Cornell University Library QE 72S.H32 Key to ttoe upoer Devon ian of southern 3-1924 003 930 108 Ne tfW 80 /" / in 1 ' * Mr. "idc 41 Ithac the Co-Operative postage, Cornell University. Ithac ible board. 30 cts.. post: BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME FROM. THE SAGE ENDOWNENT FUND THE GIFT OF Stems W. Sage 1891 A- ayeriK) tt/f/lj fO ELEMENTARY NATURAL HISTORY SERIES No. 2 o TC P V mr\ ^TJT? UPPER DEVONIAN OF SOUTHERN NEW YORK •ft -X X Designed for Teachers and Students In Secondary Schools o BY Gilbert Dennison jjarris Assistant Professor, Paleontology and StraHgraphic Geology, Cornell University, Geologist to the State of Louisiana, Member of the Geological Society of France Ithaca: Harris Co. si vn$$$®$ There is but one natural, practical and interesting way of learning the science of the earth — Geology — and that is by studying the earth itself. Experience has shown again and again that students who have gone through the ordinary text-book training in geology retain for a time some generalized ideas re- lating to the science, but of real geology they know little. Nor is it in any way a fault of theirs. This pamphlet is intended to encourage students to teach themselves from rocks and fossils obtained near their respective homes. It will not take the place of the text-book, but will serve to introduce or supplement the same, and give its teachings more interest, more meaning. Noteworthy localities in the vicin- ity of each of the larger high schools and other institutions of learning are often referred to, thus intensifying the interest the learner may have in the science, by the thought always pleasant, of knowing about things near at home. A work of this kind can, however, be of but local applica- tion; for were references made to the geology about every insti- tution of learning in every state of the Union the size of the work and its consequent cost would defeat the very purpose for which it was written. As stated on the title page, this is applic- able to the Upper Devonian (Portage and Chemung) rocks of southern New York. Certain it is that much that is given on the following pages — and a great deal more — has already been published in the vol- uminous state reports on the geology and paleontology of New York, as well as in the Journals and Proceedings of scientific so- cieties. But the average teacher and pupil have neither time nor inclination to use these learned tomes, even though the school library may possess them; they need something more convenient and better adapted to their use. 1 V The preliminary statements in the first half of the work, when it is used as an introduction to a course in geology, are necessary to give full meaning to the latter half. When used as a supplement, it is believed they will still bear reviewing. As soon as the student has outgrown this work he is in a posi- tion to make use of larger and more technical works. Those most important are: Natural History of New York; Division 6, Paleontology; Vol. 4, Brachiopoda, price $2.50. Vol. 5, Pt. I, Lamellibranchiata (1) Monomyaria, $2.50. il " " " il (2) Dimyaria, $2.50. " " Pt. II, Gastropoda etc., $2.50. Send orders to the Secretary of the University of the State of New York, Albany, N. Y. The following very important and inexpensive works can be ordered from the Director of the U. S. Geological Survey, Wash- ington, D. C, for prices which follow: Bulletin 3, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1884, 36 PP-> $0-05. " l6 > " il li il ' 1885,86 pp., 3 pi., $0.05. 41 4i» " " " " 1887, 121 " 4 " $0.15. " 76, " " " " 1891, 393 " $0.25. 11 120, " " i( " 1894, 81 " $0.10. Topographic maps about Olean, Elmira and Ithaca at 5 cents each. . The 13th, 15th and 16th annual reports of the State Geolo- gist contain a vast amount of information on the geology of southern and central New York. For conditions of distribution apply to the State Geologist, or the State Paleontologist, Al- bany, N. Y. Two very important volumes now out of print, but to be had occasionally from second-hand dealers, are the large quarto vol- umes by Hall and Vanuxem, known as the Final Report of the State Geological Survey, volumes 3 and 4. They contain a great amount of local geological information. They are usually sold at $3.00 or $4.00 per volume. Cornell University: G, D. Harris, vSept. 30, 1899. e £ kctp: kc r ,"? PRE L IMINA RIE S Frontispiece, Plate I, Chemung Narrows ;t\pe section of the Chemung group. Preface. Contents. Collector's Outfit, Plate II. Explanation of Plate II. PART I INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF THE UPPER DEVONIAN OF NEW YORK STATE. Occurrence of Rocks. Where 7*ocks arc seen. Rocks everywhere; a hard lesso?i. Kinds of Rocks in Southern New York: Shale. Sandstone. Calcareous layers, or limestone. Conglomerate, Explanation of 'compound terms , like arenaceous shale, etc. Definition and Explanation of a Few Important Geo- logical Terms, (Illustrated by PL III and Fig's, i and 2. JrOSSILS. What they are. How they came to be in the Devonian rocks of Southern New York. (Illustrated by Fig's. 3 and 4.) VI PART II, THE UPPER DEVONIAN OF SOUTHERN NEW YORK. Subdivisions: Portage. (Illustrated by Plate IV- VIII.) Chemung. (Illustrated by Plate IX-XIII.) Kinds of Life Represented by the Fossils of Southern New York. List of a Few Important Localities, with Kinds of Rock, Location of Outcrops, and Some of the More Important Fossils at Each. Explanation of Plates V — XIII. -)f Explanation of Plate II. Collecting Outfit. * i. A hammer ; preferably a bricklayer's hammer, like the one figured; cost, about $ 0,75 2. A cold-chisel ; cost, about 0.25 3. A basket to carry specimens in; a basket rather than a bag because specimens from different localities can be kept separately more easily by a layer of paper and are not so apt to rub and grind against each other and spoil as when put in a bag. 4. Plenty of old newspaper for wrapping, and 5. A large, substantial lunch. NOTE.