH MARINE. 36s Haley, Comfort. Haley, John H. Haley, Joseph O. Haley, William. Hatfield, Job L. Hatfield, W. J. Hatfield, William, jun. Hemeon, John. Hilton, John. Hilton, Thomas. Homer, A. W. Horton, Charles E. Horton, Israel. Huestis, Edward. Huestis, William E. Hunter, Robert. Jenkins, W. H. Kelley, Edgar K. Kelley, Israel. Kelley, John D. Kelley, Silas C. Kinney, James B. Lawson, Alexander. Lewis, Nathan. Lewis, Sheldon. Lewis, Thomas M. Lewis, William. Lovitt, Andrew. Lovitt, Joseph B. MacManus, Hugh. Moody, James B. Moody, John W. Moody, W. H., jun. Moulton, George K. Moulton, John C. Murphy, Benjamin. Murphy, John. Owen, Charles B. Porter, Horace B. Porter, Leon. Redding, George H. Robbins, Ansel. Robbins, Asa. Robbins, Ira. Robbins, William S. Robertson, William. Rogers, Benjamin, sen. Rogers, William. Scott, Amos H. Sims, Robert. Smith, George R. Smith, Job. Stoneman, Joseph B. Tooker, Charles. Tooker, George W. Tooker, Joseph. Tooker, Thomas B. Utley, Nathan, sen. Webster, F. A. Weston, Leonard. Weston, Nathan. Young, John. Robert Kelley. E. W. B. Moody. Ebenezer Scott. Stayley Brown. John Moody. George Allen. Thomas Killam. John Bingay. Benjamin Rogers. 1850. E. W. B. Moody. Thomas Killam. Benjamin Rogers. DIRECTORS. Joseph B. Bond. Reuben Clements. Amasa Durkee. Joseph Shaw. 1S60. E. W. B. Moody. Benjamin Rogers. Joseph Shaw. John W. Lovitt. William H. Moody, sen. George Killam. Abel C. Robbins. 1870. William H. Moody, sen. Nathan Utley. John W. Moody. Dennis Horton. Loran E. Baker. S. M. Ryerson. iSSo. John W. Moody. Loran E. Baker. A. F. Stoneman. John Murphy. Frank Killam. George H. Guest. Benjamin Rogers. Broker (1837-1846), Benjamin Barnard. " {1846-1874), James Murray. " (1874-1883), Stephen B. Murray. In 1847 the company returned to the origmal number of seven directors, at which it continued until 1877, when it was reduced to six. Some of the directors had long terms of service. E. W. B. Moody, 25 years, 1837-1S62, excepting 1854. Mr. Moody died 1863. Benjamin Rogers, 32 years, 1838-1872, excepting 1857, 1858, 1859. Mr. Rogers died 1884. 366 ACADIAN. Thomas Killam, 22 years, 1S37-1S57 and 1862. Mr. Killam died 186S. Reuben Clements, 23 years, 1843-1S66, excepting i860. Mr. Clements died 1868. William H. Moody, sen., 17 years, 1857-1872 and 1849. Mr. Moody died 1873- John W. Moody, 22 years, 1S62-1883 inclusive. Loran E. Baker, 17 years, 1867-1883 inclusive. Capt. Robert Kelley died 1844. Capt. Joseph Shaw died 187 1. The business of this company was brought to a close, in 1883, with a net profit of ;?2o6,i7i. THE ACADIAN INSURANCE COMPANY. 1858. — The Acadian Insurance Company was established in March, 1858. The stock consisted of 150 shares, and the business throughout was managed by a board of seven directors. The shareholders in i860 were, — FOUR SHARES. Brown, George S. Durkee, Amasa. Townsend, W. H. THREE SHARES. Goudey, Aaron. Lovitt, Andrew. Lovitt, John W. Moody, W. H., sen. Robbins, Abel C. Ryerson, John K. Ryerson, S. M. Young, John. TWO SHARES. Allen, George. Allen, Thomas, jun. Baker, Loran E. Bond, Joseph B. Brown, George W. Brown, Robert. Carlisle, Lydia. Crosby, Dennis. Dudman, W. K. , Ellenwood, Benjamin. Parish, G. J. Farish, James C. Flint, John. Horton, Dennis. Hunter, Robert. Killam, George. Killam, Thomas. Moody, E. W. B. Raymond, Ira. Robertson, William. Rogers, William. Ryerson, George. Stoneman, Joseph B. Townsend, W. B. ONE SHARE. Bain, Samuel S. Baxter, John. Beular, John. Bolton, Thomas. Brown, Charles E. Brown, Joseph J. Brown, Samuel. Brown, Thomas D. Burrill, Henry. Burrill, Joseph. Burrill, William, sen. Cann, Hugh. Churchill, Theodore. Churchill, William. Clements, Reuben. Cook, Enos. Crosby, Freeman. Crosby, Nehemiah. Dane, Thomas B. Durkee, George G. Fleet, Benjamin D. Flint, Samuel, sen. Gardner, Enos. Gardner, Nathaniel. Geddes, Thomas O. Goudey, H. T. Guest, Robert. Hammond, Nelson. Hatfield, J. V. N. Hilton, Benjamin. Hutchinson, J. T. Killam, Benjamin, jun. Lewis, Nathan. Lewis, Thomas M. MacManus, Hugh. Moody, John W. Moses, Nathan. Murphy, Benjamin. ACADIAN. 367 Murphy, John. Murray, James, jun. Murray, John. Owen, Charles B. Pinkney, Gilbert. Redding, George H. Richards, David. Robbins, Ansel. Robbins, Ira. Robbins, Lemuel. i860. George S. Brown. William Rogers. Aaron Goudey. Thomas Killam, sen. Amasa Durkee. W. H. Townsend. William Robertson. 1865. George S. Brown. William Rogers. Aaron Goudey. William Robertson. Robbins, William S. Rogers, Benjamin. Rowley, J. W. H. Ryerson, Lois. Sanderson, Gilbert. Servant, Zebulon. Seeley, Joseph. Shaw, Joseph. Stoneman, A. F. DIRECTORS. Charles Tooker. Nathan Moses. Benjamin Murphy. 1870. George S. Brown. William Rogers. Aaron Goudey. Charles Tooker. Nathan Moses. Benjamin Murphy. A. F. Stoneman. 1875- George S. Brown. Strickland, Robert. Sullivan, Dennis. Tooker, Charles. Tooker, George W. Tooker, John. Utley, Nathan. White, Andrew C. Wyman, Calvin. Wyman, James W. Aaron Goudey. Charles Tooker. Nathan Moses. Benjamin Murphy. Zebina Goudey. Thomas M. Lewis. Broker {1858-1876), Thomas " (1876-18S1), George Aaron Goudey. Nathan Moses. Benjamin Murphy. Zebina Goudey. William Eurrill, jun. James F. Scott. John C. Anderson. V. B. Bingay. Bingay. George S. Brown, 19 years, 1858-1876 inclusive. William Rogers, 13 years, 1858-1870 inclusive. Mr. Rogers died 1875. Aaron Goudey, 21 years, 1S58-1879 inclusive, excepting 1859. Mr. Goudey died 1883. Charles Tooker, 15 years, 1861-1875 inclusive. Mr. Tooker died 1876. Nathan Moses, 21 years, 1861-1881 inclusive. Mr. Moses died 1887. Benjamin Murphy, 19 years, 1862-1880 inclusive. Zebina Goudey, 10 years, 1871-1880 inclusive. Mr. Goudey died 1887. The Acadian Insurance Company closed their business in 1881 with a net profit of ^107,061. 368 COMMERCIAL. THE COMMERCIAL INSURANCE COMPANY. 1861. — The Commercial Insurance Company was, established in March, 1861, with 150 shares and a board of seven directors. The following is a list of the original shareholders ; — SIX SHAKES. Lovitt, Andrew. FIVE SHARES. Brown, George S. Goudey, Aaron. Lovitt, John W. Robbins, Abel C. FOUR SHARES. Dudman, W. K. THREE SHARES. Baker, Loran E. Kelley, Daniel C. Lewis, Thomas M. Moses, Nathan. Ryerson, John IC. Shaw, Joseph. Stoneman, A. F. Utley, Nathan. Young, John. TWO SHARES. Brown, Charles E. Brown, Robert, sen. Cann, Hugh. Dane, Thomas B. Durkee, Amasa. Parish, G. J. Flint, John. 1865. Abel C. Robbins. John W. Lovitt. Andrew Lovitt. Benjamin Killam, jun. Robert Guest. W. K. Dudman. Lyman Cann. Gridley, W. H. Horton, Dennis. Hunter, Robert. Killam, Benjamin, jun. Killam, Thomas, sen. Lovitt, George H. Lovitt, John, jun. Lovitt, Joseph B. Lovitt, William D. Moody, W. H., jun. Raymond, Ira. Robertson, William. Rogers, Benjamin. Rogers, William. Ryerson, George. Ryerson, S. M. Stoneman, Joseph, sen. Stoneman, Joseph B. Townsend, W. H. ONE SHARE. Allen, Thomas, jun. Brown, Joseph J. Brown, Samuel. Cain, James. Cann, Lyman, 3d. Churchill, William. Crocker, R. H. Crosby, Dennis. Crosby, Freeman S. Currier, William. DIRECTORS. 1S70. Abel C. Robbins. John W. Lovitt. Andrew Lovitt. W. K. Dudman. Lyman Cann. Jonathan Horton. Joseph R. Kinney. Durkee, George G. Gardner, Enos. Gardner, Freeman. Guest, Robert. Guest, Thomas. Hilton, Benjamin. Horton, Charles E, Horton, Jonathan. Horton, Smith. Killam, George. Ladd, Byron P. Lewis, Henry. Lewis, Nathan. Lewis, Sheldon. Lovitt, James J. MacMullen, Joseph. Moody, James B. Moody, W. H., sen. Murphy, Benjamin. Murray, James, jun. Perry, Edward S. Porter, Horace B. Porter, Norman S. Richan, Eleazer. Sterritt, James A. Tooker, Charles. Tooker, George W. Tooker, George W. B. Townsend, W. B. Trask, Asa B. Weddleton, William. 1875- Abel C. Robbins. Andrew Lovitt. W. K. Dudman. Lyman Cann. Jonathan Horton. Nathaniel Churchill. Thomas M. Lewis. A TLANTIC. 369 1880. Joseph H. Cann. Joseph H. Cann. Nathan B. Lewis. Nathan B. Lewis. Abel C. Robbins. William D. Levitt. W. K. Dudman. '^^5- Lyman Cann. Abel C. Robbins. Israel L. Burrill. Lyman Cann. Broker (1861-1863), Alexander S. Murray. " (1863-1869), Waitstill Patch. " (1869-1873), James J. Lovitt. " (1873-1886), George G. Sanderson. Abel C. Robbins, 25 years, 1861-1885 inclusive. John W. Lovitt, 13 years, 1861-1873 inclusive. Mr. J. W. Lovitt died in 1874. Andrew Lovitt, 17 years, 1861-1877 inclusive. Mr. A. Lovitt died in 1883. William K. Dudman, 21 years, i86i-i88i inclusive. Mr. Dudman died in 1883. Lyman Cann, i\ years, 1865-1885 inclusive. Toward the end of 1885 the Commercial Insurance Company decided to close their business. An account for the twenty years ending Dec. 31, 1880, shows a net profit of ^194,939, a result not materially changed by the operations of the succeeding years. THE ATLANTIC INSURANCE COMPANY. 1865. — The Atlantic Insurance Company was established Feb. i8, 1865, with 150 shares and a board of seven directors. The following were the original shareholders : — Allen, Thomas, jun. Baker, Loran E. Blethen, Nathan W. Bond, Joseph B. Brown, Charles E. Brown, George S. Brown, Robert, sen. Brown, Samuel. Burrill, William. Burrill, William, jun. Cann, Hugh. Cann, William A. Cann, Lyman. Clements, N. K. Corning, Bowman. Dennis, Freeman. Doane, George B. Dudman, W. K. Durkee, Amasa. Durkee, George G. Parish, G. J. Parish, James C. Gardner, Enos. Goudey, Aaron. Gridley, W. H. Guest, Robert. Guest, Thomas. Hatfield, J. V. N. Killam, Benjamin, jun. Killam, Samuel, sen. Killam, Thomas, sen. Lovitt, George H. Lovitt, James J. Lovitt, John W. Moody, W. H., sen. Moses, Nathan. Murphy, Benjamin. Murray, James, jun. Perry, Edward S. Perry, Thomas. Porter, Horace B. Richards, David. Richards, Henry K. Robbins, Abel C. Rogers, Benjamin. Rogers, William. Ryerson, George. Ryerson, John K. Ryerson, S. M. Shaw, Joseph. Shaw, Joseph, jun. Tooker, Charles. Tooker, George W. Townsend, W. B. Townsend, W. H. Utley, Nathan. Weddleton, William. Young, John. 370 PACIFIC. 1865. George B. Doane. John K. Ryerson. Bowman Corning. Hugh Cann. Samuel Brown. N. K. Clements. John Young. 1870. George B. Doane. DIRECTORS. John K. Ryerson. Bowman Corning. Hugh Cann. Samuel Brown. George H. Lovitt. John H. Killam. 1875- George B. Doane. John K. Ryerson. Bowman Corning. Hugh Cann. Broker (1865-1881), John Killam. George H. Lovitt. John H. Killam. Benjamin Killam. George B. Doane. John K. Ryerson. Bowman Corning. Hugh Cann. George H. Lovitt. John H. Killam. Benjamin Hilton. The Atlantic Insurance Company closed their business at the end of the sixteenth year, February, 1881, witka net profit of ^117,376. THE PACIFIC INSURANCE COMPANY. 1870. — The Pacific Insurance Company was estabhshed Feb. 19, 1870, vi^ith 200 shares and a board of s^ven directors. The following were the original shareholders : — SIX SHARES. Doane, George B. FIVE SHARES. Baker, Loran E. Goudey, Aaron. Killam, Benjamin. Ryerson, John K. Ryerson, S. M. FOUR SHARES. Dennis, Freeman. Dudman, W. K. Parish, G. J. Farish, James C. Moody, W. H., sen. THREE SHARES. Blethen, N. W. Clements, N. K. Flint, John. Horton, Dennis. Killam, Thomas, jun. Lewis, Nathan B. Lewis, Thomas M. Lovitt, William D. Moses, Nathan. Robbins, A. C. Stoneman, A. F. Townsend, W. H. Utley, Nathan. TWO SHARES. Allen, Gilbert. Allen, James G. Brown, Charles E. Crosby, Dennis. Crosby, George. Crosby, John R. Crosby, William. Currier, William. Goudey, Zebina. Hatfield, James A. Hatfield, J. Lyon. Hatfield, S. J. Hilton, Benjamin. Horton, Charles E. Horton, Jonathan. Killam, Frank. Killam, John. Killam, John H. Killam, Samuel. Lewis, Sheldon. Lovitt, John, jun. Moody, John W. Moody, Thomas C. Moody, W. H., jun. Murray, James. Perry, Edward S. Rogers, William. Scott, James F. Young, John. ONE SHARE. Allen, Thomas. Brown, George S. Brown, Joseph J. Brown, Samuel. ORIENTAL. 371 Burrill, James. Burrill, William, jun. Cain, William. Cann, Hugh. Cami, Joseph H. Cann, Lyman. Cann, William A. Churchill, Nathaniel. Cook, Francis G. Cook, William H. Corning, John R. Crocker, R. H. Crosby, Amos. Crosby, Josiah. Davis, James M. Dodds, Charles. Durkee, Prince W. Gardner, Freeman. Guest, Thomas. Hatfield, Abram M. Hatfield, Forman. Hatfield, W. J. Horton, Israel. Horton, Smith. Jolly, Thomas R. Kelley, Thomas E. Kinney, Joseph R. Lewis, Henry. Lewis, James. Lewis, Nathan. Lovitt, Andrew. Lovitt, George H. Lovitt, James J. Lovitt, John W. MacGill, William. Millar, Dalhousie. Murphy, Benjamin. Murphy, John. Perry, Thomas. Porter, George H. Richan, Eleazer. Richards, H. K. Rogers, Benjamin. Ryerson, George. Sanderson, George G. Scott, Ebenezer. Smith, George R. Trelry, George K. The directors were Thomas Killam, jun., William D. Lovitt, Freeman Dennis, WiUiam H. Moody, jun., John Young, John Lovitt, jun., and Nathan B. Lewis. John Young retired in 1875, and WiUiam A. Cann was elected to the vacancy. There were no other changes in the direct- ory from 1870 to 1880 inclusive, and WiUiam A. Chase was broker. The company closed their business at the end of the eleventh year with a profit of ^61,906, or ^309.53 per share. THE ORIENTAL INSURANCE COMPANY. 1874. — The Oriental Insurance Company was estabUshed on Jan. i, 1874, with 300 shares and a board of seven directors. Unlike the five other companies, which had no paid-up capital, the Oriental began business with the equivalent of ^30,000 capital, to provide promptly for any habilities that might accrue in excess of premiums received. The following were the original shareholders : — FIVE SHARES. Baker, Loran E. Lovitt, John W. FOUR SHARKS. Blethen, N. W. Brown, Charles E. Davis, James M. Dudman, W. K. Parish, James C. -Guest, George H. Guest, Thomas. Law, William. Lewis, Henry. Lewis, Thomas M. Murphy, John. Robbins, A. C. Rogers, William. Stoneman, A. F. THREE SHARES. Cann, William A. Corning, John R. Doane, George B. Ellenwood, Benjamin. Goudey, Aaron. Goudey, Zebina. Haley, William. Hatfield, A. M. Huntington, Charles. Killam, Benjamin. Kinney, Joseph R. Lewis, N. B. Lovitt, James J. Rogers, Benjamin. 372 ORIENTAL. Ryerspn, S. M. Tooker, N. J. B. Willett, L. M. TWO SHARES. Anderson, John C. Bingay, Jacob V. B. Cain, James. Cain, William. Cann, Hugh. Cann, Joseph H. Charteris, E. A. Churchill, Nathaniel. Crosby, George. Crosby, Joseph, sen. Currier, William. Daley, J. B. Dennis, Freeman. Doty, George R. Eakins, R. S., jun. Evans, Joseph E. Parish, G. J. Flint, Thomas B. Hatfield, George A. Hatfield, James A. Hatfield, John V. N. Hatfield, Samuel J. Hatfield, William J. Hibbard, John. Hibbard, William. Killam, John. Kinney, Pearl D. Ladd, Byron P. Lewis, George M. Lewis, Sheldon. Lewis, William W. Lovitt, George H. Levitt, John, jun. Moody, John W. Moody, Thomas C. Moody, W. H. Moses, Nathan. Perry, Thomas. Porter, George H. Rogers, B. E. Rowley, J. W. H. Ryerson, John K. Sanderson, Gilbert. Schurman, A. B. Scott, Ebenezer. Scovil, Reuben. Spinney, Edgar K. Tooker, George W. B. Trefry, George K. Utley, Nathan. Webster, J. L. R. Young, John. ONE SHARE. Allen, Amos W. Allen, Charles. Allen, Edward. Allen, Gilbert. Allen, James G. Cain, Stephen. Caskey, William. Crosby, Ambrose. Crosby, Amos. Crosby, George G. Crosby, Harris H. Crosby, Richard R. Crosby, William. Dane, Thomas B. Davison, Blair. Davison, Oscar. Dennis, James. Dodds, Charles. Dudman, George B. Eakins, Arthur W. EUenwood, Benjamin. Gardner, Freeman. Geddes, Thomas O. Goudey, Joseph. Haley, Alvin. Haley, John H. Haley, Joseph O. Harding, Smith. Harris, J. H. Hatfield, Forman. Hatfield, George K. Hatfield, Job. Hatfield, Norman B. Hines, Benjamin. Hines, Byron. Homer, A. C. Homer, W. B. Hood, Alexander J. Hood, George A. Hurlburt, Joseph. Jolly, Thomas R. Kelley, Daniel C. Killam, John H. Kinney, James B. Landers, Jacob. Lavers, George E. Law, Bowman B. Lawson, James. Lennox, John. Lewis, Josiah B. Lewis, Nathan. Lovitt, Edward. Lovitt, Joseph B. MacGill, Charles L. MacGill, Oliver. MacGill, William. Mildon, Frederick. Moody, James B. Moses, Frank. Mott, John P. Murphy, Benjamin. Murphy, Jeremiah. Parker, Edward. Parr, H. A. Pelton, S. H. Perry, Edward S. Porter, HoraceJB. Richards, David. Robbins, Ansel. Rose, Robert K. Sanderson, George G. Scott, James F. Smith, George ,R. Steele, Israel. Taylor, George S. Viets, E. M. Williams, Edward S. Wilson, Frank H. Wilson, Israel K. BOSTON MARINE. 373 DIRECTORS. 1874. William Law. James J. Lovitt. Abram M. Hatfield. Henry Lewis. Joseph B. Lovitt. Jacob V. B. Bingay. James J. Lovitt. Robert Ellenwood. 1883. James M. Davis. Joseph B. Lovitt. James J. Lovitt. Abram M. Hatfield. John R. Corning. Henry Lewis. Robert Ellenwood. Jacob V. B. Bingay. 1880. William Law. James J. Lovitt. Henry Lewis. Joseph B. Lovitt. Jacob V. B. Bingay. Thomas Perry. 1877. Henry Lewis. William Law. Broker ( 1874-1884), Job Hatfield. William Law retired from the directory, in 188 1, to accept a Yarmouth agency of the Boston Marine Insurance Company. At a special meeting of shareholders, in October, 1883, it was de- cided to close the business of the Oriental Company at the end of the tenth year, which was done accordingly, resulting in a net profit on the ten years' business of ^49,880, or ^166.26 per share. THE BOSTON MARINE INSURANCE COMPANY. The Boston Marine Insurance Company of 1 7 State Street, established an agency at Yarmouth in 1882, with William Law & Co. as managers; and, following the liberal methods and prompt payment of claims which characterize the parent company, the agency at once met the well- deserved popularity and patronage which it has since enjoyed. The business of the Yarmouth agency extends throughout the Province, and is steadily increasing ; and the elegant and commodious building, which, at a cost of over ^30,000, the company have erected at the corner of Main and Cliff Streets, is at once an ornament to the town, an apprecia- tion of the enterprise of the Yarmouth people, and a liberal expression of the company's confidence in the stabiHty and permanence of their Yarmouth agency. BANKS. 1839. — The Yarmouth Agency of the Bank of Nova Scotia was established in February, 1839, under the joint management of James Bond and Stayley Brown. Upon Mr. Brown's retirement in 1842, Dr. 374 BANKS. Bond remained sole manager until his death, in 1854, when his son,. Norman J. Bond, succeeded. He resigned in 1858, when James Mur- ray was appointed manager. Mr. Murray conducted the Agency until April, 1 88 1, after which George W. Daniel held the position for a year, and in May, 1882, was succeeded by the present incumbent, J. H.. Lombard. THE BANK OF YARMOUTH. 1865. — The Bank of Yarmouth began business in January, 1865. Capital, ^400,000. 1865. W. H. Townsend, President. Thomas Killam. John W. Levitt. Loran E. Baker. Charles E. Brown. 1866. John W. Lovitt, President. DIRECTORS. Thomas Killam. Loran E. Baker. Charles E. Brown. Abel C. Robbins. Abel C. Robbins. John W. Moody. 1875. L. E. Baker, President. 1869, ^ g_ Brown, Vice-President, J. W. Lovitt, President. John W. Moody. Loran E. Baker. Hugh Cann. Charles E. Brown. John Lovitt. The Board remains as constituted in 1875 ; — J. W. H. Rowley, Cashier Charles Huntington, " Thomas W. Johns, " Bowman B. Law, Teller . William E. Perry, " 1865-1872. 1872-1875. 1875-1886. . . 1873. . . 1875. 'E..G.Yzx\^\ 3d Accountant . . 1873. F. S. Dunham, Clerk 1874. W. S. Moody, " 1874. W. H. Dodds, " 1882. Ousely Rowley, " 1885. THE EXCHANGE BANK OF YARMOUTH. 1869. — The Exchange Bank of Yarmouth was established in i86g> Capital, ^400,000. Paid-up capital, ^350,000. The capital of this bank has been reduced to ^280,000. 1869. W. H. Townsend, President. Benjamin Killam. Joseph R. Kinney. Aaron Goudey. DIRECTORS. George B. Doane. Benjamin Killam. A. F. Stoneman. Aaron Goudey. John H. Killam. George B. Doane. A. F. Stoneman. '^74- John H. Killam. A. C. Robbins, President. William D. Lovitt. CALIFORNIA EXPEDITIONS. 375 John H. Killam. J. H. Killam, Vice-President. '^79- William D. Lovitt. William D. Lovitt. A. C. Robbins, President. Lyman Cann. Lyman Cann. Aaron Goudey. Nathan B. Lewis. George B. Doane. '°^'- A. F. Stoneman. A. C. Robbins, President. Cashier {from 1869), Alexander S. Murray. Teller, Thomas V. B. Bingay, jun. In 1 880 the number of directors was reduced to five, and the board remains as constituted in 1881. CALIFORNIA EXPEDITIONS. 1849. — Early in 1849 the California gold-fever reached Yarmouth. In the latter part of the summer, a joint-stock company was formed, who bought the brigantine Mary Jane. With a full cargo, consisting chiefly of house-building materials, the brig sailed for San Francisco on Nov. 22 with the following persons on board, all stockholders except the cook, and arrived there all well on May 25, 1850. Fitz W. Redding, George Stairs Brown, Adam R. Noble, and George S. Brown, were the other stockholders in the enterprise. James Baker, Master. John Young. . William S. Whitten. William Cook, Mate. Benjamin B. Redding. George W. Brown. Ebenezer Scott, sen. Robert Van Norden. Waitstill Baker. Ebenezer Haley. Freeman Dennis. George A. Baker. Thomas O'Brien, sen. Benjamin Killam, jun. Charles Hilton. Silas Baker. Charles J. Fox. Robert Hilton. William H. White, Cook and Steward. On Dec. 18, 1849, the brigantine Zone sailed from Yarmouth for San Francisco, loaded chiefly with building materials and patent gear for a saw-mill. STOCKHOLDERS. SHIP'S COMPANY. E. W. B. Moody, 32 shares. George W. Bond, Master. George W. Bond, 12 " Henry Hilton, y1/<;/i'. Norman J. Bond, 12 " Alfred Van Norden. John W. Moody, 6 " Levi Wyman, sen. Dennis Horton, 2 " Malachi Haley. — Jacob Tooker. 64 shares. Norman J. Bingay. Charles W. Moody. 376 COMMERCIAL WHARF COMPANY. 1850. — In November, 1850, the schooner Eagle sailed for San Francisco with the following passengers and crew. The Eagle passed through the Straits of Magellan. Calvin Valpey, Master. Joseph H. Cann. Samuel Ellenwood. Jonathan Moulton, sen. Ezeldel Moulton. Zebulon Servant. Henry Greggs Williams. Robert Williamson. James Starr. Joseph Muncey. Israel Pitman. John Churchill. Albert Bath. Enos Knowles. Augustus White. 1852. — On Dec. 13, 1852, the brigantine Brilliant, owned by her master, sailed from Yarmouth for Melbourne, Australia. Thomas V. B. Bingay, Master. James Moody, Mate. George S. Fletcher, Sailing-Master. Edwin Wetmore, Cook and Steward. William Perry, Assistant Cook. George A. Wetmore. Jacob Wetmore. Henry Allen. William Halstead. C. John Bond. Richard Fletcher. PASSENGERS. Mrs. T. V. B. Bingay. Elizabeth Moody. Thomas Bingay, Charles Bingay. J. W. Bingay. George Bingay. John B. Bingay. Roberts. Mrs. George S. Fletcher. Sarah Fletcher. Laleah Fletcher. Stephen Fletcher. Ranald Fletcher. Charlotte Fletcher. Margaret Fletcher. THE COMMERCIAL WHARF COMPANY. 1848. — The Commercial Wharf Company was organized in 1848, and incorporated March, 1850. Capital, _;^s,ooo, with ^2^ per share paid up. The stock consisted of fifty shares owned in 1850 as follows : — Durkee, Prince. Goudey, Thomas, sen. Horton, Dennis. Hunter, Robert. Moody, W. H., sen. Moody, E. W. B. Moulton, D. D. Utley, Jacob, jun. Sanderson, Gilbert. FOUR SHARES. Ellenwood, Benjamin. THREE SHARES TWO SHARES. Brown, George S. Crocker, Rowland H. ONE SHARE. Bond, Joseph B. Clements, Reuben. Forster, James. Gardner, Nathaniel. Goudey, Aaron. Guest, Robert. Heckman, Henry. Horton, Israel. Kelley, Silas C. Lewis, Benjamin. Lewis, Nathan. Lewis, Sheldon. Perry, John. ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH. 377 Redding, Fitz W. Smith, John. Stoneman, Joseph. Tooker, Charles. Tooker, Josepli, jun. Utley, Nathan. Webster, F. A. Weston, Leonard. Weston, Nathan. DIRECTORS. 1850. E. W. B. Moody, President. Reuben Clements. William H. Moody, sen. Jacob Utley, jun. Benjamin EUenwood. 18SS, E. W. B. Moody, President. Reuben Clements. Joseph Stoneman. Benjamin Rogers. Charles Tooker. Secretary and Treasurer (18 i860. E. W. B. Moody, President. Reuben Clements. Benjamin Rogers. Charles Tooker. Benjamin EUenwood. 1865. Aaron Goudey, President. Benjamin Rogers. Charles Tooker. Joseph Stoneman. Israel Horton. -1866), W. H. Moody, sen. In 1866 the property was sold to Aaron Goudey and Augustus F. Stoneman. THE MOODY, BROWN, & CO. COPARTNERSHIP. 1852. — The Moody, Brown, & Co. copartnership was formed in November, 1852, primarily for furnishing outfits for the fisheries, with the following stockholders : — Brown, Robert, sen. Butler, Robert D. Cook, David. Crosby, Isaiah, jun. Crosby, Nehemiah. EUenwood, Benjamin. Goudey, Aaron. Goudey, George J. Hemeon, John. Holmes, Samuel. Knowles, Charles. Moody, E. W. B. . Robbins, Ansel, sen. Robbins, Lemuel. Sanderson, Gilbert. Scott, Amos H. Utley, Nathan. Weston, Leonard. Weston, Walter C. Wyman, Lewis L. This company leased Commercial Wharf, and built the inner blocks of warehouses and stores afterward occupied by Aaron Goudey & Co. THE ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH. 1852. — The Electric Telegraph Office was first opened in Yarmouth on June 8, 1852, in an apartment of "The Yarmouth Herald" estab- hshment in " Queen's Row." Alexander Lawson was manager from that date [until his resignation in January, 1883. Sophia Snow suc- ceeded ; and, in October, 1884, the management devolved upon Harriet Gunn, assisted more recently by Beatrice Elmsley. 378 STEAMSHIPS. STEAM COMMUNICATION. 1842. — To James Whitney of St. John, N.B., Yarmouth was first indebted for regular steam communication with other ports. From 1842 to 1845 his small steamers Herald and Saxe-Gotka plied between St. John, Yarmouth, Halifax, and intermediate ports; and in 1845 Mr. Whitney essayed a broader venture with his steamship North America, which made a few trips between Halifax and Boston, calling at Yarmouth each way. For a time Capt. Oliver Haley was pilot on Mr. Whitney's steamers. The writer remembers once standing forward near Capt. Haley, who was peering through the fog for the next land-fall after leaving Barring- ton, and at length discovered, close under the starboard bow, the frown- ing face of the "Old Woman," from which a new departure was taken for EUenwood's Passage. To a novice, a berth in the fog between the " Old Woman " and the " Old Man " seemed dangerous quarters. Mr. Whitney's steamboat enterprises, like others that have suc- ceeded his, were a great public convenience, yet not pecuniarily remunerative to the proprietor. It has required a heavy instalment of public spirit to bring up the credit side of the account. STEAMSHIP "EASTERN STATE." 1855. — The Yarmouth Steam-Navigation Company, organized early in this year, purchased at Philadelphia for twenty-five thousand dollars, about one-half her original cost, the steamship Eastern State, three hundred and eighty tons register, built in 185 1. In May, 1855, under the command of Capt. Bowman Corning, she was placed on the route between Yarmouth and Boston, and continued there during that season and a part of 1856, making weekly trips. Under the command of Capt. George Killam, she was then placed on the route between Halifax and Boston, making ten-day trips, and calling at Yarmouth each way. She continued on this route till toward the end of 1859, when the company sold the steamer to Ryerson, Moses, & Co., who, soon after the beginning of the Southern rebellion, sold her to the United-States Government for a transport. While owned at Yarmouth, the Eastern State was commanded successively by Capts. Bowman Corning, George EASTERN STATE. 379- Killam, Benjamin Killam, Amos Crosby, and Theodore Churchill. The stock of the Yarmouth Steam-Navigation Company consisted of 64 shares, originally held as follows. Par value, ^440 per share, which covered the cost of the Eastern State on arrival at Yarmouth with cargo- of coal brought from Philadelphia : — 9- Thomas Killam. 2. Allen & Brown. Joseph Shaw. 4- John W. Lovitt. Aaron Goudey. James Murray, jun. 4- Thomas Allen, sen. Bowman Corning. A. C. Robbins. 4- Stayley Brown. Andrew Lovitt. Lyman Cann, sen. 4- Samuel Killam. Thomas Dane. William Robertson. 4- W. H. Townsend. W. K. Dudman. John Young. 3- Nathan Moses. George S. Brown. Thomas Barnard. 3- George Killam. W. H. Jenkins. N. J. Bond. 3- E. W. B. Moody. C. & G. W. Tooker. S. M. Ryerson. 3- John K. Ryerson. Huestis & Moulton. Gilbert Sanderson. The first^ directors were Thomas Killam, John W. Lovitt, W. H. Townsend, Nathan Moses, and Samuel Killam. In 1857 a petition for a subsidy was favorably entertained by the Nova-Scotia Legislature ; but at the request of the Yarmouth members, three of whom were share- holders in the Eastern State, the appropriation was very properly diverted to the establishment of a fog-bell at the lighthouse. Ten or twelve years later, when the Canadian Government was about to substi- tute a fog-whistle, some volunteers from the town took the liberty of relieving the Government of the expense of removing the bell, by bringing it from Cape Fourchu to Fire-Engine Station No. 3, where it still remains. STEAMSHIP "DOMINION," ETC. For nearly fifty years our merchants and the travelling public have recognized the necessity for a regular and frequent packet service between Yarmouth and Boston. It is said that the schooner Freetown, Capt. Samuel Stanwood, sen., performed the first regular service between the two ports. Custom- House regulations were not so strictly enforced in Capt. Stanwood's day as in more recent times, for in the thirties it was no uncommon occur- rence to diminish the labors of the customs officers by landing portions of inward cargo before reporting at the Custom House. It seemed one part of the mission of the Freetown to demonstrate that her name fairly 38o DOMINION. described our port, and 'Ca.sX free trade, both in theory and practice, was popular with our importers generally. In fine, the doctrine seemed in those days to be gaining ground that commerce, as all nature teaches, should be free as the air we breathe ; that Custom Houses and all such restrictions upon the freedom of exchange should be banished as relics of a barbarous age ; and that, as governments are maintained chiefly for the protection of property, the revenues required for all honest purposes of government should be raised by direct taxation upon the owners of property in proportion to the value of their respective holdings or possessions. While it would take too much space to enumerate the many enter- prising ship-owners and ship-masters who at different periods contributed to the improvement of the packet service up to the year 1855 when the Eastern State took possession of the route, mention must be made of Capt. Theodore Churchill, who, from 1840 to 1856, in the schooners Mary Ann and Oregon, and the brigantine Constitution, built expressly for that route, kept up a regular communication with Boston ; and who later commanded the Eastern State and the schooners Lydia and Forest Oak, making altogether about twenty-five years of constant service between Yarmouth and Boston, performed with such safety to persons and property committed to his care as entitle him to be ever held in grateful recollection. Nor is it possible to pass over Capt. James M. Davis, who rose by successive steps from the little Boston packet Loyal, of 1861, to the command of the steamship Dominion ; and who, equal to every emer- gency, was placed in charge of the steamer Alpha, when, in 1884, her owner, Samuel Killam, decided to establish an opposition line upon the Boston route, resulting, as might have been expected, in an early consolidation of the two lines. And of Capt. Samuel F. Stanwood, now of the Alpha, what may be said ? Only this, — that a Capt. Stanwood in whose veins flows some of the best blood of Yarmouth's early settlers, — of the Bains and Browns and Perrys and Wymans, — inherits all the qualities which make up the courageous, skilful, and energetic ship-master. As before intimated, the investment in the Eastern State did not prove directly remunerative to her shareholders. Yet it was not possible DOMINION. 