Cornell University Library HD7269.M61U66 . Miners wash and change houses HD 72^9 M6l White , Joseph Hill, 1859- ... Miners' wash and change houses. . .1915« THE LIBRARY OF THE NEW YORK STATE SCHOOL OF INDUSTRIAL AND LABOR RELATIONS AT CORNELL UNIVERSITY Technical Paper 116 J. D. HACKETT. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BUREAU OF MINES JOSEPH A. HOLMES, Director MINERS' WASH AND CHANGE HOUSES BY JOSEPH H. WHITE WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1915 C^6 The Bureau of Mines, in carrying out one of the provisions of its organic act— to disseminate information concerning investigations made — prints a limited free edition of each of its publications. When this edition is exhausted copies may be obtained at cost price only through the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. The Superintendent of Documents is not an official of the Bureau of Mines. His is an entirely separate office and he should be addressed: Superintendent op Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. The general law under which publications are distributed prohibits the giving of more than one copy of a publication to one person. The cost of this publication is 10 cents. First edition. August, 191S. CONTENTS. Page. Introduction § Advantages of -waah and change house 5 Development of the wash and change house 6 Extent of installations g Popularity 7 Comparative inexpensiveness of wash and change houses 8 Location of building g Special building advisable g Building material 9 Inexpensive construction 10 Concrete and brick construction IX Artificial lighting and heatiug X2 Drying arrangements 13 Ceiling hooks 14 Ceiling hooks and lockers 14 Arrangement of lockers 15 Desirability of separate wash house 15 Shower baths preferable to bathtubs 16 Water mixers and heaters 16 Number and construction of shower booths 16 Swimming pools 17 Quality and quantity of water required 17 Method of reducing quantity of water used 18 Facilities for washing hands and face 18 Public laundries 19 Laundry tubs 19 Water-closets and urinals 20 Plumbing 20 Spacious wash room advisable 20 Charge for use of wash and change house 21 Attendant for wash and change house 21 Literature on wash and change houses 22 Publications on mine accidents and methods of mining 25 ILLUSTRATIONS. Plate I. A, Exterior view of wash and change house of large company; B, In- terior view of wash and change house, showing empty clothes racks, ventilating hoods, and lockers 10 II. A, Clothes racks of wash and change house filled with clothes; B, Wash basins and shower-bath booths of large wash and change house 14 III. Shower heads and clothes hangers in wash and change house of large mining company 14 Figure 1. Floor plan of wash and change house of large iron company 9 2. Wash and change house suggested by the Bureau of Mines 10 3. Details of wash and change house designed by Bureau of Mines... 11 4 MINERS' WASH AND CHANGE HOUSES. By Joseph H. White. INTRODtrCTION. Among the investigations that the Bureau of Mines is directed by- law to undertake are those deahng with the health of miners and the improvement of sanitary conditions at mines. Many mining companies, large and small, are providing buildings where the miners may remove their soiled working clothes, bathe, and put on clean, dry clothing before returning to their homes. Such a buUding is Imown by different names in different localities. At some places it is known as a bathhouse; in the Lake Superior region it is called a dry house; at numerous mines it is referred to as the change house. ADVANTAGES OF WASH AND CHANGE HOUSE. Most workmen nowadays like to go to and from their work dry and clean. Such self-respect is commendable and should be encour- aged by providing suitable means whereby it may be satisfied. MLa- ing of necessity is dirty work and if men, particularly young men, are to be attracted to mining as an occupation a washhouse at mines seems most desirable. A wash and change house is particularly needed where the men live at a distance from the mine. Under this condition, the provision of bathing facilities shows consideration not only for the health and comfort of the miaers themselves, but also for those with whom they come in contact in the stores, on the streets, and in the cars. The wash and change house is also needed when the miners' houses owned by the company are adjacent to the mines, because in many instances these cottages have no running water inside and it is a bur- densome task to bathe at home. The absence of surplus room in these cottages makes it difficult to bathe daily in privacy. If the miners can bathe and leave their dirty working clothes at the mine before returning home the task of keeping the house clean is lessened; In addition to its cleansing effect, the shower bath refreshes the tired worknaan so that he goes home in a more agreeable frame of mind. Tiredness or fatigue is caused by the gradual accumulation of the by-products from muscular activities and experiments have shown that the shower bath helps the skin to eliminate these toxins. 5 6 miners' wash and change houses. This explains the refreshing feeUng following the shower bath, a feel- ing that has been experienced by all. The daily warm shower followed by the cold water and vigorous rubbing of the body with a rough towel stunulates the skin action and raises the tone and general vigor of the body, so that it is better able to resist disease and more quickly recover from sickness or accident. Bathing conserves health. Coming from a warm, humid mine, his clothes damp, his body perspiring, and often with his feet wet, the miner is in danger of contracting colds or pneumonia. This latter danger is particularly threatening if the miner has to travel some distance to his home or is delayed on account of waiting for street cars. In certain metallurgical industries cleanliness is a protection against metallic poisoning, in which case, of course, the washing facilities become of paramount importance. DEVELOPMENT OF THE WASH AND CHANGE HOUSE. It may be of interest to describe some of the expedients whereby this need of the wash and change house has been inadequately ful- filled in the past. In some cases where the miners used troUey cars several of them would club together and put up a shack made from lumber picked up around the plant and with this as a shelter, and using a half barrel for a bathtub, and catching the hot water drippings from various fixtures, they would make themselves presentable before getting on the street cars. Oftentimes the boilerhouse or engine room would harbor bath- ing facilities for some of the men so that they could clean themselves before going home. In instances where the companies furnished special labor trains to transport the miners back and forth the miners had coaches to themselves, so that the possible embarrassment of coming in contact with other passengers was not felt. Some companies have built a detached shed at the rear of each cottage to be used as a washroom. If the companies did not provide such a building, the tenants themselves would often erect it. These individual wash houses are inferior in several ways to the centralized wash and change house at the pit mouth. The walk home in damp dirty clothes is not remedied; the