— It is of course understood that this is a beginner's outfit. Need will soon be felt for a compass, note-book, clinometer, tape measure, I v oeke level, topographic maps, etc., etc. (3ollectiq§ ©utfi pi ± o " U4, L. O t^ / ~ -/- A. /i'. •. /.. - s ^ ^3eoirr L er s (Ecllcctino ©utfit PART 1 INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF THE UPPER DEVONIAN OF NEW YORK STATE. Occurrence of Rocks. Where rocks are seen. — The casual observer notices clays, sand and gravel along roads and in fields as he passes through the country; he notes here and there a boulder, or a stream-bed replete with flat stones, sees occasionally a quarry, a railroad cut, or a precipitous river bank where large masses of rock are exposed to view. Rarely does he stop to consider what these objects really are or how they came to be where they are. The story in each case is a long one, and this brief work will be limited chiefly to the last-mentioned class, namely those seen in quarries or other excavations, natural or artificial. Rocks everywhere; a hard lesson. — At the outset the learner must grapple with and master one fundamental and all-important fact, for unless his mind is perfectly clear on the subject he can form no correct conception of what follows. The fact -is this: Though large masses of hard rock are usually observed only where some natural or artificial digging has recently been going on, they do exist everywhere though hidden from view \yy a blanket of soft or loose earthy matter, like sands, soils and gravel. In mountainous regions where there is no soil the rocks are everywhere apparent, but in southern New York they are so generally covered over and hidden that their presence is often and even generally unsuspected. That they do underlie the whole region can easily be proven by digging wells or sinking shafts anywhere to a moderate depth through the soil and loose material, when solid rocks are sure to be encountered. Plate III shows one of a vast number of instances where this universal state of affairs can be seen, viz., soft, loose earth or soil above, in which trees and vegetation in general thrive; firm rocks ar- ranged in layers below. Kinds of Devonian Rocks in Southern New York. Shale. — While examining the rocks in any quarry or natural exposure in southern New r York the student will observe that certain layers are quite thin, soft, and contain but little grit and are so fine in texture that the ordinary hand glass fails to reveal their component particles, save perhaps a bit of mica here and there. They can often be whittled with a knife and used as slate pencils without scratching the slate. These are termed shaly layers, or shale. Sandstone. — Thicker, harder layers, usually very "gritty" and polishing or scratching a knife-blade when rubbed upon it, and containing grains of sand often large enough to be seen with a hand glass, or even the naked eye, are called sandstone layers or sandstone. Calcareous layers, or limestone. — Hard layers, often thick and containing fragments of shell-fish and effervescing or bubbling when touched by a drop of strong acid are termed calcareous layers. In southern New York they are generally too impure to be properly termed limestone. They are sometimes called "fire stone/' By long exposure to the atmosphere the lime (calcium carbonate) leaches out and the rock is left a soft dark brown or black crumbling mass, often retaining the casts or impressions of fossil shells. Conglomerate. —A layer or bed composed of large pebbles (generally large white quartz pebbles) cemented together by- other material is called a pudding stone or conglomerate. Explanation of compound terms, like arenaceous shale, etc, — A layer or bed may show characters in common with several of the above-named kinds of rock. For example a shaly layer may contain some grit (sand, arena) \ it would then be termed arena- ceous shale. It may be also more or less calcareous or limy and would then be spoken of as an arenaceous, calcareous shale. A sandstone may not be very gritty, and it may have considerable shaly matter in its composition and would then be styled an argillaceous or shaly sandstone. A sandstone or shale may be more or less calcareous; a sandstone may become a conglomerate if its pebbles are large. A conglomerate may be sandy or cal- careous, and so on. The noun in each case indicates the most important or essen- tial characters of the rock, while the adjectives refer to the less important or casual features. Definition and Explanation of a Few Important Geo- logical Terms. Joints. — As well shown in Plate III, there are often more or less vertical crevices or cracks traversing the rock layers in one or more directions. These are technically termed joints, and rocks possessing them are said to show & jointed structure. Two sets of joints are shown on Plate III, one nearly parallel to the lake shore, the other roughly at right angles to the first. Dip, — That rocks when undisturbed lie in layers of various thickness one above the other, like boards in a pile, has already been mentioned. These various layers are, however, almost never perfectly horizontal, they incline or slope more or less in one direction or another. This inclination or slope is called the dip of the rocks and its amount and direction are determined as follows (see Fig. i ): The angle made by any of these layers and surface of the water, or any horizontal surface, is the amount of dip. The direction of any plane that cuts vertically any hori- zontal line drawn on the surface of any layer is the direction of the dip. The direction of the horizontal line drawn on the sur- face of any layer is termed the strike of the layer. To determine the direction of dip a pocket compass -is very useful. It is, according to the above definition, at right angles to the water line, as shown in Fig. i. There are various wa} s of determin- ing the amount of dip. Hold a level (see Fig. i ) over the arrow. Measure with a protractor or grad- uated limb of any kind Fig, i. the angle made between