CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY FROM The TTniversity Library (in exchange) Cornell UniversHy Library PJ 1679.T37 1913 Theban ostraca; 3 1924 026 873 889 University of Toronto Studies THEBAN OSTRACA EDITED FROM THE ORIGINALS, NOW MAINLY IN THE ROYAL ONTARIO MUSEUM OF ARCHAEOLOGY, TORONTO, AND THE BODLEIAN LIBRARY, OXFORD Part I. HIERATIC TEXTS: By ALAN H. GARDINER Part II. DEMOTIC TEXTS : By HERBERT THOMPSON Part III. GREEK TEXTS: By J. G. MILNE Part IV. COPTIC TEXTS : By HERBERT THOMPSON UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY London : Humphrey Milford Oxford University Press 191 3 88 oxford: HORACE mRT PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY PREFATORY NOTE The ostraca which are pubhshed in this volume have been selected from a large collection obtained in 1906 by Mr. J. G. Milne and myself in the neighbourhood of Thebes. As we practically bought up the whole stocks of one or two native excavators, in addition to making more discriminating purchases from other dealers, a good many of the pieces are of little interest. But, after all deductions of fragmentary, illegible, and unimportant examples, there rerpains a consider- able proportion of the collection which offers material of permanent value for students of the history or language of Egypt. After the preliminary sorting of the potsherds, we secured the assistance of Dr. Alan Gardiner and Sir Herbert Thompson for the work of editing the texts in the native language ; and the University of Toronto undertook to publish the volume. The collection has now been divided, and about half the texts included in this volume will be found in the Royal Ontario Museum of Archaeology at Toronto, while most of the remainder will, I understand, be deposited in the Bodleian Library at Oxford. C. T. CURRELLY. Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924026873889 I HIERATIC TEXTS NOS. A. i-io. LITERARY TEXTS. B. 1-18. BUSINESS DOCUMENTS. C. 1-2. RELIGIOUS TEXTS. D. I, ROMAN PERIOD. INTRODUCTION Among the ostraca acquired in Egypt by Messrs. Currelly and Milne but few are inscribed in hieratic characters, and these are without great importance. Nevertheless, in their subject- matter they are a fairly representative collection, the epistolary being the only common class of text of which there is no specimen. Among the literary ostraca (A) there are fragments of two Egyptian books which for their popularity in the Rames- side period deserve to be considered classics, namely the Satire on the Professions and the Instruction of King Amenemmes I to his son. Of the business documents (B) most are fragments of journals and accounts ; dry as isolated texts of this kind may seem, in bulk they afford us a comprehensive picture of the daily practical concerns of the population that dwelt in the Theban Necropolis. The religious texts (C) consist of a fine magical spell, the most valuable accession to our knowledge contained in the series ; and a fragment naming several places where Thoth was worshipped. All these texts are of Ramesside date; there is also a tiny potsherd (D i) with part of a hymn dating from the Roman period. A. LITERARY TEXTS A 1. Fragment of an Earthenware Pot, height 15-16 cm., greatest breadth 15 cm. The text, about thirteen lines in a good Ramesside hand, is very much rubbed, the following words being all that is legible : — .Hk! I ^ I ^^Ti^mH'^mXr:]" j^ M.<=>f=^mmmm sic ? ^ 3 MJP^s^:t^m-- Probably an extract from an unknown literary text, to the subject of which there is no clear clue. A 2. Limestone Fragment, height 15-5 cm,, greatest breadth II cm. Inscribed on both sides in the same large, careless, Ramesside hand ; the recto has preserved only the beginnings, the verso only the ends, of the lines. Red verse-points. Recfo. [^.=^1; 4- T^im-- A M^^G,..'..i /. HIERATIC TEXTS 5- \_j\, Z] D X - zPH^I 6- ^^-^11^^'^^^ 8 |WVe<2 1 eaA- t/i?i 1: (2 X -'-(U I ^ AA/WV\ ' .^km^SS 3- 4- "^3: (2 lEl © A_fl t=D 1 Ifll^i 7^ (2 Afe... (Rest blank.) Perhaps the beginning of a lost book of didactic nature. Why the scribe wrote the words 'Thoth, master of the hieroglyphs' in recto i is not clear. Lines 2-3 give the normal beginning of a book of this kind : — ' Beginning of the instruction which a man made for [his] son. . . . [Give] thy heart to that which I say to thee ; act according to. . . .' The remaining lines of the recto are too fragmentary to be intelligible. Note the rare word snm 'grief in 7, as also above in A 1, 2. The verso is no less obscure than the recto; we appear to have the ends of the lines complete. In 4 there is the trace of a date ('. . . day 13'), being the usual memorandum of the scribe as to when the following words were written. Then follows a sentence of proverbial (?) nature, ' He who is free from changes is a lord of wealth ' ; at this point the text comes abruptly to an end. A 3. Limestone, inscribed on one side only in a large Ramesside literary hand. Red verse-points. Height 16 cm., breadth 16 cm. X lines lost. [^^]i'rrM]«k[:Y.ix'[i] m^m.^ LITERARY TEXTS III *AV\AM 3-[^fl(Hn(Jc.J^-q,|||^|q#(:^p|, — A^/\MA 4. [?;.-=^]P4.or^-|^.^:--moo-i (S@, /WWVA I TCi sic <5. I ^ §5 J Remainder of stone blank. We have here an excerpt from the Satire on the Professions, of all Egyptian writings perhaps the most popular in the Ramesside schools. The text, which is fairly good, corresponds to Sallier II, 4, 6-9. In line 4 is a date of the kind mentioned in the notes on A 2. A 4. Potsherd, 7-5 cm. high and ia'5 cm. broad, inscribed on one side in a literary hand of the New Kingdom. Red verse-points. In- complete in every direction. ^ ■i'o\>i'^tST^*t?°'^i 3 ll.nM±?S:lP-[^Mi]l-- SIC II, ^^YuvilX^v,,,^ An enumeration of minerals, obviously taken from a literary exercise of the kind known from the Papyrus Roller or Anastasi IV. This particular text appears to be unknown, and 'i-r-h in line 2 is a airaf Xeyofneyov. 6 /. HIERATIC TEXTS A 5. Fragment (8 cm. high, lo cm. broad) of a limestone tablet that was flat on each side and rounded at the edges. Complete at top only. Literary hand of the New Kingdom, with red verse-points. Recto. I l^'^raQ^si — if?jir/,>w[Z]i- ■^ ~-CS^- www g AWVAA ,C2>- M .»_J1 I * &. *\rTl' ^ 3- .••ic=^^_^_^^f^o,_^ ^iSi'-- 4 il'P^^^k^iSI-^ll^^i-- 7_ sic 5 i:i^-^!ii^rt 6. .^ . u ^ ^ X lines lost Verso. sic 1 ? ? ^ ^ " kU. V^S^ I I I <=> I r-"^ s!i 1 ^ I I K /www w 4 ij^l---- iA» X lines lost. Taken from a lost didactic or gnomic work. In lines 3 and 5 of the recto are traces of dates. Note the following expressions and sentences: — recto 2, 'the ears are deaf,' read 'td{?); 3, 'thou art rich, thou art . . . {m' is probably corrupt), thou passest thy life in , . . ' ; 4, 'he who is without a name shall find LITERARY TEXTS 7 honour,' lit. 'he who is void of his name (shall be) for a revered one' ; 5, 'hale (wrfj) of limbs is he who . . .' ; verso 2, ' do not relax thy heart (i. e. attention), long be thy silence (?) '53,' according to his deserts.' A 6. Limestone, with rough surface, much worn ; height 9-5 cm., breadth I2'5 cm. Large uncial Ramesside hand. The text, which might be derived from a hymn, is very fragmentary and void of all interest. The word (1 © ra ^, ^^ © -^^ in line 4 is perhaps worth noting. A 7. Potsherd, ^'^ cm. x 9-5 cm., with the following words in large cursive hieroglyphs : — iVilVt^^H ' I [came ?], I carried off Cret[ans] . . .' A 8. Irregular Red Potsherd, with some words in a big literary hand of the nineteenth dynasty ; 9x9-5 cm. Line i ••••(«(] ^: ^ "^ i • • • ' ^''^^ ^'" ^^^ ^°" of . . . ' ; line 3, • • • § ,__^ '^ /www 8 ' child of ' ; line 3, undecipherable. A 9. Limestone Fragment (13-5 x 6 cm.), with the ends of seven lines in a Ramesside literary hand ; in no line are there more than three words left. Duplicate of Millingen %, 5-2, 9 (the instruction of king Amenemhet I to his son) without any variants of interest. A 10. Small Limestone Flake, with a few signs, written vertically, ^ ©V ® sic n in cursive hieroglyphs of uncertain date. Line i, . . . ^ '^ *^ -^ 1 1 ^ I . . . ; line a, . . . ^ /. HIERATIC TEXTS B. BUSINESS DOCUMENTS B 1. Small Fragment of Limestone (6x4 cm.), inscribed in hieratic of the New Kingdom (possibly Dyn. 18) on one side only. Broken on the left side. 3. oc=i-n-mi-=^| ' Amount of dates of the first month of winter, sacks .... Made into (?), f of a sack. Expended, second month of winter [, , . . sacks]. Day 17, 4 sacks. Total ' Memoranda for a journal recording receipts and consumption of dates. B 2, Limestone (9x6 cm.). A few half-illegible words of uncertain meaning. B 3, Fragment of Smooth Pot (Canopus ?), with the isolated word ij^lP^li]^ in hieratic, B 4. Limestone Fragment {6-5 x 13 cm.), with a few Ramesside hieratic signs. Accounts, without interest. B 5. Upper Portion of Cream-coloured Oil- jar, inscribed in good hieratic characters with the following words : — ' Year 2,6, oil of the garden [of ... . (?) king] Rameses II .... ' BUSINESS DOCUMENTS 9 B 6. Limestone (6x7 cm.), with fragments of accounts (of beer delivered ?) : — ■ ik^(i^--=j^5> ' i^'z;; ^ , n„^- ^nnnniii ^,, ^=^J^i 4 Innnnii •''■•••i" ' [Day by the hand of Amenjemuia, ^3-jars, 23 65, remain- ing, /^-jars, 7 a [Amenem]uia, ,^^-jars 8, i6-]ars 85. The combination ' kd-j&TS, /3-jars ' is found elsewhere, e. g. the Papyrus Chabas- Lieblein at Turin. "QQbis. Limestone Slab (17-5 x 14 cm.), inscribed on both sides in a XXth Dyn. business hand ; much rubbed and to a great extent illegible. Recto, journal entries from day 37 to day 6 of the next month ; in line i (1 (1 F 1 shows that the figures in the following lines refer to '5'^-cakes'; note that 'last day' (of the month) is written ___ (sic), A second shorter column appears to give the month's totals : — nm nnn' QQQ " I ' Total, first month of Inundation, 345. ^'jj'-cakes, 363. Tc'-^-j-cakes, 313. Vegetables, bundles 395.' The verso consists of similar accounts, almost wholly undecipherable. B 7. Broken Potsherd (7 x 5'5 cm.), with parts of several lines in a legible Ramesside business hand. C lO .^ a. ra c^ ' — n I. HIERATIC TEXTS.. 1 ^ T.fii M .3-.i ^ I I I X lines lost. ^T-~a ' . . . . the workman . . . . , left over, 20 bundles. Right hand. . . . Total of all the supplies (?), total, bundles. . . . Left hand, head workman of the workmen -mose ' From the accounts of the gangs of workmen belonging to the Theban Necropolis. The word ' bundles ' {hr!^) makes it probable that ' vegetables ' {sm) are the commodity here in question. The words wnmy and smAy are an as yet unsolved puzzle ; they refer in some way to a twofold division of the workmen, but it is not eas^ to suggest an exact meaning for ' right hand ' and ' left hand ' here; so too in the Turin papyri, passim. H\w nb in line 4 is a not quite common expression. B 7 his. Limestone Chip (6-5 x 4 cm.), inscribed in a Ramesside hand. sss ;:j.^ /wwv\ , — i ^- i •••■ i ■ • • b 3- fe [£i] "^ ■ • • • • ■ 4. I Perhaps the fragment of a letter. The name of a fish ki' in line 4 seems legible enough, but the word is unknown. B 8. Limestone (10x9 cm.), incomplete. Ramesside accounts recording the deliveries of fish by various scribes. Of the seven lines preserved in part, line 6 is the most complete and may be restored as BUSINESS DOCUMENTS n follows: , [^e^^] ^fl-^iS^i\^°<^^<^<^ ' Received from the Scribe Pentwer, fish 400 ddn.' The first five lines follow the same scheme, but lines i (?), i, 3, and 4 replace the scribe Pentwer by [^^^(1^^^ '[the scribe] Amen5ne'; line 7 is an incomplete total of the fishes delivered. On the verso are faint traces of similar accounts ; the words J<=:> Mv^^^ '""' fc show that the word for ' fish ' is to be read rm throughout. B 9. A Thick Slab of Limestone, 15 cm. high by 10 cm. broad, inscribed in uncial Ramesside characters ; broken at the top, and chipped on the right-hand side : — These lines contained the names of three ' chantresses of Amon ', all of them now partly illegible. The verso has faint traces of a similar text. BIO. An. Incomplete Fragment of Limestone (9x9 cm.) inscribed in a business hand of the Ramesside period. 1 Recto. I. |....imGCI°J ° Qfe^Gi ^•klllllS^--P1l--'=^|----| 3.|..-.| » "^ "^ M ■ ■ ■ ■ M (perhaps no other line is lost). Verso, i. | . . . 1 m. ]\ 'w^ ^^^^ Q ^ ^ ^lank 2. 1 .... 1 space | A^^ftAA 12 I. HIERATIC TEXTS (Probably this was the end.) This fragmentary text clearly refers to a bargain or dispute about the loan of an ass ; several ostraca of a similar kind are known. The parties concerned are the choachyte Amenkhow and the workman Hay. B 11. A Greyish-brown Potsherd, ii'5xio cm., inscribed in a XXth Dyn. hand. The beginnings of nine lines seem to be journal entries of the ordinary type, not worth recording in extenso. The name l=/l STl '1/5 \f' '^ ^] °'^'^"" ''^''^^• B 12, A Worthless Grey-brown Potsherd with some unde- cipherable words in a Ramesside hand. B 13. A Fragment of Limestone with rough convex surface, laxio cm. The text consists of two columns of proper names in a small and difficult cursive writing dating from perhaps the XXIst or XXIInd Dynasty. Among the legible names are the following : — (i, lo) B 14. Limestone, measuring 23 x 15 cm. Badly-damaged accounts of the XlXth or XXth Dynasty. The text does not merit reproduction as a whole, but the following items deserve notice : (1.5)....^/)^ • ■'• • (J ^ IC 1 -fi- en III ' .... a basket, value q dbn ' : CI. 7 and 1. la) ^^^^^ csa ^ V\(| ■ wood for burning ' ; (1. n and 1. 13) <=:s^ J^i^ U 1^ I (°~a) 'x 'WWW I ' one donkey-skin for water '. <— > 1 V ' \ /VWW\ /\AVW\ B 15. A Worthless Yellow Potsherd with a few words from a business (?) text. N. K. BUSINESS DOCUMENTS 13 B 16. A Small Potsherd with the words J i k^=^ ^^^^^A ^ a \ ^ ' Its deficit on the last day of the month '. B 17. A Small Limestone Flake with some rather obscure fragments of temple accounts ; the word smd-i seems here to have the exceptional spelling 1 "^ B 18. A Rough-surfaced Red-brown Potsherd (9x8 cm.) ; the hieratic words upon it probably belong to the label of a jar for wine or oil; the only legible signs are:— i. . l!'^®Jil----l ^-l----!^ — -^ '' ^ nnnn i/m .^ ^ ^ 1^=^ fe . . . . ^ C. RELIGIOUS TEXTS. C 1. A Valuable Limestone Ostracon, complete at top and on the right ; the other sides are damaged. Inscribed on one side only in an uncial Ramesside hand ; the surface available for writing measures 21 x 11 cm. 1 ? i 'i'M'i| r , '■^ n Jf. f\ '^ i """' i Ci AAVW\ ^ - "L=^ jL- __^ ^^ ^^_^\k^^ _(u, --n ci e tM^kf— tki^l ' S might possibly be cso, and ,T-~a an n. ' These signs look more like ^^~f^i, but 'wy must surely be the right reading ; at its first occurrence the word is of still more doubtful reading, the surface being very rough. 14 /. HIERATIC TEXTS- I I I ra length ? I 3- I m'i c^ 9 •'^r:^ ^ © ^ e 1 1 1 ' ' ' /n n 8 Di I f .ci 9 '^^_ 2 D © ■P — o^ © X ^ A^fvw\ T*^ e« /vvvvv\ « I ,=-^ H^ ,JU "^ /] ^ I I -°^ ^:::::^ ^ length? ^ fc • • • • fc MMA^ /vvwv\ 5^^ = _S) PiPi« ^ length? ^ 1 fc AVWVv ^ length! ^ AAAA'Vv /\ AAiVW\ Jt"^^^ 1 s ? ? TO (=tI) 9 1 -7-v n sss^sss A ? . fc ;t: lines lost. ff ^ length? 1^ fe • • ■ • fc JU. ' Get thee back, thou enemy, thou dead man or woman (and so forth) who dost cause pain to N the son of M .... his flesh. Thou dost not fall upon him, thou dost not establish thyself in him. Thy head has no power over his head. Thy arms have no power over ' So more probably than . '"• . ■ ^ Mnd a little doubtful. ^ MAAM (apparently so) added above line ; this can only mean that ;;;j^ should be read in place of RELIGIOUS TEXTS ^5 [his] arms, [thy legs?] have no power -[over his legs?]. No limbs of thine have power over any limbs of his. Thou fallest not upon him, so that suffering befall him. Thou hast no power over his toes, so that there be. . . . Thou weighest not (upon) his flesh, so that there be aught wherewith his limbs are burdened. Thou pressest not upon his breast, so that there be blood (?). Thou enterest not into [his . . . , so that there be . . , .] in it. Thou dost not take up thy position on his back, so that there is injury to his spine. Thou dost not cleave to his Taiittocks, so that there is skshyltT], [Thou dost not . . .] his legs, so that there is retreat. Thou dost not enter into his phallus, so that it grows limp. Thou dost not cast seed into [his] anus (?)... Thou hast no power over his toes, so that thou impedest him (?). Thou dost not press upon [his] fingers . . . , thou dost not [blind] his eyes, thou dost not deafen his ears, [thou] hast no power . . , This is a singularly clear and simple spell for the prevention of disease. The demon is directly invoked and bidden to be gone ; various possibilities of attack are then enumerated in turn, it being denied in each case that the demon is able to force an entrance by this channel. Of special interest are the statements ' thy head has no power over his head ' and the following, as they contain a somewhat novel application of the magical adage that like influences like. The text is not quite free from mistakes; in line 4 "^ must be inserted after dns-k, and for ^'"^ «^ we should probably emend Vrf ■^=> ' £°° • In line 6 en V ( hnhn lacks its usual determinative ^ , and the suffix f ought to be supplied after hnn. In line 7 the final h of ^,h has dropped out. The only unknown word is shshy\i\ in line 5. C 2. Limestone (8-5 x 13 cm.), inscribed on both sides with large uncial writing of the New Kingdom. Complete only on the right side and at bottom. Recto. Column I. ;ir lines lost. i6 /. HIERATIC TEXTS Column 2 (separated from col. i by a thick curved line), x lines lost. 3- T^ieP^ll-... ? ? Verso. Very obscure signs written in red. The redo enumerates (for what purpose is not clear) a number of towns in which offerings were made to Thoth. The formula throughout is ' Offerings ipdnvo) to Thoth in ... ' (name of town). The places mentioned are Schmun (?), Cusae, Bubastis, Meir, ^Inbw and H\i-k\-'k\-\]i ?]. What town is meant by 'Inbw is uncertain ; the place-name H\t-k\-k\-\k ?] occurs in the Golenischeff Vocabulary somewhere between Ptolemais and Aphroditopolis; in the Medinet Habu list it occurs is a similar position, the local deity being ^ ' \^ J|- Of col. 2 of the recto, and of the signs on the verso I can make no sense. D. ROMAN PERIOD. D 1. A Potsherd of Red Ware with fragments of five lines in hieratic of the Roman period, giving parts of a hymn. Without interest. ' It is doubtful whether "^ « was ever written. LITERARY TEXTS. APPENDIX i6a APPENDIX At the last moment it has been found possible to include in our volume a record of one of the largest and best-preserved hieratic ostraca in existence. This stone belongs to the Toronto Museum, and became available for study in England only in September^ 191a, when the earlier portions of the book were already printed off. A 11. Slab of Limestone, height 54 cm., greatest breadth 28 cm. Incomplete at the top of recto = bottom of verso. Inscribed on both sides in a practised but careless literary hand, the signs varying consider- ably as to both size and thickness in different parts of the text. The writing is of Ramesside date, and closely resembles that of an ostracon in Berlin (P 12337 = Hierat. Pap. III. 31). Red verse-points, and a rubric at the conclusion of the recto. In front of the twelfth and following lines of the verso there are written a few epistolary phrases. These iri some cases join up so closely with the text proper of the verso as to appear continuous with it. The subject-matter is a collection of four model letters, such as are familiar to us in the Anastasi, Sallier, and other papyri ; such ' Complete Letter- writers ' are among the commonest varieties of text found on hieratic ostraca. The spelling and the readings are here throughout extremely corrupt, and it is not always possible to discern the intended meaning. In order to facilitate the study of the ostracon, critical notes giving what I believe to be the true readings are added to the notes on the hieratic. c* i6b 1. HIERATIC TEXTS -«Ar f-nn- [\ -2^5 Recto : lines i-i6. LITERARY TEXTS. APPENDIX i6c / «if' Recto : lines 17-30. 16 0^ /. HIERATIC TEXTS Verso : lines 1-13. LITERARY TEXTS. APPENDIX i6e '^ff "fclu' M^ ^^Pzy w Verso : lines 14-25. i6/ /. HIERATIC TEXTS LETTER I {recto 1-1 1). lacuna I 3- ^ ^ "f I ^"T ^'S' '"""' fe] "• « ^,4 ,i"i" ™ p ::; j^ ^ p t; Hill q - fi ¥1 space (3 ' 1 I I ^ Notes on the hieratic, ' Followed by two small undecipherable signs. ' Over a deleted ?. ' Corrected from Critical notes. * Read v^ '^-=— J then probably followed imy-r', «-/, /;-/, &c. '' Emend [/ui-i] hr dd {n) 'Imti. <= For snb-twf (sic), cf. below 14. d Emend /;_>'-? nb. e Emend n t\ for m ? *' Read LITERARY TEXTS. APPENDIX x6g The servant [salutes] his lord The town [of Pharaoh (?), which is under the control of my lord, is in good condition , . . . The servants] of Pharaoh [who are in it] which my lord gives to them, in due order. [I] say to Amon-Rasonter, to Mut Amon, to Khons in Thebes, who receives the new-moon (?), lord of heaven Neferhotp. In life, prosperity, health ! In the praise of Pharaoh, thy good lord ! May he have the duration of the mountains, the sky and the water, being in the house of his father Re, the lord of eternity, prince of everlasting, my lord being in life, prosperity, and health ! Again, salutations to my lord ! May my lord turn his face towards the work-people, and give to them their [rations] (Written) by the scribe Si-Amon. The first letter was not improbably addressed to the Vizier Khay, like the second and third. Some hints as to how the defective portions should be restored may be got from the fourth letter, The salutations occupy the best part of ten lines, ■while the actual subject of the letter — a request for the work-people's wages — is dismissed in a couple of sentences. The epithet hp psd, here given to Khons, is unknown to me elsewhere. For 'h'w n] dww, cf Leipzig Ostracon 5. LETTER II {recto 12-30). ■5- '\.^%'iT^\l^\W{rzTJl.^'rTA^ 12. i6h /. HIERATIC TEXTS (3 III A tOl n n 17. 16. (3 5 >|-Tn '^j ""Ml ^P^"^P®I %^ 20. .1. ^,4'j(2^ n n 1 tiiil n 5« 6 7 J £i Ci (3 e (^^^^^ ^ y 8 t A^A/V\A 5^^'^lJ SL=— P (3 I I I )U Cl D ^f -^ is~===~f ip- n-s^kflkP'iiii X o LITERARY TEXTS. APPENDIX 16 1 rv^N/1 i5.B^'liS'^'k°iii "'-SuH^T' 12 AVWV^ riEkii:i"T- liJi^ bb i"*^ Ci (3 i'T-flfl"^-rii'ivr,rfl^p:T;=i- 3°' -i:-m Ja© Notes on the hieratic. ■ Above the line is doa which has been erased; upon this has been written a sign like =^ or ^y^. " '^ I above the line. ' o has the appearance of n. * k^ is surcharged on * Written over (1 . * p. written over ■ ^orrectiop. a correction. without any stick. " o surcharged upon " Under n A are visible the deleted signs TL (1. hieratic *=. " Corrections. ^'' ^ is a correction. ° ^3- IS a (1 g^ is a correction. ' g is " Like the sign of the old man, but Critical notes. ■* Read nb-{/). c Read nty r. to be omitted. ^ Emend t-"^ for iw/, as above 10. f Read I I I 8 Read c** " Corrections. " Ci is almost like '' Corrections. ^ as in 22 ; so too 24. " Some words seem n^^. t Surely ^ ^ should be b Read i6y /. HIERATIC TEXTS substituted. » Emend hst-(tw)/. J For '^ read ^. ^ Emend g. 1 Dsr-hprw-R' is clearly meant. ™ The verse-point is misplaced. " Read ^j. o For substitute ^, an easy corruption. p Corrupt? i Ditto- graph? r Read T^, . ^ Read r? * Read -^ =i^. " Read ^ ptri. v Read ^ . " ^/ is a not uncommon confusion for hr-f, e.g. Leipzig Ostracon i6 ; so, too, at the beginning of the next line. ^ Hn, imperative ? y Read ^ . ^ Read rC,y-t ? »■» Read Mntw-rh, like Unhr-rh, Bologna iog4, 2, 7. bb iV' omitted. The chief of the Mazoi salutes (his) lord, the Overseer of the City and Vizier Khay. In life, prosperity, health ! It is a com- munication to inform my lord ! Again a salutation to my lord, to the efifect that the great place of Pharaoh which is under the charge of my lord is in proper order ; the walls in the district are safe and sound. Read /;_>> hwy-i hr wnfny (n ni-swi), cf. below, 14. <= ]^ ^ is dittographed and the words is I m s-t m\'-l probably borrowed from line i ; but cf. below, 1. 15. ^ Read r rdl-t rh p]y-i nb. ^ {^^) omitted, as once above and often below. f Emend m n\n is-wCi e I suspect that hr wn driw m-di-s-n]- is merely a corruption of the familiar adjectives driw ninh. ^ { ) omitted. J Read n/rw (3. . ^ 'S.'caendh'yb r d'l-l'm Pr-",. ' iJ/ superfluous. "» Read ^ , for which the scribe has wrongly substituted the similar-looking sign TTT . n Read ^ ^ ^ ^ . » For r rdi-t. v For ^ read -. « Read LITERARY TEXTS. APPENDIX i6m 1 »^ J^ 'd^ I Ol ~ • ' ^^^"^ mfw-i or m/w-n. » {N6) omitted. * (A^(5) omitted, as above, note ». The workman in the Place of Truth, Enherkhow salutes his lord, the Fanbearer to the Right (of the King) ; the Overseer of the City and Vizier, who does Justice, Khay. In life, prosperity, health ! It is a com- munication to inform my (lord). Again a salutation to my lord, to the effect that we are working (in) the place that my lord said should be excellently adorned. Let my lord (cause) me to perform his good purposes, and let a message be sent to cause Pharaoh to know. And let a dispatch be sent to the Estate- superintendent of Thebes, to the high-priest and second priest of Amon, to the toparch of Thebes, and to the controllers who control in the Treasury of Pharaoh, so as to supply us with all that we require. To inform my lord ! Ifnt ; kni ; yw-i-ib ; tmhy; lapis lazuli; ssy; fresh fat for burning; old clothes for lamps; and we will perform (every) commission which my lord has said. This is a letter supposed to be written by one of the workmen at the Tlieban Necropolis, doubtless one of those engaged in work at the Royal Tombs, to the well-known Vizier Khay, the addressee of letter No. 2. The upshot of the text when shorn of its ceremonious phraseology is a request for certain pigments and materials required in the decoration of the tombs. — The only unusual words that occur are in the list of desiderata. Ifnt and kni are well-known names of pigments; yuot-lb occurs Ebers 54, 18; imhy, cf. Harris /, 62b, 14; 70a, ir; Mar., Dendera IV, 36, 50; 39. LETTER IV (verso 13-25). w a i6« /. HIERATIC TEXTS I Qifl^i Notes on the hieratic. ' Corrected from -[1- ? ' Here a correction. Critical notes. " For these titles, here again corruptly written, see verso, ]. I. ^ See above w^rw 1-2 and critical note thereon. « /'is superfluous, d Emend /Jjj/-/ («3). ^ Pj^y-I does not seem right and is perhaps corrupt. The scribe Neb-re salutes his lord, the Fanbearer to the Right of the King, the ; the Overseer of the treasury, the Overseer of the priests of the Gods of Upper Egypt ; the Overseer of the City and Vizier, who does Justice, Psiur. In life, prosperity, health ! It is a communication to inform my (lord). The town of Pharaoh which is under the control of my lord is in good condition ; every wall which is in its neighbourhood is safe. The servants of Pharaoh who are therein are given my (?) revenues, which [my lord] has granted to them. [I say unto Amon, Ptah [Pre] [May] Pharaoh be kept in health May it (?) be given to thee here eternally LITERARY TEXTS. APPENDIX i6o A letter very similar to the first, addressed by a scribe to the Vizier Psiiir, who was Khay's predecessor. No information is given in the letter beyond the state- ment that the ' town of Pharaoh ' is prospering. A few very short lines are inscribed in front of verso 12 et seqq., and appear to contain a consecutive text. These lines which I letter {a), {&), {c), &c., are as .5^(^.5^^ / (WWW ft B ™ Again salutations to my lord, to the effect that of my lord To inform my lord . ' What is intelligible of this is couched in the usual epistolary phraseology. II DEMOTIC TEXTS TABLE D 5- D 29. D 16. D 37- D 52. D 4- D 61. D 28. D 19. D 45- D 216. D 49. D 107. D 55- D 56. D 22. D 24. D 51- D 100. D 103. D 135- D 12. D 23- D I. D 25. D 6. D 44. D 2. D 82. D 31- D 122. D 175- D 221. D 235- D 197. D 88. D 32. D 104. D 179. D 9- D 14. D III. D 220. D 168. Tax Receipt Tax Receipt Tax Receipt Tax Receipt Tax Receipt Receipt for arrears of taxes. Receipt Tax (?) Receipt Receipt for rent Receipt for rent Receipt for rent Notice of payment of rent Receipt for rent Tax (?) Receipt Receipt for money Acknowledgement of wheat-loan (?) Acknowledgement of receipt of wheat Acknowledgement of recdpt of wheat Acknowledgement of receipt of wheat Acknowledgement of receipt of wheat Order to deliver wheat Land measurement Allotment (?) of land . Allotment (?) of land . Allotment (?) of land . Allotment (?) of land . Allotment (?) of land . Allotment (?) of land . Allotment (?) of land . Transfer of temple services Transfer of temple services Transfer of temple services Transfer of temple services Transfer of temple services List of phylae Oath Oath Oath Oath Letter Letter Letter Memorandum Accounts . PAGE 23 25 25 26 28 29 30 31 31 33 34 34 35 36 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 42 44 46 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 INTRODUCTION No large collection of demotic ostraca has ever been published and treated systematically in the way in which Wilcken has dealt with the Greek ostraca. This is probably due mainly to two reasons — the difficulty of reading them and consequently the uselessness of publishing transcriptions or translations with- out reproducing the originals ; and any mechanical reproduction on a large scale has until recently been very expensive. The difficulty of reading them arises from various causes — the perishable nature of the writing, the cursive nature of the script on documents originally of small importance, and the little care taken of such fleeting records. These considerations affect the Greek ostraca equally. Peculiar to the demotic ones are the inherent difficulty of the writing with its immense number of separate signs, many of which have a tendency to run into closely similar forms, and our limited knowledge of the vocabulary of the language, and more especially of the abbrevia- tions used in these often hurriedly written memoranda. The only way to overcome these obstacles is to publish as accurately as possible a large number of ostraca so that by the comparison of numerous specimens of the various types of formulae we may eventually arrive at definite results as to their meaning. It is hoped that the present collection may form a small contribution towards such a corpus. M. Revillout in this, as in other departments of demotic work, has been a pioneer ; he has published by far the largest number of demotic ostraca hitherto. He transcribed several from the 20 INTRODUCTION Louvre, British Museum, and Berlin in the Revue ^gyptologique, vols, iv and vi (1885-8), and the P.S.B.A. xiv (1891), but these are mostly demotic dockets to Greek ostraca. In 1895 he published in his Melanges sur la MHrologie, &c., over 1 20 ostraca of different kinds, many being of great interest ; unfortunately his hand-copies are very imperfect ; it is difficult sometimes to accept his readings and impossible to control them, for he often omits the number and not infrequently the resting-place of the original. In 1891 H. Brugsch published thirty-six from the Berlin Museum in hand-copies in his Thesaurus, as well as three from Ghizeh in the A. Z. xxix. Wiedemann in 1881 {Revue ^gyptol. ii) had already given a short account of a collection he made at Karnak, which has since passed into the Berlin Museum, but Jie gave no examples. Chardon in his Dictionnaire Ddmotique, 1893-7, published about a dozen examples from the Louvre and one from the British Museum in hand-copies. In 1902 Magnien published ' Quelques re9us d'impots agri- coles ', comprising nine ostraca from the Louvre with hand-copies and translations. In the same year Hess published three from Berlin in the notes to his edition of the Rosetta inscription, and Spiegelberg has published three or four incidentally in various publications {A.Z. xlii. 57, xlvi. 112 ; Pap. Elephantine, p. 13; Pap. Libbey, pi. III). Up to the present time, however, only one single example — that in Pap. Libbey above — has been reproduced by photography.