trouble of heating water is not elimi- nated, and a localized sewerage problem is created at each shed. It would also appear that these individual wash houses would be more expensive than the centralized wash and change house. EXTENT OF INSTALLATIONS. Wash and change houses for miners are required by law in the fol- lowing 7 mining States: Arizona, IlUnois, Indiana, Kansas, Montana, Oklahoma, and Pennsylvania. I'Ui'ULAJilTi:. Y In some of these States the law reads that the wash and change house shall be estabhshed only after it has been petitioned for by a certain number of the workmen. In some of these States wash and change houses were estabhshed before the passage of the law; and, though not required by law, they are present in the following 13 States: Alabama, California, Colorado, Kentucky, Michigan, Min- nesota, Missouri, Nevada, New Jersey, Texas, Washington, West Virginia, and Wyoming. It is interesting to note that some of the best wash and change houses are to be found in Michigan, Minnesota, and Alabama, although those States have no law requiring such houses. POPULARITY. It has been stated that the miners would not and do not take advantage of wash and change houses after they have been erected. Companies holding back because of this belief can have reasonable assurance that a modern wash and change house wiU be used by a large percentage of the men. Information that has been obtained concerning several thousand miners who were provided with wash and change house facilities shows that an average of about 85 per cent of the total number on pay roll used the wash and change houses daily. In a large number of the cases reported there was a fee, varying from 50 cents to $1 per month for the use of the wash and change house. One company making a charge of 50 cents a month for the use of lockers and the bath privileges claims that the charge causes the men to make better use of the facilities provided." At the outset there will be some who wiU not use it, as miners, par- ticularly the older ones, take slowly to innovations. The users steadily increase. Some of the earher wash and change houses were not kept clean or properly maintained, and so fell into disfavor. Their equip- ment was such as to breed and spread vermin. Warm water was not always available, and fixtures were often out of repair or so inadequate that much time would be wasted in taking a bath. Facilities at the wash and change house should be such as to cause the noiner no more delay than is necessary. There is neces- sarily going to be some additional time used. Charges have also been made that the wash and change houses have been abused and subjected to all kinds of vandahsm by the users. Such reports are said to have discouraged some companies who have introduced the houses from extending them to their other operations. This condition is unfortunate, and, as with many other privileges, the misdeeds of a few cause numerous innocent ones to suffer. An attendant should always be in charge of a wash " Woodbridge, D. E., Sanitation at mining villages in Alabama: Tech. Paper 33, Bureau of Mines 1913, p. 13. 8 miners' wash and change houses. and change house, so that the acts of vandahsm of a few — perhaps four or five out of a hundred— can not discredit the large number that appreciate and are benefited by this worthy improvement. COMPARATIVE INEXPENSIVENESS OF WASH AND CHANGE HOUSES. In view of the comparatively small cost of wash and change houses, and in view of the number of people benefited by them, their construction seems warranted. Some reasonable objectious might be offered to the suggestion of installing a bathroom in aU cottages, because of the expense both for the fixtures and for the sewer system that is a necessary adjunct of the bathroom. Cen- tralizing these bathing facilities in a buUding at the mine is an inexpensive and practical substitute which is in some ways superior to the bathrooms in the individual houses. Hot water can be readily furnished from the boiler plant and the building can be economically heated and lighted. Plumbing fixtures in the aggregate can be installed and kept in repair with hfctle expense, and the waste water from the centralized fixtures can be disposed .of without a very expensive sewerage system. LOCATION OF BUILDING. The wash and change house should be placed near the manway exit, so that the man, upon coming out of the mine, wUl not be exposed unnecessarily long to the rain and cold. The State law of Montana specifies that the building shall be not over 800 feet from and convenient to the principal entrance of the mine. At one coal mine the miners get off the cage opposite a covered bridge passage which leads directly into the wash and change house. At another mine there is a tunnel connecting the manway with the wash and change house, so that the men are not exposed to the elements at all. The convenience of the lamp house, if there is a lamp house, to the wash and change house should be considered. If hot water and steam heat is to be furnished from the main boiler plant, the location of that plant should be considered in placing the wash and change house, and the question of sewer discharge should like- wise be remembered. Special precautions should be taken with the foundation if the building is erected on "filled" or "made" ground. SPECIAL BUILDING ADVISABLE. Practice varies somewhat in different sections of the country in regard to what shall be included in a wash and change house. Some- times the wash and change house has been installed in a building containing many other features, as offices for mine bosses, lunch BUTI.DING MATERIAL. room, emergency hospital, first-aid room, recreation room, and the Uke. At some mines it has been placed in the basement of a two or three story building. This arrangement should be avoided, if possible, as the best results are not obtained when a great number of these activities are housed together. Objectiona- ble conditions may easily arise in the wash and change house. It is a particularly hard build- ing to keep clean and sanitary. The locker rooms of even the most up-to-date and best man- aged gymnasiums and clubs have obnoxious odors. A one- story building designed for the exclusive purpose of a wash and change house gives the best re- sults. (See PI. I, A, and fig. 1.) If possible, the main floor of the wash and change house should be on the ground level, so as to avoid stairs; but if the floor has to be placed higher or lower than the ground level, it should be approached by a gentle incline, rather than by stairs. There should be a small vestibule either inside or outside the entrance, to insure privacy and to prevent cold drafts from blowing directly upon the undressed men. "A piece of angle iron bolted to the concrete outside the entrance makes a convenient shoe scraper and will prevent mud being carried into the house. A plan and a section of a wash and change house designed by the Bureau of Mines are shown in figure 2 and details in figure 3. I BUILDING MATERIAL. The building should be designed primarily to insure cleanliness and convenience rather than to be ornamentatal. Sanitary round corners should, if possible, be introduced at aU intersections. The amount 96845°— 15 2 10 MINERS ' WASH AND CHANGE HOUSES. of wood going into the construction of the buHding should be reduced to a minimum because it is inflammable, wiU harbor vermin, and is difficult to keep clean. Brick, stone, poured concrete, concrete blocks, and hoUow tde are materials best adapted for the building. ,Se« detail of lockers \Y^A ' VnVi ^ Y ^ 1 1 1 1 M 1 1 M 1 1 1 1 1 M 1 1 M 1 1 1 ' 1 1 1 Ml MM Monitor windows controlled try a geared operating device Floor pitcii CHANGE HOUSE } I I corner^ /j ■ '" a linciiin4leet " SECTION FiGUEE 2.