381 for Yarmouth, after enjoying for six years the advantages of steamship communication with Boston, to be long content with saiHng-packets alone. Accordingly, in 1865, Capt. Nehemiah K. Clements organized the Yarmouth and Boston Steamship Company, and purchased in New York for ^65,000 the steamship Linda, now better known as the Dominion ; and from that time until his death in 1880, Capt. Clements labored with energy and perseverance beyond all praise to solve the problem of successful steam-navigation between Yarmouth and Boston. In 1869 the Fishwick line of steamers was established between Yarmouth and Halifax and the intermediate ports. The Dominion having become temporarily disabled, Capt. Clements purchased, in the spring of 1872, a controlling interest in the steamer Emperor to run between Yarmouth and Portland. That venture proved disastrous ; for on May 26, 1872, the Emperor ran into a fog-bank while on her way to Portland, and was totally wrecked upon a ledge near Matinicus, off the inhospitable coast of Maine. The passengers and crew, about a hundred and twenty in number, passed safely through a rough sea to a landing upon Matinicus Rock. After thorough renovation and repair, the Dominion, in 1873, — Capt. Clements having meanwhile become sole owner, — resumed her place upon the Boston route, where, under different commanders and with some changes of ownership, she has since remained, making weekly trips between Yarmouth and Boston, and Yarmouth and St. John. Latterly, the Dominion has been greatly improved, both in appear- ance and in speed ; and now the vessels of the Yarmouth steamship line, comprising the Dominion, Capt. Robert R. Blauvelt ; the Alpha, Capt. Samuel F. Stanwood, running between Yarmouth, Boston, and St. John ; and the City of St. J^ohn, Capt. Forbes, in the place of the Fishwick line on the Halifax route, and all under the present management of Loran E. Baker, — are making their trips with a regularity heretofore unequalled. Moreover, it is now announced that in the spring of 1887, a steel steamship, to carry four thousand barrels, and accommodate three hundred passengers, now building on the Clyde, will be placed upon the Boston route with a promise of making the passage in seventeen hours ; and then, with a more extensive hotel accommodation in 3S2 MARINE RAILWAY. Yarmouth, a completed railway between Yarmouth and Annapolis, a renewal of the Reciprocity Treaty of 1855 with the United States, and with a severance of the union of Nova Scotia with Canada, the hopes and expectations of the founders of the Yarmouth and Boston steam- ship lines may be fully realized.' THE YARMOUTH GAS-LIGHT COMPANY. 1863. — The Yarmouth Gas-Light Company was organized May, 1863 ; capital, ^36,000. The streets were first lighted by gas in 1871. 1863. Samuel Killatn, President. John W. Lovitt. Nathan Moses. George Killam. George S. Brown. Horace Barnes. Thomas D. Bixby. DIRECTORS. 1873- 1883. Samuel Killam, President. Samuel Killam, President. John W. Lovitt. Nathan Moses. Hugh Cann. John W. Moody. Loran E. Baker. John Young. Secretary and Treasurer {1863-1872) Secretary and Treasurer (1872-1886), Nathan Moses. Hugh Cann. Abel C. Robbins. A. F. Stoneman. Thomas Killam 3d. Bowman Corning. J. W. H. Rowley. Robert S. Eakins. THE YARMOUTH STEAM-TUG COMPANY. i86g. — The Yarmouth Steam-Tug Company was organized, and had built, by Burrill, Johnson, & Co., the tug George W. Johnson. President, Thomas Killam 3d. Secretary and Treasurer, Joseph R. Kinney. THE YARMOUTH MARINE RAILWAY COMPANY. 1870. — The Yarmouth Marine Railway Company was incorporated; capital, 115,000. The railway was built in this year, and first operated -on Oct. I. DIRECTORS. 1870. Nathan Moses, President. Hugh E. Cann. James B. Kinney. George B. Doane. -Frank Killam. L. E. Baker, President. Nathan Moses. Bowman Corning. Aaron Goudey. Samuel Killam 3d. L. E. Baker, President. Bowman Corning. James W. Wyman. Hugh Cann. Hugh E. Cann. I Appendix Ua. JOINT-STOCK COMPANIES. 383 THE WESTERN COUNTIES RAILWAY COMPANY. 1870. — In the winter of 1869 the first surveys were made for a railroad between Yarmouth and Annapolis by CoUingwood Schreiber, C.E. ; and in April, 1870, the Western Counties Railway was incorporated. To supplement a local subscription to the stock of the company for about $100,000, the Nova-Scotia Legislature, in 1872, voted a subsidy of ^30,000 a year for 20 years, and 150,000 acres of crown lands. The cash subsidy was subsequently increased to |8,ooo per mile for the 90 miles between Yarmouth and Annapolis. New surveys were made in 1873; and in July of that year the Township of Yarmouth voted a subscription to the stock of the company for ^100,000, upon which the work of construction began in September following. Various political complications having retarded the progress of the work, it was not until Sept. 29, 1879, ^i^'i after an additional provincial grant of ;^5 0,000 sterling, that the road was opened to traffic to Digby ; and the same influences have hitherto been the chief factor in obstructing the completion of the line to Annapolis. DIRECTORS. I87I. IS75. 1885. Loran E. Baker, President. George B. Doane, President. Loran E. Baker, President. John Young. Byron P. Ladd. Hugh Cann. Byron P. Ladd. Frank Killam. William D. Lovitt. Frank Killam. Samuel M. Ryerson. Jacob V. B. Bingay. George B. Doane. Hugh Cann. Frank Killam. George S. Brown. Nathan W. Blethen. Abel C. Robbins. Samuel M. Ryerson. William H. Moody. Joseph R. Kinney. William H. Moody held his position on the Board as Township Director from August, 1873, to January, 1884, when he resigned, and Joseph R. Kinney was appointed in his stead. THE YARMOUTH WATER COMPANY. 1879. — The Yarmouth Water Company was incorporated April 17, 1879. Capital, $200,000. The pipes were laid during 1881 j and water from Lake George, ten miles distant, was introduced toward the end of that year. 384 JOINT-STOCK COMPANIES. DIRECTORS. 1 886. Hugh Cann, President. John Lovitt. L. E. Baker. William D. Lovitt. Joseph R. Kinney. Secretary and Treasurer^ George Bingay. Superintendent, George H. Robertson. THE YARMOUTH BUILDING SOCIETY. 1880. — The Yarmouth Building Society was incorporated April 10, 1880. It has now about 550 members, and assets for upwards of ^100,000. DIRECTORS. John C. Anderson. James C. Farish. Nathan Moses. Robert S. Eakins. Thomas B. Flint. Secretary and Treasurer, Barnard E. Rogers. THE MUTUAL RELIEF SOCIETY OF NOVA SCOTIA. 1 881. — The Mutual Relief Society of Nova Scotia was organized at Yarmouth in November, 1881, It was announced as the first life-insur- ance company ever established in the Province on a perfectly equitable basis, and with principles to commend themselves to the people of the maritime provinces. The following was the Board of Trustees as originally constituted r — Abel C. Robbins, President. George W. Johnson. Jacob V. B. Bingay, Vice-President. Edgar K. Spinney. William V. Brown, Secretary. Joseph R. Kinney, M.P.P. Thomas B. Crosby, Treasurer. Arthur W. Eakins. J. Wentworth Bingay, Q.C., Solicitor. Joseph R. Wyman. William Law. Rev. George E. Day, M.D., ).,,., ^ T r^ t;- • u A/r T-. I Medical Examiners. James C. Fansh, M.D., ) JOINT-STOCK COMPANIES. S^S THEJ YARMOUTH WOOLLEN-MILL COMPANY. 1882. — The Yarmouth Woollen-Mill Company was incorporated March 10, 1882. SOLE] STOCKHOLDERS. Loran E. Baker, President. Hugh Cann, Vice-President. William D. Lovitt. Jacob V. B. Bingay. John R. Corning. THE YARMOUTH TELEPHONE COMPANY. 1882. — The Yarmouth Telephone Company was established June i, 1882. DIRECTORS. 1882-1886. Anselme O. Pothier, President. Thomas Killam. Secretary and Treasurer, J. Murray Lawson. THE MAITLAND TELEPHONE COMPANY. 1882. — The Maitland Telephone Company was established in 1882, and incorporated in 1886. ' [DIRECTORS.) J. H. Harris, President. Joseph|Goudey. Secretary and Treasurer, W. S. Porter. THE YARMOUTH DUCK AND YARN COMPANY. 1883. ■ — The Yarmouth Duck and Yarn Company was incorporated in 1883. Capital, 1x50,000. DIRECTORS. 1884-1S86. William D. Lovitt, President. Samuel Killam, sen., Vice-President. A. C. Robbins. Frank Killam. Bowman Corning. Thomas E. Kelley. Hugh Cann. Secretary and Treasurer, Thomas Killam. 386 CONCLUSION. THE CO-OPERATIVE DEPOSIT AND LOAN SOCIETY OF YARMOUTH. 1885. — The Co-operative Deposit and Loan Society of Yarmouth was organized in November, 1885. DIRECTORS. John W. Moody, President. Bowman Corning, Vice-President. Jacob V. B. Bingay. Thomas Killam. Edgar K. Spinney. Secretary and Treasurer^ Stephen B. Murray. These notes may be now brought to a close. They have far ex- ceeded the limits originally assigned for them ; and, whatever may be said of some of the earlier ones, the later chapters have seemed to the author to contain no records which might have been as well left out. In the course of his work, the author has come into possession of many very interesting family records ' of the early settlers of Yarmouth Town- ship, which deserve to be continued to the present day, and given a per- manent form. It has not, however, been found practicable to add them to these pages, owing to the time still required for their careful comple- tion, and the very considerable volume they will have attained when ready for publication ; and if, in the author's hands, they never reach that stage, his manuscript, when placed in the Yarmouth Archives, will be valuable for reference, and his reward will have been found in the gratification the researches have afforded him. ^ Appendices V, W. APPENDICES. APPENDICES. APPENDIX A. (See fage 26.) JOHN AND SEBASTIAN CABOT. [From Nation and Harvey^s History of Newfoundland, republished at Boston in iSSj.] "John Cabot was born of Italian parents. Venice was probably his native city. There are those, however, who claim this honor for Bristol. At all events, he lived there for many years, and his son Sebastian was born and lived in that ancient port. " Early in the month of May, 1497, the Cabots took their departure from Bristol in the Matthew. But of the voyage of Cabot, we know almost nothing. No diary was kept on board the Matthew. The rec- ords of the enterprise which have come down to us were, written long afterwards, and are of the most meagre and unsatisfactory description. "The 24th June, 1497, is given as the date of making Newfound- land ; and the landing-place is supposed to have been Bona Vista, near the North Cape of Trinity Bay. Another account is, that the land seen by Cabot was a part of the Labrador coast, and that the ' island oppo- site to it,' mentioned in an inscription on an old map, was that part of Newfoundland near the northern end of the Straits of Belleisle. Hap- pily, however, for the students of American history, all doubts on the subject have been removed by the discovery a few years since of a map made by, or under the direction of, Sebastian Cabot, and bearing the date of 1544 ( !)• " On Feb. 3, 1498, the king granted a new patent to John Cabot, authorizing him to sail with six ships, etc. John Cabot did not go on the second expedition, which was intrusted to Sebastian, then but twenty-three years of age. According to Peter Martyr, on the second 390 APPENDIX A. voyage he sailed along the coast of Labrador to the latitude of sixty de- grees north, when, deterred by ice and cold, he turned his course to the west, and coasted south to the thirty-eighth degree, whence he returned to England. "On their return from the iirst voyage, the king presented John Cabot with a gratuity of ten pounds. In order that posterity might not forget his liberality, he made an entry of it in the privy purse accounts in the following brief words : — "'Aug. ID, 1497. To Hym that found the new Isle, ;^io.' The most careful researches in the English archives have failed to bring to light any other official notice of the discovery. " There is no record of John Cabot after this period. It is probable he did not long survive his first famous voyage. Sebastian is said to have died in his eightieth year in London." The Maine Historical Society's collection says of Sebastian Cabot, " No details of his voyage were published by the navigator himself, and after his death his original maps and papers disappeared in a mysterious manner. Some particulars of these voyages are given by Peter Martyr, the celebrated Italian, who derived his information from Cabot himself while a guest at his house." \From Pinkerton^ s Voyages^ pitblished at London^ iSoSJ] "John Cabot made a voyage to Newfoundland in 1494. In 1496 Henry VII. granted him a charter for a second voyage, but he died without accomplishing it. " Sebastian Cabot says he made his voyage in 1496, but he must be mistaken ; for he says it was after his father's death, and his father was living in February, 1497, so that it was in the summer of 1497 he made his voyage. He kept no record of his voyage. " Sebastian Cabot is claimed by the English to have been born in Bristol ; but the Italians say positively that he was born in Venice, which, to speak impartially, I believe is the truth, for he says that, when his father was invited to England, he brought him over with him, although he was very young." APPENDIX Aa. (Sgs page 28.) CORRESPONDENCE OF REV. JOHN ROY CAMPBELL AND PROFESSOR CAMERON. The following is a copy, verbatim et literatim, of the correspondence referred to in the opening of Chapter II. : — Dorchester, N.B., Jany 30th, 1886. To THE Editor of THE Yarmouth Herald : Sir : — In the issue of the 27th, which has just reached me, I observe that you make an acknowledgement to the Halifax Herald of a letter of Mr. Cameron, copied therefrom. I am not disposed to be too particular on the doctrine of acknowledgements, especially as I now Jive at a distance, and I do not feel myself to be seriously affected one way or the other ; but I would like to say that all the leading facts bearing on the D'Entremont family, as re-stated with both spirit and ability by Mr. Cameron, were collected by my late lamented friend, G. J. Parish, and myself, as the result of many long journeys taken for the express purpose of gathering information on that, as well as on all other subjects in my History of the County. And, I may say that, although it is now ten years since that History was pub- lished, it is a source of great satisfaction to me, that no fact, as therein stated, has ever yet been successfully questioned, and I am, Yours obediently, J. ROY CAMPBELL. To the Editor of the Yarmouth Herald, Sir: — In your last issue the Revd. J. Roy Campbell has a letter in which he seems to impute some sort of unrighteousness to me. Mr. C. has made some strange mis- take. I have written him about it, and hope he will correct the mistake himself, and so save me the trouble. Yours truly A. CAMERON. Yarmouth Feby 8th, 1886. 392 APPENDIX Aa. To THE Editor of the Yarmouth Herald, Sir: — In my note of the issue of the 3d I was under the impression that Mr. Cameron was indebted to Yarmouth History for facts ; Mr. Cameron has written to me that he is in no way so indebted ; I now write to say, that I regret having unintentionally done Mr. Cameron any injustice in writing under that impression, And I am Yours obediently J. ROY CAMPBELL. Afr. Editor : — The above was enclosed in a letter which I received from Mr. Campbell. To prevent possible misapprehension I may say, that the "facts" in the above must be understood as equivalent to the phrase "all the leading facts bearing on the D'Entremont family" in Mr. Campbell's first letter in your issue of 3d inst. These facts were the only facts in question. A. CAMERON. Yarmouth Feby i6th, 1886. APPENDIX B. (See page 31.) SIR WILLIAM PHIPPS. \^From the Annals of Salem^ "WiLLLAM Phipps, the founder of the noble family of Mulgrave or Normandy of Mulgrave Castle, near Whitby, was a man remarkable for his energy and perseverance. His father was a gunsmith, a robust Englishman, settled at Woolwich in Maine. He was born in 1651, one of a family of 26 children, of whom 21 were sons, whose only fortune lay in their stout hearts and strong arms. He was knighted for his success in recovering plate, pearls, and jewels valued at ^^300,000 ster- Mng, from a Spanish ship sunk in the West Indies, the King's portion being ;,^io,ooo. He was made High Sheriff of New England, and was also Governor of Massachusetts. He died in London in 1695." A representative of this family, in the person of Lord Mulgrave, visited Yarmouth when Governor of Nova Scotia, nearly thirty years ago. The same gentleman, as the Earl of Normandy, has been now for many years governor of Australian colonies. The American ancestor of the Archer families of Yarmouth was John, of the British Navy, who, at the close of the Revolutionary war, settled in Cherryfield, Me., married there a Miss Tupper, and had eigh- teen sons and four daughters. Joseph Tupper Archer of Yarmouth was their sixth son ; and the eldest was William Gates Archer, who settled in Liverpool, N.S., and married there a Miss Mulhall. Two of their children were Henry Archer of Salmon River, and Elizabeth, wife of Joseph BuUerwell, of the same place. On p. 154 there is a reference to Felix Deveau of Cape Cove, Clare, 394 DEVEAU. the owner, and to his son Felix, the master, of the fast-sailing topsail schooner Mary yane. "The Moniteur Acadian" of July 13, 1888, quoting from a correspondent of " The Yarmouth Times," says, — Felix Deveau and his wife both died, aged 88 years. They had 14 children: — I. Charles, died, aged 82 years. Twin-daughters, died, aged 84 years. 3- 4. Madame Veronique Boudreau, still living, aged 85. 5. George L., still living, aged 83. 6. Jean L., still living, aged 81. 7. Timothee, still living, aged 79. 8. Luc, still living, aged 78. 9. Jacques, still living, aged 76. 10. Feli.x, still living, aged 74. 11. Twin-sister of Felix, died young. 12. Madame Venerante Surette, of Eel Brook, still living, aged 73. 13. Madame Marguerite Surette, of Eel Brook, still living, aged 72. 14. Constant, still living, aged 70. George L., the second son, has the appearance of a man of from fifty to fifty-five years. He often vi^alks to and from the church at Salmon River, six miles distant from his home. Last spring he caught more than once seventy-five codfish in a day, and he said that he vv'ould have been glad if the fish had taken the hook at the rate of three hun- dred a day. Last winter he hauled six hundred and fifty loads of sea- weed, and spread it upon his fields ; and in the spring, with the assist- ance of his two sons, he planted thirty bushels of potatoes. Anselme Frontain, of the same neighborhood, is in his eighty-sixth year (89th?). He also walks to and from the church on Sunday, and he says that he could easily walk twenty-five miles a day. Last winter he cut his own firewood, and he can do a day's work that a man of thirty years would not be ashamed of. APPENDIX C. {See page 36.) BRIGANTINE "BALTIMORE." \^From Halihtrton^s History of Nova Scotia^ " At the investigation held at Annapolis, it was satisfactorily proved by Mr. D'Entremont, with whom Mrs. Buckler had taken refuge, that neither the French nor the Indians had been concerned in it." [From Freeman's History of Cape Cod."] On Aug. 6, 1620, the Mayflower sailed from Plymouth, England, bound for the Hudson River with a hundred and [one emigrants, of whom twenty were females, accompanying their husbands, and forty- two children and servants. On the nth of -November the Mayflower entered Cape-Cod Harbor. On Nov. 15, Capt. Miles Standish, with a company of sixteen, set out, armed "with musket, sword, and corselet," on a foraging expedition. They found some Indian mounds, which they dug into, and carried off a ship's kettle they found there, and as much corn as they could carry. They also amused themselves in digging into the old Indian graves, and carried off " sundry of the prettiest things." They discovered some Indian houses lately occupied, and furnished with a great variety of useful articles. "Some of the best things we took away with us, but left the houses standing as they were." All this within the first month ! Mr. Freeman remarks, " On the morality of these transactions, the Author does not feel that he is called upon to pronounce. But the prof- anation of the graves, to say nothing of the taking of the kettle, corn, beans, etc., was unfortunate." "In the year 1630, Richard Garrett and others, from Boston, were shipwrecked on Cape Cod, and some died from hardship and exposuire. 39^ APPENDIX C. The Indians buried the dead with great propriety, to save the bodies from being eaten by beasts, althougli the ground was deeply frozen, requiring great labor in digging the graves. The survivors, by most assiduous attentions on the part of the Indians, were literally nursed back to life, so nearly perished were they ; and when recovered, and endued with sufficient strength, the Indians kindly conducted them some fifty miles through the woods to Plymouth. Such was the friendly and humane feeling that then prevailed among barbarians." APPENDIX D. (See /age 4$.) 5 SETTLEMENT OF LANDS AND A RECORD OF ACADIAN FAMILIES OF EEL BROOK. Previous to the return of the Acadians from New England in 1766, some of their former possessions at Pubnico had been occupied tempo- rarily by the English. As early as November, 1761, John Frost, from Kittery, Me., and others, had settled at Argyle, where a few years later they received grants of lands ; but before that the whole southern por- tion of the lands between the Tusket and Abuptic Rivers had been granted. In 1 763, or earlier, had been granted to Gov. Montague Wilmot the tract, about 5,000 acres, lying between what is now Tusket Village and the sea, and including Surette's and Wilson's Islands. The title to these lands appears to have reverted to the government; for in June, 1801, they were again granted to Joseph Moulaison and twenty-seven other Acadians, and a plan of division was executed the same year by Joshua Frost, surveyor. Adjoining the Wilmot grant on the east, came a grant passed in October, 1763, to the Rev. John Breynton, Rector of St. Paul's Church, Halifax, and Chaplain to the House of Assembly, of the lands, 3,838 acres, extending easterly to the Eel Brook ; and nextf came one of Ranald MacKinnon's grants, extending from the Eel Brook to the Abuptic River, and stated at 1,000 acres. To the northward of the Breynton land, and extending westerly from Eel Lake, was a lot granted to the Rev. William Doyle of Halifax, and which he advertised in "The Nova-Scotia Gazette " of Jan. 19, 1773, in form following : — 398 EEL BROOK. " To be let in Parcels or altogether : — " About 500 acres of entirely cleared land (having been an old In- dian Settlement) the Estate of the Rev. WilHam Doyle of Halifax, situ- ate in the Township of Argyle, between Barrington and Yarmouth, at the West end of the Peninsula of Nova Scotia, and just opposite to Boston, within a quarter of a mile of the tide from which it is separated by Dr. Breynton's land on the South and by the late Mr. Pierpont's on the West. It is bounded on the East by Eel Lake, nine miles long and one broad, on the banks of which is a great plenty of hard and other wood. On the North lie ungranted lands. The rent to be nothing the first year, and but a penny an acre the second year, and to rise gradually to two shillings which it is never to exceed ; and for laboring people the rent will be taken out in work." This land seems also to have reverted to the government, for in 1791 it was again granted to Jean Bourque and others. In 1773 Dr. Breynton leased for 999 years to Pierre Surette, Pierre LeBlanc, Pierre Meuse, and Louis Meuse, 1,193 acres, which included the lands from the Eel Brook and Eel Lake westerly to the marsh, the peninsula from where the church now stands to Roco Point, and other lands. On Aug. 16, 1775, Ranald MacKinnon leased for eight Spanish dol- lars yearly, and by deed executed April 7, 1795, for the sum of one hundred pounds he sold, to Dominique Pothier, Jean Bourque, Paul Surette, Pierre Surette, and Joseph Babin, 236 acres of land, "begin- ning at Goose Bay at the ' carrying-place,' so called, thence running east- erly to the Lake, thence Northerly by Eel Lake to the Eel Brook, thence Westerly by the Eel Brook to Goose Bay, thence Southerly by Goose Bay to the first-mentioned bounds." The " carrying-place " was at the foot of Eel Lake : and in the district described in this deed from Ranald MacKinnon, there are now 30 houses occupied by Acadian families ; namely, 17 Surette, 5 Pothier, 5 Babin, and 3 D'Entremont. The following is some account of the families of the men who pur- chased these lands in the Eel-Brook district from Dr. Breynton and Ranald MacKinnon as well as of some collateral branches of other families. APPENDIX D. 399 Pierre Surette ist, as herein designated, was the ancestor of all of the name in Yarmouth County. Long before the expulsion of 1755, he was prominent among the Acadians of the northern shores. As chief and governor, not by appointment of any government, but by the choice and consent of the people, he presided over 150 Acadian families at the settlement of Pigiguit, some 15 miles from Grand Pr6, the site of the present town of Windsor. What was sent from France for this Acadian settlement passed for distribution through the hands of Pierre Surette. His name appears in the census of Port Royal of 1714 ; and in 1730 he signed the Oath of Allegiance (not the "long oath") with 226 others, all males, and comprising 72 different family names. , I. Philomene Bois-Jolis. Issue : Pierre 2d, — Pierre Surette tst, m. Catherine Breau. (1 d, m. 5 ( 2. Marie Duon, d. Abel. Paul, m. Madeleine Amirault, d. Joseph 2d. Olivier, m. Marie Madeleine Bois-Jolis. ( I. Osithe Pellerin, I Amand, m. \ \ settled at Chezetcook, Halifax Co. ( 2. Claire Bois-Jolis, ) Joseph, m. Marguerite Pellerin. Anne, m. Dominique Pothier ist. Marie Rose, m. Jean Bourque ist. Madeleine, m. Joseph Eabin ist. Olivier Surette built the house at Eel Brook afterward occupied by Pierre 2d. Olivier and his wife died early, and left an only daughter, Madeleine, who was brought up by her aunt, Madeleine Babin. She married Pierre Robicheau of Meteghan, brother of Armand ; and they had four sons, Isaac, Michel, Marcel, and Paul ; and three daughters, Perp^tue, Ursula, and Marguerite. I. Philgmi^ne Bois-Jolis. Pierre Surette 2d, s. Pierre ist, m. , ,, ^ , ., , (2. Marie Duon, d. Abel ( I. Marguerite Amirault of Clare. Issue, 1765: Pierre 3d (Pierre Riche). m. ^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^.^^ ^_ Alexandre. Athanase, m. Louise D'Entremont, d. Joseph ist. Frederic, m. Anne Meuse, d. Pierre ist. Augustin, m. Franqoise Pothier, d. Amand. Paul 2d, m. Marie Pothier, d. Jean Baptiste. Gabriel, m. Marguerite Babin, d. Joseph (Carino). No issue. Raphael, m. Elisabeth Babin, d. Joseph (Carino). 400 SURETTE. Pierre Surette, continued. Joseph 2d, m. Scholastique Amirault of Clare. Anne, m. Martin Le Blanc of Belliveau's Cove. Marcel, not married. Joseph Surette, s. Pierre ist, m. Marguerite PellerIn. Issue : Jean Louis, m. Rosalie Amirault, d. Jacques ist. Charles Borrome, m. Marie Babin (see note end chap. x.). Frederic, m. Sophique Babin, d. Victor. Marguerite, m. Joseph Amirault 3d, o. Ange of Pubnico. Paul Surette, s. Pierre ist, m. Madeleine Amirault, d. Joseph 2d. Issue : Paul Fran9ois, m. Julie D'Entremont, d. Cyrille. Marguerite, m. Pierre Doucette of Clare. Marie, m. Cyriaque Amirault, s. Ange of Pubnico. Anne, m. Simon Amirault, s. Ange of Pubnico. Scholastique, m. Charles Amirault, s. Ange of Pubnico. Theotiste, not married. Housekeeper of Abbe Goudot. Madeleine, not married. [ I. Marguerite Amirault of Clare. Pierre Surette 3d, s. Pierre 2d, m. , ( 2. CoLOMBE Frontain, d. Alexandre.'^ Issue]: Pierre 4th (ship-builder), m. Marceline Babin, d. Hippolyte. Simon, m. Marie Boudreau, d. Joseph. Cyriaque, m. Marie Monique Doucette of Sissibou. ' I. Julie Babin, d. Hippolyte. Andre, m. ' 2. Marguerite Doucette, w. Germain. Remi, m. Anne Doucette, d. Paul. Genevieve, m. Philippe D'Entremont, o. Benoni. Marthe, m. George Amirault, s. Joseph 3d. Euphroisine, m. Eusebe Surette, s. Frederic of Surette's Island. Helena, m. Remi Babin, s. Hippolyte. Marguerite, m. Paulin Bourque, s. Joseph ist. Athanase Surette, s. Pierre 2d, m. Louise D'Entremont, d. Joseph ist. Issue : Philippe Andre, deaf and dumb, not married. Jean Fran9ois, deaf and dumb, not married, educated by Abbe Sigogne. Julie, m. Jean Bourque, s. Basile. Perpetue, deaf and dumb, not married. Augustin, m. Jeanne Fran9oise Bourque, d. Fran9ois. Luc, deaf and dumb, not married. Marie, deaf and dumb, not married. Cyrille, m. Catherine Melan9on of Clare. Louis Athanase, m. Frances Jane Shattuck, d. Hon. [Daniel of Concord, Mass. Pierre 5th, m. Rosalie Pothier, d. Sylvain of Eelj^Brook. APPENDIX D. 401 AthANASE SurETTE, continued. Celeste, m. Clement Mande Melan9on of Clare. Genevieve, m. Jean V. Le Blanc of Clare. Paul Francois Surette, ». Paul ist, m. Julie D'Entremont, d. Cyrille. Issue : Marie, m. Julien Duon, s. Augustin. Fran9ois, m. Anastasie Surette, d. Paul 2d. Michel, m. Marie Jeanne Amirault, d. Marc ist. Sylvain, not married. Joseph Octave, m. Vitaline Robicheau of Meteghan. Crepin, m. Marguerite Surette, d. Raphael. Leon, m. Elisabeth Doucette, d. Joseph of Clare. Zacharie, m. Helfene Surette, d. Augustin of Pubnico. Elisabeth, m. Frangois Silvestre Bourque, s. Francois. Ambroise Gervais, m. Marie Gertrude Surette, d. Raphael. Anselme, m. Julie Surette, d. Prospere of Surette's Island. Charles, m. Marie Charlotte Pothier, d. Remi. Frederic Surette, s. Pierre 2d, m. Anne MtusK, d. Pierre ist. Issue : Marie Anne, m. Vincent Cothereau, o. Jean ist. Germain, m. Venerante Deveau, d. Felix of Cape Cove. Franfois, m. Marguerite Deveau, d. Felix of Cape Cove. Fran9oise, m. Jacques Deveau, s. Felix of Cape Cove. Marguerite, m. Archange Doucette, s. Michel of Chebec. Marc, not married. Sylvain, m. Rosalie Doucette, d. Joseph of Clare. Augustin Surette, s. Pierre 2d, m Francjoise Pothier, d. Amand. Issue : Jean B., m. Henriette Amirault, d. Frederic. Archange, m. Rosalie Duon, d Paul Marguerite, m. Jean D'Entremont, s. Hilaire. Ursule, m. Gabriel Duon, s. Paul. Helene, m. Zacharie Surette, s. Paul Fran9ois. Symphorien, m. Rosalie Duon, d. Jean. Pierre D., m. Marie Anne Babin, d. Gervais, a Charles Amand. Zoee, m. Pierre Duon, s. Cyprien. Paul Sukette 2d, s. Pierre 2d, m. Marie Pothier, d. Jean Baptiste. Issue : Fran9ois, m. Sophique Amirault, d. Marc. Anastasie, m. Fran9ois Surette, a. Paul Fran9ois. Anne Catherine, m. Fran9ois Babin, s. Joseph 2d. Marie, m. Gabriel Babin, s. Joseph 2d. Jean Baptiste, m. Fran9oise .Surette, d. Prospere of Island. Julien, m. Ursule Surette, d. Prospere of Island. Elisabeth, m. Gervais Babin, s. Michel (a Carino). 