^ On the plates of the present volume will be found untouched photographs of forty-five specimens, which perhaps will be an encouragement to others, ' Since the above was written Prof. Spiegelberg has reproduced four more by photography in A. Z. xlix, pi. VI. INTRODUCTION 21 so that the best of these documents may be preserved. The chief causes of their destruction in museums or private hands are exposure to light and especially to dust. If each ostracon is wrapped in paper before being stored, it will, if it have no salt in it, remain legible for an indefinite period ; but if they are left unwrapped in drawers, the dust fills the fine pores of the clay and the inscription becomes illegible. The present demotic collection consists in all of nearly 400 specimens, including a large number of fragments and many in very poor condition. They all come from Thebes. About 300 are serviceable and from these I have selected forty-four. The number was necessarily restricted by considerations of expense of reproduction ; but the selection gives a very fair idea of the more interesting ones. A considerable proportion contains only lists of names and many are only partly legible and afford small information as to their meaning. I must be allowed here to offer my thanks to my collaborators in this volume who generously gave up nearly the whole of their share of the plates in order tdT allow of as many demotic exam- ples as possible being reproduced, and also to Mr. Horace Hart of the Oxford University Press, who by his skill has overcome the difficulties of reproduction with marked success. In order to adapt them to the plates, the ostraca are given on a scale of approximately two-thirds of the size of the originals. H. T. OsTR. D 5 (PI. I). Tax Receipt." 1. a.'n P-sr-Mnt s Pa-Mn a p shn n n fy-w 2. §bte-w hr p ht «pe.t n hsp 2.t n Zme sttr i.t 3- a qt I.t a sttr i.t wth (?) ^n sh n hsp 2.t n Gys «.w.s. 4. 'bt-4 pr ss 3 'bt-i sm ss i hr p ht «pe.t sttr i .t a qt i .t a sttr I.t wth(?) «n 5 'bt-i sm ss 26 hr p ht «pe.t sttr i.t a'qt i.t a sttr I.t wth(?) tn . . . . 6. 'bt-2 sm ss 24 hr p ht «pe.t sttr i.t a qt i.t a sttr i.t wth (?) fn 7 'bt-4 sm ss 3 hr n t'-w qt i.t t s.t 8. 'ywn qt i.t a qt f a qt i.t «n ' Psenmonthes, son of Paminis, has paid^ to the bank of the merchants' houses ^ for the silver * (of the) poll(-tax) of the year a in Jeme ^ stater « i = kite i = stater i refined (?) '' (silver) again. Written in year 3 of Gains,* Pharmuthi day 3. Pachons day i, for the silver (of the) poll(-tax) stater i = kite i = stater i refined (?) (silver) again. Item,^ Pachons day 26, for the silver (of the) poll(-tax) stater i = kite I = stater i refined (?) (silver) again. Item, Payni day 34, for the silver (of the) poll(-tax) stater i = kite i = stater i refined (?) (silver) again. Item, Mesore day 3, for the apomoira'^'^ kite i, the bath(-tax) " kite i = kite \ = kite i again.' ' Taxes were usually paid by instalments and each instalment, as it was paid, was acknowledged by the banker on the same ostracon, which the tax-payer doubtless kept at home and brought with him on each occasion to the bank with his money. The chief taxes mentioned at this time (early Roman empire) are poll-tax, apomoira, bath- and dyke-tax. ° lit. ' bring ' : it is the technical word for paying money. ' The bank is no doubt the royal bank to which taxes payable in money were 24 //. DEMOTIC TEXTS paid. The name it bears here, ' bank of the merchants' houses,' probably refers lo the locality in Thebes where it was situated. These ' merchants' houses ' are mentioned on six ostraca in this collection besides others known to me. I suspect it is the district known from Greek ostraca as the ayopaC, from an unpublished bilingual, but the demotic reading is not certain. For the use of y-w, ' houses,' as the name of a district, cf. n y-w mht, Rec. ir. xxxi, pp. 92 and 103, n. xii, and n y-w n ^Y-m-htp in Ostr. Louvre 9069 (Revillout, Melanges, p. 147 note). For the reading U'te, see Griffith in P.S.B.A., xxxi, pp. 51-2; Spiegelberg adopts the transcription st\ (Cat. G^n, du Mus. du Caire : die demotischen Papyrus, p. i and elsewhere), which he derives from H. Brugsch, Worlerb., p. 1335. * At first sight the reading here appears to be p 'pe.t, but 'pe.t is a feminine word, and the full phrase \s,'p ht n 'pe.t, ' the silver of poll(-tax),' which occurs on D 69 in this collection. Usually the words p hi are run together by the scribe so as to resemble a / with a small additional stroke as here ; occasionally it is still further reduced to a sign resembling / rather than ht : but as p ^peJ is impossible, there is little doubt it must be read ht 'pe.t. ° A district of Thebes on the west bank of the Nile called in the Greek papyri and ostraca the Mc^vdvtia. " The stater at this time was equivalent to four drachmas, the kite to two. The Egyptian in financial documents, in order to avoid errors, after mentioning a sum, ■^rote down half the amount and then repeated the original amount. Hence, though he uses a sign meaning = , it is not a real equivalence, and after the first = the words 'its half must be understood. '' These two signs seem to be an abbreviated form of writing the word wih, 'refined' (silver), Cf. Griffith, Cat. Ry lands Demotic Papyri, Glossary, p. 344, and his notes there referred to. The words ht wth, ' refined silver,' are written out in full on a Berlin Ostracon published by Brugsch, Thes., p. 1059, though from his translation he has misread the words as e-fwt-w. ' A. D. 38. The Emperor's name is followed by the three signs representing ' life, health, strength ', which were always attached to the names of the ancient Pharaohs, and in demotic they follow every imperial title and epithet, but it is not necessary to translate them. " There is no doubt as to the meaning of the Egyptian word : it is clearly the same as the Greek o/aoius, but the reading is very uncertain. '° This was a tax of one-sixth of the produce of vineyards and orchards (cf. Grenfell, Reventie Laws, p. 119 ; Wilcken, Gr. Ostr.,\, p. 157; Otto, Priester u. Tempel, i, p. 340; Pap. Tebtunis, i, p. 37). In demotic it is always used in the plural (Rosetta inscr., 1. 9, where, however, the Greek has ras aTro/iotpas, and on the three other ostraca in this collection, D37, D52, D69). The plural is employed probably because the tax was levied on two classes of land. It is literally ' the portions '. " s.t ywn, Coptic ciooTcn, ' bath,' here used for the tax = ftaXaviKov, cf. Wilcken, u. s. i, p. 165 ; Pap. Hibeh, i, p. 284. The amount of the tax seems to have varied at different times and, perhaps, localities. On Theban demotic ostraca the amount is usually, as here, two drachmas ; but numerous unpublished tax receipts from Dendera (belonging to Mr. J. G. Milne) show that the amount there in the reign of Tiberius was 40 drachmas per annum. TAX RECEIPT 25 OsTR. D 29 (PI. I). Tax Receipt. 1 . a.wt 'Mns s Glymqs (?) 2. hr ht tpe n hsp 29 sttr 2.t wth(?) n hsp 29 n Gsrs 3. 'bt-2 sm ss A.D. 38. ' Strictly 5J obols, but the scribes often neglect small fractions in these equivalences. ' Strictly z\ obols. OsTR. D 4 (PI. VIII). Receipt for Arrears of Taxes. 1. Ws-h s Hry 2. Ns-Mn s Pa-by 3. n nt z n Pa-Zme 4. s Pa-Wn w^n .... Pr-*o 5. I a I a I ^n e.'n-k s a 6. p pr-ht Pr-«o n N 7. n hsp 35 'bt-3 pr ss 18 hn 8. n sp-vv^ 9. sh hsp 35 'bt-3 pr ss 18 ' Weser-he, son of Erieus (and) Zminis, son of Pa-by, say to Pasemis, son of Phagonis : there is* .... ^ of the King (artaba?) i = | = i again, which thou hast paid to the treasury =* of the King in the City (Thebes) in year 35, Phamenoth day 18, among the arrears. Written year 35,* Phamenoth day 18.' M. e. ' we have ', ' we acknowledge '. The receipt is given by two sitologoi probably to the tax-payer. " At first glance this group looks like a date, but this it cannot be here, and 30 //. DEMOTIC TEXTS I can only suggest — but with great difiSdence — that it may be a writing oi pr, corn, with a ' prosthetic alif to represent the initial vowel of e&p*^ (efepe, e&pi), pi. e&pHTe. ^ ' Treasury ' is not, perhaps, the most appropriate word, but it is the customary translation oipr-ht = ra/jnetov (for this equation see Spiegelberg, Demot. Pap. Berlin, p. 4 note). According to Wilcken (Griech. Ostr. i, refF. in index, s.v. rajx.ivxn!) the latter is a general word for the royal (and imperial) ' treasury ', which included both the banks (rpaire^ai), for receipts and payments in money, and the magazines {6rjcravpot, Storehouses, granaries) for the like in kind, whether live stock, or grain, oil, &c. In Ptolemaic times the usual word for raixLeiov was simply to ^aanXiKov. In demotic sjn n pr-'o = Tpdwe^a Paa-ikiKri and r n pr-'o = O-qa-avpo's /Sao-. Here we have the less common and more generalized ttxrapr-ht n pr-'o = Tafjuelov ^aa-,, which in this case is more probably = Oria-avpoi than rpaTre^a. Had it been a money payment into the bank, the natvure of the sum, whether teben, stater, or kite, would probably have been stated. * From the handwriting I should be inclined to date the ostracon as late Ptolemaic. If so, the 35th year would be either of Philometor or Euergetes II, 147/6 or 136/5 B.C. OsTR. D 61 (PI. VIII). Receipt. 1. Ws-h s Hry Ns-Mn s Pa-by 2. n nt z n P-sr-*o-pht s Ns-Mn wn 3 Pr-«o I a I a I 'n e.'n-k s 4. a p pr-ht n Pr-^o n N n hsp 35 5. 'bt-3 pr ss 18 hn p wbt(?) 6. sh hsp 35 'bt-3 pr ss 18 ' Weser-he, son of Erieus, (and) Zminis, son of Pa-by, say to Fsena- pathes, son of Zminis : there is ... . of the King (artaba ?) i = | = i again, which thou hast paid to the treasury of the King in the City (Thebes), in year 35, Phamenoth day 18, among the ... .1. Written year ^^, Phamenoth day 18.' ' This ostracon is of exactly the same date and in the same handwriting as D 4, see notes there. The givers of the receipt are the same, but the individual to whom the document is given is different and also the subject of the receipt. What wbi (or w6' ?) is, I cannot guess. TAX RECEIPT 31 OsTR. D 28 (PI. II). Tax(?) Receipt. 1 . a.'n Pa-Mnt s P-msh a p r 2. Pr-*o t.w.s. n t(?) nsytykwn n hsp 2.t 3. hr Zme yt (?) i ^^ a yt (?) ^ {-, a yt (?) f ^\ cn 4. n p hy n 'yp.t sh n hsp 3.t n 5. Twm'tyns ^.w.s. nt hwe 6. ['bt-. .] 'h ss 21 ' Pamonthes, son of Pempsais, has paid to the royal thesaurus for the ^ of year a for J^me barley (?) (artaba) ^t^ = barley (?) ^ -^^ = barley (?) | ^5 again by the measure of the oiphi.^ Written in year 3 of Domitian, who is august* [month- . . of] verdure,* day 21.' ' This should be the name of a tax or other reason for payment. The reading of the demotic word (which is obviously a Greek word transliterated) is certain except for the second letter s. Demotic ns is the customary transliteration of t, and the word which naturally suggests itself is ^vtikov. There is some obscurity attaching to this tax which rarely occurs under this name (see note in Pap. Tebt. ii, p. 335), the usual word being tyr-qpa, but both taxes were paid in money, whereas here the payment is made in corn of some kind ; for though there is some doubt about the symbol for ' barley ', the reference to the measure of the oiphi and the payment into the Otjo-avpo^ /?acriA,iKos are conclusive as to its being grain in some form. ^ The oT<^i was equal to four xo'viKts, cf. Wilcken, Gr. Ostr. i, 750-1. It occurs not infrequently in demotic documents; in Coptic, Crum, Coptic Ostr. no. 499. ' lit. 'who protects'. The word hw, originally 'protect', seems in Ptolemaic times to have come to mean simply 'sacred' when applied to divine beings. In the bilingual inscriptions it is used as the equivalent of wpos (Brugsch, Wtb. io6r). The formula nt hw is found on the cartouche of Domitian and many other Roman emperors, and presumably represents a-ifiaa-Tos (Augustus). On Greek ostraca Domitian is usually qualified as 6 Kvpios or Koia-ap 6 Kvpios. * i.e. a month between Thoth and Choiak inclusive. Ostr. D 19 (PI. II). Receipt for Rent. 1 . a.'n P-me s Hr-Mnt hn p shn 2. a.'r-f n t qnb.t (?) n p tme n p wh (?) 's 3. n p wh (?) 'Mn P-'he n hsp 22 m (?) sh wy mbh 32 II. DEMOTIC TEXTS 4. 'Mn-R«-nsw^-ntr-w rtb sw 50 a sw 25 a sw 50 «n 5. n p qws n hmt n h.t-ntr N e-w swt 6. St §p 'p sh Ns Z-hr 7. sh hsp 22 'bt-i pr ss 24 8. s>-hl-Hns hr-f (?) ' Pmois, son of Harmonthes, has paid under (?) the (contract of) lease which he made with the council (?) of the village of " The old Estate(?)"2 on the estate (?) of Amon^ (called) Pois,* in year 2a,® by deed of cession^ before Amonrasonther J 50 artabas of wheat = 25 (artabas of) wheat = 50 (artabas of) wheat again by the bronze xovy-measure ® of the temple of Thebes, they being delivered.^ They are received by reckoning (?)." Written by Ns . . . ., (son of) Taos. Written in year 32,, Tybi day 24, by son of Pkhelkhons, on his account (?).' ^ Sethe, A. Z. xlix. 15. His arguments for this reading seem to me convincing. '^ The reading and meaning of wh are doubtful. The word occurs frequently in place-names. Spiegelberg reads it hr ' face ', ' aspect ', and gives references {Hec. trav. xxxi, pp. 98 and 104, n. xxix) to its use with the words 'North' and ' South '. But this meaning does not satisfy other contexts, and the sign may equally well be read wh, possibly with a meaning akin to oirtog ' dwell, dwelling- place ', though as it is here applied to a landed property containing a village, it must have a wider significance than a mere house or group of houses. This village is named also in D 24 and D 100. ' This property of the great Temple of Amon at Thebes is mentioned on other documents, viz. Pap. dem, Berlin 3 116, col. 6, 1. 21, and Ostr. Louvre go86 (Revillout, Melanges, p. 80), and another unnumbered (ibid. p. 191,/ w/^(?) ^hy), and Pap. dem. Brussels 5 (Spiegelberg, Demot. Pap. Mus. Roy. du Cinquantenaire, pp. 20 and 24, note 21,/ ^hy only). " Pois is the Greek form of the demotic p 'hy given by the Pap. Casati 14/5 (Bibl. nat. no. 5, only in the genitive ttcoews). It means 'the stables', no doubt large erections for the great herds of cattle belonging to the Temple. Cf. Spiegelberg, Pap. Reinach, p. 196. In Peyron, Pap. gr. Taurin, ii, p. 45, we have TroevTruis, perhaps p wh {hr T)n p 'ky. Cf. Philologus, Ixiii, p. 530. ° Judging by the writing I think the date is probably late Ptolemaic, but as several kings reigned twenty-two years and over, it is not possible to be more precise. * See Griffith, Cat. Rylands Demot. Pap. iii, p. 255. ' i. e. confirmed by oath in the great Temple of Amon at Karnak. * Cf. Griffith, u. s. p. 397 ; also Spiegelberg, Pap. Reinach, 3, 9, 4/14 (he reads hnws}), Ostr. Louvre 9083, 9066 (Revillout, M/tanges,^)^. 92, iro). M. Revillout was the first to read the word as kos (= qws). As to the ' bronze ' measure, see Pap. Hibeh, i, p. 229. RECEIPT FOR RENT 33 ' "^They',. i.e. 'the wheat'; swt probably implies actual delivery at the cost of the tenant, cf. Spiegelberg, u.s. p. 183. " The exact significance of this frequently recurring sentence is not clear. The full phrase is st Up n '/ and seems to mean that the amount has been received after being counted or measured. OsTR. D 45 (PI. V). Receipt for Rent. 1. 'n Hrklts 2. s 'Rystypws 3. hr p sm pe-f (?) km n t mrwt 4. 'py nt sh wy mbh 'Mn-R«-nsw-ntr-w 5. p ntr ^o hn^ pe-f 'rp a w^ km 6. 'rp 2 hr pe-f km 7. n p 'br (?) rt 'rp \ 8. a 'rp 2| St sp n (?) 'p 9. sh . . . . s Hf-Hns hsp 15 a hsp 12 10. 'bt-i 'h (?) ss 25 sh Hr . . . -Hns 11. sh Wn-nfr s Hr sh Z-hr Hf-Hns ' Herakleitos,^ son of Aristippus, has paid for the rent ^ of his garden in the corn-land ^ of Ophi,* which was conveyed ^ before Amonrasonther the great god, together with his wine(-tax ?) for a garden a (keramia of) wine ^ for his garden (and) for the .... (of) the produce half a (keramion of) wine, making %\ (keramia of) wine. They are received by reckoning (?). Written by ... . son of Khapokhonsis, year 15 = year 12,'^ Thoth(?) day 35. Written by Horus, (son of) . . . -khons. Written by Onnophris, son of Horus. Written by Teos, son of Khapokhonsis. ' Or Heraklides. ' Cf. Spiegelberg, Pap. Reinach, pp. 181-2, 240. If further proof were required that sm = iK6piov, it is given by a bilingual in this collection, G. 131, where the two words correspond. ' Cf Griffith, Cai. Rylands Pap. iii, p. 266, n. 15. * i. e. the modern Karnak. F 34 //. DEMOTIC TEXTS ^ Usually sh wy means a deed conveying all the property in the land possessed by the owner. Here it seems to be a lease. * For this use oi'rp as a measure of wine, cf. Rosetta, 1. i8. '' This double date applies to the regnal years of Cleopatra III and Alexander I = 102 B. C. OsTR. D 216 (PI. V). Receipt for Rent, 1. Thwt-stm s 2. By-^nh 3. p nt Z n Hr-py-k' s 4. Pa-n-nht.w (?) erme P-'hy s 5. P-hm-bk wn sttr.t 2.t 6. a sttr.t i.t a sttr.t 2.t *n 7. sp n 'p hr p sm n 8. T-sgt (?) sh n hsp 6.t 9. tp-sm ss 14 (2nd hand) sh Thwt-stm 10. s By-*nh ' Thotsutmis, son of Bienchis, saith to Harpikos, son of Panekhates (?), and Pois (?), son of P-khem-bekis : there are ^ a staters = i stater = a staters again received by reckoning (?) for the rent of Tseget (?). Written in year 6, Pachons day 14. Signed Thotsutmis, son of Bienchis.' ' i. e. 'I have ' = (.y((t) of the Greek tax-collectors' receipts (Wilcken, Griech. Ostr. i, p. 61 sq.). OsTR. D 49 (PI. XI). Notice of Payment of Rent, 1. Ssnq s Pa-''Mn p nt z n P-hb 2. s P-sr-Mnt te-y mh p hwe Hr-nht 3. n t t.t I: n p yh tkm a.'r-k t (?) wp.t hr zz 4. p m' n t msh n hsp 10 hr T-sr.t-'Mn-htp (?) 5. ta Ns-Mn e-y st ty . . . . a hn 6. hsp 9 sh Ssnq s Pa-'Mn n hsp 9 'bt-3 sm ss 19 ' Sheshonk, son of Pamounis, saith to Phibis, son of Psenmonthes, I am paying the surplus of Ho-nekht^ for the quarter share of the land NOTICE OF PAYMENT OF RENT 35 (under) oil-crop, of which thou doest the work,^ on the canal ^ of the Crocodile for year 10 on behalf of Senamenothis (?), the daughter of Zminis. I will discharge (?) * this .... until year 9. Signed Sheshonk, son of Pamounis, in year 9/ Epiphi day 19.' ' The name of a farm — more clearly written in D 107 (pi. XI). Perhaps it should be read wh-nfii, of. D 19, note 2 above. The farm was probably worked in common by Sheshonk and Phibis under a farming agreement such as we have in Griffith, Cat. Rylands Pap. nos. xxvi, xxxiv (and see raffs, there, pp. 155-6). ' i. e. in the full phrase / ivp.t wjy' (eienoiroei) ' tillage '. It means here the work on the crop, not ' work on the canal ', the Ar zz refers to the locality of the farm. ' The word m', the old word for a canal (Griffith, u. s. p. 170, n. 3, and p. 299, n. 7), is only known to me in published demotic documents in the compound me-wr = fxaipi^ (Griffith, u.s. and p. 423 ; Spiegelberg, A. Z. xliii. 84) and once alone (Spiegelberg, Demot. Pap.Mus. Roy. du Cinquantenaire, no. 4, 1. 3). It seems to have survived chiefly in place-names. In this collection, besides the present instance, we have in D 35/ ot' /a/' 'the canal of the Scorpion', D 147/ ot' u Hr-p-KQ) 'the canal of Horus-the-buU '. From the context it seems usually, however, to denote a tract of land named after the canal bounding it (?). ' The crocodile ' has the feminine article and must refer to a crocodile-goddess, cf D 22, note 4. * lit. ' avert '. The meaning of this phrase is probably ' I will be responsible for the payment of rent till the end of year 9, if you do the work on the land '. ' Phibis, son of Psenmonthes, occurs on a number of these ostraca, including D 6 below, and as he is doubtless the same person in both, it is likely that this is the ninth year of Augustus. OsTR. D 107 (PI. XI). Receipt for Rent. 1. [a.]'n P-hb s P-sr-Mnt 2. hn p hwe Hr-nht 3. p yh tkm a 'r-f h-zz 4. t msh hr hsp lo.t tkm 5. 1 2 hr t t'.t I p yh rn-f 6. e-f sp 'p sh Nht-Mnt 7. s Hf-Hns n hsp lo.t 'bt-i sm ss 25 'Phibis, son of Psenmonthes, has paid from among the surplus of Ho-nekhtHhe land (under) oil crop which he worked^ on the Crocodile =* on account of year 10, oil (artabas) 13 for the ^th share of the land 36 //. DEMOTIC TEXTS named. It is received by reckoning (?). Signed Nekhthmonthes, son of Khapokhonsis, in year lo, Pachons 25.' • Cf. D 49, note i. ^ 'r-/heie is evidently equivalent to V / wp.i in D 49. ^ = the place known as the ' Canal of the Crocodile ' in D 49. This ostracon is much abbreviated and would be unintelligible without D 49. Note the writing A-zz for kr-zz. OsTR. D 55 (PL IX). Receipt for a Tax(?). 1 . E-f-^nh s Wm-p-mw (?) 2. p nt z n Py-k s E-f-^[nh] 3. wn sttr 2.t p ms sp n ['p ?] 4. hn pe-k t'y (?) n hsp 16... ' Apynkhis, son of Wem-pmou (?)/ saith to Pikos, son of Apynkhis : there are 2 staters (and) the interest received by reckoning (?) for thy tax(?)^ of year 16 .... ' ' The name is incomplete owing to the left-hand corner of the ostracon having been broken away; but it can hardly be anything else. The tip of the deter- minative of mw ' death ' remains. The name, which is new to me, means ' Death has consumed' and is parallel to Sy-p-mw {a-nirit.ov';) ' Death is sated' (cf. Griffith, Cal. Rylands Pap. iii, p. 131, n. 7). The name P-sr-p-mw ' the child of death ' occurs on an ostracon (D 8 1 ) in this collection . ^ This seems to be the same word as in Brugsch, A. Z. xxix. 67-8, and Spiegelberg, Rec. trav. xxxi. 102 ; cf Id., Pap. Reinach, pp. 181-2. It is written very hke sm ' rent ', but the determinative is different. Here I think it is the silver determinative. OsTR. D 56 (PI. IX). Receipt for Money. 1 . Pa-Mnt s Pa-p-zyt sme a 2. Pa-Zme s Py-k wn krkr 5 3. erme p . . . . sp n 'p hr P-'sw^r 4. s P-sr-^Np 5. sh n hsp 29 'bt-i pr ss 14 RECEIPT FOR MONEY 37 ' Pamonthes, son of Papzoit,^ sends greeting to Pasemis, son of Pikos. There are 5 talents and the . . . . ^ received by reckoning (?) for Pesuris, son of Psenenupis. Written in year 39, Tybi day 14.' , ^ lit. ' he of the olive tree ', a name I have not met elsewhere. ^ This word begins with w ; the gender prevents it being wz.i ' interest '. It may be the same as the obscure word in 1, 5 of D 61 (wbfi). OsTR. D 22 (Pi, II). Acknowledgement of Wheat-loan (?). 1. hsp 18 'bt-i sm ss 12 2. Pa-Mnt s P-sr-'Mn-'py p nt z 3. n P-sr-'Mn s My-hs wn nte-k 4. rtb n sw 22I a ^-y nte-y 5. t sp-w a p qws n Mn-k-R< (?) 6. s (?) Pa-Mnt p srtyqws erme 7. ne-w hwe-w hr (?) wn n yh a-te-k n-y 8. hn p gsm' n t 9. msh.t n hsp 18 10. n htr 't mn 'Year 18, Pachons day la, Pamonthes, son of Psenamenophis, saith to Psenamounis, son of Miusis, there are (belonging) to thee^ 3a| artabas of wheat in my charge and I will cause them to be received at the xoCs- measure of Menkere (?),^ son (?) of Pamonthes, the strategus, together with their interest (?) ^ according to (?) (the) list of fields which thou gavest me in the " canal-land (?) of the Crocodile"* in the year 18 compulsorily without delay.' ' i.e. 'I owe thee', cf. Spiegelberg, Pap. Reinach, p. 199. ^ For corn-measures known by the names of individuals cf. Cat. Greek. Pap. Brit. Mus. ii, p. 257. The reading of the name Menkere (only the final syllable is doubtful) I owe to Dr. F. LI. Griffith. Nothing else is known of this strategus unless, as Dr. Griffith suggests, he be the same as Menkere, the father of Ham- sauf (?), whose tomb-papyrus (' Book of the Dead ') we have in the Rhind papyrus (ed. H. Brugsch, 1865). Menkere is there called governor (hieratic wr, demotic '0 '.great one ') of Hermonthis, but his father's name is not given, only that of his mother. His son was born in the thirteenth year of Ptolemy Neos Dionysos, 38 //. DEMOTIC TEXTS 69-8 B. c. ; and if the eighteenth year of the ostracon be taken to refer to the same king (64-3 B. c), I should not be inclined to contradict it on palaeographical grounds, though it could perhaps be earlier. ' The meaning of hw is uncertain. The word itself is very general, ' excess, addition.' It might mean cost of carriage, or in connexion with the measure- ment (cf. Spiegelberg, Pap. Reinach, 1/13, p. 176), but is more likely interest on the loan (Spiegelberg, Pap. Strassb. no. 44/5, Pap. Berlin, no. 3103/7, Rec. trav. xxxi, p. 92, and Griffith, Cal. Rylands Pap. no. xxi, 1. 