the level and the arrow, this is the amount of dip expressed in degrees. Again (see Fig. i) measure up from water line any convenient number of feet or metres, say 15. There drop a per- pendicular to the surface of the water, say 6*4 feet or metres. Then 6^~H5 expresses the rate or amount of dip of these rocks. In the ordinary rock exposures one rarely finds the surface of layers or beds laid bare to any considerable extent; it is much more common to see them side-view, as in Plates I, III and IV. Plate III shows how the different layers if traced trora ll a" to "c" descend toward the right. This descent may or may not be the whole amount of dip of these layers. So far as the ob- server is concerned there may be a sloping or clipping cliff-wards or lake-wards as well as towards the right. Observations in gorges or cuts in other directions will enable the observer to de- termine the true dip of these rocks. Dip being a matter of the inclination of a plane, it is obvious that at least three points not in a straight line must be determined in order to fix the position of the plane. (See observation on opposite page.) Considerable stress is here laid on the subject of dip, for as will be apparent upon due consideration of the subject, it fur- nishes the means of estimating the thickness of groups or forma- tions where they have never been drilled through and measured vertically. In southern New York west of about the meridian of Binghamton the rocks dip to the southward at the rate of from 25 to 50 feet per mile, averaging perhaps 40 feet. If then one starts at Cortland and walks due south 50 miles and is at the same level above sea as when he started he knows he is on rocks strati- graphically about 40x50 ft. higher than those at Cortland. Fossils. What they are. — Very frequently we notice in fragments of rocks certain marks or imprints that seem to have been made by some organic being. They sometimes recall the shape and markings of certain sea-shells of today. As we break open more rocks and study more carefully all the markings, moulds and im- pressions we find the conclusion is irresistible that they were made by some kind of by-gone sea-shells, often quite different from those we see on the beaches to-day. How they came to be in the Devonian rocks of Southern New York. —Sea-shells in solid rock? How came they there? These are the queries that perplexed even the wisest minds up to within a comparatively recent date; queries, too, that the collector must be ready to explain to every man who espies him and comes to see what he is collecting. * f\ Observation. — Outcrops of one and the same layer may often be identi- fied at considerable distances from each other. To determine the direction and amount of dip when three r ^ too >». suoh outcrops are known, see ; " the solution (graphic) of the following problem: A rock Jcrtr layer is found on one side of a valley at B, 200 metres higher than it is at A, 2 kilo- metres distant. At C, on the opposite side of the valley, its altitude above A, 2.1 kilo- metres distant, is 100 metres. The distance between C and Bis 1.65 kilometre. The di- rection of the line C — B is north 20 west. Required the direction and amount of w "" dip of this layer. Fig- 2* Find by proportion the point on A — B at an equal altitude with C. It is at TJ in this instance, half way from A to B, Draw C — TJ and continue it a short distance. Drop A — V perpendicular to C — TJ extended, and continue it to W. Measure angle A W B (here about 74 ); this is the direction of dip, i. e. ? north about 74 west. V is by construction on C — V the line of strike 100 metres above A. Thhn if the distance A — V is found by measurement to be about .96 kil.=96o metres then 100—960 is the amount of dip sought. F is* * kScm, B % all, 200 m Look at the rocks themselves. What are they? Some are soft and decompose rapidly; others are harder and withstand the elements for a longer period. But all in course of time will dis- integrate and form clay or sand, accordingly as they were shaly or sandy rocks. Such rocks are in fact nothing but hardened clayey or sandy mud. The shells in them prove that the sands and mud before hardening formed a part of an old sea-bottom where sea-shells lived, died, and were buried beneath more sand and mud washed over them by inflowing rivers. If the water is deep, or the bottom of the sea is gradually sinking, the thickness of such deposits may become very great — several thousands of feet. The lower beds become intensely compressed and hardened after the lapse of long ages, especially if they are subjected to volcanic heat and activity. If then a movement of the earth's crust takes place and these low T -lying beds are raised above sea level they are visible to man in quarries and other places as here- tofore stated, and he terms them "hard rocks"; the shells and other traces of life they contain are called fossils. That the conditions under which the rocks in southern New York were deposited or formed may be clear to the mind of the reader the following two outline maps have been inserted (Fig's. 3 and 4). They both show the same area (see degrees of Lat. jfr 77* *v ^L 44* AW Lunuhcardzutn, Clad- ochonus, etc. See Pl.V and VIII. Still higher up in the Portage are the Ithaca beds of the Cayuga section and to the east, 300-500 feet thick, represented farther west by the upper Naples beds. Very fossilferous from Ithaca eastward. See Plates V-VIJL Somewhat fossiliferous westward, though bearing a very different fauna, especially char- acterized by coiled Cephalopods and fish remains. fcj &. O ( > < > >o u o CD $% CO s ) E ( ) o 6\( L4 CD ( ) CD »v) ( ) r » CD CD --. Highest of all the Portage rocks are the Oneonia shales and sandstones in the east, the Upper Portage sandstones of Cayuga section and to the west; 500 feet thick; fossils scarce. The Chemung Group. — The rocks of this group are so named from Chemung Narrows, Chemung county. (See Frontis- piece, PL L). "They are at least 1,200 feet thick and