^mmll Winmx^ii^ ^§ikxm^ BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME FROM THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND THE GIFT OF Hcnrg W. Sage 1891 .AuZ^j/^£_2__ ■^m GN 665 %"C97""'"*'"' '""'"^ V.2 Australian race 3 1924 026 093 827 ',„ The date shows when this volume was taken. To renew this book copy the call No. and give to the librar ian. HOME USE RULESr All Books subject to Recall. Books not used for instruction or ref earch are returnable, within 4 -weeks. Volufaes of periodi- cals and of pamphlets are held in the library as triuch as possit(Je. For special purposes they are given out for a limited time. Borrowers should not use their library privileges for the bene- fit of other persons. Books not needed during recess periods should be returned to the library, or arrange- ments made for their return during'borrow- er'sabsence, if wanted. Books needed by more than one person are held'oh the reserve list. Books of special value and gift books, when the giver wishes it, are not allowed to ' circulate. Readers are asked to report all cases of book s marked or m uti- lated. Oo.not deface books by marks and writing. Cornell University Library The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924026093827 THE AUSTEALIAI EACE: ITS ORIGIN, LANGUAGES, CUSTOMS, PLACE OF LANDING IN AUSTRALIA, AND THE ROUTES BY WHICH IT SPREAD ITSELF OVER THAT CONTINENT. BY ED^VARD M. CTJRR, Author of "Pure Saddle Horses," and "Recollections of Squatting in Victoria." IN FOUR VOLUMES. VOLUME II. MELBOUENE : JOHN FERRES, GOVERNMENT PEINTEK. LONDON: TRUBNER AND CO., LUDGATE HILL. 1 8 S 6 . n> CONTENTS OF VOLUME II. ■ PAGE List of Illustrations --...---. vi BOOK .THE SIXTH. No. Prefatory Remarks - - - - ' 3 40. Streaky Bay (D. K. Richardson \ g I. O. Provis J 41. Port Lincoln fA. A. O. Le Souef] _ g I R. W. Holdm I 42. Peake Telegraph Station - - • O. Todd - - - 10 43. North-weat of Lake Eyre - - - F.E.Jacobs- - - 12 44. North Shore of Lake Byre - - F.E.Jacobs- - 14 45. West of Lake Eyre - - - JJoM Warren ) . ^ I John Hogarth > 46. Warburtoji River - - - . - W. J. Paull - - - 18 47. Warburton River - - - W. H. Cornish - 22 48. Cooper's Creek, to the eastward of\ its Northern Branch ; also Koongi I ^- 5' 5'°™**" } - 24 T , \ H. G. Salmon ) Lake - - - - - -J 49. Cooper's Creek in the neighbourhood where Burke and Wills died - Alfred Howitt . ■ 30 . 50. Cooper's Creek near the Booloo River {''„,. i - 32 ( Ernest Eghnton ) 51. Nockatoonga, Wilson River . - - T. W. Foott - - - 34 52. Thargomiuda, BuUoo River - - F. W. Myles - - - 36 53. Lower BuUoo River - - - - A. F. Sullivan ■ - 42 54. A Tribe to the east of Strzelecki's Creek- - - - - - - - - - - ** 55. Prom Mount Preeling to Pirigundi Lake Samuel Oason - - 44 56. Kopperamana - . - - - - F. E. Jacobs - - - 108 57. Strangway Springs - - - - John Warren - - 110 58. Umbertana - - - - - N. E. Phillipson - - 112 59. Mount Serle - - - - - Charles Wills - - 116 60.Belta|.a - - . - - -IJlf^^^^M ' "« 61. Wonoka W- M. Green - - 124 62. Eastern Shore of Lake Torrens- - W.M.Green - 126 63. Gawler Range - - - - A. D. Sawers - - ,130 64. Maraohowie - - - - - H. L. Beddom£ - - 132 65. Mount Remarkable - - - - J. C. Valentine - - 136 66. Port Pirie, 40 miles east of • • S. he Brun - • - - 140 IV CONTENTS. No. 67. Yorke's Peninsula, South Australia 69, . ( Wilhel ^^' \w. Fo BOOK THE SIXTR— continued. Wilhel/m Kuhn ) Fowler ' > Teichelmann and 68. Adelaide and its neighbourhood - -j Schurmmn W. Wyatt I TT 1 r v I ^- Gromer I '. \ A, Dewhurst > 69a. Near • the North-west Corner of " New South Wales - " - - A. W. Morton PAGE 143 148 152 158 BOOK THE SEVENTH. Prefatory Remarks ------- 70. Country North-west of the Barrier Range - Anonymous - 71. Country about 60 miles North-west from a point on the Darling midway between Menindie and Wiloannia - - - - ' - W. Haines . 72. Boolcoomatta - - - - - W, J. Lake Dix 73. Torrowotto J. A. Reid - 74. Lower portions of the Paroo and Warrego Rivers - - - ■ G. Scrivener ■ 75. Bourke, Darling River - - - Q. N. Teuton 76. Fifty miles below Bourke on the ( Sir S. Wilson ] Darling River - - - -l W. Henderson I 77. Wilcannia M. Sogers 78. Tintinaligi - - - - The Author - 79. Weinteriga - - - -A. McLennan 80. Menindie, Darling River - - - — Mair 81. Tolarno Station -' - - - O. W.Shaw - 82. Junction of the Darling and Murray Rivers JohnBulmer- 83. From the Banks of the Murray River, where it enters Lake Alexandrina to the embouchure of that river and Laoepede Bay - - - Qeorge Taplin 84. Prom Wellington, on the Murray River, to the North-west Bend - M. Moorehowse 85. North-west Bend of the Murray Ri'^^er .F. W.Fulford 86. Ned's Corner - - - - - A. H. Pegler 87. From the Mallee Cliffs to Weutworth — McFarlane 88. Prom the Junction of the Lachlan and Murray to the Junction of the Darling and Murray - - J. A. Macdonald 165 173 174 176 178 182 186 224 226 230 232 234 236 238 242 274 278 280 282 285 faqe 326 CONTENTS. BOOK THE EIGHTH. So. Prefatory Remarks ---■-..... 293 89. Eastward of the Nicholson River and between that river and the coast Edward Curr - - 296 90. Burketown - - - - ■ T. Ooward - - - 298 91. The Mouth of the Leichardt River - W. E. Armit - - 300 92. Mouth of the Norman River - - W. E. Armit - - 306 93. Middle Norman . - - - W. E. Armit - - 310 94. On the West Bank of the Leichardt River, near the sea - - - Edward Curr - - 314 95. Leichardt River, twenty miles below Kamilaroi Station - - - Edward Curr ■ - 316 . 96. Kamilaroi Station, Leichardt River - Montagu Curr - - 318 97. Betweeft the Gregory and Leichardt Rivers . - - - • M. S. Lamoiid - - 322 98. Seymour, Templeton, and Clonourry jF. Urquhart \ Rivers iJ. O'BeiUey I 99. The Cloncurry River - - . . [^- P<^i"^er a,id ) _ 33^ I Anonymous > 100. The Flinders and Cloncurry Rivers - A. MacGUliway - - 340 101. The Burke River - - - - E. Eglinton - - 346 ( The Hamilton River - - - W. Blair . - - 350 ,n2 J The Lower Georgiua River - - R. N. Collins - - 354 j Between the Georgina and Burke (/. Craigie - - - 356 ( Rivers - - - - -\a. McLean - - • - 358 103. Head of the Hamilton River - - E. Eglinton - - - 360 104. On the Hamilton River near Boulia E. Eglinton - - - 364 105. Junction of King's Creek and the f J. 0. Machattie \ Georgina River - - - - I J. S. Little 1 106. Lower Diamantina - - - - Anonymous - - - 371 107. Junction of Thomson and Barcoo j "^^ ^^S^ey \ Rivers, also the Whitula Creek - i ■"■ ^'"'^^f- \ " ^"* I Edward Curr > BOOK THE NINTH. Prefatory Remarks - - . - ----- 389 108. Princess Charlotte's Bay, North Queensland W. 0. Hodghinson - 389 109. Endeavour River - - - -l'^^"!. } - '392 I P. P. Ktng ! 110. Weary Bay ----- 2', Hughes - - - 393 111. Akoonkoon, Pahner River - - E. Palmer - - - 396 112. The Lynd River - - - - W. 0. K. Hill - - 400 113. Granite Range, close to the Head of the Mitchell River and east of the Hodgkinson Goldfields - ■ H. M. Mowhray - - 402 366 VI CONTENTS. BOOK THE HINTH.— continued. So. . PAGE 114. Near the Head of the Walsh River- J._ Atherton - - - 408 115. Country about Thornborough Diggings, and near the Head of the Mitchell .- - - - W. 0. HodgUnson - 412 116. Granite Range at the Head of the Walsh River - - - - E. R. Davidson - - 414 117. Head of the Gilbert - - - M. Curr - - - 416 118. Hinchinbrook Island and the Maia- j M. Armstrong I _ ^jg land adjacent - . - -iJ. Murray ' 119. Herbert River . - - - W.S.Stephen - -422 120. Halifax Bay iJ. Cassady ) . ^24 I S. Johnstone i 121. Head-waters of the Burdekin River TV. 0. HodgUnson - 432 122. Clarke River . - - - - p" -^"*'" [ - 436 I— Beta Tour ) 123. Top of the Range near Dalrymple - W. E. Armit - - 440 124. Cleveland Bay - - - 5 A. R. Johnstone } . ^^ IM. Gurr ) 125. Mount Elliott - - - - - E. Gregory - - - 448 126. Mouths of the Burdekin River - /. O'Connor - - 454 127. Porter's Range - - - - M. Gurr - - ■ 456 128. Charters Towers - - - \GUef Grnnmissiwier \ _ ^^g I of Pohce, Brisbane i 129. Upper Blinders, Hughenden, Button JJl/^, CttT-r 1 .„. River, &o. \ E. Gurr ) 130. The Watershed and Upper Portion of the Cape River - - M. Armstrong - - 464 131. Natal Downs Station, Cape River - I •'*'■ -^^ ^°™^T i '. 468 I W. Chatfield > 132. Ravenswood, Upper Burdekin - W. H. Kent - - 484 133. Mount Black Government of Queensland 486 134. Lower Burdekin - - . - P" Ounningham ] _ I F. J. Gorton f 135. Burdekin River, various tribes - J. Hall Scott - - 492 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS, VOLUME II. PAGE Kopi, or Mourning Cap of Gypsum - - . . . 238 A Tree on the Diamantina River, Queensland. Record of a Fight which took' place in the locality - - - . . . 433 BOOK THE SIXTH VOL. II. ^k^ ^ttsttaliatt ^aa. BOOK THE SIXTH. PREFATORY REMARKS. The tribes whose manners and languages form the subject of this book belong to the Central Division, like those treated of in the two preceding books. In many of these tribes the principal article of food was a sort of flour, obtained by grinding grass-seeds, which was made into unleavened bread or mixed with water and eaten uncooked. With these tribes we come to the termination (in this neighbourhood) of the practices of circumcision and the terrible rite, a fact which is referred to at length in the prefatory remarks to Book VII. In the languages of this book it is interesting to find paroo and booloo, the two equivalents for fish, also the names of rivers. The explanation probably is that tribes which used these words (the Peake Telegraph vocabulary, for instance, contains both), having become the discoverers of these rivers, which abound in fish, named them respec- tively Paroo and Bulloo from this circumstance. In some of these languages barkoola means 2 and in others 3. No. 40.— STREAKY BAY. By D. K. Richardson, Esq., and C. Pkovis, Esq. Feom the Streaky Bay district I have received two vocabularies, both of which I have thought it desirable to insert; for though for the most part they agree, they A2 4 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: have also many points of difference. Indeed the two equivalents of Blackfellow lead to the inference that they represent the dialects of two distinct (though neighbouring) tribes. The first of the two vocabularies, forwarded by Mr. D. K. Richardson, gives in addition the following names of persons: — Men: Moongulta, Koongulta, Moonaga. Women: Koomilya, Tchoonbilla, Noobillia. For the second vocabulary I am indebted to Mr. Charles Provis, who gives the following names of persons, one of which is given by Mr. Eichardson: — Men: Yaljulta, Thangil. Women: Koomilya and Koobillya. No. 40.— STREAKY BAY. Kangaroo - Opossum Tame dog - Wild dog - Emu - - - Black duck - Wood duck PeUoan Laughing jackass Native companion White cockatoo - Crow - - - Swan - Egg - - - Track of a foot - Fish - Lobster Crayfish Mosquito - Fly - - - Snake - - - The Blacks - A Blackfellow - A Black woman - Nose - - - warroo. pilta. yelka. kurlea. weely. By D. K. Richardson, Esq. Hand -. 2 Blacks - 3 Blacks - One - Two - Three - Four (many) Father yongona. wungara. koorti namboo. tchinna. koonaboonjeloo. yoombera. djoono. niunga. uiunga. weeinna. moola. Mother Sister-Elder ,, Younger - Brother-Elder - ,, Younger A young man An old man An old woman - A baby A White man Children Head - - - Eye - Ear - murra, kootera niunga. karboo niunga. kooma kootera. karboo. yalkata. mumma. weea. konky. wannoo. chilby. kooroo. walboo. kooba. • yarpo kardo. kurka. meil. yooree. STREAKY BAY. No. 40. — Streaky Bay — continued. Mouth - neemy. Teeth - - yira. Hair of the heao - ngooro. Beard - - ngangwin. Thunder ■• - toondooga. Grass - - kurroo. Tongue - kyaling. Stomach - - choorda. Breasts - moondundoo. Thigh - kanty. Foot - - tcheena. Bone - - moolallie. Blood - - yaildo. Skin - - imba. Fat - - mainby. Bowels - Excrement - - galling. War-spear - - keea. B«ed-spear - - Wommera - - meela. Shield - Tomahawk - - Canoe - - Sun - - cheeando. Moon - - peea. Star - - kulka. Light - - Dark - - moabu. Cold - - miniaroo. Heat - - ngunera. Day - - perria. Night - - maltie. Fire - - kulla. Water - kaaby. Smoke - pooyoo. Ground - poordo. Wind - - eeneroo. Rain - - waiuburoo. God - - Ghosts - pokobidney. Boomerang - - Hill - - - Wood - - kulla. Stone - - poonda. Camp - - ngoora. Yes - - - yooa. No - - - mukka. I - ngunna. You - - tchanna. Bark - - piltera. Good - - yardoo. Bad - - - nunta. Sweet - - morogo. Food - - - ma. Hungry - meamukka. Thirsty - mungarra. Eat - - ngaal. Sleep - - yango. Drink - - mungarra. Walk - - wayn. See - - - ngakoon. Sit - - ngeedin. Yesterday - - wilyoodo. To-day - pynyiayee. To-morrow - - maalduloo. Where are the Blacks? I don't know - tchalla mindy Plenty - moona. Big - - - willaroo. Little - - minyardo. Dead - - pilunabeena By-and-by - - wuneroo. Come on - panni winni. Milk - - Eaglehawk - Wild turkey - Wife - - THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 40.— STREAKY BAY. Bt C. Provis, Esq. Kangaroo - - waroo. Opossum - - pirlta. Tame dog - yelga. Wild dog - - Emu - warritcha. Black duck - - murrara. Wood duck- - Pelican - weele. Laughing jackass Native companion White cockatoo - yungana. Crow - - wamkara Swan " - kowerte. Egg - - - peepee. Track of a foot - tchinna. Fish - - kooya. Lobster - Crayfish - Mosquito - - koonaboonjeloo Fly - -• - yoonberra. Snake - - wobma. The Blacks - - kurda. A Blackfellow - kurda. A Black woman - kore. Nose •■ - mootla. Hand - - murra. 2 Blacks - - koothera kurda 3 Blacks - - kaboo kurda. One - - kooma. Two - - koothera. Three - - kaboo. Pour - - wima. Father - mamma. Mother - weeya. Sister-Elder - konbee. „ Younger - Brother-Elder - yoonga. ,, Younger A young man - wilyara. An old man - poorlka. An old woman - weeya. A baby - kaitoha. A White man - koopa. Children - - keetchaba. Head - - koka. Eye - - meena. Ear - - yoore. STREAKY BAY. No. 40. — Streaky Bay — continued. Mouth - meeme. Boomerang - - Teeth - yeera. Hill - - - Hair of the head - ngoora. Wood - - kurla. Beard - - ngomka. Stone - - pamta. Thunder - - kooroona. Camp - - ngoora. Grass - - korra. Yes - - ya. Tongue - kyaking. No - - mukka. Stomach - warna. I - ngie. Breasts - ebee. You - - noone. -Thigh - wiitha. Bark - - yoolthe. Foot - - tcheena. Good - - yatto. Bone - - moolale. Bad - - ngontha. Blood - - yaildo. Sweet - - morrogo. Skin - - eemba. Food - - ma. Tat - - mainbe. Hungry - karnpa. Bowels - warna. Thirsty - mungarra. Excrement - - kurta. Bat - - mungee. War-spear - - keeya. Sleep - - ngarbiroya. Reed-spear - Throwing-stick Shield - Tomahawk - Canoe - Sun - Moon - Star - Light - - konde. - tchinta. - peera. - kulka Drink- - - algoona. Walk - - - ngomema. See - - - meena. Sit - - - neena. Yesterday - - wiltchera. To-day - - pynea. To-morrow - - molthaloo. Where are the intha kurda ? Dark - - moaba. Blacks ? Cold - - pyala. I don't know - yaminthe. Heat - - pookara. Plenty - murna. Day - - pu-rea. Big - - murna. Night - - molthe. Little - - meenya. Fire - - kurla. Dead - - kukabuk. Water Smoke Ground Wind- Rain - God - - koppe. - pooya. - mietlea. - warre. - wainbaroo. By-and-by - Come on Milk - Eaglehawk - WUd turkey - karree. - pemee. Ghosts - poorkabidue. Wife - - 8 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE : No. 41.— PORT LINCOLN. By a. A. 0. Le SouBF, Esq., aud the Revd. R. W. Holden. Vocabularies of the Parnkalla language, whicli is spoken at Port Lincoln and along the western shores of Spencer's Gulf, have been sent to me by A. A. 0. Le Souef, Esq., and the Revd. R. W. Holden. Of this language a dictionary of about 2,200 words, prefaced by a grammar, was published in Adelaide, 1844, by the Revd. C. W. Shurmann. From these sources I have filled up the following vocabulary. It is to be noticed that in the Revd. Mr. Shurmann's work there is but one word which begins with the letter a, and the sound of ck is entirely wanting, but that my two contributors both give kitcha as the equivalent of hahy. Circumcision prevails in this tribe. No. 41.— PORT LINCOLN. By a. a. C . Lb Soubf, Esq., and the Revd. R. W. HOLDBN. Kangaroo - bulka, warru. Hand - - murra. Opossum piUa. 2 Blacks - ■ kallpille toora. Tame dog - wilga. 3 Blacks - - koolperrie toora WUddog - kurdniimi. One - - - kubmanna. Emu - Black duck warraitya. murrarra. Two - - kallpille. Wood duck Three - - koolperrie. Pelican widli. Four - - ngerla. Laughing jackass kookark. Father - pappi. Native companion Mother ' - - ngan:uni. White cockatoo - Sister-Elder - yakka. Crow - Swan - wornkarra. kooti. „ Younger - Egg - peepee, bebi. Brother-Elder - yunga. Track of a foot - yedna, weedla. „ Younger ngaityaba. Fish - kuya. A young man - mooltappa. Lobster An old man - meetta, pulka. Crayfish An old woman - moodalli. Mosquito - kunnutyuUu, A baby - kitcha. Fly - yuwunu. yumbarra. A White man - koopa. Snake - wamba. Children - - boolyoo, mur- The Blacks yoora, toora. dalyi. A Blackfellow - Head - kaka. A Black woman - pallara. Eye - - mena. Nose - moodla. Ear - - yoori. PORT LINCOLN. No. 41.— PoKT L INCOLN — continued Mouth - ya, narpartra. Boomerang '- . Teeth - yerra, ira. Hill - - purri. Hair of the head- kakaputti, kurni' Wood-. - - gadla. Beard - - ngarnka. Stone - - kanya. Thunder - kooranna. Camp - - koornkoo. Grass - - kurra, uthera. Yes - - ia, ya, a, nga, Tongue - yarli. yooa. Stomach - pompe ngan- No - - mukka, madia. kalla. I - ngai. Breasts - ngamma. You - - neena. Thigh - yatla. Bark - - yoolthi. Foot - - idna. Good - - munjarri, mar- Bone - winma, wurlpool. niti. Blood - - kartintye. Bad - - milla. Skin - _ Sweet - - ngaltya. Fat - - mame, ngappata. Food - - ma, mai. Bowels - kudna. Hungry - karnba, kurnpa. Excrement - - kudna. Thirsty - yurne. War-spear - - kia, kaya. Eat - - ngalgutu. Reed-spear - _ Sleep - - meya, wanniti. Wommera - - midla, kundi. Drink - - yappaka. Shield - Walk - - ngukata, pad- Tomahawk - - kanti. nata. Canoe - . See - - nakkuttu, nak- Sun - Moon - Star - - yumo. - pirra. - purdli. Sit - Yesterday - To-day koo. - yikketha. - willjenna. - yatha. Light - Dark - - multhi. To-morrow - Where are the - wilcherpani. J wanna toora ? Cold - - paialla, pila. Blacks ? Heat - - kallalla. I don't know - ya-kood-la. Day - - wallina, marka. Plenty - nurla. Night - - Big - - - yoodlu, mur- Fire - - - gadla, kurdla. nundo. Water - kapi, kauo. Little - - bulya, peelyoo. Smoke r puyu, pooya. Dead - - kunya, paruntu Ground - yurra. By-and-by - - kani. Wind - - wirra. Come on - purdni. Rain - - kattari, koorun- Milk - - na-kowi. Eaglehawk - - yamu. God - - - Wild turkey - walla. Ghosts - nara, wilya. Wife - - yungara. 10 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 42.— PEAKE TELEGRAPH STATION. Kangaroo - Opossum Tame dog - ' - koongoora. - womboola. - murdla. Wild dog - Emu - - erlea. Black duck- - oodla-oodla. Wood duck- Pelican - yarkalto. - warrunto. Laughing jackass Native companion mulpa. White cockatoo - Crow - - wokkoola. Swan - - kute. Egg - - Track of a foot - papoo. - wimba. Fish - Lobster - paroo, booloo Crayfish Mosquito - - ooiuya. Fly . Snake - - oringore. - wobma. The Blacks - - nulla. A Blackf ellow - nulla. A Black woman - miiTikera. Nose - - media. By Charles Todd, Esq., C.M.G. Hand - - - murra. 2 Blacks - - parakuUa nuUa. 3 Blacks - - kulpura nulla. Cue - - - weyoo. Two - - - parakuUa. Three - - - kulpura. Four - - - nooyoo. Father - - meeya. Mother - - alooka. Sister-Elder - karkoo. „ Younger - Brother-Elder - noota. ,, Younger A young man - yawonka. An old man - waroo. An old woman - wittoola. A baby - - marchi. A White man - koopia woonka. Children - - koopakurdli. Head - - kurty. Eye - - - milchi. Ear - - _ yeari. PEAKE TELEGRAPH STATION. 11 No. 42. — Peake Telbgkaph Station — continued. Mouth - muma. Teeth - - yakkara. Hair of the head - wilpoora. Beard - - numka. Thunder - - mungaunda. Grass - - kunchara. Tongue - tardli. Stomach - yarrakoora. Breasts - nama. Thigh - - walpoo(?) Foot - - peedna. Bone - - walpoo(?) Blood - - koobmara. Skin - - maramakoo. Fat - - punga, marri. Bowels Excrement - - koodna. War-spear - - Reed-spear - - Wommera - - Shield- •- - Tomahawk - - Canoe - - Sun - - yarro. Moon - - parralla. Star - - kartepela. Light - - poorinda. Dark - - wonga. Cold - - madlera. Heat - - alpa. Day - - wolta. Night - - woogna. Fire - - mukka. Water - koota. Smoke - ukurta. Ground •■ yoopella. Wind - - wohnurra. Rain - - chilta. God - - Ghosts - Boomerang - - HUl - - Wood - - nartanda. Stone - - kardna, opata. Camp - - nura. Yes - - arri. No - - myella. I - aupa. You - - autoo. Bark - - peeta. Good - - Bad - - tetalla. Sweet - - Food - - chalpa. Hungry - wodla. Thirsty - yunkurta. Eat - - tanera. Sleep - - koortana. Drink - - poontara. Walk - - - ukandanda. See - - yungunda. Sit - - tunkanna. Yesterday - - ukunta. To-day ■ chalpa. To-morrow - - wongara. Where are 1 ;he weterla nulla Blacks ? paraka ? I don't know - anakoli. Plenty - nooka. Big - - paranda. Little - - pekammaroo. Dead - - pooranda. By-and-by - - uta. Come on - karwona wee. Milk - - Eaglehawk - Wild turkey - Wife - - 12 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 43.— NORTH-WEST OF LAKE EYRE. By F. E. Jacobs, Esq. The following vocabulary from the language of the trihe which dwells to the north-west of Lake Eyre was kindly forwarded to me by Mr. F. E. Jacobs, a German gentleman resident at the Lutheran Mission Station at Kopperamana. I have thought it necessary to call attention to the nation- ality of my correspondent, as in many cases the spelling of the words of his vocabulary, taken from an English point of view, represents sounds which it would be impossible for an Australian Black to utter. The sth, which occurs so frequently, I take to represent the nasal sound which is generally expressed by ng. No. 43.— NORTH-WEST OF LAKE EYRE. By F. E. Jacobs, Esq. Kangaroo - kungara. Hand - masra. Opossum - pilda. 2 Blacks - tua parakulu. Tame dog - madia. 3 Blacks - tua kulpari. Wild dog - One - sthuja. Emu - wurrukotti. Black duck - dummi. Two - parakulu. Wood duck Three - kulpari. Pelican ■ tampanpara. Pour - parakulu-para- Laughing jackass kulu. Native companion puralka. Father ainja. White cockatoo nardnanpn. Mother stharluka. Crow - ■ wokkala. Sister-Elder kuppali. Swan - ■ kurti. „ Younger ■ Egg - pappu. Brother-Elder sthutti. Track of a foot - tidna. „ Younger Fish - - worri. A young man tarinka. Lobster kurukudirri. Crayfish An old man muttupurdu. Mosquito - tudinma. An old woman wuljula. Fly - - - sthurrinhurri. A baby sthallua. Snake - titta. A White man The Blacks - - tua. ChUdren - sthallua. A Blackfellow tuachuju. Head - kartapu. A Black woman - boku. Eye - mUkikardi. Nose - - milla. Ear - turri. NORTH-WEST OF LAKE EYRE. 13 No. 43. — North-west oi Lake Eyee — continued. Mouth ■ moma. Boomera.ng - - Teeth - - tuckara. Hill - . Hair of the head - whirri. Wood - - sthalpa. Beard - - stharukats- charda. Stone - - kadna. Camp - Yes - - sthura. Thunder - Grass - - pUdri-pildri. - kutu. - kau. Tongue - tanjama. No - - banni. Stomach - kunnakardi. I - sthanna. Breasts - sthamma. You - - andrugundree Thigh - - tarra. Bark - - pitjamurru. Foot - - tidna. Good - - sthurku. Bone - - wolpu. Bad - - madia. Blood - - giimTnari. Sweet - - murdu. Skin - - batta. Food - - workana. Fat ■ - ■ - mami. Hungry - wordlara. Bowels - kunmateiri. Thirsty - sthalparia. Excrement - - kunna. Eat - - tarumda. War-spear - Reed-spear - - pirrimpara. Sleep - - kurmala. Wommera - . Drink - puntarda. Shield- ■- - mudluworru. Walk - - tuckanda. Tomahawk - - karlara. See - - sthanninda Oanoe - Sit - - tankarda. Sun - - muju. Yesterday - - woldapurta. Moon - - purtu. To-day - amti. Star - - kardipilla. To-morrow - - wongara. Light - - paredscM. Where are the tua tiara ? Dark - - sthalpuru. Blacks ? Cold - - backala. I don't know - sthannago. Heat - - karrara. Plenty- - sthadla. Day - - muju. Big - - kartuwirri. Night - wompa. Fire - - macka. Little - - stharra. Water - kutta. Dead - - kumpirra. Smoke - mackatupu. By-and-by - - thaeinni. Ground - wodlu. Come on - kaua. Wind - - wonunara. Milk - - Rain - - kurraworra. Eaglehawk - - God - Wild turkey - Ghosts - Wife - - 14 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No, 44.— THE NORTH SHORE OP LAKE EYRE. By p. E. Jacobs, Esq. Per remarks on the spelling of this vocabulary see No. 43. Kangaroo - Opossum - Tame dog - Wild dog - Emu - - . Black duck Wood duck Pelican Laughing jackass Native companion White cockatoo - Crow Swan - - - Egg - Track of a foot Pish - Lobster Crayfish Mosquito - Ply . - Snake - The Blacks - A Blackfellow A Black woman Nose - yshuckuru. pilka. tirrita. workatji. durnmi. worrantjuma. puralku. wauwacka. pampu. pirtipupu. dritji. tipamakatu. karna. karmaehunara. widla. mudla. Hand - 2 Blacks - 3 Blacks - One - - Two - Three - Pour - Pather Mother Sister-Elder „ Younger Brother-Elder ,, Younger A young man An old man An old woman - A baby A White man Children Head Bye - Ear - - karna parukulu, - karna paraku- auna. - sthunara. - parukulu. - parakuauna. - parakulu-para- kulu. - stharrapi. - sthandri. - sthuttari. - sthuju. woUunku. kurkaru. wildapirna. kubanaukatu. sthurdutandra, milki. turpa. THE NORTH SHORE OF LAKE EYRE. 15 No. 44. — The North Shobe of Lake Eybx.— continued. Mouth - morna. Boomerang - - Teeth - mornatirri. Hill - - Hah- of the heac - wuilpuru. Wood - pinta. Beard _ Stone - - marda. Thunder - Camp - - Yes - _ Grass - - kuttu. No - - Tongue - tarlimaukatu. I Stomach - tundru. You - - tidni. Breasts - Bark - - pitji. Thigh - - Foot - Good - - tampa. Bad - - manna. Bone - - worrupu. Sweet - - mardu. Blood - - Food - _ Skin - - kadla. Pat - Hungry - mauanu. Bowels - kunnaworla. Thirsty - tardinu. Excrement - - Eat - - taiima. War- spear - - kuju. Sleep - - mokaparrena Reed-spear - - Drink - - tubburra. Thro wing-stick - Walk - - wappema. Shield - stharranamma See - - sthirkana. Tomahawk - - Sit - - sthammana. Canoe - - Yesterday - - woldra. Sun - - ditji. To-day . - - karikura. Moon - - stharra. To-morrow - - wonganuUi. Star - - ditjinaukata. Where are ■ the Light - - Dark - - Blacks? Cold - - backala. I don't know - Heat - - Plenty - whitta. Day - - ditji. Big - - - pirma. Night - palkara. Little - - wolka. Fire - - ture. Dead - - - naccri. Water - sthappa. By-and-by - - karra. Smoke - turotupu. Come on - phuila. Ground - woiliu. Milk - - Wmd- - Rain - - kurrara. Eaglehawk - God - _ WUd turkey - Ghosts - Wife - - 16 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 45.— WEST OP LAKE EYRE. By John Wabkbn, Esq., and John Hogarth, Esq. Kangaroo - - koongaroo. Hand - - murra. Opossum - wombla. 2 Blacks - - nulla parakula. Tame dog - Wild dog - Emu - Black duck Wood duck Pelican - mudlu. - wilki. • warrewotti. - mulchawaroo. - worandoo. 3 Blacks - One - Two - Three - Four - - nulla kulparte. - oyoo. - parakula. - kulparte. - parakula-para- Laughing jackass Native companion wooroo. White cockatoo - kadaroonga. Crow - - - wakilla. Father Mother Sister-Elder kula. - neia. - looka. - kakoo. Swan - - kooti. ,, Younger - koobakoo. Egg - - bapoo. Brother-Elder - nooto. Track of a foot - darri. ,, Younger koobakoo. Fish - Lobster Crayfish Mosquito - Fly - - paroo. - koongideri. - ueni. - yoorgoori. A young man An old man An old woman A baby r kulpi. - warroo. - willula. - koopa-koopa. Snake - wabina. A White man - The Blacks - - nulla. Children - - A Blackfellow - nulla. Head - - kardiapoo. A Black woman - bookoo. Bye - - miltekurte. Nose - - meetla. Ear - - yerri. WEST OP LAKE EYRE. 17 No. 45.- Mouth - murna. Teeth - yakkara. Hair of the head- yarree. Beard - - minga. Thunder - - pulpa. Grass - - komgara. Tongue - tarli. Stomach - koodnakurte. Breasts - ngumma. Thigh - - Foot - - tidna. Bone - - walpoo. Blood - - kooabmarri. Skin - - pelta-nooree. Fat - - mumi. Bowels - kunakurri. Excrement - - koodna War-spear - - peremboora. Reed-spear - - katchi. Wommera or throwing-stick Shield - moodlawarroo Tomahawk - - kaudi. Canoe - - Sun - - mooyoo. Moon - - burilla. Star - - kardikilla. Light - - arka. Dark - - milooroo. Cold - - mudli. Heat - - . - warontoha. Day - - wudla. Night - - alboonoo. Fire - - mukka. Water - koota. Smoke - toopo. Ground - wodla. Wind - - wobnera. Rain - - chaili. God - - Ghosts _ SB Eyrs— continued. Boomerang - - Hill - - Wood - - mukka. Stone - - kadna. Camp - - oo-oo-oor-roo. Yes - - pee, yarra. No . - padne. I - outu. You - - - anpa. Bark - - Good - - oo-oo-koo. Bad - - mudlante. Sweet - - Food - - chalpa. Hungry - - Thirsty - Eat - Sleep - - koodnuUana. Drink - - poontarda. Walk - - ukunda. See - - nangenda. Sit - - tonkuima. Yesterday - - kulkara. To-day - woldarapoota To-morrow - - wongara. Where are the wetiara nulla Blacks ? I don't know - wijero. Plenty - nooka. Big - ■■ burra-burra. Little - - kooparkoopa. Dead - - boorunda. By-and-by - - yadnai. Come on - kowana. Milk - - Eaglehawk - - Wild turkey - Wife - - VOL. II. 18 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 46.-WAEBURTON EIVER. By W. J. Paull, Esq. The following vocabulary of the language of tlie Ominee tribe was forwarded to me by Mr. W. J. Paull, if I read the signature correctly. That gentleman informs me that the marches of the lands of the Ominee, Wongonooroo, Kuranyooroo, and Yarleeyandee tribes, all intimately con- nected, meet on the Warburton Eiver, at Oowarie head- station. This country, my correspondent goes on to say, was first occupied by the Whites in 1876, at which time these tribes amounted in the aggregate to between six and eight hundred souls, at which number they still remain. No clothes are worn by them ; the women go quite naked, and the men have only a belt made of human hair round the waist, from which a fringe spun from the fur of rats hangs in front. The men also smear the skin with grease, and daub the body with red and yellow ochre, and the women sometimes wear a bone through the septum of the nose, which is pierced for the purpose. Most of the males have two teeth extracted, but not all of them. Several sorts of nets are in use, made of rushes or human hair. This tribe use no tomahawks, properly speaking; but for tomahawk purposes a flint fixed chisel-fashion on to the end of a piece of wood by means of a compound of water, sand, and the ashes of a bush called mindree. This instrument is, as the reader has seen, in extensive use on the west coast. Their weapons are clubs, boomerangs, and spears thrown by hand. The chief articles of food are nardoo, fish, wild-fowl, eggs, rats, and snakes of various sorts. Cannibalism exists amongst them, but is not com- monly practised. Sometimes when a Black dies from natural causes, his relations eat portions of the body; but if a death happens in a piny a or war party, any of the tribe who are present partake of the fiesh of the WARBURTON RIVER. 19 deceased. The reason of these differences probably is that in camp a person might by magic take the life of one not nearly related to him for the sake of a meal; that relatives would never commit such an act; and that none would do it whilst on the war-path, when every combatant is of consequence. They say the human flesh tastes much like that of the iguana. Mr. PauU gives me the following names of persons: — Men: Yanchillina, Pirrillina, Tarrallina, Nalkallina. Women: Yinkeetarrina, Ithapappina, Waunillina, Koorakookanea. The men marry women of other tribes. Polygamy is in force, but my informant says that neither widows nor widowers marry again, in which I think he must be mistaken. He also remarks that most of the women who have children seem to be between 28 and 40 years of age, and that children are not numerous. These tribes scar the body extensively by way of ornament. Most of the males are admitted at about fifteen years of age to the rank of young man by means of the terrible rite. Some, how- ever, undergo circumcision only, and these are said to be the fathers of the children in the tribe. Weighing the facts, that the women rear no children until well on in life, that the great majority of the males are rendered incapable of begetting children and others not, and that only some of them have teeth knocked out, I have no doubt that these practices are the results of precise laws the particulars of which have not reached me, the object of which is to limit population. In connection with this subject the reader is referred to the account of the Birria tribe, near the junction of the Thompson and Barcoo. Pitcheree is chewed by these tribes, and Mr. PauU remarks that some of the Whites who have smoked it, when tobacco has been scarce, say that it puts them to sleep. Around places where emu are known to be, the grass is set on fire, and by this means they are driven into nets or waterholes and killed. Kangaroo are hardly B Z 20 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: found in this country. As usual, the hair of these tribes is long, sometimes straight, and at others wavy and curly. When a man dies, it is often thought to be the result of a hone having been pointed at him by the doctor of another tribe, and then an expedition to revenge his death follows. Messengers are sometimes sent to absent friends bearing a string saturated with the blood of the sender, as an intimation to come to him speedily. Friends- embrace each other on meeting after a long absence. No signs of government or distinction of rank exist in these tribes. Mr. PauU's account is full of interest, and one cannot help regretting that he had not materials to make it more complete. No. 46.— WARBURTON RIVER. By W. J. Paull, Esq. Kangaroo - Opossum - Tame dog - Wild dog - Emu - Black duck - Wood duck Pelican Laughing jackass Native companion White cockatoo - Crow - - - Swan - - - Egg - Track of a foot - Fish - Lobster Crayfish Mosquito - Fly - . Snake The Blacks A Blackfellow A Black woman Nose - chookeroo. marloo. kinthalla. (the same). warroogatty. pia. - toompingaroo. pooralco. karrong. kowilka. kootee. kaapee. dinna. paroo. koonkoodirri. koontie, koinyee. moonchow. toothoo. marroopoo. kanna. willa, moola. Hand - - .. 2 Blacks - 3 Blacks - One - Two - Three Four - - - Father Mother Sister-Elder „ Younger - Brother-Elder - ,, Younger A young man An old man An old woman - A baby A White man Children Head - - . Eye - Ear - koono. mandroo. parrakoolo. mandroo-man- droo. appurree. andree karkoo. naatatta. tarree. pinaroo. widleepena. wakka-wakka. primna-primna. mungatundra. milkee. talpa. WARBURTON EIVER. 2] No. 46. — Wabbukton 'Riveb.— continued. Boomerang - Hill, if rocky „ if sand Wood - Stone - Camp - Yes - No - - ■ I - - You - Bark - Good - Bad - Sweet - Food - Hungry Thirsty Eat - Sleep - Drink - Walk - See - Sit - - - Yesterday - To-day To-morrow - Where are the Blacks ? I don't know - anacoo. Plenty - - murrapoo. Big - - - piarree. Little - - - waddawak. Dead - - - palHna. By-and-by - - wallyea. Come on - - kopperow. Milk - - - namma. Baglehawk - - karrawurra. Wild turkey - kallatoora. Wife - . - nooa. Mouth - muma. Teeth - - munathundra. Hair of the head- parra. Beard - - nanka. Thunder - - pildree-pildree. Grass - - kanta. Tongue - tarlee. Stomach - mandree. Breasts - mamma. Thigh - - noora. Foot - - dinna. Bone - - mookoo. Blood - - koomarree. Skin - - dalla. Fat - - marnee. Bowels - kippera. Excrement - - koodna. War-spear - - kaltee. Reed-spear - - Wommera or preeta. thro wing-stick Shield - pirramurra. Tomahawk - - toola. Canoe - - Sun - - ditchee. Moon - - pirra. Star - - ditchee (?) Light - - marroo. Dark - - warroo-warroo. Cold - - killpolee. Heat - - waldra. Day - - karrarree. Night - - melyarroo. Fire - - tooroo. Water - appa. Smoke - topoo. Ground " meta. Wind - - wattara. Rain - - tallarra. God - - mooroo-moora. Ghosts - koochee. keera. murda. dakko. raoolyea. murda. nooia. yow. pannee, akannee. inkannee. pitchee. nkoma. moontohoo. mardoopinna. boaka. mowallee. tardeeallee. tina. moka. tapooinna. wappina. nina. nammerna. waldrawirtee. kurraree. tunkapuma. widderee kanna? 22 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 47.— WARBURTON RIVER. By W. H. Cornish, Esq. Kangaroo - chookooroo. Hand - - murra. Opossum wampala. 2 Blacks - - yoo-oo parakoo- Tame dog - muUa. loo. Wild dog - 3 Blacks - - yoo-ou koolparie Emu - waraguita. One - . Black duck - Two - - parakooloo. Wood duck- Three - - koolparie. Pellcan Laughing jackass tumpunara. Four - Native companion pooralkoo. Father - anya. White cockatoo - kudaroonka. Mother - umma. Crow - wackalla. Sister-Elder - karkoo. Swan - koodie. „ Younger - koopalie. Egg - - parpoo. Brother-Elder - nutie-nutie. Track of a foot tidna. ,, Younger koopalie. Fish - warrie. A young man - kerna. Lobster Crajrflsh koonkooderie. An old man - matapoota. ■ An old woman - willula. Mosquito yoowinya. Fly - ooringoorie. A baby - nara-nara. Snake (carpet) wonungunnie. A White man - The Blacks - yoo-oo-oodla. Children - nara naroo-o-la. A Blackfellow yoo-oo. Head - kardappoo. A Black woman moncurra. Eye - - milkey. Nose - meedla. Ear - - yarrie, WARBURTON RIVER. 23 No. 47. — Wabbubton Riveb — continued. Mouth - murna. Boomerang - - Teeth - - yackarra. Hill - - Hair of the head- wirrie. Wood- - muoka. Beard - unka. Stone - - kadna. Thunder - moonkarda. Camp - - ooria. Grass - - chilpa. Yes - - kowina. Tongue - tanjauna. No - - - panie. Stomach - koona-kuddie. I - unta. Breasts - umma. Thigh - tarra. You - - umpa. Foot - - tidna. Bark - - pitchamooroo. Bone - - walpoo. Good - - oorkoo. Blood - - koomarie. Bad - - mudla. Skin - - putta. Sweet - - oorkoo. Fat - - monnie. Food - - kartie. Bowels - koonaturie. Hungry - wadlara. Excrement - - Thirsty - aparra. War-spear - - wonna. Eat - - tuninda. Reed-spear - - kutchie. Sleep - - koonalunda. Wommera or munkoorara. Drink - - poontada. throwing-stick Walk - - ukunda. Shield - - mooloowarroo. Tomahawk - See - - nuninda. Canoe - _ Sit - - tunkada. Sun - - mooyoo. Yesterday - - kulkawarra. Moon - - arkunnie. To-day - untie. Star - - kerdie-billa. To-morrow - - wongara. Light - - bukkie. Where are the yoo-too teara? Dark - - wona. Blacks? Cold - - muUara. I don't know - ina koo. Heat - - kuna-kuUa. Plenty - udla. Day - - Big - - kirtiewirrie. Night - - wonga. Fire - - mukka. Little - - nara-nara. Water - koola. Dead - - wonchada. Smoke - toopoo. By-and-by - - woolya. Ground - wadlea. Come on - kowanarie. Wind- - womara. Milk - - Rain - - koorowara. Baglehawk - - God - -- Wild turkey - Ghosts Wife - - 24 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 48.— COOPER'S CREEK, TO THE EASTWARD OF ITS NORTHERN BRANCH ; ALSO KOONGI LAKE. By W. H. Coknish, Esq., and Henky G. Salmon, Esq. In connection with this portion of the Cooper's Creek country, I have received vocabularies from W. H. Cornish, Esq., and Henry G. Salmon, Esq. The one supplied by the first of these gentlemen is from the language of the Yowerawoolka tribe, and Mr. Salmon's from Koongi (usually &pelt Coongy) Lake Station, lat. 27° south, long. 140° east, or thereabouts. With his vocabulary, Mr. Salmon has also sent me some particulars concerning the plant called pitcheree, which is very extensively used in this portion of Australia. As the weed is not found near Koongi (dry) Lake, long journeys are made periodically to the north-west by the men of the tribe to procure it. It is said to be a mild narcotic. Women use it, but less frequently than men. The specimen sent me by Mr. Salmon consisted of small sticks about the thickness of rye-grass stems. "The Blacks'' — says this gentleman — " first chew it into a mass, then mix it with the ashes of gum-tree leaves, making a paste ball. This, when kept in the mouth for some time, has a highly stimulating effect." Mr. Salmon gives the following additional words : — Quick - - pukkulli. Forehead - - unda. Knee - - punta. Feather - kootya. Gum-tree - - yallawarroo. Box-tree - kulparoo. SandhiU - - merree. Plain - - yumburri. Creek - - kurrari. Lake - - ngappa-puina, or big water. Clouds - parraweelpa. Centipede - - thinga-thinga. Lizard - - kupa. Fishulg-net- - peerly. Ashes - - toorpa. Sick - - woodiawarra. COOPER'S CREEK. 25 Bring a fire-stiok - - - mukka arrangunoo. Bring water ngappa arramundratulka. Which way shall we go ? - - iilanda towmahatohi ? Where are you sick? or In what part iilanoonoo woodiwarra inganitchi ? do you feel amiss ? It is going to rain - - - - mura (or unyara) towara. In the vocabulary and Additional Words of this language the reader may compare the equivalents of The Blacks; Where are the Blacks? Where shall we go? and Where are you sick? The termination hatchi, itchi, &c., in con- nection with iilanda, &c. = where is remarkable. 26 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE : No. 48.— COOPER'S CREEK. By H. G. Salmon, Kangaroo - - chookooroo. Hand - - - murra. Opossum - - murloo. 2 Blacks - - kooroo barkoola. Tame dog - - pandi. 3 Blacks . - kooroo barkoola Wild dog - - goona. Emu - - warrawidgee. One - _ - goona. Black duck - dickeri. Two - - barkoola. Wood duck - goornabrinna. Three - - barkoola goona. Pelican - dookamerri. Four - . - barkoola-bar- Laughing jackass koola. Native companion koodri. White cockatoo - nerrapitita. Father Mother - - appari. - undri. Crow - - kaoolika. Sister-Elder - kako. Swan - - kurrawatti. Egg - - pampo. ,, Younger - Track of a foot - palto. Brother-Elder - mooto. Fish - - kooya j» Young er Lobster _ A young man - poolya. Crayfish - narramiuyeh. An old man - kooroo-kooroo. Mosquito - - koonti. An old woman - gooroolpo. Fly - - moondyoo. A baby - - tiddari. Snake - - parday. A White man - purloo. The Blacks - - kooroo. Children . - murrowa. A Blackfellow - koornoo. Head - - - koka. A Black woman - yewa. Eye - - - meetyee. Nose - - kinta. Ear - - - tulpa. COOPER'S CREEK. 27 No. 48. — Cooper's Creek — continued. Mouth - murna. Boomerang - - yarrakoodakoo Teeth - - nurruko. dari. Hair of the head- oolparoo. Hill - - Beard - unga. Wood - wottee. Thunder - - unnera. Stone - - muddra. Grass • - poka. Camp - - noora. Tongue - pulpa. Yes - - kow. Stomach - toondroo. No - - pannee. Breasts - umma. I - unnyi. Thigh - wondakilla. You - - yeanyi. Foot - - tinna. Bark - - dallamurroo. Bone - - moko. Good - - pytchi. Blood - - purrutera, yanga- Bad - - murlundi. rungooroo. Sweet - - palyunginee. Skin - - durla. Food - - tyinunga. Fat - - munni. Hungry - moaly. Bowels - koornaduUa. Thirsty - tatipalla. Excrement - - kooma. Bat - - boorta, kur- War-spear - - windra. nunga. Reed-spear - - Sleep - - toorungariati. Wommera - - yarra. Drink - - tappernunga. Shield - narratitta. Walk - - tooarnunga. Tomahawk - - mudramoodipa. See - - - wooranunga. Canoe - - ukobichi. Sit - - - ninanunga. Sun - - trlchi. Yesterday - - ananinna nook Moon - - prira. dra. Star - - trichi poolya. To-day - kaiiri. Light - - minda. To-morrow - - murrawinka. Dark - - murree. Where are ;he iilatunna koor- Cold - - multee. Blacks? natohi? Heat - - murpununga. I don't know - kareel atunna. Day - - mindii. Plenty - mulkuri. Night - murilla. Big - - uli. Fire - - mukka. Little - - poolya. Water - ngappa. Dead - - puldringunna. Smoke - toopo. By-and-by - - mini. Ground - purla. Come on - kupparow. Wind- - tyiri. Milk - - Rain - - unyara. Eaglehawk - God - - - Wild turkey - Ghosts - Wife - - 28 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 48.— COOPER'S CREEK. By W. H. CoKNiSH, Esq. Kangaroo - chookooroo. Hand - - murra. Opossum mulloo. 2 Blacks - - kerna parakoola Tame dog - pandi. 3 Blacks - - kerna parakoola Wild dog - koornoo Emu - quarra. One - - koornoo. Black duck - Two - - parakoola. Wood duck- Three - - parakoola Pelican dukkamirri. koornoo. Laugking jackass Pour - - Native companion pooralko. Pather - appardi. White cockatoo koodrnnkoo. Mother - undri. Crow - kowulka. Sister-Elder - karoo. Swan - koodri. „ Younger - Egg - - pompoo. Brother-Elder - ootoo. Track of a foot ■ tidna. ,, Younger Fish - paroo. A young man - karroo. Lobster An old man - karroo-karroo (?) Crayfish - kidneykooderi. An old woman - kooroopoo. Mosquito - kunti. A baby - poola-poola. Ply . - - moonohoo. A White man - Snake - wooma. Children - - poolung malkeri The Blacks - kerna. (many). A Blackfellow - kerna, koornoo. Head - - koonkoo. A Black woman - moukurra. Eye - - - mitchie. Nose - kitita. Ear koochara, COOPER'S CREEK. 29 No. 48. — Cooper's Creek — continued. Mouth - muma. Boomerang - - Teeth - mundrakoo. Hill - - Hair of the heac - koonkoo. Wood - - mukka. Beard - unga. Stone - - murdra. Thunder - yinki, indie. Camp - - ooria. Grass - kuntha. Yes - - - kowina. Tongue - perpa. No - - hii panni. Stomach - koonanewa. I - ini. Breasts - umma. You - - yinni. Thigh - wondakilla. Bark - - delamooroo. Foot - - tidna. Good - - wotchi. Bone - - mookoo. Bad - - munamerla. Blood - - yoongooroo- Sweet - - Skin - - dulla(bark?) Food - - booka. Fat - - monni. Hungry - mooalli. Bowels - koonakuUi. Thirsty - moorrelli. Excrement - - koodna. Eat - - taindri. War-spear - - winara. Sleep - - mookapiari. Reed-spear - - Drink - - tupendri. Wommera - - munkoorara. Walk- - - towindri. Shield- - - narateta See - - wowindri. Tomahawk - - Sit - - ninindri. Canoe - _ Sun - - kooti. Yesterday - - kulkunni. Moon - - pirra. To-day - kiari. Star - - koolipoolya. To-morrow - - mumatunka. Light - - karumha. Where are the kerna ilakarri ? Dark - - murri. Blacks ? Cold - - poondrali. I don't know - ha koo. Heat - - mukkalla. Plenty - mulkirri. Day - - karumba. Big - - ■• puma. Night - - murri. Little - - poolya. Fire - - mukka. Dead - - nari. Water - apa. By-and-by - - minni. Smoke - toopoo. Come on - kaparow. Ground - pudla. Wmd - - tiarri. Milk - - Rain - - unjara. Eaglehawk - - God - . Wild turkey - Ghosts Wife - - 30 THE AUSTRALIAN EACE : No. 49.— COOPER'S CREEK, IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD WHERE BURKE AND WILLS DIED. By Alfred Howitt, Esq., P.M. Kangaroo - tchukuro. Hand - - mirra. Opossum 2 Blacks - - mandra kurna. Tame dog - kintalla. 