11). ■* The word gsm^ is obscure. It has the determinative of water, and being written out alphabetically it suggests a foreign word. It possibly might stand for x6.cTfi.o., though the transliteration of x by ^ is unusual. But it may also be a demotic writing for a hieroglyphic ■^j^ ^^ ' side of a canal ' (for W = ^^, see D 49, note 3 above), and be equivalent to 7reptxo)/;ia ' land bounded by a dyke or canal ', Pap. Teht. i, p. 80. The ' canal-land (?) of the Crocodile (fem.) ' is a place-name, the crocodile being no doubt a local goddess ; with t-msh.t, cf. Lake Timsah. See also D 175, note i, p. 54 infra. OsTR. D. 24 (PI. II). Acknowledgement of Receipt OF Wheat. 1 . Twt s Se-ny p mr pr-st.t (?) 2. n pr 'Mn n s 2-n sme a n rt-w n 3. t sme.t wn rtb n sw 35 a sw 1 7f a sw 35 ^n 4. e-te s n-y Ns-Mn s P-a.te-'Mn-nsw-tw Z-hr s Mnhs 5. n shn-w n p wh (?) 's n hsp 30 hn pe 'p 6. n s 2-n St sp n 'p 7. Sh hsp 30 'bt-2 sm ss 2 ' Totoes, son of Shenai,^ the chief baker ^ ot the Temple of Amen of the second ^ phyle, greets the bailiffs of the stock-farm (?).* There are^ '3,^ artabas of wheat = 17^ (artabas of) wheat = o^^ (artabas of) wheat again, which Zminis, son of Petamestous, and Tecs, son of Menhes,* the collectors '^ of " The Old Estate (?) '7 gave to me for year 30 in my account of the second phyle. They are received by reckoning (?). Written in year 30, Payni day %' ' The literal meaning of the name as written is ' These have departed ', but what the mythological reference is, I do not know. Perhaps the Greek transcrip- tion is cr£i/a«js [Cat. Greek Pap. Brit. Mus. iii, p. 164 — a woman's name there). ^ The same title is found in Pap. Dem. Berlin, 31 16, col. 2, 1. 18, with the ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF RECEIPT OF WHEAT 39 Greek equivalent dpTOK[o7ros] in Pap. Casati, vi, 1. r, and in Petrie, Denderah, pi. XXVI. A 28, 29, lit. 'overseer of the fire-chamber ', i. e. kitchen or bakery. The reading of this last may perhaps be '■-st.t (?), cf. Spiegelberg, Cat. Cairo Dem. Pap. no. 30801. ' The numeral is written with the old form of the ordinal numbers, cf. Griffith, Cat. Rylands Pap. p. 417. In what sense Totoes belonged to the second phyle is not clear, probably not as Chief Baker (cf. Otto, Priester u. Tempel im Helleni- stischen Aegypten, i. 283), but he may have been priest as well, though it does not seem probable in so large an institution as the Temple of Amon at Thebes. * This word occurs again on two other ostraca in this collection (D 78, D 157) and Ostr. Louvre 9083 (Revillout, Melanges, p. 92). Perhaps it is only a variant of the word smyme.t which is found on an ostracon at Cairo {A. Z. xxix. 70), and which Brugsch translates Gehoft ' farm-buildings ', deriving it doubtless from which is found on the Pianchi stela with the meaning ' stables ' or 'stud-farm', cf. Brugsch, Wt5. 1390, Suppl. 11 86. ^ i. e. 'I have in my charge ', ' J account for '. The rent-collectors of the village which was on the estate of the Temple (p. 32 supra) would ordinarily hand over the rents, which were paid in kind, to the Temple-bailiffs ; but in this instance they handed these 35 artabas direct to the Chief Baker for his use, and hence he addresses this ostracon to the bailiffs. ° These two officials are named also on D 100 and the former of them on D 103 also. On D 100 the name Menhes is clearly written in its more familiar form Menkhes. ' Cf. Spiegelberg {A. Z. xlii. 57), who takes the shn to have been 'finance officials ', perhaps taxation oflScials, corresponding to the XoyevraC who were the ordinary tax-collectors of Ptolemaic times (Grenfell and Hunt, Fayum Towns, p. 323). Here they are clearly collectors of rents or other dues belonging to the Temple. ' Cf. p. 32 supra, D 19 and notes 2, 3 ibid. OsTR. D 51 (PI. II). Acknowledgement of Receipt OF Wheat. 1. Ssnq s Hr 2. s Ssnq n nt z n P-sr-Mnt (?) 3. s P-sr-'Mn-'py wn rtb sw if n p qws 4. n 29 e-te-k s n-n hr P-a.te-'Mn (?) p mr sn Mnt 5. p hm-ntr 2-n hn n sw a.te-f n-n n p h^ Mnt 6. hsp 9 St sp n 'p sh n hsp 9 'bt-i sm ss 26 ' Sheshonk son of Hor (?), [and X.] son of Sheshonk, say unto Psen- monthes son of Psenamenophis : there are ^ i| artabas of wheat by the 40 //. DEMOTIC TEXTS a9-xoCs measure ^ which thou hast given to us on behalf of Petamounfs (?), the chief priest^ of Montu (and) second prophet, among the wheat which he gave us for the festival of Montu * of the 9th year. They are received by reckoning (?). Written in year 9, Pachons day 31.' ' i. e. ' we have '. '' The artaba varied in size locally and hence was frequently defined. What was the meaning of this particular measure, which occurs frequently, is obscure. It is discussed in Griifith, Cal. Rylands Pap. iii, p. 397, and references given there. ' The mr-m is represented in the Canopus and Rosetta decrees by apxiepev^, and etymologically by the word XecrGvij. He was .administrator as well as chief priest of the temple and was elected annually {Arch. f. Papyrus/orschung, ii, p. 122 ; cf. Griflfith, u. s. p. 65, note 3). * There is, as far as I know, no record of the date of the annual feast of Montu at Thebes. From this it would appear that it was possibly in Pachons. OsTR. D 100 (PI. II). Acknowledgement of Receipt OF Wheat. I. Se-ny s Hns-p-hrt p gwt n pr Mnt nb 2 s tp p nt z n Ns-Mn s P-a.te-'Mn-nsw-tw 3. Z-hr s Mnh n shn-w n p virh (?) 's y^n rtb 4. n sw 10 a sw 5 a sw 10 ^n e.te-tn n-y hr 5. p fy pr Mnt nb . . . . s tp 6. St sp 'p 7. sh n hsp 30 'bt-i sm ss 21 ' Shenai, son of Khespokhrates, the gwt ^ of the temple of Montu, lord of .... ^ (of) the first phyle saith to Zminis, son of Petamestous, (and) Teos, son of Menkhes,^ the collectors of " The Old Estate " : there are 10 artabas of wheat = 5 (artabas of) wheat = 10 (artabas of) wheat again, which you have given me on account of the bread-rations* (of) the temple of Montu, lord of ... . (for) the first phyle. They are received by reckoning (?). Written year 30, Pachons day 31.' 1 Cf. Spiegelberg in A. Z. xxxvii. 36. The meaning is uncertain ; from similar hieroglyphic titles Spiegelberg thought it might mean a workman, but in demotic ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF RECEIPT OF WHEAT 41 at any rate the title is always associated -with a temple or a god. In his later Cat. Demotic Papyri at Cairo (no. 31080) Spiegelberg translates it ' >J«/-Priester ', and as its holder is described as belonging to a phyle (D 103 below), he was probably a priest. '^ Montu is usually ' lord of Wese (Karnak) ' or ' of Hermonthis ', or rarely ' of Totun ' (Cat. Dem. Papyri Cairo, u. j.), but I cannot read any of these in the present signs. ' See D 24 and notes 6 and 7, p. 39, supra. For the ' Old Estate', cf. D 19, note 2 (p. 32). * Cf. D 31, note 6, infra, p. 52. OsTR. D 103 (PI. II). Acknowledgement of Receipt OF Wheat. 1. Se-ny s Hns-p-hrt p gwt n pr 2. Mnt s . . . . p nt z n Ns-Mn s P-a.te-^Mn-nsw-tw 3. [p] shn n (?) t (?) my.t rs n hsp 30 wn rtb n sw 5^ —^ 4. [a sw] 2i i ^ a rtb n sw 5I ^ 'n e.te-k [n-y] 5. [hr p] fy n pr Mnt nb . . . 6. sh hsp 30 'bt-4 pr (?)... ' Shenai, son of Khespokhrates,' the gwt of the temple of Montu, (of the) .... phyle ^ saith to Zminis, son of Petamestous,^ the collector of the Southern Island * for year 30 : there are 5^ -^-^ artabas of wheat [= wheat (artabas)] 2^^-^^ = 5^^^ artabas of wheat again, which thou hast given [to me on account of the] bread-rations (?) ^ of the temple of Montu, lord of ... . Written in year 30, Pharmuthi (?)....' ' Cf. D 100, supra, p. 40. ^ In D 100 Shenai is said to belong to the first phyle. Here the reading looks like ' fifth phyle ', but the number is faint, and I do not venture to insert it. It would be unprecedented to find a man belonging to two phylae in succession (cf. Otto, Priester u. Tempel, i. 31) except in the circumstances arising out of the formation of the fifth phyle (Canopus decree), and the date does not allow of that explanation here; but see P. SB. A. xxxi. 219, where a priest appears to belong to two phylae at once. A few months only separate this ostracon and D 100. ' Cf. D 24. * Not referred to elsewhere, I believe. ° Cf. D 31, note 6, p. 52 infra. G 42 //. DEMOTIC TEXTS OsTR. D 135 (PL V). Order to Deliver Wheat. 1. a.nw a p gy n t rtb n sw 2 2. Py-k s My a h p tbhe nte-y 3. t.t-f (?) n-t.t-k Sodrjvat, ttlkodtl Ta§ Svo apTa^(as) ' See ^ to the giving ^ of two artabas of wheat (to) Pikos, son of Moui, according to the petition which I have received (?) from thee. {Greek)^ To be given to Pikos, the two artabas.' ^ The old form of imperative retained in the Coptic unaL-ir. " * but I cannot agree with many of his readings. There are sixteen examples in this collection, and five others, unpublished, are known to me. They usually state that so much land has been adjudged (?) to X. This formula is expanded in Louvre 9083, 9152 to 'there has been adjudged (?) to the (land-) measurements' {a n hy) of X, &c., and in D 41 here we have 'there has been adjudged (?) for the compensation of the measurements {n p ^s n hy-w) of the year 23 of Caesar to X '. In Louvre 9070 we read ' There have been adjudged (?) to X for the tillage (wp.t wy') of the temple of Montu, lord of Thebes ' so many aruras. These documents are usually signed by three officials, but their status is not revealed. The land is always agricultural land but its locality is nowhere more closely defined than 'in J6me'. Some few of the ostraca give further details, which only make the subject more obscure ; they will be discussed in the notes as they occur. '^ I am inclined to think that the whole group dates from about the same period. The regnal years fall into two groups, one ranging from 2 to 9, the other from 22 to 37, with a single one of year 17 between them. Only one, D 41 (not published here because it is partly obliterated), bears a definite date, year 23 of Augustus. But another, D 82 below, bears the name of a man, Pikos the younger, son of Permamis, who is almost necessarily identified with a group of Greek ostraca which Mr. Milne attributes to the years 94 to 75 b.c. (Part III, no. 1 2 note). On palaeographical grounds I should be content to accept Mr. Milne's date also for my group, except perhaps for D 44, which looks to me Roman ; but I confess to having little confidence in my ability to put anything like an accurate date to these demotic hands on ostraca, and as I cannot distinguish D 41 with its certain Augustan date from the rest of the group, I must leave the problem open. ' This official signs four other ostraca in this group ranging between years 29 and 36. His name is the same as that of the 12th dynasty kings which used to be transliterated as Usertesen, and of which Sethe gave the correct reading and interpretation {Unkrsuchungen, ii ; A. Z. xli, p. 45), equating it with the Sesostris of the Greeks. For the demotic form, see Spiegelberg, Rec. trav. xxvjii, p. 195. I have refrained from using the Greek form of the name as it does not occur as a proper name in Ptolemaic or Roman times. 46 //. DEMOTIC TEXTS OsTR. D I (PI. IV). Allotment (?) of Land. 1. a.rh-w 'Pwlnys s Th'm 2. rtb sw ID (?) \ Zme q st 3 a st i| a st 3 ^, and not (as Griffith, Cat. Rylands Pap. p. 414) = 33^ arura ; and '^, abbreviated often to [ (hierogl. "^^ \>) = A- OsTR. D 6 (PI. IV). Allotment (?) of Land. 1. a.rh-w a P-hb s P-sr-Mnt n Zme q 2. tkm st ^ a St i| a st ^ «n sh Hry n hsp y.t 3. sh Hry hn< Pa-Mnt a q st ^^ a st i| a st Jj ^n hsp y.t 4. sh P-sr-Mnt hn« P-sr-Mnt a tkm st ^ n hsp y.t 5. sh Hr-p-R« a h p nt sh hry n hsp y.t 48 //. DEMOTIC TEXTS 'There have been adjudged (?) to Phibis, son of Psenmonthes, in J^me high-land (under) oil-crop ^ arura ^^^ = (land-cubit) i42=arura -^^ again. Written by Erieus in year 7. Written by Erieus and Pamonthes for high-land arura -^^ = (land-cubit) i§ = arura -g^ again, in year 7, Written by Psenmonthes and Psenmonthes for oil-crop arura ^^^ in year 7. Written by Harpres in conformity to that which is written above, in year 7.' ' tkm, the final letter is written with a stroke so small as to be little more than a mere dot — and this occurs elsewhere as well as here — so as to raise a question whether the reading should not be tk = tgy of Rosetta, 1. 9, where yh-w tgy = irapaSeuroi, ' orchards '. But since, so far as I know, tgy does not occur alone without _y/^ and as in one of this group (D 26) the word is undoubtedly igm, I have preferred to take it so here. The /^z«-plant produced an oil which was exten- sively used by the Egyptians. Loret {Flore Pharaonique, ed. 2, p. 49) identifies it with Ricinus communis, mainly on the authority of Revillout ; but the identi- fication is not free from doubt. ^ Apparently there was no symbol for ^ arura. We know the hieroglyphic words for the fractions of the arura down to and including ■^-^, but none is known for ^ (cf. Griffith, P.S.B.A. xiv, table, p. 410). So it is expressed in mh yin 'land-cubits' (the mh yin being one-hundredth of an arura) as i^ ' land-cubits ' ; strictly speaking ^ arura = 1-5625 land-cubits. Ostr. D 44 (PI, IV). Allotment (?) of Land. 1. a.rh-w a Z-hr s Py-k 2. n Zme st (?) q st 7I ^ | 3. a St 3I ^ I a St yi ^ «n sh Pa-Mnt n hsp 1 7 4. sw 33|bt(?) 2|a sw I 5. tkm \\\ ' There have been adjudged (?) to Tecs, son of Pikos, in J^me aruras (?) (of) high-land 7| aruras = 3I ar. = 7| ^ ar. again. Written by Pamonthes in year 17. Wheat 33^ (artabas)*^, spelt (?) ^ 2| (artabas) to wheat I (artaba). Croton-oil if (artabas)*.' ' These figures do not correspond, though the reading is quite certain. Either the first must be corrected to 'j^ by omitting the final fraction ; or if 7-I be accepted, then 3| should be sff, and 7| becomes 7|. ALLOTMENT OF LAND 49 ' If this be the entire rent, it is doubtless a round figure. If the land was 7| ar. in extent, it means 4^ art. wheat per arura, which would work out exactly at ZZt^ artabas rent. If the land was 7f aruras, it means 4 J artabas per arura, working out exactly at ssff. In either case the result is not far removed from the average rent of crown-land at Tebtunis somewhat earlier than this (Pap. Tebt. i, p. 564). ' The reading is very uncertain. Cf. GriflBth, Cat. Rylands Pap., p. 412, for the same group, who reads it bt (?) or Is (?). The ratio would be about that for okvpa., cf. Pap. Tebt., p. 560, value of wheat to olyra =5:2, or as the ratio is put on the ostracon, spelt 2^ art. = wheat i art.* * Presumably this is the ratio of croton-oil to wheat. OsTR. D 2 (PI, IV). Allotment (?) of Land. 1. hsp 4.t a.rh-w a P-sr-Mn s P-sr-'S ne-f yh 2. Ptlwmys s 'Mnys hn 3. St 9II sw 4| St i 2.t St 2\ k.t (?) hn St 25 4. sw 3| . . . . i.t 2| a St 5 a St 2| a St 5 perhaps ' the man of the (/«?»2-palm '. For inp^- =-p rm cf. Spiegelberg, A. Z. xliii, pp. 89, 158. The same name irtKois veiinpo's Trep/xa/iios occurs on six Greek ostraca (see Part III, no. 1 2 note), and this Pikos being the only one distinguished by the epithet ' the younger', it is natural to conclude that the same person is named on the Greek and demotic ostraca. " The stroke which looks like ni before hn is continuous with the top stroke of sA in 1. 4, and I believe it is merely a flourish belonging to it, especially as it was written over, and therefore after, the horizontal stroke of An. In Une 3 the number 15 is certain. OsTR. D 31 (PI. III). Transfer of Temple Services. 1. [P-sr ?]-Mnt s P-a.te-Hns-p-hrt p nt z n yt-ntr Yr.t-Hr-ar-w s sp-sn n 'bt-4 pr ss 28 a 'bt-i sm ss 27 2. [shn-y] n-k pe 'bt n h.t-ntr n s tp nte-k 'r ne-f sms-w 3. [ne-]f ^rs-w ne-f h^-w e.bnp-k t *s-w m-s-y n mt 4. n p t e.nte-k s p fy p hnq hn nh 5. - 3 sw I hn t wpre.t e-w wm nt nb 6. nk nb nt a hp n p 'bt rn-f e-w wm 7. p ky n p tre 'bt-4 pr ss 15 8. sh n hsp 12 (?) n K^myts ^w.s. 9. pr-^o nt hwe ' Psen(?)-monthes, son of Petekhespokhrates, saith to the divine father^ Inaros,^ son of Inaros, [I have leased]'' to thee my temple-month^ in the first phyle *of Pharmuthi day a8 to Pachons day 27* that you may do its services,^ its celebrations (and) its feasts without your making any claim for them against me in any respect whatsoever, since to you belong the solid offerings (?) ^, the beer,'' three kin of oil (and) one-sixth (artaba of) wheat in the .... when they ^ eat, (and) everything whatsoever that 52 //. DEMOTIC TEXTS shall accrue during the month aforesaid when they eat the .... of the ... .^ of Pharmuthi day 15. Written in year 12 (?) of Commodus, the King who is august.'^" ' A general title of honour given to any priest who held no special rank. Cf. Canop. 3, where | ^ i^ /^ 1 = 01 aWot Upiis = dem. n ky-w iVb-w. '^ Spiegelberg, Rec. tr. xxviii. 197. ^ Restored from D 175 below, and from a very similar demotic ostracon at Brussels (E 353) of the fourteenth year of Tiberius. The verb shn is used of a temporary assignment (lease or pledge) of land in Pap. Sirassb. no. 9, 1. 7 ; Pap. Reinack, no. 5,1. 30; and (Dstraca Louvre, nos. 9081, 9052 (Revillout, Melanges, pp. 175-6) ; or of chattels. Pap. Reinach, no. 4, 1. 9 (cows). The same temporary quality of transfer applies in these instances of priestly offices. ^ This with similar expressions in other ostraca here proves that the term of service of each phyle was one month, which vizs, not so clearly stated before (Otto, Priester u. Tempel, i. 24-5). The words between asterisks are written above the line in the original. "^ For the meanings and Greek equivalents of these words see Griffith, Cal. Rylands Pap. iii, p. 319. ^ fy is that which is brought, any offering. It seems likely, however, that the temple offerings were largely a matter of contract, or at any rate not wholly voluntary ; and when they were in the shape of food they became the perquisites of the priests. Perhaps the^ were largely bread (cf. Brugsch, Wtb. p. 536). ' In view of the frequent occurrence of hnq in later demotic = gnKe : 2ejULKi(n) ' beer ', and its spelling, both here and elsewhere, with q, I have not ventured to depart from that translation, though I have a suspicion that it rather represents the old word hnk 'liquid-offering' here, which in the temples meant wine and milk rather than beer. * i. e. the priests. ° Cf. D 122, 1. 8. The reading is certainly ire, but I cannot give any inter- pretation. It is not possible to read pre ' dream '. '" Cf. D 28, note 3, p. 31, supra. [In connexion with this group of ostraca, see one just published by Prof. Spiegelberg, A. Z. xHxk 37, and his valuable notes.] OsTR. D 122 (PI. III). Transfer of Temple Services. 1. [P-sr-Mnt(?) s P-a.te-] Hns-p-hrt p nt z n yt-ntr .... 2. [ s . . . . shn-y]n-k pe 'bt n h.t-ntr n s 3-n sty 3. ]'bt-i 'h ss 14 nte-k 'r ne-f sms-w 4. ]-w e.bnp-k t *s-w m-s-y n mt n p t 5. [e.nte-k s p] fy p hnqe p kft (?) glm TRANSFER OF TEMPLE SERVICES 53 6. J pe (?) 'bt nte-y t.t-w h.t-y 7- ] hp nte-y t n-k ty (?) 8 Jpe-k (?) 'bt n s 4-n hn« p qy (?) n p tre 9- hn« nt a hp n-k e-w p fy 10 ]nte-k t n-y p sp . . 11. pe 'bt 'bt-4 sm . . . . 12. sh 13. nt hwe ' [Psenmonthes (?), son of Pete]khespokhrates, saith to the divine father [X, son of Y, I have leased] to thee my month of the temple in the third phyle (and its) dues^ [of Mesore day 15 to] Thoth day 14 that thou mayest do its services, [its celebrations, its feast]s (?) without your making any claim for them against me in any respect whatsoever [since to you belong the] solid offerings (?), the beer, the .... ^ wreaths [which shall accrue during] my month and I will take them myself happen and I will give thee [in exchange for (?)] thy month in the fourth phyle ^ together with the * and the which shall accrue to thee, they being (?) the solid offerings (?) [and the beer (?)] and thou shalt give me the remainder my month of Mesore Written Augustus.' ^ sly, see Griffith, Cat. Rylands Pap. iii. 319. ^ The reading seems to be kft or possibly kfn, in either case an unknown word. If it could be read kf, it might be K4.q : 5<;.*>y ' branches ', especially of palm-trees, but as against this the determinative looks like a vessel. •^ This must mean an exchange of duties between the two priests for their respective months. ' Cf.Dsi, 1. 7- OsTR. D 175 (PI. III). Transfer of Temple Services. 1. yt-ntr Hr . . . s 'Mn (?)-htp p nt Z n(?) 2. Ns-pe-w-t s Bs shn-k n-y pe-k 3. 'bt n Qsm n 'bt-4 pr 4. ss 9 a 'bt-i sm ss 9 n Bs s (?) Ns-pe-w-t pe-k sr 54 //• DEMOTIC TEXTS 5. n te-y 'r ne-f sms, ne-f 'rs w e.bnp-y 6. t «s-k m-s-y n mt p t (?) nte-K 7. tn-y(?)p(?).sw(?)..hnnh{?)2(?) J^(?) 8 'bt-4 (?) pr ss 9 ' The divine father Hor . . . ., son of Amenothes (?), saith to Spotous, son of Basis, thou hast leased to me thy month of Qesm ^ of Pharmuthi day 9 till Pachons day 9 belonging (?) to ^ Besis, son of (?) Spotous thy son ; and I will do its services (and) its celebrations without causing thee to make any claim upon me for anything on earth, and thou shalt give^ me (?) the . . (artabas) of wheat (and) a^^^ (?) hin of oil (?).... Phar- muthi (?) day 9.' ' Written A [j=n I ^^ Pn 1 ' ^ ' probably the name of the temple of some goddess. This can hardly be the same as the gsm'' of D 22. ^ It is not clear how the 'month' could belong both to Spotous and to his son. ^ From here to the end the text is a palimpsest and very difficult to decipher. OsTR. D 221 (PI. X). Transfer of Temple Services. 1 . yt-ntr 2. p nt z n yt ntr Hf-Hns s . . . shn[-y] 3. n-k pe 'bt n h.t-ntr n s 3-n 4. n 'bt-4 sm mte-k 'r ne-f sms-w ne-f *r 5. sw e-bn (?)-k t 's m-s-y n mt p t 6. mte-k t p fy p hnq 7. hn n nh 2 ef sw (?) 8. n t mte.t yt-ntr p 'bt . . . . sh 9. n hsp ii.t n n pr-^o-w nt hwe 10. 'bt-4 sm ss I ' The divine father . . . ., son of . . . ., saith to the divine father Khapokhonsis, I have leased to thee my temple-month of the third phyle for Mesore so that thou mayest do its services (and) its cele- brations ; thou shalt not cause any claim to be made against me in TRANSFER OF TEMPLE. SERVICES 55 regard of anything on earth, and thou shali take the solid offerings (?) (and) the beer, two kin of oil, meat (and) corn (?) as the due (?) '^ of a divine father (for) the temple-month aforesaid (?). Written in year 11 of the august kings,^ Mesore day i .' ' This may be only an unusual way of writing ml = aiRt-, 'the beer, &c., of the office of a divine father.' ^ The only joint emperors to whom such a date can apply are Septimius Severus and Caracalla. The eleventh year of their joint reign would be a. d. 208-9. OsTR. D 235 (PI. X). Transfer of Temple Services. 1. [A s B p nt z n Cs D] 2. [shn-k] n-y (?) ne-k 'bt-w n thb (?) n (?) h-t-ntr n 3. [n ?] rpy-w [n] h.t[-w-ntr] .... Zme(?) 'Py pr-Mnt nb To-tn(?) 4. [n hsp . .] Wspsyns Sbsts (.-') 'bt-i pr ss 4 s' p mnq n rnp (?).." 5. . . . 3.t n Wspsyns 'bt-i pr «n nte-y 'r ne-w sms-w ne-w *r§-w 6. e.bnp-y t ^s-w m-s-k n mt nb (?) p t e.'nk s nt nb nk nb nt e-w a hp n n 'bt-w 7 nt sh hry hp nte . . . -k n . . 'bt-w nt (?) hry (?) 8 t *s-y m-s-k n mt n p t e.bn-y rh 9 nte-k 'r syh ro n n skr erme-k hr n 'bt-w II skr hr-w sh n 12 3 '[A, son of B, saith to C, son of D.'thou hast leased] to me (?) thy months ' of temple-duties ^ of the shrines and temples in (?) Jeme (?); Ophi, (and) the temple of Montu in To-tun (?) for the [second ?] year of Vespasian Augustus (?), Tybi day 4, until the completion of the year (?), [being year] 3 of Vespasian, month of Thoth again ; * and I will perform their services (and) their celebrations, without my making claim for them against thee in any respect whatsoever, since to me ^ belongs everything which shall accrue in the months above mentioned. If [anything 56 //. DEMOTIC TEXTS shall come to thee in ?] the months above mentioned [or any one should ?] cause me to make a claim on thee for anything whatsoever, I shall not be able [to claim it of thee ?], and thou shalt keep possession [thereof and I shall not have any question] with thee as to the rent (?) ® of the months [aforesaid] the rent (?) on account of them. Written ' ' The only instance I know of a lease for more than a month's service. '^ The reading is uncertain ; but if it be thb, it is doubtless the same word that we have in the Canopus decree n gy n ihb (Tanis, 1. 31 = El hisn, 1. 9) = at dyi/etai, i. e. the payment of the priests for their religious services (Otto, Priesier u. Tempel, ii. 32). For another instance of the same word see Spiegelberg, Cairo Cat. Demotic Papyri, no. 3061 1, 1. 10. In the Canopus decree it means the payment for services, here it is the services themselves, called after one of the principal duties, viz. that of ' sprinkling ' the statues of the gods (Moret, Rituel du culte divin, p. 1 7 1 sq.). ' J6me was the Memnoneia on the west bank, Ophi was Karnak on the east bank, and To-tun was the site of a temple of Montu somewhere close to Thebes (cf. Spiegelberg, Cairo Cat. u. s. p. 258, n. 4). * i.e. for the eight months from Dec. 30, a.d. 69, to Aug. 29, a.d. 70. ^ The scribe began writing mte-k and altered it 'nk. * This word is found in the decrees of Canopus and Rosetta as = Trpoa-oSoi ' the revenues of the state ', especially those derived from sources other than the taxes — chiefly rents ; and this is the meaning also of ujK&p in Coptic (Crum, Copt. MSS. Fayyum, p. 79; Id., Coptic Ostraca, Ad. 15, p. 23; Krall, C.P.R. Kept. Texte, pp. 72, 107). OsTR. D 197 (PI. V). List of Phylae. 1 . n s w'b 1 2 2. n s tp w^b 12 3. n s 2-n w^b 1 2 4. n s 3-n w'b 1 1 5. n s 4-n w^b 12 6. n s 5-n w^b 10 ' To each (?) phyle, 13 priests.' To the first phyle, 12 priests. To the 2nd phyle, ;a priests. To the 3rd phyle, 1 1 priests. To the 4th phyle, 12 priests. To the 5th phyle, 10 priests.' LIST OF PHYLAE 57 ' I cannot read the critical word in this line. I suppose it is a statement of the normal number in each phyle and we should expect n s nb in w'b 12. The fifth phyle was instituted by the decree of Canopus, 238 b.c; but the writing here seems to me to be Roman. The inscription is apparently complete. OsTR. D 88 (PI. VI). Oath. Recto I. h p «nh nte P-hb s Hr . . . 2. a 'r-f pr Hns nb *h hsp io(?) 'bt-i sm (?) ss 19 3. n Hns-Thwt s P-a.te-'y-m-htp (?) z ^nh 4. Hns nb ^h nt htp ty erme ntr nb 5. nt htp erme-f p hw sp te-k 6. t.t J a.'r-y a (?) «pr (?) bp-s .... 7. hn-y (?) e.'r-k t pr.t sh.t Verso 8. nte-w wy ar-f 9. e-f 'r p *nh nte Hns-Thwt 10. 1 1 pr.t sh.t e-f St 11. a tm 'r-f nte P-hb t 12. sw rtb 2\ 13. te-w(?) p 54- »«', ' canal ', 34. mr pr-sU (?), ' chief baker ', 38. ■mr sn, ' chief priest ', 'lesonis', 39. mrwi, 'corn-land', 33. f»^, 'pay', 34- ms, 'interest', 36. mz', 'maiion', 61. nbe, ' dyke(-tax) ', 26, 28. r, 'thesaurus, granary', 31. rm-w, ' men (of X.) ', 25. rh ' adjudge (?) ', 44, 46-50. rt, 'produce', 33. rt, 'baihff', 38. hwe, 'surplus', 34, 35, 37. hnq, 'beer(?)', 51, 52, 54. h', 'festival', 39, 41. hwe, 'Augustus', 31, 51, 53, 54. hbl, ' parcel (?)', 61. h/ik, ' dromos', 59. •f, 'pkyle', 38, 40, 41, 51, 52, 54, 56 s.t-ywn, ' bath(-tax) ', 26, 28. swt, 'deliver', 32. sp-w, 'arrears', 29. shn, V. 'to lease', 53, 54. j^«, sb. 'lease', 31. shn, 'collector', 38, 40, 41. sh wy, ' deed of cession ', 3 1, 33. sAn, 'bank', 23, 25, 26, 28. sdk, 'merchant', 23, 25, 26, 28. hn, 'rent', 33, 34. sme.i, ' stock-farm (?) ', 38. sms-w, 'services', 51, 52, 54, 55. skr, 'rent', 55. s/y, 'temple-dues', 52. ^wj, ' xoSs-measure ', 32, 37, 39. qn6.i, ' council', 31. y/(?), 'copper kite, obol', 28 n. kynptre, 51, 53. kwk, ' rf«?»2-palm dates ', 61. ^w/, ' a temple official ', 40, 41. kfm ...., 52- yJ»2, 'garden', 33. ^•f»2' 37- /:,'(?), 'tax' (?), 36. ^-w, 'apomotra', 23, 26, 28. /^3(?), 'sprinkling', 56 n. /^«, 'oil', 34, 35, 47, 48, 59. z', 'chaff', 63. 6. Foreign Words. 'nqer, a plant (?), 6r. nsyiykwn, ^vtikovQ), 31. srtyqws, or/oaTiyyos, 37, 60, 65. gaesw ^/iw- ■l^4^V/^U 'ii D5 rf.^,.: \ / \ i v -A *■- jii■^«<:'^3-'11it-- *% v / D 37 t'J^C-'H'^r .'J.A:^' ■.jfT D 29 D52 II D22 ■^yj : ^'^--^'Y-, 4i.,x^^ .^t|^ \ D 103 Ill /- ^ "tc •Uf /• '^y-// H-i/t— ;™— ^> .^*4i>^ k««hi«r^; v>- D >/%*•:. '*■ ^-ci^^" " * rf'>'' f D 175 D 122 7 / ..^, j-«w"**!r />a.~ V "*'„'-- ,''4' tr: — ^ '""-■ \ Trr',K'^^'^''i^^\i^ D 3 iJiS- D 23 'T IT'S, ■ ; ,. r^^ D6 D I ./• '««;r- ■.--•V ' .' ' % -i.f r -'"' i^ 'iff D25 D44 -"^^'-^'a^. V '\ '-'-'Utf^ ■'^•f^^^-^:ij/^i >^*- ■*''*jf ~^.,-i, •%*' ,,•4. ■^•'i ■> D45 D [97 / jgi-fi D = 35 D 216 ^Mt^^SM^^^^Crfi,^- ;-rtJl ■' ;^Uk « ' ^ Ca» '»?.^ f.