consist of gray shales and shaly sandstones often replete with large, well- preserved fossils, especially brachiopods. (See PL IX-XIII) In the western part of the state there are several "Rock cities" or outcrops of coarse conglomerates belonging to this group: the Salamanca, the Pope Hollow, the Panama and Charlotte con- glomerates. These coarser layers when struck in oil wells in northwestern Pennsylvania are termed oil sands, since they are loose and porous and are veritable reservoirs of oil. 41s the Chemung rocks consist of red and green fes and conglomerates, and form a part of what ,t skill group. Fossils rare, mostly land 'See Fig. 124. statements may be expressed briefly as follows: In th shales, was oil and fres /"the Western N. Y. Chemung ( Shales, sand- group \ stones and (. conglomerates. f Upper Portage sandstones Portage Naples beds group -j Cashaqua and Gardeau shales and sandstones Central N. Y. Eastern N Y, Typical Che- mung shales and sandstones. Upper P01 tage sandstones Ithaca beds Sherburne or Lower Portage shales and sandstones. Catskill shales, sandstones and conglomerates Oneouta shales and sandstones Ithaca beds Sherburne shales and sandstones. Kinds of Lif^e Represented by the Fossils of Southern- New York. Though the Devonian may be called the Age of Fishes on account of the: considerable development of that class of animals in certain localities at that time, it does not necessarily follow that the young collector in this part of New York is going to fill at IO once his basket with fish remains. On the contrary, he will search long and well before finding a trace of tfcese animals. On the other hand, he will usually have no difficulty in obtaining all the fossils he cares to take home, but they will be shells, not fishes. In the Chemung rocks from Binghamton westward there are certain layers of rock almost made up of the remains of one little animal, Spirifer dtsjundus (see PI. XI, fig's 87, 88), a brachiopod that flourished during the Chemung period and then became extinct. Other brachiopods represented by PPs. XI and XII are in places very common. The true mollusks were well represented in the Chemung, as PPs. IX, X and XI testify. Of these the lamellibranchs (PPs. IX and X) were by far the most numerous. Cephalopods and gastropods were comparatively scarce. Echinoderms were represented by a few crinoids and other rarer forms. Bryozoans and corals are locally abundant, but gen- erally scarce. The same remark applies to the sponges. Trilo- bites, and other crustaceans generally, are very scarce. Fragments of plants are of quite common occurrence, though identifyable specimens are rare. They belong to tree-ferns and tree-lycopods. Of the Portage group, the Ithaca beds are characterized by a brachiopod fauna, whereas the Naples beds to the west are characterized by cephalopods, fishes, lamellibranchs and gas- tropods. II List of a Few Important Localities, with Kinds of Rock, Location of Outcrops, and Some of the More Important Fossils at Each.* Addison. —Rocks; Light grayish-green sandstone and shale. Expostire; Bear's Falls. Best fossils found below falls, about 60 ft. above creek bed in a layer 1% ft. thick; Spirifer and Atrypa especially abundant. Fossils: Spirifer disjunctus (87)!, Athyris angelica (97), Stropheodoftta cayuta (115), Grammy sia, somewhat like (22), Or- thothetes chemungensis (117), Pterinea chemungensis (67), Schizo- dussip., see fig. 77, Atrypa asperaf (101), Strophonella ccelata (11-8), Stropheodonta perplana var. nervosa (114), Productella lachrymosa (102), Atrypa reticularis (54). Alfred. — Rocks; Coarse, light brownish, greenish and grayish sandstone, and light grayish shale. Exposure: Terra-Cotta quarry. Bank 100 ft. high; 1 ft. layer at top, very fossiliferous. Fossils also found in creek bed below in the so-called blue stone. Fossils; Spirifer disjunctus (87), Sp. mesacostalis (40), My- tilarca chemungensis (73), Schizophoria impressa (52-53), Schizo- phoria tioga (111), Camarotcechia contracta (90-91), C. orbicularis (92-93), Productella kirsuta (105-106), P. lachrymosa var, (103), Euomphalus hecale (86), Dictiophyton tuberosum (119), Sanguino- *The number of good collecting localities can be multiplied almost in- definitely. Specimens from localities not mentioned in this list are usually similar if not identical with those from the nearest given locality. Only a small part of the fossil fauna at each locality can be given here. tThese figures refer to the number placed by the side of each illustration on Plates V — XIII. Note. — The writer is under obligation to Mr. T. A. Caine, C. U., 1901, for information and collections from Binghamton, Owego, Elmira, Corning, Addison, Hornellsville, Alfred, Olean, Salamanca, Randolph, Elhcottville, Mt Morris and Bath. Otherwise when no credit is given, the writer is per- sonally responsible for the localities and fossils mentioned. 12 Hies fruucafa (75), Lcptodtsma lichas (72), a Cystidian (120), Edmondia, Schizodus, Sphenotus clavulus (79), Lcptodtsma potuis (70), Grammy sia sp. Bath.— Racks: Light greenish gray, irregularly bedded sandy shales. Fossils: Atrypa reticularis (54), Cyrtina hamiitonemis (45), Productella truncata (47-48), crinoid stems, Bryazoa (123), Stropheodonta sp., Manticoce?as (see Fig. 35 a — a). Belmont. — Rocks: Sandstone and olive shale. Exposures: Quarries near-by. Fossils: Spirifer mesacostalis (40), Schizophoria impresui (52-53), Orthothetes chemungensis (116-117), Camarotwchia con- tractor (90-91), Productella hirsuta (105-106). — H. S. Williams. Binghamioti.