402 SURETTE. Raphael Surette, s. Pierre 2d, m. Elisabeth Babin, d. Joseph (Carino). Issue : Marguerite, m. Crepin Surette, s. Paul Franjois. Judithe, m. Joseph Richard, s. Charles. Marie Gertrude, m. Ambroise Gervais Surette, s. Paul Fran9ois. Sylvain, m. Marie Babin, d. Remi, j r j ( 2. Sylvain J. Gallant of Prince Edward's Island. Anne Louise, m. Mande Pothier, s. Sylvain of Eel Brook. Elisabeth, m. Michel Boudreau, s. Dominique. Marie Anne, m. Severin Melan9on of Meteghan. Marguerite, m. Jean Pierre Robicheau df Meteghan. Marie Genevieve, m. Alexandre P. Landry, M.D. Fran9ois, not married. Louis T., m. Fran9oise Babin, d. Thaddee. Fran9oise, m. Sylvain Pothier, s. Leon. Ambroise Bourque, s. Basile, m. Marguerite Le Blanc, d. Anselme of Clare. Issue : Madeleine, m. Theodore Pothier, s. Joseph Josue. Hilaire, m Marie Pothier, d. Sylvain of Eel Brook. Genevieve, m. Fran9ois .Surette, s. Augustin. Rosalie, m. Jovite Babin, s. Jean. Anselme, m. Elisabeth Surette, d. Capt. Pierre. Jean, m. Marie Le Blanc, d. Pierre of Pubnico. Marie, m. Avit Amirault, s. Cyriaque. Ambroise, m. Elisabeth Surette, w. Louis, a Franfois. Julie. Joseph Bourque, a. Pierre, m. Vitaline Th^r^se Pothier, d. Alexandre. Issue : Marie, m. Augustin Comeau of Clare. Elisabeth. Joseph. Louis. Guillaume. Marguerite, a sister of charity. Rosalie. Fran9oise. 414 BOURQUE.—ROBICHEAU. Franqois S. Bourque, s. Fran9ois ist, m. Elisabeth Surette, d. Paul Fran9ois [ I. Louis Surette, s. Fran9ois, a Julie ' 2. Ambroise Bourque, s. Atnbroise. ^,. , , ( I. Louis Surette, s. Francois, a Tulien. Issue : Elisabeth, m. ' v ' J Sylvain. Julie. Marie, m. Pierre J. Amirault, s. Simon, a Simon. Basile Bourque, s. Franjois ist, m. Catherine Surette, d. Simon. Issue : Marie. Fran9ois, m. Eunice MacGill of Boston. Irene. Henri. Joseph. Genevieve, m. Laurent D'Entremont, ». Fran9ois. Fran9oise. Adele. Emilie, m. Antoine D'Entremont, s. Anselme. Edithe. Armand Robicheau, s Prudent, m. Rosalie Bourque, d. Jean ist. Issue : Basile, died young. Benjamin, m. Anathalie Theriault. Frederic A., m. Marguerite Melan9on. Nicolas, not married. Fran9ois, m. Monique Melan9on. Adelaide, m. Celestin Comeau. Celestin A., m. Genevieve Melan9on. Basile A., m. Charlotte Theriault. \ I. Charlotte Belliveau. Mathurin, m. I 2. Monique Comeau. Frederic A. Robicheau represented Clare in the House of Assembly from 1836 to 1840, when he sold his property at Meteghan, and settled on the beautifril shores of Lake Wentworth, fifteen miles from the sea, where he had obtained a grant of fourteen hundred acres of land. Mathurin Robicheau represented Clare from 1855 to 1867, and was then placed in charge of the Light Station at Cape Ste. Marie, — a sta- tion best filled by those who, like Mathurin, have once been ship-masters. Their grandfather, Prudent Robicheau, married Anne Dugas at Annapo- lis Royal in 1734. For thirty years Prudent Robicheau was prominent among the Acadians at Annapolis, and the annals of the time show that he enjoyed the confidence of Governors Armstrong and Mascarene. APPENDIX D. 41 S Joseph Babin ist, m. Madeleine Surette, d. Pierre ist. Issue: Joseph 2d (Nagoe), m. Marguerite Pothier, d. Amand. Amable, m. Genevieve Pothier, d. Amand. Charles Amand, m. Marguerite Belliveau, d. Charles J. \ \. Theotiste Pothier, d. Amand. Luc, m. . 2. Marguerite Melan9on, d. Amand. Marguerite, m. Patrice Thibeaudeau of Clare. Perpetue, m. Joseph Comeau of Clare. Anastasie, m. Alexis Boudreau of Clare. Pelagie, m. Dominique Boudreau, ». Michel of Tusket Wedge. Joseph Babin 2d, s. Joseph ist, m. Marguerite Pothier, d. Amand. Issue : Alexandre, m. Marguerite Mallet. Fran9ois, m. Anne Catherine Surette, d. Paul 2d. Gabriel, m. Marie Surette, d. Paul 2d. Uriel J., m. Genevieve Bourque, d. Pierre. Jean Baptiste, m. Hel^ne Gaslin of Massachusetts. Elisabeth, m. Simon Babin, s. Charles. Melanie, m. Jovite Mallet. Anne Esther, m. Fran9ois Bourque, s. Joseph ist. Genevieve, ra. Olivier Doucette of Clare. Helfene, m. Etienne Comeau. Amable Babin, ». Joseph ist, m. G^NEViftvE Pothier, d. Amand. j I. Genevieve Agathe Bourque, d. Joseph ist. ' (2. Sophique Melanyon, w. Cyrille of Sissibou. Thaddee, m. Madeleine Bourque, d. Fran9ois ist. Remi, m. Rosalie Bourque, d. Pierre. Marguerite, m. Charles Thibeaudeau of Clare. Felix, m. Leonice Bourque, d. Fran9ois ist. Charles Amand Babin, s. Joseph ist, m. Marguerite Belliveau, d. Charles J. Issue : Jean, m. Anne Thibeaudeau of Clare. Gervais, m. Elisabeth Thibeaudeau of Clare. Charles, m. Catherine Bourque, d. Pierre. . Anselme, not married. Marie, m. Marcel Robicheau. Marguerite, m. Cyrille Surette, s. Jean Louis of Tusket Wedge. Elisabeth, m. Frederic Melan9on of Clare. Gertrude, ;n. Remi Pothier, s. Jean Baptiste. Fran9oise, m. Jean B. D'Entremont, s. Cyrille. Madeleine, m. Pierre D'Entremont, s. Cyrille. 4l6 BABIN. Luc Babin, s. Joseph ist, m. j ■ I. Th^otiste Pothier, d. Amand. ! 2. Marguerite Melancon, d. Amand. Issue : Clement. Leon. Marie. Rosalie. Anne. Among the early Acadians of Argyle were also Victor and Michel Babin, whose relationship with Joseph ist we cannot definitely establish. Some authorities say the three were brothers ; others, that Michel and Joseph were brothers, and Victor their cousin, more or less remote ; while others say Joseph and Victor were brothers, and Michel their cousin. The Babins were among the earliest settlers of Acadia, their names appearing in the first census of 1671 ; and they, with the ancestors of the Boudreaus, Bourgeois, Bourques, Comeaus, Corporons, Cothe- reaus, Doucettes, Gaudets, Landrys, LeBlancs, Melangons, Richards, Robicheaus, Theriaults, and Thibeaudeaus of Yarmouth County, are believed to have belonged to that respectable class of colonists brought to Acadia about 1632 by the Seigneurs de Razilly and D'Aulnay for the permanent settlement of the country. Victor Babin, m. Marguerite Piot. Issue : Charles, m. Ludivine Amirault, d. Jacques ist. Hippolyte, m. Veronique Meuse, d. Pierre ist. Sophique, m. Frederic Surette, s. Joseph ist. Charles Babin, s. Victor, m. Ludivine Amirault, d. Jacques ist. Issue: Genevieve, m. Charles Amand Pothier, s. Amand. Euphroisine, m. Cyrille Pothier, ». Amand. Pelagie, m. Pierre Pothier, ». Sylvain ist. Madeleine, m. Dominique Pothier, s. Sylvain ist. Gabriel, m. Fran9oise D'Entremont, d. Charles Celestin. Simon, m. Elisabeth Babin, d. Joseph 2d. Hippolyte Babin, s. Victor, m. Veronique Meuse, d. Pierre ist. Issue : Marceline, m. Pierre Surette 4th, s. Pierre 3d. Marie, m. Frederick Burke. Julie, m. Andre Surette, s. Pierre 3d. r I. Helene Surette, d. Pierre 3d. Remi, m. J 2. Charlotte Le Blanc, d. Joseph Jopp^ of Clare. y 3. Marguerite Babin, d. Jean (a Carino). Michel, m. j APPENDIX D. 417 HiPPOLYTE Babin, C07tiinued. Euphemie, m. Ambroise Trahan of Clare. Marguerite, m. Pierre Meuse, s. Firmain. Urbain, m. Marguerite Richard, d. Charles. Catherine, m. Francois Doucette, s. Fran9ois. Fran9oise, m. Jean B. Le Blanc, s. Bernard. Joseph Babin (Carino), s. Michel, m. Elisabeth Le Blanc, d. Pierre ist.of Eel Brook. T„^, „ T (I- Madeleine Robicheau. Issue : Jean, m. ! ( 2. Scholastique Comeau. Joseph, m. Osithe Trahan. Marguerite, m. Gabriel Surette, s. Pierre 2d. Elisabeth, m. Raphael Surette, s. Pierre 2d. J I. Victoire Robicheau. ( 2. Euphroisine Melan9on, w. Charles. Marie, m. Patrick Russell. Pierre, m. Gertrude Martin, d. Cyprien. Pierre Le Blanc ist of Eel Brook, m. Marguerite Amirault, d. Joseph 2d. Issue : Pierre. Honore, m. Judithe Meuse, d. Joseph 2d. (I. Anne Doucette, d. Charles ist. Joseph, m, j ( 2. Rosalie Meuse, d. Jean Pierre. Elisabeth, m. Joseph Babin, s. Michel ist. Charles (1755-1827), m. Marie Meuse, sister of [Paul. Marie, m. Paul Meuse. Honore Le Blanc, s. Pierre ist, m. Judithe Meuse, d. Joseph 2d. Issue : Scholastique, m. Martin Dulin, s. Louis. Seraphie, m. Jacques De Villiers. Madeleine, m. Germain Meuse, s. Louis 2d. Julie, m. Eude Dulin, s. Louis. Marguerite, m. Luc Meuse, a. Louis Ist. Pierre, m. Scholastique Meuse, d. Firmain. Antoine, m. Marguerite Frontain,'d. Augustin. Jean, m. Madeleine Doucette, d. David. Marie, m. Louis Le Fevre ist. Osithe, m. Esaie Meuse, s. Firmain. ( I. Anne Doucette, d. Charles ist. Joseph Le Blanc, s. Pierre ist, m- \ (2. Rosalie Meuse, d. Jean Pierre. Issue : Basile, m. Ludivine Robicheau. Benjamin, m. Henriette Hebert, d. Joseph 2d. Franfois, m. Elisabeth Doucette, d. Fran9ois. ( I. Henriette Doucette, d. Fran9ois. Remi, m. ! ■ Trahan, w. Dominique. 41 8 LE BLANC. Joseph Le Blanc, continued. Marguerite, m. Christophe Hebert, s. Joseph 2d. Simon, m. Catherine Meuse, d. Frederic. Marie, m. Jean Le Blanc, s. Jean, a Amand. Julie, m. Chrysostome Doucette, s. Fran9ois. Elisabeth, m. Joseph Clermont, s. Fran9ois. Rosalie, m. Louis Doucette, s. Fran9ois. Ur.sule, m. Rigobert Meuse, s. Dominique. I.eonice, m. Benjamin Meuse, s. Anselme. Therese, m. Jean Meuse, s. Frederic. Charles Le Blanc, s. Pierre 1st, m. Marie Meuse, 174S-1847. Issue : Benoni, m. Susanne Doucette, d. Charles ist. Bernard (1802), m. Marguerite Doucette, d. Michel ist. Jean, m. Lucie Doucette, d. Michel ist. Marie, m. Joseph Moulaison 2d, s. Joseph. Anne, m. Jacques Doucette, s. Michel ist. Veronique, m. Paul Doucette, s. Charles ist. Marguerite, m. Edouard Doucette, o. Michel ist. Madeleine, not married. Jean Le Blanc, s. Charles ist, m. Lucie Doucette, d. Michel ist. Issue : David, m. Marceline Le Blanc, d. Jean ist of Amirault's Hill. Joseph Mathurin, m. Esther Meuse, d. Louis 2d, Seraphin, m. Catherine Meuse, d. Louis 2d. Jean Adrien, m. Catherine Meuse, d. Gregoire. ■ I. Catherine Le Blanc, d. Francois. Pierre, — e,m.j; I 2. Fran9oise Doucette, d. Antoine of Clare. Monique, m. Andre Doucette, s. Timothee. Henriette, m. Fran9ois Meuse, a. Florent. Madeleine, m. Louis Le Fevre 2d, s. Louis. Patrice, drowned in his third year. Anne, m. Charles Meuse, s. Dominique, a Benjamin. Benoni Le Blanc, ». Charles, m. Susanne Doucette, d. Charles ist. Issue : Barnabe, m. Perpetue Le Blanc, d. Jean of Amirault's Hill. Firmain, m. Madeleine Robicheau of Clare. Ursule, m. Cyrille Doucette, s. Joseph. Perpetue, m. Augustin Clermont, s. Fran9ois. IBernard Le Blanc, s. Charles, m. Marguerite Doucette, d. Michel. Issue : Rosalie, m. Chrysostome Meuse, s. Gregoire. Marie Antoinette, m. Maximin Le Fevre, s. Louis. ( I. Fran9oise Babin, d. Hippolyte. 2. Judithe Le Blanc, d. Pierre, a Honore. Jean Baptiste, m. < 3. Marie Domathilde Frontain, d. Anselme of Cape Ste. Marie. Jean B. Le Blanc, s. Bernard, m. - APPENDIX D. 419 Bernard Le Blanc, continued. Fran9ois, m. Rosalie Dulin, d. Martin. Pierre, m. Elisabeth Meuse, d. Archange. Charles, m. Rosalie Le Fevre, d. Louis. Marie, m. Severin Doucette, s. Athanase. Michel, not married. Marguerite, died in infancy. • I. 1850, Francoise Babin, d. Hippolyte. 2. 1859, JuDiTHE Le Blanc, d. Pierre, a Ho- nore. 3. 1861, Marie Domathilde Frontain, d. Anselme. Issue of Jean B. and Fran9oise : — Elisabeth, m. Martin Surette, s. Placide of Burette's Island. Marguerite, m. Mande Surette, s. Fran9ois. Fran9oise, m. Fran9ois Doucette, s. Germain. Rosalie, m. Charles Huntress of Wakefield, Mass. Marie, died in infancy. Issue of Jean B. and Marie Domathilde : — Joseph Henri, died in infancy. Joseph Henri. Jean L. Pierre. Marc. Adele, m. Thomas Abbott of Stoneham, Mass. Louis. Marie. Jean Baptiste Le Blanc, eldest son of Bernard and Marguerite Le Blanc of Eel Lake, was born there Aug. 21, 1825. More fortunate than many Acadian youths of his day, he had the privilege of attending the village schools taught by Pierre Amirault, Charles Theriault, Hippo- lyte Babin, and Louis A. Surette. At the age of iifteen he went to live with the Abb6 Goudot, with whom he remained for about eight years ; and, under the good abba's guidance and instruction, he became himself qualified for a school-teacher, — a position he filled for about eight years at different periods between 1848 and 1863 ; namely, two years each at Eel Brook and Abram's River, one year at Eel Lake, and three years at the Forks. In 1 85 1 Mr. Le Blanc engaged in business at Eel Brook, and built 420 JEAN B. LE BLANC. some vessels there upon the eastern bank of Abram's River. In 1853 he was concerned in the contract for the brig Gold-hunter of 295 tons, built for Gilbert Sanderson and others. In 1856, under a contract with Joseph B. Stoneman atid Thomas B. Dane, he built the Annie Laurie of 258 tons. In 1858 he built, on his own account, the brig Eugenie of 370 tons, which vessel was purchased by Louis A. Surette, rigged into a bark, and, with the name changed to the Thomas Whitney, was placed upon Glidden & Williams's regular line of packet-ships between Boston and London. In 1859 Mr. Le Blanc was appointed a justice of the peace for Yarmouth County ; and with evident satisfaction he recalls an occasion when in argument he was able to lead older heads upon the bench to a just conclusion, which otherwise, though with the best intentions, they might have failed to reach. In 1845 the Abb^ Goudot purchased a neat cottage with twenty acres of land attached opposite the Eel Brook presbytere, to which he removed shortly before he gave up the charge of the Parish of Ste. Anne ; and when, in 1859, he finally left Eel Brook, in remembrance of the kind treatment received from Jean B. and Frangoise Le Blanc, who had lived with him since their marriage in 1850, the abb^ executed a will, bequeathing to them and their children his property at Eel Brook. In 1880 Mr. Le Blanc removed with his family to Wakefield, Mass., and thence two years later to Stoneham, where they now reside ; but while on a visit to Eel Brook in 1886, Mr. Le Blanc intimated to his friends there his intention of returning in 1888 (D. V.) to his old homestead. It is perhaps needless to add that the writer has found no one whose personal knowledge of the Acadian families of Argyle generally is more correct or extensive than that of Jean B. Le Blanc. Amand Le Blanc ist, between whom and the Le Blancs of Eel Brook and Tusket Wedge no relationship can be here established, was one of the early settlers of the district on the eastern side of the Tusket River, below what is now Tusket village. He was appointed surveyor of highways in 1792, and in 1801 he participated in the distribution of the lands originally granted to Gov. Montague Wilmot. APPENDIX D. 421 Amand Le Blanc ist m. Isabelle Meuse, d. Dominique ist. , ^, { I. Hel^ne Doucette, d. Jean 2d o£ Chebec. Issue : Chrysostome, m. j ( 2. Fran9oise Hebert, d. Charles ist. Jean, m. Nannette Meuse, d. Joseph 2d. Genevieve, m. Fran9ois Doucette, s. Joseph ist. I I. H:6LiNE Doucette, d. Jean 2d. Chrysostome Le Blanc, s. Amand, m. 1 ( 2. Francoise H]^Bi:RT, d. Charles ist. Issue : Chrysostome, m. Mathilde Meuse, d. Fran9ois. Leon, m. Marie Susanne Meuse, d. Fran9ois. Marc, m. Madeleine Landry, d. Frederic. Henriette, m. Jacques Amirault, s. Jacques 2d. Seraphie, m. Marc Amirault, s. Jacques 2d. Adele, m. Maximin Meuse, s. Fran9ois. Jean Le Blanc, s. Amand, ra. Nannette Meuse, d. Joseph 2d. [ I. Dominique Meuse, s. Benjamin. Issue : Isabelle, m. ( 2. Emmanuel Meuse. Marguerite, m, Augustin Doucette, s. Joseph ist. Anne, m. Hilaire Amirault, o. Jacques 2d. Marie, m. Magloire Richard, s. Antoine ist. Amand, m. Charlotte Boucher, d. Jean ist. Jean G., m. Marie Le Blanc, d. Joseph ist of Eel Brook. Marceline, m. David Le Blanc, s. Jean, a Charles. Madeleine, m. Thomas Cothereau, s. Jean ist. Perpetue,m. Barnabe Le Blanc, s. Benoni. Joseph Moulaison ist of Amirault's Hill, m. Marie Comeau. Issue): Joseph 2d, m. Marie Le Blanc, d. Charles ist. Guillaume, removed to Magdalen Islands. Michel, m. Monique Meuse, d. Pierre, no issue. Anne, m. Frederic Meuse, s. Louis ist. Marguerite, m. Isaac Meuse, s. Paul. Genevieve, m. Jean Baptiste Meuse ist of "the Forks." Brigide, m. Basile Bertrand, s. Jean. Josephte, m. Paul Bertrand, s. Jean. Joseph Moulaison 2d, s. Joseph, m. Marie Le Blanc, d. Charles ist. Issue : Ambroise, m. Marguerite Thibault of Clare. Matthias, m. Henriette Thibault of Clare. Marc, m. Marie Thibault of Clare. Damas, m. Celeste Meuse, d. Luc. f I. Rosalie Thibault of Clare. ' (2. Rosalie Meuse, d. Gregoire. Madeleine, m. Simon Meuse, s. Louis 2d. Genevieve, m. Frederic Meuse, s. Louis 2d. 422 MOULAISON.—DOUCETTE. Joseph Moulaison, continried. Catherine, m. Archange Meuse, s. Firmain. Marguerite, m. Calixte Meuse, s. Firmain. Marie Therfese, m. George Meuse, a. Benjamin. The name of Doucette has been long distinguished in Acadian history, men of that name having been often found holding important positions. There appear to have been two, or perhaps three, branches of the family in Argyle ; though it may be that Jean, the head of one family, never lived in the county. Jean Doucette ist, m. Issue : Micliel ist, m. Marie Meuse, d. Dominique ist. Jean 2d, m. Padene Amirault, d. Joseph 2d, settled at Chebec. Nannette, m. Benjamin Meuse ist of Meuse's Point. Michel Doucette ist, s. Jean ist, m. Marie Meuse, d. Dominique ist. Issue : David, m. Isabelle Meuse, d. Pierre, removed to Ste. Croix. Michel, m. Marguerite Frontain, d. Victor, settled at' Salmon River. Joseph, m. Angelique Meuse, d. Paul. ; I. Anne Le Blanc, d. Charles ist. Jacques, m. 2. Theotiste Meuse, d. Nicolas. !i. Marguerite Le Blanc, d. Charles ist. 2. Monique Doucette, d. Sylvam_ist of Chebec. Anne, m. Jean Boucher 1st. Rosalie, m. Jean B. Thibault of Clare. Elisabeth, m. Augustin Frontain, o. Victor. Marie, m. Jean Heb^rt, s. Joseph ist. Genevieve, m. Firmain Meuse, o. Louis ist. Lucie, m. Jean Le Blanc, s. Charles ist. Marguerite (i795")i •"■ Bernard Le Blanc, s. Charles ist. Henriette, not married. (I. Anne Le Blanc, d. Charles ist. Jacques Doucette, s. Michel 1st, m. ! „ , ,, , ,,. , ■^ (2. Theotiste Meuse, d. Nicolas. Issue : Jean Marin, m. Madeleine Doucette, d. Timothee. Athanase, m. Madeleine Meuse, d. Nicolas. Michel, died unmarried. Remi, m. Perpetue Meuse, d. Nicolas. Jacques, m. Anne Meuse, d. Dominique, a Paul. Monice, m. Archange Meuse, s. Anselme, a Benjamin. Cyrille, m. Vitaline Meuse, d. Basile. Clement, m. Rosalie Dulin, d. Martin. ^ Still living. APPENDIX D. 423 Jacques Doucette, continued. Marguerite, m. Vital Meuse, s. Basile. Anne, in. Thelesphore Meuse, s. Basile. Henriette, m. Cyrille Meuse, s. Cyrille, a Anselme. Marie, m. Joseph Heb^rt, s. Jean. By 2d wife : — ^ . f I. Marie Hebert, d. Joseph tA. Levi,m. ' J f J ( 2. Fran9oise Frontain, d. Gabriel. Michel, married and settled in Clare. Gervais, m. Sylvia Meuse, d. Fran9ois, a Franjois. Catherine, m. Alexis Doucette, s. Joseph Mathurin. Dosite, m. Sophique Doucette, d. Joseph Mathurin. Madeleine, m. Josue Hebert, s. Joseph 3d. Elisabeth, m. Louis Hebert, s. Clement. Rosalie, m. Marc Le Blanc, s. Benjamin, a Joseph. Jacques Doucette had nine other children who died young. Joseph Doucette, s. Michel ist, m. Angelique Meuse, d. Paul. Issue : Michel Patrice, m. Nannette Meuse, d. Franjois, a Jean P. Joseph Mathurin, m. Julie Bertrand, d. Basile. Jean Baptiste, m. Julienne Meuse, d. Basile. Fran9oise, m. Pierre A. Doucette, s. Charles 2d. _ , (I. Elisabeth Meuse, d. Frederic 2d. Robert, m. J ( 2. Rosalie Meuse, d. Fran9ois, a Fran9ois. Rosalie, m. Cyrille Baptiste Meuse, s. Jean Baptiste ist. Marie, m. Zacharie Meuse, s. Maximin. Fran9ois David, m. Honorine Doucette, d. Augustin. Sophique, m. Mande Doucette, s. Charles 2d. Elisabeth, m. Sylvain Meuse, s. Frederic ist. Scholastique, m. Charles Charrette, a, schoolmaster. Julienne, m. Simon Dulin, s. Martin. ■ I. Marguerite Le Blanc, d. Charles ist. Edouard Doucette, s. Michel ist, m. j ( 2. MoNiQUE DucETTE, d. Sylvain of Chebec. Issue : Remi, m. Rosalie Meuse, d. Louis 2d. Henriette, m. Jacques Meuse, s. Nicolas. Anselme, m. Marie Dulin, d. Martin. Leonice, m. Fran9ois Dulin, s. Eude. \ I. Fran9ois Le Fevre, s. Louis. Marguerite, ra. , t 2. Joseph Meuse, s. Louis 2d. Jean, m. Fran9oise Dulin, d. Martin. Patrice, died young. Charles Doucette ist of Tusket Hill, m. FiLiciT^ Meuse. Issue : Paul, m. Veronique Le Blanc, d. Charles ist. 424 DOUCETTE. Charles Doucette, continued. Charles 2d, m. Anne Meuse, d. Louis 1st. Theotiste, m. Louis Meuse 2d, s. Louis ist. [ I. Benoni Le Blanc, s. Charles ist. Susanne, m. . 2. Fran9ois Castin. Anastasie, m. Nicolas Meuse, s. Paul. Anne, m. Joseph Le Blanc, s. Pierre ist o£ Eel Brook. Marie, m. Abraham Corporon, s. Eustache. Osithe, m. Eleazar Robicheau, s. Pierre ist of Chebec. Marguerite, m. Honor^ Robicheau, s. Pierre 1st of Chebec. Ursule, m. Etienne Bertrand, s. Jean. Paul Doucette, s. Charles ist, m. Veronique Le Blanc, d. Charles ist. Issue : Germain, m. Marguerite De Villiers, d. Jacques. Simon B., m. Scholastique Meuse, d. Jean B. (Gar90n). Charles Casimir, m. Jeanne Le Blanc, d. Pierre, a Honore. Pierre, died unmarried. Gabriel, m. Elisabeth Meuse, d. Esaie. Fran9ois, m. Madeleine Meuse, d. Germain. Anne, m. Remi Surette, s. Pierre 3d. Fran9oise, m. Jacques Doucette, s. Louis. Marie, m. Remi Le Fivre, s. Louis. Charles Doucette 2d, s. Charles, m. Anne Meuse, d. Pierre ist. Issue : Simon, m. Seraphie Dulin, d. Martin. Pierre A., m. Fran9oise Doucette, d. Joseph, a Michel. David, m. Cecile Meuse, d. Anselme, a Paul. Louis Thomas, m. Veronique Dulin. Marie, m. Joseph M. Meuse, s. Anselme, a Paul. Scholastique, m. Cyrille Meuse, s. Anselme, a Paul. Catherine, m. Maurice Frontain, s. Gabriel. Mande, m. Sophique Doucette, d. Joseph, a Michel. Jean^Doucette 2d of Chebec, s. Jean, m. Pad^ne Amirault, d. Joseph32d. [ I. Genevieve Boudreau, d. Michel. Issue \ Pierre m. ( 2. Jeannette Meuse, d. Benjamin ist. Michel, m. Marie Robicheau, d. Pierre ist of Chebec. Sylvain, m. Rosalie Cothereau, d. Jean ist. Cecile, m. Antoine Richard ist of Chebec. Hel^ne, m. Chrysostome Le Blanc, s. Amand ist. Veronique, m. Anselme Doucette of Cape Ste. Marie. ( I. Gi;NEVii:vE Boudreau, d. Michel ist. Pierre Doucette, s. Jean 2d, m. j ( 2. Jeannette Meuse, d. Benjamm ist. Issue : Cyrille, m. Parfit, d. Thomas. Celestin, m. Henriette Cothereau, d. Jean ist. APPENDIX D. 425 Pierre Doucette, continued. Ignace, m. Elisabeth Cothereau, d. Jean ist. [ I. Catherine Robicheau, d. Honor6. Ange, m. . 2. Mathilde Cothereau, d. Pierre. Pierre, m. Marie Robicheau, d. Honore. Epiphane, m. Marie Meuse, d. Dominique, a Paul. Cesar, m. Genevieve Meuse, d. Luc. Catherine, m. Thomas Cothereau, s. Jean 1st. Julie, m. Denis Meuse, s. Benjamin ist. Petronille, m. Zacharie Le Blanc, s. Basile. ; I. Vincent Cothereau 2d, s. Vincent. Francois, m. Caroline, m. ! 2. Hilaire Richard, s. Magloire. Michel_Doucette, s. Jean 2d, m. Marie Robicheau, d. Pierre ist. Issue : Ambroise, m. Madeleine Comeau, d. Ephraim. Archange, m. Marguerite Surette, d. Frederic, a Pierre 2d. Francoise, m. Jerome Cothereau, s. Jean ist. Marguerite, married in Clare. Sylvain Doucette ist, 0. Jean 2d, m. Rosalie Cothereau, d. Jean ist. Issue : Jean R., m. Scholastique Meuse, d. Joseph 3d. • I. Stephanie Richard, d. Charles. \ 2. Julienne Moulaison, d. Matthias. Michel, m. Gertrude Pothier, d. Joseph, a Amand. Jerome, m. Philomene Richard, d. Charles. Sylvain, m. Genevieve Arairault, d. Hilaire. Marie, m. David Clermont, s. Fran9ois. Monique, m. Edouard Doucette, s. Michel ist. Elisabeth, m. Cyriaque Thibault, s. Jean B. of Clare. Rosalie, m. Eusebe Thibault, s. Jean B. of Clare. Marguerite, not married. Seraphie, not married. Mathilde, m. Fran9ois Sylvain De Villiers, s. Jacques. Genevieve, m. Honore De Villiers, o. Jacques. Joseph Doucette ist of Tusket Hill, m. Ludivine Meuse, d. Dominique ist. Issue : Fran9ois, m. Genevieve Le Blanc, d. Amand ist. Augustin, m. Marguerite Le Blanc, d. Jean, a Amand. Joseph, m. Nathalie Meuse, d. Timothee, m. Gertrude Meuse, d. Benjamin. Osithe, m. Joseph Hebert 2d, s. Joseph. Ludivine, m. Fran9ois Clermont, s. Paul of Wilson's Island. Francois Doucette, s. Joseph ist, m. G^nevi4)VE Le Blanc, d. Amand. Issue : Andre, m. Anne Melan9on. Louis, m. Rosalie Le Blanc, d. Joseph ist of Eel Brook. 426 FRONTAIN. FRAN901S DouCETTE, continued. { I. Catherine Babin, d. Hippolyte. Francois, m. J . (2. Mane Saulnier, w. (nle Cothereau, d. Charles). Chrysostome, m. Julie Le Blanc, d. Joseph ist of Eel Brook. Elisabeth, m. Fran9ois Le Blanc, s. Joseph ist of Eel Brook. Henriette, m. Remi Le Blanc, s. Joseph ist of Eel Brook. Simon, m. Mary Blaney, d. William. AuGUSTiN DoucETTE, s. Joseph ist, m. Margderite Le Blanc, d. Jean. Issue : Solon, m. Madeleine Meuse, d. Benjamin 2d. Olivier, m. Euphroisine Meuse, d. Isaac. Guillaume, m. Ludivine Le Blanc, d. Basile. Marie, m. Frederic Landry. Catherine, m. Mande Meuse, s. Frederic ist. Agnes Fran9oise, m. Pierre Marin Meuse, s. Luc. Honorine, m. Frangois D. Doucette, s. Joseph, a. Michel. Anne, m. Remi Le Blanc, s. Fran9ois, a Joseph ist. Joseph Doucette, s. Joseph ist, m. Nathalie Meuse. Issue : Cyrille, m. Ursule Le Blanc, d. Benoni. Anne, not married. Marceline, not married. Seraphie, m. Antoine Doucette of Cape Ste. Marie. Julie, m. Louis Cyprien Dulin, s. Louis ist. Alexandre Frontain, m. ( I. Marguerite Corporon, d. Eustache. Issue : Victor, m. j ( 2. Marguerite Meuse, d. Joseph 2d. Olivier, settled in Clare. Colombe, m. Pierre Surette 3d, s. Pierre 2d. Pauline, m. Louis Dulin ist. Venerante, m. Gregoire Meuse, s. Benjamin 1st. , m. Antoine Comeau of Clare. Olivier Frontain, s. Alexandre, m. Issue : Joseph. Jean. Hilaire of Morris's Island. Anselme, m. Marie Doucette, d. Dominique. ' I. Marguerite Corporon, d. Eustache. Victor Frontain, s. Alexandre, m. , ,, ,, , ^ ,. , ( 2. Marguerite Meuse, d. Joseph32d. Issue : Augustin, m. Elisabeth Doucette, d. Michel ist. Marguerite, m. Michel Doucette, s. Michel ist. Victor, supposed lost at sea. By 2d wife : — Pierre (1810), m. Marie Elisabeth Corporon, d. Simon. Charlotte, m. Augustin Hebert, s. Joseph. Victor, died unmarried, aged 20. APPENDIX D. 427 AuGUSTiN Frontain, s. Victor, m. Elisabeth Doucette, d. Michel ist. Issue : Gabriel, m. Franjoise Meuse, d. Paul. Marc, m. Elisabeth Meuse, d. Jean Baptiste ist. Simon, lost at sea, unmarried. Marguerite, m. Antoine Le Blanc, s. Honore. Sara, m. Joseph Hurlburt, s. Israel ist. Marie Anne, m. Cyrille Dulin, s. Martin. Pierre Frontain, s. Victor, m. Marie Elisabeth Corporon, d. Simon. Issue : Jean (1836), left home in i860, served in United-States ship Minnesota during war, not heard from lately. Cyrille, m. Judique Meuse, d. Clement. Marie, m. Patrice Doucette, 5. Michel Patrice. Marguerite, m. Jean S. Doucette, a. Jean, a Jacques ist. Simon, m. Franjoise Doucette, d. Athanase, a Jacques ist. Julie, m. Dominique Doucette, s. Jean, a Jacques ist. Genevieve Vitaline, m. Lester Benoit of St. Jacques, Quebec. Remi, m. Annie McLeary of Wakefield, Mass. Mathilde, died in childhood. Joseph H^siiRT ist, m. Clementine Meuse, w. Dominique ist. Issue : Joseph 2d, m. Osithe Doucette, d. Joseph ist. Osithe, m. Frangois Meuse, o. Jean Pierre. Jean, m. Marie Doucette, d. Michel ist. Venerante, m. Joseph Meuse 3d, s. Joseph 2d. Angelique, m. Benjamin Meuse 2d, s. Jean Pierre. Charles. Joseph HEBi:RT 2d, s. Joseph, m. Osithe Doucette, d. Joseph ist. Issue : Augustin, m. Charlotte Frontain, d. Victor. Joseph 3d, m. Brigide Meuse, d. Anselme, a Paul. Charles, m. Marie Anne Le Blanc. Marie, m. Guillaume Deveau (2d wife). Henriette, m. Benjamin Le Blanc, s. Joseph ist of Eel Brook. Christophe, m. Marguerite Le Blanc, d. Joseph ist of Eel Brook. Angelique, m. Cyrille Amirault, s. Jacques 2d. Elisabeth, not married. Jean Bertrand, m. Anastasie Clermont, d. Paul ist. ( I. Madeleine Corporon, d. Abraham. Issue : Benjamin, m. j „ ,. -^^ ,. , ^ ( 2. Rosalie Dulm, d. Louis ist. Paul, m. Josephte Moulaison, d. Joseph ist. Etienne, m. Ursule Doucette, d. Charles ist. Basile, m. Brigide Moulaison, d. Joseph ist. Victoire, m. Samuel Robbins. Adelaide, m. Joseph Robicheau of Clare. 