3 Blacks - - barcolo kurna. Wild dog - One - - coono. Emu - warrawatty. Two - - mandro. Black duck - tarralko. Wood duck - Three - - barcolo. Pelican tampangra. Four ■ - - mandro-mandro Laughing jackass Father - Native companion bouralko. Mother - White cockatoo - Sister-Elder . Crow - ,, Younger Swan - cotee. Brother-Elder _ Egg - - - Track of a foot - capee. palto. ,, Younger Fish - paroo. A young man - carra-wallee, Lobster coopa. Crayfish An old man - pinnaroo. Mosquito - An old woman - Ply - A baby - Snake - tuohu. A White man - pirri-wirri. The Blacks - kurna. Children - . A Blaokfellow kurna. Head - _- A Black woman - noa. Eye - - milkee. Nose - Ear - . COOPER'S CREEK. 31 No. 49. — Cooper's Greek — continued. Mouth - Boomerang - - Teeth - - Hill - - Hair of the head - Wood - - pattara. Beard - - Stone - - murda. Thunder Camp - - gnoura (ngoora?) Grass - - Yes - - - aho. Tongue - No - - watta. Stomach . Breasts . I - gnannee, gnatto Thigh - . You - - yennee. Foot - - tinna. Bark - - Bone - . Good - - gnomo. Blood - - Bad - - malinkee. Skin - Sweet - - ngomo. Fat - - Food - - mowalley. Bowels - Hungry - minalley. Excrement - - Thirsty - War-spear - - Eat - - tyena. Reed-spear - Sleep - ngourana. Throwing-stick Shield - - Drink - tappena. Walk - balkala, taykana. Tomahawk - - bomaiko. See - - milkelee. Canoe - - (none). Sun - ■ deekee. Sit - - ningeea. Moon - - peera. Yesterday - - Star - - peera warka- To-day - warka. To-morrow - - tanko-burna. Light - - Where are uhe kurna woordary? Dark - - Blacks? Cold - - puldralee. I don't know - Heat - - Plenty - Day - - deekee. Big - - - pinna. Night - - Little - - warka-warka. Fire - - tooroo. Dead - - nandrena. Water - appa. By-and-by - - minny-miniiy. Smoke - toopoo. Ground - mitta. Come on ■ - ooperow. Wind- _ Milk - - Rain - - tallera. Baglehawk - - God - - Wild turkey - Ghosts - Wife - - 32 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 50.— COOPER'S CREEK, NEAR THE BOOLOO RIVER. Bt a. F. Sullivan, Esq., and Ernest Eolinton, Esq. Kangaroo - thaldara. Hand - murra. Opossum - murrathurra. 2 Blacks - Tame dog - thit-the. 3 Blacks - Wild dog - One - watohualie. Emu - koolbaree. Two - barcoola. Black duck willunga. Three - barcoola ther- Wood duck ngowera. watchoo. Pelican Four - barcoola tra bar- Laughing jackass coola. Native companion koonthurra. Father umacher. White cockatoo thirindhella. Mother ummaldja. Crow - worgaritchee. Sister-Elder kurrunni. Swan - kootooroo. ,, Younger koorkane. Egg - - - kupiuya. Brother-Elder koortchie. Track of a foot thinna. , , Younger karkuudi. Fish - - kooa. A young man buloabit-thee. Lobster thandoola. An old man kurroo. Crayfish An old woman bootchoo, minna Mosquito - eurie. A baby warniwah. Fly - mooginger. A White man ■ birrie. Snake - ngoothe. Children warrawarra min The Blacks - kurna. gee. A Blackfellow - kurna. Head - kooka. A Black woman - walga. Eye - bootharoo. Nose - - - moola. Ear - ngurramunda. COOPER'S CREEK. 33 No. 50. — Cooper's Ckeek, neae, the Booloo Eivbe — continued. Mouth - thiga, thaia. Boomerang - - Teeth - dthiga. Hill - , Hair of the head ■ konkooroo. Wood - - muckoora. Beard - - unkooroonka. Thunder - - malloo. Stone - yundera. Grass - koola. Camp - - ngoora. Tongue - thulgunya. Yes - - kow. Stomach - i-e-mulla. No - - - walya. Breasts - umma. I - ngoocha. Thigh - thoorka. You - ■- ■• unnee. Foot - thinna. Bark - - wombo. Bone - - moko. Blood - - mundalga. Good - - thallie. Skin - • nuncheenia. Bad - - mepa. Fat - - murnee. Sweet - - Bowels - goonabulga- Pood - - thalthurra. bulga. Hungry - unga. Excrement - - koona. Thirsty - ungegula. War-spear - - yungoo. Eat - - thalthagurra Reed-spear - Wommera or " Sleep - walgurra. throwing-stick Drink - ungegula. Shield- - bur-o-goo. Walk - - yanthegurra. Tomahawk - . See - - yaddegurra. Canoe - - ngumboo. Sit - - koolagurra. Sun - - milla. Yesterday - - neela. Moon - - mirriekurinya. To-day - puUa. Star - - titchee. To-morrow - - wekuUa. Light - - bitthemurra- Where are the gurra. Blacks ? Dark - Cold - - ngowoo. •* thillaba. I don't know - walya. Heat - - yowoora. Plenty - marrkoo. Day - - weka. " Big - - - thoondoo. Night - - nala. Little - - whyewa. Fire - - wee. Dead - - palloogurra. Water - ugukka. By-and-by - - thoona. Smoke - thopo. Come on - kowatha. Ground - thukka. Wind- - yalla. Milk - - Rain - - peeter. Eaglehawk - God - - Wild turkey - Ghosts - Wife - - VOL. II. ( -1 34 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE; No. 51.— NOCKATOONGA, WILSON RIVER. By T. W. Foott, Esq. Kangaroo - thuldra. Hand - munbroo. Opossum murrathurra. 2 Blacks - Tame dog - thithe. 3 Blacks - Wild dog - One - witeyooally. Emu" - koolpurri. Two - barkoola. Black duck - Wood duck Pelican nowirra. kooraburra. Three - Four - wunnoo. Laughing jackass (none). Father nundetya. Native companion goonthurra. Mother umdetya. White cockatoo ■ Sister-Elder thurrengera. Crow - Swan - Egg - - Track of a foot Fish ■ wawkaretche. thurragoora. kuppy. thinna. gooia. „ Younger Brother-Elder Younger A young man kurwidge. kumgoo. Lobster An old man kurroo. Crayfish thinta. An old woman wuUganooga. Mosquito - noonaruUy. A baby wurriwa. Fly - mokinga. A White m.au Snake The Blacks - A Blackfellow moona. noo-ga. Children - Head - - mootha. - thumkoora. A Black woman wuUga. Eye - - boolderoo. Nose - moolya. Ear - - nurramunda. NOCKATOONGA, WILSON RIVER. 35 No. 51. — NoCKATOONOA, WiLSON RivEB — contimied. Mouth - tia. Boomerang - - Teeth - - neelumburra. Hill - - Hair of the head - kumkoora. Wood - - mukoora. Beard - - unkoora. Stone - - yandra. Thunder - muUoo. Camp - - noora. Grass - ■ goola. Yes - - maia. Tongue - thuUunya. No - - yow. Stomach - naiamuUa. I- Breasts - numma. You - - Thigh - - bilgurra. Bark - - kooly. Foot - - thinna. Good - - muUinye. Bone ■ - munka. Bad - - toonka. Blood - - pundulya. Sweet - . Skin - - boontyoo. Food - - tulta. Fat - Bowels Excrement - - mumi. Hungry Thirsty - goouga. - nukka linya (water want) War-spear - - muUyoo. Eat - ■ - - thultola. Reed-spear - - (not used). Sleep - - woggo-gilla. Wommera - - (not used). Drink - - Shield - - boorgoo. Walk - - yantharilla. Tomahawk - - kootya. See - - thundolo. Canoe - - (not used). Sit - - koolo-gilla. Sun - - yow-wirra. Yesterday - - Moon - - merbirinye. To-day - Star - - ditye. To-morrow - - Light - - weeka. Where are the Dark - - nowa. Blacks ? Cold - - thalluba. I don't know - Heat - - yow-wirra. Plenty- - noo-ga. Day - - puUa. Big - - noo-ga. Night - - wawgurra. Little - - rhunyam. Fire - Water - Smoke Ground Wind - Rain - - wee. - nukka. - thoopoo. - thukka. Dead - By-and-by - Come on Milk - Eaglehawk - - pooloowuUa. - mulpurra. God - . Wild turkey - Ghosts - Wife - - C2 36 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 52.— THARGOMINDA, BULLOO EIVER. By p. W. Mtles, Esq., P.M. Foe my information concerning the Wonkomarra tribe, which inhabits the Bulloo within a radius of twenty miles around Thargominda, I am indebted to the kindness of Frederic W. Myles, Esq., P.M. The names of the tribes which adjoin the Wonkomarra are, to the south, the Poid- gerry (on the Currowinya Downs station) and the Bitharra (on the Bulloo Downs station); to the west, the Thiralla (on the Nockatoongo station) and Bromarra (on the Con- bar station) ; to the north, the Bunthomarra (on the Mount Margaret station) and the Murgoin (on the Ardock station) ; and on the east by the same tribe (on the Dyne- vor station). How many the Wonkomarra tribe numbered when the Whites took possession of their country is not known, but in 1883 ninety of them were still alive, nine being children, and the females more numerous than the males, both of which facts point to a very considerable decrease in numbers. Their country was first occupied by the Whites in 1863 or thereabouts. At that time opossum- rugs were not much in use in the tribe. Their ornaments were reed necklaces, shells, and feathers, the women wearing at the corroboree a fringe of string from waist to mid-thigh. When menstruating, the women paint the body with red ochre, and persons in mourning with mud or pipe-clay. Their tomahawks, before they obtained iron ones from the Whites, THARaOMINDA, BULLOO RIVER. 37 were of green stone, as large as an American axe, the sides rather roughly chipped, and the edges ground smooth. Their knives, as usual, were bits of flint gummed on to wooden handles; weapons were of the common sorts; their spears thrown by hand and not with the wommera; and their toy boomerangs returned to the thrower. Their food, as usual, comprised whatever living things and edible roots their country produces and also seeds. In cookery, they grilled on the fire; they also baked their food in ovens, or holes dug in the ground for the purpose, at whatever place they might chance to encamp, and not, as in the south, at particular places, so that the ash-heaps found in Victoria, and commonly called ovens (and by one writer myrnong heaps), are not found in their country. Eestrictions with respect to the use of certain sorts of food by females and youths were in force. Small-pox, which devastated the Australian tribes from 1789 to 1840, did not reach the BuUoo. With the object of preventing consanguineous marriages, the Wonkomarra tribe is divided into several classes, each called after some animal, as emu, snake, opossum, &c. In or out of the tribe (for the neighbouring tribes had similar organizations) a male of the snake class, for instance, could only marry a female of the emu 6lass, and so on. Before the coming of the Whites, any infraction of this law was visited with death; but in this tribe, as in all others, aboriginal laws have given way before our civilization. Mr. Myles thinks the women gave birth, on an average, to about eight children each. Infanticide is a practice of old- standing. Scrofulous swellings of the neck are common, and . consumption the prevailing disease. The males have the usual ornamental scars on the forearm, chest, and thighs ; the females on the thighs and upper part of the stomach. The septum of the nose is perforated in both sexes, and the females have two front teeth knocked out. In performing this operation, a stone is held inside the mouth in contact with the teeth which are to be removed ; against them, on 38 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: the outside of the gums, is placed the aboriginal chisel, which is smartly struck with a heavy bit of wood or stone, and by this means the teeth are punched out. A fire-stick is then applied to the bleeding gums to remove the pain or stop the bleeding. Some only of the males are circumcised. Pitcheree is in use, being obtained by barter from the Cooper's Creek tribes. This weed, which my informant says has much the same effects as opium on a Chinaman, is prepared by chewing and then mixing with wood-ashes and the leaf of some plant of which he does not know the name ; it is then baked in the hot embers of the fire, after which it is ready for use. The first chewing was a part of the process of preparation ; it is now chewed for pleasure, like tobacco. A man at the camp masticates a quid, and after a time passes it to his neighbour, who does the same, and so it goes round the party. In this tribe, I am informed, the women bury the dead, an instance of the fact that, amidst the sameness of Australian manners, there is no tribe without some little novelty. The most common causes of war are steal- ing women and hunting on the territory of a neighbouring tribe. Before the fighting men set out to avenge an injury of any sort, a herald is despatched to the enemy to declare war, and his life is held sacred. The members of the tribe salute each other on meeting after an absence hy throwing their hands up to their heads. No form of government exists, but in matters of importance the old men are always consulted. One old female, whom the Blacks, when speaking English, call doctor, has great influence. With this tribe some difficulty is . found in getting persons to tell their native names. The following, however, have been obtained: — Men: Mipbungithe, Pialli, Cobongooe, Bobitje, Burbinni, and Bathine. Women: Coo- lethe, Barkaunta, Bingeranta, Nanbaranga, Etheranga. Boys: Beuranga, son of Etheranga; Undaranga, son of Nanberanga. Qirls: Billethe, Mara; and Wingo, daughter of Pialli. THARGOMINDA, BULLOO RIVER. 39 It is important to notice that this language is related to those of Cooper's Creek, Umbertana, Beltana, Port Lincoln, and others to the south-west, whilst the tribes immediately to the eastward- of the Wonkomarra speak languages akin to those in use to the north-east. A com- parison of the Upper BuUoo equivalents for a Black, yes, kangaroo, emu, egg, hair, &c., with those of Cooper's Creek and the other places named will make this relation- ship clear, the agreement of the equivalents of a Black and yes being strong evidence on this point. The practice the BuUoo tribes have of chewing pitckeree is another evidence of the relationship in question. On these cir- cumstances I lay particular stress, as they go to show the correctness of the map on which the routes taken by the several sections into which the race split as it spread itself over the continent are indicated. The reader will notice in the vocabulary the affinities between the words tongue, eat, and drink, a not uncommon occurrence in our languages, and may find himself led by them to some considerations in connection with savage prehistoric speech generally. The female with tribal influence amongst the Wonkomarra is an exceptional feature in aboriginal manners. Besides the common vocabulary, Mr. Myles gives the following additional words : — Ribs - - monka. Near at hand - wena. Side - , - - warriba. I think so - - na-berri. Elbow - - thurte. Yam-stick - - marie. Lightning - Sky - - Go quickly - Come quickly - Stop - - bitha-bitha. - i-yerra. - yerrangurra. - yannaera. - nina-yatho. Cloud - Mist - Husband - Angry Jealous Strong - thiringera. - gunmo. - nupa. - malu. - como, keranetha - mirtimberri. Young woman - maie. That will do - nore. Dirty fellow - dooka-bitte. Flour - - bullowarra. Stinking - dunka. Bread - - mano. A long way off - camparre. Comet - gunke. 40 THE AUSTRALIAN RAGE: No. 52.— THARGOMINDA, BULLOO RIVER. Kangaroo - - kuUa. Hand - - mara. Opossum - gurrigen. 2 Blacks - - Tame dog - - mari. 3 Blacks - - Wild dog - - mari. One - - tharranya. Emu - - koolberri. Two - - barcoola. Black duok- - urle. Three - ■ - - barcoola go Wood duck - bitta-bitta. warra. Pelican - kaubungarra. Four - - barcoola-bar- Laughing jackass (none). coola. Native companion (none). Father - wanyu. White cockatoo - derringerri. Mother - unu. Crow - - wathakur. Sister-Elder - yaggoarre. Swan - - ,, Younger - gunyarre. Egg - - - kuppe. Brother-Elder - bommo. Track of a foot - yappara. „ Younge r gongoogo. Fish - - - guia. A young man - oolyarra. Lobster - An old man - korroo. Crayfish - buggilla. An old woman - budtha mepa. Mosquito - - yoori. A baby - mitha burlu (i.e., Fly - - mogundhoo. little one). Snake - - yethe, moona. A White man - doona(see ghost) The Blacks - - waruo, ura. Children - - mutba. A Blackfellow - ura, kunga. Head - - bunda. A Black woman - wethetha. Eye - - mongoora. Nose - - minke. Ear - - bina. THARGOMINDA, BULLOO RIVER 41 No. 52.— Thabgomikda, Bulloo River— coniimiterf. Mouth - thia. Teeth - - tiaa. Hair of the head - konkoora. Beard - - nankoora. Thunder - - mlndarro. Grass ■• - gootho. Tongue - therlia. Stomach - - na-e-mil-la. Breasts - nama. Thigh - - thara. Foot - - dinna. Bone - - monka. Blood - - gomia. Skin - - oolia Off yoolia. Fat - - monne. Bowels - warria. Excrement - - oono. War-spear - - yongo. Reed -spear - - (none). Throwing-stick - (none). Shield - - burrigo. Tomahawk - - gudga. Canoe - - (none). Sun - - thurnwia. Moon - - mirkerinia. Star - - teke. Light - - bitta (muna?) Dark - - birta. Cold - - terria. Heat - - boia. Day - - muma. Night - - birta. Fire - - wee. Water - napa. Smoke - bobatho. Ground - docka^ Wind- - Rain - - yama. God - - pedongaloo. Ghosts - doona. Boomerang ■ Hill - Wood - Stone - Camp - Yes - No - I You Bark Good Bad Sweet - Food Hungry Thirsty Eat - Sleep - Drink - Walk - See - Sit - Yesterday - To-day To-morrow - Where are Blacks? I don't know Plenty Big - - Little - Dead - By-and-by ■ Come on Milk - Baglehawk - Wild turkey Wife - the wanna, bompa (sand). nora. thurloo. kow. yow. atho. yundo. birrea, toombo. oloberri. winne-winne. ■ monne gubba. ■ birajanna. ' napa thala altha. • thale. • annetho(?) - thale. - aunetho(?) - nantharriga. - yennana. - nelia. - konye. - birtarra. ye ninka ura wamo ? ni yea allit nanka. wamo. koba. mitta burlo. daukeyan. boUee. kommera, ko- mitha. new-wera. 42 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 53.— LOWER BULLOO RIVBR. By a. F. Sullivan, Esq. Kangaroo - - koola. Hand - - murra. Opossum - koorakunnia. 2 Blacks - - barkoola ngooara Tame dog - - mirre. 3 Blacks - - Wild dog - - One - - warra. Emu - koolbarree. Two - - barkoola. Black duck - willunga. Three - - barkoola ma Wood duck - koonare. Pelican - - kowbernuggera. Laughing jackass Four - warra. - barkoola ma Native companion koonthurra. White cockatoo - thirindthela. Father UaiLiS.\3\}Lcbt - urni. Crow - worga. Mother - ummadi. Swan - - kootooroo. Sister-Elder - kurrangi. Egg - - - kuppo. „ Younger - Track of a foot - chinna. Brother-Elder - karkoori. Fish - - kooya. „ Younger Lobster - A young man - bulkabUthi. Crayfish - boogali. An old man - kurookuroo. Mosquito - - oonawalli. An old woman - bootchoo. Fly - ~ - moogingoo. A baby - kidtha. Snake - - yelohi. A White man - birri-birri. The Blacks - ngoorra. Children - gidthuga. A Blackfellow - tharinya. Head - - boontha. A Black woman - wilthetha. Eye - - mungaroo(?) Nose - - minchi. Ear - - pinna. LOWER BULLOO RIVER. 43 No. 53. — LowEB BuLLOO RiVEB — continued. Mouth - thiga. Boomerang - - Teeth - - tiga. Hill - - Hair of the head - koonkooroo. Wood - - wagga. Beard - - unkooroo. Stone - - yernda. Thunder ■■ - girriwarra. Camp - - thalloo. Graas - - kuudha. Yes - - kow. Tongue - thuUa. No - - yowoo. Stomach - i-e-muUa. I - witchi. Breasts - umma. You - - Thigh - thurra. Bark - - bindara. Foot - - thinna. Good - - ooloo. Bone - - munka. Bad - - wiTime. Blood - - kooma. Sweet - - Skin - - but-tha. Food - - thuUinna. Fat - Bowels - murni. - goonabulga. Hungry Thirsty - unga. - thirtima. Excrement - War-spear - - oonoo. - murli. Eat - Sleep - - thuUigurra. - oonana. Reed-spear - Throwing-stick Shield Tomahawk - - googarra. - kootcha. Drink - Walk - See - - thirtima. - unnegarra. - yundergurra. Canoe - - boorlee. Sit - - yinnagurra. Sun - - thunoo. Yesterday - - ueela. Moon - - mirri-kurringa. To-day - kunye. Star - - titchi. To-morrow - - piltowera. Light - - bithangurrigurri. Where are the thunbooroo Dark - Cold - Heat - Day - Night - Fire - - bithan. - markooroo. - bo-i-ga. - weka. - nala. - wee. Blacks ? I don't know Plenty Big - Little - ngoorra? - yowoo. - marroo. - gi-joba. - mitchewarroo Water - nguppa. Dead - - thanchegurra. Smoke - thooraka. By-and-by - - barloo. Ground - thukka. Come on - kowi. Wind - koogathinne. Milk - - Rain - - yanna. Eaglehawk - - God - - - Wild turkey - Ghosts - Wife - - - 44 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 54.— A TEIBE TO THE EAST OF STEZELECKI'S CREEK. The words wMch I have received from this locality, at which the boundaries of Queensland, New South Wales, and South Australia come into contact, are so few as not to be worth transcribing. The first of them is Chookaroo = kanga- roo, and they show generally an affinity with the languages of Cooper's Creek. No. 55.— FROM MOUNT FREELING TO PIRIGUNDI LAKE. By Me. Samuel Gason. The following account of the Dieyerie tribe was published in 1874 by Mr. Samuel Gason, who has kindly allowed me to republish it. Mr. Gason spent over nine years in the country of the Dieyerie, and his monograph of that tribe seems to me to stand alone in excellence amongst accounts of the sort, if we except the late George Taplin's account of the Narrinyeri tribe. Mr. Gason's pamphlet is, omitting the preface, &c., as follows: — THE DIEYERIE TRIBE OP AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINES. PAET I. The Tribe; Country; Neighbours; Good and Evil Quali- ties; Low of Bartering; Food; Dogs; Traditions of the Creation, and of the Sun; Subdivision into Families. The Dieyerie tribe numbers about 230; the four neigh- bouring tribes — the Yandrawontha, Yarrawaurka, Auminie, and Wongkaooroo, about 800— in all about 1,030. MOUNT ^REELING TO PIRIGUNDI LAKE. 45 Their country is about 630 railes north of Adelaide, the capital of the Province of South Australia, and is bounded at the most southerly point by Mount Freeling, at the most northerly point by Pirigundi Lake (on the Cooper Eiver), at the most easterly point by Lake Hope, and at the most westerly point at a part yet unnamed, but about eighty miles from Lake Hope. This country is traversed by Cooper's Creek — there only a chain of lakes without any defined channel. Their language is understood by the four neighbouring tribes, with whom they keep up ostensibly a friendly inter- course, inviting and being invited to attend each other's festivals, and mutually bartering, but in secret they enter- tain a most deadly enmity to each other, although at the same time believing that they came from a parent stock, and even intermarrying. A more treacherous race I do not believe exists. They imbibe treachery in infancy, and practice it until death, and have no sense of wrong in it. Gratitude is to them an unknown c[ua,lity. No matter how kind or, generous you are to them, you cannot assure yourself of their affection. Even amongst themselves, for a mere trifle, they would take the life of their dearest friend, and consequently are in constant dread of each other, while their enmity to the White man is only kept in abeyance by fear. They will smile and laugh in your face, and the next moment, if opportunity offers, kiU you without remorse. Kindness they construe into fear; and, had it not been for the determination and firmness of the early settlers, they would never have been allowed to occupy the country. The tribe is numerous, and if they knew (and it is feared they will eventually learn) their own power the present White inhabitants could not keep them down, or for one day retain their possessions. They seem to take a delight in lying, especially if they think it will please you. Should you ask them any ques- tion, be prepared for a falsehood as a matter of course. 46 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: They not only lie to the White man, but to each other, and do not appear to see any wrong in it. Notwithstanding, however, what has been said of their treachery, and however paradoxical it may appear, they possess in an eminent degree the three great virtues of hospitality, reverence to old age, and love for their children and parents. Should any stranger arrive at their camp, food is im- mediately set before him. The children are never beaten, and should any woman violate this law she is in turn beaten by her husband. Notwithstanding this tenderness for their remaining off- spring, about thirty per cent, are murdered by their mothers at their birth, simply for the reasons — firstly, that many of them marrying very young their firstborn is considered immature and not worth preserving; and secondly, because they do not wish to be at the trouble of rearing them, especially if weakly. Indeed, all sickly or deformed chil- dren are made away with in fear of their becoming a burthen to the tribe. The children so destroyed are generally smothered in sand, or have their brains dashed out by some weapon; the men never interfering, or any of either sex regarding infanticide as crime. Hardly an old woman, if questioned, but will admit of having disposed in this manner of from two to four of her offspring. Their whole life is spent in bartering; they rarely retain any article for long. The articles received by them in exchange one day are bartered away the next, whether at a profit or loss. Should any one of them, more shrewd than another, profit on one occasion by this traffic, he is sure immediately after to sacrifice his advantage, and the majority of their quarrels are caused by bartering or refusing to barter. Their food is principally vegetable, animals being very scarce, if we except rats and their species, and snakes and other reptiles, of which there is an unlimited number. MOUNT FREELING TO PIRIGtFNDI LAKE. 47 There are no kangaroo, and very few emu, the latter of which is their favorite food; and occasionally, in very hot weather, they secure one by running it down. In a dry season they mainly subsist on ardoo, but in a good season with plenty of rain they have an ample supply of seeds, which they grind or pound, make into small loaves, and bake in the ashes. They gather also then plenty of plants, herbs, and roots, a description of which, with their native names, appears in another place. Their dogs, of which every camp has from six to twenty, are generally a mangy lot, but the natives are very fond of them, and take as much care of them as if they were human. If a White man wants to offend the native, let him beat his dog. I have seen women crying over a dog, when bitten by snakes, as if over their own children. The Dieyerie would as soon think of killing themselves as their dogs, which are of great service to them, assisting them to find snakes, rats, &c. Animal food being very scanty, the natives subsist chiefly on vegetable matter, so that, eating the flesh of any animal they may procure, the dog, notwithstanding its services and their affection for it, fares very badly, receiving nothing but the bones. Hence the dog is always in very low condition, and, consequently, peculiarly subject to the diseases that affect the canine' race. Their Tkaditions. — The Cebation. In the beginning, say the Dieyerie, the Mooramoora (Good Spirit) made a number of small black lizards (these are still to be met with under dry bark), and being pleased with them he promised they should have power over all other creeping things. The Mooramoora then divided their feet ' into toes and fingers, and placing his forefinger on the centre of the face created a nose, and so in like manner afterwards eyes, mouth, and ears. The Spirit then placed one of them in a standing position, which it could not, however, retain, whereupon the 48 THE AtrSTBALIAK RACE: Deity cut off the tail, and the lizard walked erect. They were then made male and female, so as to perpetuate the race, and leave a tribe to dispute their ancestry with Darwin's monkeys. Men, women, or children do not vary in the slightest degree in this account of their creation. Creation of the Sun. Their traditions suppose that man and all other beings were created by the moon at the bidding of the Mooramoora. Finding the emu pleasant to the sight, and judging it to be eatable (but unable, owing to its swiftness, to catch it during the cold that then prevailed), the Mooramoora was appealed to to cast some heat on the earth so as to enable them to run down the desired bird. The Mooramoora, complying with their request, bade them perform certain ceremonies (yet observed, but too obscene to be described), and then created the sun. MuEDOO. — (Subdivision of Tribe into Families.) Murdoo means taste; but in its primary and larger simplification implies family, founded on the following tradition: — After the creation, as previously related, fathers, mothers, sisters, brothers, and others of the closest kin intermarried promiscuously, until the evil effects of these alliances becom- ing manifest, a council of the chiefs was assembled to con- sider in what way they might be averted, the result of their deKberations being a petition to the Mooramoora, in answer to which he ordered that the tribe should be divided into branches, and distinguished one from the other by different names, after objects animate and inanimate, such as dogs, mice, emu, rain, iguana, and so forth, the members of any such branch not to intermarry, but with permission for one branch to mingle with another. Thus the son of a dog might not marry the daughter of a dog, but either might MOUNT FREELING TO PIRIGUNDI LAKE. 49 form an alliance with a mouse, an emu, a rat, or other family. This custom is still observed, and the first question asked of a stranger is "What Murdoo?" namely, of what family are you. PART II. Councils; Treaty ; Mode of Reception; Armed Party; Lams. Ceremonies — Hole in the Nose; Extraction of Teeth; Circumcision; To Procure Harvest; To Invoke Peace; Operation of Koolpie ; Funeral Rites; Death Spell; Making of Rain ; Making Wild Fowl lay Eggs ; Making Iguanas ; Superstition about Trees and Iguanas; Remedy for Accidents ; Expedition for Red Ochre; Diseases and Doctor; Cure for Wounds. Councils. Should any matter of moment have to be considered — such as removing the camps, making of rain, marrying, circum- cision, or what not — one of the old men moots the subject late at night, before the camp retires to rest. At dawn of the succeeding day, each question as proposed by the old man is answered at once, or, should they wait until he has finished, three or four speak together ; with this exception, there being no interruptions, and stillness prevailing in the camp. At first they speak slowly and quietly, each sentence in its delivery occupying three or four minutes, but generally become excited before the conclusion of their speeches. Treaty. Should there be any misunderstanding between two tribes, the women are sent to the other as ambassadors to arrange the dispute, which they invariably succeed in doing, when women from the other return the visit to- testify their approval of the treaty arrived at. 50 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: The reason women are appointed in this capacity is that they are free from clanger, while, should the men go, their lives would be in peril. Mode of Reception. A native of influence, on arriving at one of the camps of his own tribe, is usually received in the following manner: — On approaching the camp, the inmates close in with raised arms, as in defence ; upon this, the person of note rushes at them, making a faint blow as if to strike them, they warding it off with their shields; immediately after they embrace him and lead him into the camp, where the women shortly bring him food. Should any female relatives to him be present they cry with joy. If he visits a neighbouring tribe he is received in the same manner as by his own. A native of no influence or note, on returning after con- siderable absence, takes his seat near the camp without passing any remark. After remaining a few minutes as if dumb, the old men close round him, ask where he came from, and what befel him, when he tells them plenty of news, not forgetting to embellish. Then two old men stand up, one retailing it, and the other repeating the sentences in an excited manner. Upon this, as on all other occasions, the new comer is hospitably received, plenty to eat being furnished him. PiNYA. — (Armed Party.) The armed band, entrusted with the office of executing offenders (elsewhere referred to), is entitled Pinya, and appointed as follows : — A council is called of all the old men of the tribe: the chief — a native of influence — selecting the men for the Pinya, and directing when to proceed on their sanguinary mission. MOUNT PREELING TO MRIGUNDI LAKE. 51 The night prior to starting, the men composing the Pinya, at about seven p.m., move out of the camp to a distance of about three hundred yards, where they sit in a circle, sticking their spears in the ground near them; The women form an outer circle round the men, a number of them bearing fire-sticks in their hands. The chief opens the council by asking who caused the death of their friend or relative, in reply to which the others name several natives of their own or neighbouring tribes, each attaching the crime to his bitterest enemy. The chief, perceiving whom the majority would have killed, calls out his name in a loud voice, when each man grasps his spear. The women who have fire-sticks lay them in a row, and, while so placing them, call out the name of some native, till one of them calls that of the man previously con- demned, when all the men simultaneously spear the fire-stick of the woman who has named the condemned. Then the leader takes hold of the fire-stick, and, after one of the old men has made a hole a few inches deep in the ground with his hand, places the fire-stick in it, and covers it up, all declaring that they will slay the condemned, and see him buried like that stick. After going through some practices, too beastly to narrate, the women return to the camp. The following morning, at sunrise, the Pinya attire them- selves in a plaited band painted white (charpoo), and pro- ceed on their journey until within a day's stage of the place where they suppose the man they seek will be found, and remain there during the day in fear they may be observed by some straggling native. At sunset they renew their journey until within a quarter of a mile of their intended victim's camp, when two men are sent out as spies to the camp to ascertain if he is there, and, if possible, where he sleeps. After staying there about two hours, they report what they have seen and heard. 52 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: Tke next thing done is the smearing of the Pinya with white clay, so as to distinguish them from the enemy, in case any of the latter should endeavour to escape. They then march towards the camp at a time when they think the inmates are asleep, from about midnight to two a.m. ; and, when within one hundred yards of it, divide into two parties, one going round on one side of the camp and the second round on the other — forming a complete circle to hinder escape. The dogs begin to bark, and the women to whimper, not daring to cry aloud for fear of the Pinya, who, as they invest the camp, make a very melancholy grunting noise. Then one or two walk up to the accused, telling him to come out and they will protect him, which he, aware of the custom, does not believe, yet he obeys, as he is powerless to resist. In the meanwhile, boughs are distributed by the Pinya to all the men, women, and children, wherewith to make a noise in shaking, so that friends and relatives of the con- demned may not hear his groans while he is being executed. The Pinya then kill the victim by spearing him and striking him with the two-handed weapon, avoiding to strike him below the hips, as they believe, were they to injure the legs, they would be unable to return home. The murder being consummated, they wait for daylight, when the young men of the Pinya are ordered to lie down. The old men then wash their weapons, and, getting all the gore and flesh adhering to them off, mix it with some water ; this agreeable draught being carried round by an old man, who bestows a little upon each young man to swallow, believing that thereby they will be inspired with courage and strength for any Pinya they may afterwards join. The fat of the murdered man is cut off and wrapped round the weapons of all the old men, which are then covered with feathers. They then make for home. MOUNT PBBELING TO PIRIGUNDI LAKE. 53 Law of Muedee. If two or more men fight, and one of the number should be accidentally killed, he who caused his death must also suffer it. But should the offender have an elder brother, then he must die in his place, or, should he have no elder brother, then his father must be his substitute ; but in case he has no male relative to suffer for him, then he himself must die. He is not allowed to defend himself, nor indeed is he aware of when the sentence may be executed. He knows the law. On some night appointed, an armed party surround and despatch him. Two sticks, each of about six inches in length — one representing the killed, and the other the executed — are then buried, and upon no occasion is the circumstance after- wards referred to. Should a man of influence and well-connected, that is have numerous relatives, die suddenly or after a long illness, the tribe believe that he has been killed by some charm. A secret council is held, and some unhappy innocent is accused and condemned, and dealt with by the Pinya as previously described. Law of Felony, etc. Should any native steal from another, and the offender be known, he is challenged to fight by the person he has robbed, and this settles the matter. Should any native accuse another wrongfully, he is dealt with in the same manner as for stealing. Children are not punished on committing theft, but the father or mother has to fight with the person from whom the property was stolen, and upon no occasion, as stated elsewhere, are the children beaten. MooDLAWiLLPA. — (Holc in the Nose.) This operation is inflicted on the boy or girl at the age of from five to ten years. 54 THE AUSTRALIAN EACE: The father generally proposes to the other denizens of the camp to have his child's nose pierced, and one old man is selected to perform the ceremony, which is usually done at mid-day. A piece of wood, six inches long, from a tree called Cooyamurra (a species of acacia), is pointed at one end sufficiently sharp to pierce the nose, the partition of which the operator takes in his left hand, while he pierces it with the right. A few minutes before, and during the operation, the men and women sing, believing that by singing a great deal of the pain is taken away from the child. The hole being made, a large quill, about a quarter of an inch in diameter, is placed in it to prevent it from closing up, and kept there until the wound is thoroughly healed. The word Moodlawillpa is derived from moodla (nose), and willpa (hole), hence, hole in the nose. Chikeinchirkie. — (Extraction of the Teeth.) From the age of eight to twelve years, the two front teeth of the upper jaw are taken out in the following manner: — Two pieces of the Cooyamurra tree, each about a foot long, are sharpened at one end to a wedge-Hke shape, then placed on either side of the tooth to be extracted, and driven between as tightly as possible. The sMn of a wallaby, in two or three folds, is then placed on the tooth about to be drawn, after which a stout piece of wood, about two feet long, is applied to the wallaby skin, and struck with a heavy stone, two blows of which is sufficient to loosen the tooth, when it is pulled out by the hand. This operation is repeated on the second tooth. As soon as the teeth are drawn, a piece of damp clay is placed on the holes whence they were extracted to stop the bleeding. The boy or girl (for this ceremony is performed indif- ferently on either sex) is forbidden to look at any of the MOUNT FREELING TO PIRIGUNDI LAKE. 55 men whose faces may be turned from them, but may look at those in front of them, as it is thought that should the boy or girl look towards the men while their backs are turned from them the child's mouth would close up, and con- sequently never allow them to eat thereafter. For three days this prohibition is maintained, after which it is removed. The teeth drawn are placed in the centre of a bunch of emu feathers, smeared with fat, and kept for about twelve months, or some length of time, under the belief that if thrown away the eaglehawk would cause larger ones to grow in their place, turn up on the upper lip, and thus cause death. The Dieyerie, on being questioned, can assign no reason for thus disfiguring their children than that when they were created the Mooramoora* knocked out two front teeth of the upper jaw of the first child, and, pleased at the sight, commanded that such should be done to every male or female child for ever after. This ceremony has been witnessed by me on several occasions, and, though it must be very painful, the boy or girl never winces. KuEEAWELLiE "WoNKANNA. — (Oircumcisiou.) As soon as the hair on the boy's face makes its appear- ance, a council of old men, not relatives to the boy, is held, but no warning is given to him or his parents. Everything is kept secret. A woman, also not related to the boy, is then selected, and her duty is to suspend a mussel shell round his neck. Whereupon, some appointed night, just before the camp retires to rest, ordinarily about nine p.m., she watches an opportunity to speak to him, during which she contrives to * Note. — Mooramoora is a Good Spirit, God, or Divine Being; and, although they have no form of religious worship, they speak of the Moora- moora with great reverence. 56 THE AUSTRAUAJSr RACE: cast over tlie boy's liead a piece of twine, to which the shell is attached by a hole drilled at one end. He, knowing the meaning of this by having observed the same thing done to other boys, immediately runs out of the camp. The inhabitants of the camp, upon learning what has happened, directly commence crying and shrieking at the top of their voices. The father and elder brothers at this become excited and quarrelsome, demanding by what right the old men of the camp seized their sons or brothers. However, after about an hour's quarrelling (without fighting), they go to sleep as if nothing had happened. In the meanwhile the boy remains alone, camped by himself, until the following day, when the young men (not relatives) visit him, and take him away to other camps, fifty or sometimes one hundred miles distant, for the purpose of inviting other natives to the intended ceremony. The lad, during the day, keeps aloof from the camps he has been led to; at daybreak, before the camp arises, being away hunting, and at night camped about four hundred yards apart from the other natives. During the boy's absence, his near relatives collect all the hair off the heads of the men, women, and children, till they are thoroughly shorn, spin it, and twist it into a fine thread about the thickness of ordinary twine, in one con- tinuous length, without break, of about five hundred yards. This is made for the purpose of winding round the waist of the lad after circumcision, when it is called Yinka. On the day previous to that appointed for the ceremony, at four p.m., all the old women of the camp are sent in search of the boy, knowing where to find him, for, after proceeding as before described a distance from his relatives, occupying so long as a fortnight, he returns homeward, and prepares the knowledge of his whereabouts by raising smoke twice or thrice each day, which also indicates that he is alive; they then bring him into the camp, when he is directed to stand up for a few minutes until everything is MOUNT FREELESTG TO PIRIGUNDI LAKE. 57 ready. (The natives never can prepare until the very last moment, generally causing mucli confusion wlien tlie time arrives for work.) The father and near relatives walk up to the lad and embrace him, when immediately two or three smart young men rush at the boy, place him on the back of another man, all the men of the camp shouting at their highest pitch thrice. The boy is then taken about one hundred yards away from the women, and covered up in skins, remaining so till daybreak. The father and relatives of the lad now renew their quarrelling with those that ordered the shell to be suspended to the neck of the boy, and a general fight ensues, all able- bodied men joining in the fray, each helping his friend or relative, until by the time the row is ended there are many broken heads and bruised bodies — the women in the mean- while crjring, shouting, screaming, hissing, and making many other hideous sounds, like so many hyenas. Subsequent to the suspension of hostilities, the men keep up an incessant humming noise, or singing (not dancing), and practising most horrible customs, until about four a.m., when the women and children are ordered off to a distance of four hundred yards from the camp, where they remain beating a kind of wooden trough with their hands once every minute (as in civilized communities beUs are tolled for the dead), the men replying to the noise in like manner, untU day dawns, when the beating ceases. Immediately before the boy's circumcision, a young man picks up a handful of sand, and sprinkles it as he runs, round the camp, which is supposed to drive the devil out, keeping only Mooramoora, the Good Spirit, in. As soon as circumcision has taken place, the father stoops over the boy, and, fancying himself inspired by Mooramoora to give him a name other than that he pre- viously had, re-names him, upon which he is taken away by some young men, and kept away for three or four months after, when he returns, virtually a man ; for though only a 58 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: lad in years, he is allowed tlie same privileges as a man in consequence of being circumcised. I have omitted to state that, in' the event of no father living, his next-of-kin stands in place thereof. Decency has compelled me to suppress the worst fea- tures of the ceremony. "WiLLTAKOO.^-(To procure a good Harvest; Supply of Snakes, and other Reptiles.) The next ceremony following circumcision is that now to be described. A young man, without previous warning, is taken out of the camp by the old men, whereon the women set up crying, and so continue for almost half the night. On the succeeding morning, at sunrise, the men (young and old), excepting his father and elder brothers, surround him, directing him to close his eyes. One of the old men then binds another old man round his arm, near the shoulder, with string, pretty tightly, and with a sharp piece of flint lances the main artery of the arm, about an inch above the elbow, causing an instant flow of blood, which is permitted to play on the young man until his whole frame is covered with blood.