£>' «4 '*^ r#t* 1^^ X- ^'tf^.;^ , JL - -'» ■ -■' ■ ■ VI D 88 mio ■I -.Ji"' I 1» ^1 ,y ■ i;^^^- D 88 I'crso « 4 p ) 4 'J -" f ^V'T ■ ^iw'ti ■L .■• v^^.is^ ,% 'i ! ^ D32 D 104 VI] ^^^,|i^/i.v=i.-^-^V'f'^^> ,-*^' " \ r^ '' ^/.s l>*' t- ftwiv* m^ij '>■'/>/■( V ->..'., D 16 j-n i / i .- - ■ !' I "Vv D 221 XI D 49 •i-^ ft. ''^■'S v-f ^ J- / \ ' f . / p^ % ¥^ ■ '■%& ' ' ft.. D 107 ^- '-^ D I 79 Ill GREEK TEXTS A. PTOLEMAIC I. Receipts for Taxes paid in Money. Nos. 1-9. II. Receipts for Taxes paid in Kind. Nos. 10-27, III. Miscellaneous Receipts. Nos. 28-31. ' B. ROMAN I. Receipts for Taxes paid in Money. Nos. 32-101. II. Receipts for Taxes paid in Kind. Nos. 102-125. III. Receipts for Personal Service. Nos. 136-130. IV. Miscellaneous. Nos. 131-146. K INTRODUCTION The total number of Greek ostraca included in this collection is about 1500. A large proportion of these, however, are fragmentary or partly illegible, and only about 500 appeared to be worth copying. Even of these many are of little interest, especially those belonging to the common class of receipts for corn : and I have therefore selected for publication only such as seemed to give some fact to be added to the evidence accumulating with regard to the economy of Graeco-Roman Egypt. Any large collection of Greek ostraca must now be treated in the main as supplementary to Wilcken's great publication : and its chiel value is likely to be found in the additional light which it may give upon the taxation of Egypt. For this purpose I have grouped the texts according to the taxes to which they refer, and prefixed to each subsection references to Wilcken or other writers on the subject. In preparing this work I have received most valuable help from Dr. A. S. Hunt, who has compared the transcripts of most of the Ptolemaic, and several of the Roman, ostraca with the originals, and made corrections and suggestions so numerous that they can better be acknowledged here than in sporadic notes. He has also read through the proofs, and thus assisted further in the improvement of the texts. I am indebted to Sir Herbert Thompson for the transcripts and translations of the demotic parts of the bilinguals. J. G. M. A. PTOLEMAIC I. Receipts for Taxes paid in Money. («) 'Aa-iro{ ). The receipt in this ostracon refers to a payment, the amount of which is lost, in copper at par on aa-iro, a contraction which only suggests daiTopov : in this case it would appear that a tax on unsown land might be paid in money, contrary to the general principle observed that land- taxes were payable in kind, except for those on ground occupied by fruit- trees. But, as has been shown by Grenfell and Hunt {Tediums Papyri, i, p. 39), there are instances of money-payments for other land-taxes : and it is not unreasonable to suppose that a tax on land which produced nothing, and so could not furnish material for a payment in kind, was settled in cash. 1. (G. Id). -065 X -083 (broken below). 156 or 145 B.C. "Etovs Ke Mecropfj k Ti(TaKTai) eirl rfjy kv 'Epfiw^vOei) rpa{iTi(av) e0' ris 'AiToW]/- 5 6r]S Tpicrxi'Xias e^aKO(Tias e'lKoa-i /y'x'<- 'Epfio^tXos S'pn. 'Year 27, Epeiph 11. Psemmonthes has paid into the bank at Her- monthis kept by Hermophilos for the bath-tax of the twenty-seventh year in the Memnonia three thousand six hundred and twenty (copper drachmae) = 3620 (dr.). (Signed), Hermophilos, 4180 (dr.).' (c) 'EXaLKo,. The ostraca relating to payments for oil are almost always in the form of receipts given by the royal banks, into which the sums collected by the government officials from the KairriXoi were passed (cf. Rev. Laws, xlviii. 3). The first three published here refer to oil used for the gym- nasium at Thebes : it may be noted that no. 5 is dated five days later than no. 4, and so is in agreement with the direction in the Revenue Laws that oil should be measured out every five days to the dealers, and paid for if possible on the same day. It is not unreasonable to assume that each of these three ostraca refers to the amount of oil required for five days' consumption in the gymnasium : and, as the sums paid are comparatively small, averaging 500 copper drachmae, or approximately one silver drachma, it would not appear that the gym- PTOLEMAIC 73 nasium was a very important institution. A similar receipt (G. O. 318) for the price of oil apparently for the use of the baths at Thebes about the same date is for 3000 copper drachmae — i. e. six times the amount spent for the gymnasium. No. 6, which shows a much larger payment, is probably for sums received from the dealers who retailed oil to the general public : the managers of the gymnasium perhaps did not obtain their oil from these dealers, but got it direct from the government officials. 3. (G. loa). -095 X -109. Possibly 107 B.C. Lt ^apfiovBi Ky TeraKTUi (TTi TTju kv Aios TToXet Ttji fjLe{yd\]j) Tpd{ne{ai') e(p' ^s 'ATroWmvios eXaiov Tov eis TO yvfivdaiov 21 ifidpLaros 5 x^Q^'^"^) trj. Grenfell and Hunt (Tebtunis Papyri, i, p. 3,9) have shown considerable reason for doubting Wilcken's explanation {Ostr. i, p. 194) of kinypa<^-i\ as the special term for the land-tax on corn -land; but its exact nature remains obscure. The name is confined to Ptolemaic times, except for a reference on an early Roman papyrus from Hawara {Archiv v, p. 397) ; but the very brief character of the receipts on which the tax is mentioned throw no light on the method of its assessment. In two cases it is coupled with the ■^fiiapra^Leia. 12. (G. 136). -079 X -064. 94 B.C. (?). "Etovs k 'Eirei

6 /if(jiiTpr]Kev) ety Tri[i>) kiriyp{ariv) Kal rmiaf^Ta^Uiav) tov ai(Tov) L IIiKw{s) Uep/jidnios irvpov — [fiiap Tpi]TOP / * — «/ • 5 ire7€( ) a-iTo\(6yos). ' Year 5, Epeiph 13. Pikos son of Permamis has paid for the epigraphe and I artaba-tax of the same year one and one-third artabae of corn = i| art. corn. (Signed), Pete( ), sitologus.' I. 'Etovs t : see note on 12. i. 16. (G. 138). -115 X -087. Second to first century B. C. "Etovs X Ilavvi /cy /leQjieTpTjKfv) els tw kv Aios 7rdA(et) TTji fie{yd\rj] Orjla'avpov) eiriypa{fis) els to AL XeXovKis AqXfivios, Twi Se npoTepov ypa{(peuTi) pf] XRVi"^!!)' ™' ^^ ^'' ^^ '^^L els TTjv eTnypa{(f)r]v) tov avTov L els irXrjpeoa-ii' ^e\ov(\ea>s) pfj y^prfatji, 5 % SeKa Tpeis L^ / % lyLS'. 'AiToXX{a)vios ?). Two lines demotic, mainly effaced. ' Year 30, Pauni 43. Seloulis son of Lolenis has paid into the granary atDiospolis Magna for the epigraphe forthe thirtieth year — the receipt pre- viously given is not to be used, nor that given in the twenty-ninth year for the epigraphe of the same year for the balance due from Seloulis — thirteen and three-quarters artabae of corn = 13! art. corn. (Signed), Apollonios.' 3. Tu>L §£ TvpoTipov ypa{v) ^i^is Weiiw^v&ews) irevre / i e. ^fJ'fC )■ 'Year 47, Pauni 5. Phibis son of Psemmonthes has paid for the forty-seventh year in the Memnonia five (artabae of corn) = 5 art. corn. (Signed), Pine( )(?).' 19. (G. 107). -058 X -073 (chipped on right). 115 B.C. "Etovs jS 'Eneiip lO iit{fieTpr]Kev) ai. [[.]] ^l^is "^e/ifimyOetos nvpov fjiiav 7]fitrjs) : this phrase occurs on Ptolemaic ostraca in reference to payments both in money (G. O. 1518) and in kind (G. O. 713, 742, 1509. i533) i but its meaning remains obscure. 22. (G. 133). -074 X -070 (chipped at edges). Second century B. c. ? Li]C ^apjiovOi a fie(jieTp^Kaaiv) els tw e[v Jibs] ir6(\(i) TTJ fieiydXri) Qrjaavpov 'Epjiias nToKijiaS^ov Koi .yivais Weva/iovvios Kpi6{fis) €[^ijko»'- 84 ///. GREEK TEXTS ra %]^ iJUKXV rpiTov i^' / Kp[i6{rjs) t<^l.y(^', Ns-p-mt a yt (?) 66| . . [P]-sr-Mn a yt (?) 66f . . 661 T2 ' Year 17 (?)j Pharmouthi I. Hermias son of Ptolemaios and [ ]ausis son of Psenamounis have paid into the granary at Diospolis Magna sixty-six and eleven-twelfths (artabae) of barley = 66^ (art.) barley. (Signed), Antiochos. Estimetis for barley 66^ (?). Psemminis for barley 66^| (?). [ ] 66ii' 23. (G. 1 1 a). -099 X '105. 155 or 144 B.C. L/c-j- 'Eiril te fi€{fiiTpr]Kf) k^L Mf/j(yovei(ov) (3 h.) SC 'AnoWcoviov tov Oemvos (i h.) % ivvea yij3' / Oyi^. 'AttoXXSvios. 5 'AttoWooi'ios % Oyi^' / 6yi^'. (3 h.) 'Apaifja-is t 6yi^' / Oyifi'. SW 9It2 hsp 26 3-sm ss 15 SW g^^ ' Year 2,6, Epeiph 15. Chesthotes son of Pa . . . chimos has paid for the twenty-sixth year in the Memnonia through Apollonios son of Theon nine and five-twelfths artabae of corn = 9^. (Signed), Apollonios. (Countersigned), Apollonios, 9,^ art. corn = 9^. (Countersigned), Harsiesis, 9^^ art. corn — g-^. 9^ (art.) of corn. Year 2,6, Epeiph 15, 9^^^ (art.) of corn.' 3. This line has been inserted in a different hand from that of the body of the receipt. Apollonios, the son of Theon, who made the payment on behalf of Chesthotes, appears five days later as paying in corn on his own account (no. 24). PTOLEMAIC 85 24. (G. 105). .135 X -093. 155 or 144 E.G. "Etovs k<^ 'Eirelip k /le^iieTprjKe) /C17L Me{i(yoi'eia)y) 'AnoXXdoftos Gecovos TTVpov SeKa iwTa Z.1^' / L(Lip'. 'HXioSapos. 5' 'Apcnrja-is t iClI^', sw I7It2 hsp 26 3-sm sw 1 7I ^2 ' Year 26, Epeiph ao. Apollonios son of Theon has paid for the twenty- sixth year in the Memnonia seventeen and seven-twelfths (artabae) of corn = i7rV (Signed), Heliodoros. (Countersigned), Harsiesis, 1 7^^ art. corn. i7t^ (art.) of corn. Year a6, Epeiph, 17-31^ (art.) of corn.' 5. 'AptTcqa-i.'s: the sitologus who signs this receipt is the same who signs no. 23 of five days earlier, though the subordinate clerks are different — in this instance Heliodoros, in the earlier Apollonios. Possibly it is the same Harsiesis who signs G. O. 732 of the twenty-eighth year as sitologus, with Antiochos and Apollonios as clerks, and no, 26 of the thirty-third year with Antiochos as clerk. 25. (G. 118). -073 X -079. 149 or 138 B.C. "Etovs Xj3 Uavvi a fj.e(/j.eTpriKe) Xj3L M.eft!{vov€L(ov) 'ApvSdrjS Wepjxcaj/Oov) % OKTO) /3' / 77/3'* 'H.pa{KXuSr]s). tS>i S\ (TTpoTipov) ypa[(f)evri) prji XPV"'!!- 5 'Epn'ias % r)^' . hsp 32 SW 8i(?) Htr(?) ' Year 33, Pauni i. Haruothes son of Psemmonthes has paid for the thirty-second year in the Memnonia eight and two-thirds artabae of corn = 8|. (Signed), Herakleides. The receipt previously given is not to be used. (Countersigned), Hermias, 8| art. corn. Year 33, 8| (?) (art.) of corn. (Signed), Hatres.' 2. 'ApvdOrj^ 'irep.pM{v6ov) : the same man appears as paying in 2^ artabae of corn on Pauni 30 of the twenty-ninth year in an ostracon of this collection (G. 114) not published here. 4. {rrpoTepov) : written a. For the formula see note on 16. 3. 7. Htr : it is noticeable that, as a rule, when a demotic docket is added to a receipt and signed by a clerk, this clerk is not the same as the one signing the Greek receipt; of nos. 22 and 26, and, in the case of a bank-receipt, no. 8. M 86 ///. GREEK TEXTS 26. (G. III). -117 X -085. 148 or 137 B.C. LXy 'Eniicf) le /j.e{fieTpr]Ke) XyL M.e[fivoveid le pi{piTpr]Kev) els tov kv Alos 7ra(X€i) Tfji pt{yd\rj) O-qiaavpov) p^L vnep t6tt(ov) ^rpdrcov MrjvoScopov nvpov e^rjKoyra Teacrapes ^ irj 6 avTos dWas t SeKa oktq) / t irj, ' Year 42,, Phamenoth 15. Straton son of Menodoros has paid into the granary at DiospoHs Magna for the forty-second year for the district sixty-four and a half (artabae) of corn = 64I art. corn. (Phamenoth) 18. The same man (has paid) eighteen artabae of corn more =18 art. corn.' 2. virfp T07r(oi;) : this phrase, which is found frequently in Ptolemaic receipts for payments in kind, is explained by Wilcken {Ostr. i, p. 306) as the equivalent of iirip TOTrapp^tas. %Tpa.Twv Myjvo^dipov : the same payer occurs in G. O. 749, a receipt for 20 artabae of corn dated Pharmouthi 22 in the fortieth year. PTOLEMAIC 87 III. Miscellaneous Receipts. (a) 'EK(p6piov. As the term eKtpopiou was used commonly for rent of any kind, receipts specifying this may be of a purely private nature (cf. Wilcken, Osir. i, p. 185). No. 39, though it docs not include the word eK6ptoy, may be placed under this head, as it clearly refers to a payment of rent. 28. (G. 131). -086 X -095. Second to first century B.C. L'/3 ^apfiovdi d eK(popiov tov i^L Weva/jLoOfLs ^lvoLtos Kpid{rjs) k. XXX p sm hsp 12 n (?) P-sr-'mn yt (?) 20 sh Hry 4-pr i ' Year 13, Pharmouthi i. Psenamounis son of Sinas (has paid) for rent of the twelfth year 30 (artabae ?) of barley. The rent year 13 of (?) Psenamounis 30 barley (?). Written by Erieus, Pharmouthi i.' 29. (G. 16). -100 X -061. Possibly 88-87 B.C. ^apareiio(y) ^fXevXn y^a- ipeiv. AiTiyoi napicc) (TOV TOV AaL. TOV irvpov TVV 5 yS>v KoX oii6\{y) . cit. i, p. 363. It does not appear necessary to suppose with Wilcken {Archiv fiir Papyrus/ . iv, pp. 351, 367) that these collections were made by a subordinate temple of Isis at Hermonthis — a sort of chapel of ease to Philae — though this explanation is possible). The ewiSiKaTov may be another form of the later Xoyet'a, derived from lands, as is suggested by the addition of a place-name. 30.(0.130). -117 X -105. 87 B.C. (?). 'Epuvs 'HpaKXeiSov Kal 'flpos Kal IIiKws dji- (pdrepoL 'Epiicos npoa-- TUTai ^iXcop (TTparrj^ ) 5 IIiKm Uepfidfiios ■)(aip€Lv, 'Arre^^o/ief wapa aov to kiTi- SeKarov ttjj 'I^ia>viT0Tr{6\€a>s ?) rov k6l. JIpa^KTopeiov ?) tov Pa(cnXiy Kov (?) LX 0a.fieva)d a. 5. 1. IIlKCOTl. ' Erieus son of Herakleides and Horos and Pikos sons of Erieus, assis- tant priests of Philae . . . . , to Pikos son of Permamis greeting. We have received from you the tithe of Ibionitopolis (?) for the twenty-ninth year. At the royal tax-office (?), year 30, Phamenoth i.' 4. (TTpaTrj{ ) : the meaning of this contraction is obscure : presumably it relates to the o-Tpa-njyos in some way. 7. 'I;8i(DviT07r(d\£(i)s) I this sccms the natural resolution of the contraction. 8. Ilpa(KTopeiov) TOV l3a{(riXi)Kov : this is suggested by Dr. Hunt as a possible explanation of the text Trp^ tov pKov ; for the contraction ^^kov cf. P. Amh. 35,' 55. 9. LX: see note on 12. i. Ic) 'O^eiXrj/iaTa. This ostracon may refer either to public or to private debts: more probably perhaps the former. PTOLEMAIC 89 31. (G. 137). •106 X -049. Latter part of third century B. c. Lt 'AQbp I eh Th. o^eiXrj/iaTa tov 6l 'A6rivi6- fieva — may have been local variants. Wilcken (Ostr. i, pp. 133 and 387) has pointed out that the great majority of his ostraca in which the former is used come from the district Notos Kal Aii\r, while those with the latter are from Xdpa^, 'fl^ietov, and 'Ayopal ^oppa: and from the examples here published it would appear that the usage of Mefiuovna was the 92 ///. GREEK TEXTS former. In a number of instances the precise district is omitted : but all examples of either formula on ostraca come from the neighbourhood of Thebes ; and, so far as our present information goes, the cases may be grouped as follows : at Kai : "iAipis (?) : ^cofiaTiKov. Mejivoveia : •)(a>naTiK6v,\aoypaTp{ ) : ^caiiaTLKOv. TrpocrSiaypa^ofieva : 'Ayopal ^oppa : xco/jLariKov, \aoypa((>ia, ^aXaviKov. 'Ayopal voTov : Xaoypa^ia. 'Avco Toirap-)(ia : ^oiviKmvcov. NoTos : Xaoypacpia, ^akaviKov. NoTOS Kal Ai\lf : ^^cofiaTiKOf (once). Xdpa^ : yatiiaTLKov, XaoypaLUOV : Xaoypacpia, yeco/ieTpia. But, even during the period when these formulae were in use, ostraca occur relating to the above-mentioned localities and taxes in which there is no note of any addition or subtraction. In illustration, a few examples of the use of at kui may be given here instead of under the headings of the taxes to which they should more strictly be referred. 32.(0.363). •iiax-137. 68 A. D. Aiiypa{y\r(v) W€fip.a{vdr]s) naTe(pii6L{Tos) nri{Tpos) Ta-^ovX{ioi>s) nafiovi/i{os) {>n{€p) Xaoy{pa(p[as) Menpo{veia>v) 18^ $r]. L.iS NepoDvos Tov Kvpiov Mexielp) k?. 'Ofio{ia>S!) ^aii[eva>6) Ice $8. 'Oiio{icos)j^apnov{di) K $8. 'Ofio{ia)s) Uaxicov) Ky ^S. 'Ofio{i(os) 5 TIavv[L) k6 $8. '0/io(/'a)y) a$ Mta{opri) I virQep) x«B(i"artKoC) a J ^y- at K{ai) ^pc. ' Psemmonthes son of Patephmois and Tachoulis daughter of Pamounis has paid for poll-tax in the Memnonia for the fourteenth year 8 dr. Year 14 of Nero our lord, Mecheir 36. Likewise on Phamenoth 25, 4 dr. Likewise on Pharmouthi 30, 4 dr. Likewise on Pachon 23, 4 dr. Likewise kOMAN 93 on Pauni 39, 4 dr. Likewise in the first year, on Mesore 5, for dyke-tax for the first year 3 dr. i obol, reckoned as a (dr.) ^\ obols.' 5. aj : i. e. the first year of Galba. It would appear that the writer of this receipt had heard of the death of Nero (June 9, 68) by July 29. But G. O. 1399, written ten days later, is still dated under Nero. 33. (G. 273). •115 X -109. 70 A.D. Aiiypirv^a/) Ilaa-rjfiis Wivajio^vios) UaT^dovst) inT(ep) \ao(ypa^ias) ^a>Tp{ ) (3^ U^. L/8 Ovfo-nacTLavov ToD Kvpiov ^apfio(€6i) /S. 'Ofio(ia)s) IlaxMy) Ky ^rj. 'Ofj.o{ia>s) 'Enel^ ^ ^8. 'Ofio[L(os) 5 y$ @a>d y )(a>{fj.aTtKov) ^/3— at K{al) j8. ' Pasemis son of Psenamounis son of Patphaes has paid for poll-tax in Photr( ) for the second year la dr. Year 3 of Vespasianus our lord, Pharmouthi 3. Likewise on Pachon 33, 8 dr. Likewise on Epeiph 3, 4 dr. Likewise in the third year, on Thoth 3, for dyke-tax 3 dr. i obol, reckoned as 3 (dr.).' 34. (G. 433). -104 X -115. IC9 A.D. neTOdTpis wpaKTwp dpy[vpiK5)v) Meiivo{vdeiaii>) 1^$ ^af. Lt/8 Tpaiavov Kaiaapos tov Kvpiov 0ap{eva)&) a. 'Ofioiais ^ap[evai)6) e 5 55. 'O/xoims ^app{ov6i) 7S $S. 'Ofioico? TIa\(cv ^ $S. 'O/xoicos 'i^ $8. "AX\{as:) 'Ene't^ 8 ^aXfaviKov) ^■8. 'Ofioias ly', &Qi0 /^' ^w{naTLKov) iS at K{a'i) ypc. 'O/iolcos Tv^i 10 8 $Ppcx at K{al) /S/?x- ' Petosiris, collector of money-taxes of the Memnonia, to Phthoumonthes son of Chemsneus. (I have received) for guard-tax in the Memnonia for the twelfth year i dr. 3 obols. Year 13 of Trajanus Caesar our lord, N 94 lU- GREEK TEXTS Phanienoth i. Likewise on Phamenoth 5, 4 dr. Likewise on Phar- mouthi 14, 4 dr. Likewise on Pachon 6, 4 dr. Likewise on (Pachon) 23, 4 dr. Also on Epeiph 4, for bath-tax 4 dr. Likewise in the thirteenth year, on Thoth 22, for dyke-tax 4 dr., reckoned as 3 (dr.) 4^ obols. Likewise on Tubi 4, a dr. 5 obols 5 chalki, reckoned as a (dr.) 4 obols I chalkus.' 1. Yleroa-ipm: the same irpaKTotp appears in G. O. 1613, which is a receipt for payments of XaoypaM and ^^to/iaTi/co^ from March 16 to December 3, 109, while this one covers a period from February 25 to December 30 of the same year. From no. 82 it appears that Petosiris was still in office in the fourteenth year of Trajan, but had retired before the seventeenth year. 2. ^dovfX(!)(v6ri) : the names of the taxpayers are usually abbreviated in the receipts given by the collectors of the Memnonia during the reigns of Trajan and Hadrian. It has been assumed that they should be restored in the dative, and that the formula is a summary variant of that more commonly found elsewhere, which would run in this case Ueroa-lpig . . . ^dovjxiavdri xatpetv. 'E(rxoi' Tvapa (tov virip (TKOTriXiav . . $ap. 4. 'O/xotius ^afji,{ev(b6) i iS i the objects of this and the three following payments are not specified, and at first sight they would appear, like the preceding one, to be for (TKOTriKwv. But this would give an unusually high total for this tax, and it is more probable that the sums were actually paid for Xaoypa0ta. 35. (G. aaS). -j^^x-iii. no a.d. UeToa-ipis Kal Uafffjfiis irpaKiropis) dpy{upiKa>v) Meijivovumv) ^ayon- JJafiwi/Oipv) Xao[ypas T^ iS. 'Op.oia)S \w{}iaTLKov) y^^ at K(al) x"- I. 1. 'S,a)(Ofj,vei. ' Petosiris and Pasemis, collectors of money-taxes of the Memnonia, to Sachomneus son of Pamonthes. (We have received) for poll-tax for the thirteenth year in the Memnonia 8 dr. Year 13 of Trajanus Caesar our lord, Phamenoth 3. Likewise on Pharmouthi 8, 4 dr. Likewise on Pachon i, 4 dr. Likewise on (Pachon) 16, 4 dr. Likewise for dyke-tax a chalki, reckoned as i chalkus.' ROMAN 95 36. (G. 331). •Ii6x-i57 (broken above on left). 113 a.d. 'E/o]t€j)y Haiia^vQov) ■iTpdK{Tc. ' Erieus son of Pamonthes, collector of money-taxes of the Memnonia, through Horos his assistant, to Petechonsis son of Phthomonthes son of Hatres. (I have received) for poll-tax in the Memnonia for the sixteenth year four drachmae = 4 dr. Year 16 of Trajanus our lord, Pharmouthi a8. Pachon 19, four drachmae = 4 dr. Mesore 6, two drachmae = 3 dr. Like- wise on (Mesore) 15, two drachmae = 3 dr. : and for river-police two drachmae = 3 dr. Year 17, Phaophi 31, for dyke-tax 4 dr., reckoned as 3 (dr.) 4^ obols. Hathur 18, for dyke-tax 6 dr. 3 obols 3 chalki, reckoned as 6 dr.' I . 'Epievis H.ap.w^vBov) : this trpd.KTwp occurs in several receipts of this collection (of. nos. 37, 38, 99, with G. 217 and G. 417, not published here). He employed various fiorjOoi, but the receipts are all written in the same hand, presumably that of Erieus. One receipt (G. 217) is to the same taxpayer as the present one, and is also for payments of XaoypwjiCa of the sixteenth year, ending on Pharmouthi 23, five days before the first payment recorded on this one. The two must therefore clearly be taken together (see p. 119). 3 and 4. 1. recro-apas. Erieus habitually misspelt this word. 4. Mecro(p'^) : from this point the entries, though in the same hand, are written with a diiferent ink and pen. 5-6. 1. ■TTOTa/Aoli/. For the terra cf. G. O. 440. 7. The entry on this line is again in a changed ink and pen. 37. (G. 251). -304 X -170. 113-14 A.D. 'Epievs HapdiyBov) irpdK{Tv) i^$ ^jSc;^^ at Ka{l) i^. LtC Tpaiavov 96 ///. GREEK TEXTS Tov Kvpiov ^aaxpi 8. 'A6vp la ^/Sc^^ «' K{al) 5 5/8. Xoi{aK) Td $Pcx^ at /c(at) 5/3. TC/St 9 ^jScx^ at K{al) 5/8. MexeJp e 5|8cx^ at K{ai) 5/8. ^ajjievmB) ? 5/3cx^ at /c(a£) 5/3. ^apiJ.{pv6i) I 5/3cx^ jS. [[nax]] 5-. naxa>v y 5/8cx'' at /c(at) /3. naOi/(t) 5 5/3cx^ «t K{al) /3. '£(7ret)^ ^ 5/Scx^ at K(al) $13. Me(To(pfi) ? 5i8cx^ at <«:) 10 5i8. 0a>6 y 5/Scx^ at /c{ai) 5/3. 2. 1. ^eva/jLowei. ' Erieus son of Pamonthes, collector of money-taxes of the Memnonia, through Horos his assistant, to Psenamounis son of Patphaes son of Psenthuntasemis. (I have received) for poll-tax in the Memnonia for the seventeenth year 2, dr. 6 chalki, reckoned as a dr. Year 17 of Trajanus our lord, Phaophi 4. Hathur 11, a dr. 6 chalki, reckoned as a dr. Choiak 11, 3 dr. 6 chalki, reckoned as a dr. Tubi 6, a dr. 6 chalki, reckoned as a dr. Mecheir5, a dr. 6 chalki, reckoned as a dr. Phamenoth 6, a dr. 6 chalki, reckoned as a dr. Pharmouthi 7, a dr. 6 chalki, (reckoned as) a (dr.). Pachon 3, a dr. 6 chalki, reckoned as a (dr.). Pauni 4, a dr. 6 chalki, reckoned as a (dr.). Epeiph 6, a dr. 6 chalki, reckoned as a dr. Mesore 6, a dr. 6 chalki, reckoned as a dr. Thoth 3, a dr. 6 chalki, reckoned as a dr.' I. 'EptEw's: cf. note on 36. i. 7. UnaxD 5-: there has been a blunder here, partly corrected; perhaps the writer, after entering nax({p6ov) npdK{Tv) Mefiv{ovf.icov) Si{a) ^6ofi(cov6ov) Wcofifia){v6ri) nar(j>evTo{^) i)Tr{ep) Xao{ypa(f>ias) Men\y{ov(iwv) Spaxfids ria-epas / 55. Lt^ Tpaiav[ov Kaicrapos tov Kvpiov n.axv rj. "A\{Xo) 55 [ 5 TIavv{i) a Spa^n^ds) ria-epes / $S. ir)$ 'Adi>[p . . XciiJLaTiKov) $S at K{ai) 5y/^c. TCjSt 8 [ ROMAN 97 ' Erieus son of Pamonthes, collector of money-taxes of the Memnonia, through Phthomonthes, to Psommonthes son of Patpheus. (I have received) for poll-tax in the Memnonia four drachmae=4 dr. Year 17 of Trajanus Caesar our lord, Pachon 8. Also 4 dr Pauni 1, four drachmae =4 dr. Year 18, Hathur . . for dyke-tax 4 dr., reckoned as 3 dr. 4^ obols. Tubi 4 . . . .' 3 and 5. 1. TtWapas: cf. note on 36. 3 and 4. 39. (G. 375). -084 X -131. ia6A.D. Wava-vZs TrpccKirmp) dpyiypiKSiv) Mefi{yoveiiai) 1$ SS at K{ai) ypc. Lia 'ASpiavov Kata-apos tov Kvpiov 'A6dp S. , 5 Xo{iaK) 6 Xao{ypa^ids) $8 at K{al) ypc. 2, 1. Tlercapovrjpei. ' Psansnos, collector of money-taxes of the Memnonia, through Phmois his clerk, to Petearoueris son of Asklas through Premtotes. I have received for poll-tax for the tenth year 4 dr., reckoned as 3 (dr.) 4^ obols. Year 11 of Hadrianus Caesar our lord, Hathur 4. Choiak 9, for poll-tax 4 dr., reckoned as 3 (dr.) 4^ obols.' 40. (G. 336). -086 X -105. 138 A. D. 'lepa^ KoX IIopitv6(r}S) irpaKlropes) dpy{vpiKS>v) M€p.v{oveimu) Si{a) Wevaevwdoiys) ypa(fi/iaTe(i)s) 5'ff7'"acr?7ytt(et) TIaripi{os). Ecryipiiev) {)7r{ep) kvKivKXiov) K\(r]povoniS>v }) ai $ap. Lj8 'Ai/Tcoi'ivov Kaicrapos rov Kvpiov ^aS){(pi) ^. 'Oploicos) ^aS)(^i) id 5 imiep) kvK(vK\iov) K\{r)povoiiia>v ?) ^ a at K{al) pc. ' Hierax and Porieuthes, collectors of money-taxes of the Memnonia, through Psensenpaes their clerk, to Senpasemis daughter of Paeris. We have received for the fee on inheritances (?) for the first year i dr. 4 obols. Year 2, of Antoninus Caesar our lord, Phaophi 7. Likewise on Phaophi 19 for the fee on inheritances (?) i dr., reckoned as 5f obols.' 98 ///. GREEK TEXTS 3 and 5. K\{rjpovofji,Lwv) : this is suggested as a possible expansion of the abbrevia- tion K^, as xXiypovo/iiat were a likely subject for iyKVKXiov; see note below, p. 114. 4. 6/u,(oia)s) : written -5-. (d) 'AXiK^. The receipts on Theban ostraca for salt-tax previously published have all been of Ptolemaic period (cf.Wilcken, Ostr. i, p. 141) ; but the existence of the tax in Roman times is shown by papyri (e.g. P. Fay. 43(a), 193, 341, of the second century A.D., P. Tebt. 48a of the reign of Augustus). It is not clear in what manner the tax was levied ; but it appears to have been collected with other money-taxes by the upaKTopis. The suggestion of Wilcken (/. c.) that the consumers of salt — i. e. practically all inhabi- tants — paid an annual sum to the state in recognition of the royal monopoly, in addition to buying their salt from the retailers, is not in accordance with any of the known principles of Egyptian tax-collection : a more probable supposition is that it was paid by the dealers for the right to sell salt. It is fairly clear that the tax was accounted a yearly one ; and the receipts are mostly for small sums, though of very varying amounts. 41.(0.391). -097 X -099. 64-5 A. D. UtKCds n.aixd>v6{ov) Kal jiiToyoi S€ycpai]pios ^allpuv). 'Airea")(7j[Ka/j.ei') aXos 5yoax(/iay) ricrapas / '>^ tov ia$ Nepcov[os] TOV Kvptov. 2. 1. ^evcjiarjpu. ' Pikos son of Pamonthes and his colleagues to Senphaeris, greeting. We have received for salt four drachmae = 4 dr.^ for the eleventh year of Nero our lord.' {c) AvS[pLd.VT(OV ?). There are three Theban receipts published by Wilcken (G. O. 559, 603, 604) for /xepiapos av^ ; and he offers no explanation of the contracted word. It would appear possible that the levy was one inlp avSpiavrmv, which he recognizes in G. O. 1430 from Thebes and a long series of ostraca from Elephantine. In the latter the full particulars given admit of no doubt as to the purpose of the tax ; and it is commonly described ROMAN 99 as a \iipi(T\io^ and collected in small amounts, as in the examples from Thebes. It may be due to chance only, but the three receipts of Wilcken and the one here published belong to two years only — the eighteenth of Hadrian and the fifth of Antoninus Pius — which suggests that the tax was a casual one at Thebes, as at Elephantine. The receipts for the eighteenth year of Hadrian may perhaps be taken as representing a collection for a rather belated statue of the emperor, put up to celebrate his visit to Thebes over two years previously ; but it is difficult to suggest an occasion for the erection of a statue of Antoninus Pius in his fifth year, unless it was an even more belated record of the completion of a Sothic period in 138 A.D. (It may be noted that the Phoenix, which occurs as a type on Alexandrian coins of the second year of Antoninus, doubtless with reference to the Sothic celebration of that year, is used again on coins of the sixth year.) In one case — G. 0. 603 — the tax is said to have been levied on land, the receipt being for 5I obols on 30^ arourae, which shows a very low rate per aroura, much below that of any known land-tax. 42. (G. 346). -053 X -077. 133 A.D. Ila(Tr\{p.ii) Kal 'Anicov dnaiT{r]Tat) fi,fpi(TiJi{ov] dv8{pidvTa>v ?) 'AyoifiZv) S N6{tov) J. . .]] neTepfiov{6r]) ^ar^LOs). "Ey) S. Lir/ 'ASpiavov Eata-apos 5 0a)d Krj, (a h.) 'AirMv ff€(rrjij.