— Wash and change houso suggested by the Bureau of Mines. INEXPENSIVE CONSTRUCTION. If it is necessary to reduce the cost, a wood-framed building covered with galvanized corrugated iron may be erected. The exterior of the roof and sides of such a building may be covered with galvanized corrugated sheets. The under side of the roof and the inside walls, from the eaves down to the bottom of the windows, may be lined with asbestos-cement sheets, asbestos metal, or sim- BUREAU OF MINES TECHNICAL PAPER 116 PLATE A. EXTERIOR VIEW OF WASH AND CHANGE HOUSE OF LARGE COMPANY. E. INTERIOR VIEW OF WASH AND CHANGE HOUSE, SHOWING EMPTY CLOTHES RACKS, VENTILATING HOODS, AND LOCKERS. CONCEETE AND BRICK CONSTRUCTION. 11 I 30" H _J!£ - Low«r clicrd of roof trust ^ — S" Channel h ih- •^Endtcwehaln ilar fire-retardant material. The inside walls, from the floor up to tho bottom of the windows, may be lined with No. 16 gage black (flat ungalvanized) sheets. The floor should be made of concrete. Such construction would make an inexpensive, reasonably sanitary, fire-retardant building. A building of such a type as this was recommended by the departmental committee appointed by the secretary of state for the home department of Great Britain to consider the provision of washing and drying accommodations at mines. CONCRETE AND BRICK CONSTRUCTION. A combination of concrete and brick may be used to advantage. The floor and walls to a height of 7 or 8 feet may be made of poured concrete and the remain- der of the waUs may be made of brick. The superstructure resting on top of the concrete walls may be made of cheaper mate- rial than brick if it is necessary to economize. The point to be empha- sized is this — the floor and the lower part of the walls receive the worst wear and tear and are in most danger of fixe from within and will be most abused and dirtied. Concrete stands up well under such abuse; a hose may be turned upon if and it can be scrubbed without much difiiculty. Sharp corners, ofi'sets, crevices, cracks, ledges, and similar vermin and dirt catchers ?an be eas- ily avoided with poured concrete. The lower concrete wall can be simply poured, because the window openings can be placed in the brick walls above. Care should be exercised in finishmg the concrete floor. The con- crete in it should be made rich, say 1 part concrete, 2 parts sand, 3 parts stone, mixed wet, and brought to a smooth flnish. The floor should have a decided pitch, so that when it is scrubbed the water SoiD dish M'ling pipe e^'ipatt Catch drain EO'king PLAN Ortall q^ locKer «frangement ind ertling tioolo. Figure 3.— Details of wash and change house designed by Bureau of Mines. 12 MINEES' WASH AND CHANGE HOUSES. will drain off readily. This simple provision will save much of the attendant's time. The pitch should be about one-quarter of an inch to a foot, and numerous outlet drains should be provided. Certain paints and mixtures to be added to the concrete have been recommended for making the concrete surface smooth and durable. When the cement to be painted is freshly laid, before being painted it should be treated with a hme-neutrahzed primer. The most effi- cient primer for this purpose is a solution of zinc-sulphate crystals dissolved in water in the proportion of 4 pounds to 1 gallon, appHed with a wide brush to the surface of the cement and allowed to dry. Then a heavy coat of prepared oil paint made with zinc and lead should be brushed well into the surface of the cement. There should then be applied a surface coat of special gloss floor paint. The walls of the building should be high, perhaps 16 or 18 feet, particularly if the clothes of the miners are to be suspended from the ceiling in the manner described later. The bottom of the windows should be about 6 or 8 feet above the floor for the sake of privacy and also that the windows may be opened without causing a direct , draft on the men. The windows should be ample in area, so that the building will be well lighted and weU ventilated. The windows should be arranged with fixtures so that they may be opened and closed easily, and it is preferable to have them hinged like a transom instead of sliding up and down, as that arrangement permits the full area of the opening to be utilized for ventilating purposes. The type of roof is important because the roof is a part of the ven- tilating and drying system. In some instances a monitor is built along the fuU length of the ridge, with windows that may be operated from the floor by a geared device (fig. 2). Instead of the monitor roof a gable roof is sometimes built in which rotary ventilators (PI. I, A) are installed to draw the air out of the building. If a sufficient number is installed the rotary ventilators are perhaps more efficient air removers than monitors, because advantage may be taken of shifting winds. ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING AND HEATING. The building should be provided with incandescent lighting so that it can be well lighted. Light banishes dirt; it adds cheer as well. The building should be scientifically heated. A good arrangement is to have the steam pipes on the wall underneath the windows. Gen- erally speaking, the building should be maintained a little above the temperature of the mine so that the men will not become chilled when undressing. In cases where the clothes are wet the temperature of the building may be raised after the miners have departed, so that the clothes will be thoroughly dried out when they are put on again. Thermometers should be provided so that temperature control will DBYINQ 4KEANQEMENT8. IJ not be a matter of guesswork for the attendant. If lockers are used for mine clothes, steam pipes should be placed under these for the double purpose of drying out the clothes and heating the building. DRYING ABBANGEICENTS. A satisfactory method of drying the miners' working clothes was one of the worst difficulties encountered in the development of the wash and change house. In some of the earlier buildings a wooden locker was furnished each man. This one locker was used both for street clothes and mine clothes. It can be easily imagined how offen- sive the conditions soon became in these wooden lockers. They were fertile breeding places for vermin. Because there was no circulation in the lockers the mine clothes would not dry out and the miner was forced to put on damp clammy clothes at the outset of his day's work. The street clothes became soiled and absorbed the odor from the mine clothes. These early crude arrangements have undergone marked and rapid improvements. The perforated metal locker supplanted the vermin- harboring wooden locker; to improve the drying of the clothes, a steam pipe was placed under each row of lockers. Then, in order to keep the mine clothes separate from the street