428 CLERMONT. — DULIN. — BOUCHER. Jean Bertrand, continued. Anastasie, m. Amand Le Blanc of Clare. Anne, m. Jean Blaise Meuse, s. Dominique, a Benjamin. Cecile, m. Jean Marie Blanchard. Madeleine, not married. Paul Clermont, m. Issue : Fran9ois, m. Ludivine Doucette, d. Joseph ist. Paul 2d, removed. Anastasie, m. Jean Bertrand. Ludivine, m. Olivier Robicheau of Clare. FRAN901S Clermont, s. Paul ist, m. Ludivine Doucette, d. Joseph ist. Issue : David, m. Marie Doucette, d. Sylvain ist. Joseph, m. Elisabeth Le Blanc, d. Joseph of Eel Brook. Augustin, m. Perpetue Le Blanc, d. Benoni. Marguerite, m. Jean David Meuse, s. Jean 2d. Angelique, m. Michel Meuse, s. Jean 2d. Nathalie Rachel, m. Joseph Deveau of Clare. Marie, m. Charles Theriault of Clare. Veronique, m. Joseph Hebert, s. Jean. Rosalie, not married. Louis Duun ist, m. Pauline Frontain, d. Alexandre. Issue : Martin, m. Scholastique Le Blanc, d. Honore. Eude, m. Julie Le Blanc, d. Honore. [ I. Julie Doucette, d. Joseph. Louis Cyprien, m. , . ( 2. Vitaline Meuse, d. Cyrille, a Anselme. Fran9oise, m. Basile Meuse, s. Benjamin ist. Elisabeth, m. Florent Meuse, s. Dominique, a Paul. Rosalie, m. Benjamin Bertrand, s. Jean. Marie, m. Guillaume Deveau. Jean Boucher ist, m. Anne DoucErrE, d. Michel ist. Issue : Jean B., m. Sophique Meuse, d. Jean 2d. Simon, m. Marguerite Meuse, d. Luc. Anselme, m. Marie Meuse, d. Luc. Gabriel, lost with brigantine Jewess on Pubnico Point in 1844. Marie Anne, m. Jean B. Meuse (Gar9on), b. Joseph 3d. Madeleine, m. Fran9ois Meuse, s. Dominique, a Benjamin. Leonice, m. Zacharie Meuse, s. Anselme, a Benjamin. Charlotte, m. Amand Le Blanc, s. Jean, a Amand. Marie, m. Eusebe Meuse, a. Jean 2d. Louis Le F^vre ist, m. Marie Le Blanc, d. Honore. Issue : Louis 2d, m. Madeleine Le Blanc, d. Jean, a Charles. Remi, m. Marie Doucette, d. Paul. APPENDIX D. 429 Louis Le FtvRE, continued. Maximin, m. Marie Antoinette Le Blanc, d. Bernard. Rosalie, m. Charles Le Blanc, s. Bernard. Madeleine, m. Alexandre Meuse, s. Firmain. Francois, m. Marguerite Doucette, d. Edouard. Amable, m. Marie Meuse, d. Florent. Toussaint, m. Julienne Meuse, d. Frederic 2d. Elisabeth, m. Patrice Frontain, a. Gabriel. Sylvestre Jacquaed, m. Marie Meuse, d. Paul. Issue : Jovite, m. Genevieve Meuse, d. Jean Baptiste ist. Seraphin, m. Madeleine Meuse, d. Luc. Elisabeth, m. Gervais De Villiers, s. Jacques. Joseph, ni. Marine Clermont, d. David. Benjamin, m. Margaret Fitzgerald, d. John. Mande, m. Henriette Boucher, d. Jean B. Leon, m. Helen Fitzgerald, d. John. Paul, m. Catherine De Villiers, d. Jean B. Julienne, m. Michael Fitzgerald, ». John. Philoraene, m. Felix Boucher, s. Jean B. Marine, m. Damien Meuse, s. Jean David. The genealogy of some of the old Acadian families of Argyle is not now easily adjusted, and especially that of the Meuse " family, which appears to have several branches in the county, although they are prob- ably nearly related ; and, according to the traditions of the family, they unite in their veins the best of the blood royal of America with that of certain kings of France, with which governors and barons, and the sons of governors and barons, have been proud to become allied. After the return from exile in 1766 or thereabouts, we find Pierre and Louis Meuse parties to the purchase in 1773 of a part of the Eel Brook district from the Rev. John Breynton, and we have a fair record of their families. Paul Meuse and his sister Marie, who married Charles Le Blanc ist, were among those taken to New England in 1 755, and they returned from Salem to Argyle about 1765. About a thousand of the Acadians were taken to Massachusetts in 1755, and distributed and redistributed among the various towns. In 1756, there were thirty-two at Salem, and among them Francois Meuse ^ Pronounced lifiuce. 430 ME USE. and family, — eight all together. Twelve more were sent from other towns to Salem in 1760; among these was John Meuse, with his wife and children. When about to return to Nova Scotia, in 1766, there were a hundred and forty-one Acadians gathered at Salem for that purpose. In 1 760, there were at Framingham, Mass., John White (Le Blanc) and his wife Clear (Claire) and their children, Peter, Molle, Sable, Joseph, Margaret, Keziah, Maudlin, and Peton, following the orthography of the town-clerk of Framingham. Maudlin means Madeleine, and Peton stands for Petite-Anne. At Concord, Mass., were Charles Trahant -and his wife Tithorn (another spelling of Petite- Anne), and also Glode White (Claude Le Blanc), with his wife and children, Mary, Charles, Margaret, Magdalen, Joseph, John, Peter, Anne, Rose, and Simeon. Benjamin Meuse ist, formerly of Meuse's Point at the mouth of the Tusket River, whose sister Marie married Michel Doucette ist, was half-brother to the late Isidore Doucette of Passe-de-Pr6 and Dominique Doucette of Cape Ste. Marie ; and his mother, having been left a second time a widow, married Joseph Hdbfert ist. John Pierre Meose, formerly of JefFery's Point, and Jean Baptiste Meuse ist, the pioneer of the settlement at "The Forks," are now Tepresented by numerous descendants from the mouth of the Tusket River and Goose Bay to the remotest settlements at " The Forks ; " and some of them are to be found establishing good records elsewhere in Nova Scotia as well as in Massachusetts towns where they have gone •during the last twenty years. There is at Halifax an old record of some Acadian families of Argyle in 1 771, which gives an account, copied below, of the family of Joseph Mius and Marie Prejean ; and their son Joseph was probably he, a record of whose family immediately follows. Joseph Mius, married Marie Prejean. Issue : Louis, Joseph, Anne. Joseph Meuse 2d, m. Issue : Margueqte, m. Victor Frontain, s. Alexandre. Marie Anne, m. Abraliam Corporon 2d, s. Abraham. Judithe, m. Honore Le Blanc, s. Pierre 1st of Eel Brook. Nannette, m. Jean Le Blanc, s. Amand. Seraphie, m. Ansel me Meuse, s. Benjamin ist. Joseph 3d, m. Venerante Hebert, d. Joseph 1st. APPENDIX D. 431 Joseph Meuse 3d, s. Joseph 2d, m. Venerante H^Bi;RT, d. Joseph ist. Issue: Jean Baptiste (Gar9on), m. Marie Anne Boucher, d. Jean. Scholastique, m. Jean R. Doucette, s. Sylvain ist. Joseph, died unmarried. Gertrude, m. Remi Meuse, s. Jean Baptiste ist. Pierre Meuse ist o£ Roco Point, m. Cecile Amirault, d. Joseph 2d. Issue : Cecile. Joseph. Veronique, m. Hippolyte Babin, s. Victor. Anne, m. Frederic Surette, s. Pierre 2d. Isabelle, m. David Doucette, s. Michel ist. Monique, m. Michel Moulaison, s. Joseph ist. Marie, Mathurin, Athanase, Pierre (blind), not married. Louis Meuse ist of Roco Point, m. Josephine Meuse (Rosette). Issue : Luc, m. Marguerite Le Blanc, d. Honore. Frederic, m. Anne Moulaison, d. Joseph ist. Firmain, m. Genevieve Doucette, d. Michel ist. Louis 2d, m. Theotiste Doucette, d. Charles 1st. Anne, m. Charles Doucette 2d, s. Charles. Celeste, m. Louis De Bouillon. Luc Meuse, s. Louis ist, m. Marguerite Le Blanc, d. Honore. Issue : Marguerite, m. Simon Boucher, s. Jean ist. Marie, m. Anselme Boucher, s. Jean ist. Leonice, m. Archange Meuse, s. David. Elisabeth, m. Pierre M. Meuse, Captain of Roco Point. Celeste, m. Damas Moulaison, s. Joseph 2d. Genevieve, m. Cesar Doucette, s. Pierre of Chebec. Edouard, m. Nannon Doucette, d. Antoine of Salmon River. Pierre Marin, m. Agnes Fran9oise Doucette, d. Augustin. Remi, m. Mary Hurlburt, d. Joseph. Alexandre, m. Marceline Thibault of Clare. Sylvain, m. Genevieve Babin, d. Gabriel. Urbain, not married. Madeleine, m. Seraphin Jacquard, ». Sylvestre. Frederic Meuse, s. Louis ist, m. Anne Moulaison, d. Joseph ist. Issue : Catherine, m. Simon Le Blanc, s. Joseph 1st of Eel Brook. Mande, m. Catherine Doucette, d. Augustin. Sylvain, m. Elisabeth Doucette, d. Joseph, a Michel. Jean, m. Therese Le Blanc, d. Joseph ist of Eel Brook. Marguerite, m. Remi Meuse, s. Anselme, a Benjamin. 432 ME USE. FiRMAiN Meuse, s. Louis ist, m. G^NEVifevE DouCETTE, d. Michel ist. Issue : Scholastique, m. Pierre Le Blanc, s. Honore. Archange, m. Marguerite Moulaison, d. Joseph 2d. n y ^ (I- Genevieve Meuse, d. Tean 2d. Lalixte, m. \ ' -^ ( 2. Catherine Moulaison, d. Joseph 2d. Pierre, m. Marguerite Babin, d. Hippolyte. Henriette, m. Jean B. Meuse, s. Anselme, a Benjamin. Marguerite, m. Joseph Deveau of Salmon River. Esaie, m. Osithe Le Blanc, d. Honore. Marc, m. Elisabeth Dulin, d. Eude. Alexandre, m. Madeleine Le F^vre, d. Louis ist. Louis Meuse 2d, s. Louis, m. Th^otiste Doucette, d. Charles ist. Issue : Frederic 2d, m. Genevieve Moulaison, d. Joseph 2d. Germain, m. Madeleine Le Blanc, d. Honore. , I. Remi Doucette, s. Edouard ist. Rosalie, m. ' 2. Marc Amirault, s. Jacques 2d. Esther, m. Joseph M. Le Blanc, s. Jean, a Charles. Catherine, m. Seraphin Le Blanc, s. Jean, a Charles. Simon, in. Madeleine Moulaison, d. Joseph 2d. Fran9ois, m. Rosalie Fitzgerald, d. John. Joseph, m. Marguerite Le Fevre, w. Fran9ois. Remi, m. Vitaline Le Blanc, d. Jean, a Honore. Paul Meuse ist, m. Marie Le Blanc, d. Pierre ist of Eel Brook. [ I. Anastasie Doucette, d. Charles ist. Issue : Nicolas, m. { 2. Hurlburt. Angelique, m. Joseph Doucette, o. Michel ist. Veronique, m. Thomas Melanfon. Isaac, m. Marguerite Moulaison, d. Joseph ist. Marguerite, m. Seraphin Meuse, s. Francois. Anselme, m. Marguerite Meuse, d. Jean Pierre. I. Gabriel Frontain, s. Augustin. Frangoise, m. ,r • b, v, i (2. Jean Mane Blanchard Dominique, m. Nannon Meuse, d. Jean Pierre. Marie, m. Sylvestre Jacquard. Hippolyte, died unmarried. Joseph " Bruno,'' died unmarried. ( I. Anastasie Doucette, d. Charles ist. Nicolas Meuse, s. Paul, m. ' ( 2. Hurlburt. { I. Jacques Doucette, s. Michel ist. Issue : Theotiste, m. j .,..,, ,, (2. Maximm Meuse, s. I'ran90is. Jacques, m. Henriette Doucette, d. Edouard. Cyriaque, m. Judithe Meuse, d. Dominique, a Benjamin. Perpetue, m. Remi Doucette, ». Jacques ist. Madeleine, m. Athanase Doucette, s. Jacques ist. APPENDIX D. 433 Anselme Meuse, s. Paul, m. Marguerite Meuse, d. Jean Pierre. Issue : Joseph Marin, m. Marie Doucette, d. Charles 2d. Cyrille, m. Scholastique Doucette, d. Charles 2d. Cecile, m. David Doucette, s. Charles 2d. Brigide, m. Joseph Hebirt 3d, s. Joseph 2d. Frangois. Dominique Meuse, s. Paul, m. Nannon Meuse, d. Jean Pierre. T ,, . (I- Maurice Meuse, s. Greeoire. Issue : Mane, m. } ( 2. Epiphane Doucette, s. Pierre ist of Chebec. Florent, m. Elisabeth Dulin, d. Louis ist. Anne, m. Jacq^ues Doucette, s. Jacques ist. Marguerite, m. Mathurin Corporon, 0. Simon. Stillman, m. Catherine Corporon, d. Simon. Leonice, not married. Dominique Meuse ist, m. Clementine Doucette, w. Magloire. Issue : Benjamin ist, m. Nannette Doucette, d. Jean ist. Isabelle, m. Amand Le Blanc ist of Tusket Hill. Marie, m. Michel Doucette ist, s. Jean 1st. Ludivine, m. Joseph Doucette ist of Tusket Hill. Benjamin Meuse ist, s. Dominique ist, m. Nannette Doucette, d. Jean ist. Issue : Anselme, m. Seraphie Meuse, d. Joseph 2d. Dominique, m. Isabelle Le Blanc, d. Jean, a Amand. Gregoire, m. Venerante Frontain, d. Alexandre. Basile, m. Franjoise Dulin, d. Louis ist. ■ I. Marie Therese Moulaison, d. Joseph 2d. [ 2. Marie Anne Corporon, d. Abraham. Denis, m. Julie Doucette, d. Pierre ist of Chebec. Jeannette, m. Pierre Doucette, s. Jean 2d of Chebec. Marceline, m. Joseph Boudreau, s. Michel ist. Gertrude, m. Timothee Doucette, s. Joseph ist. Anselme Meuse, s. Benjamin, m. Seraphie Meuse, d. Joseph 2d. (I. Elisabeth Corporon, d. Abraham. Issue : Gabriel, m. ! ( 2. Mary Collins. Jean B., m. Henriette Meuse, d. Firmain. Adrien, m. Anne Doucette, d. Michel, a Michel. Benjamin, m. Leonice Le Blanc, d. Joseph ist of Eel Brook. Remi, m. Marguerite Meuse, d. Frederic ist. Archange, m. Monice Doucette, d. Jacques ist. Zacharie, m. Leonice Boucher, d. Jean ist. Dominique Meuse, s. Benjamin, m. Isabelle Le Blanc, d. Jean, a Amand. Issue : Charles, m. Anne Le Blanc, d. Jean, a Charles ist. Etienne, lost at sea, unmarried. George, m. ! 434 ME USE. DoMi.viQUE Meuse, continued. Rigobert, m. Ursule Le Blanc, d. Joseph ist of Eel Brook. Jean Blaise, m. Anne Bertrand, d. Jean. Franfois, m. Madeleine Boucher, d. Jean ist. Judithe, m. Cyriaque Meuse, s. Nicolas. Franfoise, m. Franfois Meuse, s. Michel. Daughter, not married. Gregoire Meuse, s. Benjamin, m. Venerante Frontain, d. Alexandre. Issue : Chrysostome, m. Rosalie Le Blanc, d. Bernard. Catherine, m. Jean Adrian Le Blanc, s. Jean, a Charles. Alexandre, m. Nanon Trahan, d. Bernard of Clare. Alexis, m. Vitaline De Villiers, d. Jacques. Maurice, m. Marie Meuse, d. Dominique, a Paul. Rosalie, m. Cyrille Moulaison, s. Joseph 2d. Basile Meuse, s. Benjamin, m. FRAN901SE Dulin, d. Louis ist. Issue : Robert, m. Julienne Meuse, d. Archange, a Benjamin 2d. Vital, m. Marguerite Doucette, d. Jacques 1st. Thelesphore, m. Anne Doucette, d. Jacques ist. Vitaline, m. Cyrille Doucette, s. Jacques ist. Julienne, m. Jean Baptiste Doucette, ». Joseph, a Michel. Rosalie, m. Marcel Colin, s. Marcel. Catherine, m. Ambroise Doucette, s. Athanase. Hel^ne, m. Felix Le Visconte. ( I. Marie Th^rese Moulaison, d. Joseph 2d. George Meuse, s. Benjamm, m. ) ( 2. Marie Anne Corporon, d. Abraham. Issue : Marc, m. Rosalie Meuse, d. Alexandre, a Gregoire. Joseph, m. Madeleine Pothier, d. Charles Amand. Gervais, m. Leonice Meuse, d. Marc, a Firmain. Elisabeth, not married. Marie, m. Cesar Babin, s. Simon. Marguerite, m. Leon Le F^vre, s. Maximin. Frangoise, m. Fran9ois Doucette, s. Olivier. Denis Meuse, a. Benjamin, m. Julie Doucette, d. Pierre ist of Chebec. Issue : Dominique, m. Gregoire, m. Elisabeth Moulaison, d. Cyril Sylvain, m. Julienne Moulaison, d. Cyrille. Patrice, m. Meuse, d. Simon. Jean Pierre Meuse of Jeffery's Point, m. Issue : David, removed to Salmon River. Benjamin, m. Angelique Hebfert, d. Joseph ist. Jean 2d, m. Marguerite Robicheau, d. Pierre ist of Chebec. Fran9ois, m. Osithe Heb^rt, d. Joseph ist. APPENDIX D. 435 Jean Pierre Meuse, continued. Marguerite, m. Anselme Meuse, s. Paul. Rosalie, m. Joseph Le Blanc, s. Pierre ist of Eel Brook. Nannon, m. Dominique Meuse, s. Paul. Benjamin Meuse, s. Jean Pierre, m. Angelique H^BfeRT, d. Joseph ist. Issue : Madeleine, m. Solon Doucette, s. Augustin. Joseph, a bachelor. Jean Marie. Jean Meuse 2d, s. Jean Pierre, m. Marguerite Robicheau, d. Pierre ist. Issue : Eusebe, m. Marie Boucher, d. Jean ist. Jean David, m. Marguerite Clermont, d. Franjois. Michel, m. Angelique Clermont, d. Fran9ois. Sophique, m. Jean B. Boucher, s. Jean ist. Genevieve, m. Calixte Meuse, s. Firmain. Celeste, not married. Francois Meuse, s. Jean Pierre, m. Osithe HiefeRT, d. Joseph ist. ( I. Marguerite Meuse, d. Paul. Issue : Seraphin, m. (2. Perpetue Meuse, d. Jean Baptiste ist. Clement, m. Marie Meuse, d. Jean Baptiste ist. Maximin, m. [ '' ^^^^^ Le Blanc, d. Chrysostome ist. ( 2. Theotiste Doucette, w. Jacques ist. Marie Susanne, m. Leon Le Blanc, s. Chrysostome ist. Mathilde, m. Chrysostome Le Blanc 2d, s. Chrysostome. Nannette, m. Michel Patrice Doucette, s. Joseph ist. Jean Baptiste Meuse ist of " the Forks," m. G:^NEVii;vE Moulaison, d. Joseph ist. Issue : Remi, m. Gertrude Meuse, d. Joseph 3d. Louis, m. Mary Werkins, d. David. Cyrille Baptiste, m. Rosalie Doucette, d. Joseph ist. Elisabeth, m. Marc Frontain, s. Augustin. Jeanne, m. Jovite Jacquard, a. Sylvestre. Seraphie, m. Julien Meuse, s. Seraphin. Monique, m. Fran9ois Meuse, s. Seraphin. Perpetue, m. Seraphin Meuse, s. Franjois. Marie, m. Clement Meuse, s. Franfois. Cyrille B. Meuse, s. Jean Baptiste ist, m. Rosalie Doucette, d. Joseph ist. Issue ; Mathilde, m. Timothee Doucette, s. Jean, a Jacques ist. Sylvie, m. Jean Meuse, s. Archange, o. Anselme. ( I. Madeleine Meuse, d. Archange, a Anselme. Jean, m. -j ;:. Cyprienne Doucette, d. Louis. V 3. Le Blanc, w. Pierre, a Basile. ] I. Domathilde Doucette, d. Cyrille. Leon, m. , t t. ' 2. Rosalie Meuse, w. Julien, a Capt. Jean B. 436 ME USE. Joseph, m. Marie Le Blaijc of Clare. Sylvain, m. Josephine Doucette, d. Ambroise. Casimir, m. Domathilde Doucette, d. Alexandre. Jacques, m. Louisa Currier of Reading, Mass. Fran9ois Xavier, m. Sylvie Le Blanc, d. Franyois, ajBernard. Theophile, m, Fran9oise Meuse, d. Vital. Felix, Cyrille, Nannette, not married. Genevieve, Louis, Marc, and Marie, died young. APPENDIX E. {See page 62.) [From the Annals of Salem ^ 1782, March. — "A vessel from Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, bringing home fourteen Americans had been taken off our harbour. The people here desire that she may be returned." 1782, May 27. — "Gentlemen of Salem and Beverly petition the Legislature that the people of Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, may not be plundered by our privateers, because the greater part of them moved thither from this quarter a few years ago and have been very kind to our men who have been thrown among them by the events of War. But a majority of the town have different views and wish their representatives to oppose any bill to this effect. Still, the General Court prohibited hostilities against Yarmouth. Seth Barnes of that town stated previously to the petition that one of our privateers had taken a large sum from him." 1806. — " This was a year of great trade for Salem. We had 73 Ships, 1 1 Barques, and 48 Brigs in foreign commerce. Of these William Gray owned about one quarter." i8og. — " Our foreign trade is very much vexed and injured by the European belligerents. Most of the voyages performed are unprofitable." 1812. — "Mrs. Elizabeth Bell, of Nova Scotia, a passenger on board of the Schooner Anne, taken by the Dolphin ' begs leave to acknowl- edge, with much gratitude, the gentlemanly and humane treatment of the Captain and prize master of the Dolphin, in returning to her ^900 together with her personal effects.' " 1813, February. — "The prizes to our armed vessels were 87. The total for those sold was ;^4 74,234, captured within seven months. It was computed that the Enghsh had taken a greater sum from our 438 FROM ANNALS OF SALEM. merchants. Sixty-five more prizes arrived before the close of the war. Many others vjrere burnt. A few were given up as cartels, to prisoners." 1815, March. — "Our tonnage has been greatly reduced by the war. Only 57 vessels are now registered as belonging to this town, little more than one quarter of what was owned here ten years before.'' APPENDIX F. (See page 69.) Mr. Campbell has not correctly copied the inscription upon the monument to Herbert Huntington in the Mountain Cemetery. The error Mr. Campbell may deem immaterial, but he who wrote the epitaph would not have so considered it. This is the inscription : — HERBERT HUNTINGTON REPRESENTED HIS NATIVE COUNTY YARMOUTH, AS MEMBER OF THE HOUSE OF ASSEMBLY FOR 20 YEARS, WITH SIGNAL ZEAL, ABILITY, AND DISINTERESTEDNESS ; SERVING PART OF THAT PERIOD AS MEMBER OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL OF NOVA SCOTIA, AND FINANCIAL SECRETARY. THE LEGISLATURE OF A GRATEFUL COUNTRY, BY UNANIMOUS VOTE, RAISED THIS MONUMENT TO HIS MEMORY. BORN 1800. DIED 185 I. APPENDIX G. (Set page 75.) ABSTRACT OF THE TRADE OF YARMOUTH FOR THE YEAR 1834. ENTRIES. No. of Vessels. Tonnage. Value in Sterling. Duty Collected. From Great Britain " New Brunswick, Canada, and Newfoundland .... From West Indies " United States I 71 52 58 183 3.242 4.315 3.415 ;f200 7.814 15 S 11,916 5 6,735 19 ;^I3 II 2 337 5 ° 446 4 Total foreign .... From Nova-Scotia ports ... 182 136 11.155 6,008 £26,666 19 5 15,100 ;^797 2 Total inwards 318 17.163 ;^4i,766 19 5 CLEARANCES. No. of Vessels. Tonnage. Value in Sterling. To Great Britain " New Brunswick, Canada, and Newfoundland " West Indies " United States " Brazil 2 93 54 24 I 283 4.065 4,426 1,498 126 ;^476 17,478 7 2,763 13 2 232 ", Nova-Scotia ports With fishing-passes 174 157 39 10,398 7.532 1,292 ;f 20,950 2 10,293 10 2,000 Total outwards 370 19,222 ;^33,243 10 2 APPENDIX G. 441 THE EXPORTS AND IMPORTS OF NOVA SCOTIA. The following are the statistics of the imports and exports of the various ports of the province for the fiscal year : — EXPORTS. PORT. Amherst . . . Annapolis . . . Antigonish . . . Arichat .... Baddeck . . . Barrington . . . Bridgetown . . Comwallis . . . Digby .... Guysborough . Halifax .... Liverpool . . . Lockeport . . . Londonderry . . Lunenburg . . . Margaretville . . North Sydney Parrsborough . . Pictou .... Port Hawkesbury Port Hood . . . Port Medway . Shelburne . . Sydney .... Truro .... Weymouth . Windsor . . . Yarmouth . IMPORTS. Port. Amherst . . Annapolis . . Antigonish Arichat . . Baddeck $171,474 167,994 71,000 64,380 84.259 122,642 13.274 46,109 137.134 115,278 4.927.634 102,358 374.780 7.776 654,060 15,018 151,251 220,689 94.567 233.150 S.3S9 72,771 40,667 145,869 4,851 93.677 116,820 627.779 584,500 76,160 57.499 29,889 6,181 1884. $179,710 237.378 74.525 50.645 89,926 154.344 i6,ti5 90,422 143.657 196,689 4,886,264 125.757 449.769 13.786 813,340 20,978 142,694 274,555 109,707 236,868 2,795 69,604 41,964 205,725 2,304 103,010 158,228 708,597 82,620 $9,599,356 1884. $90,814 113,218 62,858 36,321 6,030 442 COMMERCE. PORT. Barrington. Bridgetown Cornwallis ... nigby Guysborough . .... Halifax 6,154,107 Liverpool . . ... Lockeport . ... Londonderry Lunenburg Margaretville ... North Sydney Parrsborough . Pictou Port Hawkesbury .... Port Hood Port Medway ... Shelburne . . . . .... . • . Sydney . . ... Truro Weymouth . ... Windsor Yarmouth 1885. 1884. 47,537 48,048 13,331 13,98s 65,177 108,222 37,192 52,080 17,419 21,238 6,154,107 6,932,253 53,704 70,853 103,379 99,609 28,752 38,856 134,921 152,402 8,646 12,063 64,256 93,"6- 34,449 84,798 284,624 278,845 86,459 41,150- 898 2,030 7,330 24,087 21,468 28,369 29,751 45,577 235-767 253,359 70,841 62,755 214,190 198,72a 515,162 681,452 $8,483,589 $9,653,104 1886. Exports, $8,071,513. Imports, $7,840,244. Duties, $1,663,087. Yarmouth imports, 1886, $494,466. 1887, $438,980. Duties paid at Yarmouth, 1885, $81,530. 1886, $81,088. Exports from Yarmouth for the year ending Dec. 31, compiled from Swedish consul's reports : — To United States, $276,425. $254,868 " Sp. West Indies, 38,150. 39,274' " Fr. West Indies, 66,955. 36,861 " Br. West Indies, 113,949. i",737 " Great Britain, 14,079. 30,968 " St. Pierre, 21,867. 4.249' " Newfoundland, 760. 2,000 " Argentine Republic, 760. 3,250, " Norway, 760. 4,600, $532,185. $487,807 Products of the mines, $6,122. " " fisheries, 351,460. " " forests, 66,275. " " animals, etc., 19,454. " " agriculture, 30,629. " " manufactures, 13,867. $487,807. APPENDIX G. 443- [^From the Halifax Herald, New-Year Supplement i\ The amount on deposit at the government savings banks in Nova Scotia on the ist of November, 1885, including tlie new post-office savings banks at Dartmouth and elsewhere, was $8,000,000. The state- ment published in the last New- Year's " Herald " gave the deposits on the 15 th of December of the three previous years, as follows : — On deposit December, 1882 $5,282,000 On deposit December, 1883 6,045,000 On deposit December, 1884 6,752,000 On deposit December, 1885 8,000,000- Increase 1885 over 1884 1,248,000 Increase 1885 over 1882 2,718,000 The following is a memorandum of deposits in the Nova-Scotia offices on the ist of November, 1885 : — Amherst $181,098 Antigonish I35>2i^ Annapolis 244.644 Arichat 151.063 Acadia mines 47.o8o Baddeck 54.709- Bridgewater 84,247 Barrington "2.454 Digby 132.801 Guysborough 81,594 Halifax 3.258.861 KentviUe 283,527 Liverpool 188,352 Lingan '°'36l Lunenburg 177,956 Maitland 80,113 New Glasgow 324.040 Parrsborough 65,606 Port Hood "o,i7[ Pictou 217,432 Shelburne 67'422 Sydney ^^^'S^S Sydney mines $43.03' 444 ■^A VINGS BANKS. Sherbrooke $48,451 Truro 351.325 Wallace S3.I77 Windsor 479.790 Weymouth 92.284 Yarmouth 600,673 APPENDIX H. {Sea page 8i.) "A LOST CHAPTER IN ACADIAN HISTORY." The above is the title of a book published at New York in 1884. The author, Philip H. Smith, tells this story of the first winter's experi- ence at Chebogue, which, as it varies from Haliburton, grows more terrible with age. "In 1 761 a few families from Massachusetts were attracted by the rich alluvial of Chebogue marsh and the valuable fisheries adjacent. The greater part of them settled at the head of the marsh, on the site of a French village, and in most instances they erected their houses on the cellars which had been dug by their predecessors. Having carried them to a state of completion, affording a tolerable shelter, the new settlers essayed the serious task of passing their first winter in the dreary and lonely spot of which they had taken possession. They had brought with them two horses, six oxen, and a number of cows and calves. The horses they immediately sent back as useless encumbrances. Over half the cattle died of hunger and exposure, and the rest were killed for food. The winter was terrible in its severity. Snow lay on the ground for four months at the depth of four feet. An accident having befallen the vessel on which they were totally dependent for supplies, they were reduced to the most pitiable condition for want of provisions. For a long time they were without potatoes, bread, or any substitute. A few actually perished for want of suitable nutriment. Six families, terrified and disheartened, returned home by the first opportunity. The remainder, being joined by other emigrants' from the fishing-towns of New England, effected a permanent settlement." It is perhaps needless to say that this is, mostly, simple fiction ; but Admiral Knowles, writing to the Duke of Newcastle from Louisburg 446 A LOST CHAPTER. in January, 1747, tells a still more terrible story of the climate. He says, " The frosts begin to cease about the middle of May, which are succeeded by fogs. These last to the end of July, with the inter- mission, perhaps, of one or two fair days in a fortnight." He says many of the troops were frozen to death. " The sentries, though reUeved every half-hour, frequently lose their toes and fingers. ■Some have lost their limbs by mortification in a few hours. There is no such thing as using any kind of exercise to keep themselves warm, the snow in many places laying ten, twelve, and sixteen feet deep, and when it ceases snowing the whole island is covered with a sheet of ice. Nothing is more common than for one guard to dig the other out of the guard-room before they can relieve them, and so by the rest of the officers and soldiers out of their several quarters, the drift snow sometimes covering the houses entirely. There is not a single person yet come to settle and fish here. Our miseries and distresses, occasioned by the severity of the weather, I really want words to describe. Nature seems never to have designed this a place of residence for man, for with the poet we may justly say, — ' Here elements have lost their uses, Air ripens not, nor earth produces.' " Says Murdoch, " In reading this (his) correspondence, we feel as if we had got to the fountain-head of all the dismal misrepresentations of Nova Scotia and Cape Breton, that were so reiterated and believed in during the latter part of the eighteenth century and the first part of the nineteenth, when our year was said to consist of nine months of winter and three months of fog. It is surprising to read a picture of climate so opposite to that given by the French governors and .adventurers at an earlier date." APPENDIX I. {See page g8.) THE INDIAN NAMES OF ACADIA. By Richard Huntington, late of "The Yarmouth Tribune," oh. 1S83. The memory of the Red Man, How can it pass away, While their names of music linger On each mount and stream and bay ; While Musquodoboit's waters Roll sparkling to the main ; While falls the laughing sunbeam On Chegoggin's fields of grain ; While floats our country's banner O'er Chebucto's glorious wave, And the frowning cliffs of Scatarie The trampling surges brave ; While breezy Aspotogon Lifts high its summit blue, And sparkles on its winding way, The gentle Sissibou ; While Escanoni's fountains Pour down their crystal tide ; While Ingonish's mountains Lift high their forms of pride ; Or while on Mabou's river The boatman plies his oar. Or the billows burst in thunder On Chicaben's rock-girt shore ? 448 INDIAN NAMES OF ACADIA. The memory of the Red Man, It lingers h'ke a spell On many a storm-swept headland, On many a leafy dell ; Where Tusket's thousand islets Like emeralds stud the deep ; Where Blomidon, a sentry grim. His endless watch doth keep. It dwells round Catalone's blue lake, , 'Mid leafy forests hid, — Round fair Descouse and the rushing tides Of the turbid Pisiquid ; And it lends, Chebogue, a touching grace To thy softly flowing river, As we sadly think of the gentle race That has passed away forever. APPENDIX J. (See f age 113.) WILLIAM AND EDWARD HILTON. [From Maine Historical Society^ CoUeciion.'] " David Thompson, Edward and William Hilton and others, com- menced a settlement on the west side of the Piscataqua River, the beginning of the present town of Portsmouth, in 1623." William Hilton, the writer of the following letter, probably came over in the ship Fortune, which left England the last of August, 162 1, and arrived at Plymouth in November. New Plymouth, November, 1621. Loving Cousin, — At our arrival at New Plymouth in New England we found all our friends and planters in good health, though they were left weak and sick with very small means ; the Indians round about us are peaceable and friendly ; the country very pleasant and temperate, yielding naturally of itself great stores of ffuits, as vines of divers sorts, in great abundance. There are likewise walnuts, chestnuts, small nuts and plums, with much variety of flowers, roots, and herbs, no less pleasant than wholesome and profitable. No place hath more gooseberries and strawberries, nor better. Timber of all sorts you have in England doth cover the land that affords beasts of divers sorts and great flocks of turkeys, quails, pigeons, and partridges; many great lakes abounding in fish, fowl, beavers, and otters. The sea affords us great plenty of all excellent kinds of sea fish, as the rivers and isles doth variety of wild fowl of most useful sorts. Mines we find to our thinking, but neither the goodness nor quality we know. Better grain cannot be than the Indian corn if we will plant it on as good ground as man need desire. We are all free- holders, the rent day doth not trouble us ; and all these good blessings we have of which and what we list in their seasons for taking. Our company are for most part very religious, honest people ; the word of God sincerely taught us every Sabbath; so that I know not any thing a contented mind can here want. I desire your friendly care to send my wife and children to me where I wish all the friends I have in England. And so I rest, Your loving kinsman, WILLIAM HILTON. APPENDIX K. {See page 120.) SOME ACCOUNT OF THE LA TOUR FAMILY AND OF PHILIPPE MIUS D'ENTREMONT, AND A RECORD OF SOME ACADIAN FAMILIES OF PUBNICO AND TUSKET WEDGE. Since the main body of this book was completed, some particulars have been gathered of the D'Entremont family, which are here repro- duced. Tiieir genealogical record, so far as it is connected with Acadian history, begins with — Claude Turgis de St. Etienne, Sieur de La Tour, often men- tioned in Chapter VIII., who by his first marriage had one son, Charles Amador, born in 1596. While at London in 1629, Claude de La Tour married Henrietta Maria, said to have been a relative of Sir William Alexander, and one of the maids of honor to the English queen. Claude de La Tour died in 1651. Charles Amador de La Tour was twice married, first in 1625, and by this marriage he had several children. The eldest, Jeanne, born in 1626, married Sieur D'Arpentigny de Martignon. He married next, Feb. 24, 1653, Jeanne de Motin, Madame D'Aulnay; and by this marriage he had issue : — 1654. Marie, m. Alexandre Le Borgne, Seigneur de Port Royal in 1686. SI. Abraham Mius D'Entremont, s. Philippe. 2. In 1705, J. F. Villate. 1661. Jacques, m. Marie Melan9on. 1664. Anne, m. Jacques Mius D'Entremont, s. Philippe. 1665. Charles 2d; was at Annapolis in 1726, and in 1732 he went to Cape Breton. His sister, widow Anne D'Entremont, died while on a visit there in 1741. APPENDIX K. 451 Alexandre Le Borgne, s. Emmanuel, m. Marie La Tour, d. Charles. Issue : 1675. Emmanuel, 1677. Marie, m. Louis Girouard. 