— Rocks: Grayish arenaceous shales and shaly sandstone. Fossils: Spirifer disjundus (S7), Goniophora chemungensis (Si), Schizophoria impressa (52-53), Amboccclia umbonata (108- 109), Microdon belhstriatus (20), Ptcrinea chemungensis (67), Rhipidomella vanuxemi (no). Chautauqua. — Rocks: Light grayish or greenish shales and sandstone. Exposures: Near-by quarries and stream beds. See also loose flat stones in fields and at roadside. Fossils: Spirifer disjundus (87), Camarotuechia contractu (90 -91), Productella lachrymosa (102-104), Ambococlia umbonata (ioS -10S), Mytilarca chemungensis (73), Sphenotus contractus (78), crinoid stems (122). The Panama conglomerate can be seen by driving to Panama or visiting the "Rock quarry" near the i( Checkered schoolhouse" N. W. of Ashville on the summit of the high hill. At latter place see Euompkalus (Fig. 86). Corning - . — Rocks: Gray sandstone, sometimes very calcareous, and shale. Exposure: Kelley's quarry, just back of convent. 13 Fossils: Schisophoria impressa (52-53), Spirifer disjunctus (87), Sp. mesacostalis (40), Mytilarca cheimtngensis (73), Ambo- coelia umbonata (108-109), Orthothetes chemungensis (117). Cortland. — lyithological and faunal characters very similar to those of Ithaca, which see. Cuba. — Rocks: Gray sandstone, often calcareous, and olive O XX cX X C # Exposures: Guilford quarry ; Smith quarry; ravine in South Cuba. . Fossils: Spirifer disjunctus (87), Orthothetes chemtmgensis (117), Chonetes scitula (50), Camarotccchia co7itracta (90-91), A thy r is angelica (97, 99), Productellce > etc. — H. S. Williams. Delhi, — Rocks: Red, gray and green sandstone and shale. Exposures: Silver lake, or Robinson's pond, 5 miles west of Delhi; roadside above lake. This is practically the east- ern termination of the Chemung fauna. Fossils: Spirifer mesacostalis (40) , Ptychopteria, Leptodesma and a few others. — C. S. Prosser. Bllicottville. — Rocks: Greenish gray sandstone and shale. Exposures: Numerous ravines on hillsides, especially those on the hill west of town. Fossils: Spirifer disjimctus (87). At/iyris a?igelica (97), Dal- ma?iclla leoninsis (113), Orthothztes chemungensis (117), and many others. Visit the Salamanca conglomerate, a typical "Rock city," 5 or 6 miles southwest of town. Bllingtoti.— Rocks: Gray, reddish and bluish shales; mica- ceous brown shale; gray sandstone. Exposures: South of creamery; Clear creek, west branch in particular. Fossils: Spirifer disjunctus (87), Amboccelia umbonata (108- 109), Athyris angelica (97), Camarotccchia duplicata (94), Pro- duciella, Leptodesma, Edmondia, Sphenotus, etc. H Go from Cherry creek to Charlotte Center and see huge boulders of Charlotte conglomerate. Its fauna is practically the same as that of the brownish sandstone at Alfred. Visit Portage rocks in Canadaway creek gorge. Blmira. — Rocks: Grayish and greenish gray sandstone and shale, often calcareous. Exposures * Quarries on East hill, especially H. G. Piatt's. Fossils Spinfer disjimctus (87), Sp. mesacostalis (40), Sihiz- ophona impressa (52-53), Amboccelia umbonata (108-109), Pro- dudella speciosa (46), Schizophoria Hog a (in), Strop heodonta cay- uta (115), Orthotketes chemwig e?isis (116), Ptennea chemungcnsis (67), Atrypa reticularis (54J, Atrypa aspera (101), Spathella typ- ica (25), Leptodesma, fossil wood. Visit cliffs up Chemung river west from the city. Forestville. — Rocks: Black and iron-stained shale, with cal- careous concretions. Exposures: Walnut creek, 30 ft. below R. R. and about 10 rods down the creek. A typical western New York Portage fauna: Platyceras, Palceonedo constricta (13), Pr&cardium venustum, Leptodesma, Loxonema, Belle ro- pko?i y Orthoceras, Ooniatztes, 2 species, Chonetes satula (50), crinoid stems, and sea-weed (Fucoides velum). See fold in rocks 6 rods north of R. R, culvert. About 20 rods above culvert, fissile blue-green shale with concretions (sep- taria). Fossils as above. Little ravine fi mile south of tannery contains in layers Pro- dudella in abundance. Visit lake shore and break up all calcareous concretions for fossils. Fredonia.— Rocks: Light and dark gray shale; sandstone to the south of Laona at water-works. Exposures- Lake shore, Portage shale. Portage sandstone to the south of Laona. Chemung arenaceous shales on the hillside at Alden's quarry, % mile west of Cassadaga lake. Visit cuts on D. A. V. & P. R, R. 15 Fossils in A/de?i's quarry: Camarotceckia diiplicata (94), Ambocceha umbonatj, (108-109), Prcductellm, etc. Visit the ravines of Canadaway creek. I?riendsliip. — Prof. H. S. Williams records similar fossils and rocks here at Miller's quarry and ravine south of town as are to be found at South Cuba, which see. Hornellsville. — Rocks Black and olive shales below (Port- age in affinities) ; gray sandstone and shales upon the hills (see Sherwood's quarry). Exposures Railroad cut west of the station with Cardiola retrostriata (11), Bactrites acicula (36), Productella spe- ciosa (46), Cladochonus (61), Schizophoria zmpressa (52- 53). — H. S. Williams. In quarries 3 miles southwest of town: Spirifer disjunctus (87), Spirifer mesacostahs (40), Mytilarca chemu?ige?isis (73), Schizophoria zmpressa (52-53), Schiz. tioga (in), Athyris a?igel- ica (97), Orthothetes chemungensis (116-117) , Euomphalus hecak (86), Rh ipzdomella va?i uxemi (no). Ithaca. — Rocks: Bluish gray sandstone and shale, and nearly black shale. Genesee beds with fossils (Fig's. 1-7 and 9 , PL V ) at Esty's glen, lower portion of glen, 4 ft. below hard sandstone ledge. Also % mile south of Glen wood. Lower 100 ft. in Taughannock gorge. Lower Portage sandstone with true Portage or western fauna; McKinney's station; at foot of Ithaca falls. Ithaca shale: Williams brook, southwest corner of lake, just above R. R, Ithaca sandstone with Cryptonella eudora: University quar- ries; quarries at base of South hill. Typical Ithaca brachiopod fauna: Triphammer falls; Eddy's dam; quarries on South hill, including the old Inclined plane. Fossils: See PPs, V — VIII. i6 Excursions: Taughannock glen; Tully or upper Hamilton limestone at entrance; farther in, lower iooft., Genesee shale; upper ioo ft., lower Portage. Obtain Spirifer levis at base of Ithaca falls, south side, ledge 2 ft. above water level. Obtain Fig. 62 from shale back of the old Esty barn. Jamestown. — Rocks: Grayish or greenish-gray sandstone and shale; often calcareous. Exposures: East Jamestown quarries, with Ambocwlia urn- bo?iata (108-109), Produdella