clothes, two lockers have been furnished for each man, one for street clothes and one for mine clothes. The former is made of expanded metal that is well perforated. The mine-clothes locker is made of sheet metal and is buUt as air-tight as possible, except for the vent pipe at the top, and the miae-clothes lockers are grouped together in a different part of the building from where the lockers for street clothes are placed. Other installations have furnished metal lockers with upper and lower compartments. The upper compartment is for the mine clothes and the lower one for street clothes. A steam pipe is run through the bottom of the upper compartment to furnish heat for drying out the miue clothes. Its top is connected by a pipe to a main duct leading to the outside air. To induce circulation, a motor-driven fan is placed in the duct to suck up the heat, moisture, and odors from the mine- clothes compartment. The upper compartment is made as tight as possible to prevent any odors escaping into the room. Clothes racks instead of lockers have been used for drying mine clothes (Pis. I, B, and II, A) with the idea of permitting the clothes to hang unfolded. The racks can be reached from the floor level. CoUs of steam pipes circulate among the clothes, and a large galvan- ized-iron hood with ventilators penetrating the roof overtops the racks. Lockers for street clothes are supphed in addition to the racks, which are used only for mine clothes. In some of the installations in England a clothes-drying oven not unlike those used in laundries has been placed. This oven is not 14 MIJSTEES' WASH AND CHANGE HOUSES. used regularly by all the miners but is used when their clothes become wet on account of some exceptional job, or when they wash out their clothes at the week end, as it affords a convenient and quick way of drying garments. CEILING HOOKS. Suspended from the ceUing of some waslihouses are clothes hooks which are raised and lowered by means of a chain and pulley (PI. Ill); these hooks are used extensively in the wash and change houses on the Continent, and are being adopted in many of those in the United States. When the damp working clothes are hanging near the ceding they are in the path of warm air which is constantly passing upward through the budding. Circulation of both air and heat is necessary to get the best drying results. When the clothes are hoisted to the ceUing they are beyond the reach of anyone on the floor ; a locking device is furnished so that the hook can be lowered only by the possessor of the key. Benches are placed under the hooks for the men to sit on when they are changing their clothes, and the chains may be locked to the back of the benches. At some places the benches are transformed into boot boxes. At one "wash house" visited the miners tied their boots to a piece of wire about 4 feet long, which was suspended from the ceiling hook, so that the muddy boots hung below the clothing. The hooks should be placed about 30 inches center to center so that the clothes of the different men wOl not come into contact. Thirty-inch spacing is necessary, as closely spaced hooks, aside from the objection named, would bring too many men into the building at one time, causing congestion and inconvenience. If the hooks are inserted in an endless chain they wOl be prevented from swing- ing back and forth and Becoming entangled with other hooks (fig. 3). The endless chain removes the care of the surplus chain which results when the hook is attached to the free end of a chain. Ceiling hooks are a more economical arrangement than lockers. They require for best results a specially designed high one-story building. Such a system should not be installed in the basement of a budding used for several other purposes. Although this ceiling embossed with overalls, jumpers, old boots, and the like looks any- thing but attractive, it is hygienically sound; nothing is hidden away and concealed in the lockers. CEILING HOOKS AND LOCKERS. One criticism against ceiling hooks is that at mines where night and day shifts are working the mine clothes of the night force will be intermingled with the street clothes of the day men and the odors of one wUl be communicated to the other. With the view of remedying BUREAU OF MINES TECHNICAL PAPER 116 PLATE II HUHKBilllJIS^''''' ' . i IF" m : ^^ **■" mm&. \.,., _ , ' ;^^ ^^^^' ^ ..^iiaKa***'* J m. ^ iM §0^ w^ ■,,^^':"^ ,«*fa<»»****'*^ '••'* ^M -fm&p. fl mmm / 1 J I '!„ VJ^ ^■-iM} jl;^ ^'^ii ■;^^i itKx^ " l"^m ■ 1^^ 1 r .4 yl. CLOTHES RACKS OF WASH AND CHANGE HOUSE FILLED WITH CLOTHES. B. WASH BASINS AND SHOWER-BATH BOOTHS OF LARGE WASH AND CHANGE HOUSE. DESIRABILITY OP SEPABATE WASH HOUSE. 15 this condition, lockers have been installed for the street clothes, and ceilmg hooks provided for the mine clothes. When this arrangement is followed, the chain passes through the locker and is fastened by a clip so that the chain can not be raised or lowered until the locker is opened. ARRANGEMENT OP LOCICERS. Nothing but perforated metal lockers should be considered. They should be raised on legs off the floor level so that the space under them may be flushed out. If they have a steep-slanting top, they can be more readily cleaned and the top can not be used for storing rubbish. They should be locked either by means of a combination as on a safe or by a keyless lock so as to do away with the necessity of a key. A locker 12 by 15 inches by 3 feet high is amply large when furnished m conjunction with hooks. Figure 3 shows a desirable arrangement of lockers used in conjunc- tion with ceiling hooks. The hooks are 30 inches center to center. The lockers are in separate rows, not back to back, and adjoining lockers do not open up on the same aisle. This permits a seating place for every locker and relieves crowding in the aisles. The bench is about 15 inches high and 9 inches wide. DESIRABILITY OF SEPARATE WASH HOUSE. There are certain advantages in placing all the washing appliances in a small building separate from the change house except for a short connecting passageway. As previously stated, it is desirable not to have other activities housed i;i the same building with the wash and change house. The suggestion that the wash house be separated from the change house carries this idea of specialization one step further. The wash room is necessarily wet and the change room should be essentially dry. On this account advantages both in construction and maintenance may be reahzed if they are separated. If ceiling hooks are used for drying out the clothes, it is particularly desirable to have the steam and moisture from the shower fixtures kept away from the clothes. The inclosed passageway coimecting the two buildings should be 8 or 10 feet long and should have self-closing doors on each end. The separation of the washhouse from the change house can be accomplished without much additional expense; ia fact, there appear to be certain points of economy to it. The walls of the wash room need not be built as high as those of the change room which has the clothes suspended from the ceUing. If economy must be exercised the small wash building might be built of masonry so as to withstand water, moisture, and steam, whereas the change-room building might be constructed of less expensive material. 