1679. Alexandre 2d, m. Anastasie de St. Castin, d. Baron de St. Castin. 1681. Jeanne. Anne, m. Jean de Fond. And two others, names not ascertained. Alexandre Le Borgne de Belleisle 2d was living at St. John in 1754. It seems probable that one of the daughters of Alexandre Le Borgne ist married Alexandre Robicheau, and that their daughter was the Frangoise Belleisle Robicheau whose correspondence with Gov. Mascarene appears in the annals of the time. Jacques de La Tour, s. Charles, m. Marie Melancon. ( I. Lieut. Edmund Bradstreet, had son John B., b. 1714. Issue : Agathe, m. J ( 2. Ensign James Campbell. Anne Marie, m. Jean B. Porlier, had a son Claude Cyprien, b. 1726. Jeanne, m. Jacques Pontiff, surgeon. And one son (Lucien ?). In 1 703 a decree passed at Versailles granting to the five children of Charles de La Tour " Le Vieux Logis " at Cape Sable, with a territory six leagues square, and the islands in front ; also Port La Tour with four leagues on each side, and six leagues in depth, to be divided equally between them. The same decree granted the Seigneurie of Port Royal, five leagues on the river, and two leagues deep on each side of it, and the Seigneurie of Mines, six leagues square, to be divided into seven equal parts ; one share to each of the five children of Charles de La Tour, and the other two shares to the seven children of Madame Marie, widow of Alexandre Le Borgne de Belleisle. Philippe Mius D'Entremont, eaiyer, m. Madeleine Elie. Issue : 1650. Marie, m. Pierre Melan90n. They had 9 children. 1658. Abraham Mius, m. Marguerite de La Tour, d. Charles Amador. 1659. Jacques Mius, m. Anne de La Tour, d. Charles Amador. 1662. Philippe Mius, wife not known, had a son Joseph. 1670. Madeleine, was at Port Royal in 1686 ; no other record. 452 D'ENTREMONT. Major Philippe Mius D'Entremont came to Acadia in 165 1, and was associated with Go 7. Charles de La Tour in his enterprise at Port Royal, where, in 1653, he was appointed to the command in the absence of the governor. He founded the colony at Pubnico, and in 1671 he was living there with his wife and five children under the title of Baron de POBONCOUP. He figures in the census of 1671 as the owner of 20 head of horned cattle, 25 sheep, and 6 acres of cultivated land. In 1686 he, with his two youngest children, was living at Port Royal, and in the census of that year his age is stated at 77. But Sieur des Goutins, Judge and King's Secretary in Acadia, writing to the ministers under date of Dec. 23, 1707, says, "Sieur Philippe D'Entremont, a native of Normandy, died seven years ago at the age of 99 years and some months. For 18 years, and until old age rendered him incapable, lie was ' Procureur du Roi ' " (King's Attorney). Pierre Melancon {dit La Verdure), who married Marie D'Entre- mont, was one of the parties to the marriage contract of Charles Amador ■de La Tour and Madame D'Aulnay, and was appointed guardian to D'Aulnay's minor children. He was captain commandant at Port Royal .at its surrender to Oliver Cromwell's general, Robert Sedgewick, in 1654 ; and by one of the articles of capitulation it was agreed that the property of D'Aulnay's children should be left in charge of La Verdure for their benefit. Abraham Miirs D'Entremont, s. Philippe, m. Marguerite de La Tour, d. Charles Amador. Issue : 1 68 1. Marguerite. 1683. Charles. 1685. Philippe. 1687. Madeleine, m., 1707, J. F. Channiteau. 1690. Marie Josephte, m., 1717, Rene Landry. 1697. Anne, died in 1704. And one other child. Abraham Mius D'Entremont died in 1703. The records of his sons' families have not been distinctly traced. In June, 1725, Ensign James Campbell, Jacques and Charles D'Entremont, petitioned Lieut.-Gov. Mascarene at Annapolis Royal, claiming rights to properties there under the will of Marie D'Aulnay, APPENDIX K. 453 and producing the will and other papers. Some fifteen years later, Madame Agathe Campbell, then living in Kilkenny, Ireland, having secured the shares of some others of the heirs, sold to the English crown, for about three thousand guineas, her rights to the properties in Nova Scotia. On the 28th March, 1732, Gov. Armstrong gave a written permission to Joseph and Pierre Surette, Joseph Babin, and two others, to visit the lands at Musquash Harbor on the north shore of the Bay of Fundy, with instructions to report to him thereon. Charles D'Entremont, under instructions from the Government, assisted in the investigation relating to the derelict brigantine Baltimore ; and in May, 1 736, he conducted that vessel from Chebogue Harbor to Annapolis Royal. On 27th June, 1745, Jean Theriault and Jean Potier, deputies, appeared before Gov. Mascarene and the Council at Annapolis, and presented a memorial from some Acadians at Chicnecto. Jacques Mius D'Entremont, s. Philippe, m. Anne de La Tour, d. Charles Amador. Issue : Marie, m., 1705, Capt. Fran9ois Dupont Duvivier. Anne, m., 1707, Enseigne Antoine De Saillan. Philippe 3d, m., 1707, Therese de St. Castin, d. Baron de St. Castin. Jeanne, m., 1709, Lieut. Louis Dupont Duchambon. Charles, m., 1712, Marguerite Landry. Joseph, m., 1717, Cecile Boudrot. Jacques 2d, m., 1723, Marguerite Amirault. And two others, names not recorded, the youngest born in 1697. The Baron de St. Castin, distinguished in early Acadian history, and Enseigne De Saillan, were wounded in repulsing the attack on Port Royal on Aug. 31, 1707 ; and on Sept. 8, De Saillan died of his wounds. It was the son of Franqois and Marie Duvivier who commanded the forces which went from Louisburg to an attack on AnnapoHs Royal in 1 744, marching from Chicnecto via Grand Pr6. Duvivier demanded from Gov. Mascarene the surrender of the fort. After an exchange of messages, in which both commanders exhibited diplomatic skill, Duvivier, convinced that the governor was by no means inclined to surrender, returned with his forces to Louisburg. 454 D'ENIREMONT. Louis Dupont Duchambon was commandant at Louisburg when surrendered to the forces from Boston under Pepperell in June, 1 745 ; and M. Duchambon de Vergor, son of Louis and Jeanne, was appointed to the command of Fort Beausejour, Chicnecto, which yielded to the forces from Boston under Col. Monckton in June, 1755. Philippe 3d and TniiRESE (her mother was Melchide Pidikwamiscou, the daughter of the Abnaki chief, Madockawando) are said to have left a numerous progeny who do not bear the family-name, but of them little can here with certainty be said. Charles and Marguerite D'Entremont (Landry) had two sons, Pierre and Charles, and one or two daughters. The latter Charles had, so far as is known, two sons, Charles and Laurent. Joseph and Cecile D'Entremont (Boudrot) had two sons, Joseph 2d and Simon; daughters, if any, unknown. Joseph 2d had four sons, Etienne, Augustin, Corneille, and Philippe. Simon had a son, Firmain. It is said that these branches of the family of Jacques Mius D'Entre- mont went to France after the events of 1755. It would seem that the Acadians living on the south-western shores of Nova Scotia were not removed in 1755. They were scattered over various localities ; and like some others from the northern shores, who retreated to places on the Gulf coast, a good many eventually succeeded in eluding the vigilance of their persecutors from Massachusetts. According to the account of Henri Leond^e D'Entremont of Pub- nico (the son of Nicolas, the son of Sylvain, the son of Cyrille, the son of Joseph, the eldest son of Jacques 2d), his great-great-great -great- grandfather, Jacques D'Entremont 2d, was removed with his family to Boston in 1756, where he died in 1759, and was buried at Roxbury. In September, 1758, Joseph Landry and Charles D'Entremont, " two of the principal men of Cape Sable," and representing about forty families, one hundred and fifty persons, residing there, petitioned the ■ governor of Massachusetts that they might remain on the lands they then occupied, or be received into New England, which request was communicated to Gen. Amherst and Gov. Lawrence, with the declaration that Massachusetts was unwilling to receive them. In the spring of 1759, Gov. Lawrence despatched vessels to Cape Sable, which took on board one hundred and fifty-two persons, men, APPENDIX K. 45 S women, and children, and carried tliem to Halifax, landing them on Governor's Island. In November, 1759, they were placed on board of his Majesty's ship Sutherland, and carried to England. What disposi- tion was then made of them, does not appear ; but no doubt they passed over into France. On Nov. 18, 1759, Pierre Surette, Jean Bourque, and Michel BouRQUE, deputies from about seven hundred Acadians residing at Miramichi, Richibucto, , and Buctouche, arrived at Fort Cumberland, Chicnecto, asking for a supply of provisions for the winter. In 1760 another delegation from the same people arrived at Fort Cumberland, and concluded a treaty with Col. Fry, commandant there, agreeing to become subjects of Great Britain on condition that they should be permitted to retain their property, and thenceforth receive humane treatment. This treaty was signed by M. M. Manache (missionaire), Abraham Dugast, Francois Arsenault, Michel Bourque, Paul Le Blanc, Pierre Gautrot, and Pierre Surette. The conflict between France and England was terminated by a treaty of peace, signed at Paris, Feb. 10, 1763. In June, 1764, Lord Halifax, Secretary for the Colonies, addressing Lieut.-Gov. Montague Wilmot of Nova Scotia, said, " His Majesty considers the French Acadians in the same light with the rest of his Roman-CathoKc subjects in America. If they shall be willing to take the oath of allegiance, and to become good subjects and useful inhabit- ants, it will be your care to settle them in such parts of your government as may be agreeable to themselves, and at the same time consistent with the public peace and security." In December, 1764, about six hundred Acadians, chiefly from places in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, procured vessels at their own expense, and proceeded for the French West Indies. Gov. Wilmot, reporting this exodus to the Home Government, said, "Their settlement in the West Indies removes them far from us ; and as that climate is mortal to the natives of the Northern countries, the French will not be likely to gain any considerable advantage from them." Gov. Wilmot died in May, 1766 ; and in August, Michael Francklin was appointed to succeed him. Gov. Francklin had been a Halifax merchant and a member of the Executive Council ; and his wife was 45 6 THE AC AVIANS. a granddaughter of Peter Faneuil of Boston, a wealthy and liberal- minded merchant of that town, whose name is honored in Faneuil Hall, the " Cradle of Liberty." With Gov. Francklin's administration came a measure of jus- tice to the Acadians. His representations to the Home Government had led to a change of policy ; and accordingly we find him in June, 1768, writing to Isaac Deschamps, M.P.P. for Windsor, and afterward chief justice of Nova Scotia, " I have it in command from His Ma- jesty to give them [the Acadians] the fullest assurance of his Royal favour and protection. . . . They will be treated at all times with the same degree of indulgence and protection as His Majesty's other sub- jects. And to this you may also add that the Government has not the least desire either to molest or disturb them on account of their religion." To Col. Denson of Falmouth, Gov.. Francklin wrote on July 4, 1768, "I am, therefore, to desire that you do exempt them [the Acadians] from mustering or training, until you have orders to the con- trary from the Governor or Commander-in-Chief for the time being ; and I am further to signify to you that it is the King's intentions and I do expect, that they be treated by the Officials of Government with all possible mildness and tenderness upon every occasion, to the end that they may not have the least cause to repent of their having submitted in so ample a manner to His Majesty's Government." And so it seems that the Acadians had found a kind and gentle and influential friend in Lady Francklest. The instructions granting permission to the Acadians to settle again in Nova Scotia, were received at Hahfax in September, 1764 ; and when the tidings reached them in Massachusetts, some of the former residents of Argyle turned toward their old homes. "Dans I'ann^e 1766 (6crit Benoni D'Entremont) nous avons laiss6 la Nouvelle-Angleterre pour aller nous riStablir au Cap Sable." In i860 the historian Rameau visited Argyle, and an account of his " Voyage en Acadie " was published at the time at Paris in the " EconO' miste Franfais." He wrote that nine Acadian families came from Boston to Pubnico in 1766 ; namely, three D'Entremont, one Mius, two Belliveau, two Amirault, and one Duon. These were Joseph, Paul, and Benoni D'Entremont, Pierre and Louis Mius, Charles J. and Isidore Belliveau, Jacques and Ange Amirault, and Abel Duon. APPENDIX K. 4S7 In October, 1767 (says Murdoch), eighteen Acadian families at Cape Sable (Pubnico) applied to the government for lands. Four years afterward lands were surveyed and granted to them; and in June, 1784, further grants were ordered to Benoni D'Entremont, Pierre MEDSE,.and others, of lands in Argyle. Jacques D'Entremont 2d, s. Jacques, m. Marguerite Amirault, od. 1796. Issue : Joseph, m. Agnes Belliveau. Paul, m. Isabelle Belliveau. Benoni (1745), m. Anne Pothier, d. Dominique. Anne, m. Abel Duon. One other daughter, not married. Joseph D'Entremont, s. Jacques 2d, m. Agnes Belliveau. Issue : Cyrille, m. Anastasie Pothier, d. Dominique. Marguerite, ra. Amand Pothier, s. Dominique. Marie, m. Pierre Pothier, s. Dominique. Venerante, m. Jacques Amirault 2d, s. Jacques 1st. Charles Celestin, m. Marie Boudreau, d. Michel. Joseph Elie, m. Celeste Amirault, d. Joseph 3d. Esther, m. Jean Baptiste Pothier, s. Dominique. Louise, m. Athanase Surette, s. Pierre 2d. Genevieve, m. Joseph Boudreau, s. Michel. Paul D'Entremont, s. Jacques 2d, m. Isabelle Belliveau. Issue : Jacques 3d, m. Angelique Bourque, d. Jean ist. Hilaire, m. Anne Pothier, d. Sylvain ist. Etienne, m. Rosalie Le Blanc, d. Joseph ist. Joseph Levi, m. Marie Le Blanc, d. Joseph ist. Their twelve children all died young. Benjamin, m. Marguerite Le Blanc, d. Joseph ist. Gabriel, not married. Benoni D'Entremont, s. Jacques 2d, m. Anne Pothier, d. Dominique. Issue : 1784. Joseph Josue, m. Nathalie Le Blanc, d. Joseph ist. f I. Elizabeth Larkin, d. John. 1788. Simon, m. ! „.,,_,. ,, ' (2. Elisabeth Theriault. ( I. Marie Amirault, d. Cyriaque. 1790. Philippe, m. I ^ ^ ,„^^i^^^ s^^^^j,^ d. pi,„, 3d. 1799. Jean, m. Jeanne Le Blanc, d. Joseph ist. 1801. Joseph Vincent, m. Madeleine Amirault, d. Simon. 1805. Marc, not married. 1786. Marguerite, m. Louis Amirault, s. Ange. 1793. Marie, m. Joseph Le Blanc 2d, s. Joseph ist. 1796. Anne, m. Frederic Le Blanc, s. Joseph ist. 45 8 D 'ENTREMONT. Cyrille D'Entremont, s. Joseph, m. Anastasie Pothier, d. Dominique. Issue : Anne, m. Anselme Le Blanc, s Joseph ist. Julie, m. Paul Fran9ois Surette, s. Paul ist. Sylvain ist (1795-1881), m. Elisabeth Amirault, d. Joseph 3d. Pierre, m. Madeleine Babin, d. Charles Amand. Remi, m. Leonice Belliveau of Clare. Anselme, m. Genevieve Duon, d. Augustin. Joseph Cyrille, m. Marguerite D'Entremont, d. Benjamin. Jean B., m. Fran9oise Babin, d. Charles Amand. f I. Charles Duon, s. Augustin. Marguerite, m. ] ( 2. Etienne V. D'Entremont, s. Etienne. Madeleine, m. Joseph R. D'Entremont, o. Etienne. And one other daughter, not married. Charles Celestin D'Entremont, s. Joseph, m. Marie Boudreau, d. Michel. Issue ; Dominique, m. Anne Catherine D'Entremont, d. Hilaire. Severin m. Rosalie Amirault, d. Marc ist. ( I. Mathilde Belliveau, d. Charles. Timothee, m. ] ( 2. Susan Moulton. Simon, m. Madeleine Surette, d. Joseph 2d. Charles, m. Julia Burns. Louis, m. Marie Jeanne D'Entremont, d. Benjamin. I. Madeleine D'Entremont, d. Benjamin. Guillaume, m. , ^ . . . , , _. I 2. Fran90ise Amirault, d. Simon. Marguerite, m. Etienne Duon, s. Augustin. Anne H., m. Frederic Amirault, s. Joseph 3d. Fran9oise, m. Gabriel Babin, s. Charles. Rosalie, m. Fran9ois Bourque, s. Joseph. Cecile, m. Anselme D'Entremont, s. Benjamin. Joseph Elie D'Entremont, ». Joseph, m. Celeste Amirault, d. Joseph 3d. Issue : Athanase, m. Sophique Surette, d. Eusebe, of Burette's Island. [ I. Anselme D'Entremont, s. Hilaire. Marie, m. , I 2. Raphael Bourgeois. George, m. Mathilde Surette, d. Prospere, of Surette's Island. Gertrude, ,m. Fran9ois D'Entremont, s. of Joseph Josue. Genevieve, m. Philippe Duon, s. Augustin. Patrice, m. Philomene D'Entremont, d. Anselme. Veronique, m. Pierre S. D'Entremont, s. Simon. Alexandre, not married. Luc, not married. Jacques D'Entremont 3d, s. Paul, m. Angel[que Bourque, d. Jean ist. Issue : Scholastique, m. Louis Amirault, s. Cyriaque. Maximin, m. Catherine Amirault, d. Simon. APPENDIX K. 459 Jacques D'Entremont, continued. Fran9ois, m. Scholastique Amirault, d. Simon. Madeleine, m. Esaie Belliveau of Gilbert's Cove. Marie Anne, m. Jean B. Pothier, s. Amand. Angelique Foi {1807, Sept. 27), m. Ambroise Amirault, s. Louis. HiLAiRE D'Entremont, s. Paul, m. Anne Pothier, d. Sylvain ist. Issue : Anne Catherine, m. Dominique D'Entremont, s. Charles Celestin. Elisabeth, m. Cyrille Duon, s. Paul. Anselme, m. Marie D'Entremont, d. Joseph Elie. Sylvain 2d, m. Marguerite Le Blanc of Clare. Pierre, m. Catherine Duon, d. Augustin. Jean, m. Marguerite Surette, d. Augustin ist. . , , (I. Ursule D'Entremont, d. Sylvain ist. Andre, m. J ( 2. Marie LeBlanc [nee Pothier), w. Joseph. Jacques, m. Marie Babin, d. Jean. Marguerite, m. Cyriaque Amirault, s. Marc. And two other daughters, not married. Etienne D'Entremont, ». Paul, m. Rosalie LeBlanc, d. Joseph ist. Issue : Paul 2d, m. Fran9oise Amirault, d. Charles. Joseph R., m. Madeleine D'Entremont, d. Cyrille ist. ^ . „ f I- Elisabeth Amirault, d. Jean. Etienne V., m. ! ( 2. Marguerite D'Entremont, d. Cyrille ist. Martin, m. Rosalie D'Entremont, d. Joseph Vincent. Thecle, m. Cyprien Duon, s. Paul. Madeleine, m. Joseph J. Amirault, s. Louis ist. Euphroisine, m. Ange A. Amirault, 3. Jean. Jeanne, m. Toussaint Amirault, s. Jean. Jeremie, not married. Benjamin D'Entremont, s. Paul, m. Marguerite LeBlanc, d. Joseph ist. Issue : Marie Jeanne, m. Louis D'Entremont, s. Charles Celestin. Marguerite, m. Joseph C. D'Entremont, s. Cyrille ist. Madeleine, m. Guillaume D'Entremont, s. Charles Celestin. Anselme, m. Cecile D'Entremont, d. Charles Celestin. Cyriaque, m. Gertrude Pothier, d. Alexandre. Joseph F., m. Elisabeth Duon, d. Etienne. Maximin, m. Fran9oise D'Entremont, d. Franjois. Joseph Josu:6 D'Entremont, s. Benoni, m. Nathalie Le Blanc, d. Joseph ist. Issue : Franfois, m. Gertrude D'Entremont, d. Joseph Elie. Rosalie, m. Sylvain Amirault, s. Jean. Philippe, m. Julie D'Entremont, d. Sylvain 1st. Louis B., ra. Victoire D'Entremont, d. Sylvain ist. Si. Rosalie Duon, d. Etienne. 2. Colombe Duon, d. Cyprien. 460 D 'ENTREMONT. Joseph Josu^ D'Entremont, continued. Alexandre, m. Veronique D'Entremont, d. Paul. Petronille, m. Louis B. Amirault, s. Louis 2d. And two other sons, not married. „ ^ (I. Elizabeth Larkin, d. John. biMON D'Entremont, s. Benoni, m. ! ( 2. Elisabeth Theriault. Issue : Marie Anne, m. Paul Amirault, s. Cyriaque. ' I. Monique Amirault, d. Charles. David, m. i 1 2. Catharine Murphy. „. „ ,1. Anne Pothier, d. Joseph Josue. Pierre S., m. ' ' 2. Veronique D'Entremont, d. Joseph Elie. Marguerite, m. Mathurin Amirault, s. Jean. Elisabeth, m. Paul Amirault, s. Charles. Rosalie, m. Mande Le Blanc, s. Benjamin. And three other daughters, not married. By 2d wife : — Louis M., m. Jeanne D'Entremont, d. Joseph. Virginie, m. Toussaint Amirault, s. Joseph Josue. Marie Jeanne, m. Alexis Amirault, s. Frederic. Isabella Anne, m. Nicolas Amirault, ». Philippe. Damas, not married. Nathalie, not married. Catherine, not married. Charles, not married. Joseph, not married. r \. Marie Rosalie Amirault, ( Philippe D'Entremont, s. Benoni, m. J Cyriaque. (^ i. GiNEViivE Surette, d. Pierre 3d. Issue : Anne Marguerite, m. Paul F. Amirault, s. Simon. Julie, m. Dominique Duon, s. Etienne. Louis, m. Franfoise Belliveau, d. Jean. Marie Jeanne, m. John Carroll. Remi, m. Madeleine Surette, d. Jean B. Madeleine, m. Xavier Babin, s. Jean, a Charles Amand. Pierre, not married. Cyriaque L., not married. Mathurin, not married. Elisabeth, Rosalie, and two others, not married. Jean D'Entremont, s. Benoni, m. Jeanne Le Blanc, d. Joseph ist. Issue : Marguerite, m. Simon Le Blanc, s. Frederic. Charlotte, m. Dominique Q. Amirault, s. Jean. Catheriiie, m. Andre Amirault, s. Louis ist. APPENDIX K. 461 JeanJD'Entremont, continued. Marie, m. Michel D. Pothier, s. Dominique. Fran9oise, m. Augustin Duon, s. Mathurin. Joseph L., m. Juliette D'Entremont, d. Pierre, a Hilaire. Josue E., m. Marie D'Entremont, d. Jean, a Hilaire. Hilaire, Andre, David, and two others, not married. Joseph Vincent D'Entremont, s. Benoni, m. Madeleine Amirault, d. Simon. f I. Marie Anne Amirault, d. Louis 2d. Issue : Simon, m. ' j 2. Julienne Pothier, d. Seraphin. ( I. Marie Bibienne D'Entremont, d. Sylvain ist. Ambroise, m. ! ,, , . , ( 2. Marme Amirault, d. Ange A. ("I. Juliette Amirault, d. Louis 2d. Esai'e, m. .^ , ,^ , T^ , [2. Perpetue D Entremont, d. Paul. Rosalie, m. Martin D'Entremont, s. Etienne. Jean B., m. Rosalie Pothier, d. Cyrille of Eel Lake. Cyriaque, m. Ursule D'Entremont, d. Jean, a Hilaire. Anne, Vitaline, Paul, Marc, Jeanne, and one other, not married. Sylvain D'Entremont ist, s. Cyrille, m. Elisabeth Amirault, d. Joseph 3d. Issue : Julie, m. Philippe D'Entremont, s. Joseph Josue. Victoire, m. Louis B. D'Entremont, s. Joseph Josue. Ursule, m. Andre D'Entremont, s. Hilaire. Marie Bibienne, m. Ambroise D'Entremont, s. Joseph Vincent. Nicolas (1835, Aug. 2), m. Anne Vitaline Amirault, d. Ambroise. ' I. Nathalie Duon, d. Mathurin. ' ' ( 2. Madeleine D'Entremont, d. Guillaume. Nicolas D'Entremont, s; Sylvain ist, m. Anne Vitaline Amirault, d. Ambroise. Issue : i860. Aug. 25. Nicolas Alfred. 1862. Oct. 22. Henri Leondee, m. Marie Rose D'Entremoi.t, d. Athanase. 1864. Dec. 8. Marie Elisabeth. Agnes Louise Alice. Guillaume Edmond. Jacques Gilbert. Fran9ois Ephraim. Lucie Anne. Estelle Marie Therese. The parents of the following, comprising the Belliveau family that came to Pubnico 1 766-1 767, have not been definitely ascertained : — Charles Joseph, m. Marguerite Bastarache. Isidore, m. Ursule Amirault, d. Jacques ist. Michel, not married. 462 BELLIVEAL. Agnes, m. Joseph D'Entremont, s. Jacques 2d. Isabelle, m. Paul D'Entremont, s. Jacques 2d. Nathalie, m. Ange Amirault, s. Jacques ist. Charles Joseph Belliveau, m. Marguerite Bastarache. Issue : Marie, m. John Larkin. Joseph, m. Marie Osithe Bourque, d. Jean ist. Marguerite, ra. Charles Amand Babin, s. Joseph ist. Claire, died young. Isidore Belliveau, m. Ursule Amirault, d. Jacques ist. Issue : Charles Ballou, m. Sherah Robbins, d. James 2d. Marguerite, m. Joseph Le Blanc 2d, s. Joseph ist. Elisabeth, m. Basile Bourque, s. Jean ist. Pierre, not married. Joseph Belliveau, s. Charles J., m. Marie Osithe Bourque, d. Jean ist. Issue : Jean, m. Thecle Surette, d. Jean Louis. Joseph, not married. Charles, not married. Pierre, m. Juliette Amirault, d. Cyriaque. Basile, m. Marie Anne Amirault, d. Louis ist. Celestin, not married. Marie Helene, not married. Jean Belliveau, s. Joseph, m. Thecle Surette, d. Jean Louis. Issue : Basile, m. Monique Belliveau, w. Louis Remi. Helena, m. Jean Amirault, ». Louis. Marguerite Rosalie, m. Anselme Amirault, ». Jean. Margerie, not married. Fran9oise, m. Louis D'Entremont, s. Philippe. Susanne, not married. Jean, m. Elise Boudreau. Pierre, m. Sophique Bourque, d. Fran9ois, a Joseph. Michel, m. Sophique Surette, d. Prospere, a Joseph, of Eel Brook. Louis, not married. Madeleine, m. George N. Eaton. Pierre Belliveau, s. Joseph, m. Juliette Amirault, d. Cyriaque. Issue : Zacharie, m. Ursule Boudreau, d. Felix. Cyriaque, m. Rosalie Amirault, d. Francois. Basile Belliveau, s. Joseph, m. Marie Anne Amirault, d. Louis. Issue : Anne Mathilde, m. Mande Comeau. Louis R^mi, m. Monique Amirault, d. Fran9ois. Sylvain, m. Clara Dorman. Joseph Leon, m. Elisabeth Rose D'Entremont, d. Pierre S. Catherine, Isaac, Marie, Marguerite, Monique, Marc Esai'e, Alexandre Sylvain, not married. APPENDIX K. 463 Charles Ballou Belliveau, s. Isidore, m. Sherah Robbins, d. James 2d. Issue : Mathilde, m. Timoth^e D'Entremont, s. Charles Celestin. 1 1. Letitia Robbins, d. Samuel. Isidore 2d, m. Phoebe Goodwin. Margerie, m. Jeremiah Larkin. Isidore Belliveau 2d,s. Charles, m. T" ^™"* ^°==™=' ^- ^"™"^'- ( 2. Phcebe Goodwin. Issue : Marie Alice, m. Isaiah Kenney. Israel, m. in Lockeport. Jacques, m. Sarah Nickerson. George, Anne, Benjamin, Hel^ne, not married. Abel Duon, m. Anne D'Entremont, d. Jacques 2d. Issue : Augustin, m. Nathalie Amirault, d. Ange. Paul, m. Victoire Boudreau, d. Michel. Marie, m. Pierre Surette 2d, s. Pierre ist. Cecile, not married. Ursule. Jacques. Euphroisine. Monique, m. Amable Boudreau, s. Michel. Augustin Duon, s. Abel, m. Nathalie Amirault, d. Ange. Issue: 1796. Madeleine, m. Anselme Pothier, s. Amand. 1797. Etienne, m. Marguerite D'Entremont, d. Charles Celestin. 1800. Jean, m. Elisabeth Boudreau, d. Joseph. 1802. Charles, m. Marguerite D'Entremont, d. Cyrille ist. No issue. 1803. Monique, m. Seraphin Pothier, s. Sylvain ist. 1805. Catherine, m. Pierre D'Entremont, s. Hilaire. 1807. Mathurin, m. Rosalie Boudreau, d. Joseph. 1809. Julien, m. Marie Surette, d. Paul Fran9ois. 1814. David, m. Anne Pothier, d. Pierre ist. 1817. Philippe, m. Genevieve D'Entremont, d. Joseph Elie. 1812. Genevieve, m. Anselme D'Entremont, s. Cyrille ist. Paul Duon, s. Abel, m. Victoire Boudreau, d. Michel. Issue : Marie, m. Marc Saulnier. Celeste, m. Ange Saulnier. Rosalie, m. Archange Surette, s. Augustin. Joseph, m. Perpetue Amirault, d. Charles. Cyprien, m. Thecle D'Entremont, d. Etienne. Cyrille, m. Elisabeth D'Entremont, d. Hilaire. Gabriel, m. Ursule Surette, d. Augustin. No issue. Marc, Simon, Marguerite, and Madeleine, not married. 464 DUON. Etienne Duon, s. Augustin, m. Marguerite D'Entremont, d. Charles Celestin Issue : Elisabeth, m. Joseph F. D'Entremont, s. Benjamin. Rosalie, m. Marc D'Entremont, s. Joseph Josue. Dominique, m. Julie D'Entremont, d. Philippe. Scholastique, m. Charles V. Amirault, 3. Joseph. Madeleine, m. Cesar Babin, s. Simon. Pierre, m. Josephine D'Entremont, d. Joseph Cyrille. Fran9ois, m. Marine Doucette, d. Ange, of Chebec. Geneviive, m. Benjamin Bourque, s. Marc. Etienne, Charles Jovite, not married. Fran9oise, Gertrude, Marie Anne, not married. Jean Duon, s. Augustin, m. Elisabeth Boudreau, d. Joseph. Issue : Madeleine, m. Pierre Le Blanc, s. Anselme. Rosalie, m. Symphorien Surette, s. Augustin ist. Marin, m. Melanie Surette, d. Jean B. Jacques, m. Philomene D'Entremont, d. Jean, a Hilaire. I. Charlotte Duon, d. Cyprien. Simon, m. I 2. Adele D'Entremont, d. Philippe, a Josue. Francois, m. Marie Anne D'Entremont, d. Andre. Genevieve, Pelagie, not married. Henri, died young. Mathurin Duon, s. Augustin, m. Rosalie Boudreau, d. Joseph. 1 1. Fran9oise Duon, d. Cyrille. ( 2. Fran9oise D'Entremont, d. Jean. Nathalie, m. Michel D'Entremont, s. Sylvain. Issue : Augustin, m. j (2 , I. Angelique D'Entremont, d. Joseph Cyrille. Ambroise, ~ ' e,m. j; ' 2. Perpetue D'Entremont, d. Paul 2d. Sylvain, m. Marie D'Entremont, d. Anselme, a Benjamin, Anselme, m. Marie Jeanne Amirault, d, Mathurin. Catherine, m. Romain D'Entremont, s. Dominique. Bibienne, m. Leon D'Entremont, s. Dominique. Monique, m. Rami D'Entremont, s. Dominique. Julie, m. Urbain D'Entremont, s. Joseph Cyrille. JULiEN Duon, s. Augustin, m. Marie Surette, d. Paul Fran9ois. Issue : Fran9ois, m. Modeste Amirault, d. Frederic. Michel, m. Victoire Duon, d. Joseph. Symphorien, m. Seraphie D'Entremont, d. Dominique. Zacharie, m. Esther Amirault, d. Frederic. Charles, m. Catherine D'Entremont, d. Dominique. Nicolas, m. Emilie D'Entremont, d. Maxirain. ' I. Dominique D'Entremont, s. Joseph. Angelique, m. ( 2. Maximin Le Blanc, s. Benjamin. Anastasie, not married. Germain, died young. APPENDIX K. 465 David Duon, s. Augustin, m. Anne Pothiek, d. Pierre ist. -, . , (I. Monique D'Entremont, d. Toseph Cvrille. Issue : Leon, m. ! > j t- j ( 2. Fraii9oise Bourque, d. Fran9ois. Cyriaque, m. Catherine Comeau, d. Pierre of Clare. Marguerite, m. Isaac D'Entreoiont, s. Fran9ois. Domatiiilde, m. Julien D'Entremont, a. Dominique. Virginie, m. Apollonaire D'Entremont, s. Fran9ois. Susanne, Mai'ie Anne, not married. Philippe Duon, s. Augustin, m. GtNEVifevE D'Entremont, d. Joseph]Elie. Issue : Elie, m. Monique Bourque, d. Fran9ois. Symphorien, m. Marie Doucette, d. Ange of Chebec. Agapis, m. Catlierine D'Entremont, d. Joseph Cyrille. Romain, m^ Elise D'Entremont, d. Marin. Marie, m. Cyprien Amirault, s. Simon, a Simon. Veronique, m. Ferdinand Amirault, s. Louis. Denis, Joseph, Christine, not married. Joseph Duon, s. Paul, m. pERptTUE Amirault, d. Charles. Issue : Eustache, m. Fran9oise Surette, d. Jean B. Voiontin, m. Marguerite Surette, d. Zacharie. Joseph, m. Eugenie D'Entremont, d. George. Monique, m. Remi D'Entremont, ». Pierre, a Hilaire. Victoire, m. Michel Duon, s. Julien. Modeste, m. Clement D'Entremont, a. Jean, a Hilaire. Scholastique, not married. Cyprien Duon, ». Paul, m. Thecle D'Entremont, d. Etienne. Issue : Colombe, m. Marc D'Entremont, s. Joseph Josue. Charlotte, m. Simon Duon, s. Jean. Louis, m. Adelaide D'Entremont, d. Joseph Cyrille. Paul, m. Marguerite Boudreau, d. Lucien. Pierre, m. Zoee Surette, d. Augustin. Zacharie, m. Adeline Pothier, d. Fran9ois, a Seraphin. Marie, not married. Cyrille Duon, s. Paul, m. Elisabeth D'Entremont, d. Hilaire. Issue : Fran9oise, m. Augustin Duon, s. Mathurin. Jacques, died unmarried. Other children died young. Jacques Amirault ist, m. Jeanne Laure. Issue : Ange, m. Nathalie Belliveau. , Jacques 2d, m. Venerante D'Entremont, d. Joseph ist. Basile, settled at Sissibou. Isidore, m. Marie Le Blanc, d. Pierre ist of Clare. Ursule, m. Isidore Belliveau. 