[€LiJ.aTiK6v in most regions of Thebes were 10 drachmae and 6 dr. 4 obols respectively, though the evidence with regard to Xaoypa(f>ia is not very definite (see p. 118). There was always, during the Roman rule in Egypt, a dearth of small change in the country ; a disproportionately large part of the coinage in circulation consisted of tetradrachms, and consequently as many payments as possible were made in coins of this denomination. A man desiring to pay his 10 drachmae as Xaoypa(pia for a year would accordingly hand in three tetradrachms ; and, instead of receiving any change, he would have the balance credited to his ^aXaviKov, after the 7rpoaSiaypa(p6fieva had been written ofi" at the rate of i^ obols to the tetradrachm. Similarly, in the case of a year's X<»juart/coi' he would pay in two tetradrachms ; though in the latter class of transactions the payers seem to have lost an obol or half an obol, as the 6 dr. 4 obols for ^cofiarLKov and 3 obols for npoaSiaypa^ojieva on two tetradrachms should have left 5 obols for ^aXaviKov, whereas only 4 or 4i are credited. It might be supposed that the total amount due for the year was made up by the two balances — as the same man occurs paying in both forms in the same year (nos. 49 and 50), and i dr. i| obols and 4^ obols at any rate make up a round sum — but other instances of higher payments for ^aXavLKov alone conflict with this idea. Possibly these sums were taken as convenient instalments and the remainder of the tax due was collected later : the latter may be referred to in the receipts for TO npoXoinov rod ^aXaviKov of G. O. 103a, 1033, 1035, 1036, 1037; the only two of these which are exactly dated are at the end of the year for which the tax was due or the beginning of the next. ROMAN loi The amounts, however, for which receipts are given, even in the same year and place, or to the same individual, do not show any definite basis : it may be remarked that in one instance (no. 47) the sum is much higher than anything noted by Wilcken ; but in no case do they approach what appears to have been the regular payment at Tentyra in the reign of Tiberius — 40 drachmae a year — as shown by a series of demotic ostraca, an account of which I hope to publish shortly. 43. (G. 83). -104 X -095. 76 A.D. 'Ap^)i6iTos vTr(iep) )(ai(jiaTiKOv) 'Ay[opmv) ^o[ppa) j/L ^ip 0a{\aviKov) pc / Kal iT{po/iai). ' Psenamounis son of Harphmois has paid for dyke-tax in Agorai North for the eighth year 6 dr. 4 obols, for bath-tax 4^ obols, with the extra charges. Year 8 of Vespasianus our lord, Epeiph 33. Signed, Apion.' 3. Pc /: the writer has omitted to enter the total amount. 5. 'E7r«i<^ Ay: for suggested explanations of this peculiar style of dating see Wilcken, Os^r. i, p. 813. 44.(0.369). -090 X -104. 78 A.D, @ea)v Kol (itT{oyoi) TeX(wj'ai) Qr)a-{avpov) Up(&v) Maifvpi 'Ap^n6t(Tos) Kal Wivajicivvu) d8e\{(f>&) )^at(pfiv). ''E[i6iT0i in{fp) Xao(ypa^ias) 'Ayo{p&v) j3o(p/)a) O I02 ///. GREEK TEXTS /8l [5] 5«a ^a\{a,viKov) a—c / la-c Kal 7rpo{a8iaypa^6fifva). L/3 T[iro]v rod Kvpiov (An illegible line of demotic.) ' Maieuris son of Harphtnois has paid for poll-tax in Agorai North for the second year ten dr., for bath-tax i (dr.) i J obols = 1 1 (dr.) i| obols, with the extra charges. Year a of Titus our lord, Mecheir 30-34. Signed, Herakleides.' 4. TiiTo]v : the name, which is almost rubbed out, might be Ao/iirtavoD in a very abbreviated form, but the traces of the first letter look like T. 5. Mexi^l-p) A.XS: for an explanation of the peculiar system of dating by 30 followed by a second number for the days of a month see Wilcken, Osir. i, p. 813. In the instances cited by him, however, the series runs from Xa to W: here the second number exceeds 30. 46. (G. 364). -060 X -088. 80 A. D. 'AiToWm KOI ne{jo-)(oi) TeXiJovai) 6t]cr(avpov) k{poav) "Slpm 'Oa-opovrjp[ios) Kal '0v) /3o(/opa) ejy dpi{dfirjaiv) Meyl^up) a$ Kal els dpi{6iir)(7Lv) ^a/i{evai0) Sp{axiJias) e^ K{al) SeKa / ii'^ Kal npoicrSiaypa^o/ieva). La AoniTLavov 5 TOV Kvpiov Mi(T[opr]) Xa. 'An{ ) ^ as equivalent to ®!ii6 a. ets apW/xricriv Meo-opij, since here the payment is not ets apiOft,r]n{ep) yw{iiaTiKov) 'Ayo{pSiv) ^o{ppa) yi ^t[^ (?) ^aX{ai'iKo€) f K[a'i) Trp^oaSiaypa^Sfieva). Ly A^o/iiTyaylov Tov /({vjptov 'Eiriir]Ke) Wei'aiJ.o(vi/is) 'Apn6iTo{s) Mai- evpio{s:) i7r{ep) ^((oljiaTiKOv) 'Ayo{p&v) ^o{ppa) cL ^ e^ p ^a\{aviKov) pc / $(=c Kal irpo{(rSiaypa rj. ' Psenamounis son of Harphmois son of Maieuris has paid for dyke- tax in Agorai North for the fifth year six dr. 4 obols, for bath-tax 4^ obols = 7 dr. a§ obols, with the extra charges. Year 5 of Domitianus our lord, Epeiph 8.' 51. (G. 274). •089X-I05. 119 A.D. ©iwv 7rpdK{Tmp) apy{vpiKS)v) ^p-ois 'Ah/juovio{v) 'Airo\Xci)i'io(y). "Ea^^l^ov) {m{kp) yjx^jxaTiKOv) Kal ^oMaviKov] N6{tov) y'> pvn{aph.i) i ^/?x^ / fiv7r(apal) i CpX^- L5 A8pia[vov) Kaioiaposi} t{ov) Kvpiov Advp 16. 5 EvS . . . s ai(Tri{jiiiv) "f2p(f) WeifTcpolpTos) Wev/xivio^s). ''Es) j8. lS AvTavivov Kaiaapos tov Kvpiov ixrji>{bs) ASpiavov 5 ^. ROMAN 105 ' Pamonthes and Porieuthes, collectors of the rate for baths in the Villages, to Horos son of Psentphous son of Psenminis. We have received i dr. a obols. Year 4 of Antoninus Caesar our lord, month Hadrianus 8.' 53.(0.230). •i34x-iai, 160 A.D. nXijyis Kal ^Pov(pos npdK{Topes) dpy{ypiK&v) M(envoveia)i>) 8ta ^w0o( ) ^oT]{6ov) Ilarjpis Ilafjpis Wevo{(Tipios ?). 'Ea)((lofiei>) ii7r{ep) \aoy{pafias) Kal PaK{aviKov) Kyi U/^. L/cy 'Avtodpivov Tov Kvpiov ^apfi{ov6i) Te. 5 '0/*{oim) UaxMy) ^ ^S. 'On{oicos) 'Eir{ii)((, To, iS. 2. J. Xlarjpti Ilaijpios. ' Plenis and Rufus, collectors of money-taxes of the Memnonia, through AuphQ( ) their assistant, to Paeris son of Paeris son of Psenosiris (?). We have received for poll-tax and bath-tax of the twenty-third year 16 dr. Year 33 of Antoninus our lord, Pharmouthi 15. Likewise on Pachon 1 1, 4 dr. Likewise on Epeiph 11,4 dr.' 54. (G. 337). -093 X -104. 189-90 A.D. 'flpiy^vris;) K{al) ii{iToypL) kim^qprjTal) TeX(oi;y) 0rj(7{avpov) IIere/t(ei'(l>ws). ' Ea-)(fiK{aniv) to ^a\{avLKov) tov Xi. ' Origenes and his colleagues, supervisors of the tax of the granary, to Petemenophis son of Senpetemenophis. We have received the bath-tax for the thirtieth year.' 2. Il£Tc/A(evci)^e() S«i^€T£jti(€v(<)^tos) : the abbreviated names are restored on the assumption that the taxpayer is the same man who appears in nos, 60 and 61 of this same year. 3. A.J : the thirtieth year must be of Commodus, as the hand is clearly a late second century one. 55. (G. 365). -059 X -674. 190-1 A.D. TIanmv6{r]s) K{ai) p{iToyoi) kwiijrjpriTa)) Ti\{ovs) Br}a{avpov) Uf^mv) ' Evai) yepS{taKov) t£X(oi's) r]$ AeXovs Sevafifvpoi6 K{al) 0aMp i?. 2. 1. KfXovTl. 'Porieuthes and his colleagues, farmers of the weaving-tax of the eighth year, to Lelous son of Senamenrosis. We have received from you for the io8 III. GREEK TEXTS tax of the months Thoth and Phaophi of the said year eight dr. = 8 dr. Year 8 of Antoninus and Verus our lords Augusti, Hathur i6.' 59.(0.378). ■o8ix-o83. 189 A.D. nopi€v6r}i Kai /ieTOx{oi) kiTiiiriprjTai) Ti\[ovs) y€pS(i^ei) S ei'ireTep(evm(f)tos) yailp^w). "Ecry^opiev) vTT{fp) reX^ovs) /tj>u}'i) : these names are completed from two other receipts for the same tax, not published here, on which they are written out more fully (G. 84 and G. 292, of the second and third years of Severus). The same payer occurs on the next ostracon. 5. LXat? : see note on 59. 4. ROMAN T09 61. (G, aao). -079 x -090. 191 a. d. JT/oe/iacos' Koi ix[eToyoC) eTriTrj^priTal) y€pS{iaKov) IIeTefi{evaiw(pios) yaltpiiv). "Ea-ypiiiev) vw(€p) TeX(ovs) fJ.r](vbs) ^apn{ovdt) ^r] / $ri 5 LXao na)(co{u) /3. ' Premaos and his colleagues, supervisors of the weaving-tax, to Pete- menophis son of Senpetemenophis, greeting. We have received for the tax of the month Pharmouthi 8 dr. = 8 dr. Year 31, Pachon 2,.' 1. Tipe/jLaias: see note on 60. i. 2. nET£/A(ei'o)(^ei) : see note on 60. 2. 5. LA.a«: see note on 59. 4. 62. (G. 384). -048 X •060. 191 A.D. Way(TvS){s:) /cat iJiiTO)(^(oi) kvLTirjpriTaX) TeX{ovs) ■yep8[i(oi') n.epp.{dixeC) f^6ov/j.[ivios). "Ea-xio/ieu) U7r(e/)) 'A6i>p ^r]. 5 LX/3) naph ^io5 ?) xac(peiv). "Ea-xiov) irapdi, aov vTr{tp) dpiSdiiqcTeas) firiv{bs) 'E{ireL)^ TOV ei Spa^fias oktco 5/^7;. Le^ 'E{7Tet)(j> TC. ' Miusis son of Xenon, supervisor of the tax on weavers, to Petsen son of Petemenophis, greeting. I have received from you for the account of the month Epeiph of the fifth year eight drachmae = 8 dr. Year 5, Epeiph 17.' J, vTr{kp) dpid(iMTJcre(oi) iJi,rjv{bs) 'E(tei)<^ : cf. G. O. 660. 4. ej : the fifth year is most likely to be that of Severus, on grounds of hand- writing. 68. (G. 243). -079 X -088. 198 A.D. Ne^epas 7rp{€a^vTepos) ^Oovp.i{yLO$) Koi niiToy^oi) kmTr][prjral) Ti\{ovs) yepSioDv TOV e^V. ovop^aTOi) IleTeptlevaxpLOS ?) !4/o)3jj(xior). "E(Tx(pfiep) irapa p.ai). ' Psenminis son of Peteminis son of Petechon has paid for the survey- tax in Ophieion for the thirteenth year ten dr. = 10 dr. and the extra charges on this. Year 13 of Nero our lord, Mecheir 36. Signed, . . enon.' 4. Me^etp ^5- : see note on 45. 5. 72. (G. 413). -086 X -088 (chipped on right at top). i6i-a a.d. Auyp{a'^e) JJeTeapovfjpis ^ai^[pios iiriep) yea>(j,i(Tpias) Xd{paKos) a^ a(i'rt) SeiJ.vo{€Tos) ^ai][pios fiv7r{apav) J (iCav / ia. L/S 'AvTCovivov Kal Ovripov T&v Kvpiccv AvTOKparopcov 5 ^aw{(j,e{rpias) Xd{paKos) pviriapav) ^ fiiav / 'fa. Ly 'Avijowivov) Kal Ovrip(ov) rStv Kvpiwv 'Xi^aarmv 00)$ k. P( ) v ; the eLKoa-TTj KXtjpo- I'o/itcoj', which appears in papyri (e.g.B. G. U. 240, ^2,6), might be classified as kyKVKXiov, as that term seems to have covered percentages of varying rates payable to the state on contracts and mercantile transactions (Wilcken, Osir. i, p. i8a). But on the other hand a sum paid in respect of an inheritance would probably be specifically described as referring to the particular occasion, just as (in G. O. 1066) the duty paid on the sale of a slave is described ; whereas the payment here is said to be for the tax of a certain year. A similar formula occurs in G. O. 473 — i^Trep hKVKXiov ^L ; and on an ostracon from Denderah in my possession there is a record of a payment kyKVKXiov laL. The latter appears to belong to the same group as a number of demotic ostraca found with it, which all relate to members of the same family as the one Greek example, but describe the tax paid as ' one-twentieth ' simply. These demotic ostraca show that the tax for a given year was regularly paid early in the succeeding year ; that the amounts paid by the same man were different in different years ; but that the amounts paid by different members of the family were the same in any one year. It seems probable that in this case the twentieth or eyKVKXiou was assessed at the close of the year on the year's profits of some trade carried on by the family ; and the same explanation may be suggested for the kyKVKXiov of no. 40, which was similarly paid after the close of the year for which it was assessed ; but in this case some other expansion of k^ than KXrjpovofj.imv seems desirable. lk\ ' ETTiKi^dXaiov. The natureof the tax known as enLKi^dXaLov is discussed below (p. 153), where I have argued that it is to be taken as equivalent to xiipcovd^Lov ROMAN "5 and not to Xaoypa^ta. It seems natural to consider the abbreviation kwi" in the following ostracon and in G. O. 68i, 686, and 696 as standing for eiriKe(j>aXaiov, in view of the long lists of persons paying e7riKed\aia given in no. 136 and other instances quoted in the notes on that text. 73. (G. 437). -059 X -096. Second to third century A.D. TIavvi tj8 Tov Ky^ 6v6{fJ,aTos) Brjcnos XaPov)(mvTT{fp) €'mK{e(f)a\aiov) Kal •)(a>i4aTiKov) $ oKTcb / $r). navi((TKOs) a(ecrrifieia>/iai). p hmt n (?) nbe (?) n Bs s Hf-Hns n h-sp 23 (?) 5 'bt-2 sm SS-12 ' Pauni 13 in the twenty- third year in respect of Besis son of Chabon- chonsis for trade-tax (?) and dyke-tax eight dr. = 8 dr. Signed, Paniskos. The bronze of (?) (the) dyke-tax (?) of Bes son of Khef-khons, year 23 (?) , Pauni i«.' (?' ) 'HnriTiKov. The receipts for the tax on cobblers show much the same character- istics as those for the tax on weavers (section (e) above). The tax is usually stated to be for a particular month, though this does not hold good of no. 74 and G. O. 464, and the amounts paid by different individuals vary ; so that it seems probable that the assessment was on the extent of the business of the individual. As in the case of the yepSiaKov, the earlier receipts are given by TeXmfai, the later by eniTrjpijTai. 74. (G. 405). -140 X -125 (broken above on right and left). 44 A.D. ]eiKa>i'is n.€yyTO(v) [ rljXoy rjTTTjTcoy 8idi 'Afj./iwvo(CTos ?) [ ] ^CP- L^ Ti^eptov K\avS[iov Kaiaapos ^e^acrTOv TepjjLaviKov 5 AvTOKparopos ^ap/j.ov6{i) iS. '0/j.[ota)S ^apnov6{i) k9 55. whm (i*) n 'bt-3 sm ss-2 sttr i.t qt | a qt i.t (o/3oX) 3 a sttr I.t qt I «n ii6 ///. GREEK TEXTS ' . . eikonis son of Pechutes [has paid] as tax on cobblers through Ammonous (?) [ ] 7 dr. 3 obols. Year 4 of Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus Imperator, Pharmouthi 14. Likewise on Phar- mouthi 39, 4 dr. Likewise, Epeiph a, i stater |^ kite = i kite 3 obols = i stater ^ kite again.' 7. The demotic entry refers to a further transaction in continuation of the Greek. 75. (G. 349). -081 X -103. 190 A.D. TiOofjs Kal //.{eTo^oi) e7riT(r]pr]Tal) TeX(ouy) r}nr]T{S)v) 0aTpfJTi ^aTprjo{vs) ■)(ai{peiv). 'EaxvK{a)fj.(ev) irapb, [vivov) KaLcrapos tov Kvpiov TlavvL Kij-. ' Tithoes and his colleagues, supervisors of the tax on cobblers, to Phatres son of Phatres, greeting. We have received from you the appointed tax for the month Pauni of the thirtieth year. Year 30 of Aurelius Commodus Antoninus Caesar our lord, Pauni 36.' I . Ti^o^s : this collector is possibly identical with Tt^o'^s ncTc/xtVtos who gave the receipts G. O. 1069, 1070, 1071 for the tax on cobblers in the twenty-second, twenty-third, and twenty-fifth years of Commodus. 76- (G. 423). -081 X -076. Second to third century A.D. Uao'rjfus ^aTprjovs eniTripr]T(ris) TeX(ovs) r]wr]T{S>v) Kal /x(4to)(^oi) AyTcovio) ^aipeiv. "Ea^ov irapa crov to TeX{os) tov Tlayaiiy) 5 5t 6^(oXoii9) e. L<^^ TIawL j8. ' Pasemis son of Phatres, supervisor of the tax on cobblers, and his colleagues to Antonius, greeting. I have received from you the tax for Pachon, 10 dr. 5 obols. Year 6, Pauni a.' (k) Kvvr]yiSccv ttXolcov. Wilcken published five ostraca relating to payments for this tax, the name of which is usually written kw"), but in one case Kvvrjyi^ ; and he ROMAN 117 appears to have found the correct explanation in expanding this con- traction as Kvvr^yiScov and translating this as ' hunting-boats ' {Ostr. i, p. 229). The addition in no. 78 of it after kvv^ supports Wilcken's rendering. There is, however, a point arising in connexion with the formula shown in these receipts which he had to leave unexplained. In four out of the five examples the name of the payer is preceded or followed by the symbol "p, which occurs similarly in no. 78 ; but fortu- nately in no. 77 the word is written out as SeKav", which supplies a suitable expansion of the symbol. It would appear therefore that SeKavoC were responsible for this tax ; and this gives a point of contact with the entry in B. G. U. i. i of a payment of 60 drachmae SeKuviKov 6/j,occos rav avrmv irXoicov, which suggests the existence at Soknopaiou Nesos in the Fayflm of a similar responsibility of SeKavoi for certain boat-taxes. 77. (G. 406). •07IX-I28. 75 A. D. Kvvr](yi8mv) ^L Ovecrnacriavov tov Kvptov Tv^i 76 'Ayo(pav) N6{tov). ^afjpi{s) 'Ap^^xi'^os) SeKav^s) Kal ixi(ro)(oi.) pvir{apas) rjp. IIe)(y(Trjs). 'For hunting-boats in the seventh year of Vespasianus our lord.Tubi 19, in Agorai South. Phaeris son of Harbechis, decurion, and his colleagues (have paid) 8 bad (dr.) 4 obols. (Signed), Pechutes.' 3. KoX /x,e(Toxot) : of. G. O. 1564, where the payment is similarly made by a man described as 'p (see above) and ju,e(Toxot). 78. (G. 270). -lasx-iao. 100 a. d. Kvvrj{yiSs ^aTprjoiys) (SeKavos) Kwr]{yiScov) pvir{apas) Sp{axiJ-ois) oktw / irj. Ly Tpaiavov tov Kvpiov Mexiitp) f€. 'HpaK{XeiSris) a{€(Tr]neia>iiai). ' For hunting-boats in the third year. Teos son of Phatres, decurion of hunting-boats, (has paid) eight bad drachmae = 8 dr. Year 3 of Trajanus our lord, Mecheir 15. Signed, Herakleides.' 2. (ScKai/os) : written ^ (see above). Q ii8 ///. GREEK TEXTS (/) Ka>fir]TLKd. As pointed out by Grenfell and Hunt on P. Tebt. ^6^, the term KcojiriTiKci is used of village-dues in a purely general sense ; it includes various classes of payments in kind, and, as here, in cash. The tax in this case, though collected by the irpaKTopes dpyvpLK&v in money, is on land. 79. (G. 91). -070 X -063. Third century A.D, A(iiprj\ws) Kapowios Tl\vvio(i) Koi (j.iTO)({oi) irpdK{Top€S!) dpyiypiKZv) KOifirjTiKaiv M€jXvo{yda>v). "Ecrxiojfiiiv) iiwiep) yf(vrjfiaTOs) Si^ ovojjLa- 5 ros TeXcopov Sa.f^(TOvai{os) 'Aurelius Karounios son of Plunis and his colleagues, collectors of money-taxes, for the village-dues in the Memnonia. We have received for the produce of the fourth year in respect of Teloros son of Samsousis 7 dr. 3 obols. Year 5, Tubi 30.' (m) Aaoypaipia. Wilcken has shown {Osir. i, pp. 230 ff.) that the 'rate of the poll-tax apparently differed considerably, not only in various parts of Egypt, but even in separate districts of Thebes ; and he drew up the following table as giving the results of his investigations with regard to Thebes. The districts and rates were, according to this : — Charax . . .10 dr., after 1 13-14 rather more. Ophieion . . .10 dr., later 10 dr. 4 ob. Agorai North . .10 dr. Kerameia . . . 10 dr. 4 ob. Memnonia . . .16 dr. South and South-west . 34 dr. But this table appears to require modification in some respects. In the first place it is based on the highest sums which occur on any single ostracon for any district, except in the case of Kerameia, the only two examples from which show payments of 5 dr. 3 ob. : Wilcken assumes ROMAN 119 that these must be instalments, and, in order to bring the rate for Kerameia into line with that for Ophieion at the same period, that they must be one-half the tax for the year. But they might equally well be one-third of 16 dr., or indeed any proportion of any sum. Similarly the receipts from other districts for 10 dr. might be half or some other proportion of a larger sum. That the receipt for a year's poll-tax was not necessarily entered in full on a single ostracon, even if a series of instalments were paid, is shown by two receipts in this collection (no. 36 and G. 317, not published) given by the same collector Erieus to the same taxpayer Petechonsis son of Phthomonthes son of Hatres. These contain the following record of instalments of taxes for the sixteenth year of Trajan : — G. 217. No. j,6. Pharmoul thi6, year 16 4 dr. for \aoypaj 15 a dr. i) )) a dr. for TTOTafio^vXa Phaophi 31. year 17 3 dr. Ah ob for \(i>liaTlKQV. Hathur 18 J) 6 dr. )j )) This gives a higher total — a4 dr. — for the Memnonia than Wilcken's ; and still larger sums occur on other ostraca from the same district. G. 417 shows payments amounting to 3a dr. as one^. man's poll-tax in the seventeenth year of Trajan, and G. a7a similar payments amounting to 38 dr. in the fourth year of Hadrian. At the same time there is no reason to assume that the divergence between the rates of 10 dr. and 34 dr. or even 32 dr. for neighbouring districts is too wide. It is fairly certain that the usual- poll-tax at Syene was 16 dr. ; and the same rate is shown to have been the regular one at Tentyra under Tiberius by a series of 49 demotic ostraca given to members of one family (an account of which I hope to publish shortly). At Oxyrhynchus there were apparently two rates of 13 and 16 dr.; while in the Fayiim even more variation occurs. The commonest rate I20 ///. GREEK TEXTS in the district was ao dr. ; but at Tebtunis alone payments of 8 dr., \6 dr., 33 dr. 4 ob., 34 dr., and 40 dr. also occur (cf. Grenfell and Hunt, Tebhinis Papyri, ii, p. 99). It can only be concluded that the amount payable by any individual was determined by some circumstances not at present known to us. 80- (G. 348). -058 x-076 (right top corner broken). 19 B.C. WevOarjcTLS IIa(ri]ij[ios Ti{TaKTai) Xaoyipa^ias) lai. ^rj. {.la Eaia-a(pos) Mex(eijo) 8. Ei(pa{Xos;) Tp{a.)Tr{f(cTris). ' Psenthaesis son of Pasemis has paid for poll-tax for the eleventh year 8 dr. Year it of Caesar, Mecheir 4. (Signed), Kephalos, banker.' 3. K£vioi) koI i4eToyoC} irpaK^Topes) dpyiypiKwv) fir]T[poir6\ea>s) TIayoii{v(.1 ?) Wey)(vo{v/iicos) IIeT€)(ea-6(mT0S:). "Ea-yi^ojiiv) vir{ep) xco^fiaTiKov) Xd{paKos) SeK{a) / 1, inr{ep) \ao(ypa(f)ias) oKTcb J T], LSeK{d,Tov) Tpaiavov 5 ^afi{epa>6) X /ca. 'ApvMTr]{s) (r{ea-r]fi€ia)fiaL). "A\{\as) Havfi X Ky iirijep) Xao{ypa^ias) Se^ .... Ti(Ta-ap{as) / $8. 'Apva>TT](ij (Tev) Miij{vovet(ov) KoXavdrji IIaa-q[u{os). 'Tn(ep) Xao(ypa(f>ias) iS$ at Siaypacpei- a-rjs 6v6[fiaTi) rj/iav iirlp arov 5 55. Lt^ Tpaiavov Kaia-apos Tov Kvpiov na)(a)[v) Vy. 2. 1. 'KoXdvOrj. 3. 1. Siaypa^eio-at ? ' Petosiris, formerly collector of money-taxes in the Memnonia, to Kolanthes son of Pasemis. In regard to the poll-tax of the fourteenth year, the 4 dr. entered in our name are for you. Year 17 of Trajanus Caesar our lord, Pachon 13.' I. IIcToo-tpts: this collector is shown by G. O. 16 13 and no. 35 above to have been in office in the Memnonia district in the twelfth and thirteenth years of Trajan. The purport of this ostracon is not very clear, but it appears to relate to a correction in his accounts after he laid down his office. 83. (0.338). -105 X -109. 133 A.D. ^6ojj.a){v6r]S) TTpaKijmp) dpyiypiKmv) 'Ep/impdecos Wevraarjijiei) WefiaiyBeoos) Kal TleTe)(w(i'a-et) vi(a). "E<7Xo(v) V7r(ep) \ao{ypaias) i) Wevapn^^Xi'^i) 'Apw^^xi^of) ^'« "iipo{v). "Etryipiiiv) {>7r{ep) \ao{ypai'io{s) Kal IIa)(i'o(€fiis) yevo^fievoi) irpaKiropes) dpy(ypiKcov) "Avco (To)Tr{ap)(^ias) 'Aa-KXaTi y[iOi>T€p(o) 'Ep(C)ev) K^ Spa)(lliJ.as) Teartrapas / $S. Lku 'Ai/T(ovivov Kata-apos tov Kvpiov 'Advp k8. 'Ajxp^mvios) cr{ecrT]iJ,eia)fiai). 'Ammonios and Pachnoumis, formerly collectors ofmoney-taxesof the upper toparchy, to Asklas the younger, son of Erieus, son of Phaeris. We have received for poll-tax and other taxes of the twentieth year four drachmae = 4 dr. Year 21 of Antoninus Caesar our lord, Hathur 24. Signed, Ammonios.' 86. (G. 66). -085 X -084 (face chipped). Probably 213 A.D. Avpi]\ios Tvpavos ' E7ra>vv)((ov) Kal iJ.i{Toyoi) wpdK{Topes) dpy(ypiKa>v) Ka)(^ur]s) Tavp{ ) dia Avp^Xm Wefid>{v6ov). "EcTxio/iev) vn(ep) \aoypa((j)ias) Kal d\(X(op) Ka$ 5 ovoniaros) n.\avi\op.S)S naa>(TOS) UI3. [LK]a^ ^ap[iJiovd]i la. 3. 1. AvprjXlOV. 5- '• IlaVlOyUMTOS. ' Aurelios Turanos son of Eponuchos and his colleagues, collectors of money-taxes of the village Taur , through Aurelios Psemonthes. We hav£ received for poll-tax and other taxes of the twenty-first year in respect of Paniomos son of Paos 12 dr. Year ai, Pharmouthi 11,' [See also nos. 33, 35, 35, 37, 38, 39, 45, 49, 53, and 97 for other receipts for Xaoypa^ia.] ROMAN 123 The reXos km^kvecv is mentioned in a Cairo ostracon published by Wilcken {Archiv i, p. 153), which is dated in the reign of Nero, and, like this one, shows a payment of % drachmae a month. It is probably to be explained by P. Tebt. 391, which relates to the collection of poll-tax: from this it appears that two of the collectors were responsible" for to kiri^ivov — the inhabitants, of Tebtunis who were away from home. If the payment in this ostracon was for poll-tax^ it points to a rate of 34 drachmae a year (cf. last section, p. 118). As the collection here is made by eniTrjprjTai, it seems to have been taken out of the hands of the usual collectors of poll-tax, and transferred to the kirnriprjTal ^eviKotv irpa- KToptas, who were responsible for recovering debts from people living outside their own district (cf. Grenfell and Hunt on P, Oxy. 712). 87. (G. 236). -070 X -094. 133 A.D. 'AnoWii'dpios 'AKd/iavT09 Kal fieTO\{oi) eTnTripr]T{ai) Te\(ovs) ktn- ^evm(y) Sia 06ofiw(v6ov) ypa{fjLfiaTia>s) JTere- )((0p Tepi[ ). "Ea-xio/iev) irapa rov i^5 5/3. UC 'ASpiavov Kaia-apos tov Kvpiov ^ap{evcb6) (. 3. 1. Herix'^VTL. ' Apollinarios son of Akamas and his colleagues, supervisors of the tax on strangers, through Phthomonthes their clerk, to Petechon son of Tem . . . We have received from you for Mecheir of the seventeenth year 3 dr. Year 17 of Hadrianus Caesar our lord, Phamenoth 7.' 5. M£(x)xe'P : Ae first x is only partly written on a rough spot in the surface of the ostracon. (0) Oivov Tinrj. As suggested by Wilcken {Ostr. i, p. 271), the payments entered on ostraca iirep Tiiifji o'lvov were probably money equivalents of a tax payable in kind. The latest of the three examples given here (no. 9c) furnishes a clue to the rate — 144 drachmae to the aroura ; but the rate may very probably have varied for different estates, as the o'lfov riXos (cf. Wilcken, p. 270) apparently did. 124 III- GREEK TEXTS 88. (G. 380). -079 X -093. 90 A. D. Aiay[eypd(priKe) TidoTJ(s;) IIeTocr6pKci{yTOs) Sia "I2po(y) {iiT{ep) TC/M{rjs) ot{i'ov) t^ "Avco {To)iT{ap-){ia$!) p. Lt AoiJ.iT{iav)ov Tov Kvpiov lAOvp Ta. ' Tithoes son of Petosorkon has paid through Horos for the valuation of wine for the tenth year in the Upper toparchy 4 obols. Year 10 of Domitianus our lord, Hathur 11.' 89. (G, 70). -076 X -084, i8i-aA.D. Mlwi^ Koi n{kTO-)(Oi) iniT{r}pr)Tal) rt/i{TJs) oivov Kal n €Tev)((a)Vcrei) •^aiipnv). "E\(oi TeXofj) % ovov evos. L. [^afi€v]cod K^. ' Germanos and his colleagues, farmers of the two per cent, tax, to Petenchonsis, greeting. I have received the tax on one ass loaded with corn. Year [?], Phamenoth 22.' 3. t : it would be expected that the number of artabae of corn ■would be specified, as in G. O. 801 and 806 ; but instead the customs-ofBcer has contented himself by simply stating the quantity as an ass-load. {(jf) n\t(y6€V0fj.ivrj). The contraction ttXi, which specifies the tax to which the following ostracon refers, may most probably be taken as connected with bricks ; and the tax is very likely identical with the //.epicr/jLos TrXivOevoiievTjs of P. Oxy. 502 and 574 and the iinep wXiv^ of G. O. 512, 572, 592, 1421. In these ostraca, as here, the collection is made by dnaiTriTai, though the tax is described as a fiepia-fios, not a riXos : but the two words are sometimes used indifferently. The nature of the tax is still obscure : possibly, as suggested by Grenfell and Hunt on P. Oxy. 502. 43, it was a payment in lieu of providing bricks for the government. R 126 ///. GREEK TEXTS 92. (G. 379). -091 X -104. 141 A.D. 'Tlpo^ KOI n{iTO)(oi) diraiT{r}Tal) n\i{v6evonii'r]s) Te\(ovs) kP$ 6eov 'ASpiavov IIlKOOS @OTeVTt}S. "E(rx{ofifv) irapa aov Sp{a)x(fioi.i) 5 irevTe / pvTr(apal) i nefTe. LS 'AvTa>v{iv)ov Kaiaaf^os) tov Kvpiov 'E{TTii)(t> Ke. 3. 1. IltKtUTl ©OTEVTOV. ' Horos and his colleagues, collectors of the brick-tax of the twenty- second year of the deified Hadrianus, to Pikos son of Thoteutes. We have received from you five drachmae = five bad dr. Year 4 of Antoninus Caesar our lord, Epeiph 35.' (r) UoTafiocpvXaKia. The tax for policing the river is one which offers no difficulties, except as regards the variations in the rate at which it was paid. Possibly, as suggested by Wilcken {Ostr. i, p. 385), it was assessed annually for each locality and paid as a poll-tax by every one. In no. ^6 above the amount was apparently 3 drachmae for A.D. 1 13-13 in the Memnonia ; in no. 93 three men pay 33 obols — i.e. probably i drachma 5 obols each — a year later in Charax ; but in G. O. 507 there is a payment in Charax of 4 obols only in the former year. There may, therefore, have been other considerations which entered into the determination of the assess- ment of each individual. 93. (G. 425). -158 X -067. 113 A.D. 'I/iovdrji Kal fiiToy^oL) ^arpfjs Ilaiiciiv6rj{s) ^arprj{ovs) li-qirpos) ©ep/j.(ovdios) Kal nafidovOtjisi) a,SeX{(j)bs) Kal IIa/j.nivi9 aX(Xoy) a5eX((^6s). 5 *Ecrx(o/iei') vw(\p) noTafio{(f)V\aKLa^) Xd{paKOs) i^^ ROMAN 127 6^o\{ovs) TpiaKovTa rpTs / Oj8oA(oi)y) Xy. Li^ Tpaiavov Tov Kvptov @w6 \. A{ ) a{ea)r}n{€t(onaC). "AXiXo) ^aa^i a 6fio(i(os) n.ap1{yLi) 10 nafia)vdrj{s) ^aTpij{ovs) nr](Tpbs) &fpii(ovdios) (TKon{e\(ov) Kal dX(Xmv) Xd{paKos) i^$ ^vrr{aph.^) 5 TpeFy Kepp(aTos) e / $y Kepft{aTos) e. A[ ) a[icr)r]iJL[da>pai). 2. 1. ^aTpTJTi TiapiiivBav. 3. 1. TlajjMvBri d8EA.(^to)). 4. 1. llapfx.LV€L aX{A<}>) aSeX{(J3(o). 10. 