16 miners' wash and change houses. shower baths preferable to bathtubs. Shower baths should be installed and not bathtubs. A shower bath, with hot and cold water on tap, is more hygienic and has certain physiological advantages that the bathtub does not possess. It is more hygienic because one is washing with clean water aU the time. The desirable physiological effects are due to the mechanical action of the spray against the skin and the stimulating effect on the circula- tion by changing from hot to cold water. There is a danger of injudicious use of the hot and cold water, which may cause bad results. Perhaps this danger is more imaginary than real, but one company adopted a compromise; it installed shower baths but instead of having hot and cold water in each booth, water of one temperature (120° F.) was furnished. WATER MIXERS AND HEATERS. If hot and cold water is on tap at each booth, some mixing device should be installed. In practice these vary from crude home-made affairs to elaborate patented devices. Some installations utilize, as a mixer, the pipe leading up to the shower head. The hot and cold water pipes should be connected to this riser by a long-sweep double- branch elbow, as this fitting will cause a better mingling of hot and cold water than a standard right-angle tee. The main supply pipes for the showers should be amply large, so that there is plenty of water for aU fixtures when they are all in use at the same time. Some pat- ented mixing devices have a marked dial and indicator, so that cold water or hot water may be drawn immediately by setting the indi- cator at the correct point. This arrangement guards against scalding accidents and prevents unnecessary waste of water, as it does away with experimentation by the user. Certain mixers permit steam instead of hot water to be carried directly to the mixer. If a central heater is installed to furnish hot water, the higher the temperature maintained in the heater the less the amount of water required to bring the mixture at the spray to the desired temperature. NUMBER AND CONSTRUCTION OF SHOWER BOOTHS. It is difficult to state how many men one shower should serve. Statistics collected on this point showed wide variations. Local conditions have a decided influence. The hours during which the men work, the character of the mine — whether surface, slope, or shaft — and the method of conveying the men to the surface, each has its influence. As a workable rule, however, if one shower is installed for every 20 lockers, with one man to a locker, reasonably satisfactory service will be rendered. There should be a separate booth or cabinet, about 5 feet wide and 4 feet deep, for each shower to insure privacy and to prevent QUALITY AND QUANITY OF WATER REQUIRED. 17 water frona one bather splashing onto his neighbor. The partitions of these booths should not reach to the floor, as such construction would offer collecting places for slime and dirt. The partitions should be marble, slate, pressed steel, or metal sheets. If either of the latter two is used, it should be covered with an enamel paint and frequently touched up by the attendant to prevent corrosion. The controlling valve should be on the side and not on the rear wall of the booth. In this way the bather can easily reach the operating handle from outside the booth and adjust the water temperature without having the discomfort of being under the shower subject to an extreme of either cold or hot water. The shower head should be about 7 feet above the floor and shotdd be set at an angle, so that the spray will strike the body diagonally instead of vertically. The spray head should be about 4 inches in diameter, made of cast bronze with fine perforations, and should be removable, so that it can be cleaned in case the fine holes become blocked. Soap trays and hooks for towels are conveniences that cost little but are often unintentionally omitted. SWIMMING POOLS. Swimming pools have been installed in certain miners' wash and change houses. In addition to the element of health and cleanliness, the element of recreation is thereby introduced. This recreative factor is obtained, however, at the risk of impairing the cleanliness of the wash and change house. Careful regulation and supervision must be exercised in order to keep the pool hygienic. All users of the pool should be required to take a shower bath before entering the pool. Persons with any skin diseases must keep out of the pool. Spitting or committing other nuisances in the water must be pre- vented. Frequent disinfection and renewal of the water is necessary. Because of the trouble and expense of enforcing such regulations, swimming pools are not universally recommended for miners' wash and change houses. QUALITY AND QUANTITY OF WATER REQUIRED. The water should be clean and soft and odorless. Pressure water purification plants for the purpose of obtaining these requirements can be installed and operated with little expense. The quantity of water used varies considerably. Actual meter measurements were made on a wash house in Alabama where no special efforts were made toward economizing water. It was found that about 117 gallons of water was used per bath. Measurements were made on a washhouse in Indiana. At this place 90 gallons per bath was used. When certain precautions were instituted, this 90 gallons was immediately reduced to 53 gallons. The average daily consumption of water at several bathing establishments in West- phalia, Germany, amounted to about 40 gallons per bath per man, 18 miners' wash and change houses. including the water used in cleaning the washhouse. In England an investigating committee estimated that about 8 gallons per bath per man would be an adequate allowance. In Belgium in many of the washhouses an average of 8 gallons per man per bath is used. In many of these foreign installations the flow of water and the duration of the time under the shower are controlled by the attendant, which perhaps explains why such a small amount of water is consumed. It is questionable whether this plan of management could be worked out favorably in American mines. METHODS OF REDUCING QUANTITY OP WATER USED. If it is important to be frugal with the use of water, the following suggestions are offered: 1. Use a high-temperature heater for furnishing hot water. 2. Install an effective mixer with a marked dial. 3. Use small spray heads with fine holes. 4. Install separate cut-off valves at each booth, so that the water may be shut off as soon as a leaky valve is discovered. 5. Meter the supply and have the meter read regularly. 6. Furnish convenient facilities for washing hands and face. (See below.) 