hystricula (107), Camaro- tcechia co?itracta (90-91), Cam. duplicata (94), Dalman- ella leonensis (113), A thy r is angelica (97), Athyris poliia (98), Spirifer disjtmctus (small) (87), Mytilarca chc- mungensis (73), Sphenotus contractus (78), crinoid stems, Bryozoa. Visit quarries on eastern flank of hill north of Falconer, the quarries and little ravines on Swede and English hills, and obtain Leptodes?na potens (70-71) and other fine Chemung species. Excursions: Panama conglomerate at Panama, 14 miles west of town. Fossils: Ptychopieria (74), Leptodesma, etc. Return by Checkered schoolhouse above Ashville and see same conglomerate with Eumphalus (86). Visit Pope Hollow 10 miles east of town, just in Cattaraugus county. Observe Pope Hollow conglomerate high up on north flank of the Hollow. It is strati- graphically about 180 ft. above the Panama conglomerate. Climb up north declivity. Fossils numerous. Observe Chautauqua lake from crest of hill. Mt. Morris.— Rocks: Dark gray, and nearly black shale. Also thick beds of argillaceous sandstone. Exposure: Genesee river banks, just above old wooden bridge. Fossils: Lunulicardium fragile (17), Lingula, Orthoccras, scarce. Naples.— Rocks; Black shale, gray sandy shale, thick, heavy- bedded sandstone. Exposures: Genesee shale, near Woodville hotel at head of Canandaigua lake, with Lunidicardium fragile (17) and others. Grimes gully, near knife factory; Portage shale with many plant remains. At 3d falls a bed with Cardiola retrostriata (11), Pleurotomaria capillaria (31), Man ticoceras pate? 'soni (35 a—a), Bactrites. A 2d bed with Leiorhynchus, A fry pa reticularis (54), Amboccelia umbonata var. gregaria (108). Chemung rocks exposed two miles south of Naples; a ''little south of the schoolhouse on the road from Naples to Ingleside. This layer is exposed by the roadside near the foot of the hill, five or six rods from the Ingleside road" , the fossils are: Dicty- ophyton tuberosum (119), Spirifer mesacosialis (40) , A try pa hys- trix (ioo), Productella spcciosa (46), Amboccelia, etc. — Luther. Norwich. — Rocks: Gray shaly sandstone and shales, Exposures: i}4 miles south of Norwich, valley road, on Wm. Breed's land; x mile west of Norwich quarry on John Brookin's. Eossils: Tropidoleptus carina tits (96), Acthzopieria boydi (18), Cyrtina hamilionensis (45), Chonetes scihda (50), Leiorkynchus mesacostalis (44), Spirifer mesastrialis (39), Schizodus, Phacops rana (63), and others.— Clarke. Another outcrop with similar fossils is reported by Prof. Prosser from railroad cut y± mile north of D. L,. & W. station. It contains also Atrypa reticularis (54). Olean. — Rocks (lower): Gray shaly sandstone and shales. Rocks (upper): Red shales and conglomerate (Carbon- iferous) at Rock city. Eossils (below, around the town): Camaroitechia contra eta (90-91), Athyris angelica (99), Spirifer disjunctus (87), Produc- tella hystricula (107), Sphenotus clavulus (79), Leptodesma pote?is (70-71), Mytilarca chemungensis (73), fish bones and plant frag- ments. — H. S. Williams. Ferruginous sandstone below the Olean conglomerate con- tains Spirifer disjunctus (87) and Rhynchonella allegania (95). iS OwegfO. — Rocks; Grayish sandstone and shale. Exposure; Allen ravine (Steam's quarry) 1 }i miles north- west of town. Observe large, beautiful casts of Loxo- nema. Fossils; Spirifer disjitnctus (87), Sp. mesacostalis (40) , Sckiz- ophoria impressa (52-53), Amboccelia umbonata (108-109), Ortho- ihetes ckemungensis (116- 11 7), Atiypa reticularis (54), Lo von em a terebra (85), Bryozoa, crinoid stems, etc. Randolph. — Rocks; Grayish micaceous sandstone and shale. Exposures; Geo. Hubbard's quarry, 2 J / 2 miles south of depot. Also along Battle creek from creamery to reser- * voir. Fossils; Spirifer disjunctus (87), Sckiz'op/ioria impressa (52- 53), Athyris angelica (97), Dalmanella leonensis ( 1 r 3) , Camaro- toechia daplicata (94), Mytilarca ckemungensis (73), Spkeuotus con- tractus (78), and many others. Salamanca. — Rocks; Light gray or greenish-gray sandstone and shale. Conglomerates, 1 to 3 miles north. Exposure; Whalen hill, northwest of town, 100 ft. above creek, ledges along roadside. Fossils; Spirifer disjunctus (87) , Athyris angelica (97) , Cam- arotceckia duplicaia (94), Mytilarca ckeinungensis (73). Excursion: Visit conglomerate ledge 1 mile north of town east of the water reservoir. Two miles farther north is a cele- brated "Rock city." It is a flat pebble Chemung conglomerate. Wellsville.— Rocks: Grayish sandstone and olive shale. Exposure; Quarry about 100 ft. above R. R. station. Fossils: Spirifer disjunctus (87), Productella kirsuta (105), Amboccelia umbonata (108-109), Goniophora ckemungensis (81), Macrodon ckemungensis (76), Ortkoceras, Aviculopecten, Crenipec- ten, fish scales, etc.— H. S. Williams. Waverly.-- Rocks; Light and dark grayish shaly sandstone and grayish shale. 19 Exposures: Side of Erie rail way, (see Frontispiece, PI. I,) especially in a little ravine leading up to the quarries. Cayuta creek valley, quarries 2 miles north of East Waverly. Quarries on hillside east of Sayre. Fossils: Spirifer disjitnetus (87), Pterinca chemungensis (67), Pi. reversa (68), Schizodits chemungensis (77), Goniophora che- mungensis (81), Palcsoneilo bisulcata (82), Microdon bellistriatus (20), My til area chemimgensis (73), Slropheodo?ita cayuta (115), Orthothctes chemimgensis (116-117), Schisophoria tioga ( 1 1 r - 1 1 2 ) , Sc. impressa (52-53), A try pa aspera (ioi), A. reticularis (54), Spirifcr vtesacostalis (40), Tropidoleptus carinatus (96), Produc- tella lachrymose, (102-104), Ambocwlia umhonata (108-109), Cam- arotccchia contrada (90-91), PleurotQ?naria y Loxo?iema i corals, crinoid stems, and many others. o Explanation of Plate V. (Portage Fossils.) Fig's. t~9 especially characteristic of the Genesee beds. JL * K * rv i . Orbiculoidea lodensis. Brachial valve. Common in upper- most beds of the Genesee shale. A Brachiopod. 2. Lingula spatula ta. Genesee and Ithaca Portage beds, east- ward.