* As soon as the old man becomes exhausted from loss of blood another is operated on, and so on, two or three others in succession, until the young man becomes quite stiff and sore from the great quantity of blood adhering to his person. The next stage in the ceremony is much worse for the young man. He is told to lay with his face down, when one or two young men ciit him on the neck and shoulders * Note. — The reasons assigned for this barbarous practice are that thereby courage is infused into the young man, and to show him that the sight of blood is nothing; so that should he receive a wound in warfare, he may account it a matter of no moment, but remark, bravely — -That he has previously had blood running all over his body, therefore, why should he feel faint or low-hearted. MOUNT FREELING TO PIRIGUNDI LAKE. 59 with a sharp flint, about a sixteenth of an inch in depth, in from six to twelve places, which incisions create scars, which until death show that he has gone through the Wniyaroo. When tattooed, a piece of wood about nine inches long by two and a half wide and about a sixteenth of an inch thick, with a hole at one end, is attached to a piece of string eight feet or so long, and this is called Yuntha, which he is instructed to twirl when hunting, so the tribe may reap a good harvest of reptiles, snakes, and other game, and every night until his wounds are healed he must come within four hundred yards of the camp (but no nearer), and twirl it so as to acquaint his parents that he is alive, and they may send him some food; and in the meanwhile he must look upon no woman. After perfect recovery, he returns to the camp, when there is great rejoicing over the missing young man. He remains there, however, only for a few days ; when, accompanied by some of the tribe, he is sent away to visit other camps for the purpose of receiving presents, such as a a spear, boomerang, or other native weapon or curiosity. This flying trip is called Yinninda. On the night of his return, these presents he hands over to those who operated on him, and a song, composed during his absence, by a young woman selected for that purpose, is sung by her, the men, women, and children dancing, and this revel is maintained for about two hours. MiNDARiB. — (Festival to invoke Peace.) After enduring the ordeal of the Willyaroo, the next ceremony the young man has to go through is that of the Mindarie, which is held about once in two years, by this as by other neighbouring tribes. When there are sufficient young men in the tribe who have not passed this ceremony, and each tribe being on friendly terms with the others, a council is held, when time and place are appointed in which to hold it — some three 60 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: months after it is determined on— to allow the hair to grow sufficiently long to be dressed in the manner hereafter described, and those young men whose hair, at the termina- tion of this period, is not long enough cannot take part in the ceremony. Women are sent to the neighbouring tribes to invite them to the ceremony, the preparations for which, in build- ing wurleys, &c., occupies from six to seven weeks. Every day witnesses fresh arrivals of men, women, and children; and, as soon as the first native heaves in sight, the Mindarie song is sung, to show the stranger that he is hailed as a friend. At length all having arrived, they wait on the full of the moon, so as to have plenty of light during the ceremony, which commences at sunset. In the meanwhile, at every sunrise, and at intervals during the day, every man- in the camp joins in the Mindarie song. They then proceed to dress the young men who have not gone through the ceremony previously. First of all the hair of their heads is tied with string so that it stands on end. Thippa (the tails of rats), are then fastened to the top of the hair, the ends hanging down over the shoulders. Feathers of the owl and emu are fastened on the forehead and ears. A large yinka (previously de- scribed), is wound round their waist, and in which, near the spine, a bunch of emu feathers is worn, and the face is painted red and black. By the time the young men are dressed the sun has set. All the men, women, and children now begin and continue to shout with the full power of their lungs for about ten minutes. They then separate, the women going a little way from the camp to dance, while the men proceed to a distance of 300 yards; the site selected being a plain, generally of hard ground, which is neatly swept. A little boy, about four years of age, deputed to open the ceremony, is tricked out all over with down from MOUNT FREELING TO PIRIGUNDI LAKE. 61 the swan and duck, bearing a buncli of emu feathers on his head, and having his face painted with red ochre and white clay. He dances into the ring, the young men following him, and they followed by the old men. They dance for about ten minutes, when the little boy stops the dance by running off the dancing ground. All the young men then re-commence, going through many extraordinary evolutions, standing on their toes, then on their heels, then on one leg, shaking their whole frame at a rapid rate, and keeping accurate time, throw- ing their hands in the air simultaneously, and clapping; running one way as fast as they can go, they will suddenly halt, renew the dance with hands and feet both in motion, again run off, perhaps twenty abreast, and at the sound of a certain word, as one man, drop one shoulder, and then the other. Then they throw themselves down on the ground, dance on their knees, again clap their hands, and accompany these postures by shouting and singing throughout the night without ceasing; the whole keeping time as perfectly as a trained orchestra. By sunrise, becoming tired, the ceremony is closed, when they retire to rest, and sleep during the day. The reason of holding this ceremony is to enable all the tribes to assemble and renew peace, by making presents to each other, and amicably settle any disputes that may have arisen since the last Mindarie. The natives are aU. pleased at this observance, and talk of the event for many days after. KOOLPIE. So soon as the hair on the face of a young man is sufficiently grown to admit the ends of the beard being tied, the ceremony of the Koolpie is decided on. A council of old men assemble, fix the site, and appoint a day for the operation, on the morning of which he is 62 THE AUSTEALIAIf RACE: invited out to hunt. The young man not suspecting anything is, at a given signal, seized — one of the party placing his hand on the young man's mouth, while others remove the yinka (elsewhere described) from his body. He is then directed to lie down, when a man is sta-. tioned at each limb, and another kneels on his chest to keep him steady. The operation is then commenced by first laying his penis on a piece of bark, when one of the party, provided with a sharp flint, makes an incision underneath into its passage, from the foreskin to its base. This done, a piece of bark is then placed over the wound, and tied so as to prevent it from closing up. This concludes the operation, and the young man goes away, accompanied by one or two others, and remains away from the camp until such time as the wound is thoroughly healed, when the bark may be removed. Men who have passed through this ceremony are per- mitted to appear in the camp, and before women, without wearing anything to hide their person. Funeral Eites. — CAiwiBALiSM. When a man, woman, or child dies, no matter from what cause, the big toe of each foot are tied together, and the body enveloped in a net. The grave is dug to about three feet, and the body is carried thither on the heads of three or four men, and on arrival is placed on its back for a few minutes. Then three men kneel down near the grave, while some other natives place the body on the heads of the kneehng men. One of the old men (usually the nearest relative) now takes two light rods, each about three feet long (these are called coonya), and holds one in each hand, standing about two yards from the corpse; then beating the coonya together, he questions the corpse, in the belief that it can understand him, inquiring how he died, who was the cause MOUNT FEEELING TO PIEIGUNDI LAKE. 63 of his death, and the name of the man who killed him — as even decease from natural causes they attribute to a charm or spell exercised by some enemy. The men sitting round act as interpreters for the de- funct, and, according as the general opinion obtains, give some fictitious name of a native of another tribe. When the old man stops beating the eoonya, the men and women commence crying, and the body is removed from the heads of the bearers, and lowered into the grave, into which a native (not related to the deceased) steps, and proceeds to cut off all the fat adhering to the musdes of the face, thighs, arms, and stomach, and passes it round to be swallowed. The reason assigned for this horrible practice being that thus the nearest relatives may forget the departed, and not be continually crying. The order in which they partake of their dead relatives is this : — The mother eats of her children. The children eat of their mother. Brothers-in-law and sisters-in-law eat of each other. Uncles, aunts, nephews, nieces, grandchildren, grand- fathers, and grandmothers eat of each other. But the father does not eat of his offspring, or the offspring of the sire. After eating of the dead the men paint themselves with charcoal and fat, marking a black ring round the mouth. This distinguishing mark is called Munamuroomuroo. The women do likewise, besides painting two white stripes on their arms, which marks distinguish those who have par- taken of the late deceased ; the other men smearing them- selves all over with white clay, to testify their grief. The grave is covered in with earth, and a large stack of wood placed over it. The first night after the burial the women dance round the grave, crying and screaming incessantly till sunrise, and so continue for a week or more. 64 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: Should the weather be cold when a native dies, fires are lighted near the grave so that the deceased may warm himself, and often they place food for him to eat. Invariably after a death they shift their camp, and never after speak of, or refer to, the defunct. MooKOOELLiE DucKANA. — (Bone Strike, or Death SpeU.) The words at the head of this chapter are derived from Mookoo {hone) and Duchana {strike), the compound word implying struck by a bone. As no person is supposed, from whatever cause, to die a natural death, but is conjectured to have been killed, either by one of a neighbouring tribe or of his own, men, women, and children are in constant terror of having offended some one who may therefore bear them enmity. Thus, so soon as a native becomes HI, a council is held solely to ascertain who has given him the bone. Should he remain a considerable time without a change, or his malady increase, his wife if he has one, or if he has not the wife of his nearest relative, is ordered to proceed to the person who is supposed to have caused the sickne,ss. She does so, accompanied by her paramour (whose relationship is explained elsewhere), and on arrival immediately makes a few presents to the person suspected of her relative's illness, but makes no accusation against him, contenting herself with simply stating that her relative is fallen HI and is not expected to recover, whereupon he sympathizes with her, and expresses a hope that the invalid will soon be well He knows, however, perfectly well, though not accused, that he is suspected of having caused the malady; and, on the following morning, acquaints the woman that she can return to her relative, as he would draw all power away from the bone by steeping it in water. Accordingly the woman carries back the joyful tidings that she has seen the party who has the bone, and he has promised to take all the power out of it. MOUNT FREELING TO PIBIGUNDI LAKE. 65 Now, should the invalid happen to die, and be a person of any influence, the man who acknowledged to having the bone is murdered on the first opportunity. Men threaten their wives (should they do anything wrong) with the bone, causing such dread in their Arrives that mostly, instead of having a salutary effect, it causes them to hate their husbands. This bone is not an ordinary one, but the small bone of the human leg ; and one of every two of the natives is charged with having one in his possession wherever he may go ; but, in my own experience, I have never seen more than a dozen, and those at one of their ceremonies ; as, for instance, when the whole tribe desire to kill at a distance, say from 50 to 100 miles, some influential man of another tribe, they order several of the old men to despoil the dead, that is, to take the small leg-bones from many skeletons. Of these, the relicts of their own tribe, they take from three to eight, which they wrap in fat and emu feathers ; all the most noted men of the tribe taking them and pointing towards the place where their intended victim is supposed to reside, while doing which they curse the man they desire to kill, naming the death they would wish him. All present are bound to secrecy, and the ceremony lasts about an hour. Should they learn, after a few weeks, that the man they destine to destruction is still alive and hearty, they account for it by supposing that some one of the tribe of the person cursed had stopped the power of the bone. So strongly are men, women, and children convinced of the power of the bone, that no reasoning can shake their belief. I have frequently asked why they did not give a bone to myself or any of the settlers, knowing that they mortally hate all "White men, but they meet this by saying we are too superior in knowledge, so that the bone would have no effect on us. VOL. II. E 66 the australian race: The Making of Rain. This is one of their grandest ceremonies. When there is a drought or dry season, frequent in the Dieyerie country, the natives hare a hard time of it. No fresh herbs, no roots, nothing but ardoo have they to subsist on. The parched earth yielding no grass, the emu, reptiles, &c.., are so poor as to be nearly valueless for food ; it is, therefore, easily perceived that to the natives rain is the supremest blessing. Believing they have the power of producing it, under the inspiration of Mooramoora (the Good Spirit), they proceed as follows : — Women, generally accompanied by their paramours,* are despatched to the various camps to assemble the natives together at a given place. After the tribe is gathered, they dig a hole, about two feet deep, twelve feet long, and from eight to ten feet broad. Over this they build a hut, by placing stiff logs about three feet apart, filling the spaces between with slighter logs, the building being of conical form, as the base of the erection is wider than its apex — then the stakes are covered with boughs. This hut is only sufficiently large to contain the old men; the young ones sit at the entrance or outside. This completed, the women are called to look at the hut, which they approach from the rear, then dividing, some one way and some the other, go round until they reach the entrance — each looking inside, but passing no remark. They then return to their camp, distant about 500 yards. Two men, supposed to have received a special inspiration from the Mooramoora, are selected for lancing, their arms being bound tightly with string near the shoulders to hinder too profuse an effusion of blood. When this is done all the men huddle together, and an old man, generally the most influential of the tribe, takes * Each married -woman is permitted a paramour. MOUNT FREELING TO PIRIGDNDI LAKE.. 67 a sharp flint and bleeds the two men inside the arm below the elbow on one of the leading arteries, the blood being made to flow on the men sitting around, during which the two men throw handsful of down, some of which adheres to the blood, the rest floating in the air. This custom has in it a certain poetry, the blood being supposed to symbolize the rain and the down the clouds. During the preceding acts two large stones are placed in the centre of the hut ; these stones representing gathering clouds, presaging rain. At this period the women are again called to visit the hut and its inmates, but shortly after return to the camp. The main part of the ceremony being now concluded, the men who were bled carry the stones away for about fifteen miles, and place them as high as they can in the largest tree about. In the meanwhile, the men remaining gather gypsum, pound it fine, and throw it into a waterhole. This the Moo- ramoora is supposed to see, and immediately he causes the clouds to appear in the heavens. ■ Should they not show so soon as anticipated, they account for it by saying that the Mooramoora is cross with them; and should there be no rain for weeks or months after the cere- mony they are ready with the usual explanation that some other tribe has stopped their power. The ceremony considered finished, there yet remains one observance to be fulfilled. The men, young and old, encircle the hut, bend their bodies, and charge, like so many rams, with their heads against it, forcing thus an entrance, reap- pearing on the other side, repeating this act, and continuing at it until nought remains of their handiwork but the heavy logs, too solid even for their thick heads to encounter. Their hands and arms must not be used at this stage of the per- formance, but afterwards they employ them by pulling simul- taneously at the bottom of the logs, which thus drawn out- wards causes the top of the hut to fall in, so making it a total wreck. E 2 68 THE AUSTEALIAiSr RACE: The piercing of the hut with their heads symbolizes the piercing of the clouds; the fall of the hut the fall of rain. The Making the Wild-Fowl lay Eggs. After heavy rains, the smaller lakes, lagoons, and swamps are generally filled with fresh water, attracting flocks of wild- fowl ; and the natives go through a horrible ceremony, with- out which they believe the birds would not lay. On a fine day, after the rains, all the able-bodied men sit in a circle, each having a bone from the leg of a kangaroo,* sharpened at one end, when the old men commence singing, and the others pierce their scrotum several times. This must be very painful, yet they show no sense of it. They are generally laid up for two or three weeks, unable to walk. While thus torturing themselves the women are crying. At this ceremony a song is sung, but it is too obscene to be translated here. It is useless to argue with them on the absurdity of this custom; for all answer, they say it is impossible for White men to know their power. The Making of Iguanas. — (Kaupirrie Wima.) Whenever it is a bad season for iguanas (Koppirries), one of the principal articles of their food, some of the natives proceed to make them. The ceremony is not observed by the Dieyerie, but as they are invariably invited and attend, I think it proper to describe it. On a day appointed, they sit in a circle, when the old men take a few bones of the leg of an emu, about nine inches long, and sharpened at both ends. Each old man then sings a song, while doing so piercing his ears, first one and then the other, several times, regardless of the pain, if not insensible to it. * It is said elsewhere that there are no kangaroo in the Dieyerie country, but it must be remembered that in their expeditions for red ochre they travel over the lands of other tribes where the kangaroo can be procured. MOUNT FRBELESTG TO PIRIGUNDI LAKE. 69 I add the song, whicli is not in the Dieyerie dialect, and a translation of it : — THE IGUAl^A SONG. Pa-pa-pa. Kirra-a. Lulpara^na. Mooloo Kurla parcha-ra. Willyoo lana Mathapootana murara Thidua-ra Mindieindie Kurtaworie-worietMea-a. Translation. With a boomerang we gather all the iguanas from the flats and plains, and drive them to the sandholes, then sur- round them, that all the male and female iguanas may come together and increase. Should there be a few more iguanas after the ceremony than before, the natives boast of having produced them, but if they are as scarce as previously they have their customary excuse that some other tribe took away their power. SUPEESTITIONS ON THE IgUANA. The iguana is supposed to be a conductor of lightning, and during a thunderstorm all these reptiles are buried in the sand. And should any native become grey or have much hair on its breast when young, it is supposed to be caused by eating them when children. Superstition on Trees. There are places covered by trees held very sacred, the larger ones being supposed to be the remains of their fathers metamorphosed. The natives never hew them ; and should the settlers require to cut them down, they earnestly protest against it, asserting they would have no luck, and themselves might be punished for not protecting their ancestors. Eemedt foe Accident or Eidichle. Should a child meet with any accident, all its relatives immediately get struck on the head with a stick or boomerang until the blood flows down their faces ; such surgical opera- tion being presumed to ease the child's pain. 70 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: ■ In like manner, should any man or woman, by doing anytMng awkwardly, provoke laughter, he or she requests one of the men or women to hit him or her on the head till the blood trickles down the face, when the person thus relieved commences laughing, and appears to enjoy the joke as keenly as the rest. Indesceibable Customs. That of causing a pleptiful supply of wild dogs, that of creating a plenty of snakes, that of giving strength to young men, and some other customs, are altogether so obscene and disgusting, I must, even at the risk of leaving my subject incomplete, pass over by only thus briefly referring to them. BooKATOO. — (Expedition for Red Ochre.) Every winter, in July or August, a council of all the old men is held, relative to the starting of an expedition for red ochre, to a place called Burratchunna Creek (west of the Blinman township), where there is a large mine of it. Old and young men are selected, a day fixed, and a leader appointed to take command; all being kept secret from the women, in fear they would persuade their husbands not to leave. On the day the party must start, the old men rise with the sun, and grasping their weapons and singing promptly depart without leave taking or farewell to their wives and children. The women, then conscious of the men's intentions, commence screaming, screeching, yelling, hooting, hissing, and making all kinds of hideous and uncouth sounds, calling on their husbands, sons, brothers, and friends to remain, and not to be led into a strange and hostile country ; they, unheeding, proceeding on their way for about five hundred yards, for the purpose of arranging with the old men who are left behind to build wurleys (Bookatoo Oorannie) for the reception of the party when it returns. The site being selected, and instructions given to build MOUNT FREELING TO PIRIGUNDI LAKE. 71 substantial huts, farewell is taken, the expedition singing a rather mournful ditty, encouraging the young lads to keep up their spirits ; and indeed some of them require encouragement, knowing that besides having to travel over three hundred mUes through strange country, many a hungry belly they wiU have before reaching their destina- tion, independent of the load of ochre they will have to carry back. The party travels about twenty miles a day, and on arrival at the mine each member of it digs out his own ochre, mixes it with water, making it into loaves of about 20 lbs weight, which are dried.* Each man carries an average weight of 70 lbs. of ochre, invariably on the head,t and has to procure his own food; the party seldom resting a day while on the journey, which lasts usually from six or eight weeks, until within one day's stage of their camp — the Bookatoo Oorannie. On the return route, they barter with the tribes they pass, giving weapons for old clothes. Leaving for a while the returning party within one stage of the Bookatoo Oorannie, I will state what has been done in their absence by those who had to prepare those wurleys, (which built) a space of about one hundred yards around them is cleared and swept. During these preparations, every morning the women are ordered away to a short distance, and not allowed to return until sunset, and during their absence they collect seed, which is stored against the return of the expedition. The men of the camp keep up a continuous singing during the whole day and night, making, from the native cotton-bush, sugarloaf-shaped bags, about eighteen inches in length, and large enough at the orifice to admit the head; these being intended for the Bookatoo men on their return. * Just after collecting the ochre, having all the hair of their faces plucked out (not cut or burnt off). t The men carry their loads on their heads, 72 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: During the making of the bags the following song is sung, of which herewith I give the original, with a free translation : — Mulka-a-a-a — wora-a-a, Yoong-arra-a-a Oondoo-o-o, Ya PUlie-e-e-e Mulka-a-a-a angienie Kooriekirraf-a;-a-ya-a/-a-ya. Translation. Put colors in the bags, Close it all round, And make the netted bag All the colors of the rainbow. The women are supposed never to have heard this song, which is kept secret from them, and they fear that they would be strangled by the men should they ever overhear it. I now return to the ochre party, who, having for fear of hostile tribes made their way home only resting at night, are now within two hundred yards of the camp prepared for them. They drop on their hands and knees, so as not to awaken its inhabitants, who they desire to take by surprise, which they do when within a few yards distance by loud yelling and clapping their hands, and dancing two or three times round the Bookatoo Oorannie, after which they retire a little way. The men of the camp then rush out to ascertain whether, all of the party have arrived safe — women crying, children screaming, dogs fighting, altogether make up a discord language is unequal to describe. Now the sugarloaf bags are placed on the heads of the adventurers, the women prepare food for them, and dancing is kept up during the whole of the night until sunrise, when the ceremony is over, and until when the women are not allowed to speak to their husbands or relatives. Afterwards, days are spent by the members of the expedition in recounting anecdotes and incidents of their travel. mount prbeling to pirigundi lake. 73 Diseases. Wittcha. — This disease is, I think, the itch. The symptoms are innumerable small pimples all over the body, causing considerable irritation, only to be temporarily allayed by rubbing the parts affected with a sharp instru- ment or stone, the hand alone being insufi&cient to afford relief. It is very contagious, spreading from one person throughout the camp, and is probably caused by general want of cleanliness, and allowing mangy dogs to lie with them. They are subject to this disease once a year. Mirra. — A disease which every native has once in his life, sometimes at three years of age, but mor'e frequently at fourteen or thereabouts. The symptoms are large blind boils under the arms, in the groin, on the breasts or thighs, varying in size from a hen's egg to that of an emu's egg. It endures for months, and in some instances for years, before finally eradicated. During its presence the patient is generally so enfeebled as to be unable to procure food, and, in fact, is totally helpless. It is not contagious, and is, I surmise, peculiar to the natives, whose only remedy is the application of hot ashes to the parts affected. Mooramoora. — Unquestionably small-pox, to which the natives were subject evidently before coming into contact with Europeans, as many old men and women are pock- marked in the face and body. They state that a great number have been carried off by this disease, and I have been shown, on the top of a sandhill, seventy-four graves, which are said to be those of men, women, and children, carried off by this fell disorder. The Doctoe — (Koonkie). The Koonkie is a native, who has seen the devil when a child (the devil is called Kootchie), and is supposed to have received power from him to heal all sick. 74 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: The way in which a man or woman becomes a doctor is, that if when young they have had the nightmare, or an unpleasant dream, and relate this to the camp, the inmates come to the conclusion that he or she has seen the devil. The males never practise until after circumcision, and, in fact, are not deemed proficient till out of their teens. Whenever a person falls ill, the Koonkie is requested to examine and cure him. The Koonkie walks up to the invalid, feels the parts affected, and then commences rubbing them until he fancies he has got hold of something, when he sucks the parts for a minute or two^, and then goes out of the camp a few yards. He now picks up a piece of wood, about one or two inches long, and returns to the camp, where, procuring a red hot coal, he rubs it in his hands to make them hot, and then feels the disordered parts again, and after a little manoeu- vring produces the stick which he had concealed in his hand, as if extracted from the patient's body, to the great surprise of all the natives, who conclude that this was the cause of the complaint. The Koonkie is requested to try again, when he goes out a second time in a very solemn manner (the natives all look- ing at him with wonder), blows twice or thrice, returns, goes through the same performance as before, and then produces a long piece of twine, or a piece of charcoal, of course from the part affected. This imposter won't confess to his trickery, and, indeed, from constant practice, at last deludes himself into a belief of his skilful surgery, which all the other natives have im- plicit faith in. And, indeed, the force of imagination is so strong in some cases, that I have seen a native quite ill, and actually cry for the Koonkie, who, after his humbugging, appeared quite recovered. Should the Koonkie fail in his effort to relieve the sick, he is prepared with a ready excuse — some Koonkie of another tribe, possessing more skill, has stopped his power. MOUNT FREELING TO PIRIGUNDI LAKE. 75 When a KoonMe is ill he calls in the aid of another Koonkie to cure him. As I have said elsewhere, no person is presumed to become ill naturally. The Kootchie (devil), or some native, has bewitched him. Cure of Disease or Wotinds. Sores, cuts, bruises, pain, and disease of all kinds, no matter how arising, are treated in one of two modes — if slight, by the application of dirt to the part affected ; if severe, by that of hot ashes. In cases of any kind of sting, leaves of bushes, heated at the fire, are applied to the part stung, as hot as the patient can bear it, and the smart almost immediately disappears. PART III. Catalogue of Animals, fc. — Eats and their Congeners; Rep- tiles; Birds; Fish; Vegetables; Insects; Manufacturing Products; Weapons; and Personal Adornments. Rats add theie Congbneks. (All eaten by them.) Kaunoonka - - Bush wallaby. Wurtarrie - Kangaroo-rat. Capietha - Native rabbit. Miaroo - - Rat. Poontha - Mouse. Arutchie - Native ferret. Cowirrie - Rat (I don't know the species). ThillamlUarie - A species of ferret. Pulyara - Long-snouted rat. Koolchie - Species of rat. Koonappoo - - Species of mouse. Kulkuna - Species of wallaby (very swift). Kooraltha - Spotted ferret. Kulunda - White and black rat (similar to the house rat), Tickawara - - Native cat. Reptiles. (Those not eaten marked thus *.) Kunnie - - - Jew lizard. Kopirrie - - • - Iguana. Patharamooroo - - Black iguana (I have only seen three; they are very scarce). 76 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: Choopa - Kudieworoo - Wakurrie * Womaloora - *Thitthurie - Moonkamoonkarilla Oolaumi *Kulohandarra Woma - - . - Thoona- Wondaroo - Woonkoo Wirrawirrala Wipparoo Marrakilla - Mithindie - Koolielawirrawirra Mulkunkoora Thandandiewindiewindie Knrawulieyackayackuna Kulathirrie - Thidnamura - Pinchiepinohiedara A slender lizard, about 3 in. long. Red-backed lizard, about 3 in. long. Flat-headed lizard, about 3 in. long. Smooth-skinned lizard, about 5 in. long. Small rough-skinned lizard, about 4 in. long. Small black lizard, with short taU; generally found under the bark of trees. Lizard, transparent skin, spotted yellow and black, about 5 in. long. Species of lizard, flat head, scaly back, about 4 in. long; lives under the ground, and only appears above after heavy rains. The natives describe it as venomous, and affirm its bite is certaia death, wherefore they are very frightened of it, and even avoid killing it from fear of its poison- ing their weapons. Carpet snake, from 5 to 12 ft. long, large body; its bite not venomous. Grey snake, generally about 5 ft. long; venomous. Green and yellow snake, very thick body, about 5 ft. long, quite harmless, and has a sleepy ap- pearance. Light brown and grey snake, from 4 to 7 ft. long; venomous, and very vicious. Large brown snake, with yellow belly, from 6 to 10 ft. long; very venomous. Long thin snake, black, shaded with other dark colours, about 7 ft. long; very venomous, its bite causing instant death, so the natives are very cautious in killing it. Large brown snake, about 7 ft. long, has a large head ; is very venomous and vicious. White and yellow spotted snake, small thin body, about 3 ft. long ; harmless. Small yellow and black spotted snake, about 3 ft. long ; harmless. Black and green spotted snake, 5 ft. long; venomous. Small black snake, small mouth, about 5 ft. 6 in.; venomous. Plat-headed snake, green back, yellow spots on belly, about 4 ft. long ; venomous. Frog. Toad. Bat. MOUNT FREELING TO PIRIGUNDI LAKE. 77 Kunienundruna - Thirriethirrie Thoaroopathandrunie Milkieworie - Pittiekilkadie Kirrkie- Kookoongka - Windtha Wurchie-WTirchie - KillawoloowoUoorka Moonyie Killunkilla - Kooranyawillawilla Poolunka Cathathara - Willaroo Moodlubra - Mumpie Woparoo Koorookookoo Mulliepirrpaoonga Choonda Thindriethindrie - Thiewillagie - Mulyamulyayapunie Poothoopoothooka Koorabaukoola Ooroo - Culiemulyandurie - Moolpa - Chooieohooie- Dickadickulyerra - Mootoomootoo Thanpathanpa Tharalkoo ■ Thowla Kockadooroo Chipala- Koodnapina - Thookabie - Doolpadoolpaioo KUkie - BiEDS. (All eaten by them.) - The largest hawk excepting eaglehawk. - Small speckled hawk. - White hawk. - Large grey hawk. - Speckled hawk. - Whistling hawk (very swift). - Kite. - Grey owl. - White owl. - Dark-brown owl. - Mopawk. - Red-breasted cockatoo. - Cockatoo parrot. - Parrot. - Shell parrot. - Curlew. - Pigeon. - Bronzewing pigeon. - Flock pigeon. - Dove. - Quail. - Red-breasted robin. - Shepherd's companion (a species of wagtail). - Small species of lark. - Swallow. - Sparrow. - Magpie. Waders. - Nankeen-colored crane. - Black and white crane. - White crane. - Snipe. - Species of snipe. - Species of snipe. - Slate-colored snipe. Water Fowl. - Teal. - Spoonbill duck. - Mountain duck. - Whistling duck. - Brown duck, with red beak. - Diver. - Black diver. - Water hen. 78 THE AUSTRALIAN EACE : Muroomuroo- Wathawirrie- Muloora Boorkoopiya - Kirrpiyirrka - Black water hen. Species of water hen. Cormorant. Long-beaked cormorant. Gull. Fish and other Freshwater Habitants Are few and unimportant, being caught in the waterholes and lakelets, which can only be called creeks or rivers when the floods come down, the last of which occurred in 1864. Paroo - - - - A small bony flat fish. Multhoomulthoo - - A fish weighing from 3 to SJ lbs. Moodlakoopa - - A fish averaging 4 lbs. Koorie - - - - Mussel. Thiltharie - Murunkura - Kooniekoonierilla - Kuniekoondie Pitchula Pindrie Purdie - Pittaboobaritchana Insects. - Centipede (sometimes 7 in. long — its bite is venom- ous). - Tarantula. - Black spider. - Scorpion. - Species of spider. - Grasshopper or locust. - Grub, caterpillar.* - Sandfly. Vegetables, Roots, Herbs, Fbtjit, Seed, etc. (Eaten by the Yowa - Winkara Munyaroo Kunaurra Ardoo - Cobboboo Wodaroo Natives.) - Rather larger than a pea, found 3 in. deep in the ground. - A very starchy root, about 5 in. long. - A plant much eaten. - The seed of the Munyaroo, used when ground into meal between two stones. - (Often described in newspapers and by writers as Nardoo.) A very hard seed, a flat oval of about, the size of a split pea; it is crushed or pounded, and the husk winnowed. In bad seasons this is the mainstay of the natives' sustenance, but it Is the worst food possible, possessing very little nourishment, and being difficult to digest. - A nut found on the box-tree, on breaking which it discloses a grub ; this is probably a gall. - A thin, long root, obtainable only where the soil is rich and covered with turf. This is one of the best vegetables the natives possess, sweet and mealy. MOUNT FREELING TO PIRIGUNDI LAKE. 79 Coonchirrie - - - The seed from a species of acacia, ground and made into small loavea. Patharapowa - - The seed of the box-tree, ground and made into loaves. Caulyoo - - - The seed of the prickly acacia, pounded and made into loaves. Wodlaooroo - - - "Very fine seed taken from the silver grass, grow- ing in the creeks. Wirrathandra - - Seed of an acacia. Mulkathaudra - - Seed of the mulga tree. Yoongundie - - Black fine seed, taken from a plant similar to clover. - Native cotton-bush. When the leaves sprout and become quite green the natives gather and cook them, and at seed time they pluck and eat the pods. - Indigenous clover; when young, cooked by the natives, and eaten in large quantities. - A small watery plant. - The native fig. - The native gooseberry. - The native blackberry. - The native pear. - The native orange. Mootoha Kuloomba ■ Willapie Yoolantie Bookabooda ■ Mundawora Thoopara Vegetable Productions Used in Manufacturing. Mindrie - - - A large root, from the outside of which is obtained a kind of resin, which, when prepared at the fire and afterwards allowed to dry, becomes very hard and tough, called "kundrie," and is used in fastening a flint to a short stick called " kundriemookoo. " Mootcha - - - The stems of this bush (the pods and leaves of which afford food) when dry are pounded into a fine fibre, then teased and spun, after which it is made into bags, which are very nicely done, and occupy many days in their production. Weapons and Implements. Murawirrie - - - Two-handed boomerang, from 6 to 14 ft. long and 4 in. broad. Kundriemookoo - ■ Of semicircular shape, 2 ft. 6 in. long, to one end of which is attached by resin a flint, forming a kind of axe or tool used in making weapons. 80 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: Wona - - - - A short thick stick, about 3 ft. long, used by women who do not carry the shield, spear, or boomerang. Yootohoowonda - - A piece of flint about 3 in. long, with an edge like a razor, and at the blunt end covered with resin; this is concealed in the palm of the hand when fighting, and is capable of inflicting a wound like one made with a butcher's knife. Pirrauma - - - A shield, oval-shaped, of solid wood, from 1 ft. to 3 ft. long, and from 6 in. to 1 ft. wide. Personal Ornaments. Kultrakultra - - Necklace made from reeds strung on woven hair, and suspended round the neck. Yinka - - - - A string of human hair, ordinarily 300 yards in length, and wound round the waist. This orna- ment is greatly prized, owing to the difficulty of procuring the material of which it is made. Mundamunda - - A string made from the native cotton-tree, about two or three hundred yards long; this is worn round the waist, and adorned by different colored strings wound round at right angles. These are worn by the women, and are very neatly made. Kootcha - - - Bunch of hawk's, crow's, or eagle's feathers, neatly tied with the sinews of the emu or wallaby, and cured in hot ashes. This is worn either when fighting or dancing, and also used as a fan. Wurtawurta- - - A bunch of the black feathers of the emu, tied together with the sinews of the same bird; worn in the yinka (girdle) near the waist. Chanpoo - - - A band of about 6 in. long by 2 in. broad, made from the stems of the cotton-bush, painted white, and worn round the forehead. Koorie - - - - A large mussel shell pierced with a hole, and at- tached to the end of the beard or suspended from the neck; also used in circumcision. Oonamunda - - - About 10 ft. of string, made from the native cotton- bush, and worn round the arm. Oorapathera - - - A bunch of leaves tied at the feet, and worn when dancing, causing a peculiar noise. Unpa - A bunch of tassels, made from the fur of rata and wallaby, worn by the natives to cover their private parts. They are in length 6 in. to 3 ft. long. MOUNT PREELING TO PIRIGUNDI LAKE. 81 Thippa ... - Used for the same purpose as Unpa. A bunch of tassels made from tails of the native rabbit, and, when washed in damp sand, is very pretty, being white as the driven snow. It takes about fifty tails to make an ordinary Thippa, but I have seen some consisting of 350. Aroo . . - - The large feathers from the tail of the emu, used only as a fan. Wurda Wurda - - A circlet or coronet of emu feathers, worn only by the old men. PiUie . - - . Netted bag, made from the stems of the cotton- bush and rushes, with meshes similar to our fishing net. Wondaroo - - -A closely-netted bag, made from the fibre of the cotton-bush. Pirra - - - A trough-like water vessel. Mintie . - - - Fishing net, made from rushes, usually 60 ft. long by 3 ft. wide. PART IV. The Dieyerie Dialect ; Key to Pronunciation ; Examples of the Constmction of the Language; System of Notation; Astronomical Terms; List of Names distinguishing Age or Relationship ; The Ten Commandments; Parts of the Human Frame; Vocabulary. Tlie Dieyerie dialect, although, of limited construction, yet has certain rules not oftener departed from than the languages of a more civilized people. Each word invariably terminates with a vowel ; and so accustomed are the 'Dieyerie to this form that, in acquiring foreign words terminating in a consonant, they always add vowels, as thus : — Bullock becomes bulakoo ; hat, hata ; dog, doga ; and so on. Besides the spoken language, they have a copious one of signs — all animals, native man or woman, the heavens, earth, walking, riding, jumping, flying, swimming, eating, drinking, and hundreds of other objects or actions have each their particular sign, so that a conversation may be sustained without the utterance of a single word. This dumb language, of which I possess a thorough know- ledge, cannot, however, be described in words. A special 82 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: feature in their language is that of distinguishing each other in their relationship, by which their names become trans- muted in a variety of ways — at certain ages, on their being married, and after undergoing certain ceremonies — examples of which are here given. Their system of notation, which is described further on, is excessively restricted, as is also their knowledge of astron- omy, with which they have, nevertheless, an acquaintance. The Dieyerie language extends far beyond the limit of their own possessions, being understood, though not spoken, by the surrounding tribes. The alphabet used by me in the vocabulary consists of eighteen letters only, the Dieyerie dialect possessing no equivalent for our F, J, Q, S, V, X, Z, while K answers in every respect for 0, excepting where it precedes the letter H, Key to Pbonunoiation". A, as in Hand, hat, fat, band. B, ,, Bauble, bible, bride. D, ,, Deed, did, deadly. B, ,, Treat, tact, tart. G, ,, Gag, gurgle (never as giant, page, rage). H, „ Hay, heavy, hearty. J, ,, Light, bright. ' K, ,, Kernel, keep, kick, key. L, ,, Lilt, laurel. M, ,, Mama, marmalade. N, ,, Nothing, none, noon. 0, ,, Ormolu, ostracize, olive. P, as in Pope, puppet, pipe. R, „ Rare, rich, rather. T, „ Teat, tint, threat. U, „ Cur, fur. W, ,, Wake, walk, weak. Y, ,, Youth, yonder. Au, as in Caught, taught. Ch (tsch). Child, church, chatter, le, as in Yield, thief, brief. Oo, ,, Moon, soon, balloon. Ou, ,, Cow, now, how, brow. Th, „ Teeth, truth, this, that. A List of Words Principally, and in some cases only, showing the construction of the language used with others, and then usually terminating them. Ex- amples follow — Alie — Us. Aumpoo — Almost. Alyie— Pew. Auni— Will, shall. Ami— To. Ana^ing. Backa— Same as. Anie— Me, my. Bootoo— With. Arrie— Same as. Buckuna— Also. Athie— Do it. Butha— Not. MOUNT FREELING TO PIRIGUNDI LAKE. 83 Champuna — Always. Elie— To, of. Goo — To yours, of yours. Janna — We. Jannanie — Ours. Kaunohie — Certain, sure. Launi — Will, shall. Marow — Do it (imperative). Moonthalie — Ourselves. Moonthoo — Most. Moolaroo — Great, very. MuUauna — Together, each other. Mundroola — Only two. Murla — More. Murra — Fresh, new. Mutcha — Enough. Mi— To. Nandroya — She. Naniea — Her. Nankanie — Hers. Ninua — The, thee, that, it. Ninniea — This. Nie — ^My, mine. Noaliea — He. Nooloo — Him, Noonkanie — His. Nowieya — There. Ori-rDid, has, have. Parohuna — All. Pilkie — Not relating to. Pilkildra — Something else. Pina — Great, very. Pothoo — Only. Pulpa — Others. Punie — ^None, no one. Thanar-They. Thananie — Theirs. Thaniya — Them, those. Tharkuna — Incline. Thulka — Relating to. Thuruna — Together. Uldra— We. Una — ing, ed. Undroo — Together. Wadarie — ^Where, which. Wakawaka i Wakamoothoo J War ana — Who. Whi— What. Windrie — Only . Wirrie — Of them, to them. Wodow — ^What, how. Wonthie — Had. Wulya — Soon. Wulyaloo — Soon after. Wumie — Whose. Wurra — Of them, to them, Wurroonga — Whom . Yankiea — Many. Yinkanie — Theirs, yours. Yondroo — Thou. Yoora — Ye, few. A — Koornoo. All — Parchuna. Also — Bukuna. Almost — Aumpoo bumpoo. Always — Champuna. Certain — Kaunohie. Enough — Mutcha. Each other — Mulluna. Few — Alyie, yoora. Fresh — Murra. Has or have — Ori. Had — Wonthie. He— Nooliea. Him — ^Nooloo. His — Noonkanie. Her — Naniea. Hers — Nankanie. How — Wodow. F 2 84 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: Incline — Tharkuna. It — Ninna. Least — Wakawaka, wakamoothoo. Me — Anie. Mine, my — Nie. Many — Yankiea. More — Murla. None, no one — Punie. Not— Butha. New — Murra. Not relating to — Pilkie. Only — Pothoo, wiri. Only two — Mundroola. Others — Pulpa. Of— Elie, thulka. . Of them — Wirrie, wurra. Ours — Jannanie. Ourselves — Moonthalie. Relating to — Undroo. She — ^Nundroya. Sure — Kaunchie. Soon — ^Wulya. Soon after — Wulyaloo. Same as — Arrie, backa. Self— Moontha. Something else — Pilkildra. The — Ninna. Thee — ^Ninna. Theirs — Thananie. Them, those — Thaniya, Goondroo. They— Thana. That — Ninna. This — Ninna, ninniea. Their — Yinkanie. To — Elie, thulka, goo, ami, mi. To them — ^Wirie wurra. Together — Mullauna, thurana. There — ^Nowieya. Us- Alie. Very — Marpoo, moolaroo, piaa. With— Boothoo. We — Jannana, uldra. Will — Launi or Auni. Where, which — Wadarie. Who — Warana. Whose — Wurnie. Whom — ^Wuronga. What — Whi, wodow. Ye — ^Yoora. Yours — Yinkanie. Examples. (-Moonthalie, ourselves. Moontha, self — Alie, us. Alie, us - - -| Mooalie, hungry, Moa, hunger — Alie, us. I Mookalie, sleepy. Mooka, sleep — AUe, us. rTannanie, ours. Tanna, we — Anie, me. Anie, me, my - -! Apinie, my father. Appirie, father — ^Nie, my. V Uldranie, of ua. Uldra, we — Nie, us. Bootoo, with — Kintaloobootoo, with a dog. Kintalo, dog — Boothoo, with. Butha, not — Yoothabuta, not lucky. Yootha, luck — Butha, not. Bumpoo, almost — Bumpoonundra, almost a blow. Nundra, blow — Bumpoo, almost. r Baukoelie, of nothing. . Baukoo, nothing — Elie, of, Elie, of - - -! Bootchooelie, of the blind. Bootchoo, blind— Elie, I of the. Goo, of or to— Yinkanigoo, of or to yours. Yinkani, yours — Goo, of or to. MOUNT FRBELING TO PIRIGUNDI LAKE. 85 (Kooriekauncliie, thief for certain. Koorielie, stealing. Yadinakauuohie, liar for certain. Yadiena, lying. Yapakaunchie, fear for certain. Yapa, fear. Koomoo, one — Pothookoornoo, only one — Koomoo, one. Pothoo, only. r Oomoomurla, better. Omoo, good — Murla, more. Murla, more - -j Wordoomurla, shorter. - Wordoo, short — Murla, V more. Moothoo, most — Wordoomoothoo, moat short. Wordoo, short — Moothoo, most. MuUana, together, each other — DamamuUana, cutting each other. Damami, to cut — MuUana, eaah other. ( Karoomurra, hair beginning to get grey. Karoo, Murra fresh grey-Murra, new. ' ' < Apamurra, fresh water. Apa, water — Murra, fresh. ] Noamurra, married couple. Noa, husband or wife [ — Murra, new, i. e. , new relationship. Poothoo, only — Pothookoornoo, only one — Pothoo, only. Koornoo, one. /- Yoothapina, great luck. Yootha, luck. Pina, great, very -] Moapina, very hungry. Moa, hunger. VNooroopina, very quick, Nooroo, quick. Thulka, relating to — Kumuthulka, relating to person of a Blaokfellow. Kurna, person of Blackfellow — Thulka, relating to. /•Mopathuruna, collect together. Mopa, collect. Thuruna, together-! Kumpathuruna, collect together. Kumpa, collect. I Ookunathuruna, joined together. Ookuna, joined. . c Kookootharkuua, unlevel, down hill. Tharkuna, mclm- J pooratharkuna, bending the body forward, mg uneven - (_ Munatharkuna, gaping. Muna, mouth. IApaundro, relating to water. Apa, water. Pirrundroo, relating to trough, Pirra, trough. Kurnaundroo, relating to person of Blaokfellow. Kurna, a Blackfellow. Had loved— Yoorawonthie. Will or shall love — Yooralauni. Love each other — YoorimuUuna. Love ye — Yooramarow. Love — Yoori. To love — Yoorami. Loving — ^Yoorana. Loved — Yooranoari. Did, has, or have loved — Yooranaori To Love, Yoorami. Loving, Yoorana. Loved, Yooranaori. I am loving — Athooyoorana. Thou art loving — Yondrooyoorana. He is loving — Noolieayoorana. We are loving — TJldrayoorana. You are loving — Yinieyoorana. They are loving — Thanayoorana. 