1. Tlapuivdov. ' Imouthes and his colleagues to Phatres son of Pamonthes, son ol Phatres, and Thermouthis, and to his brothers Pamonthes and Pamminis. We have received for the river-police in Charax for the seventeenth year thirty-three obols = 33 obols. Year 17 of Trajanus our lord, Thoth 30. Signed, A Also on Phaophi 1 likewise Paminis son of Pamonthes, son of Phatres, and Thermouthis (paid) for guard-tax and other taxes in Charax for the seventeenth year three bad dr. 5 (obols) copper = 3 dr. 5 (obols) copper Signed, A ' I. 'I/xovOt]? : of. G. O. 507, 511, 512, where the same collector appears; in the first for the previous, in the two latter for the succeeding, year. [See also no. 36 for another receipt for Trorapo^vXaKia.] Like the last tax, the payment for maintenance of guard-posts shows some variations in rate. As a rule, the amounts for which receipts were given in Charax in the opening years of the second century were about 4 drachmae (cf. Wilcken, Ostr. i, p. 293, and no. 93 above). But in no. 34 above, which belongs to the same period, the sum paid in the Memnonia was only i^ drachmae, unless the later payments, amounting to 16 dr., refer to the same tax. Presumably the rate was fixed by the needs of the locality. 128 ///. GREEK TEXTS 94.(0.385). -135 X -108. 119 A.D. X€a-v) /ir](TpoTr6Xecos) neTe-)(yovl3is Wevafio{vi'ios). "Ea^l^ov) vw{ep) aKOiT(eXaiy) Kal aA(Xa)»') 8$ pvir^apas) Spaxi/^as) rpTs Terpdol^oXov) kul (irpoa-Siaypa^S/ieva) I ^yp- LS 'ASpiavov Kaiaapos 5 Tov Kvpiov ^aS)i KTj. TlaviaKois) cr(e<7)r]{/ieui)iiai). 2. 1. TlcT€xvov/3ei. ' Chesphmois, collector of money- taxes of the metropolis, to Petechnoubis son of Psenamounis. I have received for guard-tax and other taxes for the fourth year three bad drachmae four obols, with the extra charges = 3 dr. 4 obols. Year 4 of Hadrianus Caesar our lord, Phaophi 28. Signed, Paniskos.' 1. Xeo-^/tots: the same collector occurs in G. O. 1241 and 1570, both of the following year ; these receipts are also subscribed by Paniskos. [See also nos. 34 and 93 for other receipts for v.] The practice of raising contributions for auruin coronarmm in Egypt under the Roman emperors has been well illustrated by recent discoveries. The only noteworthy point in the following ostraca is the occurrence of npaKTopes crrecpavLKov at Thebes; hitherto these officials have only been named in papyri from the Fayum, the Theban receipts being normally given by the banks. 95. (G. 306). -053 X -115. Second century A.D. ^ap(jiov6C) KTj TOV K(3i 6v6{ixaTos) Ta\ooTo{s) np(ta^vTepas) SeTo[ ) inT{ep) are^aJlyiKov) )(prj(jiaTOs) 'Ayo{pwv) f / f. XeaTjOieiconai). t ?pwkh n p rn n Ta-lw ta Z-hr (?) hr n bne-w n h-sp 22 'bt-4 pr ss-29 (o^SoX.) 3 n sbte-w (?) ' Pharmouthi 28 of the twenty-second year in respect of Talos the elder, daughter of Sato .... for crown-tax in Agorai 3 obols = 3 obols. Signed. The receipt in the name of Talou daughter of Zeho (?) j"or the palm- trees, year 32, Pharmouthi 29, 3 obols, the merchants (?).' 2. vw(ep) o-r€^a(v(.KoC) p^-^(yaaTos) : presumably the relation between this entry and the ' palm-trees ' of the demotic text is that the latter were the property on which the tax was assessed. ROMAN 129 4. (o^oA.) : the reading of the demotic sign for obol is uncertain, though its meaning is certain ; so I have used the Greek equivalent in brackets. [H. T.] gbte-w (?) : reading uncertain ; perhaps an abbreviation of a locality frequently mentioned in the demotic ostraca, ' the houses of the merchants.' [H. T.l (Cf. note 3 on D. 5, p. 23.) 96. (G. 403). -oSsx-ioo. Possibly 223 a.d. A{ypfi\Los) nXTJvios vibs [[.J SeyKa\aa-i{pios) Koi niT{p)^(oi) TrpdK(Topes) s) Meaopr] rj i)7T(kp) ^aiijiaTiKov) $ypc ' Pasion son of Phthomonthes, son of Pikos, and has paid for poll-tax in the Memnonia for the sixth year 4 dr. Year 6 of Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus Imperator, Pachon 3. Likewise on Pauni 7, 4 dr. Likewise on Epeiph 31, 4 dr. Likewise on (Epeiph) 38, 4 dr. Likewise on Mesore 8 for dyke-tax 3 dr. 4^ obols.' 98. (G. 388). ■o83X-o83. iii A.D. IIffj.a{aais) yp{a/j./j.aT€{is) 6rj(p) dpy{vpiKmv) Mf/i{yovemv) [[yj [[. .]] Ka/ifJTis TlajimvOov Weviro . . . ii7r{ep) )^ct)(JlaTlKov) MeiJi{voviia>v) 16$ ^rj—y^. \_i6 Tpaca(yov) 'Apiarov KaCaapos tov Kvpiov 5 Mea(oprj) kwayoijievmv) j8. I. 1. 'Epievs. 2. 1. Ka/iT/Tti. 'Erieus son of Pamonthes, collector of money-taxes of the Memnonia, to Kametis son of Pamonthes son of Psenpo (I have received) for dyke-tax in the Memnonia for the nineteenth year 8 dr. a obols 3 chalki. Year 19 of Trajanus Optimus Caesar our lord, Mesore second extra day.' I. 'Epu'cos: cf. note on 36. i. 3. $1;: the tj is apparently written over 6; possibly the actual payment was 9 drachmae, which was reduced as in the cases discussed above (p. 90). 100. (G. 2aa). -085 x -053 (only the right-hand side preserved). Plate XII. 177 A.D. t\ov 11]$ AvprjXimv 'AvToaviivov) Koi Ko/MJiioSov Kaiv t5)v Kvpiyov 6v6p{aTOs) 0Bov/ia>vdov vTT{ep)] xa)fi{aTiKov) i^i Ayoipmv) i iiTTa. p x^. 5 ^^^X^ • •] vris) Li KpiOfjs dprd^rji /iias / — a. 5 LO^. ^iSd^/xfimv) (T{ea)r][fi€iCDfiai). 4. 1. apTalSrjv fiiav. 'Mesore 8 of the ninth year, in respect of Senpikos daughter of Charops on account of the annona of the tenth year, one artaba of barley = i art. Year 9. Signed, Phidammon.' 3. Li: the tax was apparently paid in advance, in the last month of the year before that in which it became due — a very unusual proceeding. (d) 'AxvpiKd. Receipts for the delivery of chaiif are common on ostraca ; but in spite of their frequency it remains doubtful on what system the collection was made. Practically all that is certain is contained in Wilcken's summary {Ostr. i, pp. 162 fif.) ; the chaff was, in almost all cases, for the use of the troops, and served as fuel ; sometimes the destination is more definitely stated as the furnaces of the baths ; in a very few instances it seems to have been required for brick-making. The levy was pre- sumably made on landholders or cultivators, but there is no evidence as to the rate of assessment. 103. (G. 401). -088 X -142. 77-8 A.D. K'\dTr]S flpco Oixrepovrjpeais yatpeiv. Eyw irapa crov yofiov d^vpov eVa Tov ^L AofUTiavov 5 TOV Kvptov. 'Eypd(pr} tjL /ir](t'os) AofiiTiavoD Kd, 'Arrius Ater, soldier, to Horos son of Osoroueris, greeting. I have received from you one load of chaff for the seventh year of Domitianus our lord. Written in the eighth year, month Domitianus ai.' 2. "Qp(o Ov(repovi]pi{ydov) direX{fv6ipov) 'AfievMov. E(Tyo{]iev) V7r{€p) yev^p{aTos) Ky$ y6/J.ov{s) d)(ypov le, 1,/fy 'AvTCoyiyov Kaicrapos rov Kvpiov Eiirel^) Tfj. 136 ///. GREEK TEXTS ' Pamonthes son of Phthomonthes and Paunches the elder, son of Athas, collectors of chaff in the Memnonia, in respect of Psemmonthes freedman (?) of Amenothes. We have received on account of the pi-oduce of the twenty-third year 15 loads of chaff. Year ^3 of Antoninus Caesar our lord, Epeiph 18.' 2. a.Tr€\{iv6ipov) : the reading is very doubtful; the first two letters are clear, but the following contraction is obscure. 108. (G. 65). -065 X -065 (broken on right). 166 A.D. "Airpioi rifieWos {iKaTOVTdp)-^{r]s) [ ■)(a{ipiLv). "EXa^ov iraph crov [ety viroKava-iv ^a\aviio{y) d)(ypo{v) Sr][iJ.oa-iov yevrin[aTOs) tL yo^jiov) fijivaov. [Lt 'AvTv) Xdpa{Kos) 'e(r\o{i>) els irp6(r6{efia) yevrJiJL{aTos) Xfii 6v6fi{aros) ^€i>aird6r)s nXijivios:) 'Ap(Tir](Tor)Ov{s) ve{a>Tepov) \a^ KoX ovopioLTOS) 'Ea-ovi]{pios) IIa)(a)(jjiios) 5 t? Kal 6v6n{aTOs) IIa^a>{pios) iripea^vTepov) t^- Kal 6v6fi[aTos) E(rov^[pios) 14rpijo(i;y) wS / — k8 I e7r{l TO avTo) ^^kS. LXy<5 @a>6 K. SepfKyos) (Te(rr]n(eico/j.ai). 3. 1. %ivaTra.Oov. ' Serenus, formerly collector of corn-taxes in Charax, has received for the extra charge from the produce of the thirty-second year in respect of Senapathes daughter of Plenis son of Harsiesoes the younger i§ art. corn, and in respect of Esoueris son of Pachomis ^ art. corn, and in respect of Pachomis the elder ^ art. corn, and in respect of Esoueris son of Hatres -i^ art. corn=2^^ art. : total, %-i-^ art. corn. Year ^^, Thoth %o. Signed, Serenus.' ie) SlTlKa. A very large proportion of the receipts on ostraca found at Thebes consist of fierprifiaTa Orjo-avpov of corn and other produce, without any mention of the name of the tax. There can be little doubt that these represent the a-LTiKa TeXia-fiara mentioned in papyri, and referred to the levy made on the crops from which the corn required to feed the 140 ///. GREEK TEXTS populace of Rome was drawn (cf. Wilcken, Ostr. i, p. %oi). There is not much variation in the formulae, and a small selection out of the numerous examples in this collection will suffice. 115. (G. 54). -073 X -147. 16 B.C. "Etovs iS Kaiaapos Meaopfj X /iefjieTprj(^Ke) KaXXia(s) 'Afievd)6ov Is Tov TJurip . . . OTjcravpov Ai^vrjs tov /(oA( ) lii(Tda>s %/i dirb ^lepaov \Ke 5 /!«. 2't( ) ypa{ii/iaTevs). ' Year 14 of Caesar, Mesore 30 : Kallias son of Amenothes has paid into the granary of Libya from rented land 40 art. corn from unwatered land 25 art. corn = 65 (art.). (Signed) Ti( ), scribe.' 2. Iltcrtg . . . : presumably a proper name ; the surface of the ostracon is dis- coloured by spots, one of which covers the termination of this word. 116. (G. 26a). -073 X -142. 61 A. D. Me/jieTprjKe '^ilpos Uaafjiiis Ad^ais fls drja-avpov tepariKOV Kdro TOTrap\{ias) yei'7j(/ia7oy) tov ^L vwiep) Mfniyoveimv) nvpov v is not to be taken as an epithet of Kto/Mav; there were Orjo-avpol UpS>v for various districts, as "EpfjitLvOttog (G. O. 779) and'Ayu TOTrapxw (G. O. 783), and the district known as K&fiat occurs frequently. 118. (G. 57). -140 X -148 (chipped at bottom). 107 a.d. MeTpriQia) 6r}(T(avpov) Kara) {To)ir{ap\ias) yevr]{/iaTos;) 1$ Tpaiavov TOV Kvpiov 'Enelip Vy oi/oQj.aTos) Ni](To{v) 'AKpvo( ) UoaTVfios Qicavoii) Kal 'AarK\as "flpov Kal /jie(TO)(oi) Siii y€(c(fiymv) IleKva-ios 'Ocropovi](pios) Kal /ie(T6xa)i/) t e'lKocn 5 kvvia jjfiiav rpiTov T€TpaK{auiKOv) Meixvc^yeioiv) irvpov (ra>po(y) Teraprov 5 TeTpaKiaiuKoa-Tw) / ^SkS, kuI 6vi{jiaTOs) TleTe-)(s Xa\{di>ov) — Tjfiicrv TpiToiy) kS / Xay^dvov) — LyKS. 5 / kirQ. TO avTo) Xa\{dvov) — arj. 'Aixw[vios) a-(ecr)t](jjLeicofj.at). ' Payment into the granary of the metropolis from the produce of the second year of Antoninus and Verus our lords Augusti, Tubi 9 of the third year, for the Islands in respect of Talos daughter of Inaros one quarter of an artaba of vegetables = ^ art. vegetables. A further pay- ment likewise of twenty-one twenty-fourths of an artaba of vegetables = f^ art. vegetables : total, if art. vegetables. Signed, Ammonios.' 122. (G. 77). -078 X -073. 197 A.D. Me(Tpr]jjia) dr/aiavpov) firjirpoTroXems) yei'i]{/J.aTOs) e$ AovKiov SeTTTifJLiov Seovrjpov Ev- ae^ovs UepTivaKos Kai- aapos TOV Kvpiov Uavvi k8 144 11^- GREEK TEXTS 5 U7r(6p) Xa.{paKos) 6v6i4a,Tos) ^Bovfi^vios) TiOo^ovs TTvpov riraprov re- TpaKauKocTTov / %SkS. $( ) (rf(rrj(jifia>/iai) iSkS. ' Payment into the granary of the metropolis from the produce of the fifth year of Lucius Septimius Severus Pius Pertinax Caesar our lord, Pauni 34, for Charax in respect of Phthouminis son of Tithoes, seven twenty-fourths (of an artaba) of corn = -^^ art. com. Signed, Ph( ), ^ art. corn.' 5. 9dov/u{vioi) TiOo'^ovs: the same payer occurs in G. O. 983 two years later. 123. (G. 271). -105 X -098. an A.D. M€(Tpr]fia) 6r]IJ,ai). "AXQ^o) Qwd Iv ^^i'^p) y(e«')^(/^aTos) it]$ ovofi^aTOs) JJiKviaios) Kf^iBrjs) — oySoov, 5 / Kp{i6rjs) — ij- EvKr]{ ) a[es) y((v)rj(jiaTos) t/3^ MdpKov AvptjXiov Seovijpov 'AXe^dvSpov Kai(rapos ToD Kvpiov 'ASp{iayoD) la tov iy$ vn(ep) y(ei')r](jiaTOs) i^$ ii7i'{ep) . . . ov6i4oi,Tos) 'AirokoSa^ov) IIopieijOo(y) 5 KpiQfji — Sifioipo(y) / Kp{i6fjs) — ij . . A{vpri\ios) Al[ ) (7{ea)rj(jidcoixai). ' Payment into the granary of the metropolis from the produce of the twelfth year of Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander Caesar our lord, Hadrianus 1 1 of the thirteenth year, on account of the produce of the twelfth year for in respect of ApoUodoros son of Porieuthes, two- thirds of an artaba of barley = | art. barley. Signed, Aurelios Di( ).' 3. ToS ly'f : apparently corrected from rov laj. 4. £7r(ep) . . . : the name of the district is obscured by discoloration of the surface. 125. (G. 414). -134 X -095 (top left-hand corner broken). Plate XII. 253 A.D. [Me(T/)77/ia)] 6r]ar{avpov) /ir](Tpon6\€a)s) yevriijiaTOs) ^$ tS>v Kvpiwv fjfiwu rdWov Kal OioXovaiavov Xe^aarmv 'EnH(j> fj in{ep) 'Ayo{p&v) a 6v6n{aTos) 'I(n8S{pov) ve{mTepov) 'Airo\\oSdo(pov) irp(€crPvTepov) Sia ^6ofj,(a)u6ov) dno yevrj^naTos) tov aivTov) j8J Trv{pov) — Svo ijfiia-v g rphov / %'^Ly. Av{prj\ios) Ai6(rK{ppoi) A . . . aiea)r]{fi€ia)fiai) Kal €a-\ov TOV 6Po\{ov). ' Payment into the granary of the metropolis from the produce of the second year of our lords Gallus and Volusianus Augusti, Epeiph 8, for the first district of the Agorai in respect of Isidores the younger, son of ApoUodoros the elder, through Phthomonthes, from the produce of the said second year, two and five-sixths artabae of corn = 2| art. corn. Signed, Aurelios Dioskoros , who has received the fee.' 3. 'Kyo{piov) a: there seems to be a variation between the earlier and later subdivisions of the quarter of Thebes known as 'Ayopai, the change occurring about the time of Hadrian. Up till this reign the usual forms are Ayo ^<> and Ayo v°, which are doubtless correctly taken by Wilcken as 'Ayopai /SoppS. and 'Ayopai voTov ; the latest instance of either form seems to be in a.d. 142 (no. loi). But in G. O. 1471 (a.d. 250) and 1474 (a.d. 261) there is mentioned 'Ayo(pal) y, which would belong to the same series as the 'Ayopai a of this text ; and possibly 146 ///. GREEK TEXTS the 'A'yo(pai) yS of G. O. 643, 834, 1008, 1583, and 1594 should be taken as falling into the same numeration ; they are all of the reign of Hadrian or later, and the contraction is 'Ayo or 'Ayop" /3, not yS" ; in three of the five instances the /3 is apparently marked yS as a numeral. A transitional form may be found in 'A.yo{pai) S vo(tov) of no. 42, dated a.d. 133. It may be suggested that about A.D. 130 the quarter, formerly subdivided into the districts fioppa and votov, was rearranged in four numbered districts. The new arrangement would not, however, appear to have been universally accepted at once; the earliest instance of 'Ayopat p is in A.D. 131 (G. O. 834), but 'Ayopai Poppa occurs in A.D. 138 (G. O. 857) and 'XyopaX varov in A.D. 142 (no. loi). 6. Kcu €(T)(ov Tov o;8oX(dv) : cf. G. O. 1008. III. Receipts for Personal Service. The final section of the Roman tax-receipts is concerned with those given in respect of the liturgy on dykes and embankments to which the inhabitants of Egypt were liable. As has been seen above (p. 129), the personal service could probably be commuted b.y a money-payment ; but it is not uncommon to find receipts for the actual work done. The general problem arising from these receipts so far as they appear on ostraca is the basis on which they were given. If the liability of the individual was simply to work for five days, the natural form of the quittance would be a statement that the man had worked for five days ; and such a form is actually found on papyri (e.g. P. Tebt. 371, 641-74). On ostraca, however, the usual course of the receipt is that the man has dug a number of naubia, which suggests piecework rather than day- work. But the numbers of naubia stated in different receipts vary widely ; the highest amount is in G. O. 1399, where three brothers are stated to have dug 15 naubia ; and this agrees with a small series of receipts from Denderah, where the dva^oXfj y^mixaTcov is regularly given as 5 naubia for each man ; on the other hand, in G. O. 1567, a man and his two sons are credited with only half a naubion, which seems a very small amount of work for five days, and in no. ia8 two men have a receipt for two-thirds of a naubion. As Wilcken has pointed out {Ostr. i, p. 337), the phraseology of the receipts leaves little doubt that they are for compulsory, not for paid, work ; but it is rather mysterious why the officials should have taken the trouble to measure up the number of naubia dug, and to enter it in the receipts, if the obligation was only for service by time ; they would hardly be anxious to preserve a record of the comparative diligence of different workers. The simplest ROMAN 147 explanation would be to suppose that, in common acceptance, vai^iov was regarded as meaning a day's compulsory work, and a statement that a man had dug five naubia was equivalent to saying that he had worked on the dykes for five days. 126. (G. 13). -076 X -058. Early part of first century A.D. Ly XoLo,'^ ya>- jiaTiKov Woi>- 6vTt]p irdv- Te SiaTToeiTa- 5 t. (Traces of a line, apparently of demotic, below.) 3—4. 1. TrdvTa. ' Year 3, Choiak. Psononter has done the whole of his dyke-work.' The ostracon is inscribed in rude capitals, obviously by an illiterate person ; it reduces the formula of quittance practically to its simplest elements. 127. (G. a6o). -097 x •146. 117-18 a.d. 'IaiSa>po{s) ^0o(jii /S^ 'ASpiavov Kaia-apos rov Kvpiov vav^(ia) 8vo 5 / vav^{ta) j8, Kal 6vojx{aTOs) Ua/iov^vios) dSe\((pov) oniotcoi) ' Isidoros son of Phthomonthes, dyke-supervisor of Hermonthis, through Memnon his clerk, to Psemonthes son of Harpaesis son of Imouthes (?), greeting. You have dug two naubia on the dyke of Klouphis(?) of Phmou (?) in the second year of Hadrianus Caesar our lord, = 2, naubia, and in respect of Pamounis your brother likewise one and a half naubia, = i^ naubia.' 2. 'lfji.gy{6ov) : as this ostracon follows the same general formula as G. O. 1043-7, the word standing here should be the name of the district ; but the letters cannot be made into v6{tov) koI X(ty8os), the district of those five ostraca. 3. KXov Tov */xov : possibly this should be read as a single word, the local name of the embankment ; the first four letters suggest the TrepLxafia KXou'c^ios of G. O. 1043-7, which are, like this ostracon, from Hermonthis, and perhaps the title here is a fuller form of the same — KXoij(^'os) tov $/;iou( ). 148 ///. GREEK TEXTS 128. (G. 290). -068 X -081 (broken at bottom). Plate XII. 139 A.D. "WevvfjaLt^S!) 'IcriSmpov ^wQMaTeirififXtjTtjs) Si(a) Wev- (T€V(j)6oiJ.[Svdov) ^orjdov 'Ii/apmovs KaPipLo(s) Kal Ko\\e66Ti(s) vio(s) 01 $ yd^ipeiv). 'AyaP{ePXrJKaTe) els 7repixo){na) 5 Wafi{ ) vavp{iov) S\ Ly 'AvTmvivov rov Kvpiov ^aiJi(eva>6) [.] I. 1. *£w^cris. 3, 4. 1. 'IvapSri Ka/Sipios Kal KoXXevdy viio tois ^8. 'Psennesis son of Isidbros, dyke-supervisor, through Psensenphthomon- thes his assistant, to Inaros son of Kabiris and Kolleuthes his son, greeting. You have thrown up on the dyke of Psam( ) f naubion. Year 3 of Antoninus our lord, Phamenoth [ ].' 129. (G. 433). -laS X •081 (top right-hand corner lost). 140 A.D. ^dofia^yOtjs) "fipov y^a^fiaTeninekriTiis) [ 'Apirarij/6T]i) " ilpov 7r€VTriK{ ) Menvovioav Sib. yg(a/i/iaT€0)y) 'JE7rmr(oy) Xa\ovfiveovs y^ai{puv). 'AvaPe^\{r)Tai) inrb v e(rx«9 iKdoTOV ivbs vavP(tov) 6^o(\oi>s) ly KaOapov €0* a> ray a[7ro-] X^y Tay 7r«i)[ dKVpS)[ 'ns [ M€a\opfj rj. ' Thamudares and Demetrios to Herakleios and ApoUonios, greeting. We acknowledge the receipt from you of the five artabae of corn due for rent, and make no claim against you. Written by , Mesore 8.' The next list appears to give the number of men, probably soldiers, for whom certain nomes contributed supplies in kind — oil, vinegar, pulse, and other articles, the names of which are lost. So far as can be judged from the fragment, which accounts for over half the total of 140 men, ROMAN 151 there can only have been a small proportion of the nomes of the whole country concerned, and the nomes mentioned are all in Lower or Middle Egypt. It is noticeable that the totals of ^ivrai specified at the end are divisible not by 140 but by 167 in each case, which looks as if some of the 140 men got double or treble allowances or more. 132. (G. aa). -096 x -075 (broken above and on right). Third century a.d. . .] . /^Xa^mviTov/ dv8{pmv) k[ dv8p{5>v) 0/ NiXoinoXiv dv8p{S>v) [ dvSp{&v) Svof 'A^poSiTCo dpS[p{a>i') Ka^aa-iTov dvSpmv e^/ Aeo[vT07ro\iTov dvSp{S)v) Kl Aioa-iroXiTov Karco [ dvSpwp kS/ yi(veTai) dv8p{&v) pjif. kXio{v 4 PiO o^ovs 4 a>Xi[ Tos 4" ^^^ (paK[ov 10 . ... pi ... [ 2. ^XnPwvCrov : this may be meant for ^payiovirov, as the nomes are not arranged in a strict geographical order; Phragonis seems to have risen in importance at the expense of the neighbouring Buto in late Roman times. {d) Orders. The three following ostraca may be grouped together, as they are all private notes conveying orders. The iirst is of some interest in connexion with the p.(.rp-f\]iara h 6r}(ravp6v{pp. 139-46), as showing the relations of the landholders and the yfcopyoi. In this case it would appear that the yeapyos is not a tenant, but a person in the position of a bailiff; and the numerous instances of /ifTprj/iara made Sia yecopyov which occur, on ostraca probably relate to similar transactions, where the corn was not delivered by the land- holder in person, but by deputy through one of his servants. 152 ///. GREEK TEXTS 133. (G. 12). -079 X -118 (broken at bottom). Second century A.D, SevtrXfjiyis) ywfj n\(^vios) 'AvSpovLKm Ko\' ra-av yempyw fiov yaipuv. Mirprjaop eh toj' Srjjioaiov drj(Tav- pov nvpov dprdfias rpiaKovTa 5 Koi KpiOrjs dprdPas eiKoac jio- vas ea-T dv ere tW. .Jijero) Kal /ne- Tpris dndWa^ov kuto. ras (Tw6[i]]- Kas, oiSev yap (ijreT- 5 rat Trphs avTou. ' Sarapion to Phthomonthes, greeting. Discharge the debt to Krates at once in accordance with the agreement, for there is no question against him.' 135. (G. 31). -071 X-I05 (surface chipped). First century a.d. Hoirjcrov Tov dvaSt- To offrpatcov SovTa aoL (fniTo, Kdpov TOV efiavTov tovtov 5t[. . . .]ii[.] irpay/iariKas 5 T% [ ] ^er [ ] 4. irpay/jLaTiKas : the final s is on the edge of the ostracon. ROMAN 153 ' Supply the man who delivers this ostracon to you with caraway plants of this year ' (c) Lists. A considerable proportion of the Greek ostraca in our collection consists of lists and accounts. In many cases the lists are merely of names, with no indication of their purpose ; or the names have against them entries of sums in money or kind, but again without any definition (rf the reason of the entries. There is, however, one group, represented by a large number of fragments, from which six fairly complete docu- ments have been made up; these are referred to as G. 151 (consisting of G. 151 and an unnumbered fragment), G. 158 (G. 158, G. 330, and G. 197), G. 159 (G. aoo, G. 3^2, G- i59. and G. 196), G. 161 (G. 166 and G. 161), G. 17a, and no. 136 (G. 310, G. 187, and an unnumbered fragment). All these ostraca, besides several other fragments which do not fit together, are in the same hand, and appear to be summaries of the accounts of Paeris son of Psensenplenis. The names in the lists for the most part recur, though not always in the same order; nearly all are found in three or four of the six lists; and against the names are entered numbers of yuj;/, which can be nothing but //.rjviaia, in view of some of the headings, and must apparently be taken in the sense of monthly payments. The number of fir]viaTa entered is regularly less than twelve ; but, from a comparison of G. 151, G. 158, and G. 159, it appears that these three relate to one year and are complementary : thus Paeris of Thebes is credited with 11 jjLTjviaia on G. 151 and i on G. 158 ; Mauos son of Hatres with 10 and a ; Sisois son of Suros with 11 on G. 151 and I on G. 159 ; the sum being always la. The clearest evidence that a total of la fir/viaia was required is to be found in no. 138, belonging to another series, where the number of [irjvLaia credited is followed by a note of the balance of the la remaining. The nature of these firjvtaia may be gathered from the headings of the lists: G. 151 is headed [nar}]pLS '¥€V(revjr\'q(i>ios) | [rrjpa^is inl Ke^aXfjs dpyvpcov : G. 159, X6y(oy) \ivo{vpymu) Karafiriv{iai(iou) \ Sihlla^pLS Wev(TevTr\{riVLos) : G. 161, [? Xoyoy k^ovaias eiriKetpaXeimv : and no. 136, A6y(oy) e^ovcrias kni.Kev67]s) fir)(yiaTa) e. nX^fjuis) n€K{v(nos) Ka/ji'qlTios) /iri(yiaia) (. XoW&s Svp{ov) jirjiyiaid) y. IIXrj(yis) napayvTOV iJ.r]{yiaia) rj. ^Bofuu IIeK{vaios) jiriiyiaia) y. 15 TlafjpLS liar] pis ir(pea^vTepov) /irjii'iaTa) /3. Hafjpis dvo Qrj^wv firjiyiaid) 8. Svpovs TlaT€iJiios p-ri^viaioC) y, Wvpos TIairovTS){Tos) prfiyiata) 8. nx^{vis) STpdfi{oovos) np^ea-fivTepov) prj^viaia) j8. Ilafjpis IIai]{pios) vea)T{epov) /iTjiyiaTov) a. 5 'Afieva>6(r]s) Kv/iaiKos pr](viala) e. SevTrej(yTr]S i^ v. npenfiovv X pi8 nc«i5(s) ^, \oi7r{a) e. ^av(Tv{5tT0s) Tp^tpmvos 6fi(oms) i, Aot7r(A) /3. JJa/jLOvlvios) v€a)(Tepov)" S2pov 6/i{ouo5) ^, Xonr{di.) e. The following ostracon is a fragment only, but is interesting on account of the heading, which shows it to have contained a list of the night-police for a particular month. 139. (G. 195). -071 X -086 (broken below). Second century A. D. NvKTOO tov ie$ {SeKavos) 'AjxevaOir^s) KafiriTio(s) 'A^Sn{os) ^6ofiSv6(ris) X€(Tr(j>vdy&{ios) [ ' OvvSxf^ii] "I2po{v) ' Ov[va>(ppioi] 6 [ ]aK{pv) — a^ TO y ^aK{pv) [— i Kpi{6fjs:)] — y TO y Kpi6{fjs) — a 10 ] - a5' yiT)^ (f>aK(ov) x/iy[ ] _. dpy(ypiov) iraXiaiov) ^t[ X 158 ///. GREEK TEXTS 6. ty : y is corrected, apparently from a. 11. xy"'7- this number is written over another, possibly x^y. 12. apyiypiov) TraX{aiov) : this may refer to the Ptolemaic tetradrachms, which were still in circulation in Egypt till late in the third century ; or, if the ostracon was written after the debasement of the currency in the reign of Commodus, the reckoning may be in the older Roman tetradrachms, which appear, from the evidence of hoards, to have been more appreciated than the debased issues. The following account, which is almost complete, conceftis a society of worshippers of Amenothes, probably connected with the temple of Hatasu at Deir-el-bahri, the upper court of which was given over in Ptolemaic and Roman times to the cult ot this god of healing ; the graffiti scribbled on the walls suggest that it became a sanatorium. The ostracon gives a list of names with entries of one po^ or ksp against each ; the contractions are presumably for poSiov and Kepdjiiov, and the account is one of the contributions of jars of wine made by members of the society, no doubt for the common benefit at their meetings. 142. (G. 334). -178 X -ifia (top right-hand corner broken). Second century A.D. Aoyos (TvvoSov ji/ievmOov 6eov [fieyicTov Miaopri 6 WiVTiTovfjis) y p68{iov) [a. ^ 06ojjLa)vd{r]s) 0- 'AiroXXayvi^ov) poSiiov) a. la Sicyois 'AiTo\X(ovi(ov) poSiiov) a. 5 ' Eirayofjikvoiv) a 'A[iwvlo{s) 'WevTLTdvq{ovs) p68(iov) a. 8 naficavdiris) 06o/iSv6(pv) p6S{iov) a. ^L &(i>Q d neKva-i{s) KafirJTi(ps) p6S{iov) a. ^ WepTiTovrj(s) y p6S(iov) a. ( WevTiTOvfji^i) y poS^wv) a. 10 ^l(t6is AnoWcciviipv) p68(ioy) a. p6b{ia) ^ rj WevTiTovfj^s) y ^6S{i.ov) a. 06o/xa>v6(r]s:) o- AnoXXcovi^ov) p68[iov) a, neKvcn(s) KafiriTiios) p68{iov) a. nafiwi'6{r]s) ^OojimvOypv) Kep{d/xioi') a. 15 6 Anaii>io{s) WiVTiTovrj{ovs!) ^68{i.ov) a. ROMAN 159 Td SktSis 'Airo\(\oi)i'iov) p6S(iov) a. nafidc>y6(T]s) <^6oii{a>v0ov) Kepidiiiov) a. XfVKa^nfJTii ?) Kep{d/iiov) a, (col. 3) iS neKvai{s) ^6S(iov) a. 20 Wei'Ka\{afi^s ?) K€p{d/i.coy) a. ^utSis AttoXQ^covlov) p6S(iov) a. SeyKa{fifJTis ?) K^pidniov) a. ig- WepTiTOvr}(s) ^68{i,ov) a. 2. y. this letter regularly follows the name of Psentitoues, except in the last entry ;" it may be suggested that it represents ypafjifLonv^, and he was secretary of the society ; at any rate he is the most frequent contributor in this list. poStov : the Rhodian measure of wine is already known from an ostracon (Wilcken, Ostr. i, p. 765); it probably originated from the Rhodian amphorae, the stamped handles of which are common at Alexandria, though I know no instance of their having been found at Thebes ; they are rare outside the Delta. Another measure of wine which occurs in Egyptian documents is the Ki/i8tor (Wilcken, I.e.). This may have been connected with amphorae similarly, as Knidian amphora-handles also have been found fairly frequently at Alexandria. 