466 AMIRAULT. Jacques Amirault ist, continued. Anastasie, m. Jean Doucette of Sissibou. Ludivine, m. Charles Babin, s. Victor. Rosalie, m. Jean Louis Surette, s. Joseph ist. Genevieve, m. Anselme Le Blanc, s. Pierre ist of Clare. Marie, m. Joseph Le Blanc ist, s. Pierre of Clare. Ange Amirault, s. Jacques ist, m. Nathalie Belliveau. Issue : Joseph 3d, m. Marguerite Surette, d. Joseph ist. Cyriaque, m. Marie Surette, d. Paul ist. Jean, m. Marie Susanne Pothier, d. Sylvain ist. Simon, m. Anne M. Surette, d. Paul ist. „ I I. Perpetue Pothier, d. Sylvain ist. Charles, m. . ' \ 2. Scholastique Surette, d. Paul ist. Louis, m. Marguerite D'Entremont, d. Benoni. ]V[arc, m. Marguerite Le Blanc, d. Joseph 2d. Nathalie, m. Augustin Duon, s. Abel. Veronique, m. Joseph Bourque, s. Jean 1st. Susanne, m. Simon Saulnier. Joseph Amirault 3d, s. Ange, m. Marguerite Surette, d. Joseph ist. Issue : Frederic, m. Anne H. D'Entremont, d. Charles Celestin. Celeste, m. Joseph E. D'Entremont, o. Joseph ist. Elisabeth, m. Sylvain D'Entremont, s. Cyrille. Joseph M., m. Eulalie Pothier, d. Pierre ist. George, m. Marthe Surette, d. Pierre 3d. Veronique, m. Joseph Pothier, s. Amand. One other daughter, not married. Cyriaque Amirault, s. Ange, m. Marie Surette, d. Paul ist. Issue : Louis 2d, m. Scholastique D'Entremont, d. Jacques 3d. Rosalie, m. Philippe D'Entremont, ». Benoni. Anastasie, m. Alexandre Pothier, s. Pierre ist. Paul, m. Marie Anne D'Entremont, d. Simon. Juliette, m. Pierre Belliveau, o. Joseph. Jean Amirault, s. Ange, m. Marie Susanne Pothier, d. Sylvain ist. Issue ; Hilaire, m. Elisabeth Le Blanc, d. Joseph 2d. Elisabeth, m. Etienne V. D'Entremont, o. Etienne. Ange A., m. Euphroisine D'Entremont, d. Etienne. Sylvain, m. Rosalie D'Entremont, d. Joseph Josue. Mathurin, m. Marguerite D'Entremont, d. Simon. Toussaint, m. Jeanne D'Entremont, d. Etienne. Anselme, m. Marguerite Rosalie Belliveau, d. Jean. Dominique Q., m. Charlotte D'Entremont, d. Jean. Gertrude, m. Mathurin Boudreau, s. Dominique. Charlotte Marie, m. Jean B. Le Blanc, s. Anselme. Jeanne, died unmarried. APPENDIX K. 467 Simon Amirault, s. Ange, m. Anne M. Surette, d. Paul ist. Issue : Marc 2d, m. Anastasie Pothier, d. Jean Baptiste ist. Madeleine, m. Joseph V. D'Entremont, s. Benoni. Catherine, m. Maximin D'Entremont, s. Jacques 3d. Scholastique, m. Fran9ois J. D'Entremont, s. Jacques 3d. Fran9oise, m. Guillaume D'Entremont, s. Charles Celestin. Jeanne, not married. Pierre, not married. Simon J., m. Marie Anne Le Blanc, d. Joseph 2d. Paul Fran9ois, m. Anne Marguerite D'Entremont, d. Philippe. \ I. Perp]j;tue Pothier, d. Sylvain ist. ! 2. Scholastique Surette, d. Paul ist. Issue : rran9oise, m. Paul D'Entremont, s. Etienne. Perpetue, m. Joseph Duon, s. Paul. Monique, m. George David D'Entremont, s. Simon. Paul, m. Elisabeth D'Entremont, d. Simon. Madeleine, not married. Louis Amirault, s. Ange, m. Marguerite D'Entremont, d. Benoni. Issue : Philippe, m. Marie E. D'Entremont, d. Etienne. Ambroise (Sept. 2, 1808), m. Angelique Foi D'Entremont, d. Jacques 3d. Joseph Josue, m. Madeleine D'Entremont, d. Etienne. \ I. Marguerite Amirault, d. Marc ist. Charles Amirault, ». Ange, m. j Andre, m. . 2. Catherine D'Entremont, d. Jean. Marie Anne, m. Basile Belliveau, s. Joseph. Rosalie, m. Marc Le Blanc, s. Anselme. Marguerite, m. Etienne Le Blanc, s. Simon. ( I. Fran9oise Le Blanc, d. Joseph 2d of Pubnico. Louis Remi, m. ! „,.._,_, ( 2. Elisabeth Pothier, d. Sylvam or Eel Brook. Jean, m. Helene Belliveau, d. Jean. Leon v., m. Marguerite Amirault, d. Marc 2d (Capt.). Anne Catherine, not married. Marc Amirault, s. Ange, m. Marguerite Le Blanc, d. Joseph 2d. Issue : Marie Jeanne, m. Michel Surette, s. Paul Fran9ois. Rosalie, m. Severin D'Entremont, 5. Charles Celestin. Fran9ois, m. Charlotte Bourque, d. Pierre. Cyriaque, m. Marguerite D'Entremont, d. Hilaire. Martin, m. Catherine Pothier, d. Sylvain, a Jean B. f I. Fran9ois Surette, s. Paul 2d. Sophique, m. \ 2. Cyrille Melan9on of Sissibou. [ 3. Cyrille Babin, s. Amable. Marguerite, m. Andre Amirault, s. Louis. Elisabeth, not married. 468 AMIRAULT. Ambroise Amirault, s. Louis, m. Angelique Foi D'Entremont, d. Jacques 3d. Issue : 1836. Oct. 19. Anne Vitaline, m. Nicolas D'Entremont, s. Sylvain ist. 1838. Jan. 15. Agnes. 1840. Feb. 15. Clement. 1843. June 15. Avit Israel, died young. 1846. Aug. 10. Elisabeth Therise. 1848. Dec. 27. Augusta A., m. Marie Susanne Amirault, d. Dominique. i85r. June 23. Liboire Elie, died young. " Amirault's Hill," on the eastern side of the Tiisket River, about three miles below the village, was so called from Jacques Amirault 2d, son of Jacques ist of Pabnico, who settled there. He married Venerante D'Entremont, d. Joseph ist, and had issue : — Pierre, m. Marie Amirault, d. Gabriel of Meteghan. Hilaire, m. Anne Le Blanc, d. Jean of Amirault's Hill. Cyrille, m. Angelique Hebert, d. Joseph 2d. I. Seraphie Le Blanc, d. Chrysostome. Marc, m. ! 2. Rosalie Doucette, w. Remi, a Edouard. Romain, not married. Jacques 3d, m. Henriette Le Blanc, d. Chrysostome. Ursula, m. Jean B. Boudreau, s. Michel ist. Scholastique, m. Nicolas Pothier, s. Sylvain ist. Marie, m. Sylvain Pothier, s. Sylvain ist. Genevieve, m. Felix Boudreau, s. Amable. No relationship has been traced between the Amirault family of Pubnico and Joseph Amirault who came from Tours, France, and setded at Port La Tour. He had a son Joseph Amirault 2d, and four of this Joseph's daughters were, — Cecile, m. Pierre Meuse ist of Roco Point, Eel Brook. Marguerite, m. Pierre Le Blanc ist of Roco Point, Eel Brook. Madeleine, m. Paul Suretle, a-. Pierre 2d of Eel Brook. Padene, m. Jean Doucette 2d of Tusket Wedge. In the year of Acadian expatriation they were carried to Salem, Mass., and in 1 769 they returned to Argyle. Closely connected with the families of Pubnico and Eel Brook are many of the Acadians of Tusket Wedge. Sylvain and Amand Pothier, sons of Dominique ist of Eel Brook, settled there, as well as Michel APPENDIX K. 469 BouDREAU who married a daughter of Dominique ; Jean Louis Surette, son of Joseph ist, and Jean Doucette 2d, and their numerous descendants, have established a character for enterprise and ability in that district and beyond it. The name Michel Boudrot is a familiar one to readers of early Acadian history. In 1687, Michel Boudrot, born in 1601 (he had a son Michel, born in 1660), was lieutenant-governor of Acadie, and then living at Port Royal. He was sometimes styled Judge, which was a title attached to the head of the civil government of the colony ; and while Michel Boudrot was at the head of the government, Philip Mius D'Entremont was prociireur du roi ; that is, attorney, or chief secretary, for the king. References may be here made to some other Acadian families who had representatives in the colony in early times. Capt. Paul Bertrand commanded the ship Chatcaufort which sailed from Rochelle for Acadie, in March, 1654. The vessel was laden with merchandise shipped by Emmanuel Le Borgne, on account of Madame D'Aulnay and the Duke of Vendome, pursuant to an agreement made between them for the joint proprietorship of rights in Acadie, which agreement was confirmed by the king of France, by a decree of December, 1652. Jean Boucher was a party to one of the grants of land in Acadie, passed by the king of France in 1680; and in 1707 Thomas Le FivRE had a royal grant of lands, two leagues in front and three leagues in depth, between Point Meriquet and River St. George. In 1727, Gov. Armstrong appointed pRANgois Richard high con- stable for Annapohs Royal and the adjacent territory ; and in the same year Jean Duon was appointed clerk to the justices of the peace. A prominent man in the districts from Port Royal to Pigiguit was Alexandre Bourg (Bourque). In 1720 he was chief notary there. In 1730 he was appointed procureur du roi for Grand Pr6 and Pigiguit, and authorized to receive all payments and quit-rents due to the Government. He held the same position in 1 740 ; and he was still at Mines, "an aged man," in 1745. Antoine Bourg, aged sixty-two, in the census of 16 71, appears as the head of a family, the oldest aged twenty-seven years. His wife was a Landry. The Le Blancs of Tusket Wedge and Pubnico are descended from 470 LE BLANC. Pierre Le Blanc ist of Church Point, Clare, who was born at Mines in lyii, carried to Salem in 1755 ; and about 1772 he returned with his family to Clare, where he died in 1799, in his 89th year. Pierre Le Blanc ist, of Church Point, married Marie Madeleine Babin, and had issue : — Anselme, m. Genevieve Amirault, d. Jacques ist, settled at Church Point. Joseph, m. Marie Amirault, d. Jacques ist, settled at Tusket Wedge. Charles, m. Marie Melan9on, settled at Church Point. , Marie (1746), m. Isidore Amirault, s. Jacques ist, settled at Meteghan. Fran9oise, m. Charles Doucette, settled at Church Point. Marguerite, m. Joseph Doucette, settled at New Edinburgh. Madeleine (1753-1852), m. Charles Marin Belliveau, settled at Belliveau's Cove. Susanne, m. Joseph Comeau, settled at Saulnierville. Elisabeth, m. Sylvain Pothier ist, s. Dominique, settled at Tusket Wedge. Anne (1767-1842), m. Pierre Comeau, settled at Meteghan River. Joseph Le Blanc ist, s. Pierre ist, m. Dec. 28, 1778, Marie Amirault, d. Jacques ist. ( I. Marguerite Belliveau, d. Isidore, settled at Pubnico. Issue : Joseph 2d, m. | . „ , t, ( 2. Mane D Entremont, d. Benoni. Rosalie, m. Etienne D'Entremont, s. Paul ist, settled at Pubnico. Marie, m. Joseph Levi D'Entremont, s. Paul ist, settled at Pubnico. Marguerite, m. Benjamin D'Entremont, s. Paul ist, settled at Pubnico. Nathalie, m. Joseph Josue D'Entremont, s. Benoni, settled at Pubnico. Anselme, m. Anne D'Entremont, d. Cyrille, settled at Tusket Wedge. Frederic (1790 '),m. Anne D'Entremont, d. Benoni, settledat Tusket Wedge. Ursule, m. Sylvain Pothier, s. Amand, settled at Tusket Wedge. Jeanne, m. Jean D'Entremont, s. Benoni, settled at Pubnico. Simon, m. Ursule Boudreau, d. Amable, settled at Tusket Wedge. Benjamin, m. Euphroisine Pothier, d. Amand, settled at Tusket Wedge. ^ „ , ^ , (i- Marguerite Belliveau, d. Isidore. Joseph Le Blanc 2d, s. Joseph ist, m. j ( 2. Marie D'Entremont, d. Benoni. Issue : Elisabeth, m. Hilaire Amirault, s. Jean. Joseph 3d, m. Marie Pothier, d. Cyrille of Eel Lake. David, m. Marguerite Pothier, d. Sylvain of Eel Brook. Marie Anne, m. Simon J. Amirault, s. Simon. Fran9oise, m. Louis R. Amirault, s. Louis. Louis, m. Gertrude Pothier, d. Cyrille of Eel Lake. Andre, m. Marie Anne Pothier, d. Joseph Josue. Pierre, m. Marie D'Entremont, d. Franjois, a Jacques. Philippe, m. Susanne Amirault, d. George. Simon, m. Nathalie Le Blanc, d. Frederic. Marguerite, m. Marc Amirault, s. Ange. ^ Still living. APPENDIX K. 47^ Anselme Le Blanc, s. Joseph ist, m. Anne D'Entremont, d. Cyrille. Issue: Joseph, m. Rosalie Pothier, d. Anselme. [ I. Madeleine Duon, d. Jean. Pierre, m. ', ( 2. Rosalie D'Entremont, d. Paul 2d. Jean B., m. Charlotte Marie Amirault, d. Jean. Marc, m. Rosalie Amirault, d. Louis. Cyriaque, m. Stephanie Pothier, d. Jean B. of Chebec. R^mi, m. Charlotte Pothier, d. Charles Amand. Madeleine, m. Romain Pothier, s. Anselme. Marguerite, m. Luc Boudreau, o. Dominique. Marie Anne, m. Dominique D. Boudreau, s. Dominique. Dorothee, m. Fran9ois Pothier, s. Seraphin. L^onice, m. Jean B. Pothier, s. Seraphin. Frederic Le Blanc, s. Joseph ist, m. Anne D'Entremont, d. Benoni. Issue : Joseph, m. Fran9oise Pothier, d. Anselme. Pierre, m. Madeleine Pothier, d. Nicolas. Andre, m. Delphine Pothier, d. Cyrille of Chebec. Simon, m. Marguerite D'Entremont, d. Jean. Jacques, died unmarried. Alexandre, a bachelor. Anselme, died unmarried. Marie, m. Jacques Pothier, s. Nicholas. Marguerite, died unmarried. Rosalie, m. Pierre Surette, s. Pierre of Chebec. Nathalie, m. Simon Le Blanc, s. Joseph 2d of Pubnico. Anne, m. Thelesphore Pothier, s. Jean B. of Chebec. Catherine, m. Matthieu Cothereau, s. Jean F. Madeleine, not married. There were 21 children in this family. The other seven died young. Simon Le Blanc, s. Joseph ist, m. Ursole Boudreau, d. Amable. Issue : Etienne, m. Marguerite Amirault, d. Louis. ■ I. Madeleine Surette, d. Pierre of Chebec. Anselme, m. , ^^ , t, , . , ^, , ( 2. Hazaele Pothier, d. Charles Amand. Timothee, m. Rosalie Surette, d. Prosp^re of Pinkney's Point. Zacharie, m. Agnes Pothier, d. Jean B. of Chebec. Jean, died unmarried. Eulalie, m. Jeremie H. Pothier, s. Cyrille of Chebec. ( I. Comeau. Monique, m. j ( 3. Guillaume Surette, d. Prospere of Pinkney's Point. Benjamin Le Blanc, s. Joseph ist, m. Euphroisine Pothier, d. Amand. Issue : Sylvain, m. Elisabeth Surette, d. Hippolyte of Surette's Island. 1 1. Elisabeth Pothier, d. Nicolas. I 2. Nathalie Surette, d. Pierre of Chebec. Jean, m. j 472 BOUDREAU. Bknjamfn Le Blanc, continued. Marin, ra. Fran9oise Boudreau, d. Dominique. ,, . . (I. Genevieve Boudreau, d. Jean B. Maximin, m. j (2. Angelique D'Entremont, ^. Dominique (nee Duon). Mande, m. Rosalie D'Entremont, d. Simon. Liboire, m. Elisabeth . Remi V., m. Elisabeth Boudreau, d. Jean B. Zacharie, m. Fran9oise Pothier, d. Marc. Joseph Le Blanc, s. Frederic, m. Francoise Pothier, d. Anselme. Issue : George, died unmarried, aged 23. Franfois L., m. Elisabeth Pothier, d. Marc. Louis, m. Adelia Agnes Wanders, d. William of Boston. Frederic, m. Joanne Burrage. Jacques (1863), not married. Holds ship-master's certificate. Melanie, m. Louis Le Blanc, s. Joseph 3d of Pubnico. Madeleine, ra. Edmond I^e Blanc, s. Anselme, j 1 ( 2. Marceline Meuse, d. Benjamin. Issue : Marie, m. Simon Surette, s. Pierre 3d. ' Still living and *' hearty " in his 98th year. APPENDIX K. ATh Joseph Boudreau, continued. Marguerite, m. Paul Surette, s. Jean Louis. Elisabeth, m. Jean Duon, s. Augustin. Rosalie, m. Mathurin Duon, s. Augustin. Monique, m. Mathurin Comeau of Meteghan. By 2d wife : — Fabien, m. Philomene Cothereau, d. Jean Fran9ois. Marie Anne, m. Matthieu Cothereau, s. Jean Fran9ois. Madeleine, m. Remi Surette, s. Pierre of Tusket Wedge. Dominique Boudreau, s. Michel, m, Pelagie Babin, d. Joseph ist. Issue : Mathurin, m. Gertrude Amirault, d. Jean. Anselme, m. Marguerite Pothier, d. Sylvain, a Amand. [ I. Marguerite Le Blanc, d. Anselme. Luc, m. ' 2. Judithe Le Blanc of Salmon River. Dominique D., m. Marie Anne Le Blanc, d. Anselme. Catherine, m. Prospere Surette, s. Jean Louis. Franfoise, m. Marin Le Blanc, o. Benjamin. f I. Elisabeth Pothier, d. Sylvain, a Amand. Michel, m. ■! 2. Elisabeth Bourque, d. Jean 2d. 1 3. Venerante Comeau of Meteghan. Jean B. Boudreau, s. Michel, m. Ursule Amirault, d. Jacques : Issue : Charles M., m. Rosalie Pothier, d. Sylvain, a Amand. ■ I. Vitaline Mallet. Marc, m. ' 2. Nathalie Cothereau, d. Adrien. Jacques, m. Marine Pothier, d. Pierre of Tusket Wedge. Onesiphore, m. Adesse Pothier, d. Pierre of Tusket Wedge. Honorine, m. Francois Pothier, s. Sylvain, a Amand. Genevieve, m. Maximin Le Blanc, s. Benjamin. Catherine, m. Anselme O. Pothier, s. Cyrille. Elisabeth, m. Remi V. Le Blanc, s. Benjamin. Madeleine, m. Sylvain Surette, s. Cyrille of Chebec. Emilie, m. Severin Pothier, s. Dominique of Chebec. Judithe, m. Alfred C. Nadeau of Magdalen Islands. Charles Boudreau, s. Michel, m. Veronique Deveau, d. Felix of Cape Cove. Issue :]^Pierre Luxime, m. Colombe Mallet, d. Charles. [ I. Joseph Saulnier, 5. Hilaire. Genevieve, m. , . „ ,, ,. ( 2. Volusien Comeau, s. Marcelm. Elisabeth, m. Louis Melan90n, s. Etienne. Cyrille, m. Madeleine Comeau, d. Francois. Timothee, m. Margaret Tucker, d. Reuben of Gilbert's Cove. Alexandre, died unmarried, aged 24 years. Charlotte, m. Severin Le Blanc, s. Francois. 474 CORPORON. Charles Boudreau, continued. \ I. Prospere Deveau, s. Gabriel. Rosalie, m. , ' 2. Etienne Mallet, s. Jovite. Leon, m. Chantalle Mallet, d. Joseph. Charles, m. Marie Deveau, d. Alexandre. EusTACHE CoRPORON, PiERRE RoBiCHEAU, and PiERRE Renard, were among the first settlers of Chebec, now better known as Tusket Wedge. Jean Cothereau, Antoine Richard, and Jacques De Villiers who fought under Napoleon Bonaparte, were later accessions. Jean DoucETTE, brother of Michel Doucette ist, was also one of the first settlers of Chebec, where his descendants remain, and the record of his family will be found enrolled with the Doucettes^ of the Eel-Brook District. EusTACHE CoRPORON married Angelique Brigeaud. Issue : Joseph. Abraham, m. Marie Doucette, d. Charles ist. Marguerite, m. Victor Frontain, s. Alexandre. Marie Josephte. Abraham Corporon, s. Eustache, m. Marie Doucette, d. Charles ist. Issue : Eustache, Pierre, died unmarried. Simon, m. Marie Legere. Abraham 2d, m. Marie Anne Meuse, d. Joseph 2d. Alexis, Esther, Anne, Phillice, died unmarried. Euphroisine, married in Clare. Madeleine, m. Benjamin Bertrand, s. Jean. Marie Anne, m. George Meuse, s. Benjamin. Elisabeth, m. Gabriel Meuse, s. Anselme, a Benjamin. Simon Corporon, s. Abraham ist, m. Marie LEcfeRE. II. Balthilde Bertrand, d. Benjamin. 2. Marguerite Meuse, d. Dominique, a Paul. 3. Frontain, d. Joseph. Marie Elisabeth, m. Pierre Frontain, s. Victor. Cyrille, drowned, aged 24. Catherine, m. Stillman Meuse, s. Dominique, a. Paul. Esther, not married. Vitaline, died in infancy. Vitaline, m. Gabriel Robicheau of Salmon River. Pierre, went to sea. Not lately heard from. Gabriel, m. Henriette Moulaison, d. Guillaume. APPENDIX K. 47 S Simon Corporon, continued. _ , ., ( I. Alexis Bertrand, s. Beniamin. (jrenevieve, m. j ( 2. of Clare. Denis, died in childhood. Archange, drowned, aged 22. Pierre Robicheau ist, m. Rosalie . Issue: Eleazar, m. Osithe Doucette, d. Charles jst. Honore, m. Marguerite Doucette, d. Charles ist. Pierre 2d, m. Marie Thibault. Marie, m. Michel Doucette, s. Jean 2d of Chebec. Susanne, m. John Fitzgerald. Agnes, m. Andrew Morrisey. Marguerite, m. Jean Meuse 2d, s. Jean Pierre. Honors Robicheau, s. Pierre ist, m. Marguerite Doucette, d. Charles ist. Issue : Catherine, m. Ange Doucette, s. Pierre ist of Chebec. Marie, m. Pierre Doucette, s. Pierre ist of Chebec. Genevieve, m. Jean B. De Villiers, s. Jacques. Pierre Renard, m. Issue : Rosalie, m. Isidore Doucette of Passe-de-Pre. Marie, m. Jean Cothereau ist of Chebec. Pierre, died unmarried. Jacques De Villiers, m. Seraphie Le Blanc, d. Honore. f I. Germain Doucette, a. Paul. Issue : Marguerite, m. J , „. , [2. Andre Surette, s. Pierre 3d. . ri. Genevieve Robicheau, d. Honore. Jean B., m. .^ . , , . . , 1.2. Jeanne Richard, w. Antoine 2d. Fran9ois Sylvain, m. Mathilde Doucette, d. Sylvain ist. Honore, m. Genevieve Doucette, d. Sylvain ist. Alexandre, m. Jane Newell, d. Robert. Gervais, m. Elisabeth Jacquard, d. Sylvestre. Sophique, m. Athanasius Fitzgerald, s. John. Marie Anne, m, Peter Fitzgerald, s. John. Vitaline, m. Alexis Meuse, s. Gregoire. Jean Cothereau ist, m. Marie Renard, d. Pierre. Issue : Charles, m. Fran9oise Richard, d. Antoine ist. Pierre, m. Marguerite Richard, d. Antoine ist. Vincent, m. Marie Jeanne Surette, d. Frederic of Eel Brook. [1. Madeleine Le Blanc, d. Jean, a Amand. Thomas, s,ni.{;; Catherine Doucette, d. Pierre ist of Chebec. Jerome, m. Fran9oise Doucette, d. Michel ist of Chebec. Adrien, m. Mathilde Richard, d. Magloire. Isidore, a bachelor. Rosalie, m. Sylvain Doucette ist of Chebec, s. Jean 2d. Marie, not married. Antoine 2d, m.. 476 COTHEREAU. — RICHARD. Jean Cothereau, conlinued. Jean Fran9ois, m. Marie Richard, d. Antoine ist. Elisabeth, m. Ignace Doucette, :s. Pierre ist of Chebec. Henriette, m. Celestin Doucette, s. Pierre 1st of Chebec. Antoine Richard ist. m. Cecile Doucette, d. Jean 2d of Chebec. Issue : Charles, m. Marie Robicheau of Clare. Magloire, m. Marie Le Blanc, d. Jean, a Amand. Franfoise, m. Charles Cothereau, s. Jean ist. Marguerite, m. Pierre Cothereau, s. Jean ist. Marie, m. Jean Fran9ois Cothereau, s. Jean ist. Veronique, m. Sylvain Boudreau, s. Amable. Rosalie, m. Joseph Boudreau, s. Amable. 'i. Marie Boudreau, d. Amable. 2. Adelaide Comeau of Clare. 3. Marguerite Surette, d. Pierre of Chebec. 4. Jeanne Surette, d. Joseph of Eel Brook. Charles Richard, s. Antoine ist, m. Marie Robicheau. Issue : Stephanie, m. Franyois Doucette, s. Sylvain ist. Marguerite, m. Urbain Babin, s. Hippolyte. Philomene, m. Jerome Doucette, s. Sylvain ist. ri. Vitaline Pothier, d. Cyrille, a. Amand. Joseph, m. \ 2. Judithe Surette, d. Raphael. 1 3. Martine Doucette, w. Mathurin, Cyrien, Magloire, drowned. Magloire Richard, s. Antoine ist, m. Marie Le Blanc, d. Jean of Tusket Hill. Issue : Jacques, m. Fran9oise Cothereau, d. Vincent. Vital, m. Genevieve Cothereau, d. Vincent. {I. Monique Boudreau, d. Lucien. 2. Caroline Cothereau, w. Vincent 2d. Mathilde, m. Adrien Cothereau, s. Jean ist. Madeleine, m. Marc Cothereau, s. Vincent. 1. Marie Boudreau, d. Amable. 2. Adelaide Comeau of Clare. Antoine Richard 2d, s. Antoine, m. - 3. Marguerite Surette, d. Pierre of Chebec. .4. Jeanne Surette, d. Joseph of Eel Brook. Issue : Ambroise, m. Philomene Comeau of Clare. Madeleine, m. Etienne Thibeaudeau. Fran9oise, m. John Ward. Marguerite, m. Jean Amirault. Elisabeth, m. Michael A. Fitzgerald, s. John. Mande, ni. Madeleine Boudreau, w. Zacharie. Etienne, not married. APPENDIX L. {See page 121.) THE REV. ABBE JEAN MANDE SIGOGNE was born at Tours, France, in 1760. In the early years of the French Revolution of 1 789, his father being at the time mayor of the city of Lyons, he went to London, where he remained several years engaged in acquiring a knowledge of the English language and literature. Hav- ing become familiar with the history and condition of the Acadians in the western part of Nova Scotia, he came here in 1797, and assumed the charge of seven parishes extending from Annapolis to Pubnico. He was devotedly attached to the Acadians ; and by the Indians, whom he learned to address in their own' language, he was venerated as a true ambassador from the Great Spirit. A man of liberal mind and genial manner, a faithful priest, a trusted counsellor, a steadfast friend, the Abb6 Sigogne was beloved by Protes- tants and Catholics alike. He died on Nov. 9, 1844, in his eighty-fifth year ; and he met his last fatal illness while conducting services in the chapel at Church Point, Clare. The following correspondence illustrates the benevolence of his dis- position as well as the geniahty of his intercourse with the clergy and laity not of his own church ; and it may not be out of place here to say that Mr. Alexander Lawson still publishes " The Yarmouth Herald " with the same rare judgment that enabled him to spread these letters before its patrons on that Christmas morning of 1835. {From The Yarmouth Herald, Dec. 2^, 1835.] To the Rev'd Abb:]4»Sigogne, Catholic Missionary: /?ev'd Sir: — At a convention of Delegates held at Argyle on Wednesday, the 7th Octr., many of whom appeared in behalf of the several Societies they repre- sented, forming what is called the Shelburne County Temperance Convention, for 478 THE ABBE SIGOGNE. the suppression of intemperance, Abraham Lent Esqre. in the Chair, it was moved and passed unanimously that a respectful address be presented to you, Keverend Sir, and through your instrumentality to our esteemed neighbours the Acadians, soliciting your and their cordial co-operation in this benevolent Institution. It is with all due respect and delicacy, Reverend Sir, we make this suggestion, but having been informed of your favourable disposition to the Temperance cause, which unites people of all religious creeds in this now almost universal work of philanthropy, and having seen a disposition in some of our Acadian friends to advance it, we venture to make this application to you as their Missionary in this vicinity, merely asking your recognition and recommendation of it among those over whom you preside, that they may be induced to unite with us in the great work of moral reformation which has no particular reference to language, country, sect, or religion. We have the honour to be. Reverend Sir, Your obedient servants, John Fox. William Burton. John Bennison. On behalf of the Committee. \ Argyle, Novr, 5th, 1835. To the Committee of the Shelburne Temperance Convention. Gentlemen : — You thought right by numbering me among the friends of the Temperance cause. I consider it a duty and an honour to be one. I thank you kindly for the concern you take in that respect for those you call in your polite and estimable address, your esteemed neighbours, the Acadians. I will not fail to let them know those liberal sentiments of yours toward them. You will pardon me to remark that it is a delicate point for me to interfere ; the religious difference is in the way. I gratefully acknowledge your professed liberality. I, with a particular pleasure and gratitude, remember the many proofs of attention and esteem I have received from the English people since I am in the country. Your esteemed address is for me a confirmation of that. May I be permitted to offer my respectful thanks for those favours '>. Take no offence, if you please, against me, if I mention the late events at Boston and Charlestown against the Papists, so called, are well known among all ranks of Catholics, and do not, I am sorry to say, operate friendly. Besides, our people here move in a circle in which there are many scoffers, casting bitter and offensive reflections against the persons and the manners of the Catholics, as well as against their religion which they know not. These things do promote diffidence and reserve ; even in some, provoke aversion and disgust ; do act strongly on susceptible and weak minds. This, I observe, not APPENDIX L. 479 by way of complaint nor reproof. It is the work of ill-minded folk, not of any person of sense, but the grievance is no less real. By these observations I only mean to expose before yoy, Gentlemen, a fact as it is in itself, and for that even I beg your indulgence. I have a firm hope that the liberality of the day shall extend itself to the very lowest ranks. These religious feuds will cease, though prejudices cannot wear away in a day. I have never blamed any one of the Acadians for having joined the Society, nor will I do so. I have even exhorted those who had joined to stand true to their engagements, and behave as men faithful to their word, I have also to rejoice and to congratulate the Society in seeing many who have refrained from intemperance, induced by the good example of their temperate neighbours. Sincerely, I consider this as a good and commendable effect of the Temperance Societies. I have the honor to be, with esteem and respect, gentlemen. Your obedient and humble servant, ABBfi SIGOGNE. Not the least meritorious among the many good deeds of the Abb6 Sigogne vv^as the pains he took to educate some youthful members of his flock. One of these was Louis Q. Bourque, grandson of Jean Bourque ist of Eel Brook, who was placed with the Abb6 Sigogne when in his fourth year, and remained with him for sixteen years. Mr. Bourque married a sister of the Hon. Anselme F. Comeau, and settled in Clare, where he has filled many important public offices, and among them those of land-surveyor and justice of the peace. For twenty years he was clerk of the board of school commissioners; and from 1836, when Clare was made a sessional district, until 1879, when the court of sessions was abolished by the Act for County Incorporation, he filled the office of clerk of the peace. In an obituary notice from the pen of Mr. Bourque, in December, 1844, the following passages occur : — " Devoted to letters and rehgion from his earliest youth, his progress was rapid and his piety conspicuous. The talents of the Rev. Abb6 Sigogne were of the highest order. In him were united a sound under- standing, a rich and 'vigorous imagination, and a logical precision of thought. His learning was extensive and profound. He had learned divinity as a scholar, taught it as a professor, and diffused it as a faithful pastor. " The Revolution which had dethroned his beloved monarch and 480 THE ABBE GOUDOT. stained the altar of his God with the blood of holy men, drove the Rev. Abb6 Sigogne an exile from his native shores. He fled to England, where he remained two years ; and from there he retired to this peace- able and secluded settlement of Clare, where he has resided about forty- five years. " This excellent curate was the priest and comforter, the lawyer and judge, of all the Acadians of Clare and Argyle. As their lawyer, or rather as their notary, he kept their records, and wrote their deeds and contracts ; while his opinion as their judge, his advice as their priest or father, convinced his flock of the evil of dissension and strife. The venerable abb6 spoke the Indian language fluently, and the Micmacs regarded him with the utmost veneration. All looked to him for comfort in their afflictions, advice in their mutual difficulties, and for the settlement of their little disputes. " The reverend abb^ loved his native country, and always expressed the deepest interest in her fortunes. He spoke of England as a great nation which contained much to admire and imitate ; and his gratitude kindled at the remembrance of British generosity and munificence to the exiled priest of a hostile nation of a different religious creed. " Far from the sepulchre of his fathers, repose the ashes of the good Abb6 Sigogne ; yet his grave is not as among strangers, for it was watered by the tears of an affectionate flock ; and his memory will be forever cherished by all who value learning, honor genius, or love -devotion." THE REV. ABBE JOSEPH GOUDOT. A very worthy successor to the Abbi^ Sigogne in the care of the Acadian parishes of Argyle was the Abb6 Joseph Goudot, who came there from France in 1839, accompanied by Father Vincent, who after- ward established the monastery and convent at Tracadie. From 1839 to 1859, excepting an interval of two years, the Abb6 Goudot lived at Eel Brook. For about fourteen years he had the care of the parishes of Ste. Anne and St. Pierre, and for six years or more during the same period, of that also of St. Michel ; the chapel at Pubnico on the one side being distant from his residence at Eel Brook about eighteen miles, and that of Tusket Wedge on the other side thirteen miles distant. APPENDIX L. 481 In the winter of 1 844-1 845 the Abb6 Goudot had also under his charge at Eel Brook for instruction in the French language, four Yar- mouth boys, Alexander S. Murray, John W. Moody, George S. Brown,, and Charles E. Brown, who may yet sometimes be heard recounting pleasant reminiscences of the good-natured sociality which Father Goudot mingled with his French lessons ; for at that time he was not much more familiar with the English language than the boys were with the French. In 1857, when in his seventy-fifth year, the Abb^ Goudot was sent to the Parish of Descouse, in the Township of Arichat, Cape Breton, where he remained ajDOut two years. In 1859 he returned to his old home at Eel Brook to exchange farewells with his people in Argyle, by whom he was much and deservedly beloved ; and during the same year he retired to the monastery at Tracadie, where, in i860, he died in his seventy-eighth year. — Requiescat in Pace. APPENDIX M. {See page 156.) OBITUARY. \From The YarmoiUh Herald of Sept. 15, 1886.] On Tuesday evening, Sept. 7, 1886, there passed away from this world to a brighter one, Simon D'Entremont, Esq., of