86 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: I did or have loved— Athooyooranaori. Thou didst or have loved — Yondrooyooranaori. He did or has loved — ^Noolieayooranaori. We did or have loved — Uldrayooranaori. You did or have loved — Yinieyooranaori. They did or have loved — Thanayooranaori. I had loved — Athooyooranaori. Thou hadst loved— Yondrooyooranawonthie. He had loved — Noolieayooranawonthie. We had loved — Uldrayooranawonthie. You had loved — Yinieyooranawonthie. They had loved — Thanayooranawonthie. I shall or will love — Athooyaralaunl. Thou ahalt or will love — Yondrooyaralauni. He shall or will love — Noolieayaralauni. We shall or will love — Uldrayaralauni. You shall or will love — Yinieyooralauui. They shall or will love — Thanayaralauni. Names Given according to Age and Relationship. Kurawulie — Boy under 9 years old. Mockaworo — Boy over 9 and under 12 years old. Thootchawara — Boy over 12 years old after circumcision. Matharie — Man. Koopa — Girl until married. Munkara — Girl on marriage. Kudlakoo — Woman of middle age. Noa — Husband or wife. Adada — Grandfather. Athanie — Son or daughter, so called by mother. Athamoora — Son or daughter, so called by father. Noamurra — Man and wife. Booyooloo — Near relative. Kaka — Uncle. Kunninnie — Grandchild or mother. Pirraooroo — Paramour. Piyara — Mother-in-law. Pulara — Woman when appointed Thidnara — ^Nephew. Thuroo — Father-in-law. Widlamurra — ^Women. Wowitcha — ^Distant relative. Parts of the Auma — Breasts. Caupoora — Waist. Cauloo — Liver. Coopoodrompoo — Wrist. Imulla — Swallow. Koodnabiddie — Intestines. Kundrieooloo — Collar-bone. Moonambirrie — Chest. Muttaduckoo — Ankle, Human Frame. Milkiecootchara — Eyebrows. Murramookoo — Fingers. .Murrapirrie — Finger-nails. Murraundrie — Thumb. Murrawootchoo — Forefinger. Milperie — Forehead. Munanilyie — Gums . Munakirra — Jawbone. Miemie — Lips. MOUNT FREELING TO PIRIGUNDI LAKE. 87 Oona — Arms. Oolooo — Cheeks. Oora — Legs. Puliethilcha — Groin. Pittie — Fundament. Pittiemookoo — Seat. Punchiethandra — Knees. Poondrapoondra — Kidneys. Poongnga — Lights. Pida — Navel. Punkathirrie — Side. PUlperrie — Shoulders. Thookoo — Back. ThUchaundrie — Calf of legs. Thinthabiddie— Elbow. Thidnaraookoo — Toes. Thidnawurta — Heel. Thidnaundrie — Large toe. Thidnaulkie — Between the toes. Thidnathookoo — Insteps. Thidnapirrie — Nails of the finger. Thara^Thigh. Thilcha— Sinews. Thudacuna — Pulse. Thitha — Joints. Unkachanda — Chin. Urra — Heart. Wolcha — Hips. Yerkala — Neck. Yoorieyoorie — Veins. System op Notation. The only words representing numerals possessed by the natives are: — Coomoo — One. 1 Paracoola — Three. Mundroo— Two. I Should they desire to express any greater number, it is done by adding together the words above, for instance : — 4. Mundro-la-mundro-la. 5. Mundroo -mundroo-ooornoo, that is twice 2 and 1. 6. Mundroo-la-mundroo-la-mundroo-la, that is thrice 2. And so on till — 10. After which, to 20, the term murrathidna, from murra (hands) and thidna (feet), is used, and the fingers and toes brought into play. Their arithmetic is then exhausted, and any larger number than 20 is signified in the dumb language, conveying the idea of a mob — an innumer- able quantity. Astronomy. The Dieyeries have some slight acquaintance with the heavenly bodies, and also with the cardinal points. Not being informed in that science myself, I can only quote a few instances : — Amathooroocooroo — Evening star. Kyirrie — Milky Way. Koolakoopuna — A bright star seen in the northern hemi- sphere in the winter months. Kurawurathidna — A cluster of stars representing the claw of an eaglehawk, seen in the western hemisphere dur- ing the winter months. Apapirrawolthawolthana — Two stars seen in the southern hemisphere in the winter. Ditchiepittiekillkuna — Meteor. Kooriekirra — Rainbow. Ditchiecoornaworkoo — The sun'sr meridian, also north on its declension. Wathararkuna — The south, the quarter from which the wind is most prevalent. Ditchiedoonkuna — Sunrise. Dilchiewirruna— Sunset. THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: PILLIETHILLCHA — THE AURORA ATJSTKALIS. Whenever this phenomenon occurs the natives become very terrified, believing it to be a warning from the devil (Kootchie) to keep a strict watch, aa the Pinya (armed party) is killing some one; also a caution to avoid wrong doing, lest the Pinya comes to them when least expected. The inmates of the camp then huddle together, when one or two step out and perform a ceremony to charm the Kootchie. Selections from the Ten Commandments. lat. Athona yoora Goda. 2nd. Watta yoondroo aunchanapitta, paroo, ya ya pittapilkildra windrie Goda yondroo aunchana. 3rd. Watta Goda yoondroo oaukooelie dikana. 4th. Apirrie, ya andrie, parabara oondrana thana thipie aumanunthoo. 5th. Watta yoondroo narrie nundrala. 6th. Watta yoondroo pulakaunchie. 7th. Watta yoondroo kooriekaunchie. 8th. Watta yoondroo kuma komanelie, caukooelie ulohulchamuna. 9th. Watta yoondroo bootoo thoola milkirrana ya, noa thoola watta yoondroo milkirrana baukooaumanuntho. ■ Vocabulabt. Aohea — Ask. Achana — Asking. Achami — To ask. Achanaori — Has asked. Achanawonthie — Had asked. Adada — Grandfather. Adamie — Behind. Akuna — To flow (as water flowing or running). Akoonga — To me, of me. Alie— Us. Alyie — Pew. Alkooelie — Nice. Alkoomie — Very nice. Alkoo — Persons visiting a neigh- bouring tribe to barter. Alkoopina — Delicious. Ami— To. Awa — In reality. Anana — Inclination. Anie — Me. Antie — Meat, flesh, animal food. Antiea — The meat. Antiemura — Of the meat. Apanie — The water. Apalie — Of the water, Apanundroo — Relating to water. Apulya — Watery. Apinsie — My father. Apoo — Comprehend. Apoona — Comprehending. Apooapoo* — Dumb. Apoouna — To bathe, bathing. Apachunka — Damp, moist, wet. Apooriea — SUence. Apooruna — Silenced. Arrie — Similar. Athanie — Son or daughter (so called by mother). Athamoora — Son or daughter (bo called by father). Athata — Younger brother or sister. • During nine years' acquaintance with the Dieyerie and neighboming tribes I have en- countered only one woman and one man deaf and dumb, and have conversed with them by use of native signs. MOUNT PREELING TO PIRIGUNDI LAKE. 89 VOCAEnLABY- Aumami — To ait down. Aumuna— Sitting down, residing. Aumirithiiia — Remain. Auminthieami — To remain. Aumintliiemarow — Remain (im- peratively). Aumulka — Keep. Aumulkima — Keeping, Aunchana — Caressing. Aumpoo — Almost. Aumie — Flock (of sheep or birds, mob of cattle, &o.). AunchiemuUana — Consideration of peace offered. Backa — Husk or outer shell; also used as a terminal imply- ing "the same." Birrie — Danger. Birruna — ^Endangering, dangerous. Binina — Exchange places, take tum- and-tum about. Boarkalie — Conscience. Boolkooruna — Home-sickness, desire to return to friends and relatives. Bookaundrinie — Scrub, shrubbery, more bushes than trees. Booka — Vegetable food. Boolyaroo — Soft clay, mud. Booyooloo — Near relative. Boolyia — Those two, that two. Boompoo — Bud, immature. Boompoonundra — To strike ineflfec- tually, to hit with no force. (FromNundra — to strike, and Boompoo.) Booloopathuruna— Requiring change of scene. Booloo — White. Boonoonoo — Itching. Boonka — Grow. Boonkuna — Growing. -continned. Boonkanaori — Has grown. Boonkanawonthie — Had grown. Boonkanalauni — Will grow. Boorka — Wade. Boorkunaparana — Wading through or crossing water. Booroolkooyirrpamuluna — Two per- sons crouching down, hiding to avert danger. Bootchoo — Blind. Bootchooelie — Of the blind. Bootchoondroo — Relating to the blind. Bootharoo — Shower of rain. Boongala — Shade. Boongalie — Of the house or hut. Boonga— Wurley, house, hut. Bootoo — Property, chattels; also used as a terminal "with." Bootooundroo — Relating to property or chattels. Baukoona — Digging. Baukoo — Nothing. Baukooelie^ — Of nothing, with no purpose. Bukina — Skinning any animal with- out aid of instrument. Bukinaori — Has skinned. Bukinawonthie — Had skinned. Bukinalauni — Will skin. Bukuna — ^Also. Yoondroobukuna ( Yoondroo^ You ) — You on the Bunkanie — Side, Bunkie — Pride. Bunkiethoorana — Sleeping side. Bunkiebunkuua — Proud. Bunyabunyina — A trotting pace. Champuna — Always. Chandachanduna — Mimicking for the purpose of joking. 90 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: VOCABtTLAEY- Chandachandathie — Apt to mimic. Chakakuna — Doubting. ChakairrpamuUuna — Doubting each other. Charpoo — White band worn, across the forehead. Chika — Wrong, awkward. Chikala — Quite wrong. Chikaundroo — Relating to wrong. Chilpie — A knot. Chilpieundroo — To tie a knot. Chinberrie — Scars raised on the body. Chindrina— Glossy, smooth surface. Chindriechindriethuruna — Very glossy, very smooth. Chirruna — Breaking of the skin by some accident. Chirkara — Sharp, keen edge, not blunt. Chirrinchirrie — Knocking out of teeth. Choondaroo* — Bed-ridden, para- lyzed. Choo — An exclamation to draw at- tention. Chowchow — Awkward. Choopadoo — To play: when children wish to play they use this word. Chuboochuboo— A ball (played with by children). Dalkoo — Clear, transparent. Damami — To cut. Damina — Cutting. Damamarow — Cut (imperatively). Damathuruna — Cut together. DamamuUmia — Cutting each other. Danina — Bidding farewell. Daninaori — Has bidden farewell. Daninawonthie — Had bidden fare- well. Daninalaunie — ^WUlbid farewell. Danthoo — Soft. Dapa — A sore, a wound. Darpami— To sweep. Darpuna — Sweeping, clearing a space. Datpumarow — Sweep (impera- tively). Daralie — Bad season for food. Datharoo — Wait. Dauchoomuna — With care, handle or carry with care. Dieami^To strike, to hit. Dieuna — Striking. Dienaori— Has stricken. Dienawonthie — Had stricken. Diealauna — Will strike. Dieamuna — Gaping. Diemarow — Strike (imperatively). Diknna — Naming a chUd. Dikmarow — Name a child (imperar tively). Dikami — To name a child. Dilka — Thorn, burr, prickle. Dilkera — Edge, shore. Dilkerawirrtie — Along the edge, ex- treme shore. Dookurami — To extract, loosen, un- fasten. Dookuna — Extracting, loosening, unfastening. Doolkooro — Large hole or gully. Dooukami — To rise. Doonkuna — Rising. Doorootharkuna — Round shoul- dered, to bend the body forward. Doomoodomoora — Round, anything round. * I have seen alive three perfect skeletons— mere skin and bone up to the neck and taoe which were comparatively fleshy. MOUNT PREELING TO PIRIGUNDI LAKE. 91 Vocabulary Doolkamurunai — Gorged, sick. Dowa — Interfere, stop a quarrel. Dowuna — Interfering, suppressing. Doongiema — Cripple, a lame person. Doostouna — Echo. Dukami — To pierce. Dukuna — Piercing. Dukamarow — Pierce (imperatively). Dukathuruna — Pierce together, we are piercing. Dulkana — Attracting the sun's rays. Dulkinathurina — Attracting heat. Dunkina — Meeting. Dungina — Breaking cover to start Duruna — A scratching noise. Durieirrpuna — A scratching noise. DuUarie — Ice (seldom seen in Dieyerie Land). lana — We. lananie — Ours. ImuUa — The swallow. Inaloo — Below, beneath. Itcha — Frequently. Kaka — Uncle. Kakoo — Yellow, yellow ochre. Kakarurruna — Belching. Karchuna — Turning, revolving. Karchamulkuna — Turning over. Kaparow — Come (imperatively). Kararalie — Excessive heat. Kaparachilpie — A wart, horny ex- crescence on the flesh. Karoo — Grey. Karoomura — Greyish, inclining to grey. Karpami — To sew, mend. Karpuna — Sewing. Karpamarow — Sew (imperatively). Karka — Call. Karkami — To call. Karkuna — Calling. —continued. Karkamarow — Call (imperatively). Karkathuruna — Calling together (we are calling). Karkamulluna — Calling each other. Kathie — Wearing apparel, Kaulkoo — Rushes. Kaunchie — Certain, sure ; sudden appearance. Kaungoo — Perspiration. Kautoo — A breakwind. Kauloomuruna — Greedy. Kikubyeruna — Slipping. Killuna — Dancing. Kilchuna — Skinning. Kilchami— To skin. Kilchamarow — Skin (imperatively). Kilpa — Cool. Kilpalie — Cold. Literal translation — Cool us. Kilpaoomoo — Very cold. Kilpanie — Winter; also, I'm cold. Kilkie — ^Water hen. Kilthie — Soup, juice. Kima — A swelling. Kimarrie — Is swelHng. Kimuruna — Has swollen. Kinka — Laugh. Kinkuna — Laughing. Kinkaboolkaroo — Smiling. Kinna — Climbing. Kirrie — Clear-headed, sensible. Also used to order the way to be "cleared" to allow of passing. Kirrunuruna — Teeth set on edge by hearing grating noise. Kookoo — Yes, yes; also, hollow vessel. Koodakoodarie — Very crooked, irregular. Kookuna — News, intelligence. Kookathuruna — Telling the news. 92 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: VOCABTTIiAEY- Kookootharkuna — Unlevel, dowB hill. Kookootharka — Topsy-turvy. Kookoorurrunna — Noise of birds rising or alighting. Koolkami — To protect. Koolkuna — Protecting. Koolkamrow — Protect (impera- tively). Koolkathuruna — Under protection, protecting together. Koolie — Odour, scent. Koolkoorie — Game of hide and seek, played by children. Koolkamuna — Jumping, springing. Koolkamunawirrica — To jump down. Koolpina — Searching for tracks. Koolpie — An operation {vide text). KoomanUe — Own friend. Koomuna — ^A dance performed by women, when they move their legs very rapidly. Kooooelie — Knowing nothing of it. Kooooanie — I know nothing of it. Koongarra — Rustling or whirring noise caused by birds rising. Koonthiua — Sprinkling. Koondrakondroo — Coughing, a cold. Koonyillie — Debris of leaves used by swans in building nests. Koonkuna — Walking lame. Koonabootharoo — Whirlwind. Koonkie — Native doctor, Koondagie — Storm, heavy black clouds. Koonkana — A grunting noise. Koontiekoontie — Crooked. Koopoo — Forelegs. Koopirrina — Sore from any cause. Kopulyeruna — Diarrhcea. —continued. Koopia — Calling a child, as "Come, child." Koopawura — Calling children. Koopawuria — Calling children (authoritatively). Koorie — Mussel shell. Koorieunda — Opening in wurley to allow escape of smoke. Kooriekirra — Rainbow. Kooriekuruna— Escaped, ran away. Koorookooroomulkuna— To hide anything, to keep secret. Koormooworkoo-— Horizontal, across. Koorana — ^Laying, placing; also bringing forth young. Kooranaori — Has laid. Kooranawonthie — Had laid. Kooralauni — Will lay. Koorathuruna — Parrying, shielding. Kooriethuruna — Forgotten, loss of memory. Kooragie — Certainly. Koorielie — Stealing. Kooriekaunchie — Thief for certain. Kootcharabooroo — Deaf. Koothina — Out of sight, disappear- ance. Kootcha — ^Leaf, leaves. Kootohie — Devil, evil spirit. Kootchieelie — Devil, evil spirit. Kaupirrieundroo — Relating to the iguana. Kowkow — Spunging, to spunge on any person. Kowakabuna — Calling to account. Kubbou — Ejaculation to warn from danger. Kudlakoo — Middle-aged woman. Kulakula — Disgusted. Kuldriecharkuna — ^Bending the body backwards, MOUNT FREELING TO PIRIGUNDI LAKE. 93 VOCABULABY- Kuldrie — Brackish, bitter. Kulkawura — Afternoon. KuUula — Retaliation. Kulkana — Waiting. Kulkami — To wait. Kulawuna — Gathering up. Kulkulie — Slightly, slowly, gently. Kulie — That's enough, I have said it, that's sufficient. Kuma — Keep. Kumuna — Keeping. Kummie — Sister-in-law. Kumpuna — Gathering. Kumpathuruna — Gathering to- gether. Kumpamarow — Gather (impera- tively). Kunninie — Grandchild or grand- mother. Kundrie — Resin; also, a native weapon. Knnthundroo — Relating to grass. Kunthakoola — Green. Kungirruna — Playful, merry. Kundrimookoo — A native weapon. Kunthakunthuna — Shaking any- thing. Kurdie — Brother-in-law. Kumaundroo — Relating to a native. Kurdiemurkara — A supposititious large fish at the bottom of the lakes and deep waters. Kurrakurrairrpuna — Peeling pain, sense of pain. Kurloomura — Two of the same age circumcised at same time. Kurlina — Obliterating. Kurta — Sound. Kurtie — Raw. Kurumba — Blaze of fire, flame. Kurrurrie — Directly. -contimied. Kurieami — To pursue. Kuruna — Pursuing. Kurrar— Vermin in animals. Kurruna — Feeling. Kurrakurrana — Feeling with the hands, groping La the dark. Kura — Probably, in all probability. Kurrawelie — Boy before circum- cised. Kutta — Lice, vermin. Kutchakutchana — Paining, con- tinued pain. Kuttanylpa — Lice, nits. Marieauka — Raising or lifting up. Mathiena — Of course. Malthie— Cool. Malthiela — Liclining to be cool. Manathoonka — Morning. Marpoo — Many. Mathar— Bite. Mathuna — Biting. Mathanaori — Has bitten. Mathanwonthie — Had bitten. Mathanalauni — Will bite. MathamuUuna — BitiDg each other. Mi — Commence, begin ; also To, at- tached to a verb. Miaroo — Rat. Midukuna — Driving. Mikarie — Deep. Milkitchaparawurna — Light- headed. Milla — Race, current. Millima — Racing; Milliemuluna — Racing each other. Milkie — Not strange. Milkiela — Acquainted with, seen before. Milkirruna — Coveting, desiring. Milkiechenmuna — Opening the eyes, opened eyes. 94 THE AUSTRALIAN RACK; Vocabulary- Milpera — Company. Millierieununanie — Dissolved. Milya — ^Any kind of food eaten by a native for the first time. Milyaroo — Dark, dusk. Mina^-What is. Minapitta — What is it. Minka — Deep hole, cave, burrow. Minanie — What else. Mindarie — A ceremony. Mintie— Net. Mindriea — Run. Mindrina — Running. Mindrielow — Run (by command). Mirrie — ^Above, the top. Mirrka — Small black ants. Mirrpa — lignite. Mirrpami — To ignite. Mirrpuna — Igniting. Mitha — Earth, ground, dirt. Mithakillyana — Loamy soil. Miyerra — Begin it, commence it. Minandroo — For what reason. Minarranie — For what reason, why not. Mithathootina— Cover over with dirt. Moa — ^Hunger. Moalie — Hungry (hunger us). Moanie — I am hungry (hunger me). Moapina — Very hungry. Moodlathirruna — Frowning, looking cross. Moodlakoopa — A fish weighing about 4 lbs. Mooduna — Finishing. Moodanaori — Has finished, Moodawonthie — Had finished. Moodalaunie — Will finish. Moodlawilpa — Hole in the nose. Mongathandraparawwina — Crazy, —contimied. Moolaroo — Quantity, great many. Moolthabuna — Soaking in water. Moola — Quiet, tractable, harmless. Mooka — Sleep. Mookalie — Sleepy (sleep us). Mookooparuna — Sleeping. Mookoothoorana — Lying asleep. Mooncha — Sick. Moonohuruna — Sickness. Moonohaparana — Lying ill. MoonchoeUe — The flies. Moonchoondra — Flies. Moongara — Spirit, soul (I cannot de- scribe this word other- wise). Moongathandramiduna — Sick head- ache. Moonkuna — Embracing. Moonkanaori — Has embraced. Moonkanawonthie — Had embraced. Moonkalauni — Will embrace. Moonarrie — Precipice, bark. Moontha— Self. Moonthalie — Myself. Moonthabutha — Illiberal. Moonthapirra — Very liberal. Moongaworroo — The head smeared with white clay (certi- fying grief for the dead). Mongamuna — Striking on the head. Moonmananie — Punishment of elder brother for younger's crimes. Moonyirrie— A circle, current in a stream. Mopa— Collect. Mopami — To collect. Mopamarow — Collect (impera- tively). Mopuna — Collecting. Mopathurunat— Collecting together congregating. MOUNT FREBLING TO PIEIGUNDI LAKE. 96 "VOCABULABY Mooroouna^Scratohing or rubbing the body. Mooromooroo — Disabled, deformed. Mootboo— Certainly, without doubt. Mooya— Dry. Mooyeruna — Drying. Mudlanchie — Not good, unpleasant. MuUuna — Alike. Multhoomulthoo— A fiah averaging 3 lbs. Mumuna— Begging anything. Munkalie — Careful. Munkara — ^Young woman. Mungarina — Shy. Mungarinanie — I am modest, mo- dest me. Mundracowellie — Jealous. Munumuruna — Talkative, gabbling. Munacoothuruna — Tired of talking. Mundroola — Only two. Mundramindina — To draw in the belly. Munamuroomuroo — A black mark round the mouth, dis- tinguishing those who have eaten human flesh. Muuatharkuna — Gaping. Munyerruna — Parched lips. Munyoo — Good, pleasant to the taste. Mundathuruna — Lazying. Mundathurathie — Lazy, want of energy. Munthaka — Unmarried. Muniea — Catch, secure. Munina — Caught. Munieami — To catch, to secure. Muniemarow — Catch, secure (impe- rative). Munkuna — Scattering, dispersing. Mundrunchoo — Pregnant. Murdie — Heavy. Murdawola — The under stone, used in grinding seed. Murdcooparoo — The upper stone, do. Murdoo — Taste. Muracherpuna — Groping with the hands in the dark. Muroo — Black. Murulyie — Red. Murookootoo — Black ochre. Murkara — A large fish. Murchamurchuna — Whimpering. Murla — Again, true, not false, best (superlative). Murlaloo — ^Without doubt. Murchina — Noisy. Murrawirrie — Two-handed sword. Murra — Fresh, new. Murrawillpillpuruna — Numbed hand. Murndiekilla — ^Waves. Mumdiekillundroo — Relating to the waves. Murdapooroo — Hailstones . Mutcha — ^Enough, sufficient. Mutchoomutohoo — Orphan . Nanieya — She. Nandrooya — Her. Nanieda — She is here (after inquiry). Nanka — Just down there. Nankuldra — Repeat. Narrie — Corpse. Narrienie — The dead, my dead ? Niuna — Seeing. Nile — Seen. Niehie — Seen. Nianaori — Has seen. Nianawonthie — Had seen. Nianauni — Will see. NiamuUnna — Seeing each other. Niamarow — See, look, behold (im- perative). THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: VoCABtTLAHT- Nieamurra — Brothers. Nieaundroo — Relating to. Nillanilla — Mirage. Nina — It. Ninia — Tliis. Niniya — That, there, Nindrie — Body of anything. Ninthalie — Ashamed. Ninthapina — ^Very much ashamed. Ninthabutha — Not ashamed. Ninthaooroo — Shameless. Ninyillpuna — Turning inside out. Noa — ^Wife or husband. Noamurra — Wife and husband. Noandroo — Relating to wife or hus- band. Nokooloonokooloo — Continually re- peating, reiterating. Nooliea — Strangle. Noolina — Strangling. Noolinaori — Has strangled. Noolinawonthie — Had strangled. Noolihaunie — Will strangle. NooliuamuUana — Strangling each other. Noongkoongoo — To him. Noongkunie — His, belonging to him. Noora — Tail. Nooroo — ^Quick. Nooroocauko — Not quick, slow. Nooroopina — Very quick. Nooroonooroo — Be quick, hasten. Nowieya — There. Numpami — To bury or cover. Numpuna — Burying or covering. Numpathuruna — Burried, covered. Numpanaori — Has buried or covered. Numpamarow — Bury or cover it (imperative). NumpamuUuna — Covering each other. Numpunawonthie — Had buried. Will strike. ■ — ccmUmmd. Numpalauni— Will bury. Nurieami — To order away. Nuruna — Ordering away. Nunga — Pour. Nunguna — Pouring. Nungathuruna — Pouring out. Nungamarow — Pour out (impera- tively). Nunginaori — Has poured. Nunginawonthie — Had poured. Nungalaunie — Will pour. Nundra — Strike, hit. Nundraori — Has stricken. Nundrathie — Nundralauni — NundramuUuna — Striking each other. Nunka — Press. Nunkami — To press. Nunkuna — Pressing. . Nunkathuruna — Pressing it. NunkamaTow — Press it (impera- tively). NunkamuUuna — Pressing each other. Olakuna — ^Watching. Oodlaka — Watehguard. Oodlakuthuruna — Watching or guarding together. Ookuna — Mixing, joining. Ookunathuruna— Mixing or joiumg together. Ookiwuruna — Sick, retching. Ooldroo — Small mouth, small hole. Oolauloha — Bubbles. Ooliekirra — New, bright, clean. Oolkaitcha — Betraying, a person unable to keep a secret. Oolkootharkuna — The elder bro- ther's assistance asked by the younger in fighting. MOUNT FRBBLING TO PIRIGUNDI LAKE. 97 y 00 AsvLARr—'eontimied. Oolyie — Gum. Oomoomurla — Better than good, su- perior. Oomoomoothoo — The best of all. Oona — ^Arms, wings. Oonoo — Laid. Oonarrie — Eight-handed. Oonchamuna — Recognized. Oonchami — ^To recognize. Oonduna — Thinking. Oonthana — Moving the body to and fro when singing (a customary usage with the tribe). Oondrami — To think. Oondra — Think. Oondrathuruna^Thinking to- gether, considering. OnawElpillpirruna — The arm be- numbed. Ooroo —Often. Oorooooroo — Hard, tough, strong. Ooroocathina — Lying at full length, Oorthie — Branches. Ootamanurie — Hat, covering for the head. Opera — In front, ahead. Oothoooothoothuruna — Stretching the arms together over the head. . Ooyamuna — Remembering. Ooyella — To pity, commiserate, compassionate. Ooyellala — Pitying. Para — Hair of the head. Parayelchyeloharoo — The hair straightened on end from the forehead. Parakurlie — Large head of hair. Paramooroo — Thickly-matted hair. Parana — Crossing over. Parabara — With force and strength. VOL. u. Parohana — All. Parkooloo — Three. Paroo — A small bony flat fish. Paraparawumie — ^Foolish. Paruna — Stopping at a certain place. Parunaori — Has stopped. Parunawonthie — Had stopped. Parulauni — Will stop. Pathuna — Tired. Pathapathana — I am tired. Pathara — A box-tree. Patharacoorle — Young tree, sapling. Paulkoo — Flesh. Piduna — Pounding, crushing. Pilla — Charcoal. Pildrapildra — Struck by lightning. Pillie— Bag. Pilkildra — Something else. Pilkiela — Another. Pilkie — Not relating to. Pilliethillcha — The Aurora Aus- tralia. Pillpillieunkuna — To flatten any- thing. Pina — Large, great. Pinaenna — Increasing in stature, growing. Pinpanaori — Has shared. Pinpanawonthie — Had shared. Pinpalauni — Will share. Pinpuna — Sharing. Pindrie — Grasshopper. Pindrathie — Thin as a grasshopper. Pinya — An armed party. Pinyanie — My armed party. Pinyalie — Our armed party. Pinyalloo — Of the armed party. Pirramundroo — Shields. Pirramoonkoo — -A ricochet. Pirrakuna — Groping in any enclosed place with the hands for anything. THE AUSTRALIAN RACE : yOCABTJLABY- Pirrie — Gap, groove. Pirraooroo — Paramour (each man has from two to six). Pirrundroo — The trough. Pitta — Stick, piece of wood. Pittundroo— Relating to the stick. Pittadinthie — A piece of wood that has been used or cut. Pittacopara — Roots of trees Pittabooharichuna — Sandfly. Pittie — Fundament. Pittiethawa — Harping on one sub- ject. Pinthie — Nickname. Piya — Birds. Piyaundro — The birds. Piyacooduna — Noise caused by birds settling on land or water. Piyawola — ^^The nest. Piyawolundroo — Relating to the nest. Piyara — Mother-in-law. Poolkami — To blow. Poolkunar— Blowing. Poolkamarow — Blow (imperatively). Pooldroopooldroounkuna — Meal ground from seeds. Pooloouna — Breathing. Poolpauma — Mid-day meal when hunting or gathering Pontoo — Blunt. Pontoola — Blunt, an instrument not sharp. Pothoo — Only. Pothookoornoo — Only one. Poonthina — Taking different roads. Poopuna^Awordofcontempt. (Any person lagging behind or straggling out of a party is told poopuna, to keep his place.) —continvAci. Pooraka — Dry waterhole, claypan dried up. Poorina — Fallen, to fall. Powa — Fine seed. Pukuna — Exploding, bursting. Pukieathie — Apt to explode or burst Pukala — Frost. Pulkami— To go. Pulkuna — Going. Pulkamarow — Go (imperatively). Pulaooriea^Imploring, beseeching. Puluna — Withering, drying up of water, dying out. Pulunaori— Has died out. Pulunawonthie — Had died out. Pulunaunie — Will die out. Pulparoo — Surface. Pulpa — Others. Pulara — Women are so called when appointed to perform any special mission, such as assembling the tribes. Punga — A small fly, hardly discer- nible, but capable of inflicting a sting as painful as that of the wasp. Punie — No, none. Pundra — Cooked, not raw. Punkara — Level. Punthama — To smell. Punthamuna — Smelling. Punchietharkuna — Kneeling. Purdakunaori — Has brought. Purdakunawonthie — Had brought. Purdakalauni — Will bring. Purdakunna — Bringing, carrying. Purdie — Grub, caterpillar. Purda— Hold. Purduna— Holding. Purdamarow — Hold (imperative). MOUNT FREELINa TO PIEIGUNDI LAKE. Vocabulary- PurdamuUuna — Holding each other. Purdami — To hold. Purdanaorie — Hag held. Purdawonthie — Had held. PurdamuUuna — Holding each other. Purathura — Smooth, flat, a bowling green. Purie — Under the surface. Pururie — Beneath the surface, under- neath. Purriewillpa — Sky. Purriewillpanie — Heavens. Puthina — Early. Thalkoo— Straight. Thalpacooroo — Hard of hearing. Thalpina — Warm, not cold. Thandrana — Pouring. Thaugemana — With force. Thana — They, them. Thaniya — Those. Thanyoo — Dried fruit. Thanyoondra — The dried fruit. Thanpooruna — Caving in. Tharka — Stand. Tharkuna — Standing. Tharkami — To stand. Tharkiebuna — To stand anything on end. Tharalkoo — Ducks. Thatha — A crack in wood, stone, or other matter. Thatie— The middle. Thaubulyoo — Rotten egg. Thaumpara — Pelican. Thikamuna — Spinning. Thiewie — Flowers. Thieaoolraroo — Saw. Thidnayoonkurrie — Cramp in the toes. Thilchaurruna — Impatient. Thidnara — Nephew. Thilpa — Tease, provoke. —continued. Thilpuna — Provoking. Thilpathurruna — Provoking each other. Thilluna — To bubble up, effervesce. Thinthami — To lose, to spill. Thinthana — Losing, spilling. Thinthinanaori — Has lost or spilled, Thinthanawonthie — Had lost or spilt. Thinthi— Lost. Thinkabboroo — Dawn. Thipie — ^Alive. Thipieoondra — Regard for life. Thippirruna — To give life. Thirrie— Fight. Thirrina — ^Fighting. ThirriemuUana — Fighting with each other. Thirkama — A song sung at the cir- cumcision, and sacredly kept secret from the women. Thitti— Ticklish. Thokundruna — -Throwing down. Thookami — To carry on the back. Thookuna — Carrying on the back. Thookanaori — Has carried on the back. Thookanawonthie — Had carried on the back. Thookalauni — Will carry on the back. Thookamarow — Carry on the back (imperatively). Thookamulluna — Carrying each other on the back. Thoola — Stranger; also, flint. Thooldrina — Playing. Thooda — Noon. Thoonka — Unpleasant smell, stench. Thoonkuruna — Stinking. Thoonchirruna — Sneezing. GZ 100 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE ; VOCABtTLABT- Thoondakunathoorana — Sleeping on the back. Thoondakuna — Anything lying on its back. Thoopoo — Steam. Thooroodurana — Lighting a fire. Thooroomunya — Firestick . Thooroothiewillka — Sparks of fire emitted from flint or stone. Thooroothooroo — Very hot. Throoringie — Marrow. Thoorpuna — Twisting string orrope. Thootchoo — Reptiles, insects. Thootchooudroo — Relating to rep- tiles or insects. Thootchaworoo — A lad after circum- cision. Thoodaroo — ^Fog, mist. Thudaka — To vibrate, shove, or push. Thudakuna — Vibrating, pulsation, beating. Thula — ^Name. Thularabooldrina — The clouds gath- ering before breaking. Thularakooduna — Raining. Thularapolkoo — Clouds. Thularakinie — Lightning. Thuliekirra — To put the tongue out of the mouth to denote that the person who does so is only jesting. Thumpuna — ^Walking softly on tip- toe to surprise. Thumpathumpuna — Walking steal- thily so as not to dis- turb prey. Thunkurina — Going over. Thunka — Juice. Thurdie— Thirst. Thuroo — Father-in-law. Thurakami— To swim. •contmued. Thurakuna — Swimming. Thuraka — Swim. Thuruna — Flying. Tiana — Bating. Tiala^Eat. Tianaori — Has eaten. Tianawonthie — Had eaten. Tialauni — Will eat. Tiamarow — Eat (imperatively). Titituna — Masticating. Tithatitha — Pockmark. Ukurrie — Ours. Ulka — Spittle, saliva. Ulkundroo — Spittle. Uldra — ^We, us. Uldranie — Of us. Ulchutchamuna — To threaten. Unakoo — Don't know. Unkana — ^Making, doing. Undrakoomoo — One of the flock or party. Unpa — Tassel made from fur of rats, and worn to hide the privy parts. Unpundroo — Tassel. Undrawolpuna — Covered, not in view. Ulla— Well. Utta — ^An exclamation. Urrapurna — Startled, sudden fright. Urramurana — Gay. Urrathuriea — Attend, regard what I say. Urrathurruna — Paying attention. Urrina — Listening. Urraurraunkana — Breathing hard. Urrawordoo — Gasping. Urawa — Salt. Urraurruna — A caution to be careful of the young, to avert dangerfrom them while out hunting or on ex- peditions. MOUNT FREBLING TO PIBIGUNDI LAKE. 101 VOCABULAIIT- Urriena — To descend. Urriemutha — Floods. Urriemuthundroo — Relative to floods. Wadarie — ^Where. Waka — Small, not much. Wakawaka — Very small, mite. Waranie — Refusal. Warapa — ^Inform. Warapami — To inform. Warapuna— Informing. Warapunaori — ^Has informed. Warapunawonthie — Had informed. Warapalauni — ^WiU inform. Wata— Don't. Wattawanie — Island. Watharaundroo — Relating to the wind. Waukriebuna — Breaking. Waukanaori — Has broken. Whi— What. Wiala — Cook. Wiami — To cook. Wiuna — Cooking. Wiunaori — Has cooked. Wiunawonthie — Had cooked. Wiulauni — Will cook. Wianie — ^Nonsense. Widlamura — Women. Wilapathuruna— Any thing in motion at a distance, as, for in- stance, branches of trees. Wierurna — Leaving the camp for a day's hunt. WieUkami — To take charge of the child when hunting. Wieilkcuna — ^Taking charge of the children when hunting. Wilyaroo — A ceremony. Willpuna — Whistling. Willpa— Hole. Willpawillpa — Full of holes. -contirmed. Willpalooloo — White hole; also stupid. Wimuna — Placing under cover, put- ting in. Wima — Put in. Wimma — Song. Wimmawonkuna — Singing. Wimamarow — Put in (imperatively). Windami — To count. Wiudimuna — Counting. Windrie — Only. Winthar-When. Winthurie — Whence. Winya — ^Wither. Winyeminar— Withered. Wippa — Gully. Wippiyirrie — Gutter, watercourse. Wirrelyema — Level ground. Wirrileama — Leading a weak person gently. Wirriea — Under cover. Wirrunaori — Has gone under cover. Wirrunawonthie — Had gone under cover. Wirralauni — Will go under cover Wirruna — Setting of the sun and moon. Wirrka — Fissures. Wirrkanie — Flats with many fissures, flooded. Wirrtie — Song. Wilchieua — ^Trembling from fear. Wittcha^Itch. Withie — Wound. Wittwittuna — The roaring of thun- der. Wittawittanathurina — Continued roar of thunder without intermission. Wodarrie — ^Where. Wodow — What, how. Wodaunchoo — How many, 102 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE : • Vocabulary- Wodanie — What is it like ? Wodaroo — What do you say ? Wokburna — Arriving. Wokari — ^Arrived. Wokumaori — Has arrived. Wokumawonthie — Had arrived. Wolpuna — To cover. Wolpadukuna — Covering over. Wolaguna — ^Walking leisurely. Wolthami — To carry. Wolthamaori — Has carried. Wolthamawonthie — Had carried, Wolthamalauni — Will carry. Wolthuna — Carrying. Wooloobukanathoorana — Sleeping on the face. Wooloo — Terrific pace, very swift. Walka — Oflfspring, the young of any animal. Wolthoo — ^Not firm, shaky, rickety. Wolkapurrie — Two perpendicular marks in red ochre on the stomach to distinguish those who have been on the red ochre expedition. Woliewoliebuna — Person who pre- vents a quarrel. Woliewoliebundroo — Relating to a peacemaker. Wompinie — In the shade, sheltered from the sun. Wonka — Sing. Wonkana — Singing. Wonkunaori — Has sung. Wonkunawonthie — Had sung. WonkamuUana — Singing together. Wonkulauni — Will sing. Wondrami — To show. Wondruna — Showing. Wondrunaori — Has shown. Wondrunawonthie — Had shown. Wondralauni — Will show. -continued. Wondramarow — Show (imperative). Wondrala — Show. Wondaroo — Shower, indication of rain ; also closely-knitted bag. Wonina — Tracking. Woninaori — Has tracked. Woninawonthie — Had tracked. Woninalauni — WiU track. WoninamuUana — Tracking each other. Wonchami — To try, to taste. Wonchuna — Trying, tasting. Wonchathuruna — ^Has tried, has tasted. Wonabunyie — The small bone of emu's or kangaroo's leg. Wonthawonthaloo — Travelling. Wonthawirrieyinkuna — Travelling to a certain place. Wonthilcurie — Round the other side. Woonthatharka — A calling place. Wonthina — Search. Wonthinaori — Has searched. Wonthinawonthie — Had searched. Wonthilauni — Will search. Wonthithuruna — Searched in vain. Wopuna — Gone. Wopulkuna — Going. Wopunaori — Has gone. Wopunawonthie — Had gone. Wopulauni — ^Will go. Wopala — ^Are going. Worietha — ^Long way off, distant. Worami — To throw. Woruna — Throwing. Woranaori— Has thrown. Woranawonthie — Had thrown. Woramarow — Throw(imperatively). Woralauni — ^Will throw. Woratharuna — Stumbling. Woorookarana — Barking. MOUNT FREELING TO PIRIGUNDI LAKE. 103 VOCABULAKY- Worooworookuna — Rickety, shaky, not firm. Workoo — The other way. Woorookathieimdroo — Relating to emus. Worookoornoo — The reverse end. Woraworana — To desert. Worapami— To tell. Worapuna — Telling. Worapunaori — ^Was told. Worapunawonthie — Had told. Worapulauni — Will tell. Worapathuruna — TelUng together. Wordoo — Short. Wordoopirrapirra — Short and thick. Wordoowauka — Very short. Woraunchoo — Left-handed. Woroola — -Well. Woroo — Time past. Woroomurla — Long time past. Woroomoothoo — Very long time past. Wootchoo — Long and thick. Wotthiemookoo — The grave. Wotthina — Building. Wotthinaori — Has built. Wotthinawonthie — Had built. Wotthalauni— Will build. Wolthila— Built. Wowitoha — ^Distant relative. Wulpieunkuna — Plaiting. Wuldragunya — Summer. Wuldragunyaundroo — Relating to summer. Wulkularie — Sorry. Wulkulienuna — Sorrow. Wulkina — In pain. Wulkinaori — Has suffered pain. Wulkinawonthie — Had suffered pain. Wuldragunyandroo — Relating to -cs— continued. "Pipe-clay" (sulphate of lime) — Ko-pajja. Wooden bowl (large) — Yookooja. Wooden bowl (small; wherein to heat water) — ^Y6rra- koorooka. Mat — Pintooka. Basket — Koorooka. Net (small, for odds and ends) — Worroka. Rug — Komb6e. Fringed apron — Weerlppa. Loin-line, supporting it — ^W^rlppa- weenya. Loin-net (for bracing the body) — Weerlppa-pulkka. Fly-switch — ^Weerlppa (i.e., e.g., wingoroo-weerlppa). Nose-stick — M6und6gahtla {i.e., mexmdamullo-yerra ; i.e., nostril-stick). Head-band — M6rry-merryja. Head-net — Ttirtoo-weerlppa. Feathers in tufts {e.g., emu-feathers) placed therein — KuU- tSe-woolkky. Necklace — Pemba-wtilkka. Hole in septum of nose — ^YSrra- woollee. Ornamental scars — Ningka. Gap in front teeth — Bing-o-lo6. Hat — Ttirtoo-paroo. Good— Gunjalkka, gunjttUa, b61- leerra.* Bad— TooUaka, tooUaktilly. Fat — Noorree. Old— To-tayly. Truthful — Marrayta. Untruthful — Tan-g56ja. Hot — B^tyee. Cold — YerkkeS, bundSSng-iilla. Tall, lofty — B6o-rijjary-turt66 {i.e., head afar), turtoolaja. Big — Koombaja. Little— Kelch61k6. Perpendicular — TahreenyS,. Horizontal — ^Eeppa. Right-handed, using the right hand — Ndo-rinya. Left-handed, using the left hand — Yanggooja. Using both hands, ambidexterous — Mullttk-mulltik-noo- rinya. Angry — KooUa. Ill — Meeka, meekaja. White — Bi-chooka. Black — Kerkreeka. Red — Nahllkeeka. Blue — Ko-kr§gka. Green — Noonbaraka. Hungry — ^Wilkahka. Thirsty— Yerlkka. Empty — ^Dikkiilla. Lame — Poolkka. Grey — Goorra. Blind — Wontooja. Bald — PuUara. Deaf — ^Nahppaja (? cf . n-ahppa, 'tis I: i.e., 'tis only I; the compulsorily unsoci- able; pass on). Dumb — Mitndting-ingga. Insane— Ttirto6-wulkkat(?cf.bulkka, to kill ; or pulkka, string . . . .). Dead — ^Bookka. To Hear, to understand — Tulleetee fshows how aflfined in the wimbaja are ivg and vovg). SmeU — B6-ootta. * These three words (which are adverbs also) may be joined indifferently with any noun or pronoun that is to be favorably qualified, the occasion supplying the full sense intended. They stand, therefore, for grood, sweet, new, &c. TooUaka and toollakully^ in like manner, answer to our bad, lazy, quarrelsome, &c. t See page 213, turtoo woolkky = hair of the head.—E. M. C. 218 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE No. 75. — Additional Woeds — continued. To See — Bommee. Summon by whistling — ^Koyl- ppee (?cf. koylppa). Call by name — Kulppra. Fetch— WottOla^. Seize forcibly — ^Noo-rinya (noo- rinya, as verb or as ad- verb, takes the long mark - on the first syllable). Tattoo — Wahmma, bahtSa. Kiss — Moonnoo-inja (moonnoo). Tickle — Noonnda-noonndiinda (cf. kinda-kindunda, the event of noonnda noonndunda). Pinch — BeettS. Stroke — Toinbomba. Strike — Pertta. Kill— Bulkka (cf. bookka). Bury — Toonggahty. Breathe, to sigh — Tow-6rry. Sniff — ^Wahnggttnya. Sniff, rubbing the nostrils with the finger — Mennda- miillabiitta. Blow the nose — ^N5nd6rry. Sneeze — EnchoochS. Crawl — Bungga. Dance — ^W66mb6mboollee, Swim — Yeekka. Dive^Burriing-a. Walk — Wong-a. Run — Kolyara. Pant — Moott6-moott5. Stumble headlong — Nahnggahla- tanggoorSe (? of. nah- nggo). Fall— Beekka (cf. bookka). Sit down, remain — Neengga. Sitcrosslegged— Pintee-pinteejy. Lie down, recline— Eemma [cf. eeppa]. Think — Moorra. Sleep — E-margala. To Dream — Bookoylppy (? cf. koylppa). Snore — PoompOppa, bahndiinda. Yawn — Tahppapa. Wink — Miingko. Blink — Mungko-miingko. Stare — Wahmba. Get up — Dingggiy (dinggy: " A hand touched me, which set me upon my knees "). Smile — M6-ki-y8. Laugh — Kinda-kindiinda. Hum — Moormoo-moorra. Whistle — ^WeelpSolkO. Sing — Yengke. Gabble — ^YtLnda-yiindadS. Shoot out the lip — Moonnoo- booteeja (monnoo). Sulk — Breerry. Stamp foot — ^Niimmbiiddy. Fight — Goo-rmya. Sob — ^NSnnggo-neimggary . Cry — Neerra, nahng-aroo (nahnggo : " Women. must weep " — Kinga- ley). Groan — Yerkiilko. Cluck with tongue — Noonn- t661kk6. Drink — Toonjala, tweendya. Hiccough — Tunttinda, numm- btiUa. Blow with mouth — Poorppa, Eat— tl-6e, tar-enjary. Gorge — Wertto-tiee, beUeerra- tiSe, noorinya-tiSe. Be ill— KullttUa. Spit— Nulltcha. Cough — GoonkOko. Vomit — Mundtinda. Stammer — Mundiilka. Whisper — Mahra-bulkkoo. Shiver, tremble — YiJrly-iirly. Paint — Wahloo-wahloolbS BOURKE, DAHLING EIVER. 