7. Place an alert and capable attendant in charge. With such precautions the amount of water used per bath should be reduced to about 30 to 40 gallons per man. The quantity of water wasted by a man's remaining under the shower unnecessarily long is not large. The number of shower booths is generally such that the men have to wait to get under the spray. They consequently hurry one another and so prevent the wasting, of time under the shower. Besides, the men are generally in a hurry to get home and they do not delay any longer than necessary. The time spent under the shower varies from about 5 to 10 minutes. FACILITIES FOB WASHING HANDS AND PACE. There should be ample facilities for washing hands and face in the wash room. The miner's hands and face are usually very dirty after a day's work, and it is inconvenient to wash these under a shower. If they coxild be washed under a spigot before he takes a shower he could save much time. These spigots are economical for the com- pany, as they reduce the quantity of water used, and by lessening the time under the shower will decrease the number of showers required. Some companies have installed expensive enamel or porcelain stationary washbowls. It is difficult to keep these clean. One man may have to wash in a bowl dirtied by another. Other companies have furnished individual portable wash basins to the men (PI. II, B). Although these do away with the objection of the common washbowl, they are inconvenient to use. LAUNDRY TUBS. 19 Just as the shower bath is superior to the bathtub so flowing water for washing the hands and face is superior to stationary wash bowls. An economical and hygienic arrangement is to run the two supply pipes, one carrying hot water and the other cold, about 4 feet above the floor level, one just above the other, the pipes being tapped about every 2 feet with small ^-inch pipes. Each of the ^-inch pipes should have a valve and each pair of these pipes should join in a common mixing pipe under which the hands and face may be washed. About 12 inches below the outlet of the mixing pipe should be a trough to carry the waste water, and to serve only as a drain (fig. 3). In the absence of the washing receptacle, as the bowl, it is decidedly nec- essary to have the hot and cold water meet in a mixing pipe. With separate outlets the hot water would scald one if it were used by itself. Neglect to join hot and cold water in a common mixing pipe is a common defect noticed in some otherwise excellent lavatories. There should be about one washing place for every ten lockers, if one locker is provided for each man. The water pressure in the pipes should be reduced. There is no necessity of having the water issue forth with great force; a mere trickle is effective. This saves the water and makes less severe the wear and tear on the valves. PTJBLIC LAUNDRIES. In some mimicipal bath houses public laundries have been installed so that the women could have convenient facilities for doing the family washing. These pubhc laundries are said to be popular abroad but in the United States conflicting reports are made. In some of our cities they are said to be successful but in others they were not used. Because of this uncertainty the introduction of a public laundry in connection with miners' wash and change house would be of question- able expediency. LAUNDRY TUBS. Although it may not be advisable to install a public laundry a few washing tubs should be available so that the men can wash their un- derclothes and towels from time to time. One complaint made is that since the wash and change houses have been used the underclothes are not taken home and washed as formerly. Another criticism made is that some of the miners use the washbowls for washtubs. These criticisms are possibly valid to some small extent, and the installation of a few laundry tubs will correct both of them. There should be a regulation insisting that once a month the miners remove their clothes from the change house so that it can be thoroughly fumigated. Burning powdered sulphur is one of the most simple methods of fumigating. Sulphur in the presence of moisture kills disease germs, roaches, fleas, flies, and rats. Sulphur fumes are apt to bleach any 20 MINEES' WASH AND CHANGE HOUSES. clothes that are left and it may attack exposed metals. Metal sur- faces may be protected by covering them with vaseline. Five pounds of sulphur should be burned for every 1,000 cubic feet of space to be fumigated. The sulphur should be spread out in a shallow pan and Uberally sprinkled with alcohol before it is ignited. Doors and windows should be closed for 12 hours if possible. WATER CLOSETS AND XTRIlirALS. Water closets and urinals niade of nonabsorbent and noncorrosive material should be provided in the washhouse. Individual hoppers should be installed and not the range closets. The 'hopper selected should have its rear part vertical so that matters will drop immedi- tely into the water without touching the sides of the hopper. Some hoppers on the market are not so constructed and they should be avoided. Sanitary seats open at the front should be selected. Toilet paper should be furnished. An automatic arrangement whereby the hopper is flushed immediately after use is better than a chain flush or an automatic timed flush. If a trough urinal is installed, par- titions about 34 inches apart should be erected. In selecting these toUet fixtures it would pay in the end to buy good material; their very expensiveness will in a large measure command careful use; cheapness is poor economy ; it is easy for improvised fixtures to become fouled and obnoxious. A slop sink should be provided for the attendants' use, and hose connections for flushing out the change house as well as the wash- house should not be overlooked when the pipe fitting is being done. Sanitary drinking fountains of the bubbling type should be installed. PLUMBING. The amount of plumbing, especially concealed plumbing, should be reduced to a minimum. , Where a concrete floor is installed this can be easily accomphshed. Tho waste water from all the shower baths should drain in an open gutter to a sump. Likewise the waste water from the washing trough and laimdry tubs and slop sink should drain to this same sump with the smallest amount of piping possible. The entire floor should drain towards the sump. The sump should be screened, preferably with stout copper wire, and should be con- nected to a sewer with trap connection. (See fig. 2). SPACIOXTS WASH ROOM ADVISABLE. There should be sufficient fiooj- space in the wash room to permit the men to stand about and dry themselves after the bath before returning mto the change room. These two rooms may be of different temperature, and men should be advised to dry the body before going from one to the other. ATTENDANT FOR WASH AND CHANGE HOUSE. 