3. o- : the symbol following the name of Phthomonthes here and in I. 12 is obscure ; it appears to be ($7 , possibly for SiaSoxos. Another list possibly concerned with wine gives particulars of SnrXo- Kepd/iia distributed to various persons, in the same manner as G. 0. 1485. The offices of the recipients suggest that the occasion of the distribution was a festival. 143. (G. 305). -098 X -075. Third century a.d. ^ap{fiov6i) K^ SapaiTtcou Pori6{&) SiirlXoKipapiov) a. 'AvTia-devris dpoi(a)s) 8nr{\oKepdpiov) a. ypafipaTi e7nTp67r{ov) 8nT{XoKepdpia) ^. 5 dypapri ' = 103. 3- T6T0S o Kvpvo's, 45) 4 : 46, 4. Ao/Amavos 6 Kvptos, 47. 4= 48, 3 •" 49. 5 = 5°. 3 = 88, 3 : 104, 4. Tpatovds, 81, 4. Tpaiavos Kaitrap, 98, 4. Tpaiavos o ku>os, 36, 3 : 37, 3 : 78, 3 : 93, 7: 117, 2 : 118, i : 1 19.3- Tpaiavos Kaio-ap o Kuptos, 34, 3 : 35, 2 : 38, 3 : 82, 5 : 119, 7. Tpaiavos 'AptcTTos Kaio-ap o Kvpios, 99, 4. ASpiavos KaLcrap, 42, 4. ASptavos o Kvpioi, 56, 5: 120, 2. 'ASpiavos Kaicrap Kvptos, 39, 4 : 5i> 4 ■ 83, 4: 84, 4 : 87, 6 : 94. 4 : 1 27. 4- ©eos 'ASptavos, 92, 2. Antoninus Pius: 'Avtuvivos o Kvpios, 53, 3: 128, 6. 'AvTO)wi/os Katcrap o Kvptos, 40, 3 : 52, 3 : 57, 4 : 85, 4 : 92, 6 : 101,4: 105,6: 106,6: 107,4: 129,4. M. Aurelius and L. Verus : 'Avtojvu'os /cat Oiijpos ol xvpiot SeySao-Tot, 58, 4 : 72, 8 : 108, 4 : 121, I. AvTeovtvos Kttt Oi^pos ot Kvptoi AuTOKparopes, 72, 3- M. Aurelius: AipiJXtos Avtuvivos Kaicrap o Kvpios, 109, 3. Aurelius and Commodus : Avp^Xtot 'AvTcovtvos xai Ko/t/toSos KaiVapes 01 Kvpioi, 100, I. Commodus: Aip^Xtos Ko/ip,o8os Avtidvivos Kattrap 6 Kupios, 75. 4 • n", 3. Pertinax : noij;8Atos''EA.oviios IIcpTiVaf 5«/8ao-Tds, 64, 5. Sept. Severus : Aoukios Seirrip-tos 2cou»;pos Eio-e/S^s IlEpTtva^ Kat(rap 6 Kvpios, 122, I. Caracalla and Geta: 'AvTwi/tvos xat Teras Eiltre/Sets Se/Sacrrot, 123, I. Sev. Alexander: Mapxos Avp^Xtos S«ow?;pos 'AXe^ai/Spos Kato-ap o xuptos, 124, 1. Gallus and Volusian: ot Kvpioi ij/ituv FaWos Kat OioXovo-tavos 2e/8acrTot, 125, I. 164 INDEXES II. Taxing-officers. [Note: — The date of each reference is given in angular brackets: in the Ptolemaic list B.C. is to be understood; in the Roman, except where otherwise specified, a. d.] A. Ptolemaic. (i) Money-taxes. TpaireJiToi (by districts). 'AiroWolvios (156 or 145), I, 3- 'Ep/to0iXos . 9; 4- 'A/A/iwi/ios (107?), 3,6: 5,3. ■AxoXA,, 3, 3 : 4, 3: (znd-ist cent.), 6, 4. 'Hpa/cXciSr/s \I07?)j 4) ^• NtKo/iaxos , 5, 7. District not specified. 'HXioSupos (3rd cent.), 7, 5. (ii) Taxes in kind. ZiToXcSyoi. M€)u,(v<«v?) Kttt 'Ep/i(tas) {94?)) 12, 8. Kpo'vios <93''>. 13. 5- 'Ep/A(tas) (91 ?>, 14, 6. mT£( )<76?>, I5-5- ®eW (.53?), io> 4- Signers of receipts (by districts). A COS TToXlS. 'Ai/Tioxos {2nd cent.), 22, 5. Estimetis (2nd cent.), 22, 6. Psemminis (2nd cent.), 22, 7. 'AttoXXwios (2nd-ist cent.), 16, 5. Mt/ivoveia. 'AiroXXwwos (155 or 144), 23, 4, 5. |Apo-ii5o-ts(i55or 144), 23, 6: 24,5. 'HXioStopos (155 or 144), 24, 4. Hatres (149 or 138), 25, 7. 'Epp,tas (149 or 138), 25. 5- 'HpaKXetSijs (149 or 138), 25, 3. 'Arrioxos (148 or 137), 26, 3, 7. 'Apo-i^o-K (148 or 137), 26, 5. Thotsutmis (148 or 137), 26, 4, 8. Hi^^ ) (123), 18, 3. 'A/x/;Kovios (115), 20, 3. B. Roman. (i) Money-taxes. npiiKTop€s dpyupiKui' (by districts). Avo) rtmapyla. 'A/x.jHuji'ios Kttt na;!^i'ov/its(l56), 85, I. 'Ep/Auiv^ts- ^^Ooft-wvOrji (132), 83, I. M£/x,vdi/«a. ncTocripis (109), 34, 1 : (before 114), 82, I. IleTotrtpts Koi Jlacr^/Ais (lio)i 35; I- 'Epulis na;u,uJi/6oii (113), 36, i: (113-14), 37, i: (ii4>, 38, I : (116), 99, I. ^aj/o-j/Gs (126), 39, I. lepa^ Kol TlopievBrj'S (138), 40, I. nX^i/iS /cat 'Po5<^os (160), 53, I. AupijXios Kapovvtos IlXvi/tos Kal p.. (3rd cent.), 79, I. MTjTpdiroXis. 'AiroXXolvtos Kai ;tt. (107), 81, I. Xi(rfjL6is (119), 94, I. INDEXES 165 Tavp{. , , .) Kt&iir]. Avfy^Xujs T-u/aavos 'Eirwvuxov xat /jl. (213), 86, I. District not specified. OeW , 5I; I- IIiKiiJs icat /x. (134), 84, I. ripdKTup crrei^anKoS. District not specified. Avp^Atos IlX.y]vii SevKaXocrijoios (3rd cent.), 96, I. TeXumi (by taxes). VepSiaKov. 'Opos Kol fi. , 57. I- Iloptev^ijS KoX IX. (167)1 58) I- 'Acr/cXas Kai /*. (l93)> ^4> ^• 1IcvrrjK0(TT7Ji. TepfjLavbs Koi fx. (ist cent.), 91, i. TeXurai 9r)(raup(>u lEpuc. ©cW Kttl /A. (78), 44, I. 'AttoXXSs Kat /n. (80), 46^ I. 'ATratTr)Tai (by taxes). 'AvSpiavTMV (/nep.). IIa(r^/its /cat 'Airitov {133), 42, I. BaXai/etW (fxep.). HafjttovOr]? Kol TlopitvOrj's ( 1 40), 52, I. Otvov Tt/A^S. Aip^Xios . . . dOrji 'Ivapwovi /cat IIX-^- vts ♦cvev^STos (3rd cent.), 90, i. HXivOevo/ji.evTji (?) (reX.). ''Opos Ktti/t. (141), 92, I. 'OvtW (tcX.). 'Qpos Koi /JL. (142), lOI, I. 'EiriTrjpriTai (by taxes). TepSiW (tsX.). 'Epieiis (cat /i. (136), 56, L Tlopievdrji /cat /;t. (189), 59, I. Ilpe/iaSs Kttt /i. (191), 60, I : 61, I : (192), 63, I. 'itavavZi koI p,. (191), 62, i. Uopovo'ioi KOI p.. (197), 66, I. Nei^epcos TrpKy^vTepoi ^9ovp,moi /cat M- (197). 65, i: (198), 68, I. Ne^epis /cat p,. (198?), 69, I. MtB<7ts Hei'covos (197?)) ^7) '• Brjcrm /cat p,. (3rd cent.), 70, I. '^Tniivtov (teX.). ' ATToXXtvaptos ' A/ca/AOVTOS /cat p.- ( 1 3 3 ) , 8j, I. 'Htd/tSv (reX.). Ttflojjs /cat p,, (190), 7S, I. Ilao^pts /cat p,. (2nd-3rd cent.), 76, i. ©i;<7avpo5 (teX.). 'OptyeVijs /cat p. (189-90), 54, r. ©Tjo-aupoS tepSv (reX.). nap.o)v6i;s /cat p.. (190-1), 55> '• OtKOU Ttp.^s. Mivtrts /cat p. (181-2), 89, I. Collectors wilhout title. rCtKus Ti.a.pMvQov Kat p. (64—5), 41, I. 'IpovOrji /cat p. (113)1 93' ^• TpaircJiTiris. Ke^aXos (19 B.C.), 80, 3. BOT)6oi. Of TTpaKTOpK apyvpiKutv. ^fipos (113), 36, I : (II 3-14), 37, I v9ri's (114); 38) 2. Av<^o( ) (160), 53, 2. rpajjifiaTEis. Of Trpdt/cTopes apyvpiKZv. $pots (126), 39, 2. *tvo-£Viraijs (138), 40> 2. Of e-iriTtjprjTai. ^eop.u>v0rji (133). 87. 3- rpa|j,)i,aTcis Sijoraupou. IlEpo-aus (ill), 98, I. i66 INDEXES Assistants without title. 'A/jL/jLwvov^ {44)1 74i 2. Avp-qXio? 'i^ixixiavOtj'; (213), "86, 3. Signers 0/ receipts. JeVo)!/ (67 >, 71, 5. Hex^Tiys <75>, 77, 4. 'AmW (76), 43, 5. 'HpaKAetSrjs (80), 45, 5. ■A/.( ) , 47. 6- 'A( )(82>, 48, 5. IlToXe/iaTos (85), 49, 7. ■HpaKA,€iS»)s (100), 78, 4. 'ApuipTTjs (107), 81, 5, 7. 'A( ) . 93. 8, 13. E*8(...>, 72,5. r( ) , 72, 10. navto-Kos (2nd-3rd cent.), 73, 3. (ii) Taxes in kind. ripciKTUp (JlTlKfif. Xapaf. Sep^vos (192), 114, I. 'A)(upoTrp(iKTop£S. Me/AvovEia. M. Avp. Opos Kot IlKotAis KoX M. Avp. IIA-^i/is nXiyi/ios (215), III, I. 'Axupdpioi. 'M.^ixvoveia. JlaixiovOT]'; ^Oo/xiivOov Koi Ilawp^ijs irp. 'A^as (160), 106, I : 107, I. District not specified. Ila^pts [koi p..?] (148), 105, I. Collectors ^dxupiKd t€Ki\. Kda-crioi [crTpaTLuyn]';) (77-8), 103, I. Airptos Tc/iEXXos (cKaTOVTap^fjs) , 108, I. 'Apptos At£p (cTTpaTicoTijs) {89), 104, 1. Signers 0/ receipts. For dp^vptKot TeXy). 'AttoXXiovios (176), 109, 4. Uavia-KO's (182), 110, 5. niK(ios?) (212), 112, 4. ''Opos (212), 112, 5. For Kpidr/XoyiKov. ' Apup.mio'i (2nd-3rd cent.), 113, 4. For fj,tTp^jJ,aTa Orjcravpov. Tl( ) (16 B.C.), 115, 5. N^K )<99>. 117.5- 'ATToXXo'Suipos (107), 118, 6. 'ApTTx^/tts . 122, 8. EvKri{ ) <2ll), 123, 3, 5. Avpi^Xtoi Ai( ) (233), 124, 5. Aip^Xtos Aioa-Kopo's A( ) (253), 125. 5- (iii) Dyke-works. Xa))j,aTEiTifJ.E\r|Tai. 'SipyMvBvi. 'l(TiSu>po's^6oiJiwv6ov (11 7-1 8 ), 1 2 7, 1 . District not specified. ^'ew^o-is IcriSitipov (139), 128, I. ^6o/ifcJv^?ys "Opov (140), 129, I. n£l'TT)K( ). Mep,vov£ta. ^evp.wvOr]'; IIX^vios /cat 67]i, son of Kametis, 139, 2. 'AfjievdtOiji, son of Kumaikos (?), 137, 5. "A/A/ioivtos (praktor), 85, i, 4. 'A/x/iftlvtos (sign.), 20, 3. 'A/A/Awtos (sign.), 113, 4. 'A/i 3- 'AvTCOVlOS, 7^; 3- 'AttiW (apaitetes), 42, i, 6. 'AttiW (sign.), 43, 5. 'ATToXKivdpioi, son of Akamas (epite- retes), 87, i. 'AiroWoSojpos (sign.), 118, 6. 'ATToXXoSupos irpecr^vTepos, father of Isi- doros the younger, 125, 3. 'A7roX(X)o8topos, son of Porieuthes, 124,4. 'AiroWuyvioi, 131, 3, 'AiroXXwi/tos (praktor), 81, i. 'AiroXXuvtos (sitologus), 23, 4, 5. 'AiroXX((uj'tos) (sign.), 16, 5. 'AiroXXfoi/ios (sign.), 109, 4. 'AiroXXwi'tos (trapezites), i, 3 : 3, 3 : 4. 3 : 6, 4. 'AiroXXunos, father of Ammonios, 51, 2. 'AwoXXiovio's, son of Leonidas, 4, 5 : 5, 4. 'AiroXXaii/iosj father of Phthomonthes, 142, 3, 12. 'AjToXXoii'tos, father of Sisois, 142, 4, 10, 16, 21. 'AttoXXojvios, son of Theon, 23, 3: 24, 2. 'AiroXXuis (telones), 46, i. 'Airpios Te/ieXXos (centurion), 108, i. 'Ap^rjxis, father of Petem(enophis .?), 68, 2. 'ApySijxts, father of Phaeris, 77, 2. 'ApTra'^crts, son of Imouthes (.?), father of Psemonthes and Pamounis, 127, z. 'ApTrarjcris, SOU of Pasemis, 129, 2. 'ApTT^rjXK, father of Psenharpbechis, 84, 2. 'ApTTx^P-ts (sign.), 118, 8. "Appios 'Arep, 104, I. 'Aptri'^o-ts (sitologus), 23, 6: 24, 5: 26, 5. 'Aport^o-ts, son of Kales, 138, 2. ' Apcnrjcrorj'; vewrepos, father of Plenis, 114, 3- 'ApvwOri's, son of Psemmonthes, 25, 2. 'ApvwTijs (sign.), 81, 5, 7. 'Ap<^p,ois, son of Maieuris, father of Maieuris and Psenamounis, 43, 2 : 44, 2 : 45, 2 : 47, i : 48, i : 49, 2 : 50, i: 120, 3. 'Acr/cXas (telones), 64, i. 'AcrxXas vewTcpos, son of Erieus, 85, 2. 'Ao-KXas, father of Petearoueris, 39, 2. 'AoTKXas, son of Horos, 117, 4 : 118, 3. "Arep, *Apptos, 104, i. 'Arp^s, father of Esoueris, 114, 6. 'Arp^s, son of a parachutes, 1 36, 4. i68 INDEXES 'Arprji, son of Patsebthis, father of Pasemis, in, 4. 'Xrp^i, father of Phthomonthes, 36, 2. AveXrji, father of Seloulis, 10, 3: 11, 3. AvprjXioi Ai( ) (sign.), 124, 5. Aip'^Xios Atoo-Kopos A( ) (sign.), 125, 5- Ailp^Xtos Kapowios, son of Plunis (prak- tor), 79, I. AipijXtos n£;)(v-n;s, son of Premtotes, 9°, 3 : 96, 3- Avp^Xioi nX^vis, Map/cos, son of Plenis, III, I, 8. AipiyXios nXijws, son of - Senkalasiris (praktor), 96, i. AvpijXtos Ti;pavos, son of Eponuchos (praktor), 86, i. AipiyXtos '^e/J.iovBri';, 86, 3. Avp^Xtos ^cvulpos, 106, 3. AvpijXios '^Opos, MapKos, o Kai Il/coiXts, III, I, 7. Avpi^Xcos . . . a^Tjs, son of Inaros (apai- tetes), 90, I. Avo{ ) (boethos), 53, 2. B^cris, son of Chabonchonsis, 73, i. Bijo-Cs (epiteretes), 70, i, r( ) (sign.), 72, 10. rdi'os, father of Pabekis, 140, 2. TaCos, father of Pamin, 140, 4. Te/ieXXos, 'Airpios (centurion), 108, i. Vfp/mvoi (telones), 91, i. ArjjxTJTpLos, 131, I. Ai( ), AvpijXioi (sign.), 124, 5. Atoye'vTjs (trapezites), 9, 4. Aioo-Kopos, Aip^Xios, 125, 5- •£7ricre(ei/ijs?), 143. 7- ■Ettcuvvxos, father of Aur. Turanos, 86, i. *Et(us? (grammateus), 130, 2. 'Epieus (epiteretes), 56, i. 'Eptevs, son of Herakleides, father of Horos and Pikos (prostates), 30, i, 3. 'Eptevs, son of Pamonthes (praktor), 36, i: 37, 1 : 38, 1 : 99, i. 'Ep(i)evs, son of Phaeris, father of Asklas the younger, 85, 2. 'Ep//,ias (sign.), 25, 5. 'Ep/iias (sitologus), 12, 8: 14, 6. 'Ep//,ias, son of Ptolemaios, 22, 2. 'Hpixoyivrji, 6, 2. 'Ep/io^tXos (trapezites), 2, 3, 8. 'Eo-ovrjpK, son of Hatres, 114, 6. ''Ea-ovrjpK, son of Pachomis, 114, 4. "Ecrovrjpi's, father of Petosiris, 55, 2. EvS . . . s (sign.), 51,5. EiK'?( ) (sign.), 123, 3, 5. 'E<^( ) (sign.), 120, 5. HXtdSojpos (sign.), 24, 4. HXtdScopos (trapezites), 7, 5. HpaKXa?, father of Pekrichis, 89, 3. Hpa(KXetSi7s ?^ (sign.V 25, 3. B.pa{K\eiSri's?) (sign.), 45, 5. Hpo(kX£i877s?) (sign.), 78, 4. Hpa/cXeiSiys (trapezites), 4, 8, 9. Hpa/cXetSTjs, father of Erieus, 30, i . Hpa/cXeios, 131, 2. ©ap.v8dp)js, 131, I. ®£a jueyiorry, mother of Kalatephois, 145, 3- ®epp,o{;fts, wife of Pamonthes, 93, 3, 10. ©eW (praktor), 51, i. ®ewv (sitologus), 10, 4. ®eW (telones), 44, i. ©eW, father of Apollonios, 23, 3 : 24, 3. ©eW, father of Postumos, 118, 3. ©oTcvs, son of Taso(us ?), 7, 3. ®oT€vrrji, father of Pikos, 92, 3. 'lipa^ (praktor), 40, i . 'Upa^, son of Pelileus, 146, i. 'Icpaf, son of Phmois, 146, 2. 'llJ.ovOrjs, 93, I. 'I/xov6i;s(?), father of Harpaesis, 127, 2. 'Ivapwg, father of Aur. ( )athes, 90, i. 'Imptos, son of Kabiris, father of Kol- leuthes, 128, 3. 'Ivapuys, father of Sentithoes the younger, lOI, 2. 'lvapS)s, father of Talcs, 121, 3. INDEXES 169 'Ivapm, son of Horos, loi, 2. 'Io-i8(opos, 9, 3. 'IcrCSwpos veioTepos, son of ApoUodoros the elder, 125, 3. 'ItriStopos, son of Phthomonthes, 127, i. 'ImSiopos, father of Psennesis, 128, i. Ka( ) (sign.), 72, 5. Ka/STpts, father of Inaros, 128, 3. KaXocripts, son of Aleikei, 136, 7: 140,^8. KaXao-tpis, son of Pekusis, 136, 9. KaXarrjtjyoii, daughter of Thea Megiste, US. 2- Ka\^S, 146, 5. KaXrji, father of Harsiesis, 138, 2. KaXXt'as, 17, 4- KaWias, son of Amenothes, 115, i. Ka/i'^Tts, son of Abos, father of Ame- nothes, 139, 2. Kafi.rJTK, son of Pamonthes, 99, 2. Ka/i'^Tts, father of Pekusis, 136, 11. Ka/jirJTK, father of Pekusis, 142, 7, 13. Kapowto?, Aup^Xtos, son of Plunis (prak- tor), 79, 1. Kdcro-ios, 103, I. Ke'c^aXos (trapezites), 80, 3. KA,eoT£ts, 146, 4. KotvTai(3, daughters of Quintus, 106, 2 K06VTOS, father of two Quintae, 106, 3. KoXavSijs, son of Pasemis, 82, 2. KoA\av^7;s,son of Petemenouphis, 105, 2 KoXkcuOiji, son of Inaros, 128, 3. KpaT7;s, 134, 2. Kpoviaiva, wife of Petemphthos, 98, 2. Kpovioi (sitologus), 1 3, 5. Ki;/taocos(?), father of Amenothes, 1 37, 5, Ad^aK, father of Pasemis, 116, 2. AeXovs, son of Senamenrosis, 58, 2. AeojviSas, father of Apollonios, 4, 6 : 5> 5- AoA^vis, father of Seloulis, 16, 2. AoXovs, father of .... os, 141, 3. MateCpts, father of Harphmois, 49, 2 : 5o> I- MaieCpis, son of Harphmois, 44, i : 45, i: 47> i: 48, 1: 120, 3. Map/cos Avp^\ios ^Opos o Kai TIkoiXk, HI, I, 7. Map/cos AipijXios nX^vts, son of Plenis, III, I, 8. Meyttvwv (grammateus), 127, i, Mep,(v(t)v ?) (sitologus), 1 2, 8. Mi^voSupos, father of Straton, 27, 3. Mtutrts (epiteretes), 89, i. MtSo-ts, son of Xenon (epiteretes), 67, i. Ne[ j, father of Pouoris, 140, 9. N€p,( ) (sign.), 117, 5. Ne^epSs (epiteretes), 69, i. Nei^cpfis Trpeo-ySvVepos, son of Phthou- minis (epiteretes), 65, i : 68, i. N((f>epws, son of Psemmonthes, 56, 2. NtKo/iaxos (sign.), 5, 7. HeVwv, father of Miusis, 67, i. 'OvvG^pts, father of Horos, 139, 4. 'OwS^pts, son of Horos, 139, 4. 'Otropou^pis, father of Pekusis, 118, 4. Ocropovrjpi'i (or OvcrepovrjpK), father of Horos, 46, 2 : 104, 2. 'Ocropoirijpts, Son of Horos, 46, 3. naaT77s(?) (trapezites), 8, 4. IlayS^Kis, son of Gains, father of Plenis, 140, 2. Ilaep/Ais, father of Paermis, 138, 5. Ilaep/Ats, son of Paermis, 138, 5. Ila^pis, 105, I. Ila^ptS, 136, I. UayjpK, son of Ammonios (f ), 140, 10. Harjpis aTTo ®r}PSiv, 136, 16. Ila^pK, son of Paeris, 53, 2. TLafipm, son of Paeris the elder, 136, 15. Ila^pis, son of Paeris the younger, 137,4. Ila^pts reMTepos, father of Paeris, 137, 4. Ilaiypts Tpeo-jSrTepos, fatherof Paeris, 136, 15- Ilaijpts, father of Seleue, 136, g. Ilaijpis, father of Senpasemis, 40, 2. lyo INDEXES Uarjpii, son of Pseno(siris ?), father of Paeris, 53, 2. Hafuv, son of Gains, 140, 4. Ua/uvK, son of Pamonthes and Ther- mouthis, 93, 4, 9- Tlafuvis, son of Pachomis, 137, i. Ua/j-ovvK, son of Harpaesis, 127, 5. Ila^iiowts, father of Tachoulis, 32, 2. TIa/M>vvLi veanepos, son of Horos, 138, 7- JlafjiuivOris (apaitetes), 52, i. Ha/jLiLvdrji (epiteretes), 55, i. Ila/iw^Tys, father of Erieus, 36, i ; 37, i : 38, 1 : 99, I. JlafiQivBrji, son of Pamonthes, 93, 3. TlaixutvOrji, father of Pikos, 41, i. lia/j.wvdrj's, father of Sachomneus, 35, 2. Hafx.ihvOrj's, son of Phatres, father of Phatres, Pamonthes, and Paminis, 93, 2, 10. Jlafx.uivdT]';, son of Phthomonthes, 106, 1 : 107, I. lIafjLU)v6rji, son of Phthomonthes, 142, 6, 14, 17. Ha/jLwvdrj';, son of Psenpo( ), father of Kametis, 99, 2. HafjLtavOt]?, father of [ ]phris, 139, 5. Havio/iGs, son of Paos, 86, 5. Hawo-Kos (sign.), 73, 3 : 94, 5. IlavicrKos (sign.), no, 5. HaTrovTws, father of Psuros, 137, 2. nacr^/x,is (apaitetes), 42, i. Ilacr^/Ais (praktor), 35, i. JlaoTJixii, son of Hatres, in, 3. Ilacr^/Ats, father of Kolanthes, 82, 2. Tlaa-rjiiK, son of Labais, father of Horos, 116, I. Ilao-^IXK, son of Patsebthis, in, 3, 4. nao-^jnis, son of Pko(ilis?), father of Harpaesis, 129, 2. JlaoTJfjLLs, son of Phatres (epiteretes), 76, I. Uacnjijus, son of Psenamounis, 33, i. Uacrrjius, father of Psenthaesis, 80, i. IlacrtW, son of Phthomonthes, 97, i. IlaTe^/tois, father of Psemmonthes, 32,1. Harui^dii, father of Aleikei, 140, 3. TlaTo-e^dK, father o Pasemis and Hatres, III. 3.4. 5- IlaTo-e/Jfe, father of Suros, 136, 17. TlaTa-efiOig, son of Phthomonthes, 137, 8. TlaTcjiai]?, father of Psenamounis, 33, i. naT<^ai;s (or TlaT^ovrjs), son of Psen- thuntasemis, father of Psenamounis, 37. 2: 119, I- IlaTc^eiJS, father of Psommonthes, 38, 2. Ilawxijs Trpicr^vTepos, Son of Athas, 106, 1 : 107, I. Haxyovixi's (praktor), 85, i. naxo/x,vEus (?), son of Psenchnoumis, 8r, 2. Ilaxou/xis, son of Pachoumis, 1 46, 8. Uaxovp.K, son of Sansnos, father of Pachoumis, 146, 7. na;(is ?), 66, 2. TIcTe[Ji(vlaK, 69, 3. n£Te/t(€VO)<^« ?), 'JO, 2. HeTe/jilivSKJyi's?), son of Harbechis, 68, 2. n£T£/A£vS<^tS) father of Petemenophis, 138, 3- ner£//,£i'S^ts, son of Petemenophis, 138, 3- nET£/A(£vu)v, father of Sansnos, 138, 6. Tijpav(v)os, Avp^Xios, son of Eponuchos (praktor), 86, i. Toipeia, mother of Tausiris, 145, i. *( ) (sign.), 122, 8. ^a^pK, son of Harbechis, 77, 2. ^afjpi?, father of Erieus, 85, 2. $a^pts, father of Petearoueris and Sem- nous, 72, I, 2, 6, 7. $o-5pis, father of Petermouthes, 42, 3. 4>a^pts, father of Psenamounis, 57, 2. ^arp^'s, father of Pamonthes, 93, 2, 10. ^aTpfjs, son of Pamonthes and Ther- mouthis, 93, 2. ^arp^i, father of Pasemis, 76, i. ^arprji, father of Teos, 78, i. ^arp^s, father of Phatres, 75, 2. *arp^s, son of Phatres, 75, 2. ^OofiAvis, son of Pekusis, 136, 14. ^6op.u>v6ri%, 38, 2. ^OopMvdri's, 125, 3. ^6oiJiuivdr)i, 134, I. INDEXES 173 v6ri's, father of Pamonthes, 142, 6, 14, 17. ^BofimvOiq^, son of Pekusis, father of Patsebthis, 137, 8. *6o/A(oy5ijs, son of Pikos, father of Pasion, 97, i. ^BoijmvOr}^, son of Chestphnachthis, 139. 3- ^OoiJ-wvOrji, son of Horos, 129, i : 13O1 I- ^^ov/xtvre, father of Nepheros the elder, 65, 1 : 68, I. ^Oov/uvii, father of Permamis, 59, 3 : 62, 3- ^OovfuvL^, father of Petemenophis, 64, 2. ^Oovfuvi^, son of Tithoes, 122, 5. ^Oov/jiMvOrii, 100, 3. ^Oov/jMvOr]';, son of Chemsneus, 34, 2. *ty8ts, son of Psemmonthes, 18, 2 : 19, 2 : 20, 2 : 21, 2, 3. *t8a/*)«,/iois, son of Sevi/fSis, 146, 9. $/x,ots Acyo/iEi'os "Soperis, 146, 6. $opcrts, <&/x.ois Xeyd/;io'os, 146, 6. Xa^ovxSiv(TK, father of Basis, 73, 2. Xdpoxj/, father of Senpikos, 102, 2. Xe/AOT£vs, father of Phthoumonthes, 34, 2. Xeo-flwTijs, son of Pa . . . chimos, 23, 2. XecTTi^vax^ts, father of Phthomonthes, 139, 3- Xco-fjijiiots (praktor), 94, i. XoAASs, son of Suros, 136, 12. ♦avo-vus (epiteretes), 62, 1. ^ovcrvfis (praktor), 39, i. *£/tfttvis, son of Peteminis, 17,3. *€/i/*6vis, father of Horos, 26, 2. ^e/u/icui'^'iys, 2, 4. ^e/j-ixaivdrj?, freedman (?) of Amenothes, 107, 2. 4'e/t/A(ov0ijs, father of Haruothes, 25, 2. *£/i/A(uv6?;s, father of Nepheros, 56, 3. *£/^/xo)i/6»;s, son of Patephmois and Ta- choulis, 32, I. *e/x,/t(ui/6r7s, father of Phibis, 18, 2 : 19, 2 : 20, 2 : 21, 3. ^efJLiavOr]?, Av/tnJXtos, 86, 3. *e/n(ov6i;s, son of Harpaesis, 127, 2. "^efjiMvOrji, father of Psentasemis, 83, 2. ^cva/ioSvw, son of Harphmois, 43, i : 44, 2 : 49, I ; 50, i. 'I'£i'a/;ioi)i'is, son of Patphaes (Patphoues), 37, 2: 1x9, I. ''Pevafwvvi's, son of Patphaes, father of Pasemis, 33, i. '^eva/wvvLs, father of Petechnoubis, 94, 2. *£va/iowts, son of Sinas, 28, 2. ^Eca/iovfis, son of Phaeris, 57, i. "iffva/ji.ovvL's, father of [ Jausis, 22, 3. 'i^evairdOrji, I, 3. *£vaTra^i;'s, father of Petechespochrates, 113. 2- *£va/37ry8'5x's, son of Harpbechis, 84, 2. *ev£i'6oiM)vBrj^ (boethos), 128, i, *£VTa(r7;ms, son of Psemonthes, father of Petechonsis, 83, 2. *evTtTov7;s, 143, 2, 8, 9, II, 23. 'ifivTLTovrj's, father of Anamonios, 142, 5, 15. *£VT^oCs, son of Psenminis, father of Horos, 52, 2. ^ivxyovii.L^, son of Petechesthos, father of Pachomneus, 81, 2. '^ev&po^, AvprjXio's, 106, 4. ^ovovTTjp, 126, 2. *5pos, son of Papontos, 137, 2. '^Sfia/ji.lJi.uivOri^, son of Patpheus, 38, 2. 'Opi-y£i/?;s (epiteretes), 54, i. Opos, 84, 2. ^po$, 88, 2. ''fipos (apaitetes), 92, i. ''Opos (apaitetes), loi, i. '■fipos (boethos), 36, i : 37, i. ^Opos (sign.), 112, 5. ''Opos (telones), 57, i. lipos, M. Aip^Xios, o Kat nxoiXts, III, '"Opos, father of Asklas, 117, 4 : 118, 3. ''lipos, son of Erieus (prostates), 30, 2. ''Opos, father of Inaros, loi, 3. ''iipos, son of Onnophris, father of On- nophris, 139, 4. ''Opos, son of Osoroueris (Ouseroueris), 46, 2 : 104, 2. *Opos, father of Pamounis the younger, 138, 7- ''flpos, son of Pasemis, 116, i. ''flpos, son of Petechespochrates, 117, 3. *fipos, father of Phthomonthes, 129, i ; 13O; J- ^Opos, son of Psemminis, 26, 2. 'Opos, son of Psentphous, 52, 2. *Opos, father of ?, 141, 5. Demotic texts. Androsthenes, 8, i. Athenion, 31, 4. Bes, son of Khef-khons, 73, 4. Erieus, 28, 4. Estimetis, 22, 6. Hatres, 25, 7. Khef-khons, father of Bes, 73, 4. Phibis, son of Psemmonthes, 21, 5. Psemminis, 22, 7. Psemmonthes, father of Phibis, 21, 5. Psenamounis, 28, 3. Talos, daughter of Zeho (?), 95, 3. Thotsutmis, 26, 5, 9. Zeho(?), father of Talos, 95, 3. IV. Geographical. 'Ayopai', 95, 2: 100, 4: 120, 3. 'Ayopai a, 125, 3. 'Ayopai ^oppa, 43, 2 : 45, 2 : 47, 2 : 48, 2; 49, 41 50, 2. Ayopai S voTOD, 42, 2. 'Ayopat voTOV, 'J'J, 2 . 10 1, I. Avu) TOTrapp^i'a, 85, I 1 88, 2. AfftpoSiTw, 132, 4. AiocTTToXis ^7 /jLeydX-rj, 3, 2 : 4, 2 : 5, 2 : 6, i: 8, 3: 9, I : 16, i : 17, i : 22, 2 : 27, 2. AiotrTToAiTJ;? koitw (vo/tos), 132, 6, 'Ep/x5v^ts, I, 2 : 2, 2 : 83, i : 127, i. 'HpaKXeoTroXiTiys (vo/ids), 132, l. ®^/3ai, 136, 16. l/SitaviTOTToXis, 30, 7- 'IcriSibv opos, 141, 2. KaySao-iTT^s (vo/xds), I32, 5. KttTO) T07rap)(ta, 1 1 6, 3: I18, I. KXov( ? ) (Trept'xwp.a), 1 27, 3. KoX . . . tvdiroXts, 7) 2. Kw/xai, 52, 2 : 117, I. AeovTOTToXtTT^S (voyiids), 132, 5- AiySv')/, 115, 2. INDEXES 175 ACfjLvi], 119, 4. MejxvoveLa, 2, 4 : 18, 2 : 20, 2 : 21, 2: 23, 1 : 24, 2 : 25, 2 : 26, i : 32, 2 : 34, 1, 2 : 35, 1, 2 : 36, I, 2 : 37, i, 3 : 38, I, 2 : 39, 1 : 40, I : S3, i : 79, 3 : 82, 2 : 97, 2 : 99, i, 3 : 106, 2 : 107, 2: III, 2: ri6, 3: 119, 2, 4: 131. 2- MTjTpoTToXis, 81, 1 : 94, 1 : 120, i : 121, ^i: 122, 1 : 123, 1 : 124, i : 125, i. N^o-oi, 113, 2 : 121, 2. N^o-os 'AKpvo( ? ), 118, 2. NtAowoXts, 132, 3. NoTou (Aavpa), gl; 3 : 123, 2. Ilepi ®77y8as, 145, 4. S€;8....(?), 81, 6. Ta.vp{ ? ), 86, 2. <&tXai, 30, 4. ^X.aftiDVLTrj'S (vo/jiO's), 1 3 2, 2. *a)Tp( ? ), 33, 2. Xapaf, 72, 2, 7 : 81, 3 : 93, 5, 11 : 114, i: 122, 5. *a/i( ? ) {Trepixoiim), 128, 5: 129, 3. 'QfjiiTJov, 7 1) 2: no, I. V. Words. aXs, 41, 2. dva^aXAeiv, 128, 4: 129, 3: 130, 3. dvaStSovat, 1 3 5, i. dvSptas, 42, 2. avvuivrj, 102, 3. avTi8iaypa 3: 51, 3:53, 3: 54, 3 • 56, 3- ^aa-iKiKov (?), 30, 8. ^orjBoi (see Officials). yepStaxov, 57, I : 58, I : 61, 2 : 64, 2. yepStos, 56, 2: 59, 2 : 60, 1 : 62, 2: 63, 3 : 65, 2: 66, i: 67, 2: 68, 2: 69, i: 70, i. ytco/teTpta, 7^, 2: 72, 2, 7. yewpyds, 118, 4: 133, 2. ypa/jL/xaTev? (see Officials), yv/ivdertoi', 3, 4 : 4, 5 : 5, 4. SeKoi/ds, 77, 3: 78, 2: 139, 2. Sexd^Aos, 144, 5- Siia, 32, 2 : 33, 2 : 35, 2 : 36, 2 : 37, 2 : 38, 2: 39,3,5: 45,2: 49,3: 53,3: 80,2:81,3,6: 82,3:83,3:84,3: 85, 2: 86,4: 97, 2. Aaxavov, 121, 3, 4, 5. Adyos, 102, 3: 136, i: 142, i: 144,1. /tepicr/tds, 42, I : 52, I : lOI, I, 3. /ieTo^os (see Officials). /aiynaios, 136, 3, &c.: 137, i, &c. : 138, 3, &C. P.ut66% 130, 5. IjlC(t6vXai, 139, I. leoTiys, 132, 8, 9. ivKov, 144, I, 9. oivos, 88, 2 : 89, I, 4 : 90, 3. o/toAoyeiv, 131, 4. dvijAttTT/s, 146, 7, 9. oi/os, 91, 3. ofoj, 132, 8. ocrrpaKOv, 135, 2. 6fL\rjiJ,a, 31, 2. irapaKOfju^eiv, 109, I : 1 10, I : 112, i. TrapaxVTiys, 1 36, 4, 13. naiTTOtfiopo^, 141, 4. irevTfjKOCTTrj, 91, 2. ■!rtpjxavLK6v, 95, 3 : 96, 2. (TTparriyos, 1 4 3, II. a-TpaTL(OTr]s, 103, I : 104, I. avvOriKT], 134, 3. cruvoSos, 142, I. o-copds, 1 1 6, 4 : 1 1 9, 4, 6. reKTOiv, 146, 4. TcXwjjs (see Officials). Ti/ii;, 4, 4 : 6, 2 : 7, 3 : 88, 2 : 89, i, 4 : ^ 90. 2. TOTTOS, 27, 2. TpaTTc^a, I, 2: 2, 2: 3, 3: 4, 3: 5, 2: 8, 4: 9, 2 : 89, 6. TpaTre^iTijs (see Officials). TpL^kois, 144) 3- <^a/cds, 132, 9: 141, 8, II. (ftaiivi^, 89, 2 : 90, 3. •jturdy, 135, 2. Xepo-os, 115, 4. XPW«) 95) 2 : 96, 2. xS/ia, 129, 3. Xw/tariKoV, 32, 5: 33)5: 34) 9: 35)6= 36, 6,7: 38,6: 43,2: 48,2: 50, 2: 51,2: 73, 2: 81, 3: 97, 7: 98,3: 99, 3: 100, 4 : 126, I. )(.KpgIT&.£H &.K. &.noAo«?i'^e ««wK itTnujTpiJUHce ttei tOT ^Aiinawcone cecooT RpTofene n TewTa«.\oo'T encRHi £MTdwgHJue 10 eCOp-S gXlAAik KIJU 2)>.nOK K TrpidwKoc '^cTe;)(^e eTi&.ct5&. pe • dwnoK n&.g&.Ai ■<^o 15 JUHTpe* AUtHSwC n e?V.aw^ iinpec e>w! cAinfc --^o ju. AAMTpe + LEGAL DOCUMENTS i8i ' I, Cyriacus son of Philotheus, write to Jonas ' son of Paglorios that, as I begged {irapaKaXiiv) of thee, thou didst come before me ^, thou didst bring me (1. na>i?) a half tremision of gold for my need. Now I am ready {eroi/ios) to repay {dnokoyi^iiv) thee the half tremision in barley in Payni ^ ; they are six artabas and I will deliver them at your house at my (expense for) freight. For thy confirmation I have written this bond (d.T*.q khk n . . 5 ]jui&. tl'SHpe ge«&.g!T ]£Lti&.ge MHR juuuHce . ]no-3-gAp Aii&.pTepa) 10 . . - ^ . . ju.a>.pT'5'paj . . . .xtawpTTrpoi ' [I, X. the son] of Pheu (?) [write to Y. the] son of John in J^[me, I owe] thee a solidus [of gold and I am reajdy to pay it thee on i82 IV. COPTIC TEXTS [at thy] threshing-floor in Ahit (?) [and I will give so much] flax to thee for interest [without any] dispute. [I, ] assent to this bond \' Three witnesses also sign ; the name of the first is probably Pouhar ; those of the others are lost. ' This form of document is so familiar that d,c . . . . here can hardly be other than the equivalent of dcr<^aXeta. The Coptic article is undoubtedly masculine however, which is either a scribe's blunder or some such form as &cc^a>\icju.& must have been used. 4. Loan of Corn. + 2vnd>.n KK\HpOMO[jlAOC] mp8w^ encg&.i ndwgdwiu. •jseec ogoH coto &.KTiq [m>^a] Tcno ngeroijuioc «k . . . . 5 KHK gnnenxieo .... Tec n«wT\e.[ewTr « . . c^oiA. . . . ' We, the heirs of Hierax, write to Aham that behold (1. eic) there is (1. oTon) wheat that thou hast given [to us]. We are ready to [repay it] to thee in our .... without any dispute . . . . ' 5. Agreement. + a>.noK ncTpoc ngH?V.i[js,c eicg^zvi KTCTrpoc eiAte io>[ nH^R efiioTV. ne [ eponc egoTTit [ 5 ngaoji eTeTn[ u]&.npioAJie [ nqgoin eT[eifee^'se . . . TCHfeTeiO 10 . . . oixxn LEGAL DOCUMENTS 183 ' 1, Peter (the son) of Eli[as, write] to Tsyros, the wife of lo . . . . [I] agree with thee .... but if thou ^ reckon it among If any man [make a claim on thee, I will] pay a solidus [of gold to thee] and he shall submit to this [agreement] . . . . ' ^ Apparently the p (2nd sing, fern.) has been written over k (2nd sing. masc). 6. Fragment of an Agreement for the Lease of Land. + .K'ro[« 5 •sK\j!w&.'!r nTJs. . . . Kd^ciott gn . . . ectop-x a^ir . . . MgHTq ecp . . . niKOCAJl . . . 10 TO?V.O .... ' the seed .... and thou shalt pay its rent .... without any [dispute] .... kasion ^ in [this agreement] being valid [in every place] in which it is. Written Kosma (?).... [P]tolo[my?] . . . .' ' Perhaps part of a place-name. 7. Fragment of a Contract. • ■ • ]Hno[ .... ]i!id^eTCJJi[ ]ige n'S«oq[ jgjoT e£pM ncn[ i84 IV. COPTIC TEXTS . . . awAi.](5irfcoXi«k xiRncwc Tb>.[ . . . . . ]hM. : engHiiSi en\toiIc ]«iTepjU.OTP The words in 1. 8 ' if vinegar, if impurity ' suffice to show that this is a contract relating to the sale of wine (cf Krall, Kopt. Texte, no. xxix, Crum, Cat. Rylands Pap. no. ao6). The amount seems from 1. 3 to have been ' 100 baskets ' — for baskets of wine see Crum, Ostr. no. 160. The text is too fragmentary for reconstruction. 8. Attestation of an Agreement. ]e HJ»Jll(^jfe[o'\l8w . . .]Ci)p'3£[ ]tictoi epoc ecp aj. ^'f^ \^ incsy ?" + 2>.noiT o AJi]AAHTpe + i>we&.it&,cio ito&.ttnHc gxin&.TOTr 5 feex.cT« j^TreiTei jlioi ».icAJiKTea>.c(i:^*.?V.ei*w ».i cgiM gjikiuAnTpeeT ■sencenoi &.« npoc TeireTHcic + 'without question .... confirmed .... [I, X.] assent thereto. Written in the month of Phamenoth(?) 13, indiction 6. + We, [Cyri]acus (son of) Papheu (?) and Jacob (son of) Solomon, are witnesses + I, Athanasius (son of) John in Patoubasten ^, at their request have drawn up this bond, (and) I have written for the witnesses ^ who were unable to do so, at their request.' ^ A place near Thebes containing a monastery. Cf. Crum, Ostr. no, 301, Berl. Kopt. Urk. no. 78. ^ I do not know another instance of this plural form in Sahidic. jueepe-ir occurs in Bohairic (cf. Peyron, Lex. s. v.). LEGAL DOCUMENTS 185 9. Attestation of an Agreement. jecgpoT JTpiTH : i.