219 No. 75. — Additional Wobds — continued. To Die— Bookka. Smell iU — Bookka-bookka (ie.,to be dead indeed). Very very long ago — Kahndeen merry kahndeen yok6 (i.e., yako). Very long ago — Kahndee-kahndSen- ya, m6rrym6rry kahn- dSen y6k0. Long ago — Kahndeenya, kahndSSn yOkO, Lately — KeIlpp&-kSlpp6, The day before yesterday — Kah- rookO, Yesterday — IllahgO, To-day — Now, almost (cf, our pre- sently) — KeilppS. To-morrow — Wahmbeenya, Kah- reengky. To-morrow morning — Wahmbo- ahmby. The day after to morrow — Kahkah- rSengky. The day after the day after to- morrow — Kahkahkah- rSengky. In five days hence — ^Yenta tiima yokO. In ten days hence — Tinna ohllb y6k6. By-and-by — Pooly-ahtta. Some day or other — Boorijjary kahn^ {i.e., afar to come) — kahn^-ee- kahn^. Forthwith — TundSgj a. Often — Tim-ga, Always — Tun-ga m6rry. Never — Ealla. For long — ^WerkO-6-ta (cf. kitto-o- ta, farewell). One — Neecha. Two — Barkooloo, booUa. Three — Bark6ol6 neecha. Four — Barkooloo barkool65. Together — BooUa. Apart — ^Neecha-neechS {i.e., one by one ; cf, dvo Svo, St. Mark vi. 7). To the right — ^Noorinya. To the left— YanggO. On the hither side — WOrronarukka, w6r-ang6ry. On the thither side — MttUarka. Anigh — Teilppa. Afar — Boo-rijjary, boo-reelly. Indoors — Koont6-g6ollee {i.e. the belly of the house). Out of doors — Tahna-muUaka, The end — Tintee-wulkka. The middle — TmtSe-fSkka, ttirtoo- no-kk6. Everywhere — Tinto6-n6-kk6. Very, thoroughly — Merry. Plenty — NooUada. Lo 1 — Bommee. Hark ! TflUeetee. What?— Minna? Where ? — Weendya, weendyara. Well said ! Well done ! Hooray ! All right I — Gunjiilkka, gunjftUa, bSUeerra. You don't say so ! — Aht6gng-a. Yes, truly — Naho-, nay (cf. vd,) marrayta. Yes, indeed — Marrayta, m6rry. No — Nahtta. Certainly not — Nahtta mgrry. Have done ! — Nahohtta, nahtahtta. I — Ahppa. You — imba, indoo, o-mma. He, She, It— Wahtta, wahtt6. The man yonder. That woman. This thing — Wahtta- eennO. One more — Neecha binna. It's all one to me, I think with you — Eiinee-n-ahlppy, en- neenya-n-ahppa. (cf. unus). Ah me ! — N-ahppa guUago. 220 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 75. — Additional Words — continued. Take care ! — Wirra-miUa. Cheer up I Don't make a fuss! Hush! Moonda-neengga. My dear — Mahmbo-li. Come hither — Yo-thahn6e, yo-vah- rfeepa.* Go hence — Wahra-thahnSe, wahra- vahreepa.* Come hither quickly ! — Yo-mSrry- thahnee, yo-m6rry- vahreepa. Fetch it hither ! — Yah-wahttQ. Take it hence ! — Wahra-gahndee. I'm off — Thahnee ahppa, ahppa thahnSeng-ting-a. You stay behind — Imba neengga. Which way shall I go ? — Weendya ahppa thahneeng- iing-a. Go that way — Wahtt6-a-rahn&e. Quickly, quickly ! — Geerra geerra. Halt there ! — Neengga. Keep to the road — Yengka binna. I don't want to go ! — Killhan6Sng- ahppa. I shan't go ! — MooUtflrreeng-ahppa. I'm very tired — Boolyahppy-wah- nda-ahppa. I have too huge a corporation — Koonna-na-p611a-ahppa. I'm very ill — Meeka-1-ahppa. Come, no more of that gabble — Weendy ak miindy y ttn- da ytindada indoo. Go and have a drink — Beelkka toonjala. Where are the Blacks? — Weendya wimbaja. I don't know — Weendyah-n-no. (i.e., ay, where indeed ?) I have seen it — BOmmSe wahttO. I have not seen it — KiUa bSmmSe wahttO. I have heard of it — TuU^tee wahttS I understand — TuUeetee ahppa. What do you say? — K6-pa kooray. There's a Black coming — Thahnfeeng- tlng-a nfeecha wimbaja. Seize the fellow ! — ^Noo-ringa wahttS. ("With aU our main of power.") Why so ? — ^Minna mundy. There's not a Black about the place — Killa nahtta wtmbaj - ettee. Is a Black here? — Wimbaja nSengga. Yes, I ! — N-ahppa. "Good morrow to thee ! Welcome" — Geerra - thahnee, geerra-vahrSepa, (i.e., come quickly! adsisl). Where's another Black ? — ^Weendya kahroo wimbaja. A Black's coming — Wimbaja been- dal6ng. Come, I want one of you with me — Yo - thahn^, niHlee bSrroo thahnee. Come quicjkly, one of you ! — Geerra- geerrahnS. Come quickly, numbers of you! — Geerra - geerrahnfeeng ohllo. Make a big blaze ; it's very cold — Noollada wahttS koon- yka ; bUndeeng - iilla keekky. Get more wood — KahroS y6rra wahttS. Where is it ? — Weendyah-t-t8. It's all gone — Nahtta winnOty. You're a humbug — ^Nahtta mfiny imba. I'm no humbug, I'm in earnest, I speak the truth — Mar- rayta mSriy ahppa. * In the yo- and the wahra- of these words, one can almost see the welcoming and the repelling action of hands and lips. BOURKE, DARLING RIVER. 221 No. 75. — Abditional Words— continiied. You're a lazy fellow — ^Toollaktllly turtooja. (Turtoo: of. caput, — e.g., "care ca- put.") You're another — N-imbah-kaytlS. Where shall I put it? — ^Weendya Semma ]'a-gy. Here — KItterryda. There — Eettona. More this way ! — Yo-mSrry. More that way ! — Wirra-mSrry. That'll do; I don't want it— Na- hshtta; kiUa wahtt6 ahltS. What do the Blacks name this ? — Minna wlmbaja keekky. I'm aU but a Black myself— KeilppS wlmbaja n-ahappa Who are you ?— Minna wahn-ga imba. Where's your country ? — Weend- yara gSer-r-o-mma. Afar on the other side of the river — MuUarka parkka boorijjary. The net's at the camp on the other side — Mulkka 6-mama milllarkyna moollee-n-ytlpparunna. The sun's just setting ; come, be quick, be quick, and get over, and set off to the camp together — KeilppS ytlko-illl6 beekka kfinnah, geerra geerrah- n6eng-(5-tah, geerra geerrah, yuppara milnday. Good-bye ! Good-night ! — Kilt6-6-ta, neenggtingga. The very expressive words following — contained above, but not there noted, many of them — seem to me worthy of special mention: — Wahkoo (crow), woopooga (morepork), koonahly (wood-duok), korwoo thoo (speckled dove), korrookahkahka (laughing jackass), tirry-girryka (wagtail), eurree (ear), moonnoo and meemee (upper lip and under Up), tuUeenna (tongue), yelkka (throat), koongung-urra (gullet); gullinggo (water), bootta (thunder), towerry (to breathe), poompoppa (to snore), enchoo-cho (to sneeze), goonkoko (to cough), mootto-mootto (to pant), nennggo- nennggary (to sob), yurly-urly (to shiver, to tremble), mungko-mungko (to blink), kinda-kindunda (to laugh), tahppapa (to yawn), weelpoolko (to whistle), noonntoolkko (to cluck with the tongue), nuUtcha (to spit), poorppa (to blow with the mouth), moonnoo-inja (to kiss), moonnoo-booteeja (to shoot out the lip), menndamuUabutta (to sniff, rubbing the nostrels with the finger), nahnggahla-tanggooree (to stumble headlong). And what can better example Shakspere's "quick cross-lightning" than kuUa-koonyka ; the quiver of a brandished spear, the quiver and whirr of a launched spear, than wirra-wirroty ; the fitful ways of a butterfly, than billubyleukka ? One may reasonably doubt whether, from a vocabulary so limited, could be furnished by any civilized tongue such a galaxy of speaking words. The following is a list of words either not confirmed or having some- thing suspicious about them, but not necessarily unworthy; inserted because some of them might possibly be confirmed by, or confirm, those of another contribution : — New moon — Buttoo. Pull moon — Koombaja (i.e., big). Moon on wane — ^Winna. Evening star — Nooahlok-mttttee- mutteeka. Sunrise — Kulchftlka. 222 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 75.— Additionai Midday — Kulk6iy (also, bull-dog ant.) Sunset — Pilkka, pilkahna, piilkka- wahttS Cpilkahna was given to me at various times not only as sun- set, but as child; and, joined with booUee, as meteor). Night — Nahmoodee. Meteor — BooUee-pilkahna. Comet — Yengka (also road). Heat — Kahla-kahla. Water — KoUy (this word savours of boojery and the like, as do wee-wee, ill; ewoho, sun ; bimble, ground). * Mirage — Ahppee-n6-kk6. Ford — Nairree-nQ-kkO. Island — Kurla-poolppo . Waterhole — N6-kk6-y6rra, n6r- ahla. Pool— Gahttilyka. Open country — -JUilkkah (also brackish water). Saltbush — BSkka-bootta (thunder leaf). Cotton-bush — B66kumbaroo,bunnba. Trefoil — Goorra-goorra. Nardoo — Wahn-goo. Pig-weed — T6ol6rlflnggarinya. Yam — Giimni, tahnee. Mushroom — Boo-rungga. Bee-plant — Buthim-bftthy (th as in thin). Sap — Billa-n9-kk6. Sapling — Menttinya. Bough — ^Woombaja. Leaf — KahrSrSe, Seed — Poonbdlka. Hive — ^WooUSS (i.e., hole; is wurley a corruption of wool- lee?). WoEDS — continued. Honeycomb — Thi-6-ee (th asinthin). Kangaroo — Gilpyja. Kangaroo-rat — Martooka, b6-inya. Bandicoot — K6ndara-booka. Porcupine — Ktlltoo, kullgtSe. Curlew — Burtulaka. Turkey — Toolkeeka. Sandfly — MoonnSe-nlrreeka. Ants (various) — Meetooja, bultta, teerala. White ant — Moominya. Snake (a) — Yerr61k8. Iguana — Purnna, w6116reeima. Lizard — Boonnoo. Tortoise — Kerky-mtilka, poorkSo. Periwinkle — Neemma, mooUairry. Pishes (various) — PuntahlSe, wee- g6er, pumt6-oka. Soul— Toob6ry. Tears — Meeky-mahla, mSeky-nullee (nuUee, cheek). Septum of nose — Tahppa. Cheek— NoolkkS. Chin — MooltteS. Kidneys — Bahnda. Back — Nahroo, bahlaroo. Hip — Kooloo-pinna. Ankle — Keng-g5o. Sole — Poonna. Big toe — Bunna. Joint — Moorkka (also, " giggle- giggle"). Blister— KuUa. Swelling blight — MSSky-boylloo. Child— Pilkahna. Children — Gorwa, kahtcha-wuUoo- koo. Maiden— Ptllkahly. Male child — Willya-roong-a. Female child — Ki-chtinggoo. Young man — Miill6o-S5lta. Young man, before initiation — Wilyaroo, nulkktt, kahndee. * I had warned my contributors, in a letter attached to my list of words, against setting down without inquiry a few such words as boojeri=good, &aeZ= nose, which the early settlers had learnt from the Sydney tribe, the impression with some persons being that there is but one language in Australia.— E. M. C. bourKe, darling river. 223 No. 75.— Additional Womts— continued. Young man, after initiation — Kool- ta-mttrra, mooleenya. Widow — NOnnj^e. Woman who has left her husband — Ginmee. Fatherless child, motherless child — Mornnee. (A woman speaks to her nephew of his father as taralby.) Breakwind — Ttirt5o-da-burtta. Corroboree — Bahkitnya, yengkO, nommba, moolgahlly, dinnabi. Road — ^Pulttoo, etironedO. Small flrewood^ — Mookooja. Large firewood — Tahlara. Front supports of gunyah — UllSe- engkara. Back supports of gunyah — Tooltto- ungkara. Rafters — Tilkee-gooUee. Charcoal — Kimba. Fish-grease — Wilkahra. Cake of seeds — ^Windda. Poultice of warmed leaves — Poon- bahmba. Oven — Kurkooroo, nooa. Fish-spear — Kurttee, biinda. Nullah-nullah (small) — Keikka. Yam-stick — Kwingka, kootaka. Red ochre — Kurkkoo. Wooden bowl (small) — Keenyy. Mat — Pintooroo. Net (little)— Mirra. Head-band — Nootong^a. Necklace — Keewara. Strong — KoorkrSe. Weak — Eella-koorkr^S. Courageous — Eella-ooUyaloo. Afraid — OoUya. Tall — Berlooroo. Short — Kardooka. Unthruthful- Thievish — Kernmahja. Lame — Kookka. Deaf— Mo-ko. One-eyed — Y6ntta-meekaja. Angry — Bee-r6-r§e. Lazy— Btlndee-biindeej a. Industrious — Bopparaka. To stroke — Koonna-koonneenya (probably to pat with satisfaction ; a well- filled stomach). To fondle— BahndahkO. To dive— NahppSo-orkala. To get up — Pumda. To sing — Pukkinya. To sob — Boqu§epa, yahndalahna. " To drink — Weejja. To stammer — TooUaka-bulkkoo. To stop ears — ^Nahjja. Yesterday — lUana. Ho, there ! — Mee. Stop ! — TahrSe (also trunk) . Come hither I — Burreeba. Be quick !^-Moorra-moorra. Is it a fact ? — Injee. For a while — Btilyahda (suspiciously like — soften it and it becomes pooly-ahtta, by-and-by). I don't know — Yoon-gahnjy, Tribes (incidentally mentioned) — Ahn-g66k6, Mi-piilk6, Tungga, Wahtta-waht- ta,* Letcha - 16tcha, Kahtchee-tahkka, Ung-i-ung-i. When a child died, it waa buried near to a young tree, round which bands alternate (from the bottom) of black, red, yellow, red, white, were drawn ; a path to the grave was marked out. No kopajji was placed on the grave of a child. * It is curious to note that the names of two tribes below Swan Hill, on the Murray, were known on the Upper Darling.— E. M. C. 224 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 76.— FIFTY MILES BELOW BOURKE ON THE DARLING. By Sir Samuel Wilson aot) W. Hendekson, Esq. Or this vocabulary, wliicli has a good deal in common with the foregoing one, I have received two renderings, one from Sir Samuel "Wilson, and the other from Mr. William Henderson ; they agree well. Kangaroo - - dulta. Hand - - murra. Opossum - - yerringee. 2 Blacks - - boola weim- Tame dog - - kuUi. butha. Wild dog - - kudill. 3 Blacks - - boola nicha Emu - - kulthi. weimbutha. Black duck - - mengera. One - - nicha. Wood duck - - ninyea. Two - - boola. Pelican - nunkoor, nan- Three - - boola nicha. Jsura. Laughing jackass kurra-ka-ka. Native companion gultook. Four - Father - boola-boola. - kombitha, gam- biji. - ummaka. - wirtooka. White cockatoo Crow - Swan - Egg - - - kullepooka. - wakoo. - ungoli. - purti. Mother Sister-Elder „ Younger Track of a foot - tinna. Brother-Elder - wertiga. Fish - - (no generic „ Younger kakooga. name). A young man - kooltha. Lobster - (none). An old man - murta. Crayfish wegiga. An old woman - burruga. Mosquito - - oonthi. A baby - kaiohungo. Fly - A White man - weUbuUa. Snake - mulkeri. Children - - kiioha-buUuko. The Blacks - ■ weimbutha- Head - - thertoo, thurt- A Blackf ellow ■ wombage. woola. A Black woman burraburraka. Eye - - mikey. Nose - mendoomuUa. Ear - - yoori. BELOW BOUEKE ON THE DARLING. 225 No. 76. — PiJTT Miles below Bou EKE ON THE Daelinq — Continued. Mouth - yelka. Boomerang - - Teeth - - undi. HUl - - Hair of the head - therteboolka. Wood - - yarra. Beard - - wakaboolka. Stone - - yernda. Thunder - - brinda. Camp - - yeppara. Grass - - molo, muttoo. Yes - - 00-00, naya. No - - nata. Tongue Stomach - therlunnia. - moonda. I You - - uppa. - Lmba. Breasts - umma. Bark - - pultha. Thigh - - mulka or monka. Good - - kungala. Foot - - tinna. Bad - - boolagalli. Bone - - brinna. Sweet - - murga. Blood - - karnthurra. Food - - ooquanna. Skin - - pultha. Hungry - weilkukka, yar- Fat - - murni. range. Bowels - koonawoon. Thirsty - nookoowerthi- Excrement - - koona. knppa. War-spear - - karkooro. Eat - - kari. Reed-spear - - (not used). Sleep - - immerkuUa. Throwing-stick - (not used). Drink - - toonjella, dun- Shield - - oolumburra. gera. Tomakawk - - wakukka, tur- Walk - - taminjerri. rinya. See - - pommi. Canoe - - boolyimga. Sit - - narnguUa. Sun - - yooko. Yesterday - - karlkunna. Moon - - brittella. To-day - kailpoo, kiporta Star - - poolia, burle. To-morrow - - wambi. Light - - wombe. Where are the wingera wim- Dark - - toonka. Blacks? bagi? Cold - - bundinyella. I don't know - wingera moora Heat - - boorchi, tila. kitthi. Day - - mimkay. Plenty - oolurti. Night - - kailka. Big - - wertoo. Fire - - kurla. Little - - kurtalooko. Water - nurko. Dead - - booka. Smoke - burndoo. By-and-by - - gooni. Ground - murndi. Come on - yonatani. -. Wind - - yerto, Milk - - Rain - - nina, mukra. Eaglehawk - - God - Wild turkey - Ghosts - boori. Wife - VOL. II. P 226 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 77.— WILCANNIA. By Murray Rogers, Esq. Kangaroo - turlta, telta. Hand - murra. Opossum yarungee. 2 Blacks barkool wimbuta. Tame dog - bulkaja. 3 Blacks barkooleacheree Wild dog - kuUee. wimbuta. Emu - kultee. One - neecha. Black duck - mingera. Two - barkool. Wood duck- koongnallee. Three - barkooleacheree. Pelican Laughing jackass Native companion Four - barkool-barkool. Father gombigi. White cockatoo - Mother ■ ummiki. Crow - waakoo. Sister-Elder wertoki. Swan - yungolee. „ Younger Egg - bertee. Brother-Elder kokogi. Track of a foot - tinna. „ Younger Fish - A young man Lpbster An old man- mambee, gombigi Crayfish An old woman Mosquito koondee A baby burloo. Ely - - wingeroo. Snake - mingera. A White man The Blacks - . Children A Blackfellow wimbuta. Head - turto. A Black woman uungo. Eye - meekee. Nose - mendolo. Ear - yurree. WiLCANNIA. 227 No. 17.— WiLCANTSiA— continued. Mouth - yelko. Boomerang - - Teeth - undee. Hill - - bole. Hair of the head - turto bulkee. Wood - - yerra. Beard - - wauka bulkee. Stone - - kemo. Thunder - pirndee. Camp - - yapra. Grass - - mootoo. Yes - - ungua. Tongue No - - atha or artha Stomach - koontoo. berree. Breasts - ummi. I - appa. Thigh - - You - - Lmba. Toot - - tinna. Bark - - pelta. Bone - - yelko. Good - - balera. Blood - - kamdara. Bad - - toolika. Skin - - pelta. Sweet - - Fat - - mumee. Food - - wunga. Bowels - tungunya. Hungry - wilkuka. Excrement ■ - koolna. Thirsty - yerka. War-spear - - pirror. Eat - - tiell. Reed-apear - - Sleep - - wimpup. Wommera or Drink - - weecherie. tkrowing-stick Walk - - Shield- '- - wond or wound. See - pommee. Tomahawk - - taroonya. Sit - - nerole. Canoe - - Yesterday - - elarko. Sun - - yoko. To-day - kailpo-yoko. Moon - - bichuka. To-morrow - - karankee. Star - - boorlee. Where are the wingera wimbu- Light - Dark - - yoko. - marka. Blacks ? I don't know ta? - eela athawa pom Cold - Heat - Day - - yerkee. - bootchee. - yoko. Plenty Big - - ma. - waupoo, waugh waugh. - werta. Night - - marka. Little - - kutchulka. Fire - - koonika. Dead - - booka, bookala- Water - - ngoko. gee. Smoke - Ground Wind - Rain - God - - boothara. - mundi. - yerto. - mukkra. By-and-by - Come on Milk - Eaglehawk - Wild turkey - kailpo. - kowa, koalee. - teekera or tool kera. Ghosts . Wife - 228 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 77. — Additional Wokds, by Mtjhkay Rogers, Esq. Teal - cooltooper. String - burtka. Rose cockatoo kukundee. Spring peril. Road - yerkna. Spring water gnalta gnoko. Heart - boolato. Summer bookara. Thin - ninditcha. Winter koalyee. Corpulent - nooree. South wind - koolyerto. Dust - boothara. Small ant - moonee. Cotton-bush bootooja. Exclamation of yakai ! Green grass noomba mootoo. I am hungry wilkuk appa. surprise Stink - booka-booka. Grass seed - paapa. You go parek imba. Marsupial pouch - wurlga. Get out of that - wurrumi or wur- Opprobrious epi- wurlgama. rumonda. thet applied to a I am soon going - kailpo parik appa. female Timber - . - yerra. Opprobrious epi- curtoma. Gum-tree - goombil. thet applied to a Box-tree koorkoor. male Pine-tree pimpa. Tail - koondara. Laugh - klnduda. White - copage. Cry - - . nukka-nukka. Black - cookrega. Tears - yanda. Quick - kulyerall. Five - yantamera. You be C[uick kulyerall imba. Ten - - merrinole (hand) Strong bickra. Twenty merrinole tinole You are very werta bickra (hand and foot) strong imba. Waterhole - murtee. Calabash kerkee. Hill waterholt i bolomurtee. Bag - - - mirrar. Place - geeri Net - murlka. Good place or balera geeri. Covering for the turtoopero. country head Rock wallaby ■ wungeroo. Rug - combee. Kangaroo-rat - curtie. Do you under- enrich imba ? Paddimellon - yapoonia. stand ? You remain imba nerole. I do not under- wamba appa. I have a pain in koontoo mukage stand my stomach appa. WILCANNIA. 229 In several localities in the Central Division of tlie Con- tinent we find hut translated wurli, and in the Additional Words just given we have murlga = marsupial pouch, which I have no doubt is derived from wurli, if indeed rourlga does not mean hut in this language. Wurlgama, the opprobrious term applied to a female, may be a compound of wurlga and ama = breasts. In this Vocabulary the nasal sound is ex- pressed by gn instead of the ordinary ng. 230 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 78.— TINTINALIGI, DARLING RIVER. By the Authok. See war spmr. Kaalk is a common equivalent for wood. Kangaroo - dulda. Hand - - murra. Opossum yeringi. 2 Blacks - - barkooloo wim Tame dog - kalli. booja. Wild dog - 3 Blacks - - barkooliteheri Emu - kalthi. wimbooja. Black duck - ngalta. One - - ngitya. Wood duck - goonale. Two - - barkooloo. Pelican Three - - barkooliteheri. Laughing jackass ■ kokagok. Four - - barkooloo bar- Native companion koUoorkoo. kooloo. White cockatoo - kenke. Father - kumbidja. Crow - - waakoo. Mother - ngamukka. Swan - - yungoonoo. Sister-Elder - widthooka. . Egg - - - birti. ,, Younger - Track of a foot - kappala. Brother-Elder - kowkija. Pish - - ,, Younger Lobster - A young man - talera. Crayfish - kumbooloo. An old man - baalwila. Mosquito - - goondi. An old woman - goomboka. Fly - - - wiingeroo. A baby - moetpa. Snake - - thuroo. A White man - The Blacks - - wimbooja. Children - - gonendoo. A Blackfellow - wimbooja. Head - - thartoo. A Black woman - ngongoo. Eye - - miki. Nose - - mindoonga. Ear - - yoori, TINTrNALIGI, DARLING RIVEE. 231 No. 78. — TiNTINALIGI, Mouth - - yalka. Teeth - - - unde. Hair of the head - thurtolge. Beard - - wokolka. Thunder - - bimdi. Grass - - mothur. Tongue - dthalainga. Stomach - koomtoo. Breasts - ngamma. Thigh- - - yalkoo. Foot - - dthinna. Bone - - bima. Blood - - kaangurra. Skin - - Fat - - mimi. Bowels - koomtoo. Excrement - - koorna. War-spear - - kaalkooroo. Reed-spear - - (none). Throwing-stick - (none). Shield - ngooloomburra. Tomahawk - - waakakoo. Canoe - bootheroop. Sun - - jTikur. Moon - - burchooga. Star - - boorle Light - - ngunyak. Dark - - dalka. Cold - - - yakke. Heat - - yanke. Day - - kalkere. Night - - doonka. Fire - - koonika. Water • ngookoo. Smoke - boordook. Ground - mimdi. Wind - - yertoo. Rain - - mokkera. God - - Ghosts _ Daeling Rivee- Boomerang - Hill - Wood - Stone - Camp - Yes - No - I You - Bark - Good - Bad - Sweet - Food - Hungry Thirsty Eat - Sleep - Drink - Walk - See - Sit - Yesterday - To-day To-morrow - Where are Blacks ? I don't know Plenty Big* - - Little - Dead - By-and-by - Come on Milk - Eaglehawk - Wild turkey Wife - , — continued. - yarra. - kimoo. - yappara. - ngetina, - angawirri. - ngappa. - ngomon. - balthir. - balera. - dolooka. - wonga. - wilkookak. - yaarke. - daialaanook. - boonpur. - wigalangoo. - bareje. - bomera. - ganoolana. - elakoo. - giki. - mirdandoo. the winjara wim- booja ? - ngaroodoogoo. - kumbooja. . katchilgooka. - thambooroo. - balyarda. - yamma merrile. * ContrMt with father. 232 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE; No. 79.— PROM WBINTERI6A, ON THE DARLING, TO THE BARRIER RANGE. By Alexander McLennan, Esq. Kangaroo - - tulta. Hand - - murra. Opossum - yarrandi. 2 Blacks - - barkoola wyim- Tame dog - - kulli. bida. Wild dog - - 3 Blacks - - barkoola nidda Emu - - kulti. wyimbida. Black duck - - koornalli. One - - nidda. Wood duck - - mumburra. Two - - barkoola. Pelican - puligi. Three - - barkoola nidda. Laughing jackass gokaka. Four - - barkoola- Native companion goorlokko. barkoola. White cockatoo - kainki. Father - kambidda. Crow - - wolko. Mother - amukka. Swan - - youngalli. Sister-Elder - wortakka. Egg - - burti. „ Younger - Track of a foot - dinna. Brother-Elder - kaukooja. Fish - - „ Young er Lobster - A young man - gomo. Crayfish - koongoolo. An old man- - worto. Mosquito - - goondi. An old woman - koombukka. Fly - - - wingroo. A baby - katchuka. Snake - - tooro. A White man - bori. The Blacks - - wyimbida. Children - goornondoo. A Blackfellow - wyimbida. Head - - dhirtoo. A Black woman - nongo. Eye - - mikki. Nose - - mindolo. Ear - - uri or yoori. WBINTERIGA TO THE BARRIER RANGE. 233 No. 79.^Ebom Weintbeiga to the Baeeieb Range — continued. Mouth- - yalka. Boomerang - - Teeth - - hundthi. HiU - Hair of the head - dhirt-bulki. Wood - - yarra. Beard - - wauka-bulki. Stone - - kumo. Thunder - - piindi. Camp - - yappara. Grass - - moodthu. Yes - - ngea. Tongue - turlinya. No - - ataharri. Stomach - urina. I- - appa. Breasts - umma. You - - imba. Thigh - - yalko. Bark - - palta. Foot - - dinna. Good - - balera. Bone - . pinna, Bad - - mikka. Blood - - - kandara. Sweet - - koolcanya. Skin - - pulta. Food - - thyalo. Fat - - - mumi. Hungry - wilka, wilkaya. Bowels - koornalkaka. Thirsty - yerka. Excrement - - kooma. Eat - - thytena. War-spear - - kalkooroo. Sleep - - boomparoo. Reed-spear - - patthai. Drink - - weatohaloo. Throwing-stick - Walk - - baripoo. Shield - - ulumbarra. See - pami. Tomahawk - Canoe - Sun - Moon - Star - - Light - Dark - Cold - - - waukaka. - pooltooroo. - euko. - pychugga. - poorli. - kooyooro. - toonka. - yakki. Sit - Yesterday - To-day To-morrow - Where are Blacks ? I don't know - neenga. - yellakko. - kailpo. - karrauki. the windarra anika wyimbida? - yilla urinadtoo. Heat - - bookara. Plenty - wow-wow. Day - - - euko. Big - - koombootoha. Night - - - toonka. Little - - kitchilliqua. Fire - - koonika. Dead - - bookaUagey. Water- - hoko. By-and-by - - palya. Smoke- - boomdoo. Come on - yamaparri. Ground - mumdi. Milk - - Wind - - - yurdtoo. Black swan - - Rain - - mukkra. Eaglehawk - - God - - - Wild turkey Ghosts - Wife - 234 THE AUSTRALItUST RACE: No. 80.— MENINDIE, DARLING RIVER. By — Mair, Esq., P.M. Kangaroo - thurlda. Opossum - bilta. Tame dog - - kalya. Wild dog - Emu - kalti. Black duck - nalta. Wood duck- koolenalli. Pelican poolija. Laughing jackass- tulpu. Native companion koledrooko White cockatoo - kainki. Crow - wokko. Swan - yungolli. Egg - - . paiti. Track of a foot - narrukka. Fish - tilyekka. Lobster Crayfish kongola. Mosquito - kooudi. Fly - wengooroo. Snake - - - tooroo. The Blacks - wiimbuja. A Blackfellow - wiimbuja. A Black woman - nongu. Nose - - - mendola. Hand - - murra. 2 Blacks - - 3 Blacks - - One - - neetoha. Two - - piakullu. Three - - piakullu iteri Four - - piakuUu-pia- kullu. Father - kambidja. Mother - nyam-mugga. Sister-Elder - kantoha. „ Younger - Brother-Elder - kakoodya. ,, Younger A young man - taldra. An old man - weytu. An old woman - burruga. A baby - - purlu. A White man - mad. Children - - Head - - tartoo. Eye - - maikki. Ear - - yoorree. MENINDIE, DARLING RIVER. 235 No. 80. — Meninbie, Darl Mouth - yalka. Teeth - - ngundi. Hair of the heat - poolkee. Beard - - walka-woolki. Thunder - - pindi. Graas - - mootoo. Tongue - turlunna. Stomach - komtoo. Breasts - kookooroo. Thigh - - - nooranya (right), yango (left). Foot - - tinna. Bone - - pinna. . Blood - - - kandera. Skin - - - pulta. Fat - - maymee. Bowels - weylpa. Excrement - - kooma. War-spear - - kalkooroo. Reed -spear - - kalka. Throwing-stiok - Shield - - payalli. Tomahawk - wokooga. Canoe - - pulturu. Sun - - yukkoo. Moon - • - paitchugga. Star - - - poorlay. Light - - menki. Dark - - doongka. Cold - - - yakke. Heat - - taeyelu. Day - - menki. Night- ■ - - doongka. Fire - - koonyga. Water - ngokko. Smoke - pumdu. Ground - murndee. Wind - . - - yartoo. Rain - - mukkera. God - - Ghosts . - Boomerang - Hill - Wood - - yarra. Stone - - kamu. Camp - - yappurra. Yes - - ngyay. No - - ngawo. I- - uppa. You - - ngymba. Bark - - palta. Good - - purlayra. Bad - - toolaka. Sweet - - kandjelka. Pood - - koombodja. Hungry - weelkooja. Thirsty - yarka. Eat - - nanuu. Sleep - - nettru. Drink - - waitago. Walk - - parrybo. See - - pammayo. Sit - - ngayingooyo. Yesterday - - idlago. To-day - kaipoo. To-morrow - - karainke. Where are the winja gupta Blacks ? wiimbuja? I don't know - winja tigga. Plenty- - koga. Big ■ - - murta. Little - - kattyelooga. Dead - - pukka. By-and-by - - pulyalya. Come on - kowwa. Milk - - Black swan- Eaglehawk - - Wild turkey - Wife - - 236 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE No. 81.— TOLARNO STATION, NEAR MENINDIE. By C. W. Shaw, Esq. Kangaroo - turlta. Hand - murra. Opossum yarrungi. 2 Blacks - - barkoola wim- Tame dog - kurli. been. WUd dog - 3 Blacks - - barkoola nee- Emu kurlti. chera wimbeen. One - - neecha* Black duck kurloo. Two - - barkoola. Wood duck goonarli. Three - - barkoola nee- Pelican booUi. chera. Laughing jackass kookarkoo. Four - - barkoola-bar- Native companior L koolarkoo. koola. White cockatoo - kainki. Father - kumbeya. Crow - warkoo. Mother - hummugga. Swan - yunggoole. Sister-Elder - willoya. Egg - - - burti. ,, Younger - Track of a foot - kuppintina. Brother-Elder - karkooka. Fish - koonbarli. „ Young er Lobster A young man - thuldera (see kan- garoo). - wittoo. Crayfish koongooloo. An old man Mosquito - muninneri. An old woman - koomburga. Fly - - - wengooroo. A baby - moorpa. Snake tooroo. A White man - boree. The Blacks - wimbeen. Children - moorpa. A Blackf ellow - >vimbeen. Head - - durtoo. A Black woman - uunga. Eye - - maki. Nose - • mindola. Ear - - munger. TOLARNO STATION, NEAR MENINDIE. 237 No. 81.— ToLARNO Staiiots— continued. Mouth - yelka. Boomerang - - Teeth - - undi. Hill - - Hair of the head - bulki. Wood - - koondega. Beard - - wooka bulki. Stone - - kumoo. Thunder - - bindi. Camp - - yapera. Grass - - mootoo. Yes - - nea. Tongue - turlinya. No - - nartoogara. Stomach - - koonta. I- - - - napa. Breasts - humma. You - - imba. Thigh - gurka. Bark - - burlta. Foot - - tinna. Good - - bellara. Bone - - brinna. Bad - - toolaka. Blood - - kandra. Sweet - - goolkoola. Skin - - bulta. Food - - wunga. Fat - - mumi. Hungry - wilkoa. Bowels - koonabulta. Thirsty - yarraka. Excrement - - koonna. Eat - - tailata. War-spear - - marohinga. Sleep - - poompera. Reed-spear - - purthi. Drink - - witola. Throwing-stick - pulkarri. Walk ■• - omala. Shield Tomahawk - Canoe - Sun - Moon - Star - Light - Dark - - woolambora. - wokara. - pulthro. - yooko. - waichooka. - booli. - unnya. - mullara. See - Sit - Yesterday - To-day To-morrow - Where are Blacks? - pumma. - nangala. - elow. - kilepa. - korooka. the doo wimbeen? Cold - - - yekka. I don't know - Heat - - bookkara. ■ Plenty - oao. Day - - minki. Big - - koombeya. Night - - tunka. Little - - kutchiloo. Fire - Water Smoke Ground Wind- - Rain - - koondega. - nookoo. - boondoo. - mundi. - yartoo. - mukkara. Dead - By-and-by - Come on Milk - Eaglehawk - boogaloo. - guypoo. - yammari. God - - . Wild turkey - Ghosts . Wife - - 238 THE AUSTEALIAJSr BACE ; No. 82.— THE JUNCTION OF THE DAELING AND MURRAY RIVERS. By John Bulmer, Esq. Of this language, wliicli is called Marowera, I liave two vocabularies. The first, which was kindly forwarded by Mr. John Bulmer, manager of the Lake Tyers Aboriginal Station, I have inserted ; the second was taken down by myself. In most cases the two agree. Mr. Bulmer informs me that it was the practice of the women of the Marowera Blacks, on the death of a husband, to put a small net on the head and cover it with mortar one or two inches thick. This mortar consisted sometimes of gypsum and at others of pipe-clay. After being worn several days it became solid, and was removed unbroken by means of the net, so giving the cast of a considerable por- tion of the head of the wearer. After removal it was baked in the fire and laid on the tomb of the deceased.* Since Mr. Bulmer's communication, Mr. J. H. Leplastrier has shown me two specimens of these casts. They are quite uninjured and just as the widows took them off, perhaps a century ago. Mr. Leplastrier picked them up at a deserted burial-ground at Yelta, in January, 1880. They have not been burnt, however, and one of them shows quite distinctly the marks of the meshes of the net. Mr. Bulmer says that these casts, which the Kulnine tribe call Kopi, weigh * Sir Thomas (then Major) Mitchell found similar oasts at Fort Bourke, nearly 400 miles higher up the Darling, drawings of which will be found in his Three Expeditions into Interior of Eastern Australia, in which the marks left by the nets are visible. — Vol. 1, p. 253. KOPI or mourning cap of^psuirv JUNCTION OF DARLING AND MURRAY RIVERS. 239 sometimes as much as fourteen pounds. In this instance the weights are respectively 10 lbs. 7 oz. and 5 lbs. 13 oz. To plaster the head with clay in time of mourning is very common throughout Australia, and the Kopi is merely an exaggeration of the custom. The word Kopi will be found, signifying mourning, occurring at the junction of the Georgina Eiver and King's Creek. — See Vocabulary No. 105. As regards the word Nooralie (God), Mr. Bulmer says that the Blacks understand by it a Superior Being, who has existed for ages and ages, and still exists. He gives me the following additional words : — My wife nongwi. Thy wife nongoma. All women - kmnbumbarra. With respect to this word Kumbumbarra, the termination barra or burra seems in several parts of the Continent to denote large numbers, or large things. For instance, in portions of the Eastern Division the names of the tribes end in burra, and amongst the Bangerang, in the south, a large fire is called Wooloombara. 240 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 82.— MAROWERA LANGUAGE. By John Btjlmer, Esq. Kangaroo - boololea. Hand - - murra. Opossum yairaringy. 2 Blacks - - waimbia ngolo. Tame dog - kaddelie. 3 Blacks - - waimbia barcolo Wild dog - wilcanya. nuckie. Emu - - - kalte. , One - - nuckie. Black duck - kultowa. Two - - barcolo. Wood duck- Three - - barcolo nuckie. Pelican ngankro. Four - - barcolo barcolo. Laughing jackass thakoa. Father - kumbia. Native companion Mother - ngamara. White cockatoo kainkie. Sister-Elder - wertia or wirtoo. Crow - wako. ,, Younger - Swan - youngolie. Brother-Elder - berlwea. Egg - - purty. „ Younger kokwi. Track of a foot yuthero. A young man - thalara. Fish - wanga. An old man - wirto. Lobster An old woman - kumbara, koom- Crayfish kongola. bugga. Mosquito - koondi. A baby - katchooa (male), Ely - wlngoro. kattarra (female) Snake - tooroo. A White man - thandoa. The Blacks - waimbia. Children - kendara. A Blackfellow waimbia. Head - - thirtoo. A Black woman nongo. Bye - - miiki. Nose - mendolo. Ear - - eurie, munga. JUNCTION OP DARLING AND MURRAY RIVERS. 241 No. 82. — ^Maboweea LANav\aE—contimied. Mouth - yelka. Teeth - - nandie, ngundi. Hair of the head - therto burlkie. Beard - - wakka burlkie. Thunder - - piudie. Grass ■ - mutho. Tongue - tarlinya. Stomach - koorntoo. Breasts - ngama. Thigh - - karraku. Foot - - thina. Bone - - pena, birna. Blood ■ - - kaandara. Skin - - - palthu. Fat - - murni. Bowels - koonna. Excrement - - kumang. War-spear - - kalkro maitung. Reed-spear - ' jerail. Wommera or pira. throwing-stick Shield - Tomahawk - - waaka. Canoe - - pulthoro, ban- koom. Sun - - yookkoo. Moon - - baitohoa. Star - - boorli. Light - - minkie. Dark - - maraka. Cold - - - yackea, yakki. Heat - - wapilka. Day - - minki. Night- - ~ maraka. Fire - - nandalie, koon nia. Water - ngookoo. Smoke - boomdoo. Ground - kara, murndi. Wind- - yartoo. Raia - - mokkera. God - - nooralie. Ghosts - konejerie. Boomerang - - Hill - - Wood- - yarrara. Stone - - yarrda, kamoo. Camp - - yappara. Yes - - ngu, ngai. No - - mopu, koko, bal- yarto. I- - ngio. You - - nindo. Bark - - palthu. Good - - - kandelka. Bad - - thulaga. Sweet - - Food - - mano. Hungry - wilka wilkana. Thirsty - yarakana. Bat - - thialo. Sleep - - imia. Drink - urupun. Walk - pameua. See - - win. Sit - - mingana. Yesterday - - illower. To-day - To-morrow - - kara minkie. Where are the windarawaimbia? Blacks ? I don't know - indearto or ngar too. Plenty - koowa. Big - - koombaia. Little - - katewailno. Dead - - bokka. By-and-by - - kalpo. Come on - - kowa, yamara- barrioo. Milk - - ngama. Eaglehawk - - bilyarra» Wild turkey - Wife - - nongo. VOL. II. 242 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 83.— FROM THE BANKS OF THE MUREAY RIVER, WHERE IT ENTERS LAKE ALEX- ANDRINA, TO THE EMBOUCHURE OF THAT RIVER AND LACEPEDE BAY. By the late Revd. George Taplin. No Australian tribe, or association of tribes, has been so frequently and well described as the Narrinyeri, and principally by the same writer, the late Revd. George Taplin, who during the ten or fifteen years he managed the Govern- ment Aboriginal Station at Point Macleay, on which one of these tribes resided, published several accounts of them, some of which were illustrated with a few excellent photo- graphs of men and women of the tribe. One of the latest of these accounts appeared in a work entitled The Folklore, Manners, Customs, and Languages of the South Australian Aborigines, which was published in 1879, and consists of replies from a variety of persons resident amongst different tribes to a series of questions drawn up by Mr. Taplin at the suggestion of His Excellency Sir A. Musgrave, Governor of South Australia. Mr. Taplin, the editor of The Folklore, was one of several who furnished replies to the questions issued, and these I have been kindly permitted by the Government of South Australia to introduce into this work. In connection with them, it is only necessary to remark that having already called in question what Mr. Taplin says on the subject of government, it is unnecessary again to refer to the matter. The following is the account of the Narrinyeri given by Mr. Taplin in Folklore : — The "Naeeinybri" Tribe. [The questions were sent to five persons dwelling in localities frequented by this tribe — viz., Police-Trooper E. H. Deane, of Wellington, River Murray; Police-Corporal John Dann, of Milang; Crown Lands Ranger George Wadmore, of Meningie; Police-Trooper T. Moriarty, of Goolwa; and also to the editor of these pages. The answers to the FROM MURRAY RIVER TO LACEPEDE BAY. 243 questions are very mucla alike. This was to be expected, as they refer to the clans of the same tribe. The editor, therefore, will give an account of this tribe at greater length, and entering into more particulars than are contained in the short answers of Messrs. Deane, Dann, and Wadmore. PoHce-Trooper Moriarty's replies also refer to a clan of the Narrinyeri; but as they live at Goolwa, about sixty miles from the Wellington clan, it has been considered advisable to give his very able and intelligent series of answers separately. It will be remarked, however, that the similarity of the testimony of these five observers is a guar- antee of the correctness of the statements. This is very satisfactory. The Narrinyeri are one of the most important tribes of aborigines in South Australia. They possess greater vitality than any other tribe that we know of. There is also amongst them indications of a form of organ- ized society, law, and government of a higher character than is usually found amongst Australian aborigines.] *1. The Eevd. George Taplin, Missionary to the Abori- gines, Point Macleay. 2. The " Narrinyeri." Probably this word is an ab- breviation of " Kornarrinyeri" (belonging to men). This is the derivation recognised by some. Nevertheless some natives prefer to regard the word Narrinyeri as derived from " narr," plain, intelligible (referring to language), and " inyeri," belonging to. This would make the word mean — belonging to plain or intelligible speakers, or those of one language. It is probable that the first derivation is correct, because it is applied frequently to those whose dialects differ considerably. 3. A tract of country — which may be said to begin twenty miles above Wellington, on the Murray, and which may be enclosed by lines supposed to be drawn from that point to Cape Jervis on the west, and to Kingston, Lacepede Bay, on the east and south-east — is occupied by the clans of this tribe or nation. * The questions, to which what follows are Mr. Taplin's replies, will be found at page 268. Q2 244 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: 4. The tribe is divided into eighteen clans, and each has a tribal symbol, totem — or as they call it " ngaitye" — consisting of some animal or vegetable. The following are their names and totems: — * Name of Clan. Locality. Totem or Ngaitye. 1. Eaminyeri Encounter Bay - Wattle gum. 2. Tanganarin Goolwa .... Pelican. 3. Kondarlinyeri - Murray Mouth (west side) - Whale. 4. Lungundi Murray Mouth (east side) - Tern. 5. Turarorn- Mundoo Island - - - Coot. 6. Pankinyeri Lake Coorong Butterfish. 7. Kanmerarprn - Lake Coorong Mullet. 8. Kaikalabinyeri Lake Albert (south side) Bull ant. 9. Mungulinyeri - Lake Albert (east side) Chocolate sheldrake; 10. Rangulinyeri - Lake Albert Passage - Wild dog, dark color. 11. Karatinyeri - Point Malcolm Wild dog, light color. 12. Piltinyeri Lake Alexandrina (east end) Leeches, catfish. 13. Korowalle Lake Alexandrina (north side) Whip snake. 14. Punguratpular- Milang (Lake Alexandrina) - Musk duck. 15. Welinyeri " - River Murray Black duck, black snake with red belly. 16. Luthinyeri River Murray Black swan, teal, black snake with grey belly. 17. Wunyakulde - River Murray Black duck. 18. Ngrangatari Lacepede Bay Kangaroo-rat. 5. Each clan has a totem. Indeed the totem is the nucleus of the clan, as it consists of those persons who, by birth, are entitled to bear the same totem — native, " ngaitye " (literally, friend). Each clan is called " laka- linyeri," and all its members are regarded as blood relations. Children inherit their father's totem. The ngaitye, or * The Coorong clans of the Narrinyeri were called in the early days of the colony the " Mihnenroora tribe." The writer recently inquired of some Coorong Blacks if they bore this name; they replied that many years ago the clan dwelling on the Coorong, sear McGrath's Flat, was called "Mil- menroorar," but that now they were called " Milmenyeriarn. " This is an instance of change of name. The natives seemed much astonished when the name " Milmenroora " was uttered; they regard it as a sort of resurrec- tion of an old name. FROM MURRAY RIVER TO LACBPEDE BAY. 245 totem, may be killed and eaten by those wbo possess it, but they are always careful to destroy the remains, such as bones, feathers, &c., lest an enemy should obtain them and use them for purposes of sorcery. 6. There are no class-names. 7. The Narrinyeri never marry one who belongs to the same ngaitye or totem — that is, of the same clan; neither do they allow near relations to marry, although of different clans. This is always regarded as of the first importance. Cousins never marry. 8. Marriages are generally, but not always, arranged by the clans. The marriage ceremony consists in the father, or eldest brother, or nearest male relative of the woman, formally giving her to her fature husband in the presence of the assembled clans or relatives. She signifies her acceptance of the giving by making a fire for her husband. Songs and dances accompany the marriage. It is a point of decency for the couple not to sleep close to each other for the first two or three nights ; on the third or fourth night the man and his wife sleep together under the same rug This arrangement is for the sake of decency. At the mar- riage many persons are present, sleeping in the same camp; so the newly-married couple wait till they have moved off, and only a few relatives are left with them. They then often make a little hut for themselves. If a lewd woman goes with a man without being given away, she is said to be " kanauwurle" (their's), and he has the right by custom to lend her to any of his friends. It is considered disgraceful for a woman to take a husband who has given no other woman for her. But yet the right to give a woman away is often purchased from her nearest male relative by those who have no sisters. Of course this amounts to the same thing. In most instances a brother or first cousin gives a girl away in exchange for a wife for himself. The females are married when about fourteen years of age. It is notorious amongst the aborigines that girls married young make the best wives. Those married later seldom turn 246 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE; out well. The men rarely marry before they are eighteen or twenty. 9. Children belong to their father's clan. 10. Polygamy is practised; but there are seldom more than two wives. The eldest wife is the chief. An elderly wife has little objection to her husband having a younger one, as she is subordinate to her. Separations and divorces sometimes take place by mutual consent. If a man ill-treats his wife, her clan always interferes ; and, if he persists, wUl take her away from him and give her to another man. 12. Blood relations do not marry. 13. Every clan has a chief, called "rupulli" (or land- holder). The clan is actually governed by a council of elders, called tendi, which controls all its affairs. When a member of the tendi dies, the surviving members choose a suitable man out of the clan to take his place. The number of men on this council is usually ten or twelve. 14. Justice is administered by the tendi in accordance with the customs handed down by tradition in the tribe. In case of an offence being committed against native law or custom, a regular trial takes place. The rupuUi presides, and sits on a judgment seat called " tendi lewurmi." "Witnesses are examined, and full inquiry made. All parties obtain a hearing. Various punishments are inflicted upon the guilty in proportion to the heinousness of the crime. Sometimes a certain number of blows are given on the offender's head. Sometimes he is banished from the clan. And sometimes death is inflicted. Sometimes the tendi will secretly con- demn a breaker of the law, and appoint a person to suddenly fall upon him and put him to death. "When offenders belong to different clans, or the contention is between members of two or more clans, the united tendis decide the matter. 15. The most frequent punishments are blows. Some- times, however, a murderer is speared to death. Sorcery is severely punished. 16. There are three forms of sorcery, called "millin," " ngathungi," and " neilyeri." FROM MURRAY RIVER TO LACBPEDE BAY. 247 MilUn. — The aborigines have a big-headed club, called plongge, which is used entirely for mfllin. Its mere touch is injury. "When they get an opportunity they knock down an enemy, then tap his chest with this club, hit him with it on the shoulders and knees, and pull his ears till they crack ; he is then called " plongge watyeri." The victim is now supposed to be given into the power of a demon called Nalkaru, who will make him have chest disease, or cause him to be speared in battle, or be bitten by a snake. Very often the plongge is used upon a person sleeping. The weapon is warmed, and his or her chest gently tapped with it. One who has been thus served is supposed to be sure to have disease of the chest. If a man or woman feels sore in the chest it is always attributed to millin. After death the chest is opened, and any disease found there is attributed to this cause. Ngathungi. — This kind of sorcery is practised with bones, or remains of animals which have been eaten. When a man gets hold of a particular bone of some bird or beast which his enemy has eaten, he mixes it with grease and red ochre and human hair, and sticks the mass in a round lump on the end of a prepared skewer of kangaroo's leg-bone, and it is called a " ngathungi." When injury is to be inflicted on the enemy who ate the animal from which the remains came, the possessor of the ngathungi puts it down by the fire, and as the knob melts, so disease is supposed to be engendered in the person to be bewitched, and if it wholly melts off he dies. A man who knows that another person has a ngathungi capable of injuring him buys it if he can, and throws it into the river or lake; this breaks the charm. Neilyeri. — This is practised by means of a pointed bone. It is scraped to a very fine point. Sometimes an iron point is used. This is poisoned by being stuck into a dead body. Any one wounded by it is inoculated with the virus, and either loses a limb or dies. Very ofter this wound is inflicted secretly when a person is asleep. The bone point is kept moist for use by human hair soaked in liquor from a dead body. The natives are so terribly afraid of neilyeri that 248 TUE AUSTRALIAN RACE: they dread even for the weapon to be pointed at them, attributing to it a deadly energy. 