21 CHARGE FOB TTSE OF WASH AND CHANGE HOUSE. At most mines a charge is levied for the use of the wash and change house; at some the wash and change house is furnished without cost to the users. Two different views may be held regarding this practice. The central wash and change house may be considered an additional convenience that should be paid for by the persons benefited, just as the tenant with a bathroom in his house must pay more rent than the tenant without the bathroom. In other words the wash and change house may be considered a detached part of the miners' house and paid for as rent. On the other hand the miners' wash and change house may be con- sidered as part of the plant equipment and its expense charged against the cost of mining coal or ore. In a number of wash and change houses, especially those that have been introduced volun- tarily by the mining companies, this latter view is held. Perhaps a compromise position might be taken ia regard to this question of fee with equity to all. Oftentimes the management of the wash and change house can be conducted much more successfully if a small disciplinary charge is made. This charge should merely help keep up the care and maintenance and should not be such that profit can be made out of the wash and change house. In one of the most modern American wash and change houses the company furnishes soap and towels free of charge to the men. Course linen towels 36 inches by 17 inches, hemmed and embroidered with company's initials, are used. The total cost of each towel is 15f cents. This installation accommodates about 500 men and the company has installed a small laundry equipped with motor-driven washing and ironing machines and a drying cabinet. This laundry is operated with less expense than if the towels were sent to an outside laundry. ATTENDANT FOB WASH AND CHANGE HOUSE. The wash and change house requires an attendant present at all times. Moreover the wash and change house caretaker should not be a "pensioner;" an active and energetic man can earn his wages over and over. The entire building should be scrubbed out regularly once a day. Galvanized-iron trash cans should be at hand to receive old paper, discarded boots, and old clothes. This material should be burned by the attendant every day. Sanitary cuspidors should be on hand. Thermometers should be furnished, and the correct temperature of the buildmgs should be maintained by means of ra- diators, windows, and ventilators. The windows should be washed regularly and the electric Ught bulbs cleaned and replaced. The plumbing fixtures should be polished and all the valves kept in repair. The walls of the building should be repainted or rewhitewashed from 22 miners' wash and change houses. time to time and the shower booths, especially if made of metal, touched up frequently to prevent corrosion. Towels may perhaps be rented to the men. Discipline must be maiatained. About once a month the buildiag should be thoroughly disinfected by a gas fumigant. These duties will keep a man actively engaged and they are necessary, as perhaps no buildiag can become so objectionable and offensive as a neglected wash and change house at a mine. LITEBATXIRE ON WASH AND CHANGE HOUSES. A niimber of wash and change houses have been described in va- rious min ing magazines and other publications, and some of the recommendations contaiaed in this report are based on information derived from these descriptions. Some of these references are given in the list following: Allakd, a. p. Miners' change and bath house. Coal Age, vol. 3, January, 1913, pp. 115-116. Describes bath house at coal mine near Clinton, Ind. American Iron and Steel Institute. Bulletin No. 7, vol. 1, July, 1913. Black Diamond. Report of committee appointed by Illinois Coal Operators' Associ- ation to draw up standards for wash and change houses. Vol. 52, November, 1914, 363 pp. BuLMAN, H. F., and Wilson, W. B. Miners' baths. Coal Age, vol. 2, November, 1912, pp. 619-620. Discusses bath houses in Europe. Miners' baths. Coll. Eng., vol. 35, October, 1914, pp. 140-143. Describes construction and use of bath houses in England and on the Continent. Coal Age. European wash-house practice. Vol. 1, January, 1912, pp. 502-505; February, pp. 538-540, 573-574. Discusses in detail wash houses at European mines. Suggestions for New Zealand mines. Vol. 2, September, 1912, pp. 397-398. Describes bath house recommended by New Zealand Royal Commiss'on on Mines. Colliery Engineer. Bath house at Shamokin, Pa. Vol. 33, July, 1913, pp. 679- 680. Welfare worls: of a coal company. Vol. 34, March, 1914, pp. 497-498. De- scribes bath house at anthracite mine in Pennsylvania. Committee on Provisions for Washing and Drying at Mines. Report of the Departmental Committee appointed by the Secretary of State for the Home Department of Great Britain to consider the provision of washing and drying accommodations at mines under section 77 of the coal mines act of 1911. Engineering and Mining Journal. Wash houses at coal mines. Vol. 83, April, May, 1907, pp. 675, 1012. Short editorials on the advantages of wash and change houses at mines. Change house at Franklin Furnace, N. J. Vol. 94, August, 1912, pp. 358-359. Change house with novel features. Vol. 97, March, 1914, pp. 521-523. De- scribes wash and change house at mine in the Menominee range. Fay, a. H. Examples of modern sanitary dry houses. Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 88, October, 1909, pp. 822-824. Describes bath houses at three Minnesota and Michigan iron properties. Haas, Frank. Observations in coal mines of Europe. Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 89, April, 1910, p. 730. Describes bath house at a German coal mine. Iron and Coal Trades Review. Wash and change houses abroad. Vol. 83, 1911, pp. 848-850, 866-887. Description of several wash houses in England. September, 1914. LITEEATUEE ON WASH AND CHANGE HOUSES. 28 Peyton, Lacy. A wash, house for coal miners. Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 91, March, 1911, p. 604. Descrihes wash house at Benton, Ind. Roberts, W. R. A modern twin coal-mining plant. Coal Age, vol. 1, December, 1914, p. 236. Describes bath house at coal mine near Danville, 111. Sawybe, a. H. Change house with swimming pools. Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 98, 1914, pp. 483-484. Describes change house with two pools, one for white and one for colored miners, at Raimund mines, near Bessemer, Ala. Steel, A. A. A change house for coal miners. Mines and Minerals, vol. 32, June, 1912, pp. 647-648. Suggests plans for construction and methods of keeping build- ing in order. WooDBRiDGE, D. E. Sanitation at mining villages in the Birmingham district, Ala. Technical Paper 33, Bureau of Mines, 1913, pp. 13-17. PUBLICATIONS ON MINE ACCIDENTS AND METHODS OF MINING. Limited editions of the following Bureau of Mines publications are temporarily avaUable for free distribution. Requests for aU pubH- cations can not be granted, and applicants should select only those pubhcations that are of especial interest to them. All requests for publications should be addressed to the Director, Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C. Bulletin 17. A primer on explosives for coal miners, by 0. E. Munroe and Clarence Hall. 61 pp., 10 pis., 12 figs. Eeprint of United States Geological Survey Bulletin 423. Bulletin 20. The explosibiKty of coal dust, by G. S. Rice, with chapters by J. 0. W. Frazer, Axel Larsen, Frank Haas, and Carl Scholz. 204 pp., 14 pis., 28 figs. Bulletin 42. The sampling and examination of mine gases and natural gas, by G. A. Burrell and F. M. Seibert. 1913. 116 pp., 2 pis., 23 figs. Bulletin 45. Sand available for filling mine workings in the Northern Anthracite Coal Basin of Pennsylvania, by N. H. Darton. 1913. 33 pp., 8 pis., 5 figs. Bulletin 46. An investigation of explosion-proof mine motors, by H. H. Clark. 1912. 44 pp., 6 pis., 14 figs. Bulletin 48. The selection of explosives used in engineering and mining opera- tions, by Clarence Hall and S. P. Howell. 1913. 50 pp., 3 pis., 7 figs. Bulletin 50. A laboratory study of the inflammability of coal dust, by J. 0. W. Frazer, E. J. Hoffman, and L. A. Scholl, jr. 1913. 60 pp., 95 figs. Bulletin 52. Ignition of mine gases by the filaments of incandescent electric lamps, by H. H. Clark and L. C. Ilsley. 1913. 