^K ]eT!&\'xe &.T(0 cp 5 jeTTttak'sifc epoq ]eco« ju&.pTTpo> ]». *Jl^s.pr^^pu> ' third [indiction ?] ; without [any] dispute. I, Dav[id, assent] to this contract and it is [valid ^, wherever] it shall be taken. [I, Sim]eon bear witness, [I, Men]a (?) bear witness.' ' 1. cp'soeic g-AA-iAa^ ni&t eTeirn«.'sifc epoq. 10. Guarantee (?). ]n&.e&.H&,[ ]tm i»eo>pi?ioc[ ]Hpe JlUUOi)T«[ jcMai.Tr itc[ uutioo-y ig»LTen[ ]KpHCl[ 1. 5 seems to show that this is a guarantee of some sort ; but the frag- ment is too slight for translation. 11. Injunction. + . . nooT ii g[oojT eTecoT xiHTne «€ju^eip A a i86 IV. COPTIC TEXTS eic n\oi?oc iinnoTTTe gAlOOC RgOTTK UnHi £LuHn2iw noTTUjHpe -xeR ne-Tge epto gRKeXawj^TT ngoijfc Rna».pa>.nTO)AJiaw ^.TV-Xa^ 10 RTCgJU-OOC RgOTTM RnHi RnoTtgHpe gRoTK^.TJ^CTftwCic [n]poc©e MTa^cgji^i goAtoTV.oci . . u> eTeMee»?«?T!rHTHcite -se gnHCgoifi R 15 KC ' On this day which is the tenth of Mechir, lo, here is the word of God to thee \ Cyra, that thou hve in the house of Mena, thy son, so that thou be not found in any other offence, but that thou live in the house of thy son permanently (?)^, according as I have written a declaration . . . being the guarantors ^ ' ' This formula occurs usually, as here, in an order to do a specified thing. Cf Crum, Cat. Rylands Pap., p. 79 n. and references there. " Cf. Cat. Gk. Pap. Brit. Mus. iv, no. 1597. ' This refers to the class of document known as bfjLoXoyla iyyvrjnK'q whereby persons of standing made themselves liable to produce other persons at a given place and time for government purposes (taxation, enforced labour, &c.) under penalties. There are numerous examples in the Bn't. Mus. Cat. u. s., in Krall, JCopt. Texte, in Crum, Cat. Rylands Pap., and elsewhere. 12. Tax Receipt. jmnnajmoiTTe encgNi AtnswnMOTTTe nA*OH«w^oc e^TTto iiRcon ■seenei'^e i^n-snoTH en-^ixioc'ioit nTeipoiXnc 5 Te'i eTeirocene dwToj a^R-^eiq tc TAX RECEIPTS 187 HOT "xiimooT ngooTT efeoA. uj&.OTroeiui itiAi eReg^ enitHT eJfcoA. epoK HKecon Tn-^iOTT ngoXoK"^ nTitgton &.Tesfe\'se 10 dwHon iiwTTCHc jmnnjuJUtoTTTe TitcTe|)(^ei JU.OI Jk.!CJ)kgTei6'\'xe T*>(3'I'X «CO'5''SOTrtOT&. nerpe ce itgretop M8>.gpj)wi tte^ece-roc nTVdwiga^ne Ai&.pTTfpto -"^ cfepjuijs>.Moc nTTpiop 15 'iojgiwMnHc on lower edge -^awmH^ nojiH AJia>.pTTp(0 ' I, Moses, together with Pamoute, we write to Papnoute the monk {[lovayos) and our brother, that we have applied to thee for the tax {8r]fi6.c nReWwpioc gi\neR'ak!a>.cp«kt5on 5 giTnpco H&.T&. n-<^poAAnc neitTeRd.i'XKT/ yi ap a ^.iau.«neienTa>«?/ ' Behold a solidus by reckoning {dpiOfxiaY has come to me from thee, Jonas (son of) Pkellorios^, for thy poll-tax (Sidypa^op)^ for the first payment (KaTa^oXrjy of this fifteenth year = i solidus, Phaophi ^ lo, first indiction". + Longinus ', the headman, I assent. I, Psate^ (son of) Pisrael, at his request {aiTew) have drawn up this receipt (evrdyiov)^.' ' The coinage at this time was debased, and, contrary to what one would expect, the government taxes seem to have been assessed at the debased value {voixia-fxaTa dpLOixia), coins reckoned, i.e. by weight, not at the standard value (vo/*. ep^o/xeva). The word a^pieuia^ is often used alone for goXoKOTTinoc ile.p. = solidus. See on the whole subject the discussion by H. I. Bell in Greek Pap. in the Brit. Mus. iv, p. 84 seq. ^ Cf. nos. 2, 14, 15. For the father's name cf P. Ox. vi, no. 992 Tre/coXapios (fifth cent.). ' Cf. H. I. Bell, u. s., pp. 168-9. * Ibid., p. 87. There were at this time, it seems, two payments in the year for poll-tax. There is no certain instance in the Coptic tax receipts of a third Kma- PoXrj ; but the payment might be made by instalments. The amount of the tax is uncertain, probably about two solidi (see discussion, ibid., pp. 17 1-2). * The abbreviation is written with the u at the bottom of the tail of the fj>. The expansion of the Greek summation is ytvcTat apWiJ.Lov a <^au)^i i IvSiktiovos TrpuTjjs. * The tax was assessed in the last year of one indiction and paid — as is usually the case — in the following year. Occasionally assessment and payment are made in the same year ; rarely two years intervene between them. ' Longinus, cf. no. 14. For the headman of a village see Crum, Osir., p. 23 (no. 308) ; there might be several headmen in a village at the same time. TAX RECEIPTS 189 * Known elsewhere as a scribe of papyri and ostraca. ' The evTayiov was strictly the order for payment of taxes (H. I. Bell, u.s. xxvii), but as these documents state that the sum in question has been paid and at a date usually a year after the year of the tax, it is evident that they are really receipts. This and the following tax receipts belong to a well-known group to which attention was first called by Dr, Crum in his Coptic Ostraca (1902), p. 36. They are mostly written on pieces of pottery covered with a white or yellowish slip and glazed. The handwriting is easily recognizable, but often difiBcult to decipher with certainty. Besides the specimens published by Crum, others are to be found in the Koptische Urkunden of the Berlin Museum, Bd. I, nos. 84-93 > Cairo Mus. Cat. (Crum, Copt. Monuments), nos.8266-9iand 8293,8295, 8296; Hall, Texts, pp. 118, 122, 124-8, 147 ; Guidi, Coptica (1906), p. 16. Their date has been proved by Crum to be about the middle of the eighth century. 14. Tax Receipt. T + eic OTgoXoK/ n&.pieAii&. 2 yi p a u. jji i<^ iv8/ /3 + [^rswTJH nicpavHX awqMTei 10 [&.ICJUM]n€ieKT«kt*/ ' Behold a solidus by reckoning has come to me from thee, Jonas (son of) Pagellorios, for thy poll-tax for the second payment of this first year = I solidus 1 in the month of Mechir 16, indiction a. -f- I, Longinus the headman, assent. I, Psate (son of) Pisrael, at his request have drawn up this receipt.' ' p stands for dlp(i%ia). Cf. no. 13, n. i, and Crum, Ostr. no. 419, n. 2. igo IV. COPTIC TEXTS 15. Tax Receipt. + eiC OTTTpiJU./ tipi dJULidw a^qei ctoot gi TOOTK MTOH lOitta^C n&.^e'X^topioc gj\neK T 5 •a.iJikCpai.t^on giTnpto hjs.ts^o'Xh «-<^pojiine npto yi- p y (ppp- T l6 iv8/ irpco "^^WMiK n«>.nH -^cTOi^, 10 VJj-a^Te . d>.ic[juLn] ' Behold a tremision by reckoning has come to me from thee, Jonas (son of) Pagellorios, for thy poll-tax for the first payment of this first year = 1 solidus, Pharmuthi 19, first indiction. I, Daniel the headman, assent. I, Psate, .... have drawn it up.' 16. Tax Receipt. + eic oTgoTV-OK/ njtwpiejLiidw &.qei e TOOT gITOOTK HTOK «?e(JijpCIOC OMO(i^piO)C 5 feiKTOjp ga.ncR'^iej.cp&.fi^on T giTnpou KewT&.£!0?V.H n-<^poxi ne npcoTHc p a advp td CToi/ v^iiwTe nicp«>,H?V. 10 ».qa>.iTei Aitju.01 d>.icxtn nei£nT».t»i, '/ TAX RECEIPTS 191 ' Behold a solidus by reckoning has come to me from thee, George (son of) Onuphrios Victor^, for thy poll-tax for the first payment of this first year = i sol., Athyr 19, indiction a. I, Daniel the headman, assent. I, Psate (son of) Pisrael, at his request I have drawn up this receipt.' ^ There is little doubt that these double names, in spite of the fact that the second is usually written in the nominative form, represent filiation. This is shown by instances where the filiation is fully written out. Cf. ' Jonas son of Paglorius ' in no. 2 with the 'Jonas Paglorius' of nos. 13-15, or again, the second name is put in the genitive, 'Psate nicpa.HXioir ' of no. 18 compared with the usual 'Psate Pisrael.' In Coptic this is at this time expressed by R, e. g. iwg&tmHC ii\j).7«>poc of Berl. Kopt. Urk. nos. 86, 87 is the same person as the John Lazarus of our no. 20. When, as in this case, we have three names, presumably George is the son of Onuphrios who was the son of Victor, and the latter must have been always known by his patronymic to distinguish him from some other contemporary Onuphrios. 17. Tax Receipt. + eic oirgo^oR/ itd^pie AMiw i^qei eTOOT giToo TK KTOH ©eCSktOpOC sk- IIOH&.C gI^eH'XI^s.op^s.t5olt 5 giTnpco Kj)>.T&.feoAH n-<^poiu.ne TpeiTH yi p a dwnei&. na^nH --^ AAjuLOi &.iciiKn€ienT&.t«, / ' Behold a solidus by reckoning has come to me from thee, Theodore (son of) Jonas, for thy poll-tax for the first payment of this third year = I sol. I, Apeia ^ the headman, assent. I, Psate (son of) Pisrael, at his request have drawn up this receipt.' ^ Cf. Abeia, Crum, Ostr. nos. 414, 415. 192 ly. COPTIC TEXTS 18. Tax Receipt. OTK [KTOH feik] K'^i&.c^p&.t^on giT[n]p[(o] «KJkT8^0ir\H «T€ipO 5 Aine TCTa^pTH yt p a /i ro^i kj? vJ/akTH nicpa.H^iOTT &.qMTei jujuoi akicjunneieM ' [Behold a solidus has come to me] from thee [Ba]sil (son of) [for thy] poll-tax for the first (?) ^ payment of this fourth year = i sol. in the month of Tybi 38, indiction 4. I, Mathias the headman, assent. I, Psate son of Pisrael ^, at his request have drawn up this receipt.' ' There is little doubt of the reading. ' The reading is quite certain, as this receipt is written with unusual distinctness. The graecized form is curious. Cf. no. 16 n. 19. Tax Receipt. + eiccoTntge ngo\ OK/ n&.piejuii&. &.qei cto OT gITOOTR nTOK d^P^'-iu 6 TAX RECEIPTS 193 T TepoAine Te TiwpTei iK'XK/ yt 10 dwn2>.ni2i>.c nek.nH -^ ' Behold a half-solidus by reckoning has come to me from thee, Abram (?) .' . . for the first payment of this fourth year (of the) indiction (?) = f sol. Thoth 10, indiction 5. I, Ananias^, the headman, assent.' ' Known also from Crum, Os^r. no. 428, and Berl. Kopt. Urk. no. 87. 20. Tax Receipt. [+ €i]c OTTpiJuc a^qei [eTOOT] gJTOOTK V^TJ^TC vJtHC [g&.«cT!^]oc nTipoAJine cmkjv [thc yt V y] TpiTof IT i( LvB^ t 5 ■<^c]TOi^e io>i.qei eTOOT g^i TOOTK Rtok e ne enne^THC y.n«Hc A«>.'^dkpoc 10 j>.icjuinTq + ' Behold a tremision has come to me from thee, Enoch (son of) Stephanus, for the SioiKrjais^ of this ninth year = § sol. by reckoning ", one-third, Athyr 19, indiction ic. I, Psmotos^, assent. I, John (son of) Lazarus, have drawn it up.' ' Lit. a district for taxation purposes, the word came to mean ' tax,' as the taxes at this time were levied in a lump sum on each district, the local ofiScials deter- mining the distribution of each tax among the individuals liable. ' These signs are uncertain. ' As the cursive y}f and the cross are often indistinguishable, it would be possible to take the first sign as a cross and read the name caiwt(oc). But ^^J■CM.())TOC occurs in Berl. Kopt. Urk. no. 87 (where John Lazarus is also the scribe). Cf also Crum, Brit. Mus. Cat., p. 451 Tro-a/i/toov, Id., Copt. Mon. no. 8293 ■vJ/e^Aiw, and perhaps Hall, Texts, p. 52 cejuw^e. 22. Tax Receipt. c + eiC OTTTpiAl . . . TOOTK MTOK . . . TCOp g^AwTTeR':^! . . . •^HAJlOCe 5 Tp TAX RECEIPTS 195 ' Behold a tremision [has come to me] from thee .... [Vic]tor for thy poll-tax [among the] ^ public taxes [of this] third (?) [year] . . .' ' 1. 7k,ie.rp&c^on gnu'ikHjuocioit. Cf. Crum, Ostr. no. 416. 23. Tax Receipt. • . ./ «>.p JVKTITT II&.I ce g»LTepojuine . . . t^juu ' by reckoning, thou hast given them to me, thou Sabinus for thy tax (Srj/iocrtov) for thy tax (sic) for this year . . . Phamenoth. I, Papnoute, assent.' 24. Tax Receipt. + eiC p (^/ I*. dwKTA.ewT 7V.OC gewneR':M&.i?p&. c^ gftk'iLeRdwTHc n&, 5 ;)Q^con Re AJi&.eMRtt ' Behold II carats^ by reckoning, thou Paham (son of) Paulos hast paid them for thy poll-tax for the tenth (year), Pachons 29. I, Maen- knou, assent. I, David, assent.' ^ This is not quite the usual symbol for Kepdnov which is in one piece and of a reverse form, q ; it cannot however be anything else here. It approximates to a form occurring in Ca(. Gk. Pap. Brit. Mus. iii, p. 59. 196 IV. COPTIC TEXTS 25. Tax Receipt. «TOK ICftwK JUtOCHC THc n e -^ ijs. 'i.JSw'Ji. CTOi^e 5 XP'^ ' Behold 1 1 carats by reckoning, thou Isaac (son of) Moses hast paid them for the poll-tax of the eleventh (year), Pachons 9, indiction (?) 11. I, David, assent ' 26. Tax Receipt (PL XI). + eic &.p ay K& a^K dwn<^pe&.c g«>.neK "^IdkCp/ g&.TpiCKJS.I'Xe 5 Kek.THC IM'Zk./ T eiCJVK CTOI^e AAOI + ' Behold 22 carats (?)^ by reckoning, thou hast paid it me, thou Andrew for thy poll-tax for the thirteenth indiction, Tybi. I, Isaac, assent for myself (?).' * The symbol, which looks like & and a diagonal abbreviation mark, can hardly, in view of the number 22 following, stand for anything but carats. The poll-tax was always paid in money. The same symbol occurs in Berl. Kopt. Urk. no. 89, where a tax receipt begins eic «.p «./ kA \, &c., and probably in Hall, Texts, p. 128, no. 29684, where I should read the first line -|- eic p *./ r& . . In our ostracon there is a mark above the line after kA which I cannot read. LETTERS 197 27. Letter (limestone). Recto [^opn] jueit T«igi«e e [pOR?] A«.HCtO[c] MX JU.OK -se .... U{ ... . TClfeA. ■se 6iin&.£t(OK .... uj8>.c».qT 5 nnnpecfe/ e^.n-xpeawc d^nndvpswK/ egoTrn Rtootk juoeina^g^ jmiR neiio i[i.nc&.toTr •2£eenn«>ii(o[K] iiTiKS'nnigme JuneMeitOT 10 &.ndw necTTiteioc nenicK . . . en'^.i^L Verso £inpajuie?V.ei oirn « ecgneiiinenui'se • tm oTTwiy eju-oouje np*.CTe nujo pn Rgooir Roirtou} • lyine on it 5 cjs.c«Te ncdwKidw cT&.ceiioo'S' iilpnToir egoirn Stootk + OTT'siwi Tb^ixc. AJinencon {Recto). ' [First of all] we greet [thee] ; next [we instruct thee that on receipt of] this potsherd thou shalt go to the monastery (?)^ of the priest Andrew. We begged them that thou mightest get a . . . and bear it in thy hand (as a) sign to them (?) with the father (?)^ of the blessing, for we will go and visit our father Apa Pesynthius the bishops .... ( Verso). ' Do not neglect then to read these (?) our words (?) ; we wish 198 IV. COPTIC TEXTS you to go to-morrow at daybreak . . . . ; inquire further for two light sacks * and take them in thy hand. Salutation. ' To be given to our brother Apa Michaias (from) the humble Antonius.' ' ca.qT prob.=co&T, ' wall,' also used for any enclosed place and of a monastery. Cf. Peyron, s. v. " The meaning of this phrase is very uncertain. ^ A bishop Pesynthius is named on a contemporary ostracon in Crum, Oslr. no. 25, and is identified by Crum with the well-known bishop of Coptos (ibid., p. 8, where references are given). The name however was common, and bishops were many in Egypt. * Greek (raKKiov; cf ibid., no. 473, p. 44. 28. Letter, iLiui a».p KTeKAittTjuawigHKe cooirn TOj . . . juineRgHT u|o>n 5 e xiAioc Junn[ec]K€op(i5Js.no c ene£[o'yo &.]cn&.pawKJv\ei nTeKAnnTeitoT •seeujoj ne OTHMOTT. . prnen utoo 10 OJUiiiT Rtootott Rt'Tik.ei.c tt iwTr -sejunoToeiM aLuoott eJJi tOK eK&.€ K«wHT&.p nitOTTTe CO OTTH KToc juRneujepe eiln TeoTTon juutiooir pajtone 1 5 TeTr«awgfe KawH?jvp ^cooir n 'seRxiee itngHKC ois-'s.bA gxan-xoeic t &.j)>.c JulndiJu.epiT LETTERS 199 20 dwn»w icekK g^ifR ' for I give thy charitable (lordship) information concerning this widow, Paula (?) i, as I know the .... of thy heart is in pain for her and her orphans. Besides she begged thy paternity that if were assigned ( en ?) to thee, thou wouldest take three hundred pieces of copper therefrom and give it to them, as they have no light to go to Kae*. Indeed God knows that she and the children each one of them have pains in the neck, and I know that thou lovest the poor. Health in the Lord ! ' To be given to my beloved holy father Apa Isaac from John the humble.' ' The name is very uncertain. ^ Unknown place-name. What is meant by ' light ' I do not know. 29. Letter. «|H (ynruine ToirigH Rpoeic i!».'y[to] fiinooir oirK&.AiH?V.e RfecoK Tjs.p . . . njs.1 iintg&.Tr Mc«d.T n&.t'CHit . . . 5 es.-y(o "mitooTT Sigo^ neeH[eeTe] •se-^Xpia. njs.Tr cegigoirn gin?V.awK fe».pcoT OTM • . . ttMc xiHp enoT . . • j5.ncne>.Tr otojott . . 10 iknenine Rt OTTK'We ' Make haste to send me the camels by night. Find out where is the vigiP and send a draught (?)-camel ^ that I may get (? Ta.pi'si) for myself 200 IV. COPTIC TEXTS the value of two jars ?, and send the keys of the monastery as I want them ; they are inside in (?) the brass vessel *. Open .... the box (which is) fastened on both [sides ?] with iron ; the box is closed (?) [with ?] a bolt . . . .' ' i.e. of some church feast. ^ From Aiok, ' servant ' ? ' Some short word, doubtless Hpn, ' wine,' or neg, ' oil.' ■* Cf. Crum, Gal. Ry lands Pap., p. ii6 otkoim Xwk 6n&&poT. Here perhaps \jkK is rather short for \«.Kon, for which see Crum, Ostr., p. 41, note to no. 455. 30. Letter. cga^'i AiniKCOc njs.pjs. cseni MHK CT&eneiojT s^k-xoott TinoTT QtooTr -^lOTr «epTA.&i! n»ki «TOOTq nswftpdwdwXii R«>.Te . . ajSLnawOTrni WTSw^n-xiOT Kp T«>.&.fe ncOTTO MHK + 10 OTT'x&.i gjun-xoeic enini jv ' I, Samuel of Telta (?), write to Pikos^ Para (?) that when I sent (?) a basket^ of diskaria^ in return (?) for the barley (?)*, thou didst send to me saying, " When thou wishest it, send." Now send five artabas (of wheat) to me (?) from Abraham .... until Payni and I will pay thee back the five artabas of wheat + Health in the Lord. Epiphi i.' ' It is interesting to see this old name — derived from the worship of the bull-god Montu and very common in pagan times at Thebes — still surviving so late. I do not know of its occurrence elsewhere in Coptic times. "^ fii\ = flip. It is a M.E. form. Cf. O. v. Lemm, Apostelacten, Bull. Ac. Set. St.-P^tersb. x (1890), p. 103. ^ The reading may have been ■i,ecK«>pin. Cf. Crum, Gal. Ry lands Pap. pp. 82, 84 ■^icKd.pin, Krall, Kopt. Texte, ccxli. 44 t CKA.pin. Crum takes it = Sia-Kapiov, ' dish,' but it does not suit his context in either case, where it is named with wine, oil, and eatables ; it must be something similar, perhaps a form of bread or biscuit so called from its circular shape. * Translation uncertain. eiWT, ' barley,' is often used in the plural. LETTERS 201 31. Letter (limestone). Recto . . . €npo(|)2k.cic . . , njue-ye eswiTttnoo . . n&.ngtocia>T&.TOc n AinToig «HHfeT d>.n[«w 5 feiHTiop e&.qna.pa,cK ers-e. xjinecetiTe e TAAAIS^TP JuneRcniT ponoc dLTPto [eawjq cgswi KOTre[nic] negtofe n . . \enoM Verso . . . uj Ti^peTeTM . . . TeTiteiJiie cTcaroju nTeTMttOOTTC . &.I xinepnopKOT e 5 iio'K -sejiAakTrgTei engw nce'^enTiJjie JUdwXi cT«w ivTrnojA.t)' jiinne gtofe njvi KKOTcon 10 TM OT'SdwI giU n-soeic The redo and I'^rji? seem to have no connexion, the former being addressed to a single person, the latter to more than one. Perhaps they are drafts of two letters. cc 202 IV. COPTIC TEXTS Recto. ' . . . . pretext .... remembrance. I sent .... the most holy^ .... of the nome of Koptos, Apa Victor who had procured (?) {TrapacTKevd^eiy ?) Pesynthius there to be thy guardian and [who had] written a letter to me (?) about (?) this matter ; but {Xoiirov) . . . Verso. ' that ye may ... and recognize its (fern.) validity and send it to me. Do not root them up(?), for they are not flourishing (?)^ . . . .... They came to an agreement on this matter again. I greet you (pi.). Health in the Lord.' ' This is the usual epithet of a bishop ; the missing word — of about three letters — is probably iwt or enc (ewtcr/coTros). If so, touj is probably ' diocese ' here. " For jucTgTjvi (?). 32. Letter (limestone). ujopn jue ■"^ujinepoK n-xoeic e cjnoT epoK xJirtneTUjuj ne KHK THpq a>.piT&.pak 5 nH A«.n£HKe &.Tpi n-soe'ic cjuott epoK Td>.».c jGLnpeqpgoTe (Below, a rude drawing of a man begging.) Verso. Drawings of trees, birds, and a vase, nni n'jioeic. ' In the first place I greet thee. May the Lord bless thee and all that belongs to thee. Be kind to the poor man Hatre (?). The Lord bless thee. To be given to the devout^ and God-loving , . . .' (name omitted)^. ' Cf. Crum, Osir. no. 6i n. " Apparently a pattern for a begging letter. LETTERS 203 33. Letter. • • ^C^ • • • • ^.i-sttoTc 'seii^A.dwce AjingoAoK/ KTOOT «Ta>.Tiw^o judwge m^\ 5 eiH-xenoiRne ngoAoK/ enoy goXoR/ ett&.noTq it&,i iiTa^ gn&.K aLCsMOTi •xe'<^ngo\oR .... IlqT^).^vq Hhx. . '. . 10 KOTTI Aldw£e ruvl ttgOTTO An involved and obscure commuilication relating to a piece of money. The translation seems to be as follows : — ' .... I asked her, saying, Exchange (dWdcrafiv) the solidus for (?) me, that I may buy (?) me some flax. If the solidus is thine (masc), credit a good solidus to me and I will please thee (1. pgnd.K). She asked me, saying. Give up the solidus to (?) me and let him exchange it (?) and let him give it to her. Give (?) a little flax to me besides.' 34. Letter or Memorandum. tieft . . . \&.Tr giiiwg^ . . . 3Ut.ls.Si ttpTJkfe Rtt . . . Hd^pigin oir£0 ne^puj . . • 5 H«juiOTp\ oirgo «op^ . . n&.pT&is Mawna>.pKA,TH[c] . . . AinTVoTT igH-u. eTpoeic .... MawY THpoT cee'ipe jui . . . . oTT&.g^ nawnenaJT • . . 10 AiingJs.Y 204 IV. COPTIC TEXTS ' ^, thirty artabas of lentils, a ^i7-measure* of lentils .... camels (?)^, a ^o-measure of orax*^, .... artabas belonging to the work- men (epy arris) of the small boy (e^Xo-r) who watches .... all these make fruit belonging to the builder .... of the farm.' ' There are several possible restorations for the first two lines, but the result must be guess work. * Cf. Crum, Os/r. no. 309 n. ' Or the proper name Kamoul. * Probably a species of vetch. 35. Letter. . . nitTOTT eneir AXIS. *ieTA. Kd.A.OTT gITMMeRUj\HA n&.K Td.d..c ilnc'i glTlt n-SOT 10 ■sa^i . . . ' if 1 they are brought to their home (lit. place) happily ^ through thy prayers, we will not cease until we come and salute (npoaKvueiv) thee'. To be given to this holy father frbm Pjoujai . . . .' ' 1. [en'uja.JnnTOir. " iJ,€Ta. KaKov. Cf. A.Z. xxii (1884), p. 147, Krall, I^op/. Texte, p. 81, Crum, Ostr., p. 107 n., and Brit. Mus. Cat., p. 490. ' The meaning is, ' if they return home in safety through thy prayers, we will come and salute thee as soon as possible.' LETTERS 205 36. Letter. eqecxioTT cpoK iJIt neRTfertooire 5 *.piTakt*&.nH HC" pnnR it^-sooT ta. KO^TC itct-sooc w . . . . JuLnaLigcioTn . . iKeawKawttT , . . 10 ... • cxiOTT ep . . . . ' The Lord shall bless thee and thy cattle. Kindly have pity and send the wagon and tell . . . .' 37. Letter. + [a.nJdwHTpi £iTni>.'5 [^o]yciJig HTeirnoTr cth [MTeJnnoTTe cjuot neKn . juineKe .... ' Deliver this to Brother Apakyre from Az ^. [I] wish as soon as thou [receivest this] potsherd, pay the headman (?), who will give thee a receipt (lit. potsherd), and may the Lord bless thy ' ' Az must be an abbreviation, probably for Azarias, a name which is found in Hall, Texts, and Crum, Osir. 2o6 IV. COPTIC TEXTS 38. Letter. p&.e ttOTra' &.poi . . . dwioTrskgcj neoTOJ Tq RCi Td^qei AwKHjuh «je ji^poi + This is a fragment of a letter in the Achmimic dialect. It refers to money matters, as the word for ' solidus ' occurs twice. 39. Letter. + nakTinoiPTe eqcga«.i . . . ne eneqAJiepiT nc[oM . e«u)^ -xteiniTe .... oTJs. nTHi£e ncT . . . . njw eicAinoTra^a^q xxxx . K&.jiT«kp RcooTM -xe . . . . prtc «dwH MToq lep Cgdwl ■\- AAH lo . • . . • nil . • • • A letter written by Papnoute to his dear brother Enoch. The missing ends of the lines render the meaning obscure. LETTERS 207 40. Letter. pcojue . . . CJULSw .... AinMOT[T€ .... T&.iwc AJindJuepi[T] 5 neon ndwT'\oc n^&,ig&,ne giTn 8i.«kp ijon neie End of a letter addressed by one Aaron to his dear brother Paul the lashane (of Jeme), whom we know also from Berl. Kopt. Urk, no. 71, and Crum, Ostr. nos. lao, Ad. a6. 41. Letter. c S^piTSi^ [cj!vnH nK?]fciR&ju.oTX [g8wne]RgTop n^Tiw [\]ciJOT TJk.pen-soic CJIXOTT £poK Ta^a^c £in&.con n'soTri giTn8>.n'xpe X, ^ 2o8 IV. COPTIC TEXTS ' kindly take camels according to thy judgement and load them^. May the Lord bless thee. To be given to my brother Pjoui from Andrew the humble.' ' i.e. some goods referred to in the lost portion of the letter, 42. Letter. 5 oirn . . . nnoTTe cooth •<^o MgeTCAtOC nTdkTIOTMiwK lo xinnRHUjeitTdwi g^i g(o& iHju TenoT TcpTawKtouj e 15 nTeR-si '2S. + ' 1 God knows I am ready to give (?) them (1. tasiT ?) to thee and I will give a receipt (lit. potsherd) with the other .... in all things. Now when (?) thou hast read this potsherd, write to me also with thy hand.' ' A few letters only remain of the first five lines. ACCOUNTS 209 43. Accounts (limestone). Redo n^oc/ itnuja,tgoTr eTpeM-ssTeTTTTJuiH nnpn giTiticawR juineiA.oTr 5 h^\ JV^ p gITMKoA.O'Se h.\ &.^ pn gIT«C8i.pdw ni(on 'cS^b.ajL i>.\ &.^ R 10 felKTOjp i^\ JS.^ ?V. Verso goiTG it ... . p(gcoa>n ^ . . jue^'SRe ^ juj)knn&. . {Recto). ' List of the jars which we have delivered, so that we may- receive their price of the wine : from Isaac (son of) Peilou . .^ 100 ; from Colluthus . . 150 ; from Sarapion the carpenter (?) . . 50 ; from Agnato'' the carpenter (?) . . 30 ; from Apa Victor . . 30. {Verso). Dresses . . . ; 4 cloaks; guests' (?) blankets . . ; 4 . . .^ . . napkins.' ' The measure is represented by aj or j).p followed by an abbreviation mark and always repeated, perhaps to mark the plural. What word it represents I do not know. ^ Cf. Hall, Texts, pi. 15 *.Kne.Tion. ' Cf juii'SKe Crum, Oslr. no. 465, meaning unknown. Dd 2TO IV. COPTIC TEXTS 44. List of Names. t^opoc . . . . . lepejuudwc . . . ■^ ceTKpoc n . . . H t»COp AOTPK . . . e 1(0 . . • . . . jULHttdw eKono . . . . ndwnnoT e . . . • • • ^ i(0?V.&. . . . ' . . . . phoros . . ; [6] Jeremias . . . ; 7 Severus the . . . ; 8 George (son of) Luke; 9 Jo . . . . ; . . Mena, oeconomus'; . . Papnoute . . .; . . . ; lola . . . ' ' This suggests a list of monastery officials. 45. Biblical. 2 Sam. i. i (limestone). &.cuj(x>ne 'i.e [ju]KMca».Tpe [n]jvniL\K[ [s^TJUi Is. ... . ••M This ostracon is written in very rude uncials and is evidently a school exercise. In 1. 6 I think there is no doubt n and not « was written. This verse has been printed by Maspero in Miss. Arch.fr. VI as above (except that David is contracted in the usual way) down to giore, after which he continues ncsi. n^JULa^XeK ikTio ^i?s a-qgAiooc gnceKeXivu itgooT SCHOOL EXERCISES 211 46. Biblical. Acts ii. 9. fc ^QC Ain&.[peoc aahai] hJfiXi UeTO'«'[Hg^ gHTJUieCO] K&.Tindw'X[OKId>.] A school exercise in uncials. Printed by Woide from two MSS., one the same as above, the other with the following variations in spelling, ju.htoc, hXa^authc, Aiecono-^&Aua>, 47. Religious (limestone). + ic 5C5 j>wA.A.ei\o-Ti&. [ig]e.€[tteg_] ' Jesus Christ. Alleluia. O Eternal Life.' A school exercise. 212 IV. COPTIC TEXTS 48. List of Words. Recto feo AlOC Verso JU.Js.pKOc &&. &a.c xiHnaw M oc JuiHeoawOC i5iV f &.C JJI&.TXO C&. AJIOC «?ev Toc t»e "xcon •^iw TeiT •^o poK ci. . p . . H . A school exercise. On the recto each word is divided by a space into two syllables, and there are remains of a second column divided from the first by a line; there remain however only the initial letters of three words beginning with % followed by two with n. INDEX OF NAMES (The numbers &e>ph)n 40 «.fip&£«ju. 12, i9(?), 30 iLT'nekTU) 43 s-^ 37 «.'»a>n2kCio 8 &n&ni«>c 19 a.n'2>.pe&c 26, 27, 41 *i.KTCoriioc 2 7 *.njk.KTrpi 37 «>nei&. 1 7 «.Tpi (?) 32 &2«JUL 4 &a.ci\e i8(?) felKTWp 16, 22, 31, 43 ^epx«.&noc 12 fcwp^c 10, 16, 44 'a.jkniHX 12, 15, 16 ■^a^ifei-^ 9, 24, 25 f XeccTPoc 1 2 CKWX 21, 39 eif:^o5ijk I oeo-^wpoc 17 j»>K(>>&oc 8 lepejtti&c 44 ip&^ 4 IC«.K 25, 26, 28, 43 mii4.c 2, 13, 14, 15, 17 iwgMinHc 3, 8, 12, 20, 21, 2E k&ju.ot\ 34 KoXo'se 43 are those of the Ostraca.) Persons. KOCAIA 6 (?) Kippa. II K1!-piJ!,KOC 2, 8 (?) \«>7ApOC 21 \oinTinoc 13, 14 Aia^enunoT 24 Al^^IAC 18 AJLHIt&.(c) 2, II, 44 A«.IX.«'1«'C 27 AiwircHc, var., 12, 23 n&e&ii&H\ 10 (?) oitoc^pioc 16 na.^>\wpioc, van, 2, 13, 14, 15 nsjitOTTe 1 2 na,TTnou-Te 12, 23, 39, 44 nji.ip\2k (?) 28 HAirXoc 24, 40 nait^eip(?) 8 n&£ajuL 2, 24 neiXoTT (?) 43 neceitre 31 necTn^ioc 27 ncTpoc, van, 5, 12 niKWc 30 nicpa,HX 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 iTOirgjkp(?) 3 nToXoA»«.ioc (?) 6 n\(;«.w 2 nuoiH 12 n'xoTi 41 ncsoTrsjki 35 214 cakfeiite 23 c^julothX 30 c»,pjwniwtt 43 ceTPHpoc 44 ciAiewit 9 (?) CJULWTOC (?) 2 I co\iojut.(ji>n 8 CTet^Aiioc 21 TCTpOC 5 INDEX OF NAMES TTpiop 12 c^Hir 3 !^i\o«eoc 2 •^t.fe 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20 ■V^/HC 20 . Officials, etc. «.ni> 27, 28, 31, 43 !!.ne 13,14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 37(?) ■&i«.Konoc 2 eniCKonoc 27 eniTponoc 31 \&u|«>ne 12, 40 ju.oita.5<^oc 1 2 oiKonoAtoc 44(?) npec&iTTepoc 2, 27 Place Names. 4.gIT 3 Ka>e 28 KHJlT 31 njkTOT&SvCTH 8 T\Tt«.(?) 30 '2£Hxie 3