17. Children who died in infancy were sometimes burned, but are now always buried. Youths and adults in the prime of life when they died had their bodies dried. After death the body was carefully examined, and all the apertures sewed up. Then it was set on its back, with the arms crossed in front and the thighs spread out, and the legs and feet bent under. In this posture it was placed on a sort of triangular bier called "ngaratta." This was elevated on three men's heads, with the body on it. Then all the friends and relatives stood round and called out various names, in order that they might discover who had by sorcery caused the man or woman to die. The body, thus elevated, was taken to various spots in the neighbour- hood which had been frequented by the deceased. It was said that when the right name was called an impulse was felt impelling the bearers towards the person who called out the right name. This was regarded as a sufficient indica- tion of the guilty person. The bearers profess to be entirely controlled by the dead man's spirit. Sometimes, in order to discover the guilty sorcerer, the nearest male relative would sleep with his head on the corpse, in order to dream who was the criminal. This matter having been settled, the body was placed over a slow fire till the skin rose, and then it was all peeled off, and the corpse appeared like a White man, the piffmentum nigrum having been removed with the scarf skin. I do not think there was any rule for this ceremony or the preceding one to be per- formed first. It depended on the presence of friends. All near relatives were required to be present at the trying for sorcery. The scarf skin having been removed, the body was smeared with grease and red ochre, and the head tied up in pieces of skin or rags. It was now called " gringkari," a name applied to Europeans by the Blacks, because they think that they resemble a peeled corpse. The body was then elevated on a stage about four feet from the ground in a sitting posture, Avith the feet under the thighs. A slow FROM MURRAY RIVER TO LACBPEDE BAY. 249 fire was kept under it for weeks, and it was Ijasted with grease and red ockre. The liquor from it was kept for neUyeri purposes. Eegular times of wailing and screaming around it were observed. Men and women cut off their hair in sign of mourning. The hair was spun and made into head-hands. The hair of the dead was especially prized for this purpose, as it was supposed to confer the gift of clear- sightedness. Men blackened their faces, and women smeared filth on their foreheads, in sign of mourning. It was not uncommon for them to cut themselves to show grief. When the body was dried, it was wrapped in rugs and carried about from place to place to be mourned over. When the grief was assuaged, it was put on a stage in a tree, and, after a time, buried. The body of a very aged person would be wrapped up and put in a tree without much ceremony. 18. Property descends from father to son, or nearest male relatives if there be no sons. 19. The Narrinyeri always believed in a future life after death. They believed that the dead go to some place in the west where their god Nurunderi resides. In passing to this place they go under the sea, and as they go see down below them a great fire, and the bad are in danger of falling into it and being burned, but good people — according to their ideas of goodness — get safe to Nurunderi. They call heaven Waiyirri, or Wyirri, or Wyirrewarri. 20. 21. The great god of the Narrinyeri is Nurunderi. They also believe in several demi-gods called Waiungare, Nepelle, and demons Pepi, Melapi, Nalkaru, Mulgewanke, and Karungpe. The traditions of the Narrinyeri all refer more or less to Nurunderi and his adventures and exploits. Nurunderi, their great and wonderful god or chief, came down the Darling with his followers. When he arrived at the lower Eiver Murray he sent back two of his men to tell those from whence he came of his arrival. They never rejoined Nurunderi. The chief and his party are said to have crossed the country from the Murray — apparently from the south bend — to the lakes, striking Lake Albert. They 250 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: found the country around the lakes in possession of clans of Blacks under Waiungare and ITepelle. Various marvellous adventures are told of these personages. Nurunderi is said to have thrown flat stones into Lake Alexandrina, near Pelican Point, and they became the fish called " tinuwarri " (or bream). He made an expedition up the Coorong, where he had a great fight with and slew a chief who had stolen his children. Then he arrived at Encounter Bay, and while there his wives forsook him. He called upon the sea to overflow and drown them, and it obeyed. After many such adventures, Nurunderi went to Wyirrewarri, or heaven, where he resides. They also have an indistinct myth in which a son of Nurunderi called Martummeri is spoken of, but it is so misty that little sense can be made of it. Waiungare is said to have been produced by his mother's excrements without any father. He was a red man (narumbe). His brother was Nepelle. Nepelle's wives one day saw Waiungare at the lake and desired him for a husband. So they went to his hut at PuUuwewal, and finding him asleep made a noise like emus running outside. He awoke and came out, when they burst out laughing, and rushing to him clasped their arms round his neck and insisted upon becom- ing his wives. The unfortunate hero appears to have yielded. Nepelle, enraged, went to Waiungare's hut, and found that he and the wives were absent, hunting. So he put fire in the hut and told it to wait until they returned, and then, when they were asleep, to get up and burn them. The fire obeyed, and the sleepers were aroused by the vengeful flames. They fled to the swamps on the shores of the lake and plunged in and escaped. After this Waiungare threw a spear at the sky with a line tied to it. At first, when he hauled upon it, the weapon came out. Then he threw up a barbed spear. This held fast, so he pulled himself up to heaven and afterwards hoisted up the two women. Certain stars are pointed out as Waiungare and his wives. NepeUe afterwards was driven to the top of the hills by a great flood. So he got to heaven by the same means as Waiungare, and drew up his canoe after him. This vessel is still to be seen FEOM MURRAY RIVER TO LACEPEDE BAY. 251 floating in the sky in the " milky way." These persons are said to have lived at a time when enormous kangaroos and fish existed. The former were so large that the skin of one covered acres of ground. Waiungare and Nepelle, after their apotheosis, sought to make these animals smaller. The former tore a kangaroo in pieces, and, strewing them on the earth, each piece became a small kangaroo, such as we now have. Nepelle did the same with a fish, and produced small fish. The following is a native myth in the vernacular of the Narrinyeri : — " Norar ngertir ulangk, kar morokkir an mamar. Kar tuppir an mamar Tipping. Wanyar muldurar ngungyin namuramb an mamar. Wunyar pulkeri muldurar pettir an mami. Wunyar norar ngrakkuwallir. Wunyar norar muldurar mendir. Kar pingkir muldurar brugungai wunyar Eanemin. Wunyar norar balpewallin lun ellin tukkeri." Translation — "The pelicans fished in the lake and caught some tukkeri fish. They carried the fish to Point Sturt. Then the magpies made a fire to cook the fish with. The greedy magpies then stole the fish. The pelicans were angry with the magpies, and they fought. The magpies were rolled in the ashes, which made them black. Then the pelicans became white like the tukkeri fish, which they had eaten." 22. It seems to be very probable that the Narrinyeri are a mixture of two races. Most likely the tribe which came with Nurunderi were of Eastern Polynesian race, derived from some people- who may have been drifted in canoes on the north-eastern coast of Australia from the South Sea Islands. They discovered that there was a tribe already in possession of portions of the country, which seems to have been Papuan. It is a fact that some of the Narrinyeri are straight-haired and of a lighter complexion, while others are curly-haired and very black. All the native traditions agree with the above theory.* • Except that our Black race is the outcome of a cross, the writer differs from Mr. Taplin in the above particulars, as has been seen in Chapters 6 and 7.— E. M. C. 252 . THE AUSTEALIAJSr EACE : 23. No doubt the Narrinyeri descended from a more civilized state of society. They possess laws, customs, implements, and wea.pons which they are quite unable to invent now, and elaborate ceremonies of which they do not know the meaning, although they adhere to them strictly. The remains of a kind of sacrifice is found amongst them. When they go on a great kangaroo hunt they knock over the first wallaby which comes near enough to the hunters. A fire is then kindled and the wallaby placed on it, and as the smoke ascends a kind of chant is sung by the men, while they stamp on the ground and lift up their weapons towards heaven. This is done to secure success in hunting, but the reason of the custom they know not. 24. The Narrinyeri are not cannibals, and express a great horror of cannibalism. 25. Their weapons are clubs and waddies ; heavy wooden spears, barbed and unbarbed. These are made of very hard wood, got from the river tribes, and, through being hardened in the fire, become as hard as bone, and can be made very sharp. The most dangerous and efiective weapons are the spears called kaike and yarnde. The shafts of these are made of reed for the kaike, and dry grasstree-fiower stem for the yarnde. Both have a point consisting of about a foot of hard wood. Sometimes the yarnde is barbed with splinters of quartz, stuck on with grasstree or pine gum. These spears are thrown with a throwing-stick or taralye. They can hit a mark at fifty and sixty yards. They are quite as effective as arrows from a bow. They also have boomerangs, but they are not much used in war — more for striking water-fowl on the wing. They have also two shields — the broad bark shield and a narrow wooden one. The former is called wakkalde, the latter murukanye. 26. They make nets, twine, fishing-lines, mats, and baskets. The mats and baskets are made of two or three kinds of rushes and fiags. The twine and lines are made of rushes, or of the root of the menokkuri flag boiled and chewed and then twisted by hand. FROM MURRAY RIVER TO LACEPBDE BAY. 253 27. Their only implements in the way of tools were stone tomahawks and shells. They often nse the edge of a split reed for cutting flesh. 28. Several ceremonies have been described in the foregoing answers. It is only necessary to say that the natives are particular to adhere to them. They have a certain kind of courtesy amongst them. The formal good- bye of one departing is " Nginte lew" (" Do thou sit still"), and the reply of one remaining is, " Nginte ngoppun" (" Do thou walk"). It is regarded as very rude to converse or speak privately to a person in the presence of others. The women are always kept separate immediately after parturi- tion and during the time of menstruation. Boys are forbidden to eat certain kinds of game, and young men other kinds, and again women others. The following is the list of the kinds of game forbidden to boys, and also to young men during the ceremonies of introduction to manhood: — Young Men. Boys. Native Name. English. 1. Nakkare ■ Black duck 2. Ngerake - Teal - - - - - 3. Einkindele - I Turtle of two kinds - - 1. Wheri 4. Wheri 5. Ponde - - Murray cod - 6. Pankelde - Black and white goose - 7. Tyeri - - Golden perch - 2. Tyeri 8. Piinkeri - Widgeon - - 3. Punkeri 9. Kalperi - Shoveller duck - - 4. Kalperi 10. Parge - - Wallaby - - 5. Parge 11. Tilmuri - Female musk duck - - 6. Tilmuri 12. Pomeri - - Catfish - 7. Pomeri 13. KupuUi - Blue mountain parrot - 8. Kupulli. U. Rekalde - Water rat - - 15. Puldyokkuri- - Water hen 16. Talkinyeri - - Native turkey - - 9. Talkiayeri 17. Prolge - - Native companion - 10. Prolge 18. Wanye - - Mountain duck - - 11. Wanye 19. Tarke - - Lake perch - 12. Tarke 20. Komeok - Pink-eyed duck - - 13. Komeok So that twenty kinds are forbidden to thirteen kinds to boys. It is supposed the young men and that if they eat of 264 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: these tliey will grow ugly and break out in sores, and also become prematurely grey. A curious custom of the abori- gines is called " ngiangiampe." It is carried on. thus: When a child is born, its navel-string is preserved and tied up in a bunch of feathers called " kalduki." The father of the child gives this to the father of some other child. From henceforth neither of those children nor their parents must speak to or hold any kind of intercourse with each other. The mutual relationship brought about by this is called "ngiangiampe"; and although the two must not speak they must not see each other want. If one " ngian- giampe" sees another in need of anything, he or she must send a supply of it if possible; but yet there must never be any direct personal intercourse between the two. I never could find out the reason for the custom; the natives could not tell me, so we are left to conjecture. The children who are thus estranged from each other may belong to the same clan or to another clan; this is a matter of indifference. 44, 45. For answers to these questions see paper on the Diseases of the Aborigines appended hereunto. 46. While a boy is growing up his hair generally used to be allowed to go untouched by comb, or at least it was allowed to grow undressed and uncut for two or three years before the time of puberty, which occurs at about fourteen years of age. The consequence was that it became a perfect mat of entangled hair and filth. When the time came for the youth to be introduced to manhood, the old men of the clan would appoint a time with some old men of another clan to meet together to make " kainganar," or young men. This was kept secret. A youth from each of the two clans would be selected, and on the night fixed upon they were suddenly seized by the men of the clans and borne to a place apart from the women, who set up a great cry and pretended to try to rescue them, but were supposed to be beaten off with fire-sticks by the men. The two youths were thrown on the ground, and all their moustaches plucked out and the hair on their bodies ; the hair of their heads was roughly combed out with a point of a spear, tearing it off by handsful ; they PROM MURRAY RIVER TO LACBPBDE BAY. 256 were tlien rubbed over plentifully witb a mixture of fish oil and red ocbre. They were compelled to fast three days; drinking only water, and that to be sucked up from the lake or river through a reed. They were not allowed to sleep at all for about three days, watch being kept over them for the purpose. They are now said to be kaingani or narumbe — a word very near to our own word sacred, only without any moral purity attaching to its significance. When the two kainganis were allowed to sleep their pillow must consist of a couple of sticks stuck in the ground crosswise. For many months the two youths were compelled to go naked. They were forbidden to eat certain kinds of game while they were narumbe, and also were not allowed to touch any food belonging to women. All the food which they touched or caught became narumbe like themselves, and was forbidden to females. This state of narumbe lasted until their beards and moustaches and body hair had been pulled out three times ; each time the beard was allowed to grow about two inches long. They were not allowed to take a wife till this period elapsed, generally two years ; but during this time very little fault was found with them for licentious conduct. During the time between the first plucking and the second the youths were called " narumbe " instead of their real names; during the time between the second plucking and the third they were called " takkure mak," or "plucked cheek." The second and third plucking was generally performed without any ceremony like the first. The two young men who undergo this rite together are ever after held to hold a peculiar relationship to each other called " wirake." 47. The Narrinyeri natives do not knock out the front teeth. 48. The Narrinyeri do not practise circumcision. Statement of the Number of the " Naerinyeei." 1. I have often thought that it is very desirable that we should know exactly how many of the aborigines there are, so as to be able to form some idea of their wants. I have 256 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: several times heard expressions of incredulity when I have said how many I thought there were; and, on the other hand, I have heard people say they thought there were more than I had any reason to believe existed. Such a counting of the aborigines, if it had taken place twenty years ago, would have afforded some interesting information as to their rate of decrease, and would have thrown light on the causes of the decay of the aboriginal races. By way of making a beginning in this direction, I prepared a list of the names of aU the natives of the Narrinyeri tribe, or nearly aU. The danger in taking such a census is of omission, and perhaps I may have omitted a few. May I be allowed to suggest that if at every aboriginal dep6t a register were kept of every man, woman, and child known to the issuer of stores, and a periodical return of their numbers made, it would be very valuable ; it would be especially so in the Far North, and on the overland route, and in the Northern Territory. 2. In making out the list, I got the assistance of four intelligent native men; I allowed them to apportion the different names of persons to their respective clans; in one or two cases I found people belonged to a different clan from what I had supposed. I have a personal knowledge of three-fourths of the natives whose names are given; the rest I am assured are living, and in some instances I am told I have seen them, but have forgotten them. 3. The proportions of the different clans are as follow: — Name of Clan. Men. Women. Boys. Girls. Total. Goolwa and Port Elliot 42 37 10 5 94 Lake Albert . . . . 12 10 3 5 30 Milang and Point Sturt 14 19 13 3 49 Point Macleay . . . . 42 48 23 22 135 The Coorong .... 49 37 12 16 114 Lower Murray, near Wellington- 37 32 8 12 89 Total - 196 183 69 63 511 It will be seen that the Point Macleay clan is the largest; this is in consequence of the natives here being the FROM MURRAY RIVER TO LACEPEDE BAY. 257 healthiest. The smallest j)roportion of children are found in those clans which inhabit the settled districts. The Goolwa and Port Elliot clan has only fifteen children, and yet they have as many men as the Point Macleay clan, which con- tains forty-five children. The circumstances attending the life of the aborigines in settled districts are adverse to their having children. I am sure that we have, by getting children from the natives in the settled districts to this institution, saved the lives of many; the proportion at Goolwa and Wellington would be even lower than this, were not this the case, and I know that the natives who reside here have and rear more children than any others of their tribe. The Coorong clan is a numerous one, and needs our best efforts for its welfare. I do trust that we may be enabled, by having a tract of land allotted to us, to reach these people, and do them as much good as we have done the Point Macleay clan; they have amongst them some intelligent men. The Point Macleay clan and the Milang clan (a very small one) are the only ones where the number of women is greater than that of men. I can say with assurance, that the dissipation and debauchery into which many of the natives fall is more fatal to women than it is to men. 4. The preparation of this statement forcibly reminds us of the decrease in the numbers of the aborigines. I myself, in 1849, saw 500 fighting-men of these Narrinyeri; I was also told by a former Government officer that he saw 800 fighting-men in 1842 ; at the present time they might muster 150. This would make the proportion of warriors at present a little more than one-third of the whole number; supposing, as is probable, that then the proportion was one- fourth, there were in 1849, 2,000 Narrinyeri, and in 1842, 3,200. I am sure every one will feel sorry at this. We have deprived the natives of their country, sadly diminished their means of subsistence, and introduced a state of things more fatal to them than the barbarism in which they before lived. We feel anxious to prevent such mournful results. VOL. II. R 258 THE AUSTRALIAN BAOE : Our history on this station has been one of seventeen years' resistance to their downward progress towards extinction, and it has not been altogether unsuccessful. We trust we may prevent that almost total disappearance which has befallen the Adelaide and Moorundee tribes. 5. As the subject of disease among the natives has a close connection with the causes of the decline of the aboriginal races, I have drawn up a statement of the result of my observations and experience on this subject. The Diseases of the Abokigines of the Lakes and Lower Mueeat (South Austealia). I have resided among the aborigines inhabiting the Lakes and Lower Murray for the last twenty years, and during that period have observed that they are subject to the following diseases, viz. : — Apoplexy, acute nephritis, cataract, consumption (tubercular), dysentery, diarrhoea, epilepsy, fistula in ano, hydrocephalus, hepatitis (acute and chronic), hydatids in the liver, hydrothorax, influenza, indi- gestion, impetigo, neuralgia, otalgia, otorrhoea, ophthalmia (acute and chronic), phrenitis (one instance only), pneu- monia, porrigo, ranula (one case only, but very bad), rheu- matism (acute and chronic), sunstroke, syphilis, sore throat in its various forms, toothache, and tabes mesenterica. 1. My observations have led me to the following views of the principal disease from which the natives sufi'er, which is evidently tuberculosis in its different forms. I think that a large number of deaths arise from this cause — of fifty deaths of adults which occurred here between 1859 and 1869 twenty-five were caused by tubercular consumption. In infancy the tuberculous diathesis shows itself frequently in the form of hydrocephalus, generally occurring at the time of dentition ; it also very often manifests itself in the form of tabes mesenterica, about the third or fourth year, or even later; I have even known of a very bad case occurring in a man of twenty-five. This constitutional tendency often PEOM MURRAY RIVER TO LACEPEDE BAY, 259 appears in a form of induration and ulceration of the glands of the neck; where it comes out thus, it is generally cured, and the person becomes healthy afterwards ; but its most usual and fatal form is that of tubercular consumption. Any accident to the chest seems to lead to the deposition of tubercle. I knew a case of a previously healthy young woman who received a blow on the chest from her jealous drunken brute of a husband; she vomited blood immediately after, then her case gradually assumed the form of tubercular consumption. I had a case of a White woman on my hands at the same time as this one. I was struck with the exact similarity of the symptoms in each case — the two women died within an hour of each other though living miles apart. 2. The mortality among infants of the aborigines is very great — of 101 deaths, occurring between 1859 and 1869, thirty-six were of infants under two years of age, fifteen of children under the age of puberty, and fifty of adiilts. In nothing has the result of our labors been so apparent as in the saving of infant life. The good effects of cleanliness and proper care are so apparent that I have heard the women on our station lecture young woman on the necessity of keep- ing their children washed. Infants suffer very much from the exposure of savage life. I have known infants die of the scorching which their heads got through being exposed on their mothers' backs during a long march on a hot day; and any severe disease which may suddenly seize a child, when its mother is in a situation where help cannot be obtained, of course runs on and becomes fatal, although at first quite amenable to treatment. 3. I have frequent cases of both neuralgia and toothache. A peculiar cause of toothache is the chewing of fibre for the purpose of making twine ; this wears the teeth down to a level and makes them very tender to bite upon. 4. I have frequently seen cases of epilepsy. I have generally noticed that the persons subject to it have sunk into a low state of health, and soon died of consumption. E2 260 THE AUSTEALIAN RACE: I had recently a case of a woman whose pregnancy was accompanied by attacks of hsematemesis and epileptic fits. I have seen several cases of lunacy among them ; it is not uncommon for the intellect of old men to give way, and for them to be insane. In one instance an old chief was frightened by some people telling him that the Whites were going to take him and his tribe to Kangaroo Island ; he immediately betook himself to the reeds and hid for days; he was then found by his friends, and afterwards had an apoplectic attack; in a few weeks homicidal mania set in, and he chopped a women about with a tomahawk frightfully — this led to his incarceration in the Adelaide Lunatic Asylum. In two or three years he was discharged cured: he is, however, yet strange in his manner. The relatives of lunatics have no superstitious ideas about them, and treat them very kindly — they are rather afraid of them. 5. The aborigines do not suffer from malarious fevers. 6. Before the advent of the Whites a strange disease came down the Murray and carried off many of the natives — it was doubtless small-pox, for some of the old men are pock-marked. The natives point to certain mounds where the dead were interred who fell victims to it. The natives readily receive vaccination. The aborigines here do not readily take measles; a few had them when they very pre- valent, but they were nearly all half-castes. We never had the measles on this station at all, although settlers had them within two miles of us, and they raged violently at Milang and Meningie — and yet nearly all the aborigiaes at the Poonindie Mission Station had them. I cannot under- stand the reason why our natives were exempted. Although a large number of natives were gathered in camps at sheep-shearing, and some of them, mostly half-castes, had measles, yet they did not spread generally; this is surprising, since absolutely no care was taken to prevent infection. Neither are the natives subject to scarlatina, although the disease has prevailed very much in this colony. I never knew natives have it, and yet I have reason to believe that FROM MURRAY RIVER TO LACEPEDE BAY. 261 they had the cast-off clothes of White sufferers from the disease given to them. 7. The ahorigines have a skin disease, which is a sort of impetigo — it might be called impetigo contagiosa; it manifests itself in a crop of pustules about the joints, the ankles, knees, hips, or elbows ; it is worst when it occurs on the hips ; it is accompanied with itching, swelling, and pain, and afterwards excoriation. I have seen places on a person's hips, occasioned by it, as raw as beef and as large as my hand ; it is very contagious among the pure Blacks, and less so among the half-castes. I have known half-castes sleep with Blacks who had it and yet not catch it. I have known a very White half-caste woman who was married to a Black husband, and yet she never had it, but her children did. Sulphur is a specific for it. Some years ago I was led to ask the Aborigines' De- partment for a supply of soap, which I used liberally — the supply has been continued, and the result has been a marked . decrease in the number of cases of impetigo ; this fact is very significant as to the cause of the disease. The natives call this disease Wirrullumi. The natives often get ringworms on their bodies, but not on the scalp; they catch them through tending calves which have them. No kind of leprosy is known among the aborigines. 8. I have seen cases, even bad cases, of syphilis amongst the natives. I am sure the disease was imported among them ; they knew nothing of it before the advent of the Whites — this is the testimony of the natives. I have known fatal cases, also cases where the tibia was affected, and bony excrescences on the skin, with atrocious neuralgic pain ; I have also seen buboes in the groin. Venereal disease is not very prevalent; I am persuaded that sometimes cases of impetigo have been taken for it. 9. I have never seen a hunchback among the aborigines, and only one case of lateral curvature of the spine in a half-caste. 262 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: 10. The vital power of the natives varies very much in different individuals, but taking the average, I do not think it could be rated high ; they easily give way to disease, and hopelessly yield themselves up to a fatal result. I think their diseases are more of a sthenic than asthenic type. They endure both heat and cold well — they will sleep comfortably under a much thinner covering than an average European. 11. The question has often occurred to me whether they suffer as much pain from injuries as Europeans do. It is difficult to decide ; let an injury be caused by a European, or by work for a colonist, and a great fuss will be made of it, while a much more severe injury occurring through a native custom will be made light of and endured with fortitude. This leads me to think that they do not really suffer so much as we do ; however, the whole question as to whether one man suffers as much as another from a similar injury is one which I should like to see ventilated by a competent authority. Wounds made by metal or stone implements or weapons heal about the same as similar wounds would do in Euro- peans, but wounds made by wooden weapons heal very quickly — the transfixing of a leg by a wooden spear is regarded as a trifle, and soon heals. Blows on the head are not so dangerous to natives, because of the thickness of the fatty tissue between the scalp and the skuU — this forms a kind of pad, which in some measure protects the head. 12. The aborigines have no medicines peculiar to them- selves: they regard all diseases and most injuries to the person as the result of sorcery. In order to cure diseases they use charms, which consist in the utterance of certain words in a kind of chant or recitative. They endeavour. to cure some complaints, such as rheumatism, by a rude kind of vapor-bath ; the patient is placed on a platform made with sticks, underneath are placed red-hot stones, or a few live coals, a rug is wrapped round the sufferer; then some water-weed called pinggi is taken wet from the lake shore and put on the hot stones or fire and the steam allowed to FROM MURRAY RIVER TO LACEPEDE BAY. 263 ascend aronnd the naked body, and a perspiration is pro- duced from which relief is oftentimes obtained. 13. I have known women get spots on their eyes from receiving blows on the back of the head; these spots enlarge and occasion very imperfect vision in after-life. I have known several cases of blindness, but not only from this cause. 14. The writer has often been asked respecting the fecundity of the natives, and the condition and habits of women in pregnancy and parturition. It has been stated that amongst some tribes in the other colonies if a woman has a half-caste child she never has another of her own race. This is not the case amongst the Narrinyeri, and the writer doubts if it is the case anywhere. He has known many women have large families after having a half-caste child. Instances have occurred where the , first child was a half- caste, and yet a large family of Black children followed. Also, there have been cases where a half-caste child has been born after several Black children, and then Black children have succeeded it. Then women are known to have had two half-caste, and afterwards several Black. Indeed in every way the statement that the birth of a half- caste injures the fruitfulness of the mother afterwards is proved to be untrue as far as the Narrinyeri are concerned. The writer is convinced that when native women take to the excessive use of alcoholic drinks it injures and often entirely prevents their fecundity. In no instance has this rule been found to be incorrect. Let a Black woman take to drinking, and she generally has no more children, or, if she does, they are poor weakly creatures, and soon die. There is to be taken into account though that where aboriginal women become drunkards they become prostitutes too. A remarkable result follows the free use of tobacco by the native women. The writer has observed it for years in a large number of instances. When a woman smokes a great deal during her pregnancy, the child which she bears 264 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: is always excessively fat. Such a child will resemble one of those little fat Chinese pigs, so abnormally fat will it be. Often a native woman is complimented on the plumpness of her baby when it arises solely from this cause. But to a person accustomed to see native children this fatness is known to be peculiar in its character. The child is round and bloated and unhealthy, although so fat. And in every instance such infants have died. I never knew one that survived the troubles of dentition and weaning. The effects of tobacco have also often been noticed in the case of women suckling. I have been called to a child which was ill, and found it suffering from all the effects of poisoning by tobacco; and no wonder, for its mother smoked heavily, and it was nursed in a close hut with half-a-dozen people all blowing a suffocating cloud of tobacco smoke. I am convinced that a great deal of the ill-health of the natives — tendency to lung disease, &c. — arises from excessive use of tobacco, They use it so immoderately. I was confirmed in my opinion of the use of tobacco causing a peculiar fatness in infants by observing an instance of the same kind in a White woman. During her pregnancy she suffered severely from toothache, and only found relief by smoking tobacco. This she did until the infant was born. It was enormously fat, although both the parents were thin and spare in habit. I noticed too that the fatness was of exactly the same peculiar kind as that in the Black infants. However, the fatal result did not follow in this case, for the mother left off smoking, and the child survived, and got rid of its excessive fatness after a time. The pure Blacks are not so healthy as the half-castes. Always the children of two half-castes will be healthier and stronger than either the children of Blacks or the children of a Black and a half-caste. When a half-caste man and woman marry, they generally have a large and vigorous family. I could point to half-a-dozen such. Aboriginal women generally suffer less on the whole during parturition than White women do. I attribute this FROM MURRAY RIVER TO LACEPEDE BAY. 265 to their bodies being allowed to develop in childhood without the restraints and injuries which result from the use of stays, corsets, and other civiUzed appliances. The experi- ence of the writer has not been small, and he never saw an instance where deformity or malformation of the pelvis was indicated in any native woman yet. May not this result be attributed to the fact that their mothers never wore stays during the time when they were chQd-bearing ? The pelvis of a growing foetus must be peculiarly liable to malformation from abdominal pressure in the mother. At any rate, such is the fact, as stated above, with regard to native women, and obstetricians will appreciate the vast decrease in danger and suffering which is caused by it. Aboriginal females though do suffer considerably in child-birth, some more and some less. Instances of death in child-bed are rare. The only three which I know were remarkable. These were two sisters, each named Petem- baitpiri; they got married, and each died in child-bed. One died with her second child, and the other died with her third child. The second one left a daughter whom we brought up from infancy, and she attained to a mariageable off trousers, shirts, &c., as they are able to obtain, but strip at night and supplement the warmth obtained from their fires by covering themselves with Melaleuca bark, or with a sort of blanket manufactured from the bark of the kurrajong HALIFAX BAY. 427 tree, and also ty smearing themselves with clay. On occasions of corroborees and fights they paint their skins with red ochre and pipe-clay, and with charcoal when in mourning. Besides the bags and nets common throughout the continent, these tribes have water-bags, which they make of closely- plaited "lawyer" {Calamus Australis), and also of palm- leaf sewn with the sinews of animals. They also use fish- hooks made of tortoise-shell and of mother-of-pearl. Their weapons are spears, some simply pointed, others barbed, and others edged with flints ; they have also harpoons, wooden swords, shields, and clubs. Some of these are carved and painted; spears are thrown both by hand and with the wommera. The boomerang is not mentioned. Their imple- ments are the usual flint knives and stone tomahawks, some ground and some chipped to an edge. They have also bark canoes, sewn at each end. For food, besides marsupial game, they have fish, roots, and fruits of several kinds. From some of the roots they extract, before they can be eaten, certain poisonous qualities by more than one ingenious pro- cess. Of the cannibal practices of these tribes my informant speaks very decidedly, for he says he has seen them eating Kanackas, White men, and corpses of their own tribe. He also notices that they object to tell their names. Polygamy is in vogue, and the tribes are divided into the following classes: — Males. Femalefl. Korearo. Korearobingan. Wongo. Wongobingan. Korkeen. Korkeenbingan. Wordon. Wordoingan. These divisions, no doubt, have reference to their system of marriage, though my informant does not say so. Infanti- cide was practised before the coming of the Whites. The diseases now most common are consumption, fever, and rheumatism. The practices of punching out teeth, piercing the septum of the nose, and scarring the skin are also in vogue. Message-sticks, Mr. Johnstone informs me, are in use, the 428 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE; marks carved on them, he remarks, " being a guarantee of the messenger, the same as a ring with ns in former times." He also remarks that the hair of these Blacks is generally- curly, but often straight; that they paint representations of imaginary animals in caves and on rocks, and dispose of their dead by laying them on platforms, by burying in the ground, and by eating them. In the vocabularies attached we find two words which begin with r, and the word wee, which in some places means j'lre, the equivalent of sun. No. 120.— HALIFAX BAY. By J. Cassady, Esq. Kangaroo - - bally. Opossum - katra. Tame dog - - knarbo. Wild dog - - gerole. Emu - - kondolo. Black duck - - te-te. Wood duck - Pelican - yembor. Laughing jackas s kowokara Native companion korore. White cockatoo - gemra. Crow - - wagan. Swan - - Egg - • meto. Track of a foot - genua. Fish - - knoto. Lobster - motoga. Crayfish - Mosquito - - komo. Fly - - koyom. Snake - The Blacks - tinga. A Blackfellow - tinga. A Black woman - kolokolo. Nose - ■■ woro. Hand - ■■ mandy. 2 Blacks - - yakka tinga. 3 Blacks - - cabo tinga. One - - yongole. Two - - yakka. Three - kabo. Four or more - yongonda or kikaborgo. Father - baby. Mother - kora, yong, yonga. Sister-Elder - murkingun, boban. ,, Younger - tantchuan. Brother-Elder - murkin, thalnbo „ Younger tantchuling. A young man - nabigaro. An old man - kelan. An old woman - kellingan. A baby (male) - morgo. ,, (female) - murkey. A White man - mecolo. Children - - yabingara. Head - - wallow. Eye - - koro. Ear - - binna. HALIFAX BAY. 4 No. 120.— Halifax 'Sa.y —contmwd. Mouth nanda. Boomerang - - wongal. Teeth - yera. Hill - - mongan. Hair of the head - molong. Wood- - tano. Beard - - talba. Stone - - balgal. Thunder - - oondono. Camp - - rongo. GrasB ■ Tongue - wota. - talang. Yes - No - ye. - bai. Stomach - - keppa. I- - kmba. Breasts - ngamoon. Thigh- - - wakka or tharra. You - - nino. Foot - - genna. Bark - - yonga. Bone - - tolkul. Good - - touoa. Blood ■ - koma. Bad - - wago. Skin ■ - - yonga. Sweet - - matana. Fat - - tanuny. Food - . Bowels - bara-bara. Hungry - ngoami. Excrement - War-spear - - gona. - kalge. Thirsty - walnga. Reed-spear - - raba. Eat - - dialgo. Wommera or mere. Sleep - - werail. throwing-stick Drink - bona. Shield - pikel. Walk - yanya. Tomahawk - - bargo. See - - nalgalgo. Canoe - - wolgo. Sit - - nena or nega Sun - - - tula. Yesterday - - minonga. Moon - - balano. To-day - ki-kin. Star - - karomin. To-morrow - - cobara. Light - - miera Where are the winta tinga? Dark - - knowronga. Blacks ? Cold - Heat - - gerole. - tow-wong. I don't know - knab molgee kniba. Day - Night- - - miera. - knowronga. Plenty - yongonda. Fire - - tano, ka,ndagya. Big - - nucoa. Water - yakko. Little - - tantchu. Dead - - boral, wolie Smoke - tonone. Ground - ki-ie. By-and-by - - wolo. Come on - ngari. Wind- - bundle. Milk - - ngamoon. Rain - - ukan. Eaglehawk - - cory-tella. God - - wonga-mally. Wild turkey - cabocalla. Ghosts - wonga. Wife - - gain. 429 430 THE AUSTRALIAN 'RACE ; No. 120.— HALIFAX BAY. By R. Johnstone, Esq. Kangaroo - borley. Hand - mandy. Opossum kartra. 2 Blacks yakka tinga. Tame dog - knarboo. 3 Blacks karboo tinga. Wild dog - gerool. One - ' - yonggole. Emu - kondooloo. Two - yakka. Black duck - ta-ta. Three - karboo. Wood duck- Four and any cicaborgo yon- Pelican yeemboo. number over gonda. Laughing jackass kawookarra. Father babai. Native companion koorom. Mother - kora or yunga White cockatoo - Sister-Elder murkengun. Crow - worgan. „ Younger teutcheran. Swan - Egg - - Track of a foot Fiah - Lobster Crayfish Mosquito - meto. genar. knoto. ■ motogar. komo. Brother-Elder „ Younger A young man An old man- An old woman A baby (boy) - murkin. - tantcheeling. - marcara. - kelang. - kalangan. - worloomoogoo Fly - - kojom. „ (girl) - morkeyen Snake - A White man - mecolo. The Blacks Children - yabingaia. A Blackfellow tinga. Head - - wallow. A Black woman - kolo-kolo. Eye - - koro. Nose - - , - woro. Ear - - - binna. HALIFAX BAY. 4S1 Ko. 120— Halifax Bay— continued. Mouth - knakna. Boomerang - - wangal. Teeth - Hair of the head Beard - Thunder - Grass - - jera. - molong. - talba. - oondono. - wotar Hill - Wood - Stone - Camp - - mongan, - tano. - balgal. - ringo. Tongue - tallang. Yes - - jea. Stomach - kippa. No - - Breasts - ammun. I - kniba. Thigh- - Foot - Bone - Blood - - wakka. - gena. - tolkeel. - koma. You ■ Bark - Good - - enba. - yoonga. Skin - - Fat - - yonga. - tammy. Bad ^ Sweet - - wargo. Bowels - bara-bara. Food - - * Excrement • - goonna. Hungry - knamey. War-spear - - kalge. Thirsty - warlnga. Efied-spear - - raba. Eat ■ - - diana. Wommera or colngo or Sleep - - werail or yokey. thro wing-stick maroo. Drink - - bona. Shield Tomahawk ■ Canoe Sun - Moon - Star - Light - - - queeary. • kargoo. - wolgo. - potera. - bartamoo. - karromen. Walk - See - Sit - Yesterday - To-day To-morrow - - yan-ya. - nawiua, nalgala. - nina, nega. - nenonga. - ky-kin. - cobarra. Dark - - - knora. Where are the wonta tinga ? Cold - - - gerole. Blacks ? Heat - - banjera. I don't know - narlnoolga kniba Day - - miera. Plenty - yere. Night - - - knoronga. Big - - nuca. Fire - - - tano, kandanye. Little - - tantchee. Water ■ ya,koo. Dead - - boril. Smoke ■ tonon. By-and-by - - wolo. Ground - kya. Come on - knari. Wind ■ - bundy-bundy. Milk - - nammoon. Rain - - ukan Eaglehawk- - coretala. God - Ghosts ■ wonga. Wild turkey Wife - - cabocala. - gain. 432 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 121.