Pubnico, at the ripe age of ahnost 98 years. He was, no doubt, the oldest Acadian in the Dominion of Canada. He was born twenty years after the second settlement of Pubnico, the 28th October, 1788, at West Pubnico, near the chapel, in his father's house, which to-day stands as good as ever, and is occupied by Joseph Vincent, his only living brother, who is 87 years old. In an interview with Squire Simon, your correspondent learned that he could remember the time when there were 90 souls and 13 houses in Pubnico Harbor. His father, whose name was Benoni, with his two brothers and other exiled Acadians, sailed from Boston in the fall of 1768, and to whom the settlements of Pubnico, Eel Brook, and every other French, and some English, are due. He was one of the smartest men of his time. He was the first French magistrate in Nova Scotia. He had six sons. Squire Simon, his second, was the second French magistrate, the first French member of the House of Assembly, a position he occupied between 1836 and 1840 ; and he was the first French collector of customs in Nova Scotia. In his childhood there was no such thing as schools, so his schooling was very scant ; but before he died, he could speak and read French, English, Latin, and Indian, having learned all these without a teacher. He could say " Our Father " by heart in the four mentioned languages. He it was who obtained the abolition of what was called the "Big Oath," and which can be found in the third volume of "Burn's Justice," at p. 21, a book APPENDIX M. 483 published in 1788, in the reign of King George III. Three genera- tions followed him to the grave. He was married twice, and was the father of 18 children, 12 of whom are living. He leaves a widow, 12 children, and about 140 grandchildren and great-grandchildren. He died as he lived, a Christian. May he rest in peace ! APPENDIX N. (See page 156.) LOUIS A. SURETTE, now of Concord, Mass., sixth son of Athanase and Louise Surette, was born Dec. 29, 1818, his mother having been a lineal descendant of Gov. Charles de La Tour, the former partial owner of Acadia, whose daughter Anne married Jacques D'Entremont. At the age of seven he was placed in charge of the Rev. Abb6 Sigogne, under whose instruc- tion he remained twelve years. In March, 1841, he went to Boston, and secured a situation as clerk with Messrs. Ladd & Hall, which he retained five years ; and in March, 1846, he engaged in business in Boston on his own account, which he continued for twenty-seven years, and during this period a number of vessels were built for him in Yarmouth County. In May, 1849, ^''- Surette married Frances Jane, daughter of Hon. Daniel Shattuck, President of Concord Bank, of Concord, where he has since resided. Of their family of eleven children, five died young ; the others are, — Louis D'Entremont, m. Alice May, d. George Hunt, banker, Boston. Daniel La Tour, m. Addie Maria, d. Edmund Stanley Hallett, Marlborough, Mass. Charles D'Aubre, not married. Thomas Whitney, not married. Organized Choral Club of Concord. Sara Elizabeth, m. Charles Fremont Hopkins o£ New York. Residence, River Edge, Bergen County, New Jersey. Edouard Maynard, not married. Organist Episcopal Church, Concord. From 185 1 to 1858, and from 1863 to 1867, Louis A. Surette was Worshipful Master of " Corinthian Lodge " of Concord (founded in 1797) ; his administration during the former period showing, with a single exception, more initiates than that of either of his predecessors. APPENDIX N. 485 In 1859 Mr. Surette published the "History of Corinthian Lodge," an interesting volume of 190 pages, embracing the biography of twenty- three past-masters, and a historical sketch of Masonry. The book was received with many complimentary notices from the press of Boston and other places. "The Masonic Journal" of Sept. 15, 1859, pub- lished at Haverhill, Mass., has this notice: "The best arranged and most complete history of a lodge we have ever met with is that just issued by Bro. Louis A. Surette of Concord, Mass., and devoted to the history of Corinthian Lodge." After giving a synopsis of the contents of the volume, the article says, " We can hardly realize that the author has found time and patience to collect and arrange this mass of material, while daily occupied with the cares of a large commercial business. The work is certainly a credit to his head, heart, and industry. If any of our readers contemplate compiling a similar work, we recommend the one before us as a model for a lodge history." In 1861 Mr. Surette was honored with a membership in the New- England Historic-Genealogical Society, and in 1868 with a life mem- bership in the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. He has held the highest offices in the gift of historic Concord. For three years he was chairman of selectmen, and he was chairman of the school committee also for three years. For eleven years he was curator and president of the Concord Lyceum, one of the eariiest institutions of the kind in the United States, and which, in 1879, celebrated its fiftieth anniversary, — " an institution conducted in the most catholic spirit, where every shade of opinion has been presented and respectfully entertained;" and whose roll of lecturers ranges from Dr. Brownson to Theodore Parker, from Ralph Waldo Emerson to Horace Greeley, and bears such other honored names as those of Wendell Phillips, Louis Agassiz, and Oliver Wendell Holmes. " When specie payments were suspended, on the breaking out of the rebellion, and small change was driven out of the channels of trade, our Association, under the management of Mr. Louis A. Surette, then president and curator, came to the assistance of the suffering com- munity, and assumed the function of issuing paper money." So said the orator at the celebration of the fiftieth anniversary. Scrip of the Lyceum, in denominations from five to fifty cents, and 486 LOUIS A. SURETTE. bearing the artistic and well-known signature of Louis A. Surette, was issued to the amount of ^1,450, the primary object being to facihtate the making of change at the_door on the evenings of the Lyceum lectures; but the paper passed freely at the banks and in the business transactions of Concord and other towns, until the Government came forward with its fractional paper currency, when the Lyceum scrip was withdrawn. Mr. Surette has enjoyed an extensive acquaintance with the descend- ants of the Acadian families who returned to Nova Scotia about the year 1766, and settled in Clare and Argyle ; and the reader is largely indebted to his industry and researches, aided by those of his kinsmen, — Michel Surette of Eel Brook, and Henri L. D'Entremont of Pubnico, — - for the notes in this volume on the Acadian families of Argyle. Among other ancient family relics, Mr. Surette has the original of a passport, issued at Quebec by the French governor, on Sept. 2, 1748, to enable his great-grandfather, Jacques D'Entremont 2d, to go in his vessel from Pubnico to I'lsle Royale (Cape Breton). The following is a copy : — Rolland Michel Barrin Chev. Marquis de La Galissoniere, Chevalier de L'Ordre Royal et Militaire de St. Louis; Capitaine des vaisseaux du Roy, Com- mandant General pour Sa Majeste dans toutte la Nouvelle France, Terres et pais de La Louisianne. 11 Est permis au S. Jacques D'Antremont cy devant habitant de L'Accady, de se retirer avec sa Famille, ses Effets, et un Batiment, sur les terres de L'Isle Royale, ou autres de la Domination fran9aise ; Prions et requerons tous ceux qui sont a prier de le laisser librement passer pour se rendre aux etablissements sans luy faire aucun trouble ny empechement. Ordonnons a tous ceux qui sont de notre Commandement de luy donner tous les secours et assistances dont il aura besoin. .A Quebec, le 2, ybre, 1748. La Galissoniere Par MONSEIGNEUR PiMAMET. APPENDIX O. (See page 185.) BISHOP PERRY'S iiVISIT. Among Yarmouth's summer visitors [during the season of 1886 was the Right Reverend WilHam Stevens Perry, Bishop of Iowa, the distinguished Historian of the American Episcopal Church, who occu- pied the pulpit of Trinity Church on the morning and evening of Sunday, July 1 1 ; and it is said, that, while winning waverers to his doctrines, he won some hearts to himself. On his return home he conveyed to his flock, through the columns of " The Davenport Democrat," his impressions of this part of "the Acadian country;" and he told them in his pleasant way that " it was only after years that these dispossessed settlers of Acadie, some of them closely connected with the French noblesse, singly and after long intervals found their way back, so that to-day in numerous settlements not far from the ' Cloven Cape,' and the beautiful town of Yarmouth, the words of Longfellow are true, — " ' Only along the shore of the mournful and misty Atlantic linger a few Acadian peasants, whose fathers from exile wandered back to their native land to die in its bosom. In the fisherman's cot the wheel and the loom are still busy ; maidens still wear their Norman caps and their kirtles of homespun, and by the evening fire repeat Evangeline's story, while from its rocky caverns the deep-voiced, neighboring ocean speaks, and in accents disconsolate answers the wail of the forest.' " We saw the ' kirtles ' and the ' caps.' We heard the soft,- sweet language of Evangeline. The pretty faces and sparkling eyes, the lithe figures and brilliant complexions, told of their Norman origin ; and their presence on the ' Western Counties ' train and at the stations, by the roadside, or at the doors of their homes amid ' the pines and the hem- 488 BISHOP PERRY. locks,' made the verse of Longfellow more vivid and real than even the desolation of Grand Prd. " The early settlers (of Yarmouth Township) were nearly all from New England, and in the main were Congregationalists. Soon others, of diverse nationalities and faiths, followed, attracted by the treasures of the sea, the . coast, the meadows, and the streams, all lying so readily at hand. Ships-of-war came to an anchorage off the Cloven Cape. One, in landing its captain for an evening's entertainment on> shore, found its chief officer a willing captive to the charms of a Yarmouth belle. The meal was served by a shipwright's daughter of the name of ' Pearl' The captain saw the fair maid -of- all- work, and was van- quished. He proposed ; and the nuptial knot was tied by a local magistrate, and the Yarmouth ' Pearl ' became the honored wife of an admiral of the Royal Navy. Her brother, who accompanied her on leaving her Acadian home, was afterward knighted, and became the only Yarmouth baronet. " As we drove through the winding Yarmouth streets, or visited in the charming homes of this city by the sea, we could easily understand that that Yarmouth ' Pearl ' of a century past might thus claim and con- quer the jolly tar. Beautiful complexions, with coloring softened by the ocean-fogs ; sparkling eyes, blue and bright as gems ; lithe and lovely figures full of health and vigor ; and the coy and charming manners of the Yarmouth girls of this generation, — go far to prove the truth of this story of the earlier days of the town. There are many ' pearls ' of purest ray serene to be had for the seeking on the shores of the 'Cloven Cape,' — the gate of Nova Scotia. " As a summer resort Yarmouth possesses every possible attraction. The sea-air is full of life, invigorating, bracing, and ' salty ' even to the taste. The view of old ocean cannot be excelled. The drives, the walks, the baths, are each and all of the best. Charming, comfortable houses are scattered over the various ridges along either side of the ' Cloven Cape ; ' and for beautiful homes, attractive scenery, and dehght- ful people, the Gate City of the Province of Nova Scotia stands pre- eminent. " From the lofty tower of the handsome home of our most kind and attentive host and hostess, the Hon. L. E. Baker and his lovely wife, the APPENDIX O. 489 outlook is one of wondrous beauty. Far out at sea the eye can range without an intervening obstacle, save the low coast-line or the rocky ridge, where it takes no prophet's vision to behold in the near future the seaside cottages of ocean-loving visitors from the heated cities, or the close, crowded inland summer resorts of the ' States.' Fishing, boating, sailing, bathing facilities are at hand ; and in the lovely fresh-water la^es, of which there are nearly a hundred in the vicinity, and in the forests well stocked with game, — not excluding the moose and the bear, — the sportsman's paradise is here. The gate of Nova Scotia opens to one all possible pleasures of the forest, the lake, the river, and the sea. " Our days at Yarmouth were both restful and stimulating ; and when we visit the Maritime Provinces again, as we trust we maj- be sometime so happy as to do, we shall come by sea, and enter the beautiful Acadie by the gate of Nova Scotia, — Yarmouth by the sea. And entering thus by the easiest and most accessible passage-way this sea-girt town, we shall linger long and lovingly among scenes so fair, and people so hospitable, kind, and cultivated, as are offered in the city of the Cloven Cape." Bishop Perry is a graduate from Harvard. He bears the title of S.T.D. from that university; of LL.D. from William and Mary College; and this year, when our little King's College at Windsor caught him within range, the Faculty hastened to tack their D.C.L. to his name. APPENDIX P. {See page i88.) DUELLING IN THE OLDEN TIME. The Justice Fletcher referred to in the following article, was WilHam, the eldest brother of Dr. Richard Fletcher. He was appointed Judge in 1807, and died in 1823. The story is also told by James Anthony Froude, in his history of "The Enghsh in Ireland." \_From the London Truths December, 1880.] "Apropos of the late discussions as to the propriety of settling disputes by a duel, and the legal consequences thereof, the following conclusion of the summing-up of Baron Hotham at Maidstone in 1 794, in the very famous case of Rex v. Purefoy, is interesting. Needless to add that the learned judge's hint to the jury, that it was necessary and expedient to temper the law with mercy, was followed by an immediate acquittal. " ' It is now a painful duty which belongs to us : it is mine to lay down the law, and yours to apply it to the facts before you. The oath by which I am bound obhges me to say to you that homicide, after a due interval left for consideration, amounts to murder. The laws of England, in their utmost lenity and allowance for human frailty, extend their compassion only to sudden and momentary frays, and then, if the blood has not had time to cool, or the reason to return, the result is termed manslaughter. Such is the law of the land, which undoubtedly the unfortunate gentleman at the bar has violated, though he has acted in conformity to the laws of honor. His whole demeanor in the duel, according to the witness whom you are most to believe. Col. Stanwix, was that of perfect honor and perfect humanity. Such is the law and such are the facts. If you cannot reconcile the latter to your APPENDIX P. 491 conscience, you must return a verdict of guilty. But if the contrary, though the acquittal may trench on the rigid rules of the law, yet the verdict will be lovely in the sight of both God and man.' "But finer still was the direction of Justice Fletcher in 181 2 on a similar occasion, when, addressing an Irish jury, he summed up in two minutes : — " ' Gentlemen, it is my business to lay down the law to you, and I shall do so. Where two people go out to fight a duel, and one of them falls, the law says it is murder. And I tell you, by law it is murder ; but, at the same time, a fairer duel I never heard of in the whole course of my life.' " APPENDIX Q. {See page 285.) \_From Dr. Johnson's Journey to the Wesierjt Highlands of Scotland in 1773.] " Civility seems part of the national character of the Highlanders. Every chieftain is a monarch ; and politeness, the natural product of the royal government, is diffused from the laird to the whole clan. To enter a habitation without leave seems to be considered not as a rudeness nor in- trusion. The old laws of hospitahty give this license to a stranger." . . . " By their Lowland neighbors they would not willingly be taught, for they have long considered them a mean and degenerate race. When I asked a very learned minister in the islands which they considered their most savage clans, ' Those,' said he, ' that live next the Low- lands.' "... " Some time after dinner (at a village on the west coast where John- son and Boswell spent a day and night) we were surprised by the entrance of a young woman, not inelegant either in mien or dress, who asked us whether we would have tea. We found she was the daughter of our host, and desired her to make it. Her conversation, like her appearance, was gentle and pleasing. We knew that the girls of the Highlands were all gentlewomen, and treated her with great respect, which she received as customary and due, and was neither elated by it nor confused, but repaid by civilities without embarrassment, and told me how much I honored her country by coming to survey it." . . . " From Annadale (in Skye) we came at night to Corrycatachan, a house very pleasantly situated between two brooks, with one of the highest hills of the island behind it. It is the residence of Mr. MacKinnon, by whom we were entertained with liberal hospitality among a more numerous and elegant company than it could have been supposed easy to collect.'' . . . APPENDIX Q. 493 " I never was in any house in the Highlands where I did not find books in more languages than one, if I staid long enough to want them, except one from which the family was removed. Literature is not neglected by the higher ranks of the Highlands." . . . Dr. Johnson visited " Kingsburg, a place distinguished by that name because the king lodged there when he landed at Portree. We were entertained with the usual hospitality by Mr. MacDonald and his lady Flora MacDonald, a name that will be remembered in history, and, if courage and fidelity be virtues, mentioned with honor. She is a woman of middle stature, soft features, and elegant presence." . . . "The name of the highest dignity is Laird, of which there are in the extensive Island of Skye only three, — Macdonald, Macleod, and Mackinnon. The laird is the original owner of the land, whose natural powers must be very great where no man lives but by agriculture, and where the produce of the land is not conveyed through the labyrinths of traffic, but passes directly from the hand that gathers it to the mouth that eats it. The religion of the island is that of the Kirk of Scotland." APPENDIX R. (See page 339,) FREE-\A^ILL BAPTISTS. \From, Local History of New England^ " Benjamin Randall, the founder of the Free-Will Baptist connec- tion, was born in Newcastle, N.H., Feb. 26, 1749, the son of Capt. Benjamin Randall, a ship-master. He acquired a decent mercantile education, was employed as a sail-maker, and was in the army for a short period. Becoming converted under the labors of Rev. George Whitefield, he united with the Congregational Church in 1772, but, becoming Baptist in sentiment, was baptized by immersion in Madbury, and was ordained as an evangelist April 5, 1780, at New Durham, to which place he had removed his residence, and where he lived till the time of his death. He there organized the first Free-Will Baptist Church, but employed himself in itinerant labors to a great extent. Other churches of the same faith were added, his labors being abundantly successful, until, at the time of his death, he was virtual head of churches embracing nearly twenty thousand souls, gathered by the efforts he originated. He died Oct. 22, 1808." The Rev. Charles Knowles, a disciple of Rev. Jacob Norton, was ordained at Argyle in February, 1831. The year previous he had conducted religious services at Pubnico, and through his encourage- ment the people there began to build a meeting-house. In February, 1832, Mr. Knowles organized a Free-Baptist Church at Little River, over which he was pastor for twenty-five years; and in 18-33 he went to Kemptville, and there also founded a church. A Free- Baptist meeting-house was built at Arcadia in 1835, and another at Chebogue Point in 1843 ; and until his death at Tusket, in 1877, APPENDIX R. 49 S Mr. Knowles exercised a fatherly supervision of tlie Free-Baptist cliurches of tlie county. By the ordination of Elder Walter C. Weston at Chebogue, on Nov. 9, 1856, the Free Baptists are alone entitled to the honor of conferring that signal distinction upon a native of the county within the century following 1761. APPENDIX S. {See page 349.) [From The Yarmouth Herald^ Sept, 20, 1833.] To the Editor of " The Yarmouth Herald." Sir, — Through the medium of your paper will you allow me to offer to the friends of the Bible Society a brief statement of the progress of the Ladies' Auxiliary, which was instituted by the Rev. Mr. West, one of the agents of the Parent Society in 1828? Having divided the township into twenty districts, and a sufficient number of ladies coming cheerfully forward as collectors, we commenced by canvassing accurately the Townships of Yarmouth and Argyle to ascertain the wants of the inhabitants in regard to the Sacred Scriptures, as well as to obtain subscriptions in aid of the institution. The Rev. Mr. West having presented to the Ladies' Society fifty of the sacred volumes in French and English as a beginning stock, the greater part of the latter were soon put into the hands of persons too indigent to purchase them ; and were it not encroaching on the limits of your paper, I would recite some very affecting instances of the benefit of those blessed donations, and of the deep sense of gratitude with which they were received. In the autumn of that year we remitted the sum of ^^5 2, the half to be returned in Bibles and Testaments, from the sale of which, and from subscriptions, we obtained the next year _;£33 <^s. od., the succeeding year ;^33 10s. od., in 1831 ;£,^2> ^i^- °^-> ^-nd last year ^^28, making in all more than ;^i8o. We have sold and given gratis more than a hun- dred and fifty volumes. Sunday and week-day schools have been fur- nished with Testaments at a price incredibly low ; and many an aged person whose faihng eyes were unable to read the common editions, has been presented with one of a noble type and paper which was perfectly legible. APPENDIX S. 497 To those cautious persons, who, to save a small donation, so often put the pithy question to our collectors, " What good does your Society do?" I answer by referring them to the above statement; and I ask in my turn, " Is it nothing to be able to give to the aged, the sick, and the indigent, the sacred word of God, the sure guide to salvation, which they could not otherwise obtain? Is it nothing to give to poor Sunday scholars, black as well as white, a number of neat Testaments which they could not otherwise have procured? or to send to a remote village, such as Kemptville, where the gospel is never preached, and where they have no means of religious instruction, a large, handsome Bible for public use, and as many Testaments as were needed, not to mention that more than ^loo of our collection has aided the general funds of the institution, and conveyed the Word of life to many a heathen land? " If those persons who make so light of our labors could be pre- vailed on to devote a few hours to the perusal of the Reports of the British and Foreign Bible Society (with which I would gladly furnish them), they might satisfy themselves of the incalculable blessings that this wonderful institution is now diffusing through the earth ; and I might be allowed humbly to suggest, that, if they would condescend to visit our Society's meetings now and then, their scruples would be removed, and they would own that they had spent many hours more unprofitably. It becomes now my very pleasing duty to offer my thanks to the ladies of the committee, and to all the collectors, whose exertions in this cause are above praise. But for your support, and for the encour- agement which one in particular has so often given me, I should have been ere now discouraged, and have fainted in my task. Go on, my beloved coadjutors, — great will be your reward. Mind not the scoffs, or sneers, or coldness, you sometimes meet with : you have the blessings of the poor, the applause of your own minds, and, above all, that sacred promise, that even a cup of water, given in the name of your Master, shall not lose its reward. The call for your services is now greater than ever : the demand this year has increased in Ireland, Germany, France, Norway, Sweden, the East and West Indies, Africa, etc. " We have even heard," says the Rev. Dr. Pinkerton, " that a breach has been 498 -LADIES' BIBLE SOCIETY. made in the wall of China, and a single individual has called on the Society to supply him with 10,000 copies of the Sacred Scriptures for that mighty empire." In Catholic countries, where it was impossible, some years since, to circulate the Scriptures, now more than 200 Catholic schools have solicited Testaments from the Society ; and this Society has conferred on France (since she has been wiUing to receive the boon) 1,000,000 copies of the sacred volume. I shall probably address you again on this subject when we conclude the business of the Society for the present year. And I remain, sir. Yours, etc., MARY FLETCHER, President of the Yarmouth Ladies' Auxiliary. Yarmouth, Sept. 13, 1833. ADDRESS GIVEN AT A MEETING OF THE LADIES' BIBLE SOCIETY, YARMOUTH, BY MARY FLETCHER. Called from the duties of domestic life, — From quiet cares of daughter, parent, wife, — Here in kind union, though with humble fear, Timid we venture on a wider sphere, Enlarge the circle where those duties move. And add to kindred, evangelic love. Nor let the nobler sex, with scornful eyes, Deride our zeal, and mock our enterprise : Though feeble woman's frame, and weak her powers, The tender charities of life are ours. 'Tis ours to share your woes, to soothe your toils, To cheer your social hours with genial smiles. Watch o'er your infant race with ceaseless care, And teach the lisping tongue the earliest prayer. To pining want 'tis ours to deal the bread, To bid the homeless wanderer rest his head ; See for the blind, and gently lead the lame ; Invest with garment warm the shivering frame ; APPENDIX S. 499 With lenient arts the throbbing pulse to calm, To shed o'er agony soft pity's balm ; In sleepless patience watch the lonely bed, Where languid sickness leans his aching head ; Careless of self, each soothing aid supply, And wipe the bitter tear from misery's eye. This sacred Book can woman's worth reveal, These holy pages speak her fervid zeal. The Syrian chief, taught by a little maid, Sought amid Israel's bands Elisha's aid ; His leprous limbs immersed in Jordan's wave, Confessed that Israel's God alone could save. When direful famine o'er the earth prevailed, And each resource for suffering nature failed. The wandering prophet sought no rich man's door. But asked to share a widow's scanty store : That slender meal her infant's life should save, In pious charity the mother gave. Dread was that time when vengeful pride decreed A captive nation in a day should bleed ; But gave not God a pious woman power To save his people in that awful hour .' Meek and resigned a monarch's frown she braved, Crushed a proud favorite, and a nation saved. And let the Saviour's testimony prove Kind woman's tender care, and fervid love. Proudly the Pharisee prepared the feast, But coldly welcomed his celestial guest ; No gratulating kiss of peace he gave ; No water poured, his weary feet to lave : But woman bathed his feet with many a tear, And wiped the moisture with her flowing hair ; Kneeled in the dust to kiss his sacred feet, And lavish poured her costly odors sweet. Oft woman's love prepared the welcome meal. And all his wants supplied with ready zeal ; 500 LADIES' BIBLE SOCIETY. Even in his final hour of deepest woes, Stood by his side amid insulting foes ; Wept by his cross when many a friend had fled, Nor shunned the fearful chambers of the dead. Long ere the dawning day, — in midnight gloom, — Heroic woman sought a Saviour's tomb, With costly spices fraught, — a copious store, — And sought some friendly hand to ope the door. Come, then, loved maids ! respected matrons, come ! Not with rich odors for a Saviour's tomb, But licher gifts, — your liberal hands bestow; The Words of Life — the Balm for every woe — The Bread of Heaven, the fainting soul to stay — Streams from the Rock to wash his sins away — A Light to guide his steps 'mid cheerless night — And Robes of Righteousness, of purest white ; This Sacred Book — our guide to worlds on high, — That shows us how to live, and fits us well to die. APPENDIX T. (See f age 356.) PUBLIC SCHOOLS. The first law for establishing public schools, in America was passed Oct. 27, 1647, by the Geneiral Court of Massachusetts in form follow- ing : — " It being one of the chief projects of Satan to keep men from the knowledge of the Scriptures, as in former times keeping them in unknown tongues, so in these later times by persuading from the use of tongues, that so at least the true sense and meaning of the original might be eluded and corrupted by false glosses of deceivers ; to the end that learning be not buried in the graves of our forefathers, in Church and Commonwealth the Lord assisting our endeavours : — It is therefore ordered by this Court and authority thereof that every town- ship within this jurisdiction after the Lord hath increased them to the number of fifty householders shall forthwith appoint one within their towns to teach all such children as shall resort to him to write and read ; whose wages shall be paid either by the parents or master of such children, or by the inhabitants in general by way of supply as the major part of them that order the prudentials of the town shall appoint, provided that those who send their children be not oppressed by paying much more than they can have them taught for in other towns." APPENDIX U. {See page 359.) ABBOTSFORD. Sir Walter Scott died Sept. 21, 1832. As a member of the publishing-firm of James Ballantyne & Co., he became seriously embarrassed by the failure, in 1826, of the firm of Archibald Con- stable & Co., for whom they were indorsers, and they were made liable for ^117,000, only _;,^46,ooo of which belonged to Scott's firm. His estate of Abbotsford had, upon the marriage of his eldest ' son Walter, in 1825, been conveyed in trust for him, Scott reserving the right of borrowing, upon mortgage of the property, the sum of ;^io,ooo ; and just before their failure. Constable borrowed from Scott ;^i 0,000, which Scott procured by mortgaging the Abbotsford property. By 1828 the profits of Scott's literary works had paid to his creditors no less than ;^40,ooo, and by 1830 about ;^2 5,ooo more ; and, a few years after his death, his creditors were all paid. In 1830 they had presented to Mr. Scott his library, furniture, plate, and other articles, equivalent to ;^io,ooo. "The Yarmouth Herald" of Sept. 27, 1833, about a month after its establishment, contained this article : — "The following lines were written on hearing that it was intended to circulate a subscrip- tion in Yarmouth in aid of the fund to repurchase for the family of Sir Walter Scott his beautiful estate of Abbotsford. — Mary Fletcher." " Sept. 24, 1833. ' What heart, lamented Poet, could refuse A votive offering to thy graceful muse ? What hand, but gladly would its gift impart, With best sensations of a grateful heart ? APPENDIX U. 503 Yes, sacred be those woodlands, once thine own. Where Memory lingers sad, a pilgrim lone ! Through thy sweet bowers in pensive mood to stray, Here shall the traveller long his steps delay ; Or in thy hospitable dome shall rest. Where late thy genius charmed the wand'ring guest. When thy rapt hand has touched the dulcet lyre. What bosom burned not with a kindred fire ? And, at thy scenes heroic, learned to glow. Or weep responsive to thy tale of woe ? n Who has not witnessed thine enchanting power To soften care, and soothe the saddest hour? When sportive humor lent its genuine zest, And jocund laughter social glee expressed ? Now for your friend, ye fair, display your zeal ; The female bosom needs no strong appeal : What chastened charms around your sex he threw 1 What magic pencil e'er such portraits drew ! 