31 pp., 6 pis., 2 figs. Bulletin 53. Mining and treatment of feldspar and kaolin in the southern Appa- lachian region, by A. S. Watts. 1913. 170 pp., 16 pis., 12 figs. Bulletin 56. First series of coal-dust explosion tests in the experimental mine, by G. S. Rice, L. M. Jones, J. K. Clement, and W. L. Egy. 1913. 115 pp., 12 pis., 28 figs. Bulletin 60. Hydraulic mine filling; its use in the Pennsylvania anthracite fields; a preliminary report, by Charles Enzian. 1913. 77 pp., 3 pis., 12 figa. Bulletin 62. National mine-rescue and first-aid conference, Pittsburgh, Pa., Sep- tember 23-26, 1912, by H. M. Wilson. 1913. 74 pp. Bulletin 68. Electric switches for use in gaseous mines, by H. H. Clark and R. W, Crocker. 1913. 40 pp., 6 pis. Bulletin 69. Coal-mine accidents in the United States and foreign countries, com- piled by F. W. Horton. 1913. 102 pp., 3 pis., 40 figs. Bulletin 80. A primer on explosives for metal miners and quarrjrmen, by 0. E. Munroe and Clarence Hall. 1915. 125 pp., 15 pis., 17 figs. Technical Paper 4. The electrical section of the Bureau of Mines, its purpose and equipment,-byH.H. Clark. 1911. 12 pp. Technical Paper 6. The rate of burning of fuse as influenced by temperature and pressure, by W. O. Snelling and W. C. Cope. 1912. 28 pp. Technical Paper 7. Investigations of fuse and miners' squibs, by Clarence Hall and S. P. Howell. 1912. 19 pp. Technical Paper 11. The use of mice and birds for detecting carbon monoxide after mine fires and explosions, by G. A. Burrell. 1912. 15 pp. Technical Paper 13. Gas analysis as an aid in fighting mine fires, by G. A. Burrell and F. M. Seibert. 1912. 16 pp., 1 fig. 2o 26 MINERS WAS-tL AJNU GMAJNUii J±UU&JiS. Technical Paper 14. Apparatus for gas-analysis laboratories, at coal mines, by G. A. Burrell and F. M. Seibert. 1913. 24 pp., 7 figs. Technical Paper 15. An electrolytic method of preventing corrosion of iron and steel, by J. K. Clement and L. V. Walker. 1913. 19 pp., 10 figs. Technical Paper 17. The effect of stemming on the efficiency of explosives, by W. 0. Snelling and Clarence Hall. 1912. 20 pp., 11 figs. Technical Paper 18. Magazines and thaw houses for explosives, by Clarence Hall and S. P. Howell. 1912. 34 pp., 1 pi., 5 figs. Technical Paper 19. The factor of safety in mine electrical installations, by H. H. Clark. 1912. 14 pp. Technical Paper 21. The prevention of mine explosions; report, and recommen- dations, by Victor Watteyne, Carl Meissner, and Arthur Desborough. 12 pp. Reprint of United States Geological Survey Bulletin 369. Technical Paper 22. Electrical symbols for mine maps, by H. H. Clark. 1912. 11pp., 8 figs. Technical Paper 24. Mine fires, a preliminary study, by G. S. Rice. 1912. 51 pp., 1 fig. Technical Paper 28. Ignition of mine gas by standard incandescent lamps, by H. H. Clark. 1912. 6 pp. Technical Paper 29. Training with mine-rescue breathing apparatus, by J. W. Paul. 1912. 16 pp. Technical Paper 30. Mine-accident prevention at Lake Superior iron mines, by D. E. Woodbridge. 1913. 38 pp., 9 figs. Technical Paper 39. The inflammable gases in mine air, by G. A. Burrell and F. M. Seibert. 1913. 24 pp., 2 figs. Technical Paper 40. Metal-mine accidents in the United States during the calendar year 1911, compiled by A. H. Fay. 1913. 54 pp. Technical Paper 41. Mining and treatment of lead and zinc ores in the Joplin district, Missouri; a preliminary report, by C. A. Wright. 1913. 43 pp., 5 figs. Technical Paper 43. The effect of inert gases on inflammable gaseous mixtures, by J. K. Clement. 1913 24 pp., 1 pi., 8 figs. Technical Paper 44. Safety electric switches for mines, by H. H. Clark. 1913. 8 pp. Technical Paper 46. Quarry accidents in the United States during the calendar year 1911, compiled by A. H. Fay. 1913. 32 pp. Technical Paper 47. Portable electric mine lamps, by H. H. Clark. 1913. 13 pp. Technical Paper 48. Coal-mine accidents in the United States, 1896-1912, with monthly statistics for 1912, compiled by F. W. Horton. 1913. 74 pp., 10 figs. Technical Paper 52. Permissible explosives tested prior to March 1, 1913, by Clai-ence Hall. 1913. 11 pp. Technical Paper 58. The action of acid mine water on the insulation of electric conductors; a preliminary report, by H. H. Clark and L. C. Ilsley. 1913. 26 pp., Ifig. Technical Paper 59. Fires in Lake Superior iron mines, by Edwin Higgins. 1913. 34 pp., 2 pis. Technical Paper 61. Metal-mine accidents in the United States during the calen- dar year 1912, compiled by A. H. Fay. 1913. 76 pp., 1 fig. Technical Paper 62. Relative effects of carbon monoxide on small animals, by G. A. Burrell, F.M. Seibert, and I. W.Robertson. 1914. 23 pp. Technical Paper 67. Mine signboards, by Edwin Higgins and Edward Steidle. 1913. 15 pp., 1 pi., 4 figs. Technical Paper 69. Production of explosives in the United States during th« calendar year 1912, compiled by A. H. Pay. 1914. 8 pp. PUBLICATIONS ON MINE ACCIDENTS AND METHODS OF MINING. 27 Technical Paper 73. Quarry accidents in. the United States during the calendar year 1912, compiled by A. H. Fay. 1914. 45 pp. Technical Paper 75. Permissible electric lamps for miners, by H. H. Clark. 1914. 21pp., 3 figs. Technical Paper 77. Report of the Committee on Resuscitation from Mine Gases, by W. B. Cannon, George W. Orile, Joseph Erlanger, Yandell Henderson, and S. T. Meltzer. 1914. 36 pp., 4 figs. Technical Paper 78. Specific-gravity separation applied to the analysis of mining explosives, by 0. G. Storm and A. L. Hyde. 1914. 13 pp. Technical Paper 94. Metal-mine accidents in the United States during the cal- endar year 1913, by A. H. Fay. 1914. 73 pp. Technical Paper 95. Mining and milling of lead and zinc ores in the Wisconsin district, Wisconsin, by C. A. Wright. 1915. 39 pp., 2 pis., 5 figs. Technical Paper 100. Permissible explosives tested prior to March 1, 1915, by S. P. Howell. 1915. 16 pp. Miners' Circular 3. Coal-dust explosions, by G. S. Rice. 1911. 22 pp. Miners' Circular 4. The use and care of mine-rescue breathing apparatus), by J. W. Paul. 1911. 24 pp., 5 figs. Miners' Circular 5. Electrical accidents in mines, their causes and prevention,- by H. H. Clark, W. D. Roberts, L. C. Ilsley, and H. F. Randolph. 1911. 10 pp., 3 pis. Miners' Circular 7. Use and misuse of explosives in coal mining, by J. J. Rut- ledge. 1914. 51 pp., 8 figs. Miners' Circular 8. First-aid instructions for miners, by M. W. Glasgow, W. A. Raudenbush, and C. 0. Roberts. 1913. 67 pp., 51 figs. Miners' Circular 10. Mine fires and how to fight them, by J. W. Paul. 1912. 14 pp. Miners' Circular U. Accidents from mine cars and locomotives, by L. M. Jones. 1912. 16pp. Miners' Circular 12. Use and care of miners' safety lamps, by J. W. Paul. 1913. 16pp., 4 figs. J T A T. ■ Miners' Circular 13. Safety in tunneUng, by D. W. Brunton and J. A. Davis. 1913. 19 pp. Miners' Circular 14. Gases found in coal mines, by G. A. Burrell and t . M. Seibert. 1914. 23 pp. Miners' Circular 15. Rules for mine-rescue and first-aid field contests, by J. W. Paul. 1913. 12 pp. Miners' Circular 16. Hints on coal-mine ventilation, by J. J. Rutledge. 1914. 22 pp. Miners' Circular 21. What a miner can do to prevent explosions of gas and coal dust, by G.S.Rice. 1915. 24 pp. Date Due ^ PRINTED IN U. a. A. Cornell University Library HD7269.M61U66 ... Miners' wash and change houses, 3 1924 002 289 449