* A Brachiopod. 3. Schizobolus concent riacs. Upper Genesee shale. A Brach- iopod. 4&5. Amboccelia umbonata. Distorted somewhat; both valves; more common in Ithaca Portage, eastward, and in the Chemung. 6. Chonetes lepidus. Commoner in Portage beds to the east. 7. Styliolina fissurella. A Pteropod. Uppermost Genesee beds. *By the words "eastward," "east," or "eastern" it is meant that the species is more abundant to the east of a line drawn from about Seneca lake southward. "West," etc., indicate its predominance in that part of the State west of the same meridian. 2G S. Goniatitcs complanatus. A Cephalopod. Commoner in Portage above. Found at very base of Genesee shale from Cayuga lake to Lake Erie. 9. Fragment of a stem of a plant, common in uppermost Gen- esee ledges. (Portage Pelecypoda ) 10. Cardiola (species?). Lower Portage sandstone horizon, westward. 1 r . Cardiola retrostriata. 4 ' 4 ' " 4 4 westward. 12. Palaoneilo filosa. Middle Portage, eastward. Eastern Chemung. 13. Palceoneilo constncta. East and west Portage and east Chemung. 14. Nucula corbuliformis, probably. East Portage and east Chemung. 15. Modiomorpha subalata var. chaining ensis. Portage, east- ward. 16. Leptodesma sociale. Middle Portage shale; western Che- mung. 17. Limulicardium fragile. Genesee and middle Portage beds. iS. Actinopteria boydi. Middle Portage and eastern Chemung. 19. Gonicpkora cf. minor. Middle Portage, eastward. 20. Microdon bellistriatus. Middle Portage, eastward and east Chemung. 21. Grammy sia subarcuata.* i( 2 2 . Gra m mysia elliptica . ' ' 23. Schizodus chemungensis. Middle Portage, eastward and eastern Chemung. See also PI. X, fig. 77. 24. Mytilarca chemungensis, variety. Middle Portage, east- ward and east and west Chemung. See also PL X, %• 73. 25. Spathella typica. Middle east Portage and east Chemung. Note. The figures shown on this and other plates are usually from one- half to two-thirds life size. ( ( a 21 Explanation of Plate VI. (Portage Gastropoda, Cephalopoda, Pteropoda.) Fig. 26-27. Bellerophon iihaccnsis. Rare, at Ithaca. 28. Platyceras sp. Middle Portage and Chemung. 29. Macrocheilus (sp. probably macrostomus distorted). Middle Portage. 30. Loxonema (sp. probably delphicola, eroded). Middle Port- age, but generally a Hamilton species. 31. Plenrotomaria capillaria. Middle Portage and Chemung. Also in Hamilton beds below. 32. Gompkoceras tumidum. Middle Portage. ^. Orthoceras bebryx var. caynga (about 2 /i nat. size). Middle Portage. Common. 34. Orthoceras dermis. Middle Portage. Ithaca. 35. Tornoceras peracutum. Outline showing sigmoidal suture lines. From middle Portage at Ithaca. In Mantico- t eras pate? sonz, a characteristic west Portage Cephalo- pod, the suture lines run as indicated by a — a. 36. Bactrites acicula. Middle Portage and eastern Chemung. 37. Tcntaculites spicuhis. Middle Poitage. Rare. Fisr. *>■ Explanation of Plate VII. (Portage Brachiopoda. ) 38. Spirifer levis. Lower Portage sandstone, eastward. About fi nat. size. 39. Spirifer mesastriatis* Middle Portage and Chemung, east- ward. 40. Spirifer mesacodalis. 41-2. Camaroteechia eximia. ward, 43. Pugnax pugtius. ward. k 1 i i i 1 1 ~>o 44. Lriorhynchus mtsacostalis. Middle Portage, eastward. 45. Cyriina hamiltoncnsu. Middle Portage and Chemung, eastward, and Hamilton shales 46. Productclla spcciosa. Middle Portage and Chemung. 47-S. Proditctella truncata " " " lower beds. 49. Stropheodonta mucronata. Middle Portage, eastward. 50. Ckonctes scifula. Portage and Chemung, locally very abundant. 51. Crypionrtla eudoia. Middle, east Portage, rare in Che- mung. 52-3. Schizophoria impressa (both valves, interior casts). Mid- dle, east Portage and e. and w. Chemung. 54. Atrypa reticularis. East Portage and east Cnenuing. Very abundant in Hamilton beds below. 55. Lingula complanata. Middle Portage shale. 56. Crania hamiltonice (showing muscular scars). Middle eaist Portage and below. 57. The same; showing traces of Stropheodonta mucronata through the shell. 58. Lingula punctata. Middle east Portage (and Chemung?). Explanation ok Plato VIII. (Portage fossils of various classes.) Fier. ?v 59. Conularia congregata. Middle, east Portage. APteropod. Regarded by some as a Cephalopod, 60. Stictopora meeki. Portage. A Bryozoan. 61. Cladoclionus &p. Lower Portage sandstone. A coralline form. 62. Plumalina pinmaria. Middle to lower Portage, eastward. A Hydrozoau. Sometimes regarded as a fern. 63. Phacops rana. Lower and middle Portage, eastward, rarely in Chemung. Abundant in Hamilton beds. A Trilobate. 2*> Explanation of Plate IX. (Chemung Pelecypoda.) Fig, 64. Aviculopcctai tenuis. Western Chemung. Rare. 65. Aviculopechn duplicatus. lk lk Common. 66. Crenipccten crenulahis* *' " Specimen somewhat distorted. 67. Pterinca chcmungensis. Eastern Chemung. Common. Left valve. See 69. 68. Pterinca reversa. ' 4 " Rare. 69. Pterinca chcmungensis. Right valve. See 67. 70. Leptodcsmp patens. Western Chemung. Common. Left valve. 71. Leptodcsma patens. Right valve. 72. Leptodcsma lic/ias. Western Chemung. Common. Explanation of Plate X. (Chemung Pelecypoda.) 73. Mytilarca chcmungensis. Chemung. Common. 74. Ptychopieria sp. Common locally* in conglomerates and closely associated rocks of western N. Y. 75. Sanguhwlites ttndulatus. Western Chemung. Rare. 76. Macrodo?z chcmungensis. Eastern " " 77. Schizodus chcmungensis var. quadrangularis. Eastern Chemung. Common, 78. Sphcnotus contractus. Western Chemung. Common. 79. Sphenoius clavuhis. " " 4< locally. Generally rare. » 80. Edmondia philipi. " " *' 81. Goniophom chemungensis. Eastern " Rare. 82. Palceoneilo bistdcat®, " " " S3. Modiomorphamytiloidcs. lt *' and Portage. Rare. Abundant in Hamilton beds. 24 Explanation of Plate XL (Chemung Cephalopoda, Gastropoda, and Brachiopoda. ) Fig- 84. Orthoceras sp. Common in both Chemung and Portage rocks. 85. Loxonema terebra. Eastern Chemung. Locally common. 