— THE HEAD-WATERS OF THE BURDEKIN RIVER. By W. 0. HoDGKiNSON, Esq., Waedbn of Goldpiblds, Mattown. The following facts connected witli the Breeaba tribe, whose country is on one of the head- waters of the Burdekin, as also the attached vocabulary of their language, were kindly forwarded to me by Mr. W. 0. Hodgkinson, who obtained them, as he informs me, from a very intelligent middle-aged Breeaba woman who lives at Maytown on the Palmer River. This tribe have opossum-skin rugs^ which probably they use only at night. They possess also the wommera and boomerang. Certain articles of food are forbidden to the women. It is worthy of notice that this is the most northern tribe of Eastern Australia which reports the former existence of small-pox amongst them. It is called chin-chin, and is said to have proved fatal to many at some recent period. The woman Wonduri, from whom Mr. Hodgkinson obtained his information, declares that the tribe decided at the time of this scourge that any one it attacked should be killed without delay whilst asleep, and that this plan was carried out. However, seeing that the disease is not heard of nearer than 300 miles to the south, no confidence can be placed in Wonduri's statement that it existed. Prior to the coming of the Whites, children who died from natural causes were eaten, not by their parents or brothers, but by their cousins and other more distant relatives of the male sex. Their hands and fat were the parts most esteemed, as we find in other cases. Polygamy prevails in the tribe, and a widow becomes the wife of the deceased husband's brother. Twins are occasionally born. One tooth is knocked out at the age of puberty, and the septum of the nose pierced. Fish are taken with nets, spears, and hooks ; also by A TREE ON THE DIAMANTINA RIVER QUEENSLAND RECORD or A FIGHT WHICH TOOK PLACE IN THE LOCALITY THE HEAD-WATERS OF BURDBKIN RIVER. 433 poisoning waterholes with, leaves possessing narcotic pro- perties. Women and old men are buried without ceremony, hut the remains of able-bodied males are placed on platforms constructed in the boughs of trees. Message-sticks are in use. The attached is the sketch of a tree marked by the tribe to commemorate one of their fights. Eeferring to the vocabulary, my informant expresses doubts as to the correctness of his translation of three and four. The reader will notice the termination hurra in some of the words which follow. This, I suspect, is the equivalent hr people, or perhaps many. Chinaman, it will be noticed, they call Murri, like their own people, whilst they have a distinct term for White man. Watch is expressed by the same word as sun, and socks by a term derived from the equivalent oi foot. The following words as applying to objects of which the Australian had no knowledge prior to the advent of the White man are of interest: — Cat - - - moorboo. Horse - - - ngooraboongoo. Cow, bullock - toomooburra. Calf - - kinquan. Sheep - - - burra-burra. AVMte woman - yallaman. Chinaman - - murri. Domestic fowls - kookabinya. Chicken - - wongurra (?). Watch- - - kurri. Look out ! he is throwing a spear - Look out ! he is throwing a boomerang Whereabouts is water to be found? - Do you see the road or track ? - Yes, I see the road - - - . What track or road ? - - . I see two kangaroos - - . . VOL. II, mun. tinnago. bingarro, kampe. mere, kunkurre. - dekurra. - woogogo. - toola. Boot - Socks - Gown, coat, trousers Bridle - Knife, also fork Spoon - Chair - Table - Indi nukka kulka. You see spear. Indi nukka (or indi kooti) wongul. You see (you see) boomerang. ■ Wunta kamo? Where water? ■ Indi nukkuUa tinna ? You see track ? - Nia nnkkulla tinna. I see road. • Unne tinna ? What track ? ■ Nya nukka boolaroo kargul. I see two kangaroos. Z E 434 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE; No. 121.— BURDEKIN RIVER. Kangaroo - kargul. Hand - - muUa. Opossum - tungeroo. 2 Blacks - - Tame dog - moora. 3 Blacks - - Wild dog - - ngurbuUa. One - - wirba. Emu - - - koondooloo. Two - - boollaroo. Black duck - koorpooloo. Three - - koolbarro. Wood duck- birga. Pelican billibungerra. Four - - koorunga. Laughing jackass- towa-towa. Father - yaboona. Native companion burgum. Mother - yungunna. White cockatoo - diggoree. Sister-Elder - kootanna. Crow - - . wotagan. „ Younger - wobbooin. Swan - Brother-Elder - kutta. Egg. - kookabinya. „ Young er warbo. Track of a foot - chinna. A young man - warbooroo. Fish - - kooiyoo. An old man - bringubba. Lobster An old woman - murkoorra. Crayfish A baby - kandoo or kum Mosquito - mobo. doo. Ely - bralla. A White man - mikooloo or ma Snake - kobbul, mooda. koolo. The Blacks - murri-murri. Children - - kurndoo. A Blackfellow Head - - kirta. A Black woman ■ wirmo. Eye - - tillee. Nose - koo. Ear - - woUoo. THE HEAD-WATERS OP BURDEKIN RIVER. 435 No. 121. — BuBDEKiN RiTEK — Continued. Mouth - tunga. Boomerang - - wongul. Teeth - - nulla. HiU - - mignrra. Hair of the head- tinge. Wood - - tula. Beard - - unga. Stone - - purri. Thunder - - morrella. Camp - - yamba. Grass - - yago. Yes - - nya (nai-a ?). Tongue - tuUi. No - - kurra. Stomach - - bulloo. I- - - nia. Breasts - ngumoon. You - - yinda or indi. Thigh - - durra. Bark - - bulkan. Foot - - tinna. Good - - binbi. Bone - - bulbun. Blood - - kooma. Bad - - kicha. Skin - - - yunga. Sweet - - munta. Fat - - tommi. Food - - ugonga. Bowels - Hungry - quee, kurmoona Excrement ■ - Thirsty - woorgoo toonka. War-spear - - kulka. Eat - - indi-uka. Reed-spear - - tuUa. Sleep - - umberra ooka. Wommera or boolaroo.. Drink - - indi-uka. throwing-stick Walk- - yaninga. Shield- - - koolmarri. See - - nukka, kooti. Tomahawk Canoe - - balgo. Sit - - kooree. Sun - - - kurri. Yesterday - - woorgaloonga. Moon - - pallanno. To-day - yachiUo. Star - - - ugo. To-morrow - - peergunga. Light - - - boori. Where are ;he wunta murri ? Dark - - ngurnnu. Blacks ? Cold - - - werera. I don't know - kurra (no). Heat - - yago. Plenty- - moorga. Day - - kurringa. Big - - - boolgi. Night - - - ngurnnu. Little - - warburroo. Fire - - poori. Dead - - woonunga. Water Smoke Ground - kamo. - tooga. - nanni. By-and-by - Come on - yeta kurbunga. - woongunga. Wind- - - kowri. Milk - - ngamoom. Rain - - tanduuga. Eaglehawk - - wirta. God - - Wild turkey - tirkooyee. Ghosts - Wife - - birgoo. 436 THE AUSTRALIAN EACE : No. 122.— CLARKE RIVER. FOBWARDED BY GRESLBY LITKIN, ESQ. Kangaroo - Hand - merda. Opossum - - kajea. 2 Blacks - Tame dog - Wild dog - Emu - - - goondooloo. 3 Blacks - One - Black duck Two - . Wood duck Three Pelican Four - Laughing jackass Father Native companion White cockatoo - Crow - Mother Sister-Elder younga. Swan - „ Younger - Egg - - - Brother-Elder - Track of a foot - „ Younger Fish - Lobster Crayfish Mosquito - - kikaberdee. Fly - Snake A young man An old man An old woman - A baby A White man wurboon The Blacks- - murdee. Children - galbin. A Blackfellow - yelda. Head - kida. A Black -woman - warrangoo. Eye - jeelee. Nose - - - go. Ear - CLARKE RIVER. 437 No. 122. — CiAKKB RivKR — cowtinued. Mouth ta. Boomerang- - Teeth - urdea, Hill - - Hair of the heac jingo. Wood- Beard- Stone - - byree. Thunder - mur-rung-al-la. Camp- - yamba. Grass - - yago. Yes - . Tongue ■ tallay. No - Stomach - Breasts I- - - Thigh You - - Foot ■ jinna. Bark- ■ - Bone - Good - - Blood- - baragan. Bad - - Skin - Sweet- - Fat - - tammee. Food - _ Bowels Hungry _ Excrement- Thirsty - . War-spear - - bung-gi. Eat - Reed-spear- Wommera or tarilla. Sleep - - wawga throwing-stick Drink- - Shield koolmaree. Walk - Tomahawk (stone) balgo. See - Canoe Sit - - Sun - ki-ilUa. Yesterday - Moon - balanoo. To-day Star - • . To-morrow- . Light - Where are the Dark - Blacks ? Cold - wilda. Heat - I don't know -.. Day - Plenty Night Big - - Fire - taroo. Little - - kangor Water kamoo. Dead - - hoolan Smoke toga. By-and-by - Ground Come on - - enjee. Wind memerry. Milk - Rain - Eaglehawk- God . Wild turkey - turgoo Ghosts - Wife - . 438 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 122.— THE CLARKE OR THE CAPE RIVER. Words by Mr. De la Tour. The writer is uncertain whether these words belong to the Clarke or the Cape River. Sticks with which kamiUa. Claws - piga. fire is made by- Go away - munda. friction Sheep - toomba. Kangaroo net - bundara. Gun - - pardoogo. Pigeon - mammilla. Club - - werrga. Sharp - berrkay. Break - goonjen. Blunt - koodoo. Dirt - - nannee. Whiskers - nunga. Sore - - gin-gin. Lips - - numbool. Give - - wawgandally Eyebrows - ngoon. Sick - - wee-wee. Knee - wa-gi-ill. Pipe-olay - bearanba. Elbow - barago. Red ochre - kalmoo^ara. Lightning - bermannow. Bottle-tree- - kamberra. Hail - - palpee. Grass-tree - tackaberda. Corroboree- - mulgurry. Mud - - goonarree. Tail - - wanna. Leaves - kanga. Names OP Men. Dindera. NgoraiiTia. Moonga. Angoree. Munga. Poonque. Warree. Mabbo. Gobaranna. Mooemoo. Wawboo. Koongee Mundaree. Normee. Mugiueye. Purmboo. Mannow. Booee, THE CLARKE OR THE CAPE RIVER. Names of Women. Wanneree. Goolberee. Munduree. Mimgaree. Linderree. Boongouree. Obardee. Bobbma. Toeroyabban 439 440 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE; No. 123.— TOP OF THE RANGE NEAR DALRYMPLE. This Vocabulary, with some Additional Words, were kindly sent to me by W. E. Armit, Esq., Inspector of the Native Mounted Police. Kangaroo - Opossum - Tame dog - kargood. tangoord. kowla. Wild dog - Emu - Black duck - gunduUu. Wood duck- Pelican . - Laughing j aokass - Native companion White cockatoo - kagoobarra. Crow - watta. Swan - Egg - - - Track of a foot ■ Fish - Lobster dinango. kuya. Crayfish Mosquito - Fly - - Snake - moonda. The Blacks - A Blaokfellow ■ marringo. marri. A Black woman - margan or birgo. Nose - - - goo. Hand and arm - malla. 2 Blacks - - marringo bulla. 3 Blacks - - One - - Two - - bulla. Three - - Four - - Father - yaboo. Mother - mama. Sister-Elder - ,, Younger - Brother-Elder - ,, Younger A young man - walbarra. An old man - An old woman - cuymeu. A baby - A White man - gooin. Children - - Head - - katta. Eye - - dilly. Ear - - walloo. TOP OF : THE RANGE NEAR DALRYMPLE. 441 No 123. — Range nbae Daleymplb — contintied. Mouth - daa. Boomerang - - wangal. Teeth - ■ yerra. Hill - Hair of the head mowra. Wood- Beard- dingo. Stone - Thunder - Camp - yamba. Grass - Yes - Tongue No - karra. Stomach ■ I nya. Breasts namoon. You - inda. Thigh tarra. Bark - Foot - dinna. Good - Bone - Bad - Blood - Sweet - Skin - Food - Fat - Hungry Bowels Thirsty Excrement - goona. Eat - yugain. War-spear - pikalla. Sleep - wooka. Eeed-spear- Drink - Wonnmera or throwing-stick Walk - ngani. Shield See - Tomahawk - bargoo. Sit - Canoe Yesterday - Sun - karri. To-day yigilga. Moon - nylian. To-morrow - wooga. Star - wilba. . Where are the wanda marri ! Light - Dark - Blacks ? Cold - kirroo. I don't know Heat - Plenty • curbarra. Day - Big - Night - Little - - wuputchum. Fire - - burri. Dead - Water gamoo. By-and-by - - yabunda. Smoke Ground Come on - Wmd Milk - Rain - - . - yugan. Baglehawk- - yilga. God - Wild turkey Ghosts Wife - 442 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 123. — Range neab Dalkymple— comifeaed. Additional Words. Shin-bone - yangarra. Bullock - tumooburru. Sword pichercan. Yam, yams - - malboo, malboon. Club - nerroo. Honey-comb cabba or cudja. Kangaroo net waagal. To lie - - oatti. Dilly bag - coonaa. You lie catti nginda. Coolaman (water- wargarra. Salt-water (sea) - oalleyunga. trough) Scrub - - dulgi. Creek - Mountain - calbama. - balgi. Agun- Plenty of Blacks - margin. - curbarra marri. House - Houses Bandicoot - Pigeon Iguana Rat - goooa. goooanga. wugalla. coombree. tagani. carroola. Where? - To run You run A boy - To kill - wanda? ■ wagga. waggiua. yabba. - gundy. Kangaroo-rat taiju. I will kill you nyagna margiudo Carpet snake cabool. with a gun gundy. No. 124.— CLEVELAND BAY. By Abthue R. Johnstone, Esq., and Montagu Cube, Esq. The following vocabularies, whicL. were forwarded to me, the one by Mr. Arthur Johnstone and the other by my brother, Mr. Montagu Curr, are both assigned to Cleveland Bay, and belong no doubt to the dialects of two tribes in that locality. Mr. Johnstone informs me that when a Black of this tribe dies he is buried and a large fire made over his grave. Whilst it is burning, a gigantic man, it is believed, comes and takes away aU the remains of the dead man with the CLEVELAND BAY. 443 exception of his shadow and fingers. Should his surviving kinsfolk travel at night without fire-sticks, they fancy they see the shadow of the departed, now here^ now there, amongst the trees. The men gash themselves horribly on the death of a relative, and blacken their faces with charcoal. Mr. Johnstone furnishes the following Additional Words: — Forehead - - mooloo. Eyebrows - poorloo. Throat ■ rooka. Whiskers - ■ thalburra. Moustache - - moolia. Chest - - ra,llee. Shoulders - - dilbree. Navel - toogool. Arm - - culgul. Elbow - - mooroo. Wrist- ■ poolgammoo Fingers and toes - eweera. Little finger - kobbee. Back ■ - thooree. Knee - moko. Calf of the leg - arka. Shin - - rumpa. Ankle - - mookal. Rump - - moon. Anus - - pundein. Urine - - coral. Salt-water - - unda. Coral - - thumbee. Devil - - mungal. Paddle for canoe , - pareel. Fishing-line - rara. Fish-hook - - mingee. Corroboree - - mareka. To swim - ununga. To burn - kundimena. To cut - koonaborra. Come ! - oorein! To throw - - runna. To sing - mureka. To bite' - koongunna. Let go - nnna. To cook - unga. Sick - - moogee. Turtle - - yungiin. Wallaby - " thallum. Iguana - pingoonburra BSche-de-mer - toonbulla. Pigeon- - noolamoola. Sword (native) - koonowa. Bag - - murrimikkee 444 THE AUSTEALIAN RACE; No. 124.— CLEVELAND BAY. Br A. R. Johnstone, Esq. Kangaroo - - thallun. Hand - muUa. Opossum - 2 Blacks - Tame dog - Wild dog - Emu - 3 Blacks - One - Black duck -■ oorandoo. Two - Wood duck _ Three- - Pelican Four - Laughing jackass" kakoogoo. Father Native companion Mother White cockatoo Crow - Swan - Egg - - - keemaroo. Sister-Elder „ Younger - Brother-Elder - Track of a foot , , Younger Fish - A young man Lobster An old man Crayfish An old woman - Mosquito - Ply . . Snake The Blacks- kabool. A baby A White man - Children - moolooramoon A Blackfellow ■ elgooral. Head - A Black woman muugun. Eye - mil. Nose - ooroo. Ear - pena. CLEVELAND BAY. 445 No. 124.— Clbvelaijd Bay— continued. Mouth - tha. Boomerang - - ungal. Teeth - keera. Hill - . Hair of the head - moolooit. Wood - - puree. Beard - Stone - . Thunder Camp - - oora. Grass - oyulo. Yes - . Tongue thalein. No - Stomach keepa. I- Breasts namoon. You - Thigh - thara. ■ Foot - tinna. Bark - - Bone ■ Good - • noolambarroo Blood - kungen. Bad - - areea. Skin - Sweet - - Fat - - Food - - moodthuuna. Bowels keerulgarul. Hungry - oolein. Excrement - Thirsty . War-spear - Reed-spear - Wommera or Eat -, Sleep - - koongool. - yookecarko. thro wing-stick Drink - - punga. Shield - kooeeree. Walk - - - thararoo. Tomahawk - See - ■ Canoe - oolgaroo. Sit - - neeka. Sun - oba. Yesterday - - Moor. - bulbun. To-day - Star - puekarakkara. To-morrow - Light - Where are the Dark - Blacks? Gold - keeto. I don't know Heat - einburra. Plenty Day - Big - - kuka. Night - Little - Fire -. - paree. Dead - - ooleina. Water Smoke Ground thalmul. puno. arroeen. By-and-by - Come on Wind - Milk - Rain - s. ooreal. Eaglehawk - God - - Wild turkey oorumpa. Ghosts Wife - keu or ken. 446 THE. AUSTRALIAN RACE No. 124.— CLEVELAND BAY. By Montagu Cube, Esq. Kangaroo - poUee. Hand - - mal-la. Opossum kudthara. 2 Blacks - Tame dog - oyeo. 3 Blacks - - Wild dog - One - - yoongul. Emu - windoloo. Two - - yug-ga. Black duck - Wood duck- Pelicau yamooroo. gooda-gro-go. buUoo. Three - Four - - murgine. Laughing jackass Father - a-boo. Native companion kondil. Mother - a-mee. White cockatoo - gim-o-ro. Sister-Elder - ava-ru. Crow - - - o-gal. „ Younger - Swan - Brother-Elder - aw-ood-tha. Egg - korindil. „ Younger Track of a foot - yalgi. A young man - mur-gur-ra. Fish - - ood-gurh. Lobster An old man - woor-goor-bee. Crayfish An old woman - ko-lo-la. Mosquito - koo-be-yal. A baby - nunga. Ply - - - koo-roo-mo. A White man . Snake - - - ur-buUa. Children - - d'thoon-ga-ree The Blacks - goon-gar-re. Head - - alloc. A Blaokfellow - A Black woman - mar-boora. Eye - - ma-el. Nose - oro. Ear - - "pinna. CLEVELAND BAY. 447 No. 124.— Cleveland Bay— contimted Mouth - d'tha. Boomerang - Teeth - - reera. Hill - Hair of the head - moo-loin. Wood - Beard - d'thub-barr. Stone - burree. Thunder - - d'the-go-ro. Camp - oo-gi. Grass - - boo-gun. Yea - ud-d'tha. Tongue - kal-line. No - - - aou-woo. Stomach - kee-la. I - - - Breasts - ngammoon. Thigh - d'tharra. You - Foot - - d'thinna. Bark - - - Bone - - doo-ree. Good - Blood - - goon-bunna. Bad - kou-un-ju-ga. Skin - - - d'thal-goor. Sweet - koo-bun. Fat - - tammee. Pood - koou-jan-na. Bowels - Hungry ooline. Excrement - - koona. Thirsty boogar-go. War- spear - - kul-gi. Eat - Reed-spear - - but-thurr. Sleep - Wommera or koola. Drink - thro wing-stick Walk - SUeld - bingone. See - Tomahawk - - bun-una. Sit - Canoe - - woo-roo. Sun - - ooba. Yesterday - ma-rul-a-go. Moon - - kun-gine. To-day cud-geen. Star - - oobun-jella. To-morrow kur-ul-a-go. Light - - moo-rone. Where are the un dthnngo Dark - - mung-urr. Blacks ? burra minya Cold - - kid-doo. I don't know a-oo-gud-tha. Heat - - ungurra. Plenty mindi-yarra. Day - - oo-ba. Big - - moo-ga. Night - - ned-dee. Little - bun- j ah. Fire - - ar-a-bee. Dead - ola-na. Water - kammoo. By-and-by - lur-ga. Smoke - poo-uoo. Come on oo-rine. Ground - ky-ee. Milk - Wind- - wirra-wirra. Rain - - ko-a. Eaglehawk - God - _ Wild turkey Ghosts _ Wife - - 448 THE AUSTRALIAN EACE: No. 125.— MOUNT ELLIOTT. Pkom a Pamphlet entitled "Sketch or the Residence of James moebill among the aborigines of noetheen queensland egk Seventeen Yeaes," etc. By Edmund Geegoet. The following items of information in connection with the language and customs of the tribe of which Mount Elliott is the head-quarters, and which frequents also at intervals the coast at and near Cape Cleveland, were obtained from James Murrells (commonly called Morrill), and recorded in the pamphlet by Edmund Grregory named above. That fuller particulars of Murrells' experiences were not preserved is to be regretted. Of those which we have, the chief points of interest are as follows : — In 1846 several persons in a very exhausted state landed at Cape Cleveland from a raft, on which they had made their escape from a vessel which had been wrecked six weeks previously on a reef considerably to the eastward of that point. Amongst them was a young sailor named James Murrells, who shortly became the sole survivor of the party. He relates that they were received by the Mount EUiott people, who were then on the coast, with a sort of rough hospitality, being well fed, and sheltered from the sun in huts made of boughs, but were robbed by those children of MOUNT ELLIOTT. 449 Nature of almost everything they possessed. The reason of the unfortunates finding favor with the tribe appears to have been that the latter, having no idea that any race save their own existed in the world, thought the new arrivals were formerly defunct members of their tribe come to life again. With this tribe Murrells lived as one of themselves for seventeen years, acquiring both their language and habits, until, hearing of the arrival of some squatting pioneers with their flocks and herds on the Mall-mall or Burdekin Eiver, he made his way to their hut, with the con- sent of the tribe, and returned to- civilization. After the lapse of a few months, Murrells married, received the appointment of Customs officer at Bowen, where he must have died not very long after, as the date of the pamphlet in which that event is mentioned is 1865. The following facts are gleaned fram Mr. Gregory's account of Murrells. Polygamy exists in the Mount Elliott tribe, a few of the men having as many as eight or nine wives. In three or four instances twins were born. The food-supply, consisting of animals, fish, and roots, is both varied and abundant. Cannibalism prevails, those of their own tribe who are killed in battle or by accident being eaten by their kinsfolk, but not the enemies whom they slay. There seem to have been eight distinct tribes living in association at and near Mount Elliott, all of whose dialects Murrells spoke. "The different animals," says the pamphlet, "are arranged according to the size of their feet, hence the sheep have the same name as their wallabies {cargoon). All kinds of sailing vessels have the same name as their canoes, viz., woolgoora, because they float on the water. The heavenly bodies are named differently; the sun is ingin, which they think is a body of fire, because of its warmth, and especially so since they saw us light a rag with a burning- glass. The moon (werboonburra) they say is a human being Uke themselves, and comes down on the earth, and they sometimes meet it in some of their fishing excursions. They say one tribe throws it up, and it gradually rises and VOL. II, 2 F 450 THE AUSTRALIAN EACE : then comes down again, when another tribe catches it to save it from hurting itself. They accordingly think there is a new sun and moon every day and night. There is a large open space on Mount Elliott with not a vestige of vegetation on it, whilst up to the very margin of it is a thick scrub; and they told James Murrells it was done by the moon, who threw his circle-stick round it (meaning his boomerang), and cut it off. Throwing the sun and moon up by one tribe, and catching them by another, will easily be recognized as their explanation of the rising and setting of these bodies. They have no knowledge of the earth beyond the locality they inhabit. .... They think all the heavenly bodies are under their control, and when there is an eclipse some of their tribe hide it with a sheet of bark to frighten the rest. There was about six years before Murrells' restoration an eclipse of the sun, nearly a total eclipse — the only one he saw — about four o'clock in the afternoon. He asked an old man what it meant, and he told him his son had hid it (the sun) to frighten another of his tribe. But they were very uneasy during its continuance. They picked up a piece of grass and bit it, making a mumbling noise, keeping their eyes steadily fixed on it till it passed over, when they became easy again. They think they have power over the rain (durgun) to make it come and go as they like. The rainbow (terebare) they think is the clouds spewing fish in the lagoons, and roots on the hills, or something for their good, wherever the end points They told me that their forefathers witnessed a great flood, and nearly all were drowned, only those who got on a very high mountain {Bibbiringda, which is inland of the north bay of Cape Cleveland) were saved. He understood them to refer to the flood mentioned in Scripture, especially as they say only a few were allowed to go up." One of the ceremonies prac- tised, when admitting lads to the status of men, is tying up the arms above the elbow, as is done on the west coast. Many other practices already referred to in these pages are MOUNT Ea^LIOTT. 451 also mentioned by Murrells. Following are given the few words which appear in the pamphlet and are found in my Common Vocabulary. 2 F 2 452 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 125.— MOUNT ELLIOTT. Kangaroo - Opossum - - moongun. Tame dog - Wild dog - Emu - - - koondoola. Black duck - yamara. Wood duck Pelican Laughing jackass Native companion phorogwan. White cockatoo - Crow Swan Egg ■ Track of a foot - Fish - Lobster Csayfish Mosquito - Fly - - - Snake- The Blacks A Blackfellow - munya. A Black woman - youngoora. Nose - Hand - kaban kaban 2 Blacks - 3 Blacks - One - woggin. Two - boolray. Three goodjoo. Four - murrwool. Father Mother Sister-Elder „ Younger - Brother-Elder - „ Younger A young man An old man An old woman - A baby colamar. A White man - Children - Head - coode. Eye - teeburra. Ear - deeragun, MOUNT ELLIOTT. 453 No. 125.— Mount Elliott— continued. Mouth ■ Boomerang - . Teeth- ■ Hill - Hair of the head ■ weir. Wood - Beard - - Stone - Thunder Grass - - teegoora. Camp - Yes - Tongue - telli. Stomach - booloo. No - - - Breasts - urga, namoon. I- - Thigh - - You - - Foot - - deena. Bark - - Bone - . Good - - Blood - . Bad - - Skin - Sweet - - Pat - - Food - - Bowels - Hungry - Excrement - - Thirsty - War-spear - - Eat - - B«ed-spear - - Sleep - „ Wommera or Drink - . - throwing-stick Walk - Shield - See - _ Tomahawk - - buUgoo. Sit - Canoe - ■ woolgoora. Sun - - - injin. Yesterday - - Moon - ■ wurboonburra. To-day - Star - mUgoolerburda. To-morrow - - Light - Where are the Dark - Blacks? Cold - I don't know - Heat - Plenty - qneerarilla. Day - Big - - - wadoolbil. Night - - Little - - waboora. Tue ejugaba. Dead - . . Water - Smoke- - doongalla. By and-by - - Ground mannie. Come on - Wind - Milk - - Raia - ■ durgun. Eaglehawk - God - Wild turkey - mooraynburra Ghosts Wife - . 454 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 126.— MOUTHS OF THE BURDEKIN RIVER. By J. O'CoNNOE, Esq. Kangaroo - arragoo. Hand - - wurrumby. Opossum onehunger. 2 Blacks - - blarin dulgooh. Tame dog - Wild dog - oodoodoo. 3 Blacks - - wungoo dulgooh Emu - karboonmillery. One - - warrin. Black duck - hoorooburry. Two - - blarin. Wood duck - culburh. Three - - wungoo. Pelican dooroomuUy. Four - - muiragi. Laughing jackass karcoobura. Father - abah. Native companion kooroogowgun. Mother White cockatoo - bunginna. - yunguma. Crow - wombugah. Sister-Elder - kooda. SwEin - ,, Younger - Egg - gunnoo. Brother-Elder - kudun. Track of a foot yulmun. „ Younger Fish - weambura. A young man - deebahgul. Lobster boogurrie. An old man - nuganugamun. Crayfish inundah. An old woman - bundeyun. Mosquito hoonhoono. Fly - - - nin. A baby - cowla. Snake - boongi (carpet). A White man - yuarroo. The Blacks - dulgooh. Children - moolaramoo. A Blackf ellow dulgooh. Head - - karboyan. A Black woman tudgegun. Eye - - deebara. Nose - wuneary. Ear - - kungun. MOUTHS OF THE BURDEKIN RIVER, 455 No. 126 . — Mouths of the Bukdekin Rivee- —continued. Mouth - unga. Boomerang - - Teeth - • dinguU. Hill - - Hair of the head - targuinn. Wood - - moora. Beard - - talba. Stone - - bungil. Thunder - - burrahroo. Camp - - midera. Grass - - narahminie. Yes - - yu yow. No - - karbil. Tongue - dulling. I - uda. Stomach - boonda. Breasts - dulnbinn. You - - ninda. Thigh - - duburrin. Bark - - bulgun. Foot - - dingooburra. Good - - boongoon. Bone - - mimmoon. Bad - - - diga. Blood - - queeberry. Sweet - - goondi. Skin - - tnindeer. Food - - dunggee, ogoo Fat - - boongaroo. Hungry - garoo. Bowels - yabboo. Thirsty - , armboo yul- Excrement - - guno. burana. War-spear - - woolunbura. Eat - - dulgee ogoo. Reed-spear - - (none used). Sleep - - boog oggba. Wommera or buddurrie. Drink - - kudge ogoo. throwing-stiok Shield - poodda poodda. Walk - - warin. Tomahawk - - oolun. See - na. Canoe - - karbeyal. Sit - - duri. Sun - - mnlloun. Yesterday - - dirrierih. Moon - - waboonburra. To-day - cudgin. Star - - - dirilger. To-morrow - - burrigunda. Light - - baragunna. Where are the ulba dalgul ? Dark - - wuUmrrie. Blacks? Cold .- - orbehgun. I don't know - carbilbrather. Heat - - moondo moondo. Plenty - murrgi. Day - - unbur. Big - - yunga. Night - - Little - - arbooro. Fire - - neebuU. Dead - - walgoon. Water Smoke Ground - dunjun. - doongin. - dingur. By-and-by - Come on - boodinhi. - kooa. Wind- - uinne. Milk - - Rain - - marroo. Baglehawk - - God - - Wild turkey - Ghosts - Wife - - 456 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE No. 127.— PORTER'S RANGE. Bt Montagu Curb, Esq. Kangaroo - woora. Hand - malla. Opossum - thangaroo. 2 Blacks - - Tame dog - moora. 3 Blacks - . Wild dog - Emu koondooloo. One - - wigin. Black duck koberri. Two - - poolaroo. Wood duck jimaju. Three - - koorburra Pelican pooloon. Pour - - Laughing jackass kakoburra. Father - yabbo. Native companioi] White cockatoo - ■ therone. Mother - yanga. Crow - wooralta. Sister-Elder - koodtha. Swan - „ Younger - Egg - - - koomurra. Brother-Elder - waboo. Track of a foot - yalga. „ Young er Fish - kooyo. A young man - kowala. Lobster Crayfish wagooramoo. An old man - magoora. Mosquito - kooa. An old woman - wumpan. A baby - kundoo. Fly - - ninga. Snake noonda. A White man - miggolo. The Blacks - kooroon. Children - webburru A Blackfellow murree. Head - - kowro. A Black woman - wangu. Eye - - dthille. Nose - nindee. Ear - - walloo. PORTER'S RANGE. 457 No. 127.— Poetek's Mouth - dtha. Teeth - - yeera. Hair of the head - kudtha. Beard - - iiTiga. Thunder - - moandhilla Grass - - boogun. Tongue - dthallan. Stomach - buima. Breasts - bilbille. Thigh - yungurra. Foot - - deena. Bone - - bulbun. Blood - - kooma. Skm - - miniun. Fat ■ - tammy. Bowels - nambo. Excrement - - koonua. War-spear - - kalka. Reed-spear - - moongul. Wommera or bingo. throwing-atick Shield - - koolmaree. Tomahawk ■ - balko. Canoe - - Sun - - kyee. Moon - - ebarra. Star - - botho. Light - - bunning. Dark - - oonoo. Cold - - winua. Heat - - mungurra. Day - - kurringo. Night - - oonoo Fu-e. - - booree. Water - kamoo. Smoke - dthoga. Ground . - nauee. Wind- - eburra. Rain - - komoo. God - . Ghosts _ Range — continued. Boomerang - - Hill ■ - Wood - - dthoola. Stone - - byee. Camp - - yamba. Yes - - wyee. No - - gurra. I - ngiar. You - - inda. :Bark - - koka. Good - - booroolera. Bad - - magora. Sweet - Pood - - uree. Hungry - karamoonoo. Thirsty - woola. Eat - - uguUa. Sleep - - bomburra. Drink - - uganago. Walk - - tooago. See - - mug-gul-a. Sit - - naboo. Yesterday - - To-day - To-morrow - - wirraroo. Where are the wundthamurree? Blacks ? I don't know - gnia gurra yim- billa. Plenty - boolgun. Big - - Little - - walidgero. Dead - - woolanoo. By-and-by - - dthango. Come on - kannee. Milk - - Eaglehawk - - Wild turkey - Wife - 458 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 128.— CHARTERS TOWERS. From the Chief Commissionbe of Police, Brisbane. The equivalent for the word tribe, now long extinct. There is is the same as that of the Sydney but one word to express hill and stcyne. Kangaroo - oora. Opossum- tandroo. Tame dog - ooda. Wild dog - Emu - kondoolo. Black duck - kubbrie. Wood duck - Pelican weeda. Laughing jackass Native companion White cockatoo - doorona. Crow - warralba. Swan - Egg - - . kookabeck. Track of a foot dinna. Pish - koorie. Lobster Crayfish Mosquito - kooa. Ply - - ■ Snake - The Blacks - mankill. A Blackfellow - marria. A Black woman Nose - uinde. Hand - - muUa. 2 Blacks - - 3 Blacks - - One - - Two - - Three - - Pour - - Pather - yabba. Mother - yanga. Sister-Elder - ,, Younger - Brother-Elder - kudena ,, Younger wappo. A young man - An old man - prengul An old woman - A baby - wappo. A White man - Children - - Head - - kudda. Eye - - dillie. Ear - - walloo CHARTERS TOWERS. 459 No. 128. — Chapters Mouth - - da. Teeth- - - alia. Hair of the head- kudda. Beard- - - ongar. Thunder Grass - - - woomba. Tongue - - alia. Stomach - - bona. Breasts - - mombot. Thigh- - - thurra. Foot - Bone - - - yangarra. Blood - Skin - - - milqut. Fat - Bowels Excrement - War-spear - - konda. Eeed-spear - Wommera or throwing- stick Shield - - heelaman. Tomahawk - balgo. Canoe - Sun . - - kurra. Moon - - - kooqurra. Star - - - budda. Light - - - oona. Dark - - - oonock Cold - - - weeda. Heat - - - Day - - - Night - Fire - - - borra. Water - - abra. Smoke - - doogar. Ground - - nana. Wind - Rain - - . cobra. God - Ghosts - - gooie. To^iEBS— continued. Boomerang - - warangal Hill - - barrie. Wood - - budda. Stone - - barrie. Camp - - yamba. Yes - - No - - I - You - - Bark - - bulgut. Good - - nooda. Bad - - Sweet - - Pood - - Hungry - curquna. Thirsty - abra. Eat - - Sleep - - yamba. Drink - abra. Walk - - See - - Sit - - Yesterday - - To day - To-morrow - - Where are the Blacks ? I don't know - Plenty - Big - - - Little - - coa. Dead - - oUa. By-and-by • - Come on - Milk - - ommoon. Baglehawk - - Wild turkey - burcum. Wife - - berguna. 460 THE AUSTRALIAN BACE : No. 129.— UPPER FLINDERS, HUGHENDEN, BUTTON RIVER, ETC. By Montagu Cueb, Esq., ajsb Edwabd Cube. Esq. Of the dialects of the Upper Flinders and Dutton Rivers I have received two specimens from my brother and son named above. The name of the language is Pooroga. It mnch resembles that of Tower Hill and Cornish Creek, and has many words found in the Porter's Range, Diamantina and Thomson Rivers languages. The two samples produced of the Pooroga agree very well, though obtained probably from persons of distinct tribes. No. 129.— UPPER FLINDERS, HUGHENDEN, AND DUTTON RIVER. By Montagu Cure, Esq. Kangaroo - gooroo. Hand - murra. Opossiim cudthra. 2 Blacks - Tame dog - cobboora. 3 Blacks Wild dog - Emu - One - Black duck - oooburree. Two - boolurroo. Wood duck - Three - boorka. Pelican Four - Laughing jackass co-ca-burra. Native companion bilbungala. Father mareera. White cockatoo - mooranga. Mother marrunka. Crow - wagunna. Sister-Elder cudthuuna Swan - ,, Younger Egg - Track of a foot ■ dthaudoo. Brother-Elder moogoona. Fish - cooyoo. ,, Younger Lobster marooroo. A young man nyunka. Crayfish - An old man baboora. Mosquito - coongoona. An old woman Fly - Snake - ngingya. moonda. A baby dgellaroo. The Blacks - murree A White man (doubtful). Children A Blackfellow Head - A Black woman - ngyunga. Eye - dthilli. Nose - wangoye. Bar - munta. UPPER FLINDERS, HUGHENDEN, ETC. 461 No. 129. — Upper Flinders, Htjghenden, and Ddtton River — crnitinued. Mouth dthowa. Boomerang - - Teeth - ulgulla. Hill - Hair of the head cudthagoorun. Wood - Beard unga. Stone - - but-thuUa. Thunder - ■ ge-i. Grass ■ yagoo. Camp - - wongo. Tongue - koogunya. Yes - - eea. Stomach - yagoora. No - - Breasts I Thigh Foot - - d'tharroo. - d'thinna. You - ■ Bone - - goomgooma. Bark - - magoora. Blood - - eergurra. Good - Skin - - magoora. Bad - - Fat - - dthoona. Sweet - . Bowels Food - - minna. Excrement - - koomia. Hungry - win-giu-a-roo War-spear - Eeed-spear - moorga. Thirsty Eat - - kunga. Wommera or throwing-stick Sleep - Shield- - - coolmurree. Drink - Tomahawk - - coodja. Walk - Canoe - - See - Sun - . knmba. Sit - - Moon - - kogurra. Yesterday - - Star - - - d'the-gul-cood- To-day . Light - tha. To-morrow - - djinroo. Dark - - burgun. Where are the Blacks ? Cold - - inguano. Heat - I don't know Day Plenty Night - - - Big - Fire - - booree. Little - Water- - kamoo. Dead - - ooranoo. Smoke - dthooga. By-and-by - Ground - goondee. Come on Wind - - poodtha. Milk - Rain - kamoo. Eaglehawk - God - - - Wild turkey Ghosts . Wife - 462 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE; No. 129.— UPPER FLINDERS, HUGHBNDEN, AND DUTTON RIVER. By Edwaed CuiiK, Esq. Kangaroo - gooroo. Hand - - murra. Opossum kathara. 2 Blacks - Tame dog - Wild dog - Emu - Black duck - kabburra. ooloarri. koo-daboora. 3 Blacks - One - Two - - ungarr. - boolarri, poole. Wood duck - narawool. Three - - goorboore. Pelican tarraroo. Four - - poorooga. Laughing jackass kakooburra. Father - maruna, marri. Native companion White cockatoo - Crow - bilbungara. murroin. wadda. Mother Sister-Elder - yamgin, yanga. - ngamalla. Swan - „ Younger - wabagoo. Egg - tarndoo. Brother-Elder - muggi. Track of a foot - tinna. ,, Younger wabagoo. Fish - kooyoo. A young man - wangoor, balba. Lobster Crayfish Mosquito - Fly - - Snake - koongain. yilna. moouda. An old man An old woman A baby A White man - eyara. - mangoor. - gallaroo. - yerby. The Blacks - yalgaburra. Children - ooranga. A Blackfellow Head - - paragna, parryn A Black woman wooroona. Eye ■ - timmari. Nose - gooni. Ear - - munga. UPPER FLINDERS, HUGHENDEN, ETC. 463 No. 129. — Upper Plindebs, Hughenden,. and Button Rivbr- contimied. Mouth- - dt-hawa. Boomerang - - kulga. Teeth - - nugala. Hill • - - undoothala. Hair of the head ■ wooroo. Wood - - boorri. Beard - - nunga. Stone - - yanandoro. Thunder - - pimanoo. Camp - ■ warngo. Grass - Tongue - yakoo. - kookanya. Yes - - yae. Stomach - koogingara. No - nowa. Breasts - yammoon. I - yo. Thigh - - yangara. You - - ioo. Foot - - tiima. Bark - - mindana, yoo- Bone - - koongoona. arna. Blood - "- yirgoora. Good - - tarrili, dtharil Skin - - magoora. Bad - - al-i-goo. Fat - - toodda. Sweet - Bowels - padanna. Pood - - minna, purga. Excrement - - koonna. Hungry - karamulberri. War-spear - - moorga. Thirsty - karraga. Reed-spear - Wommera or - kaygooma. koonbinna. Eat - ■ yooga. throwing-stick Sleep - - wilgida. Shield - - koolmurri. Drink - - yoogangaoo. Walk - - kabonaoo. Tomahawk - - kooga. See - tillilma. Canoe - Sun - - karri. Sit - yinda. Moon - - tagara, ka,gara. Yesterday - To-day - kageam. - waabedunga. Star - ■ tigalnagoo. To-morrow - - waanga. Light - - waa. Where are the ninaya nagaoo. Dark - - oonno. Blacks ? Cold - - wirra, weda. I don't know - nawadi. Heat - Day - Night - - wanginna. - nambimbidoo. Plenty Big - - yangamara, pooroga. - walbagna. Fire - - boorri. Little - - wabigoo. Water- - kammoo. Dead - - oola, cunga. Smoke - tooka. Ground - koondi. By-and-by - - Come on - kawayi. Wind - - parooga. Rain - - kammoo, woor- Milk - - kooma. alba. Eaglehawk - - God . - _ Wild turkey - pragam. Ghosts , Wife - - nadunda. 464 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 130.— THE WATERSHED AND UPPER PORTION OF THE CAPE RIVER. By M. Armstrong, Inspector op Police. FoK the foUowing account of the Mungerra tribe, which inhabits the watershed and upper portion of the Cape River, I am indebted to the Commissioner of PoUce in Queensland, and to Inspector M. Armstrong. The extent of country belonging to the tribe is said to be about 300 square nules; and its numbers are — 70 men, 30 women, 30 boys, and 20 girls, in all 150 souls. When their country was first occupied by the Whites in 1860, their numbers were estimated at 360. The decrease is attributed to the diseases always introduced by the Whites, and to influenza, sMn disease, want of food, and probably to the atrocities of the Black Police, which are not mentioned, however. My informant says that this tribe wear no clothes; that the height of the men is about five feet seven inches, and that of the women four feet eleven inches ; and that few live to be over forty years of age. That the stature, strength, and duration of life amongst the Blacks of Northern Queensland are less than in the southern portion of the continent, I find to be the opinion of several of my correspondents, Mr. Armstrong amongst them. For ornaments, the Mungerra tribe wear a bone through the septum of the nose, a mussel-shell on the forehead, and a necklace of small reeds cut into short lengths. On occasions of corroborees, deaths, and fights, the men smear their persons with the usual grease and red ochre or pipe- clay, according to circumstances. Their implements are baskets, knives which resemble chisels in shape, and stone WATERSHED AND PORTION OF CAPE RIVER. 465 tomahawks ground to an edge. They have also nets for the capture of kangaroo, emu, .and fish. Their weapons are jagged war-spears thrown with the hand, and reed-spears thrown with the wommera; also boomerangs of both sorts, and the inevitable nuUa-nuUa or club, which last is the only- weapon they decorate with carving. Their meat they cook on the coals; ovens are not found amongst them. No traces of small-pox have been observed. My informant remarks that this tribe are cannibals to a limited degree, and when sorely pinched by hunger have been known to kill and eat some of their female children. They have no objection to tell their names. Marriages are made both in and out of the tribe. The males are allowed to get wives at from seventeen to twenty years of age if they are able, and the females become wives at eleven to fourteen years of age, and have been known to have children at twelve years. About one-fifth of the men who have wives have more than one. Children belong to the tribe . of the father. In youth, the males and females have their skins orn'amented with scars. When the period of adolescence is past, a front tooth is knocked out of the upper jaw of the males and the lower jaw of the females. Circumcision and other rites of the sort are not practised in this tribe, but on . occasions of mourning they cut- and gash themselves in various places. They have a great fear of a Supernatural Being, and also of the dead. They make young men on the occasion of their corroborees. Their dead are buried, but not at any great depth, and the friends of the deceased paint portions of their bodies -with pipe-clay on such occasions. Disagreements are settled by pitched battles, single -combats, or arbitration. " I have known," says Mr. Armstrong, " a •message to be sent over one hundred miles on a stick about four inches long, notched all over -with diamond-shaped marks. The stick was about one inch in circumference." So far as has been observed, no government exists in the tribe. The names of the neighbouring tribes are Bulla, TumbuUa, Mungubra, Queebinbirra, and Mungabirra. VOL. II. 2 G 466 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE : No. 130— WATERSHED AND UPPER PORTION OE CAPE RIVER. Kangaroo - tikkara. Opossum Tame dog - Wild dog - Emu - - . - goberri. Black duck - kotubra. Wood duck- barcoma. Pelican_ bilbungra. Laughing jackass obbirri. Native colnpanion tarrooroo. White cockatoo - chikeri. Crow - wawteringa. Swan - Egg - - - thando. Track of a foot - tri. Pish - kooyoo. Lobster Crayfish ■ - - Mosquito - kogunnia. Fly - - - nunga. Snake - thrana. The Blacks meanna. A Blaokfellow - A Black woman ■ uugoo. Nose - ungne. Hand - mobrey. 2 Blacks - 3 Blacks - One - wongra. Two - ' - booUi. Three - Pour - - ■ - goodberri Father marena. Mother ■ younga. Sister-Elder omula. „ Younger - kathna. Brother-Elder - mugenna. „ Youngei tombua. A young man ulora. An old man nathua. An old- woman babina. A baby ■ galaroo. A White man Children ■ ama. Head yabinga. Eye - - dilli. Ear - ■ mungua. WATERSHED AND PORTION OF CAPE RIVER. 467 No. 130— V T'atershed and Upp BR Portion of Cape River — contimmd. Mouth ■ tooga. Boomerang - - gulga. Teeth - - era. Hill - - mungna. Hair of the head - yoUi. Wood - - thoola. Beard - - nunda. Stone - - pathilla. Thunder - - gurru. Camp - - yamba. Grass - - yago. Yes - - yalguma. Tongue - kaae. ' No - - nowa. Stomach - koona. I - iu. Breasts - thungoo You - - - wolaga. Thigh - mogo. Bark - - koka. Foot ■ ■ - thinna. Good - - tharibra. Bone - - gunguna. Bad - - - kicha. Blood - - ugra. Sweet - - tharibra. Skin - - mokra. Fat - - tommi. Food - - mooa. Bowels - thunga. Hungry - kajnunga. Excrement - - goomia. Thirsty - kurena. War-spear - - bilgi. Eat - - maionuna. E^ed-spear - - warda Sleep - - olkitta. Wommera - - thoomulla. Drink - - mangena. Shield - gullmerri. Walk - - tooa. Tomahawk - - koooha. See - - parrari. Canoe - Sit - - endana. . Sun - - winganna. Yesterday - - kalkura. Moon - - kokkra. Star - - buttu. To-day To-morrow - - nakka. Light - - nnnu. Dark - . Where are the kurra murra ? Cold - - wida. ■ Blacks? Heat - - thowri. I don't know - natu. Day - - nnnu. Plenty - yanunga. Night - - - waberri. Big - - baabirra. Fire - : - bree. Little - - kokoro. Water - kanamo. Dead - - woligi. . Smoke - dungunna. By-and-by - - guragura. Ground - gunay. Come on - thourakabona. Wind- - parretta. Milk - - nommuima. Rain - - kammo. Eaglehawk - - umbilla. God - - - Wild turkey - Ghosts - yarri. 2 Wife - 3r2 - wouna. 468 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 131.— NATAL DOWNS STATION, CAPE EIVER. By F. M. -ToMPSON, Esq., and William Chatpield, Jun., Esq. Of the laaguage of the Pegulloburra tribe, which is called Eneby, I have received two vocabularies, one from Mr. F. M. Tompson, Inspector of Police, and the other from Mr. Wm. Chatfield, jun., of Natal Downs Station. This latter gentle- man, who has taken much kindly interest in my inquiries, has also furnished me with such information as has enabled me to give the following account of the tribe. In country watered by the Cape Eiver, and measuring about one hundred miles square (i.e., ten thousand square miles, or six million four hundred thousand acres), dwell six burra, or tribes, who speak, with smaU dialectic differences, what they call the Eneby language. The names of these tribes are: — 1. Yukkaburra, supposed to be the original stock. 2. Pegulloburra. 3. Wokkulburra (i.e., Eel people). 4. Mungooburra. 5. MunguUaburra (Spinifex people). 6. Goondoolooburra (Emu people). Each of these tribes is subdivided into four classes. Every class has its representative bird, animal, or reptile (com- monly called totem or crest), and, says Mr. Chatfield, every member of the tribe, male or female, has imprinted on his or her person on arriving at puberty a mark which identifies the class to which he or she belongs. This statement, I think, requires confirmation before it can be accepted. The follow- ing are the names of the classes in the Yukkaburra tribe, with their crests or totems, of which some have two: — Utheroo - . . . Crest— Emu or carpet snake. Multheroo - - - - Crest — Iguana. Yungaroo - - - . Cresfh-Opossum. Goorgilla - - . . Crest— Scrub turkey. NATAL DOWNS STATION, CAPE RIVER. . 