'Twas his the gentler virtues to impart. And teach the power to rule, or hold the hfeart ; While mild religion, free from bigot rage, Improved each thought, and brightened every page. Ye friends of genius, save from stranger hands The sacred precincts of his classic lands ! No steps unhallowed shall his groves profane. But there the Muse shall chant her sweetest strain, A plaintive requiem to his manes breathe, And crown his bust with many a fragrant wreath. There shall the bard for inspiration hie, And Abbotsford with classic Avon vie." " The Yarmouth Herald " of Oct. 4 had this notice : — ABBOTSFORD SUBSCRIPTION. To THE Inhabitants of Yarmouth : — It has been proposed in the United Kingdom to raise by subscription a fund to repurchase for and perpetuate in the family and descendants of the late Sir Walter Scott the classic mansion and domain of Abbotsford, 504 ABBOTSFORD. in order to carry into effect the anxious desire of the late lamented owner, that they might be transmitted to his posterity. Subscriptions have accordingly been opened for the above purpose in different parts of the mother country. The circumstances connected with the sacrifice of Abbotsford, and the more than honorable and disinterested conduct of its late dis- tinguished possessor in relation to it, are too well known to need here a repetition. Those persons — and it is believed there are few — to whom the details have not been made familiar, are referred to the various articles which have appeared in the public journals on the subject. The example set in Great Britain has been imitated in the United States, and followed in Nova Scotia ; and a subscription commenced at Halifax is progressing in the different counties of the Province, 1 and the inhabitants of Yarmouth are now invited to assist in advan- cing the objects in view. The names of the contributors will be inserted in a volume ap- propriated for the purpose to be deposited at Abbotsford. Subscriptions will be received, and every information afforded, at the following places : " Herald " office, store of Mr. E. W. B. Moody, and at the office of Mr. Keating, Yarmouth ; store of Mr. Stayley Brown, Milton. APPENDIX Ua. (See page 382.) THE YARMOUTH STEAMSHIP COMPANY. The Yarmouth Steamship Company, under a new organization of 72 shareholders, and with a capital of ^190,000, now (1888) owns the new steel steamer Yarmouth, the Dominion, the City of St. John, and the Alpha. The directors of the company are Loran E. Baker, President, Lyman E. Cann, and John Wentworth Moody. The Yarmouth, said to be the finest and fastest sea-going steamer owned in the Dominion of Canada, is 1,432 tons gross; was built at the Clyde by A. MacMillan & Son, in the early part of 1887, for ;^24,ooo sterling ; is of 2,200 horse-power, lighted by electricity, steered by steam-power ; has the other moderh improvements, and berths for 350 passengers. Already a favorite with the travelling public, this steamer makes semi-weekly trips between Yarmouth and Boston, — can make the passage, 240 miles, in 15 hours, but ordinarily occupies 16 to 17 hours. The Yarmouth is in charge of Capt. Harvey Doane, whose twenty years' experience in steamers running to Yarmouth entitles him to the utmost confidence ; and he is ably seconded by Capt. Samuel F. Stanwood, now acting pilot. The City of St. John continues on the Halifax route, calling each way at Barrington, Shelburne, Lockeport, and Lunenburg ; the Alpha, Capt. Blauvelt, makes semi-weekly trips between Yarmouth and St. John ; and the Old Dominion, apparently as safe and stanch a craft as either of the fleet, runs between Yarmouth and Boston in the winter months, and is held as a reserve at the home-port during the rest of the year. Loran E. Baker is general manager for the company; William So6 YARMOUTH STEAMSHIP COMPANY. A. Chase is secretary and treasurer; John G. Hall & Co., of 64 Chatham Street, are the Boston agents ; and Walter Hall has charge of the ofifice and warehouse at Lewis' Wharf. The following is the original stock-list of the newly-organized company : — Loran E. Baker Harvey Doane . Mary I. Baker . Charles E. Brown J. G. Hall & Co. John P. Mott . Thomas Bayne . R. G. Leckie Lyman E. Cann Zenas W. Sproul William D. Lovitt Robie Uniacke . Archibald & Co, Hugh MacLennan Norman H. Bent Oscar Davison . Peter Ross . . William J. Stairs L. G. Morton . Estate Bishop Binney J. W. Turner . S. S. Forrest . . Peter Innes . . . Henry Y. Hind . George Shearer . C. R. Croker, Truste Florence M. Baker James Bain . . . John Lovitt . . . James J. Lovitt Hugh E. Cann . . Edgar K. Spinney John W. Moody . Robert Caie . . . Hugh Cann . . . William Law & Co. >8o,4oo 7,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 3,000 3,000 3,000 3,000 3,000 2,500 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 1,500 1,500 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 James Eisenhaur . . $1,000 S. M. Brookfield ... . 1,000 John S. Mac Lean . . . 1,000 W. L. Lowell 1,000 Robert Boak . . . 1,000 F. C. Elliot .... 1,000 Martin P. Black . . 1,000 James Gordon . 1,000 Donald Keith . . 1,000 C. W. Anderson 1,000 Michael Dwyer 1,000 C. C. Blackadar . ... 1,000 C. J. Stewart . . . 1,000 G. Van Buskirk 1,000 Mahon Brothers . 1,000 William Cunard 1,000 Kelley & Glassie . . 1,000 David MacPherson 800 Lyman Cann . 500 Charles Morrill . . 500 Wallace W. Crosby . 500 Dodds & Jolly . . . 500 Levi E. Wyman . 500 Miss E. E. Hilton . 500 Charles G. Godfrey . 500 Alexander Forsyth . 500 Isaac K. Doane . . 500 Thomas Johnson . . 500 James Simmonds . . 500 John M. Smith . . . 500 Albert Lewis . . . SCO S. A. Crowell & Co. . 500 E. N. Viets .... 400 James D. Dennis . . 400 James W. Wyman . 400 William A. Chase 100 APPENDIX V. {See page 386.) \Compiled from Freemaiz's History of Cape Cod!\ Of those who came out in the Mayflower in 1620, the only names that correspond to the family names of Yarmouth's early settlers are John Turner, Thomas Williams, Peter Brown, Francis Cook, Richard Clarke, Thomas and Joseph Rogers, Richard Gardner, and Edward Dotey. William Hilton, William Beale, Robert Hicks, and Thomas Morton, came in the Fortune in 162 1 ; and George and Thomas Morton, jun., in the Anii in 1623. The iirst grants of land at Sandwich were made in April, 1637 ; and among the grantees vvere Richard and Thomas Burgess, George Allen, Edmond Clarke, John Wing, and Thomas Landers. Besides these, the following were among the residents of Sandwich and adjacent towns previous to 1650 : — Allen, Benjamin. " Francis. " John. " Joseph. " Matthew. Ralph. " Samuel. " William. Barnes, Joshua. Berry, Anthony. Butler, Obadiah. " Thomas. Crocker, John. William. Crowell, Edward. John. " Samuel. Dennis, Robert. Eldridge, William. Ellis, John. Gray, John. Hammond, Benjamin. " William. Jenkins, John. Nickerson, William. Pease, William. Perry, Edward. " John. Rogers, Joseph. Ryder, John. " Samuel. Saunders, Henry. William. Smith, Richard. Rev. Thomas Crosby, probably eldest son of Simon of Cambridge, was born in England in 1634, and was brought over when an infant. He graduated at Harvard in 1653. In 1655 he was "employed to So8 PLYMOUTH COLONY. conduct public service on Lord's Day " at Eastham, Cape Cod, at a salary of £,<^o per annum. Mr. Crosby was the ancestor of a very numerous family. He had 7 sons and 3 daughters ; and four of his sons had 38 children, — 18 sons and 20 daughters. Joseph Crosby, third son of Rev. Thomas, born in 1669, married Mehitable Miller in 1692, and settled in Yarmouth, Cape Cod. Their son Theophilus, born Dec. 31, 1693, married in 1722 Thankful Winslow of Harwich. Sealed Landers, who came to Chebogue from Sandwich in 1761, married, Dec. 5, 1751, Thankful Handy, born Feb. 27, 1716, daughter of John Handy, born 1677, and married Keziah Wing in 1704. William Walker came from England in 1635, aged fifteen. He was at Eastham in 1654, and married there in that year Sarah Snow, and had issue John, William, Sarah, Elizabeth, and Jabez born 1668. Jabez married Elizabeth , and had sons Richard, Jeremiah, and Jabez born 1706, and daughters Rejoice, Mary, Mercy, Sarah, and Patience. Thomas Willett was at Plymouth in 1621, and probably came over in the Fortuna in November. George Allen, in 1640, and John Allen, in 1642, were deputies from Sandwich to the General Court, which held its first session in 1639. In 1 64 1 was built at Plymouth a bark of fifty tons, — " the first vessel of magnitude built in the colony." The Rev. Josiah Dennis was the minister at Yarmouth in 1725. " The history of families may not, in every particular instance, that is, in every link of the chain, exhibit fully the mental, moral, or physical traits or peculiarities, the talents, tastes, propensities, tenden- cies, modes of thinking and acting, or forms of body and face, of ancestral descent ; indeed, from a combination of causes, it is often far otherwise ; still, the intellectual and other qualities of a parent often, nay, generally, ay, almost invariably, will descend in some measure through an extended line of progeny, if such there be ; more distinctly seen in here • or there a link to which is transferred the very image, intellectual, moral, or physical, of some progenitor. Although it would be too much to assert that in such degree the transfer is universal or APPENDIX V. 509 even general, marked through the entire line of descent in broken or chiefly uninterrupted succession, still, the traces are remarkably dis- tinct. To illustrate : Where an ancestry is grovelling and debased, the descendants very generally, in fact almost invariably, partake of the infirmity in some perceptible degree ; their minds or persons being, as it were, the transfer of the qualities of the parentage. No crossings with better blood, however elevated, entirely eradicates the prevailing characteristics for many generations. With, indeed, perhaps slight and occasional variations, the same general character will be found to remain enstamped upon generation after generation. The shades of feeling, the phases of character, the predominant tastes, the sentimental peculi- arities, the passions, are reflected and perpetuated. No one can, with close and thorough observation, give his attention to the subject, and not perceive the truth of this. This view is, with the writer, not the result of any preconceived or prereceived theory, but the forced con- viction from unavoidable observation in the prosecution of genealogical investigations pursued for quite another object. He confidently believes that he can point, for example, to families who, for nine generations, were never known to perform a truly exalted, noble, or generous act ; and the blood to this day forbids the expectation or hope of witnessing such an exhibition from such a source. The poison has continued in the blood, and, however much diluted, has polluted the stream. " On the other hand, the noble qualities, the intellectual of high order, the moral (to say nothing of the physical) , although they may not be so prominently and almost universally transmitted, will be found to be usually transmitted in some degree, giving a certain prominence of character, here and there bursting out and shining forth with the original brilliancy. However, in consequence of the crossings being unfavorable, the otherwise predominant highly intellectual and moral qualities may become nearly or quite obliterated, so that branches of the descent may show little or no sign of the origin from which side the finer qualities might have been inherited under more favorable circumstances; still, other branches will have preserved these traits in greater measure, and now and then may appear the very features, both of face and intellect, — ay, also of heart, — in all their ancestral grandeur. Although the de- SIO PLYMOUTH COLONY. velopment may have overleaped a generation or two, or more, it breaks forth, — the same ennobhng virtues, the same charms and graces, the same intellectual powers ; so that, from the qualities which hallow the memory of the progenitor may be clearly traced the present develop- ment, and possibly its transmission through succeeding generations. " It is to be observed, however, that the transmission of superiority, whether mental, moral, or physical, through children and children's children, to distant generations, is often, very often, to descendants of another name, the descent being the blessing conferred by a mother. In all this we mark one of those laws of nature worthy to be more gen- erally understood and regarded. It is not compatible with our present duty, or we might gradually enlarge on this subject ; for who, with the slightest observation and inquiry, has not been furnished with corrobora- tion of much that we might say, showing how forms of body and face, mental endowments, moral symmetry or obliquity, as well as the procliv- ity to disease or the tendency to longevity, descend from one generation to another? Who has not seen how the portrait of a remote ancestor sometimes appears a perfect facsimile of some descendant of the present generation ? Trace back the moral and intellectual features also, there is the same counterpart — the resemblance being not merely man- ifest, but wonderfully striking." APPENDIX W. {See page 386.) [From Dr. Hatfield's Preface to the History of Elizabeth Town,] " Human character is the product of all time. It is the growth, not of a simple life, but of ages. Its form and shape, in the individual and in the community, are derived, not more from the present than the past. What we are, body, soul, and spirit, is owing, in a great degree, to agencies that have been at work from the beginning. " The cast of a man's immediate progenitors determines, to a great extent, his own. The rank and standing of the domestic circle in which his early years glide on so noiselessly and yet so swiftly, affect, for all time, his whole being. The social community in which the child is led up to man ; the humble schoolhouse in which his mind is brought into form and symmetry ; the sanctuary, whither his youthful steps are bent on the sabbath day, with its songs of praise, its humble prayers, and its solemn exhortations ; the long established customs of the place and age ; the peculiar traits of the population, sparse or dense, rural or urban ; the prevalent handicrafts, trades, and pursuits of the locality ; every passing event, and every occasion and influence by which individual sentiment and public opinion are affected, — ■ all these serve, more or less powerfully, to shape the character and determine the destiny of the child, the boy, the man. "To know a people, to understand their peculiarities, we must know their history, their parentage, their origin ; must learn from what race, nationality, tribe, and family they are descended ; when, or by whom, their settlement, town, or city was founded ; the aims and plans of the founders ; through what changes, social, industrial, political, and religious, they prosecuted their design ; what relations they sustained to other 512 HUMAN CHARACTER. communities, near or remote ; what were the special characteristics, aspects, and tendencies of the times ; whatever, in short, may have served, in the course of their history, to affect, more or less directly, their fortunes and their destiny.'' NDEX. PAGE Abbotsford 359, 502 Acadian census : 38, 122, 123 chapels 38 dispersion 126 Indians 86 limils 33, 35 names 166 virtues 157 Acadians 50, 80, 100, 128, 132, 139, 145 et seq., 154, 157, 166, 397 et seq., 450 et seq. Acadie . 32, 113, 114 Agricultural societies 357 et seq. Alden, John . ... . 164 Alexander, Sir William wo et seq.. Algonquin Indians 86, 98 Allen, Jeremiah 160, 175, 321, 322, 324 Allen, Thomas 62,64,211,359,360,379 Alline, Rev. Henry .... 54 Americus Vespucius 26 Amirault, Ambroise 155, 208 Andrews genealogy 254 et seq. Andrews, Major Samuel 241,254,300,326,328 Annapolis Royal 112, 124, 125, 133 Arcadia. ... 71, 184, 340 Argall's raid ■ 109 Argyle ship-builders 152, 153, 208 ship-masters 151 ship-owners 153, 212 Township 139, 17°, 268, 305, 333, 398 Australia expedition 376 Bailey, John . . 232 Bain, Alexander S5> 58> I59. 165, 327 Bain family 189 Baker, Jonathan* IS9. I7S. 321 Baker, Loran E., 211, 216, 2i8 et seq., 310, 343, 353 et seq., 358 et seq., 364 et seq., 368 et seq., 374, 381 et seq., 505 et seq. Baker, Samuel 160, 327 Balance of trade 73 ^^ seq. 514 INDEX. PAGE Baltimore, brigantine ■ 3°> 395 Banks 373 Barnard, Benjamin . . . .49, 160, 197, 203, 210, 311, 312, 314, 316, 327, 329 et seq. Barnes, Seth 159, 162, 175, 197, 210, 321, 323 f/ j??., 437 Barrington 127,128,134,139,303 Bartlett, Lemuel 160, 162, 327 Beals, Josiah 159. 175- iSo, 321 Bear River '33 Beaver-river farmers ■'93 Belliveau, Isidore . . 3^7 Bible Society, British and Foreign 348, 496 et seq. Bingay, John 186,210,307,311,312,334,357,360,363,365 Bingay, Thomas V. B 267, 316, 318, 341, 343. 367. 376 Blanchard, Lewis 239. 3'4. 327. 329 Blauvelt genealogy .... 2S(> et seq. Blauvelt, Tunis 240, 256, 328 Boat-builders 208 Bond, James 186,266,310,312,332,334,349.357.362,373 Bond, Joseph N. . . .... 49,82,161,311,312,317,329,332,349,362 Book Society 349 Bourc|ue, Jean '55. 3'2, 3'7 Bowman B. Law, ship 215 Bridgeo, George 160,175,321 Bridges 72 British North-America Act '4'. 3°9 Brooklyn farmers '9o. '95 Brown, Charles E. . . 220, 312, 353, 357 et seq., 364, 366, 368 et seq., 374, 481, 506 Brown, George S., 186, 211, 266, 309, 312, 317, 341, 343. 353 et seq., 359 et seq., 364, 366 et seq., 369 et seq., 375 et seq., 379, 382 et seq., 481 Brown, James , ■ • • '60, 175, 197, 322 Brown, Stayley 310, 312, 349, 357, 359, 360, 363 et seq., 373. 379. 504 Buchanan, Lawyer 33' Bunker, Hezekiah 45. 55. '60, i75. '79. 327 Bunker's Island 23, 45, 48, 55, 173, 179, 320 fi'j^'?. Burgess, Joshua 42,160,171,175,325 Butler, Andrew 327, 35' Butler, Eleazer 159, '75, '79, '92, '97, 321, 322, 324, 362 Cain, James '59, '62, 165, 210, 327 California expedition ... 154,375 Campbells, the 58 Campbell, .Sir Colin 279 Canaan farmers '93 Canadian Confederation 68 ^/ seq., 141, 309 Canadian shipping 215 Cann ship-masters 227 Canseau 34, 138 Cape Fourchu 23, 78 Cape Fourchu Harbor 24, 30, 105, 107 Cape Fourchu River 24, 30 Carleton farmers '93 INDEX. SIS PAGE Champlain, Samuel de 33. 34. \o^etseq Chatham's eulogy 269 Chebogue 42,49,71,95,96,141,143 farmers 183 Harbor 185 Point 183, 199 Town Point 71, 180, 320, 323 Chegoggin 34. 3^. 77. 79. 95. 96, 141. i43. '99 Chegoggin farmers 189, 196 Chinese voyages id et seq. Chipman, Thomas D 191, 312, 349 Churches 334 et seq. Churchill, Ephraim 161, 162, 190 Lemuel 159, 162, 175, 180, 187 Rufus igo, 208 Stephen 189 Clarke, Ebenezer 160, 175, 321 Clements, Elkanah 204, 210, 326, 363 John . ■ 160, 324 Nehemiah K. . . . 85, 184, 21I, 312, 353 et seq., 360, 364, 369 et seq., 381 Reuben, 51, 68, 204, 210, 308, 312, 314, 349, 357, 361, 363 et seq., 376 et seq. William 327, 357 Clergymen 336 ^^ seq. Clerks of the peace 314 Climate 30 Cloven Cape 34 Coast-line 187 Coffran, William 159, 165, 321 Cobb, Jabez ... ... 164 Commerce 199 et seq. Commercial Wharf Company . . 376 Common schools 83, 356 Consular agents 317 Cook, Ephraim 46,159,175,210,227,311,312,316,321,324,328 Cook ship-masters 227 Corning, Ebenezer 160, 175, 180, 321 Jonathan 160, 171, 175, 321, 322, 324 Nelson 189 Thomas E 310, 314, 316, 344, 358 Coming's Head ... 321 Councillors, executive 310 legislative 310 municipal 225, 315 ^^^ j-^?. Crawley, John, 42, 53, 159, 175, 180, 305, 311, 312, 316, 317, 320, 321, 323, 324, 328 Crocker, Daniel 160, 175, 180, 314, 321 ^^ jfy. Crosby, Enoch 192, 193, 357 Jonathan 159, 17S. Z'^Z James 4^. 49 Lemuel 42, 49, 192 Theophilus 42. 49. 204. 3^2 Si6 INDEX. PAGB Crown-land surveyors 317 Custodes 311 Customs officers 317 et seq. Dane, Thomas 161,197,311,314,326,327,331,333,348,362 D'Aulnay, Gov w^etseq., 119, 120 Deerfield farmers 193 De La Roche, Marquis 27, 104 De La Tour, Gov. Charles log, iii, 112, 114 et seq., 119, 450, 484 De La Tour, Sir Claude 109,111,112,114,156,450 De Monts 104 et seq. Denton, Daniel 232 et seq. D'Entremont, Benoni . . . 213, 311, 312, 314, 327, 328, 331, 456 et seq., 482 D'Entremont, Philippe Mius 120 D'Entremont, Simon 156,308,312,317,460,482 De Razilly, Gov . ii^ et seq. Digby . 133 Diked lands . . . . 30 Division of lands . ^i et seq., 220 Doucette, Germain ... ...115 Doucette, Gov. John ... 156 Doucette, Pierre . . . . 154 Doucette, Solon .... 155 Durkee, Amasa 312, 314, 327, 329, 363, 365 ^< j^y., 369 Durkee, Phineas 159,176,179,185,311,312,314,320,321,324 Durkee's Island 184, 199 Earl genealogy . 263 Early churches .... 84, 85 Early settlers 42, 49, 72, 84, 85, 159, 197, 199 Early ship-owners 153, 203 Eel-Brook Parish 146, 147, 151 Elder Head 321 Eldridge, Elishama 42,159,171,176,179,311,314,321,324,327 Eliot, Rev. John \ ... 90, 98 Elizabeth Town, N.J . 223, 2^$ et seq., e,ii EUenwood, Benjamin 160, 171, 176, 179, 322, 324 EUenwood, Samuel 160, 176, 180, 321 Ellis, Ebenezer 42, 159, 176, 180 Ellis, Mrs. Ruth 85 Elwell, Nathaniel 160, 176, 179, 321 Family-names l66 et seq. Farish, Henry G 38, 40, 74, 81, 311, 312, 316, 331, 334, 349, 357, 363 Farmers' names 183, 192 Fire engines 334 Fisheries 73, 130, 131 Fletcher, Mary 188, 270, 348, 498, 502 Fletcher, Richard 22, i88, 312, 348, 349, 362, 490 Flint, Thomas 49, 160, 210, 327, '352 Flora's " Battle Song '' 291 INDEX. 517 PAGE Foreign trade 63, 73, 200 Forman, John 308, 314, 316, 349 Fourchu Cape 23, 78, 320 Freight-rates zoo et seq. French colonization 27, 102 et seq. missionaries 86, 89, 98, 120 Frost, James 327 J°l^" 3". 312.336 Jos^""^ 311,312,317,328,330 Fundy, Bay of 23, 29, 106 Gardner, Bartlett 62, 161, 204, 207, 208, 210, 214, 348 Gavel genealogy 2'^T,etseq. Gayton, Albert 309, 310, 312 General Sessions 326 et seq. Gilberts, the 26 Gilfillan's Island 48, 179, 321 Goldsbury's survey 48,67, \'j2 et seq. Goudey, James 49, 160 Philip 49, 160, 327 Government reservations 60 Gowen, Patrick 159, 176, 321, 323 Grant of township 41, 43 etseq., 52, 60, 171 et seq., 322 Grantees 47, 52, iT^etscq. Gray, Capt. Jesse 300 Great Michael 215 Great Republic . . . . 2r6 Haley, Comfort ist 204, 210, 225,327 Comfort 3d 186,349,359,361,365 ship-masters . . 225 Haliburton, Judge ... . ... ... 122, 150 Haliburton's History . 29, 36, 39, 44, 129, 139 Halifax. ... 127, 128, 137, 198 Halstead Genealogy 256 Halstead, John 237 Harding, Rev. Harris " 79,82,161,336,337,348,351 Hartford farmers . . . 193 Haskell, Robert 49,159,176,320 William 49,159,176,179,320 Hatfield, Abraham 236, 244 Col. Job 210,238,244,263,311,313,363 families 235 fi' seq. genealogy 244 et seq., 263 Isaac S 3°9. 3i3 James 238,311,327 John Smith z^% et seq. John V. N 203, 210, 228, 264, 309, 313, 364, 366, 369, 372 Matthias ist 232, 235, 244 ship-masters 228 Hebrides, the 2%t, etseq. 5l8 INDEX. PAGE Hebron 64, 66, 191 Hersey, David 159, 164, 176, 324 family 46, 58 Hersey's saw-mill 46, 325 Hibbard, Eleazer 159, 176, 179, 190, 311, 321 Rufus 191. 331 Highland regiments 272 efseq. Highway Reservations 181 Hilton, Amos 62, 160, 176, 180, 210, 225, 327 ship-masters 225 Hobbs, Lemuel 327 Holmes, Peleg 159, 162, 176, 323 Horton family 237 Howe, Joseph 68 1?/ seq. Hudson, Henry 231 Huntington, Herbert . . . . (& et seq., 187, 308, 310, 314, 317, 349, 351, 357, 439 Huntington, Miner, 49, 68, 161, 187, 197, 314, 317, 325, 326, 331 et seq., 351, 352, 362 et seq. Hurlburt genealogy 251 el seq. Huston, Major Robert 241,311,313,332,349,363 Imports and exports 73, 440 et seq. Indian Bible . . 99 names 32, 90, 92 et seq, persecutions 36 storehouses 39 tribes 86etse^. words 32, 78, 92 £■/ seq. Inglis, Bishop 243 Inland Navigation Company 361 lona 283 Islands 45 Jeffery genealogy 2^getseq. Jenkins, James 161, 186, 197, 207, 208, 210, 357, 362, 363 Jenkins, John and William 161, 207, 208, 362 Justices of the peace 311 et seij. Kavanagh, Simon 253 Kelley, Jacob ■ 3i3> 33i> 333. 3^3 Kelley, James 160, 177, 180, 197, 203, 210, 224, 311, 313, 327 et seq. Kelley, Robert 184, 203, 210, 225, 334, 349, 357, 363, 365, 366 Kelley's Cove 48, 184, 199, 308 Kelley ship-masters 224 Kemptville farmers . 193 Keogh, Luke 253 Killam, Frank 212, 220, 309, 313, 358, 365, 370, 382, 383, 385 George, 21 1, 315, 341, 343, 353 et seq., 359, 360, 364 et seq., 368, 378, 379, 382 John 49, 160, 176, 187, 203, 210, 325, 332, 349, 362, 363 Thomas, 68, 152, 187, 210, 308, 309, 313, 349, 353 et seq., 357, 360, 363 et seq., 374, 379 INDEX. 519 PAGE Kinney, Joseph R. . . 212, 222 et seq., 309, 313, 317, 355, 368, 371, 374, 382 etseq. Kinney, William 184, 358 Knowles, Rev. Charles 246,339,340,377,494 La H^ve 105, 113, 114, 120, 122 Lake-George farmers .... 192 Lakes 29 Lancashire fund 360 Landers, Anthony 62 ^i? js'^., 66, igi, 203, 205, 210, 213, 313, 362, 363 Landers's grist-mill 47> 72, 199 Landers, Sealed 42, 47, 159, 176, 197, .508 Law, William ..... . 212, 215 fi'js'j'., 310, 313, 343, 359, 371, 373, 384, 506 Lawson's Shipping-Record 53> 62, 63, 202, 205, 209, 212, 224, 228 Lent, Abraham 37.242,307,311,313,317,327,334,478 Lent genealogy ... 258 Lent, James 203, 241, 307, 313, 326, 330 «? j-c<7., 348 Lescarbot, Marc 95, 107, 108 Lighthouses . ... - 334 Liverpool 127, 12S, 137, 164, 303 Lloyd's agents ... 317 Louisburg 114, 164, 273 Lovett, Capt 112 Lovitt, Andrew 49, 112, 160, 176, 180, 321, 324 Israel 187, 188,210, 349, 363 John 211, 219 «i; J,??., 309, 313, 368, 370 ^^j?^., 374, 384, 506 Lovitt, John W., 211,313, T,^ietseq., 359, 360, 363 f? j^^., 368, 369, 371, 374, 379, 382 Lovitt's Grove 188 Loyalists, the 240 et seq. Lunenburg 127, 128, 137, 303 Macbane, Gillies 57 MacDonald, Flora ■ . . 290, 293 et seq., 300, 493 MacKavjDonald 216 MacKinnon, Abbot John 283 et seq. Chief John 288, 296 et seq. genealogy 270, 281, 287 et seq. John (Argyle) S3. 271, 3°7. 3i3. 3i7. 334. 3Si John (Chebogue) . . . 44. 55. '59. ^77. '79. 'So, 311, 313, 321 «/«?. John (Skye) 20,6 etseq. Ranald, 45, 53, 56, 268 et seq., 276, 278, 290, 311, 313, 328 etseq., 397 etseq. MacMunn, John 32 Manning, Rev. J. M 145 Marine Insurance Companies 362 Marshall, Samuel, 62,64, 161, 203, 204, 210, 213, 307, 311, 313, 325, 326, 328, 329, 362, 363 Marshall's Wharf 204 Marshes 30, Ti, ■y.-^et seq. Mascarene, Gov. Paul 35, 124, 453 Masonic institutions . ... 340 Mayflower, the 112,162,164,202,395,507 ' ' Merchant adventurers 164 520 INDEX. PAGE Meuse, Pierre 327, 398, 431 Micmacs, the 36, 78, 86, 87, 89, 90, 98, 100, 447 Milton Bridge 48, 72 Mines 106 Mines Basin 106, 122, 123 Monk, James . . 305 et seq. Montgomery Highlanders 45) .S^, 269, 274 Moody, Brown, & Co 377 Moody, E. W. B., 62, 152, 186, 210, 242, 311, 313, 317, 349, 357, 359,360, 363 et seq., 375, 376, 377. 379. 504 Col. James . . 242 et seq. James B 308, 317, 349 John Wentworth, 152, 211, 219 et seq., 313, 315 et seq., 341, 343, 353 et seq., 357> 365. 366, 370, 372, 374, 375, 382, 386, 481, 505 et seq. William H. . . 186, 311, 313, 353, 357, 360, 363 et seq., 368, 369, 376, 377 Moody's narrative 242 Moose 32 More-Rum Brook 67 Morris's Island 141, 158 Moses, Nathan, 211, 309, 311, 313, 353 et seq., 359, 364, idd et seq., 372, 379, 382, 384 Mountain Cemetery 65, 69, 208, 359 Mullins, Priscilla 164 Murdoch's History 77 Murphy's Bridge 190 Murray, John 186, 313, 314, 316, 349, 361, 363, 367 Name of township 41 New-England shipping 217 New Lights 54, 84 Newspapers ^. . . . 352 Nickerson, Nathan 159, 172, 177, 320, 323 Nickerson's Island ' . . 320 Non-Present Island 49 Norsemen's voyages . . 17 et seq. Nova-Scotia census 127, 128, 139, 140 Nova-Scotia Parliaments 303 et seq. Odd Fellows' Society 46 Ogden, John 232, 234 Ohio farmers 192 Outram, Sir James 279 Patriotic Fund , 360 Pearl, David 160, 177, 180, 321 Pennant's tour 283 et seq. Perry, John 160, 177, 179,226,321 Moses 42, 159 ship-masters 226 Petitcodiac . . 132 Petite Passage 108 Phoenician voyages 15 INDEX. S2I PAGE Jr'ictou Academy ocq Pinkney's Point 13, Pi'<=hHill '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.' y,^ Pleasure-carriage 61 82 Plymouth farmers iqr Plymouth records \(,\ et seq., '^OT et seq: Ponds' Road ,27 Poole, Samuel S., 50, i6o, 162, 197, 203, 210, 307 et seq., 311, 313, 316, 325, 326, 328, 329.334,349.351. 363 Porter, George Dudley 31, i6r Porter, Rev. Nehemiah 49,84,85,160,177,180,321,336 Porter, Nehemiah, 2d 177.333,362 Port Mouton j.g Port Royal io6, 108, Ii4^/j-fi7., 119, 120, 122, 123 Postmasters ,jg Pothier, Anselme 156,313,316,357,410 Pothier, Leon 1^5, 365, 407 Poutrincourt, Gov ZT, loi, et seq. Prince Edward Island 138 Privateers 61, 437 Probate judges . ,i5 Prosser, William . . . 2 ce Prout, Lawyer 328 P"'^"'™ 28,29,40,73,95,122, 123,141 f;jf^.,i46, 148,151 Quaco ... 1-32 Quadrennial Bill _ -,q3 Queen's County 3q, f Rasles' Indian Dictionary , . ... 91 Rasles, Rev. Sebastien . . . 88, 91 Raynard genealogy 2i,