86. Euomphalus hecale. Western New York. Chemung con- glomerates and associated rocks. — After Hall. 87. Spirifer disjunctus. East and west Chemung. The most characteristic and abundant Chemung fossil. Opposite valve similar except with medial fold in place of sinus. 88. Spirifer disjunctus. Internal cast of same valve as repre- sented by fig. 87. 89. Spirifer mesaco stalis. Same species a v s fig. 40. Showing extreme cardinal cuspidation. East Portage, east and west Chemung. 90. Camaroicechia contracta. East and west Chemung, Com- mon. Brachial valve. 91. Same species as fig. 90; pedicle valve, deeply imbedded in rock. 92. Camaroicechia orbicularis. Western Chemung. Rare. 93. 94* '* duplicata. Both valves. Western Chemung. 95* " allegania. Western N. Y. Sandstone just below Olean conglomerate. 96. Tropidoleptus carinatus. East Portage and east Chemung. 97. Athyris angelica, somewhat decorticated. Western Che- mung. Common. 98. Athyris polita, internal cast. West Chemung. Rare- common. 99. Athyris a?igelica } perfect, with very fine radiating striae. 2 Explanation of Plate XII. Fig". (Chemung Bracliiopoda.) 100. Atrypa hystrix. Exfoliated. West Chemung. 101. Atrypa aspera, var. Eastern and western Chemung. 1 02. Produdella lachrymosa. Chemung, especially western. 103. " " var. stigmata, W. Chemung. 104. " " Imprint of brachial valve. 105. " hirstita , Western Chemung. Pedicle valve. 106. Same as fig. 105; opposite, or brachial valve. 107. Produdella hystrinda. Western Chemung. 108. Amboarlia umbonata var. gregaria. Interior cast of pedicle valve. Chemung, Common, 109. Same as 10S, brachial valve. no. Rhipidomclla vanuxemi. Cast of interior of pedicle valve. East Portage and east Chemung. in. Schizophoria tioga* Imprint of exterior of pedicle valve. Chemung, mostly eastern. 112. Same as in. Sarface more or less exfoliated. 113. Dalmanella Icon en sis. Cast of interior of pedicle valve, and the exterior of the same valve. Western Che- mung, especially Cattaraugus and Chautauqua Co\s. 114. Stropheodonta pcrplana var. ?iervosa. Cast. Eastern Che- 115. Stropheodonta cayuta. Eas tern Chemung, niostry. Common. 116. Orihoiheics chemungensis. Chemung, east and west. Fig. Explanation of Plate *XIIL 117. Orthothetes chemungensis. Somewhat eroded pedicle valve. Common. 118. Strophonclla calata \ Interior of brachial valve. Central Chemung. Rare. (Sponge.) 119. Dictiophyion tuberosum. Common locally in lower Che- mung, especially on Mr. Cotton's place near Avoca. 26 (Echinoderins.) •i 20. A Cystidean. In drift at Alfred i2i. Crinoid stems and calyx, small. 122. Transverse sections of larger crinoid stems. Very common locally in Portage and Chemung rocks. 123. Fcne stella sp. (Bryozoa.) (Fossil bivalve supposed to be related to fresh-water forms.) 124. Amnigenia caiskillensis. Common locally eastward in Oneonta and Catskill rocks. As a rule, the figures which follow are somewhat less than life size; especially is this true of the Cephalopocls. Size, howev- er, differs with different individuals and cannot be regarded as of great importance in determining specimens. T7' ^ ■.-> J' 1 '' <*•< ^°' pit. * pi t"? v w' K -■'• J- A- fi- J- ■■ M. j'i. A/., G) sni j\/ rrr. y n Y L ^ — >pii ~ I. / U ■"l 1 -* ^/ $1. % X /'"• ,•*'• ^ "7T y* ,C -,'l\ -J- , Ko. 2 tp4L. ^A^Z £4 y fc^., A y u ~ ,^. /f. :fi„ Trr n 9 -fO ' ^-\ T 1 3 full page plates, 124 figures of common fossils. Price : Paper, Postpaid, 28 cts; Flexible Board, Postpaid, 35 cts. Other Numbers similar to No. 2 but covering the remaining portions of the State ; together with an Introductory Text-Book of Geology zvritten especially for the students of New York State,— now in course of preparation. Address all communications regarding the above mentioned works to the CORNELL CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETY, CORNELL UNIVERSITY, Ithaca, New York. THE PLATE ILLUSTRATION Of This Work WA S D ONE By The PHOTO ENGRAVING COMPANY NEW YORK 9- ii-- 13 - 15 Murray Street ffialf-Tone and ^cine ^ngraving (Solor plates and ffine printing More than 20 Years TELEPHONE r 4028, Cortland at 67 PARK PLACE SAMPLE PI,ATE BULLETINS AMERICAN PALEONTOLOGY THE NAUTILUS A MONTHLY DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF CONCHOLOGISTS EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS: u a PTLSBRY • I Conservator, Cotichological Section, ( Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. C W TOHNSON i Curator of the Wagner Free Institute of Science, 1 Philadelphia. $1.00 per Year $1.12 to Foreign Countries 10 cts. a Copy THE NAUTILUS is. the only magazine in America devot- ed to the study of mollusks. Its scope is broad, including art- icles on recent and fossil shells, often illustrated ; on the anat- omy and classification of mollusca ; and papers of popular in- terest dealing with experiences of collectors in the field. Notes on current publications at home and abroad, showing the drift of opinion on conchological subjects, are a valuable feature. Indispensable to the Conchologist and Paleontologist. Exchange column free to subscribers. A HJew Catalogue Of North American I^atid Shells, 35 pp. : Price 25 cts. BULLETINS OF AMERICAN PALEONTOLOGY. THE ONLY PUBLICATION IN AMERICA DEVOTED EXCLUSIVELY TO PALEON- TOLOGY. VOL. i. May 1893— Dec. 1896. No. 1. Claiborne Fossils PL /, 2. New or Little Known Tertiary Mollusks from Alabama and Texas PL 2-6 3. Neocence Mollusca of Texas ..PL 7-1 1 4. The Midway {Eocene) Stage PL 12-29 5. A Reprint of the Paleontological writings of Thomas Say , PL 30-37 Price: Postpaid, bound in cloth, $6.50 VOL.. 2. Dec. 1896— March 1898. No. 6. The Ithaca Fauna {Portage) PL 1 Bibliography of Virginia Geological Literature Eo cene Mollu sea. "..... PL 2-6 Lignitic Stage {Eocene) Pt I. PL 7-20 Tertia ry For a m in if era PL 21-23 Postpaid, bound, $6.50. VOL. 3. 1898— No. 11. Lignitic Stage, PL II. PL 1-12 12. Devonian of Indiana Figures in Text 7- 8. 10. Price : Page. r-52 53-8* 83-114 115-270 27i-3 s 5 > J-56 57-166 167-192 193-294 293-362 122 113-239 ::o: Address all communications to BULLETINS AMERICAN PALEONTOLOGY, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.