469 These class-names are given in the masculine gender; when applied to women, each has a feminine termination or equivalent. Many words in the Eneby vocabulary are commonly met with as far as Broad Sound. In the vocabulary of these tribes are also words prevalent on the Upper Flinders. The word munkine, young woman, is found on the Norman River, on Spear Creek, at Cleveland Bay, at Townsville, and other places. Amongst the Additional Words will be foitnd bomar = beat, which is met with on the Burnett and also in Western Australia but slightly altered. The territory of the Pegulloburra, Mr. Chatfield informs me, was first occupied as a station in 1863, but the tribe was not what is technically called let in until 1868. Generally, after the first occupation of a tract of country by a settler, from three to ten years elapse before the tribe or tribes to which the land has belonged from time immemorial is let in, that is, is allowed to come to the homestead, or seek for food within a radius of five or ten miles of it. During this period the squatter's party and the tribe live in a state of warfare; the former shooting down a savage now and then when opportunity ofi'ers, and calling in the aid of the Black Police from time to time to- avenge in a wholesale way the killing or frightening of stock off the run by the tribe. Acting on the well-known feature of aboriginal ethics, that every male stranger is an enemy, who must, if possible, be slain, the Queensland Grovernment has largely availed itself of its aboriginal population for the jpurpose of punishing aboriginal agressions. The stereotyped proceedings which follow the taking up of a run may be described in this way, and if I mention them, it is only on the chance that further publicity — for they are well known — may possibly contribute to the adoption of more humane measures. When the settler then locates his stock on a piece of country hitherto in the sole possession of a tribe, the roots, grass-seeds, and game on which the people habitually live quickly fail. Then come hunger and also anger, for amongst 470 . THE AUSTRALIAN RACE : themselves the hunting or gathering of food by a tribe on land which does not belong to it is always considered a casus belli by the rightful proprietors; just as in our case to take or destroy a neighbour's sheep or cabbages is a punish- able act. Then some cattle are speared, or frightened off the run by the mere presence of the Blacks in search of food. In either of these events the Blacks are attacked and some of them shot down. In revenge, a shepherd or ' stockman is speared. Recourse is then had to the Government; half-a-dozen or more young Blacks in some part of the colony remote from the scene of the out- rage are enlisted, mounted, armed, liberally supplied with ball cartridges, and despatched to the spot under the charge of a Sub-inspector of Police. Hot for blood, the Black troopers are laid on the trail of the tribe ; then follow the careful tracking, the surprise, the shooting at a distance safe from spears, the deaths of many of the males, the capture of the women, who know that if they abstain from flight they will be spared ; the gratified lust of the savage, and the Sub-inspector's report that the tribe has been '^dispersed," for such is the official term used to convey the occurrence of* these proceedings. When the tribe has gone through several repetitions of this experience, and the chief part of its young men' been butchered, the women, the remnant of the men, and such children as the Black troopers have not troubled themselves to shoot, are let in, or allowed to come to the settler's homestead, and the war is at an end. Finally, a shameful disease is introduced, and finishes what the rifle began. The PeguUoburra were not let in until 1868, having in the interim, Mr. Chatfield says, "been murdered bj Whites and Native Police wherever seen." When they were let in, there were only 125 able-bodied men left, the numbers of the women -and children being considerably greater. Measles also ravaged the tribe, so that the PelguUoburra at the time of Mr. Chatfield's writing reckoned only thirty men, fifty women, and some few children, for infanticide has become general amongst them. NATAL DOWNS STATION, CAPE RIVER. 47 L Amongst the whole of the six hurra, or tribes, there still remained, however, in 1880 at least 200 men, and a much larger number of women. A good many of this tribe, both men and women, lived, as far as my informant could judge, to be fifty or sixty years of age. Some of them have opossum-rugs, with which they cover themselves at night, but none use any cover- ing during the day, and, as usual in the north, all sleep surrounded by several small fires. Their principal orna- ments are sea shells, worn in the hair and round the neck, which they obtain by barter from the Kokleburra or Wokkulburra tribes, which occasionally visit the sea-coast. At corroborees they also wear waist-belts made of opossum- fur, chaplets of the teeth of wild dogs or kangaroo, and also ■plumes of feathers. Of course they smear the person with grease whenever they can get it, for this is a custom common to the whole of the Australian tribes ; besides, they paint themselves at corroborees with red ochre and pipe-clay, and rub the skin with charcoal when in mourning. Of nets they have several descriptions, manufactured from the bark of the Kurrajong-tree ; kangaroo nets, wallaby nets, and fishing nets. Fish-hooks are unknown. They have also vessels of wood and bags of bark in which they carry water. The bags in which they convey their few belongings when on the march are made of grass; and what little sewing they do is with the common bone awl, the needle being unknown. Their knives are of flint, chipped and never ground to an edge. Their chisel consists of a handle of wood, about six inches long, which is split at one end, has a flake of flint or volcanic glass inserted in the split, and is then tied and covered with gum or beeswax. Sometimes the flint is merely fastened to the end of the stick with gum or wax, without a split. Their tomahawks are of diorite, first chipped and then ground sharp at the edge, with handles of vines, split and bent once round the stone, and secured where they meet with a seizing of twine, wax being thickly laid on to prevent slipping. Throughout the continent, as far as is known. 472 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: there is always a difficulty in uniting the heads of toma- hawks and chisels with their handles, which is partly met by the use of wax or gum. Mr. Chatfield thinks that toma- hawk-heads which are picked up underground are merely unfinished articles, and not tools of an earlier date, as some have supposed. He adds — " There is a large quarry thirty miles from this with thousands of unfinished flawed toma- hawks lying about, as is also the case in many of the camps for miles around. May not many of the unpolished stone . hatchets of the so-called Palaeolithic period consist of rejected articles such as these ? Tn Figuier's Primitive Man, page 154, figure 108, there is a drawing of a rubber for making tomahawks and bone needles, and did I not know where the stone represented was found, I should have thought it came from this run. Before we introduced iron tools, every camp had a stone of this kind." A curious implement of this tribe is the emu-call, a hollow piece of wood about two feet long and three inches in diameter, partially closed with wax at the small end. By blowing through this they make a sort of bellowing sound, sufficiently like the emu's voice to attract the bird at night within spear range or inside of kangaroo nets which have been set for the purpose. This call is not very common. Amongst their belongings are also head-bands made of strong cobwebs, and others of spun opossum fur, and waist bands of the last named material ; also small fringes worn round their middles by the women on festive occasions. Hence the love, of ornamental covering exists, whilst the first claims of decency are nearly, but not entirely, disre- garded. That there survives, even amongst people who have never worn any covering, an occasional shame of nakedness, I have noticed myself ; and one of my Barcoo correspondents, speaking of a tribe with which he is acquainted, remarks the same thing. Men and women seem never entirely to forget their nakedness. Of the weapons of the tribe, one is the boomerang which returns when thrown. Mr. Chatfield describes it as flat on NATAL DOWNS STATION, CAPE RIVER'. 473 one side and convex on the other, as usual. On the convex side is carved a diamond-shaped pattern or one of parallel zig-zag lines, after the usual style of the ahoriginal artist. Their spears are light ones of grass-tree (or, perhaps, partly of grass-tree, as in the South), thrown with the wommera, and heavy wooden ones thrown by hand. Some of both kinds are barbed. In some cases the barbs are cut out of the soHd, and in others made of a piece of- hard wood, or of a flint, or a fish-bone, or a porcupine quill, neatly lashed to the point. Spears which are not barbed are covered with the gum of the gidyah-tree, which is supposed to aggravate the wound, a circumstance which reminds us of the poisoned arrows of some savages. Mr. Chatfield adds, as worthy of remark, that the tribes of the Nogoa and Dawson, though they sometimes meet the Cape River tribes at Peak Downs, never use the wommera, though they have plenty of grass-trees to make light spears of ; and do not barb their spears, which remark he also extends to the Wide Bay, Brisbane, and Burnett tribes. Any one who has had what I may call a general experience of the race, how- ever, must have noticed that, though an intense family like- ness in customs prevails throughout, most tribes have some peculiarities to which they cling with much pertinacity. Another weapon of these tribes is a wooden sword, about three feet six inches in length, which much resembles a boomerang in shape, and is wielded with both hands. They have also clubs of many varieties, each of which, as usual, has a distinct name. They have likewise shields. Their weapons are always colored. The food of these tribes is very various. Amongst other articles they have emu, kangaroo, wallaby, opossums, snakes, and birds ; in fact, all living things found in their country. But each season of the year has its particular article of food. At one time there is the nut of a cycas, which is prepared by first steeping in water, then roasting, and finally grinding like wheat, and cooking like our dampers. At another season there is the root of a water-lily, and also its seed. 474 ■ . THE AUSTRALIAN RACE : which is ground, and looks something like rice. Wild honey is likewise obtained in considerable quantities. In winter they have a sort of yam, and so on. As usual, there are many restrictions connected with food.. Emu and eels, for instance, are eaten only by full-blown warriors. Eggs are prohibited to young men and young women. Much of the food is cooked by means of heated stones in extemporized ovens. The more permanent ovens, or ash-heaps of the South, are not found in the PeguUoburra country. No marks of small-pox exist in these tribes. Cannibalism is of undoubted but of rare occurrence. For instance, should a fat man fall from a tree and break his neck, he is eaten. Marriages are regulated within the tribe by classes, men exchanging their daughters and sisters for females of the proper classes, who become their wives. Women are also exchanged with other tribes, and sometimes acquired by capture. When the country was first settled by us, many of the men were in" possession of two wives, whilst some had sis, and the majority none. Female children become wives at seven and mothers at twelve years of age. Widows, if not too old, go to brothers of their defunct husbands, or in default are seized upon by some strong man. The women rear (or used to do) about three children each, which belong to the tribe of the father, but to the class of the mother. Infanticide has much increased since the coming of the Whites; prior to that only such children were destroyed as their mothers were unable to carry with them on the march. The principal diseases are those usually introduced by the Whites and consumption, and of late years the low feVer from which the Whites in those parts suffer, which used to be but little known amongst the tribe in their wild state. These Cape River tribes, like perhaps all others, scar their persons. The operation is performed with a flint, and the wound filled -with feathers or down. Men scar their NATAL DOWNS STATION, CAPE RIVER. 475 backs and shoulders in this way; the women are scarred shghtly between the breasts and across the stomach. Scars are made generally on the left thigh both of the men and women, continues Mr. Chatfield, but occasionally on the right, for the purpose of denoting the particular class to which they belong ; but as such a practice would conflict with the custom prevalent throughout the continent, as far as known, which is to make these marks for ornament alone, the statement cannot be received without further evidence. The tribe does not circumcise, nor does that rite obtain at any place, says my informant, mthin one hundred and fifty miles of their country. A front tooth used always to be knocked out, but, like other native customs, this one has been going out of vogue since the coming of the Whites. Mr. Chatfield informs me that the Cape Eiver tribes, ot which we are speaking, have a vivid belief in a future life. When a Blackfellow dies whose actions during life have been what they hold to be good, he is said to ascend to Boorala {i.e., to the Creator, literally good), where he lives much as he did on earth, less the usual terrestrial discomforts. The Milky Way, which is called Tugar {i.e., smoke), is said to be the smoke proceeding from celestial grass, set fire to by departed women, who by this signal direct the ghosts of the deceased. (as they did their husbands of old to their bush camp) to the eternal camp-fires of the tribe. It is strange that the Eucla people, so far away, should also regard the Milky Way as connected with themselves, as well as the Narrinyeri tribe.* To the man who has led a bad life, death is thought to be simple annihilation. Goin, the evil spirit, is said to be an old mau, with claws like an eagle and feet like an alligator, who occasionally, in the dark, tears people to pieces. They much fear the ghosts of their departed kinsfolk, and, if they think one is near, will sometimes rush at night from their camps in the wildest dismay, each to hide where best he can. * See Taplin's Folklm-e, p. 39. 476 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: In sandstone caves, which are numerous in their country, the PeguUoburra make drawings of emu and kangaroo, and also imprints of their hands daubed with red. These latter are found on the almost inaccessible faces of the white sandstone cliffs. On the Cape Eiver, these red hands are called beera, a word which Mr. Chatfield correctly says means hand on the Burnett, 500 miles south. About these red hands he could never get any information, but circum- stances which he mentions led him at last to conjecture that they are connected with some superstitious custom or belief. This, however, I think, needs confirmation, and I fancy my informant was mistaken ; for we know that to made imprints of their feet on sand or muddy ground is common to the Blacks, little and big, everywhere ; and also to imprint their greasy hands on any object which will receive the impression. I have often noticed that the sight of such impressions gives them pleasure, and I look on the practice as an early stage of that love of art which is inherent in man. By pictures and images the Australian is greatly attracted. The PeguUoburra are a tallish people, with straight hair generally, and some few curly heads incline to be woolly. The practice of making young men by secret ceremonies is in vogue. When a man dies, his heart, bowels, liver, &c., are taken out and buried in the ground. The corpse is buried separately. After three or four weeks it is disinterred, and any flesh which may be left cleaned off the bones. The skull and bones are then generally broken and tied up in ti-tree bark. Over these for a few nights there is much lamenting. The parcel of bones is then placed on a platform made- in a tree, where it remains for three months or so. After that, the female relatives of the deceased, if he have any, carry the bones about thus tied up until tired of the encumbrance, or until they have ceased to cherish the memory of the deceased. The bodies of boys, women, and girls are sometimes buried and sometimes burnt. But little ceremony and one good cry take place. Immediately after a death, the camp is shifted for fear of ghosts. NATAL DOWNS STATION, CAPE RIVER. 477 The causes of war are the murder of stragglers, the stealing of -womeh, but, alaove all, the belief in deaths from incantations. When both sides are tired of killing stragglers, and have haid enough of war, the fighting-men hold a council, and choose two or three to meet the other side. The matter is then arranged, and the weaker party give some nets and women to make matters up. The practice of sending a notched stick with a messenger to another tribe is in use. Mr. Chatfield expresses himself as having a fancy that there are some faint traces of freemasonry amongst the tribe. He has not seen or heard of any Albinos. Witchcraft is practised. Old m6n pretend to extract crystals from the bodies of the sick by sucking. Amongst the Pegulloburra there is a vague tradition that their country once belonged to another tribe whom their ancestor conquered. Many of the names of places in their territory are those given by the- former occupants, and have meanings ; as moonyor-moonya = bats ; wolomina = _ cr mi -place; kurgiringa = Hawks' -place, and so on. In counting, the fingers and sometimes the toes are used to represent numbers. Mr. Chatfield gives the following Additional Words : — Adbitional Words. Kangaroo net boojoroo, boo- A stick - tular. garoo. Flowers - mujiga. Wallaby net wyang. Lily root - - coomy. Fish net mabbe. Lily seed - pundy,. pundoo. Net worn on fore - tarwoo. Cabbage-tree - ungun. head Bottle-tree - binge. Net baga made of widgee Mulga-tree ■ - boonaroo. grass Gidyah-tree - coobarool. Men's waist-belt moogooba. Yams - - monilla, cuthia Fringe worn as an womby. Cycas nut - deweel. apron by the Rock kangaroo - kargool. women Forest wallaby - tomba. Spinifex mungnlla. Rook wallaby - gooniooloo. Tree - _ - boboro. Kangaroo-rat - wier. Leaves di-i. Flying squirrel - mungoroo. 478 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE Bush rat Rabbit-rat Flying fox Porcupine Bandicoot Iguana Alligator iguana) Dew or Jew lizard Lice - Wooden ' water vessel Bone needles or Additional Woii,i)S--continiied. Diamond snake - Water snake Black-head snake Deaf adder Black snake (long mabberoo. tubberoo. goondi. bubbera. uguUa. tukkin. tukkina. Flakes of flint - Emu-call Flint knife - Chisel Opossum-rug A spear barb Grass-tree spear - Sword NuUa-nuUa or club Honey Three sorts of wild bees Pigeon Common hawk - Sparrow-hawk - Quail Scrub turkey • - Bat- ch dear ! Feathers Snake in general - Carpet snake Green snake (tree) Brown snake bungara. kooleen. egara. pegooroo. tarine (i.e., sharp), boothera. kunga. tango, tangoroq. coomby. minke. culga. quinkum. mirroo, dimmy-dimmy, bullen-buUen. carpa. carpa, wothul, gooara. marmala. peiga. kurgine. burrandool. coocoobeen (i.e., eggs), moonya- moonya. yukkii I boona. moonda. carbool. warrowa. yabbeya. "Black bream Eel - Dew-flsh Fresh-water turtle Throat Chest Arms - Lower part of leg Knee and elbow - The liver - Togo To sing To hear To hunt To smell - To flog To beat (to excel) To come back To bite To pretend - To tie up - To cry To cooee To wipe To lose To laugh - To hide To dream - To kill Scrub Plains Charcoal Ashes Perspiration moongilly. ammoondoro goyogoro. munnum. coobree. weaner. wakul. doongooloo. congerree. booa. toonga. peigar. yungera. magia. yarkery. ninbago. mombo. walloogo, nuggalee. yimgundiana. ninde go wummera. boomali. yandogoingalle. curraburra. ugatharingo. ondigano. barry congul. ongo. umbuUy. yie. niroo. pidgoring. goondaty. muther. burguUa. mether. booan. culgara. NATAL DOWNS STATION, CAPE RIVER. 479 Additional Wo BDS — continued. White- - - bumbera. There or here - uUe. Black - - - coorebila. Where ? - - undee ? Red - - - nameroo. A long way - yurgo. Green - - boorba. Near - - - yathan. Grey - - - bingara. Fight - ■ - uthuUa, Sand ■ - - 9ulba;. I have had enough bunner uthuUa. A sandy creek - culbara. to eat; literally. A native hut - bulgunna. stomach-tight Salt-water or- sea- commo cungal, Tii'ed - - - dilnurra. ooogera. A large person - ballongo. A young woman - munkine. A wild person - bungineme. A maid - . - oolbo. Long - - goorgan. Uncle T ■ - mamy. Short - - - wapitu. Aunt - - - tabina. Quick - - - wokker. Male cousin - kungun. To break - - coongelee. Female cousin - kunguna. To tumble down - coongeringo. Husband - - goongul. Begone. - - munga-munga. God, also good - boorala. Go on - - - umbaga. Evil spirit ■ - goee, goin. New - - - yagilla. A bad man • - murre goee. Old - - - coolbaroo. Ghost - ■ - yungal. Stop - - - mungoindee. The Milky Way ■ tugar(lit. smoke). Sharp - - - tarrine. The Southern goondooloo (lit. What is yovtr uumbera inder ? Cross emu). name? Pleiades - - munkine (lit. a What is your annyburra inder? young woman). tribe? Mine - - - ichu. * Sunset - - kie burra. Yours- - - uno. Sunrise - - kie wedera. Come here - - uUumbago. Noon - - - kie kungat. Put down - - star. Lightning - - betmallen. Names of Men. Names of Eemales. YuTigadoo. Woolinu. Moogathoo. Bingwee. Tbomble. Nunguree. Moimoorga. Bubalinga. Moorgan. Indalinga. Tandeningo. Emar. Indamingo. Pinchallu. BuUamiago. Toonombinga. . Bibinothe. Milga. Goonbody. Nooky. These names are said to have no meaning. 480 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 131.— CAPE RIVER. By p. M. Tompson, Esq. Kangaroo - hoora. Hand - - bu-ka. Opossum thung-er-oo. 2 Blacks - Tame dog - noota. 3 Blacks - Wild dog - One - Emu - gun-du-la. Black duck - coo-Md-dy. Two - buller. Wood duck - now-wow. Three ■ goolburra. Pelican bool-loo. Four - moorga. Laughing jackass ka-koo-burra. Father . - yabbo. Native companion gool-du-ra. White cockatoo - dick-a-ry. Mother yung-er. Crow - wuth-a. Sister-Elder goothoona. Swan - (none). ,, Younger Egg - - ■ wun-buUa. Brother-Elder cu-than. Track of a foot wun-da. „ Youngei Fish - coo-e-yu. A young man cowla. Lobster (none inland). An old man brin-gul-lo. Crayfish (unknown). An old woman boorrung-un Mosquito - cooa. A baby gundoo. Fly . nin. A White man coo-in. Snake - moon-da. The Blacks - murry. Children cul-burroo. A Blaokfellow Head - cuth-a. A Black woman noolba. Eye - thilly. Nose - nindy. Bar - wuUoo. NATAL DOWNS STATION, CAPE- RIVER. 481 No. 131.^Capb River — continued. Mouth - thar. Boomerang - - Teeth - - e-ar. mil - - Hair of the head - boo-e-lia6. Wood - - thoo-la. Beard - - ren-ga. Stone - - burray. Thunder - - moo-ral-la. Camp - - yam-ba. Grass - - bookun. Yea - - ya. Tongue - thuUi. No - - cur-ra. Stomach - bunna. I - i-ar. Breasts - am-moon. You - - • - yin-da. Thigh - thur-ra. Bark - - bul-gun. Foot - - thin-na. Good - - thur-ril. Bone - - bul-bun. Bad - - muc-coo-ra. Blood - - coo-ma. Sweet - - goon-gil-win. Skin - - bit-ty. Pood - - mun-dar-uri. Fat - - thum-my. Hungry - cun-gun-oo. Bowels - yung-er-um. Thirsty - eu-ka. Excrement - - goona. Eat - - - bun-jul. War-spear - - cul-ga. Sleep - - oo-ka. Reed-spear - - coo-be-roo. Wommera or thoo-miilla,. Drink - - brung-gul. throwing-stiok Walk - - thoo-a. Shield ■ - - cool-merry. See - - nuth-uUa. Tomahawk - - balgo. Sit - in da. Canoe - - koo-ga. Yesterday - - coom-bool- Sun - - cur-ray. boong-a Moon - - bul-la-no. To-day - ad-gilla. Star - - buth-oo. To-morrow - - we-dar-roo. Light - - bun-ney. Where are the murry-un-da ? Dark - - coo-ra. Blacks? Cold - - we-da. I don't know - unda-wira. Heat - - wTil-lee-ry. Plenty - coor-un-by. Day - - - ad-ge-la. Big - - boonga. Night - - goo-rung-a. Little - - wab-ba-roo. Fire - - bur-ree. Water - com-mo. Dead - - goon-ga. Smoke - thoog-er. By-and by - - thuc-co. Ground - nanny. Come on - cow-a. Wind ■ - ebur. Milk - - Rain - -' - tha-cow. Eaglehawk - - God - Wild turkey - Ghosts Wife - VOL. II. 2 H 482 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 131.— CAPE RIVER. By Wm. Chatmeld, Jun, Kangaroo ■ Oposaum Tame dog - Wild dog - Emu - Black duck - Wood duck - Pelican Laughing jackass Native companion White cockatoo - Crow - Swan - ■ - Egg - Track of a foot - Fish ■ - Lobster Crayfish Mosquito - Fly - - - Snake - The Blacks - A Blackfellow - A Black woman - Nose - oora. tungaroo. wunti,'moora. wunti. goondooloo. oooberri. ungue. booloon. go-goberri. kooltheroo. teroon or deegoon. wathuu. (none), koocoobeen. diner, goyo. (none), cunder. boothun. nein. moonda. murri. murri. wongo, munkine. ninde. Hand - muUa. 2 Blacks - - 3 Blacks - - One - - wigin. Two - - bullaroo. Three - - goolburra. Pour or more - moorga. Father - yaboo. Mother - yunguTia. Sister -Elder - koothoona. ,, Younger - Brother-Elder - cuthun. „ Younger wabo. A young man - cowla. An old man ■ boorgam. An old woman ■ boorgam. A baby - A White man - macro. Children - - cundoojwongora Head - - kutha. Eye - ■ dille. Ear - - walloo. NATAL DOWNS STATION, CAPE RIVER. 483 No. 131. — Cape River — continued. Mouth- - mai. Teeth - ear. Hair of the head - kuthy. Beard - - unga or yarrang Thunder - - pulbine. Grass - - boorgan, mooloo Tongue - tarrine. Stomach - bunner. Breasts - ammoona. Thigh- - - yungra. Foot - - diner. Bone - - bulbun. Blood - - - kooma, goor. Skin - - - peetee. Fat - - tommi. Bowels - Excrement • - goonna. War-spear - - moorga. Reed-spear - - Wommera or tumuUa. throwing-stick Shield- - - koobnurray. Tomahawk - - polgo. Canoe - Sun - - kurri, kie. Moon - - buUanoo, kug- gera. Star - - - buthi. Light - Dark - Cold - - wera. Heat - - kie. Day - - quongolu. Night - - Fire - - burry. Water kommo, ammoo. Smoke- ■ tugar. Ground - nannee. Wind- - ebara. Raia - yoongaloo. God . . . boorala. Ghosts youngal. Boomerang - - wongul. Hill - - byee. Wood - tular. Stone - - byee. Camp - - yaambaa. Yea - - yie, yee. No - - kurra. I - ia. You - - iuda. Bark - - goga. Good - - boorala. Bad - - wotoru. Sweet Pood - - murga, munda. Hungry - congono. Thirsty - commo boomul Eat - - bungul. Sleep - - umbera. . Drink - boomul. Walk - - denergo. See - - naggalee. Sit - - biuda. Yesterday - To-day To-morrow - - werowa. Wbere are the murri undee ? Blacks? I don't know - inuggalu kurra Plenty - moorga. Big - - - buUongo. Little - • wapitu. Dead - - goonga. By-and-by - - Come on - wingialla. Milk - - ammoona. Eaglehawk - coorathuUa, cooraga Wild turkey - burkum. Wife - - pigoona. B [2 • 484 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 132.— RAVENSWOOD, UPPER BURDEKIN. By W. H. Kent, Esq. Kangaroo - woora. Hand - - Opossum meerambera. 2 Blacks - _ Tame dog - Wild dog - Emu - ngoora. goondooloo. 3 Blacks - One - - Black duck - Two - - Wood duck Three - - Pelican booloongurra. Four - . Laughing jackass kookooburra. Father _ Native companior White cockatoo - Crow - thickeree. Mother Sister-Elder - Swan - ,, Younger ■ Egg . - - wanraurra. Brother-Elder - Track of a foot - Pish - Lobster Crayfish Mosquito - Ply ■ - wena, , , Younger A young man An old man- An old woman • A baby guhnburra Snake - cahbool. A White man - The Blacks - Children - A Blackfellow - Head - - katha. A Black woman Eye - - taiie. Nose - mamboo. Ear - . walloo. RAVENSWOOD, UPPER BURDEKM. 485 No. 132 — Ravenswood, Upper Buedekin- —contimied. Mouth Boomerang - - boonool. Teeth - - : yerra. Hill - - Hair of the head Wood - wongal. Beard ■ • Stone - - burrie. Thunder - Camp - - Grass - Yes - - Tongue tuUi. No • - - Stomach banna. I , Breasts You - - Thigh - - - ngurgo. Bark - '- - Foot - teera. Good - - Bone - Bad - _ Blood - Skin - Fat - Bowels Excrement - War-spear - gooma. - koonna. - buggurra. . Sweet - Food - Hungry Thirsty Eat - - bunjuU. Reed-spear - Sleep - - Wommera or Drink - - throwing-stick Shield - - goolmurri. Walk - See - Tomahawk - Sit - - Canoe Sun - Moon - ■ - Star - Light - Dark - Cold - - - kurrie. - -kuggurra. - woora. Yesterday - To-day To-morrow - Where are i Blacks ? I don't know .he Heat - Plenty - Day - Big - - Night - - Little - Fire - - booree. Dead - - Water Smoke Ground Wind - - Rain - God - - kurra. - mooloo. - eburra. - kamo. By-and-by - Come on Milk - Eaglehawk - Wild turkey - bandurra. - thoona gongall Ghosts . Wife - - 486 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 133.— MOUNT BLACK. FOKWAEDED BY THE GoVBBNMENT OP QUEENSLAND. Of the manners • and customs of .the Oriba-Kulba tribe I' received a short account in 1881 from, the Government of Queensland. In it, however, there is -nothing worthy of note, except that the sole survivors of the tribe were two men and five women, and that no marks of small-pox existed amongst them. Accompanying the account of the tribe were also two vocabularies, which agree so well that I have only inserted 'one of them. The following Additional Words were also given: — Girls - - marbura. We - - ngana. Husband - - koorangle. They - - - tanna. Frog - Neck - - pugarin. - manno. He, she - noola. Opossum-cloak - kumbi. When, where - unda. No. 133.— MO DNT BLACK. Kangaroo - - yoori. Hand - - murra. Opossum - - kathurra. 2 Blacks - - poolari ngoomba Tame dog - - kowla. 3 Blacks - - koolkurra • Wild dog - - kowla (?) ngoomba. Emu - Black duck - Wood duck - - koondoolo. - yamaroo. - tipia. One - Two - - anga. - poolari. Pelican - bulloon. Three - - koolkurra. Laughing jackass kowragurra. Four - '- toorko. Native companion nOgorabal. Father - aboo. White cockatoo - tingari. Mother - ammi. Crow - ■ - - wokkun, wog- Sister-Elder - yungoian, auta. Swan - gan. , , Younger - amberoian. ■ Brother-Elder - mukkidoo. Egg - - Track of a foot - kotoo. - pakula. „ Younger talboo. Fish - - koio. A young man - tipukkal. Lobster • - - reri-reri, mokin. An old man - orabarbi. Crayfish - - tararukau. An old woman - koolaloo. Mosquito - - kaika. A baby - moolooramo. Fly - - nenga. A White man - mikkolo. Snake - The Blacks - - tumbal. - ngoomba-kora. Children - A Blackfellow - ngoomba. Head - - katta. A Black woman - mungan. Eye - - telle. Noae - - ko, koo. Ear - - arlo. MOUNT BLACK. 487 No. 133.— Mount 'Black.— continued. Mouth ■ tu, taw. Boomerang - - wongal. Teeth - - yerra. Hill - - aboro, palkara Hair of the head - tingo tego. Wood - - toolani. Beard - - talba. Stone - - dalkara. Thunder - - pulbarri, pal- Camp - - yamba. Grass - - wombo, kolko. Yes - - yi, oroka. Tongue - tallavy. No - - kara. Stomach - banna, rolgo. I- - ngaia. Breasts - ooko, kao. You - - inda. Thigh - - tara. Bark - - bila. Foot - - tinna. Good - - pumbarra. Bone - Blood - - pipo. - kooma. Bad - - amgo. Skin - - ngoorokal. Sweet - - kauga. Fat - - toocha. Food - - mada, munda. Bowels - koomia, pooloo. Hungry - clung. . Excrement - War-spear - - koomia. - kalka. Thirsty - poomal. Eeed-spear - - pat r, tooka- Eat - - mutanyo. bun. Sleep - - ookako. Wommera or pangila. Drink - - pitamyo. throwing-stlck Walk - - makanyo. Shield- - Tomahawk - - koobathal. - ngoolan. See - - nakanyo. Canoe - - oolkooroo. Sit - - tamanyo. Sun - - oomba, ooba. Yesterday - - orokolongrega. Moon - - pulanoo. To-day - nila. Star - - yoko. To-morrow - - ^garlara. Light - - patchun, kar- Where are the undi ngoomba f gauni. Blacks? Dark - - tillingono. I don't know - audeaton. Cold - - wira-wira. Plenty - koora. Heat - - kanjara. Big - - - yoongo. Day - - uba, kurrangun. Little - - aboodjirro, Night - - ngona. aburoo. Fire - - pori. Dead - - koongal, oolala. Water - kamoo, kam. Smoke - tooka. By-and-by - - karrka. Ground - nanni. Come on - arrauni. Wmd- - kindo'. Milk - - koodrarr. Eain - - ukun, yukan. Eaglehawk - korethaUa. God - . Wild turkey - Ghosts - Wife - -'perro, preko. 488 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 134.— LOWER BURDEKIN. By E. Cunningham, Esq., and F. J. Gokton, Esq. In addition to the two vocabularies inserted of the Lower Burdekin languages, I have received a third from W. Carr Boyd, Esq., which so much resembles that of Mr. E. Cunningham, that I have not thought it necessary to give it. ■ Kangaroo - - hoora. Hand - - mobirra. Opossum - moonganna. 2 Blacks - _ Tame dog • . oogier. 3 Blacks - . Wild dog - Emu - Black duck t - kowvverra. - yammooroo. One - Two - - warmina. - blareena. Wood duck - - mumboogooba. Three - - kudjua. Pelican - boloona. Four - - kulburra. Laughing jackass kowurgurra. Father - kiya. Native companioit braroogan. Mother - younga. White cockatoo Crow - Swan - Egg - - - digooi. - wyaguna. - woergerella. - wyoorda. Sister-Elder „ Younger Brother-Elder - kootha. - wabooa. Track of a foot - dooigooburra. ,, Younger Fish - - weenburra. A young man - karrebella. Lobster - koongooya. An old man- - booingermuima. Crayfish Mosquito - Fly - Snake - - goombarroo. - kowearoo. - karoovella. - oonguUaba. An old woman A baby A White man - boingergunna. - muUererammoo. - yooarroo. The Blacks - - murre. Children - erroomunna. A Blackf ellow . Head - - kurria. A Black woman - wurrungooa. Eye - - mudjura. Nose - urrooa. Ear - - awbilla. LOWER BURDEKIN. 489 No. 134.— Lower Bhebekin— comtwiteti. Mouth da. Boomerang - - Teeth - irra. Hill - - Hair of the head- gunnarri. Wood - - doola. Beard - thungier. Stone - - burreea, Thunder - degoroo. Camp - - yaamba. Grass - wudthoor. Yes - - yea. Tongue thuUamia. No - - kurra. Stomach - bunboona. I - - iyooa. Breasts - woorga. You - - yindooa. Thigh - - toomburra. Bark - - bulgan. Foot - - dingooburra. Good - Bone - - bulbanna. Bad - - kooyooa. Blood- - gwiburri. Skm - - yoolanna. Sweet - - kowangubba. Fat - - towia. Food - - igango. Bowels - gurroona. Hungry - nangoora. Excrement - - goonna. Thirsty - dthunginna. War-spear - - nirremoo. Eat - - igango. Reed-spear - - wollaburra. Sleep - - boogoora. Wommera or birrana. Drink - - bithungo. throwing -stick Walk - - kunnaigo. Shield - goolmurri. See - - timmi. Tomahawk - - bulgooa. Sit - thunnango. Canoe - - kobbetheba. Sun - - burgdrri. Yesterday - - yambowerroe Moon - - bowarri. To-day - nilla. Star - - bunjoldi. To-morrow - - burgenda. Light - - burgungubba. Where are the ondia murre ? Dark - - wooroowobba. Blacks ? Cold - - - didoora. I don't know - kurra mira. Heat - - towarroo. Plenty - qniarilla. Day - - woorabunda. Big ■ - - Night - - wooroonga. Little - - wa-baw-au- Fire - - wygunna. boona. Water - - kowara. Dead - - waulgoona. Smoke - toogar. By-and-by - - thagoo. Groiiud - nannier. Come on - kowa. Wind - - quioona. Milk - - - Rain - - yoogana. Eaglehawk - God - - Wild turkey Ghosts - Wife ■ - 490 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE; No. 134.— LOWER BURDEKIN. By F. J. GoKTON, Esq. Kangaroo - wootha. Hand - mulbroo. Opossum goong. 2 Blacks - Tame dog - minde. 3 Blacks - Wild dog - One - Emu - Black duck - gocgidaloo. . buggininulli. Two - Three - bool. ka. Wood duck - Pelican Laughing jackass detto. booloon. kookaburra. Four - Father yaba, yabo Native companion buberenuUi. Mother yanga. White cockatoo - bugina. Sister-Elder Crow - wethergun. „ Younger Swan - Brother-Elder ■ Egg - Track of a foot - werroo. ,, Younger Pish - kooia. A young man thillagal. Lobster goonaway. An old man bunganan. Crayfish An old woman - bulnagun. Mosquito - dee. A baby Ply - Snake - The Blacks - A Blackf ellow ■ wormbaloo. A White man Children Head - kabbon. A Black woman gungan. Eye - deburri Nose -' - woodroo. Ear - wobbilla. LOWER BIIRDEKIN. 491 No. 134. — Lower Bttrdekin — continued. Mouth yawirra. Teeth - woonung. Hair of the head Beard - - thungi." Thunder - - digoro. Grass - ■: quwytho. Tongue - Stomach - boric. Breasts - wuggunna. Thigh - - toombur. Foot - - bulliger. Bone - - Blood - - moondtha. Skin - - uline. Fat - - - koonoo, goomo. Boweln - ' - kullinga. Excrement - - goonna. War-spear - - woomburro. Reed-spear - - Wommera or throwiag-stick Shield - - gooldinare. Tomahawk - - nubanin. Canoe - - bettel-bettel. Sun - - kartri. Moon - - Star - - tor, bangala. Light - - • Dark - - moonoo. Cold - - detto. Heat - . Day - - Night - - woormooga. Fire - - booninin. Water- - thoolanoo. Smoke . Ground - numera Wind - - queeyoh. Rain - - broothi. God - . Ghosts - Boomerang - - Hill - - Wood - - duUa. Stone - - burtheroo. Camp - - yamba. Yes ■ - umba. No - - kateka. I - You - - Bark - - boogoo. Good - - Bad - - Sweet - - Pood - - Hungry - kabbil. Thirsty - Eat - - Sleep - ■ boogooroo. Drink - - bitthana. Walk - - See - - thimmi Sit - - - thunara. Yesterday - - To-day - nilla. To-mprrow - - burringa. Where are the Blacks? I don't know - Plenty - Big - - - wiarra. Little - - wabungam Dead - - wolgoon. By-and-by - ■ Come on - JVIilk - - Eaglehawk - - Wilk turkey - Wife - - 492 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE : No. 135.— BUEDEKIN EIVEE^VAEIOUS TEIBES. By the late J. Hall Scott. The following vocabulary was one of many kindly forwarded to me by P. E. Gordon, Esq., Chief Inspector of Stock, Brisbane. It was drawn up, I am informed, by the late J. Hall Scott, who collected the words indiscriminately from the eleven following tribes: — Perenbba, Euronbba, Wal- mundi, Bendalgubber, Cumarinia, Culbaingella, Cobblebob- ber, Cartoolounger, Toolkemburra, Carbineyinburra, and TinguljuUer: — A. Apple-tree - towrowbilla. Ant-hills - culnba cummo. Alligator - tukunion. Ant-eater - burbeera. Angry colie-coogillie crier. Arm - muUa. Alive - toomberee. Blackfellow murrey, mureer. (old) - moorabuun. Beat - coonda, coolunga, balkunna. Belonging to me - iju, igoar. ,.you innoo, innoor. Beads - cambourra.unerie, coulgurra. Blanket combey, marbal eooyarra,urunna. Belly - boulow, bunna- bunna. Boomerang - ■wungulla, naugal. Ashes - - culboo. Ants - - turinnia. Anthill, Mt. - yannuounda. Abbot, Mt. - - parkungga. All of you - - uva. Armpit - carbunna. Altogether - - norogul. By-and-by - kulkerpurtoo ooombooloo. Breast - amoona. Brother - cooloona, outha Breath - adthou. Break - - ooondinga. Bloodwood-tree - cumbuburra. Big, large - - bonugunna. Boy - . - - walburra. Box-tree ■ bilgurra. Blood - - coongar, queberry, coonoonurra, cooma. BURDEKIN RIVER. 493 B. Blight - boognlla. By yourself yuingya. Break - - ooolmunga. Bird's nest - yacko. Bell - - coolalinga, troun- Belonging to him noungow. gurra. Boat - bullera. Bite - ■ pattunga. Burnt feed - boodarra. Blow - - booubunga. „ country - boorboona. Bed - - coona. Bathe - - nanballuiger. Black - - cooroolbilla. Behind coora. Brigalow ■ - bunnooroo. Beech, Mt. - talmaringga. Bandicoot - - ouiella. Burdekin River — Blow out (v.) - ougarunbunga. At Leichardt camelinigga. Bellow (cattle) Beef - Brush - Blaokfellow — Young - Middle-aged Butterfly - Bone ■ - noongoona. - tunjeera. - neekalinga. - cowalla. - margurra. - coolumbria. - bulbuna. dist. Above Mt. Dal- rymple At Jarvisfield ■ Bowen (Port) Both together Black bream (fish Barrowinnudi (fish) ounberubba. mal-mal. coondaudrabia. eveller. wOQJamunna. bidjangubber. Back - - oungoulea. Between manner. Boil - - tingillener. Bread-fruit Dundee, dewal. Bark of trees - cooraroo, balkun. Brand toomberringa. Catch - ( - munna. Coral-tree - nurga. Creek - - peroo. Cockatoo (white) tekurray. Come here - - cowa. Curlew peyounga. Cattle - boomooalea, too- ' Chia - unga. moobra. Cork-tree - wadthon. Cow - - • - gJTineenna. Coming to you - indimga, ogod. Calf ■ - micheninedibmer ,, this way yamdoo. Camp - - youmba, kouoar, Crow - ■ - wattama. yumbarlo. Come on - nooree. Calabash - igurra. Cockatoo (black) carundy. Cry - - - parreena. Cry out oungoonoo. Cough - carlunnia. Cooee - coongoona, cun Chop - - oulunna, bal- gully. goungOjWebulla, Close - beeree. balbunga. Cloud - yunguUa. Cut - - - nardoo, nunga, Centipede - toongur. patteminda. Clay (white) muggera. 494 THE . AUSTRALIAN RACE : C. Clay (red) - - boonba. Cape Station - tingkerungga, Cap - balgoa-balgoa. tingurra. Cheek - nallow. Coming up (seeds) derabee. Calf of leg - yungiirra. Cabbage-tree •- bogga, bogga. Cold - wera. Crane (gigantic) - timgararer. Cape Upstart budgerungga. ,, (alate-col - ored) tidrooper. Country (tim- toolabea. Charcoal - mitta. bered) Chisel - toonggoowongo. Country (plain) bargulla, pia. Cloudy weather - coongooror, unal- Crooked bungo, cungunna. bingga. Cover up - cumballinger. Come off - ingnaringo. Dalrymple, Mt. 1 boomarulla. Dig - - buggulla. Dog - ourungarung. Done - - wya, annoo. Directly tarkay, tago. Deaf adder - - wineudie. Dray - rowrer. Diliy-bag - - widgee. Dead - walgoonoo. Dream - pickhere. Dead tree - walla. Drive - - ouUerunga. Drop - bungunga. Down - - boolooroo. Dive - - moongaringia. Door - - dilli. Day (one) - warbinjella. Dark - - culbroo. „ (two) - boolarinjella. Dry - - walla. „ (three or cooburanjella. Don't go away - yuUa. more) Deep - - mourga. „ (great many culberanjella. 'Duck - - coobeeree. Eye - - - dilli. Empty - narranna, culgur. Emu - coondooloo. Exclamation ! - yacki ! cowitchi 1 Ear - walloo. Eel - - woggurry. Eat - eugunga. . Egg - - cunnoo. Eyebrows - - deena. Finished I wya, annoo. Eat (hard) - ■ tummier, goung. Fire - booree, Feathers - boolburrie. wygunnia. Finger-nails - pekar. Foot, foot-traoks- dinna. Fire-arms - - ourrabia, mirka, Fish -■ - cooyou. mergin. Fat (soft) ■ carmoona. Fishing-hook - minkey. BURDEKIN RIVER. 495 Figs (black) yoombooroo. Forehead - yundee. Fallen timber coonburra. Fresh - yagilgar. (dead) Flood - " - crunna. Fly - - neena. Fill - trikkunna. Frog (water) - coongunnia Female wumgoo. „ (tree) - - partiiroo. First, front - walga. Footsteps up trees nindoo. Fight - - coonducki. Flame - - barginia. Flowers boolboona. Forget - Valloogolania. Flour - boorilla. Frightened - - ederunga, culgi, Pishing net mubbe. boonoordun- Fly - coolmallinga. gmner. Fork (stick, tree)- nulloo. Father - yaboona, kiyar. Finia. R. Raw ■ - coongar, que- Ride - - ooroo. berry. Ribs - - meeree. Road - Rush of water Rain - Rusty gun - Ramrod - yelga. - ourunna. - turgan. - karkadalla. - pekoona. Rub • Rump.- Rat (white Roundbaok tail) Mt. - eurounga. - mourgon, moula - tooroo. - deeryunga. Red fig - talloobooroo. Rope - - mirijouroo, River gum - - ourunna. Rainbow - toolgurra. Run - - wagga, delum- burra. Red cattle - oungurra, cui- jerra. Red cloth - - toolooberry. Rat - ■ - tibbooroo. Swelling • boguUa. Swim - - wyeinnga. Sun - - cunjane. Stink - - - boucar. Shears - bilgoora. Station, Mount - coolnungda. Swallow - bundalla. Sit down - - dunna. Steal - - ouraringa, Shirt - - muUaberry. Skin - - cooraroo. Sleep - - - oumburra. BURDEKIN RIVBR. 499 S. Sing -. - iey, bairee. Spit - cunja. Stars (small) boongjouelbee. Spider (red rump) toolah barginia. Spear (fighting) milranna. Snake (whip) moonda. „ (cattle) - wyaninedoo. Salt-pans - edinda. „ to(v.) mu.nggunga. Shouting in camp cungarra. Sword (wooden) coobooroo. Sleepy- oumbargo. Snake (brown) cooleeree, Slow - muudooru. talmoona. Side (this) - eninburroo. Sandalwood - wungera. ,, ■ (the other) - quaimlarro. Sneeze duree. Stamp oringo. Smoke - tookar. Stop • coonjung. Stump - tunga. Ship, boat - buUera. Sore - - woodee, neemo. Straight turjerra. Sheep ■ - wonga. Shoulder carbilla-billa. Shade - cudarree. • Stokes Eange - coolumbria. Sunset - boodeera. Strathalbyn Sta beeandee. Sunrise - burrumbury. tion Stand- - dundeinga, Strathbogie Sta tool-kenunga. dunderee. tion Sharpen ■ euroringa. Salisbury Plains worrul-burral. String - oooburra. Station Sit(cros3-legged) - coombirra. Scratch ekeemballinger. Slip rails - - merriloo. Shrimp battee-battee. Sulky - - dooney. Skin - cooraroo. Shut - - oumbunga, Sister coothanna. Sand - - eulburra. Steep bank - wandineia. Stone - wargia. Son-in-law - towunguUy. Sharpening - - eginder. Soft - boonarunga. Spill ■ - oulgurrunda. Snake trail - booroona. Scrub (river) - monta. Sunshine - burgarry. Snake (water) - cooraoomaller- Short coulcooroo. cawbella. Spider's web currer. Smile - - nootoonga. Stars (large) curarra. Sweat - wunyerrer. Spotted (cattle) - oumoonamoonoo Snake (tree) - coombella. Son - woolboora. Scorpion ■ - cooligee-cooligee. ■ Stop or sit down yulia. Sick - - bunjeira trin- here gindoo. Sitting down or yularry. Sea - abin-abin. camping ovei See - - dimmi, nayulla. there Shoot - - muka, • Squirrel (flying) cundebool.- 500 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: T. Take - - munna, Three - - koorburra. wanjumber. Turtle - dewyer. Thirsty - warrabinia. Tortoise - bungoora. Turkey (scrub) - wundoora. Teeth - - era. Tattoo (or scar) Two - Talk, tell - - mumboona. - boolarroo, boolarry. - wadger, kutchell. Thigh joint Take oflf - Turn over - • ,, round - weelera. - orunga, inta. - wyelimbunger. yemmuUy. Take away - cundinga. Tomahawk - - balgon, oulan. Tear - - battee. Thigh - turra. Tongue - tunbelainea. Tail (horse) - werkie. To-morrow - - delioona. Turkey (plain) worka. Top - ' - - warna. Tea-tree - konkar. Tail - - toonguljbounger Throw - yabbunga. Thick (applied to mubbabilla. „ away - yabbunga. milk, blood. Tickle - meebunbunga. water, &g.) Tree - - toola. Tomahawk (to balgoungoo Tired - oumbargo. cut or chop w ith) oulunna. • Tie - - moolbinga. Two together - alluna. Thunder - - bulbunna. This one - youlounnoo. Think - pitohere. The other one - wadgeraboudoo. Understand - imber. r. ■ Under - bnrrunnia. Unticj undo Up - - - oarer or ourunga. - pindee. Uncle - culna, Wax of wild bees coomurra. Whip - - meyouroo. Wind - gwarrie. Wake up - - oundarinnea. Where- - wanda. White - karkarigie. omidee, Whirlwind - - boolboorooroo. winyar. WaUaby - - tookabella. Wood - toola. ,, (rook) '- cungouloti. Wife - - tekoonee. Whistle - - corbeela. White man - - miocolo. White cedar-tree mirkambilla. buUimuna. Where are you cundaroegb? Whiskers - - nareena. going? Walk - - tonar. Where is it ? - outage? BURDEKIN RIVER. 501 W. Wann Window Woodstock Sta- tion tamboora. dilli. youngoomurra. Wet Water - ginger. cummo,narburra cawtora. Woodhouse- Sta- tion coolnungda. 'We - Waddy alleena. meroo. Y. Yard (for cattle) miloola, warra. You - - - indoo, indoor. Yesterday - Yam (mountain) - muloungee. - malboon. Yes - - - yar. . Yam (yellow flower) moonilla Young bird (chicken) nongoora. ,, (convolvulus ) bungulti. Yam - dnidurra. ,, (all kinds) munda. mannoona, You and me allee. SUNI BIES. coonooma. Don't go yuUa. Here it is - - yoularey. Son-in-law torooungully- Pour out - ■ culgurunbuyer. Both together eveller. Here - millalla. Over there - onee. No good - muggera. To point a piece bunbanya. Small - mubbooroo. of wood Lazy - - kyalingga. END OF VOLUME 11. Melbourne: John Ferres, Grovernment Printer.